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TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI

VIN IN T VIN THNG


*************


BI TP LN MN: ANTEN V TRUYN SNG

ti:
THIT K ANTEN YAGI THU KNH VTV3
CA I TRUYN HNH VIT NAM


Gio vin hng dn: TS Lm Hng Thch
Nhm sinh vin thc hin:
Chu Minh Ha in T 7 K54 SHSV: 20091185
o Minh c in T 2 K54 SHSV: 20090777
inh Duy Khnh in T 12 K54 SHSV: 20091433


H Ni, thng 11 nm 2011
MC LC

M u 1
Ni dung2
Phn 1: C s l thuyt Anten Yagi 2
I. Cu trc Anten Yagi .2
II. Vn tip in v phi hp tr khng.5
Phn 2: Thit k Anten11
A. Thit k ng truyn 11
1. Thit k chiu cao Anten thu 11
2. Xc nh trng ti im thu .13
3. Tnh ton v nng lng.14
4. La chn phng php truyn sng17
B. Thit k Anten 18
Phn 3. M phng21
1. Chng trnh m phng21
2. th bc x 22
Hng pht trin 23
Kt lun24
Ti liu tham kho 25




Bo co Bi tp ln mn Anten v Truyn sng
1

M U

Cng vi s pht trin ca x hi, nhu cu trao i thng tin, gii tr ca con
ngi ngy cng cao v tht s cn thit. Vic s dng cc h thng pht, thu v
tuyn phn no p ng c nhu cu cp nht thng tin ca con ngi cc
khong cch xa mt cch nhanh chng v chnh xc.
Bt c mt h thng v tuyn no cng phi s dng Anten pht hoc thu
tn hiu. Trong cuc sng hng ngy chng ta d dng bt gp nhiu h thng
Anten nh: h thng Anten dng cho truyn hnh mt t, v tinh, cc BTS dng
cho cc mng in thoi di dng. Hay nhng vt dng cm tay nh b m, in
thoi di ng, radio cng u s dng Anten.
Qua vic nghin cu v l thuyt v k thut Anten s gip ta nm c cc
c s l thuyt Anten, nguyn l lm vic v c s tnh ton, phng php o cc
tham s c bn ca cc loi Anten thng dng. l l do nhm chng em chn
ti Thit k Anten Yagi.
Mc ch ca ti l tm hiu v l thuyt Anten, phng php tnh v
thit k Anten Yagi thu c knh VTV3 ca i truyn hnh Vit Nam. Nh th,
gii hn ca ti ch trong phm vi hp l nghin cu Anten Yagi v cc phn l
thuyt c lin quan. Tuy nhin y l c s rt quan trng c th tip tc nghin
cu v pht trin k thut Anten.

Bo co Bi tp ln mn Anten v Truyn sng
2

NI DUNG

Phn 1: C s l thuyt Anten Yagi

I. Cu trc ca Anten Yagi
S ca Anten c v hnh 1.1. N gm mt chn t ch ng thng
l chn t na sng, mt chn t phn x th ng, v mt s chn t dn x th
ng. Thng th cc chn t phn x v dn x th ng c gn trc tip vi
thanh kim loi. Nu chn t ch ng l chn t vng dt th n cng c th gn
trc tip vi thanh v kt cu Anten s tr nn n gin. Vic gn trc tip cc
chn t ln thanh kim loi thc t s khng nh hng g n phn b dng in
trn Anten v im gia ca cc chn t cng ph hp vi nt ca in p. Vic s
dng thanh bng kim loi cng khng nh hng g n bc x ca Anten v n
c t vung gc vi cc chn t.

Hnh 1.1: M hnh Anten Yagi
tm hiu nguyn l lm vic ca Anten ta hy xt mt Anten dn x gm
ba phn t: Chn t ch ng A, chn t phn x P v chn t dn x D. Chn t
ch ng c ni vi my pht cao tn. Di tc dng ca trng bc x to bi
A, trong P v D s xut hin dng cm ng v cc chn t ny s bc x th cp.
Nh bit, nu chn c chiu di ca P v khong cch t A n P mt cch
Bo co Bi tp ln mn Anten v Truyn sng
3

thch hp th P s tr thnh chn t phn x ca A. Khi y, nng lng bc x ca
cp AP s gim yu v pha chn t phn x v c tng cng theo hng
ngc li (hng +z). Tng t nh vy, nu chn c di ca D v khong
cch t D n A mt cch thch hp th D s tr thnh chn t dn x ca A. Khi
y, nng lng bc x ca h AD s c tp trung v pha chn t dn x v
gim yu theo hng ngc (hng z). Kt qu l nng lng bc x ca c h s
c tp trung v mt pha, hnh thnh mt knh dn sng dc theo trc ca
Anten, hng t chn t phn x v pha chn t dn x.
Theo l thuyt chn t ghp, dng in trong chn t ch ng (I
1
) v dng
in trong chn t th ng (I
2
) c quan h dng vi nhau bi biu thc:
I1 / I2 = a exp(i).
a = ((R12)
2
+ (X12)
2
) + ((R22)
2
+ ((X22)
2
)
arctg(X12/R12) arctg(X22/R22).
Bng cch thay i di ca chn t th ng, c th bin i ln v
du ca in khng ring X
22
, do s bin i c a v i.
Hnh 1.2: S ph thuc ca a v vo X
22

Hnh 1.2 biu th quan h ca a v y vi X
22
i vi trng hp chn t c
di xp x na bc sng v ng vi khong cch d = / 4.
Cng tng khong cch d th bin dng trong chn t th ng cng gim.
Tnh ton cho thy rng, vi d (0,15 0,25) th khi in khng ca chn t th
ng mang tnh cm khng s nhn c I
2
sm pha so vi I
1
. Trong trng hp
Bo co Bi tp ln mn Anten v Truyn sng
4

ny chn t th ng s tr thnh chn t phn x. Ngc li, khi in khng ca
chn t th ng mang tnh dung khng th dng I
2
s chm pha hn so vi I
1
v
chn t th ng s tr thnh chn t dn x.

Thng thng, mi Anten Yagi ch c mt chn t lm nhim v phn x.
l v trng bc x v pha ngc b chn t ny lm yu ng k, nu c
thm mt chn t na t tip sau n th chn t phn x th hai s c kch thch
rt yu v do cng khng pht huy c tc dng. tng cng hn na hiu
qu phn x, trong mt s trng hp c th s dng mt phn x kim loi, li
kim loi, hoc mt tp hp vi chn t t khong cch ging nhau so vi chn t
ch ng, khong cch gia chn t ch ng v chn t phn x thng c
chn trong gii hn (0,15 0, 25) .
Trong khi , s lng chn t dn x li c th kh nhiu. V s bc x ca
Anten c nh hng v pha cc chn t dn x nn cc chn t ny c kch
thch vi cng kh mnh v khi s chn t dn x ln s hnh thnh mt
knh dn sng. Sng truyn lan trong h thng thuc loi sng chm, nn v
nguyn l, Anten dn x c th c xp vo loi Anten sng chm. S chn t
dn x c th t 2 10, i khi c th ln hn (ti vi chc). Khong cch gia
chn t ch ng v chn t dn x u tin, cng nh gia cc chn t dn x
c chn trong khong (0,1 0,35) .
Trong thc t, thng dng chn t ch ng l chn t vng dt v hai l
do chnh sau y:
C th gn trc tip chn t ln thanh kim loi, khng cn dng phn t
cch in;
Chn t vng dt c tr khng vo ln, thun tin trong vic phi hp tr
khng.
c c h s nh hng theo hng bc x chnh, kch thc ca cc
chn t dn x v khong cch gia chng cn c la chn thch ng, sao cho
t c quan h xc nh i vi dng in trong cc chn t. Quan h tt nht
cn t c i vi cc dng in ny l tng i ng u v bin , vi gi
tr gn bng bin dng ca chn t ch ng, v chm dn v pha khi di chuyn
dc theo trc Anten, t chn t ch ng v pha cc chn t dn x. Khi t c
quan h trn, trng bc x tng ca cc chn t s c tng cng theo mt
hng (hng ca cc chn t dn x), v gim nh theo cc hng khc. Thng,
Bo co Bi tp ln mn Anten v Truyn sng
5

iu kin t c cc i ca h s nh hng v pha cc chn t dn x
cng ph hp vi iu kin t c bc x cc tiu v pha cc chn t phn
x. Do vy, khi Anten dn x c iu chnh tt th bc x ca n s tr thnh
n hng. V c tnh bc x ca Anten c quan h mt thit vi cc kch thc
tng i ca Anten (kch thc so vi bc sng) nn Anten Yagi thuc loi
Anten di hp. Di tn s ca Anten khi h s nh hng chnh bin i di 3
dB t c khong vi phn trm. Khi s lng chn t dn x kh ln, vic iu
chnh thc nghim i vi Anten s rt phc tp v khi thay i di hoc v tr
ca mi chn t s dn n s thay i bin v pha ca dng in trong tt c
cc chn t.
II, Vn tip in v phi hp tr khng
Chn t n gin c ng dng ph bin nht l chn t na sng (2l=/2).
tip in cho chn t di sng cc ngn c th dng ng dy song hnh
hoc cp ng trc.
a. Tip in cho chn t bng dy song hnh
Bit tr khng vo ca chn t na sng khong 73. Nu chn t c tip
in bng ng dy song hnh (tr khng ca dy song hnh thng thng c gi
tr khong 200 n 600 ) th h s sng chy trong fide s kh thp. khc
phc nhc im ny c th ch to cc ng dy song hnh c bit c tr
khng thp.
Tr khng sng ca dy song hnh c xc nh theo cng thc:
R =
27 6
si
log
2D
d

Trong :
D khong cch hai dy dn tnh t tm;
d ng knh dy dn;
hng s in mi tng i ca mt trng bao quanh dy dn.
gim nh tr khng song ca dy song hnh, c th gim t s D / d (c
ngha l tng ng knh dy dn hoc gim khong cch gia hai dy), hoc bao
bc ng dy bi in mi c e ln. Trong thc t khong cch D khng th
gim nh ty v n c quan h vi in p chu ng ca ng dy. Ngi ta
Bo co Bi tp ln mn Anten v Truyn sng
6

ch to dy song hnh c khong cch nh, c bao bc trong in mi c e ln
v bn ngoi c v kim loi. Loi dy song hnh ny c tr khng sng khong
75, c th s dng tip in cho chn t di sng cc ngn v sng ngn.
Nhng nhc im ca n l in p chu ng thp. in p cho php cc i
thng khng vt qu 1kV. V vy loi fide ny ch c s dng cho thit b thu
hoc pht c cng sut nh.
Chn t kiu T: Mt dng khc ca s tip in song song l s phi
hp kiu T (hnh 5.8a).

Hnh 5.8: S tip in kiu T
Mch tng ng ca s kiu T (hnh 5.8b) tng t mch tng ng
ca s kiu Y. Nguyn l lm vic ca s kiu T cng tng t nguyn l
lm vic ca s kiu Y. Tuy nhin trong trng hp ny on fide chuyn tip
OA bin dng thnh on dy dn song song vi chn t nn cn phi tnh n
s khc bit v tr khng sng vi fide chnh v cng khng th b qua hiu ng
bc x. u vo ca chn t trong trng hp ny cn phi c coi l ti OO nn
tr khng vo ca chn t by gi s l tr khng ti AA bin i qua on fide
chuyn tip OA. C th chng minh rng tr khng vo ti OO s t cc i khi l
1

= / 8 v gim dn khi tip tc tng l
1
. ng thi tr s ca cc tr khng ny c
th thay i thay i t l ca cc ng knh d
1
, d
2
v khong cch gia chng.
Nu dng dy song hnh c tr khng sng 600 Ohm tip in cho chn
t na sng th cc kch thc ca s phi hp kiu T c th xc nh gn ng
nh sau:
D = (0,01 0,02)d1=d2; l1 = (0,09 0,1)
Chn t vng dt
Bo co Bi tp ln mn Anten v Truyn sng
7

Khi dch chuyn im AA (hnh 5.8a) ra ti u mt chn t ta c chn t
vng dt (hnh 5.9a).
Hnh 5.9: S tip in cho chn t vng dt
Trng hp ny ta nhn c hai chn t na sng c u cui ni vi
nhau, gi l cc chn t nhnh. Fide tip in c mc vo im gia ca mt
trong hai chn t, cn chn t th hai c ngn mch gia. S tng ng
ca h thng l mt on dy song hnh di /2, ngn mch ti C, u vo l OO
(hnh 5.9b). Phn b dng trn ng dy c v bi cc nt t cn cc mi tn
ch chiu dng in. Ta nhn thy hai chn t nhnh c kch thch ng pha,
bng dng nm ti im gia chn t, cn nt dng ti AA. Trng bc x tng
to bi hai phn t tng ng nhau trn cc chn t nhnh v s bng trng bc
x to bi mt phn t nhng c dng in ln gp i. V vy khi tnh trng bc
x khu xa c th thay th chn t vng dt bi mt chn t na sng i xng
m dng in trong bng dng in trong hai chn t nhnh ti mi v tr tng
ng. Nh vy c th thy rng hng tnh ca chn t vng dt cng ging nh
hng tnh ca chn t na sng.
b. Tip in cho chn t i xng bng cp ng trc
Nh trn kho st vn tip in v phi hp tr khng cho chn t i
xng bng dy song hnh. Dy song hnh l mt loi fide i xng, v vy vic
tip in cho chn t khng cn thit b chuyn i. Tuy nhin, khi tn s tng th
hiu ng bc x ca dy song hnh cng tng, dn n tn hao nng lng v mo
dng th phng hng ca chn t. V vy, tip in cho chn t i xng
Bo co Bi tp ln mn Anten v Truyn sng
8

di sng cc ngn, ngi ta thng dng cp song hnh (dy song hnh c v bc
kim loi) hoc dng cp ng trc.
Hnh 5.10 l s mc trc tip chn t i xng v cp ng trc, khng
c thit b chuyn i.

Hnh 5.10: S mc trc tip cp ng trc vo chn t i xng
Trong trng hp ny, ton b dng I
1
chy trong li ca cp c tip
cho mt nhnh chn t, cn dng I
2
chy mt trong ca v cp s phn nhnh
thnh dng I
2
tip cho nhnh th hai ca chn t v dng I
2
chy ra mt ngoi
ca v cp. V bin dng I
1
v I
2
ging nhau (|I
1
|=|I
2
|) nn bin ca dng in
tip cho hai v s khc nhau ngha l khng thc hin c vic tip in i xng
cho chn t. Trong khi dng I
2
chy mt ngoi ca v cp s tr thnh ngun
bc x k sinh khng nhng gy hao ph nng lng m cn lm mo dng th
phng hng ca chn t.
gim bt s mt i xng khi tip in cho chn t bng cp ng trc,
c th mc chn t vi cp theo s phi hp kiu (hnh 5.11a). Nu chn t
c di bng na bc sng th im gia O ca chn t s l im bng dng
in v nt in p, do n c th c coi l im gc in th. V vy vic ni
trc tip O vi v cp tip in s khng lm mt tnh i xng ca chn t. Dy
dn trong ca cp c ni vi chn t im c tr khng ph hp vi tr khng
sng ca fide. Trong thc t, thun tin trong vic iu chnh phi hp tr
Bo co Bi tp ln mn Anten v Truyn sng
9

khng gia fide v chn t, c th mc thm t iu chun (hnh v 5.11b), song n
khng m bo vic tip in i xng mt cch hon ho.

Hnh 5.11: S phi hp kiu
Thng thng tip in i xng cho chn t bng cp ng trc cn c
thit b chuyn i mc gia fide v chn t. Thit b chuyn i ny c gi l
thit b bin i i xng. S ca b bin i c v hnh 5.12.

Hnh 5.12: S b bin i i xng
Hai nhnh ca chn t khng ni trc tip vi v v li ca fide tip in m
c chuyn i qua mt on cp.
Hnh 5.12a l s bin i i xng ch U dng tip in cho chn t na
sng n gin. Fide tip in c mc vo im c, c khong cch ti hai u ch
U bng l
1
, l
2
khc nhau na bc sng (l
1
l
2
= / 2 vi l bc sng trong
cp ng trc). Tr khng ti u cui a, b ca vng ch U c gi tr bng nhau v
Bo co Bi tp ln mn Anten v Truyn sng
10

bng mt na tr khng vo ca chn t i xng. Tr khng phn nh t u cui
a, b v im c qua on l
1
v l
2
s c gi tr bng nhau. Dng in ca fide tip
in s phn thnh hai nhnh c bin bng nhau chy v hai pha ca vng ch
U tip cho hai nhnh ca chn t. V khong cch t c ti a v b khc nhau na
bc sng nn dng I
1
v I
2
ti cc u cui a v b s c pha ngc nhau, ngha l
ti u vo chn t hnh thnh cc dng ging nh dng in c a ti t
hai nhnh ca ng dy song hnh.

Bo co Bi tp ln mn Anten v Truyn sng
11

Phn 2: Thit k Anten

Yu cu: S dng Anten Yagi thu knh VTV3 ca i truyn hnh Vit
Nam ti H Ni vi im thu cch i pht 30km (ti Hng Yn).
Cc thng s thc t:
Chiu cao thp truyn hnh: h
1
= 135m.
Di tn knh theo tiu chun OIRT: 478 MHz 486 MHz.
P
pht
= 20 kW, D
pht
= 30 dB.

A. Thit k ng truyn.

1. Thit k chiu cao Anten thu.
Qua kho st thc t chng ta nhn c: Chiu cao trung bnh ca cc ta
nh ti Bc B l t 10m 20m. ng thi t Hng Yn H Ni l thuc ng
bng Bc B nn hu nh khng c i ni hay chng ngi vt no qu cao. Nh
vy chng ta c th ly chiu cao vt cn l 20m tri trn ton b ng truyn.
Mt khc theo l thuyt: Ton b nng lng truyn sng hu nh nm trong na
min Fresnel u tin.

Bo co Bi tp ln mn Anten v Truyn sng
12

Chng ta c bn knh min Fresnel th nht l:
F
1
= _
I1 I2 \
I1 + I2
(m)
D dng nhn thy gia ng truyn chng ta nhn c bn knh min
Fresnel th nht l ln nht. Do vy chng ta ch cn xt vt cn ti trung tm
ng truyn.V chiu cao Anten thu v pht u phi ln hn chiu cao vt cn
(20m) tha mn nng lng sng truyn i b cn li l t nht.

Chng ta c:
di cung AB = 30 (km)
h
1
= 135 (m)
OA = OB = R = 6400 (km)
Da vo hnh v:
*R > 180
30(km) >
=> =
30 180
R
=
30 180
64 00
u16
=
u
2
u8
Bo co Bi tp ln mn Anten v Truyn sng
13

=> AB = 2Rsin = 2 6400 sin 30 (km)
p dng nh l Pythagores trong tam gic vung OOB chng ta c:
OO = _(0B)
2
(
AB
2
)
2

=> h = R OO = 6400 64uu
2
((64uu sin(u8))
2
0,0176 (km)
Vy h = 17,6 (m)
Do 08 rt nh nn chng ta c th b qua. Chng ta c hnh v sau:

Trong l
1
= l
2
= 15 (km)
a = 20 (m) (vt cn)
Di tn knh t 478MHz 486MHz
V c = f => =
c
I

Nhn xt: f cng nh th cng ln => F
1
cng ln => h
min
= 0,6F
1
cng
ln, vi h
min
l iu kin m bo khong h ng truyn ti thiu sng
truyn i khng chu tc ng ca vt cn.
Vy m bo sng thu c ti ni thu t chu tc ng nht bi vt cn,
chng ta chn f = 47MHz.
=> =
3 10
8
4 7 8 (MHz)
= 0,63 (m)
=> F
1
= _
15 15 0,63 10
3
15 + 15
68,74 (m)
Bo co Bi tp ln mn Anten v Truyn sng
14

=> h
min
= 0,6 68,74 41,24 (m)
=> h
min
+ a + h = 41,24 + 20 + 17,6 = 78,84 (m)
Nhn xt: i 15 km chiu cao Anten gim 135 78,84 = 56,16 (m)
Vy i 30 km chiu cao Anten s gim i 112,32 (m)
=> Chiu cao Anten thu ti thiu l: h2 = 135 112,32 = 22,68 (m)
Vy h1 = 135 (m) v h2 = 22,68 (m) tha mn yu cu t ra ca bi ton
(cao hn vt cn (chiu cao vt cn l 20 (m)).
2. Xc nh trng ti im thu.
V Anten pht v Anten thu u l Anten t cao nn p dng cng thc
Vezenski chng ta c:
E
h
=
2,18 Ppht(kW) Dpht
R
2
(km) \ (m)
h
1
(m) h
2
(m) (
mV
m
)
Vi: P
pht
= 20 (kW), D
pht
= 30 (dB) => D
pht
= 1000 ln
R = 30 (km)
y chng ta xc nh trng ti im thu nn chng ta s ly tn s trung
gian trong di tn ca knh VTV3 tc l ly f = 482 (MHz)
=> =
3 10
8
4 82 (MHz)
0,62 (m)
Chng ta c c ly thng tin cc i trong tm nhn thng l:
R
0
= 4,15 (h1(m) + h2 (m) ) = 4,15 (1SS +

22,68 ) 68 (km)
M r = 30 (km). Vy theo l thuyt chng ta s tnh h
1
v h
2
l trung bnh
cng cc kt qu ca h
1
v h
2
trong 2 trng hp l c ly nh v c ly ln.V
chng ta s thc hin truyn sng trong tng i lu nn chng ta s lm vic vi
a
td
= 8500 (km)
a. C ly nh:
h
1
= h
1
h
1
= h
1

r
2
2 atd
(
h1
h1 + h2
)
2
= 135
30
2
2 85 00
(
135
135 + 22,68
)
2
1u
3

96,19 (m)
Bo co Bi tp ln mn Anten v Truyn sng
15

h
2
= h
2
h
2
= h
2

r
2
2 atd
(
h2
h1 + h2
)
2
= 22,68
30
2
2 85 00
(
22,68
135 + 22,68
)
2
1u
3

21,58 (m)
b. C ly ln
h
1
= h
1
h
1
= h
1

r
2
2 atd
(
h1
h1 + h2
)
2
= 135
30
2
2 85 00
(
135
135 +

22,68
)
2

1u
3
108,37 (m)
h
2
= h
2
h
2
= h
2

r
2
2 atd
(
h2
h1 + h2
)
2
= 22,68
30
2
2 85 00
(

22,68
135 +

22,68
)
2

1u
3
18,21 (m)
Kt lun: ly trung bnh cng kt qu ca 2 trng hp chng ta c:
h
1
=
96,19 + 108,37
2
= 102,28 (m)
h
2
=
21,5 8 + 18,21
2
= 19,9 (m)
Thay s chng ta c:
E
h
=
2,18 20 1000 102,28 19 9
30
2
0,62
= 1124,6 (
mv
m
)

3.Tnh ton v nng lng

a. Tnh ton v cng sut:
+) P
thu tt
(dB) = P
pht
(dB) + G
Anten pht
(dB) + G
Anten thu
(dB)
khong cch
(dB)

fi
(dB)
thit b
(dB)
: P
pht
= 20 kW = 20000W => P
pht
= 10 log 20000 43 (dB)
G
Anten pht
= G
Anten thu
= 15 (dB)

khong cch
= 20 log (
4 d
\
) = 20 log (
4 30 10
3
0,62
) 115,7 (dB)

fi
= 10 (dB)

thit b
= 3 (dB)
=> P
thu tt
(dB) = 43 + 15 + 15 115,7 10 3 = 55,7 (dB)
Bo co Bi tp ln mn Anten v Truyn sng
16

+) P
thu xu
= P
thu tt

ma

:

ma
= 1,2 (dB) /1 km => 30 (km) th
ma
= 36 (dB)
=> P
thu xu
= 55,7 36 = 91,7 (dB)
Yu cu:
_
Pthu tt < Ptu mox
Pthu xu > Ptu min

_ => P
thu max
> 55,7 (dB), P
thu min
< 91,7 (dB)

b. V mt nng lng
Thng thng nhy my thu e
n
thng nm trong khong 0,5 V/m 10
V/m. Chng ta chn my thu c nhy 10 V/m. phn trc chng ta tnh
E
h
= 1124,6 (
mV
m
)
Theo l thuyt chng ta phi c:
E
h
Bthu e
n
= 10 (
V
m
)
=> D
thu
(
10
1124 ,6m
)
2
= 7,9 1u
-11
(ln)
=> D
thu
101,02 (dB)
+) Xt tn hao trong kh quyn thng k c trong trng hp ma rt to
chng ta c:
=
khong cch
+
ma
= 115,7 + 36 = 151,7 dB
Khi D
thu
1S1,7 1u1,u2 = 50,68 (dB)
+) Nu b qua tc ng ca ma th chng ta s c ch c nh hng tn
hao trong kh quyn thng
D
thu
14,68 (uB)



Bo co Bi tp ln mn Anten v Truyn sng
17

4. La chn phng php truyn sng
Nhn xt: Chng ta c di tn lm vic ca knh VTV3 nm trong khong
478MHz 486MHz
=> 30 MHz < f < 300 GHz => 1mm < < 10m
Vy sng lan truyn l sng cc ngn.Chng ta la chn phng php
truyn sng trc tip trong tm nhn thng l ph hp v mt l thuyt.
Bo co Bi tp ln mn Anten v Truyn sng
18

B. Thit k Anten.

Knh VTV3 thuc i truyn hnh Vit Nam nm trn knh tn s 22 tng
ng vi di tn 478MHz 486MHz trong bng tn UHF.
thu c knh trn Anten thu cn c tn s c tnh trung bnh ca
knh VTV3.
D dng tnh c tn s trung bnh l: f = 482MHz
T y chng ta tm c bc sng:
=
c
I
=
3 10
8
4 82 10
6
0,62 (m)
Nh tnh ton phn trc trong iu kin bnh thng khng c ma
D
thu
14,68 dB.
nhy my thu cht lng cao thng nm trong khong 0,5 V/m 10
V/m. Trong phn trc chng ta ly 10 V/m tnh E
h
nhng rt kh c
c iu ny vi kinh ph trung bnh ca ngi dn Vit Nam. Vy nn chng ta
s thit k Anten c h s nh hng thu khong D
thu
= 16 (dB) l ph hp vi
nhy b (khong 0,5 V/m) v lc c th k n c ma to (c phainh).
= (1 1,2) (dB/1 km)
Theo l thuyt chng ta c cng thc sau:
D
max
= A
L
\

Trong L: di Anten.
H s A ph thuc vo t s
L
\

D
max
: H s inh hng cc i
Vi D
max
= 16, cn c vo th s ph thuc ca h s A vo
L
\
chng ta c
th chn cp s sau:
A = 4

L
\
= 4
Bo co Bi tp ln mn Anten v Truyn sng
19

=> L = 4 = 4 0,62 = 2,48 (m)
Qua cng thc: = 1 +
x
2 L
chng ta c h s sng chm tt nht l
= 1 +
0,62
2 2,4 8
= 1,125
Chn t ch ng lm Anten l chn t na sng. i vi Anten loi ny,
dng trong chn t th ng c cm ng do trng c to bi chn t ch
ng. Cn pha ca dng trong cc chn t th ng c th iu chnh c m
bo nhn c s bc x n hng.Vi mc ch nh trn (dng trong thanh
phn x nhanh pha hn so vi dng trong thanh pht x) th di ca thanh phn
x cn chn ln hn di thanh pht x (chn t 0).Thng th di thanh phn
x c chn trong gii hn (0,51 0,53) . Cn khong cch gia thanh phn x
v pht x c chn trong gii hn (0,15 0,25) .
Pha yu cu trong thanh dn x (chm pha so vi dng trong chn t ch
ng) cng c m bo bng cch chn di ca n, thng thng di
thanh dn x ngn hn di ca chn t ch ng vi thanh dn x u trn cng
nh gia cc thanh dn x vi nhau c chn trong gii hn (0,1 0,35)
Vi yu cu nh trn chng ta chn di v khong cch ca cc chn t
nh sau:
+ Chiu di ca chn t pht x:
2 l
pht x
=
x
2
=
0,62
2
= 0,31 (m)
+ Chiu di ca chn t phn x:
2 l
phn x
= 0,53 = 0,53 0,62 = 0,3286 (m)
+ Khong cch gia chn t pht x v chn t phn x
d
px
= 0,25 = 0,25 0,62 = 0,155 (m)
+ Chiu di ca cc chn t dn x l nh nhau v c:
2 l
dn x
= 0,33 = 0,33 0,62 = 0,2046 (m)
+ Khong cch gia chn t ch ng vi chn t dn x u tin cng nh
gia cc chn t dn x vi nhau:
d
dx
= 0,25 = 0,25 0,62 = 0,155 (m)
Bo co Bi tp ln mn Anten v Truyn sng
20

M hnh Anten Yagi:

Yu cu: L = 2,48 (m)
Lun c 1 chn t phn x v pht x. Chng ta c:
d
px
= d
dx
= 0,155 (m)
Gi N l s chn t dn x
=> (N + 1) 0,155 = 2,48
=> N = 15
Vy c 15 chn t dn x
Vy Anten Yagi cn thit k c:
+ 1 chn t phn x
+ 1 chn t ch ng
+ 15 chn t dn x
+ Chiu di L = 2,48 (m)
+ D = 16 (dB)
+ Khong cch gia cc chn t l 0,155 (m)
V: 2 l
phn x
= 0,33 (m) ; 2 l
pht x
= 0,31 (m) ; 2 l
dn x
= 0,2 (m)

Bo co Bi tp ln mn Anten v Truyn sng
21

Phn 3: M phng

1. Chng trnh m phng (Vit bng MatLab)
>> clc
>> clear
>> disp('Day la chuong trinh ve do thi buc xa cua anten Yagi thu kenh VTV3
cua dai truyen hinh Viet Nam');
>> disp('GVHD: TS Lam Hong Thach');
>> disp('SVTH: Dao Minh Duc Chu Minh Hoa Dinh Duy Khanh');
>> N=input('Nhap vao so chan tu dan xa: N=');
>> 15
>> f=input('Nhap vao tan so trung binh cua kenh VTV3 theo MHz: f=');
>> 482
>> dpx=input('Nhap vao khoang cach giua chan tu phat xa va chan tu phan xa
(tinh bang met): dpx=');
>> 0.155
>> ddx=input('Nhap vao khoang cach giua chan tu phat xa va chan tu dan xa
dau tien (tinh bang met): ddx=');
>> 0.155
>> L=dpx+N*ddx;
>> lambda=3e2/f;
>> k=2*pi/lambda;
>> dtb=L/(N+21);
>> x=0:pi/100:2*pi;
>> y=abs(sin((N+2)/2*k*dtb*(1cos(x)))./((N+2)*sin(k/2*dtb*(1cos(x)))));
>> figure
>> polar(x,y,'m')
>> title('Do thi buc xa trong mat phang H khong tinh anh huong cua dat')
>> z=abs((sin((N+2)/2*k*dtb*(1cos(x)))./((N+2)*sin(k/2*dtb*(1
cos(x))))).*(cos(pi/2*sin(x))./cos(x)));
>> figure
>> polar(x,z)
>> title('Do thi buc xa trong mat phang E')
Bo co Bi tp ln mn Anten v Truyn sng
22

2. th bc x

th bc x trong mt phng H khng tnh nh hng ca t

th bc x trong mt phng E
Bo co Bi tp ln mn Anten v Truyn sng
23

HNG PHT TRIN

Anten Yagi dng thu cc tn hiu truyn hnh tng t l ch yu, n
c thit k n gin, gn nh v kinh t. Tuy nhin vic thit k Anten c
trnh by trong tp n ny cha c thit k v tnh ton ti u. Do khi pht
trin hn na cn xt n vic tnh ton ti u l thit k Anten sao cho t c
cc ch tiu cht lng cao nht nh: h s nh hng cn t c, mc bc x
ph, mc bc x ngc, di tn cng tc
Trong k nguyn thng tin ngy nay s pht trin ca cng ngh thng tin di
ng, thng tin v tinh i hi phi c nhng hng nghin cu su hn rng hn,
tm ra c cc loi cu hnh Anten ph hp, p ng c nhu cu truyn ti
thng tin a phng tin l ht sc thit thc.
Do vy vic nghin cu Anten vi s h tr ngy cng mnh hn ca k
thut my tnh c th to ra bc t ph trong ngnh thng tin lin lc cng nh
cc dch v gii tr truyn hnh.













Bo co Bi tp ln mn Anten v Truyn sng
24

KT LUN

Anten thit k thu tt knh VTV3.
Qua cc kt qu m phng t c ta thy rng Anten l mt h thng phc
tp, khi thay i mt vi thng s k thut trong khi thit k th s dn n nh
hng n cht lng ca Anten. Chng hn nh, khi tng khong cch gia cc
chn t ln dn, hoc chn s thanh dn x nhiu qu, th s bc x hng tnh ca
Anten cng tng, ng thi s bc x ph tng ln, lm cho tn hiu thu khng
c tt hoc rt kh thu. Nu mun thu c tn hiu truyn hnh tt th ta phi
iu chnh Anten thu hng mt cch chnh xc v hng Anten pht ca i cn
thu. V vy cn phi iu chnh cc thng s trn sao cho ph hp c c s
bc x tt nht, s bc x ph nh th Anten thu s thu c tn hiu tt m khng
gp phi kh khn trong vic iu chnh hng ca Anten thu theo mt hng
chnh xc v pha Anten pht v khi rng bc x chnh l ln.
Bn cnh , s dng cc phng php tip in phi hp tr khng cng
l vn quan trng nh hng n cht lng thu ca Anten. Ngoi ra trn Anten
c thit k, ta c th m rng di tn thu c nhiu knh hn bng cch
ghp song song cc chn t dn x v dng chn t vng cp in cho Anten.
Nhm chng em xin chn thnh cm n thy Lm Hng Thch gip
chng em hon thnh bi tp ln ny!




Bo co Bi tp ln mn Anten v Truyn sng
25

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Condensed and reedited from various sources, BASIC YAGI ANTENNA
DESIGN FOR THE EXPERIMENTER
[2] Nguyn Hoi Sn, ng Dng Matlab Trong Tnh Ton K Thut, NXB i
hc Quc gia Tp. HCM.
[3] Phan Anh, L Thuyt V K Thut Anten, NXB Khoa Hc V K Thut.
[4] L Tin Thng, Trn Vn S, Truyn Sng V Anten, NXB i hc Quc gia
Tp. HCM

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