2.

JACK
A jack, manually operated, is a contrivance to lift heavy objects over a small height with a distinct mechanical advantage. It also serves as a supporting aid in the raised position.

2.1 TYPES OF JACK:

There are varieties of jacks available in market, which are either universal or designed for a specific vehicle. 1. Screw jack. 2. Scissors jack. 3. Bellow jack..

2.2 SCREW JACK

Figure shows a common type of a threaded rod or simply screw. The screwed rod is fitted in the middle of the nut to lift in upward and downward direction. The nut is placed over the body to lift the vehicle for replacing the wheel. The screw jack shown in the figure is one of the oldest type of jack available in the market. But the market always demands more convenient and economically designed jacks, which are cheaper, lighter and more convenient to use.

2.3 SCISSORS JACK

Scissors jack was planned as it was light and cheap. A scissors jack basically consists of five links, which are manually operated by a crank handle which rotate a screw causing the hinged pair to link to cover and thus the height of jack increases. The screw gives the mechanical advantage to the system. By rotating the screw without manpower, and transferring the mechanical power to it from the engine

2.4 BELLOW TYPE JACK

Next, a bellow type jack came in to the picture which uses exhaust gas to lift the car, though this jack is convenient to use and require virtually no man power, it is not durable and difficult to position the jack.

Theory
One of the most common applications of the screw jack is to overcome a heavy pressure or raise a heavy weight of W by a much smaller force F applied at the handle. R represents the length of the handle and P the pitch of the screw, or the distance advances in one complete turn.

Figure

2-1 the screw jack

Neglecting friction the following rule is used: The force F multiplied by the distance through which it moves in one complete turn is equal to the weight lifted times the distance through which it is lifted in the same time. In one complete turn the end of the handle describes a circle of circumference 2 R. This is the distance through which the force F is exerted. Therefore from the rule above

and

Suppose R equals 18 in., P equals 1/8 in. and the weight to be lifted equals 100,000 lb., then the force required at F is then 110 lb. This means that, neglecting friction, 110 lb. at F will raise 100,000 lb. at W, but the weight lifted moves much slower than the force applied at F.

SCREW JACK

2.5. DESIGN PROCEDURE SCREW JACK

Design Tools

1. 2. 4. 5.

Books Websites 3. Stationary Calculator Laptop 6. Printer Design Objective

State the problem and clarify what is expected from the design Specify design considerations such as factor of safety, material selection criteria, and etc. To study effects of stresses on the power screw parts Direct tensile or compressive stress due to axial load o o o Torsional shear stress in the minimum cross section of the screw by the twisting moment Shear stress at the threads of the screw at the room diameter and at the threads of the nut at the outside diameter due to axial loading Bearing pressure at the thread surfaces of the screw and nut

To determine the torque required to raise or lower the given load To determine the efficiency of the power screw To determine the dimensions of the different parts of the screw Design Considerations
1.

Factor of safety for the assembly is taken 5 due to the nature of the design. Actually the factor of safety is taken 1.5 to 2 in static loading of ductile material. A higher factor of safety is considered due to the consequences of the failure.

2.

Selection of Material for the screw and nut is of great importance. There are common materials used in the design of screw jacks like steel for the screw and cast iron, bronze or plastic for the nuts. Mild steel or hard steel is considered for different screw designs. In order to prevent friction cast iron or bronze is preferred for the design of the nut. Cup and frame are made of Grey cast iron which is cheap and has good match inability. Material is

selected as following: a. Screw:

Plane carbon steel (30C8 IS: 1570-1978) is selected because screw is always under Torsional, bending and axial load. Carbon steel is chosen due to the strength issues. This steel is also used for the handle of the screw jack. (yield = 400 MPa, =240 MPa, E=207GPa) b. Nut:

In order to reduce the friction resistance between the screw and nut a softer material is selected for the nut. Phosphor Bronze (Grade 1-IS: 28-1975) is a proper material for nut construction because it acts very well against wear resistance and reduces torque to overcome friction. (ultimate = 190 MPa, yield (tension) = 100 MPa, yield (compression) = 90 MPa, =80 MPa ) c. Screw Jack Handle:

Plane carbon steel (30C8 IS: 1570-1978) is selected for the handle of the jack because of the high strength it offers. (yield = 400 MPa, =240 MPa, E=207GPa) d. Frame: Grey cast iron is used which is cheap and has good mach inability.
3. 4.

The effective lifting height is chosen to be 0.5m (500 mm). Average coefficient of friction between the material soft steel and cast iron is taken 0.10 when it is lubricated. But for this specific design, it is taken 0.18 assuming it dry for safe operations.(1)

5.

Limiting values for bearing pressure between steel and cast iron is taken 15.05 MPa.

6.

According to agronomists the force of the hand is about 150 to 200 N. In this design we assume that is the handle is rotated by two hands which give 400 N hand forces for the design of the handle. Calculations Design of the screw Procedure i. ii. Core diameter of the screw is determined using allowable stress and the given load Using the core diameter, the rest of the diameters and the pitch will be determined from the table Torque will be determined using the mean diameter, coefficient of friction and the pitch Principle stresses due to the shear and compression stresses will be studied The dimensions for the screw is safe if and only if the maximum stresses are less than the allowable stresses