Nm men..

Nhu cu dinh dng

Hm i din cho mt ngun giu cc cht dinh dng cho nm men. N cha ln men ng, ng ha nit, khong cht v vitamin, cng nh s tng trng nh yu t. Oxy quan trng phi c cung cp bi khng kh. Cn thn phn xng nu bia vic tt c cc hm mch nha c th c to ra c cha tt c cc cht dinh dng thit yu trong phong ph lng. Ch c km, v him khi, biotin c th l rt quan trng. iu kin khc nhau c th xy ra bng cch p dng cao sn xut bia lc hp dn theo vic s dng s lng ln unmalted ng cc hoc t ng, ni m s thiu ht cht dinh dng c th c quan st. Thng mi sn c, do cht dinh dng c gi l nm men, c s dng trang tri cc yu cu. Trong men tuyn truyn v ln men, nng khc nhau cht dinh dng thay i. Nm men c phn ng ngay lp tc, do , cc cht dinh dng yu cu v tiu th c tm quan trng to ln. Carbohydrates v ng ln men Ru thng xuyn c cha ch yu l ng fructose, glucose, sucrose, maltose, maltotriose v cc dextrin. Ngoi tr cc dextrin, tt c cc loi ng c th c s dng cho th h nng lng v sinh tng hp. Nhng ng ln men ny l chnh ngun carbon nm men. Sau khi b pitched, nm men (trong iu kin sinh l thch hp) ngay lp tc n cc monosaccharides. chng nhp vo t bo thng qua cc mng t bo khuch tn to iu kin thun li [35]. S hp thu sucrose cng mt lc. N c phn ct bi invertase trong periplasm cc; kt qu monosaccharides c gii thiu vo trong t bo nh cp trn [36]. Sau monosaccharides, maltose v maltotriose c tiu ha thng qua hot ng giao thng vn ti. Nng lng c th h thng giao thng vn ti tiu th nhp khu cc saccharides vo t bo cht, ni h c chia thnh glucose v chuyn ha. Nng glucose ban u trong dch nha ng mt vai tr quan trng trong th t ca cc ng tiu th. Nh glucose l vn cn hin din trong cc phng tin truyn thng ln men 1285 men nm men s khng c ng khc. iu ny l do mt p glucose. S sao chp ca enzyme gen m ha (v d nh maltase) b n p [37]. Hin tng ny c th l quan trng khi s dng lng glucose cao (tinh th lng) l chit xut b sung. H thng men enzyme tr nn thch nghi vi lng ng cao v lm gim hoc thm ch tm dng lng maltose sau . Khng y kt qu ln men xy ra v s trao i cht maltose khng y .

Mt ngun carbohydrate quan trng i vi nm men l glycogen. N phc v nh l mt d tr carbohydrate v c to ra trong t bo trong cc giai on sau k kh ln men. Sau khi repitching men kh CO2 vo dch nha , glycogen c s dng cho khi to cc hot ng enzyme v qu trnh trao i cht men. iu quan trng l bo tn ni dung glycogen trong thi gian lu tr nm men m bo mt s khi u qu trnh ln men nhanh.

Ngun Nit
Trong iu kin ngun nit, dch nha cng cung cp cho nm men sn sng dng c ngun nit (amino axit v thp - phn t peptide trng lng) cn thit cho biosyntheses t bo, enzyme v chc nng ca acid nucleic. Chng tn ti trong s phong ph. S. cerevisiae khng diazotrophic (khng c th sa cha nit) v khng thy phn protein (khng th s dng protein nh l ngun nit) [38]. Nu khng c s tng trng nm men nht nh, hiu sut ln men y l khng th. V vy, ngun nit l rt cn thit. i vi tt c cc mch nha - wort (12 P) mt s lng 900 - 1200 mg / l tng nit ha tan v 200 - 240 mg / l amin t do nit xem xt y . N s c a vo ti khon s tin yu cu l cng cng thng ph thuc vo mt s dng hin th kt qu ln men hon ho mc d thp hn nhiu nit cung cp. Cc axit amin c loi b t dch nha trong mt trt t nht nh. Theo lng trt t, mt s nhm c th c phn bit (nhm A, ngay lp tc tiu th, nhm D;hu nh khng hp th): Nhm A: glutamine, ngt, asparagines, aspartate, serine, threonine, lysine. Nhm B (lng sau khi A): valine, methionine, leucine, isoleucine, histidine. Nhm C (tiu th chm): glycine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, alanine. Nhm D: proline Axit amin trong nhm A v B c vn chuyn vo t bo c th permeases c; nhm C axit amin c injested permease axit amino chung. Mt khi cc axit amin v peptide c tiu th, h khng b ng ha cn nguyn vn, nhng thay v i qua mt h thng transaminase, loi b cc nhm amin. Cc nhm tch amin c th c s dng tng hp axit amin mi rng vic cung cp cc axit amin cn thit c th c m bo c lp ca lng [39] Trong qu trnh ln men, th t ca lng axit amin c nhng hu qu tc thi.Valine c ngay lp tc cn thit cho s tng trng nm men, nhng c th

c chuyn ha sau khi nhm cc axit amin c tiu th. Do , tp trung diacetyl khng t chi cho n khi men bt u tham gia trong valine.V vy, s chuyn ha axit amin trc tip nh hng n cht lng bia. Oxy Trong iu kin sn xut bia, oxy c th c xem xt nh l mt cht dinh dng cho nm men. Mc d men i qua giai on di k kh trong qu trnh ln men v hu ht ca ng h hp b chn do hiu ng Crabtree, nm men cn oxy cho s pht trin nm men y . Hn na, oxy c v l cc yu t hn ch cho s pht trin ca nm men trong qu trnh truyn v ln men. Mt s lng 7 9 mg / l oxy ha tan c coi l y cho qu trnh ln men thch hp, nhng n phi c cp n nhu cu oxy ca men rt cng thng ph thuc [40]. Oxy vo cc t bo thng qua s khuch tn to iu kin thun li v vo u qu trnh ln men oxy ha tan trong dch nha c tiu th trong vng vi gi. ng thi thi gian, glycogen d tr b cn kit. Nh cp trc , ch c s trao i cht ng h hp rt ngho din ra.cc nm men s dng oxy cho s tng trng nht nh - hydroxylations duy tr. Tham gia trong tng hp ca sterol v axit bo khng bo ha. C hai thnh phn l kh i din trong dch nha, nhng l rt cn thit cho s tng trng nm men. V vy, mt tng hp ca nm men l bt buc. Cc nghin cu ch ra rng vic b sung cc cht dch nha c th thay th thng kh [41]. Chi tit, oxy cn thit to vng ca squalene lanosterol, cui cng kt qu trong ergosterol - sterol nm men chnh. Acyl bo bo ha - CoA thnh phn khng bo ha vi oxy. Ngoi ra, quy nh chnh enzym trong con ng tng hp sterol c gy ra [42]. Tm quan trng ca cc thnh phn tng hp s c nhn thy nu khuynh hng ca h c xc nh. C hai sterol v axit bo khng bo ha l mt phn thit yu ca mng t bo. Nh cp trc , h c trch nhim cho uidity fl v ton vn ca mng. Nu c mt thiu ca sterol, cc acid bo khng bo ha, khng c mng t bo chc nng tn ti v, v d, khng c lng cht dinh dng l c th. Sau khi tng hp ca sterol, chng ang nhanh chng esterized v mt b sterol c xy dng. Khi oxy c s dng, cc h cha sterol c lm vic cho s tng trng ca nm men. H hn ch s tng trng nm men. Cng c th c quan st thy nh hng khc khng c oxy. Quy nh cc gen v nh hng n vic xy dng ca mitochondria [33] Khong v cc yu t vi lng Kim loi l rt quan trng i vi sinh l t bo nm men. chng l cn thit duy tr tnh ton vn cu trc ca t bo, keo t, biu hin gen, phn chia t bo, cht dinh dng lng, hot ng ca enzyme v nhiu hn na. Cc kim loi

quan trng nht nh hng n men qu trnh ln men l kali, magi, canxi, mangan, st, ng, v km. Kali l cation c nhiu nht trong dch nha. y l in chnh cn thit osmoregulation, v b sung hot ng nh l ng yu t cho cc enzym tham gia vo phosphoryl ha oxy ha, qu trnh trao i cht protein v carbohydrate. Magi l hon ton cn thit cho s tng trng ca nm men. N hot ng nh mt ng yu t cn thit cho hn 300 enzym (v d nh tng hp ca DNA, enzyme glycolytic).Cc t bo thiu ht magie s khng hon thnh phn chia t bo, duy tr kh nng tn ti t bo v sc sng. Magi cng tham gia trong cc phn ng cng thng ca t bo v l nguyn t quan trng i vi ln men bia l ion c tham gia vo vic bo v chng li p lc ethanol. Calcium 'vai tr chnh cho mc ch sn xut bia l kt bng. N lin kt vi vch t bo ca men v n nh lectin trung tm lin kt ca t bo nm men khc. Mt khc, canxi c th nh hng n sinh l hc ca nm men bi c ch magi ph thuc enzym. Km l mt trong nhng cht dinh dng c th l thiu ngay c trong dch nha chun b k lng. Km c tm thy nhiu trong dch ngm, nhng hu ht n c trong cc loi ng cc dnh sau khi lautering. Mt gii hn quan trng i vi sinh l hc nm men t c di 0,12 mg km mi lt dch nha. Quan trng hn l cc b km trong nm men, nu n c duy tr, thm ch dch nha thiu km c th c ln men tt. Km ng vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh trao i cht ln men ca nm men bi v n l iu cn thit cho hot ng dehydrogenase ru, v cng c th kch thch lng maltose v maltotriose. Ngoi ra, n thc y s kt bng nm men v duy tr cu trc protein. S thiu ht km trong nm men chc chn dn n t l ln men chm hn vi kt qu ngho. Cc nguyn t vi lng khc cng c nh hng n qu trnh ln men bao gm mangan, ng v st. y l nhng yu cu cho qu trnh trao i cht ca nm men cofactors enzyme (v d nh mangan) v nm men trong ng h hp nh cc thnh phn ca cc sc t oxi ha kh (st v ng). Tm li, khong cht v cc yu t vi lng ng mt vai tr quan trng trong nhn ging v ln men nm men. Hin nay, nghin cu vn ang c tin hnh.Thng tin rt chi tit v ch ny c th c tm thy trong Walker [38].

Vitamin v yu t tng trng khc

Nhm ny c cha cc hp cht hu c ch yu cn thit vi nng rt thp. i vi nm men, vitamin, purin, pyrimidine v acid bo. Vitamin c s dng nh thnh phn ca cofactors. Biotin l mt phn cn thit tuyt i cho

hu ht cc chng nm men; pantothenate v inositol i khi cn thit, trong khi pyridoxine v thiamin dng nh ch cn u ln men bia 'nm men [43] Purine v pyrimidine c s dng tng hp DNA v RNA, cc axit bo c ng ha xy dng cht bo. Lu hunh v pht pho cn thit nh cc hp cht v c. Lu hunh tham gia trong tng hp lu hunh c cha cc axit amin. Methionine v v c lu hunh l ngun chnh cho nm men. Pht pho l iu cn thit cho cc phospholipid, cc lin kt pht pho ca cc axit nucleic v phosphoryl ha rt nhiu trong qu trnh trao i cht men [44]. Do s lng thp trong nm men cn cc cht ny, chng khng ng mt vai tr quan trng trong dch nha chun b nh k.