BO CO THC TP VIN THNG

I.Gii thiu chung 1.Khi nim vin thng. Vin thng: bao gm nhng vn lin quan n vic truyn thng tin (trao i hay qung b thng tin) gia cc i tng qua mt khong cch, ngha l bao gm bt k hot ng lin quan ti vic pht/nhn tin tc (m thanh, hnh nh, ch vit, d liu, ) qua cc phng tin truyn thng (hu tuyn nh ng dy kim loi, cp quang hoc v tuyn hoc cc h thng in t khc). Truyn thng l vic truyn thng tin t mt im ti mt im khc, gm c truyn thng c hc (bu chnh) v truyn thng in (vin thng) bi v n pht trin t dng c hc (my mc) sang dng in/quang v ngy cng s dng nhng h thng in/quang phc tp hn. 2.Phn loi vin thng: -n hng: +truyn thanh +truyn hnh: truyn hnh v tuyn v truyn hnh cp -Song hng: in bo, telex, in thi c nh, in thoi di ng, truyn d liu, th in t, truyn hnh hi ngh, 3.Cc dch v vin thng: -Khi nim dch v vin thng lun gn lin vi khi nim mng vin thng. Mi mng vin thng s cung cp mt vi loi dch v c bn c trng cho mng vin thng v mng ny c th cng h tr vi mng khc cung cp c mt dch v vin thng c th. -"Dch v vin thng" l dch v truyn k hiu, tn hiu, s liu, ch vit, m thanh, hnh nh hoc cc dng khc ca thng tin gia cc im kt cui thng qua mng vin thng. Ni mt cch khc, chnh l dch v cung cp cho khch hng kh nng trao i thng tin vi nhau hoc thu nhn thng tin thng qua mng vin thng (thng l mng cng cng nh

mng in thoi chuyn mch cng cng, mng in thoi di ng, mng Internet, mng truyn hnh cp) ca cc nh cung cp cung cp dch v v nh cung cp h tng mng. -Khi nhc n vic cung cp dch v, chng ta thng gp cc khi nim: khch hang (ngi s dng dch v), nh cung cp dch v v nh cung cp mng (nh cung cp h tng mng, qun l v iu hnh mng). y, dch v vin thng th hin mi quan h t pha nh cung cp dch v vin thng bao gm cc nh cung cp dch v thng tin v nh iu hnh mng vi khch hng l nhng ngi s dng dch v. Cc khi nim ny lin quan ch yu qua vic cung cp dch v v tnh cc. +Nh cung cp mng: c h tng mng li cung cp ti nguyn theo yu cu dch v ca khch hng, bao gm cc thit b chuyn mch, truyn dn v.v. Nh cung cp mng thc hin ngha v phn phi ti nguyn mng, qun l v duy tr s hot ng ca h tng mng (i khi c th thc hin vic tnh v thu cc cho c hai i tng trn). Vit Nam nh cung cp mng l doanh nghip nh nc hoc doanh nghip m gp vn ca nh nc chim c phn chi phi hoc c phn c bit, c thnh lp theo quy nh ca php lut thit lp h tng mng v cung cp dch v vin thng. Cc doanh nghip cung cp h tng mng ti Vit Nam tnh ti thi im nm 2005 c 6 doanh nghip: Tng cng ty Bu chnh vin thng Vit Nam (nay l Tp on BCVT Vit Nam - VNPT), Cng ty in t vin thng qun i (Viettel), Cng ty c phn dch v BC-VT Si Gn (SPT), Cng ty vin thng in lc (ETC), Cng ty c phn vin thng H Ni (Hanoi Telecom), Cng ty thng tin in t hng hi (Vishipel). +Nh cung cp dch v (Service Provider) m bo dch v tng xng vi gi cc phc v trong mi iu kin, thng th nh cung cp ny thc hin vic thu cc dch v gm cc thng tin v cc s dng mng ca khch hng, sau tr cc s dng mng cho nh iu hnh mng. Nh cung cp dch v khng s hu h tng mng m ch thit lp cc h thng thit b vin thng trong phm vi c s v im phc v cng cng ca mnh trc tip cung cp dch v gi tr gia tng, dch v truy nhp Internet v bn li dch v vin thng; khng c thit lp cc

ng truyn dn ngoi phm vi c s v im phc v cng cng ca mnh. Vit Nam, nh cung cp mng l doanh nghip thuc mi thnh phn kinh t, c thnh lp theo quy nh ca php lut cung cp dch v vin thng. Hin nay mi ch c duy nht VNPT l doanh nghip tham gia cung cp ton b cc dch v vin thng, cc doanh nghip cung cp h tng mng khc ch cung cp mt s dch v vin thng. +Khch hng (Customer) yu cu dch v vin thng, s dng, khai thc dch v v phi c trch nhim thanh ton ton b cc ph dch v theo hp ng k kt vi nh cung cp dch v. -Cc loi dch v c bn nh: Dch v thoi: Dch v thoi c bn nht l dch v in thoi c nh do mng PSTN (mng in thoi chuyn mch cng cng) cung cp. Dch v ny cp cho khch hng ng truyn ti tn nh ring, kt ni ti tng i in thoi c nh, cho php khch hng thc hin c cuc gi thoi i ti cc khch hng khc. Dch v Telex: Dch v Telex l dch v cho php thu bao trao i thng tin vi nhau di dng ch bng cch g vo t bn phm v nhn thng tin trn mn hnh hoc in ra bng giy. Dch v Fax: L dch v cho php truyn nguyn bn cc thng tin c sn trn giy nh ch vit, hnh v, biu bng, s ... gi chung l bn fax t ni ny n ni khc thng qua h thng vin thng. Dch v nhn tin: Dch v thu knh vin thng (leased line) Dch v s liu Dch v truyn thng a phng tin. 4.Cc loai mng vin thng: +Mng in thoi: -Mng PSTN -Mng thng tin di ng +Mng truyn dn s liu +Mng my tnh.

II.S lc h thng tng i EWSD H thng tng i EWSD hin nay ang c s dng trn 100 quc gia trn th gii . Cc h thng ny hu ht u ging nhau v cu trc phn cng v phn mm ci t khi trin khai h thng. S khc bit c bn v mt phn cng c nhn bit khi trin khai h thng trn m hnh EWSD CLASSIC hay EWSD POWER NODE. S khc bit ny th hin phng thc kt ni (CCNC&SSNC) , kh nng chuyn mch (SN A/B & SN D)v kh nng p ng ca h thng (tn s Erlang) Hin nay , trn a bn tnh Lm ng hay ti Host Lt, h thng EWSD ang trin khai trn m hnh EWSD CLASSIC, nh vy cu trc phn cng ca h thng EWSD ti i Host Lt bao gm nhng thnh phn c bn sau 1.DLU (Digital Line Unit) DLU version A/B/D c kt ni vi ti a 2 LTG (ti a 4x 2 Mbps). DLU G c kt ni ti a 4 ng LTG (4x4x2Mbps).

Tng quan h thng EWSD CLASSIC

DLU l ni kt cui ca ng dy thu bao v l ni tp trung lu thoi. Hin nay, i EWSD s dng DLUA, DLUB, DLUD,DLUG. DLU c th c lp t trong tng i (Local DLU) hay lp t ngoi tng i (remote DLU). Cc DLU ngoi tng i c t trong vng ln cn ca mt nhm thu bao nhm mc ch rt ngn ng dy t tng i n my thu bao, cho php tit kim cp v tng cht lng ng truyn.

+Chc nng ca DLU

 Tp trung ng dy thu bao, c kh nng kt ni ti a trn 800 thu bao tng t (i vi loi DLU A) v trn 1400 thu bao i vi DLUG. Chuyn i tn hiu tng t sang tn hiu s (vic chuyn i ny l cn thit v tt c cc ng i ra khi b DLU n LTG u l ng PDC, trong khi cc ng i vo b DLU li l ng thu bao tng t). Vic chuyn i ny c thc hin trong phm vi DLU. C th linh ng m rng lu lng thch hp vi lu lng thoi: PDC -> 60 knh thoi. PDC -> 90 knh thoi. PDC -> 120 knh thoi. Bi v DLU c th c dng ngoi tng i (remote) nn trong cng khu vc vi tng i tng t, remote DLU c kh nng cung cp cc ty chn cho kt cui thu bao s v nh tuyn chng n tng i EWSD . DLU c th kt ni n cc loi thu bao: Thu bao s ISDN. Thu bao tng t. Thu bao c xung tnh cc 16/12 khz. Thu bao PBX (Private Branch Exchange). 2.LTG (Line Trunk Group) LTG cung cp 4 ng PCM30 (2M) dng kt ni n cc tng i khc: DLU hoc PBX. LTG c chc nng kim tra v thit lp cuc gi.Kh nng truyn dn d liu, knh thoi v bo hiu ca mt h thng EWSD ph thuc vo tng loi LTG. LTG bao gm cc loi :A, B, C, D, G, F, M, N, P. 3.SN A/B (Switching Network) Mng chuyn mch SN ca tng i EWSD, phc v cho vic kt ni cuc gi, kt ni bo hiu s 7, thit lp mng thng tin ni b gia cc b phn chc nng trong tng i. Mng chuyn mch SN kt ni vi cc khi chc nng bn ngoi bng lung SDC 8Mbps : LTG ni SN vi LTG, CCNC ni SN vi CCNC, TSG ni SN vi CP, SGC ni SN vi CP. Ty thuc vo loi CP m c th trang b ln n 504 LTG. SN nhn lnh thit lp t CP qua 2 ng kt ni t n n CP.

4.Khi bo hiu CCNC (Common Channel Network Control) CCNC m bo s bo mt ca bn tin bo hiu s 7. CCNC c chc nng iu khin mng bo hiu knh chung gia cc tng i vi nhau. CCNC c kt ni vi SN thng qua 2 ng 8Mbps v qua n c th iu khin knh bo hiu s 7 trong h thng PCM30 kt ni trong cc LTG. 5.CCG (Central Clock Generator) CCG c nhim v ng b xung clock cc thnh phn trong mt h thng EWSD v m bo xung clock cng c ng b ti cc node mng trong h thng. 6.CP (Coordination Processor) CP (khi x l iu phi CP113C) c chc nng iu khin thit lp cuc gi. CP c kt ni n b m tin nhn MB iu khin SN cng nh LTG. Mt s chc nng khc ca CP nh l nh tuyn , dch s , qun l lu lng , cc vn lin quan n cc, t gim st , pht hin , sa li. 7.MB ( Message Buffer) Ty thuc vo dung lng tng i m b m tin nhn (MB) s cha t 14 nhm MBG (b m bn tin). B m tin nhn MB lu tr nhng bn tin t cc lung gia CP-LTG, CP SN, CCNC- LTG v LTG LTG. III.Ni dung thc tp A/ BO DNG H THNG NGUN AC-DC +Mt mng di ng bao gm: -Trm thu pht song BTS -Kt ni BTS th c BSC -Kt ni BSC th c MSC +Ngun trong vin thng gm c: -in xoay chiu ly t in li hay my pht in -in mt chiu + kt ni AC v DC th cn c my nn +48V hoc -48V

-in xoay chiu AC c in 1pha v 3pha -Trong vin thng ngun t ni chung vi ngun dng DC v dy trung tnh ca in lc. -Dy 3pha gm c 4 si: 3 dy pha v 1 dy trung tnh. -3 dy pha l vng:xanh dng: -Dy trung tnh l mu en hoc nu +Khi ko in th nu l in cao th th phi h th, sau ni n cu ch v ni n ng h ri ni 3 dy pha n cu dao. - phn bit si AC v DC l:

Si dy DC th to in tr R suy hao trn si dy b i do ngi ta khng lm dy mu. Do v ca si DC c lm bng mu en ton b, nn c phn bit bng cch nh du hay l dng bng keo dn ln Si dy AC th nh hn H THNG IN AC T in Chng st AC

My n

n p

+Cc tiu chun ca ngun AC:

Chng st AC. CB AC tng ti thiu 50A (1 pha), 40 (3 pha). T phn phi ca in AC theo thit k mu ca VNP2 (CV 1258/VNP2 ngy 21/5/05) 380V +-10%, 50Hz. in 1pha:in

in 3 pha in p pha-pha p pha-trung tnh 220+-10%, 50Hz in p trung tnh-t inoor <5V. Dng ti AC phn u 3 pha.

Nu in p pha-trung tnh yu (<175), khng n nh : lp n p 10-15KVA.

+Tiu chun ngun AC: Phng my sng thao tc v c 1-2 cm in cm my o

My n d phng : cng sut m bo cung cp cho trm BTS hot ng >10KVA, tn s hot ng 50Hz 1%, 220VAC 10%.

Cc php o ti t in AC : Php o 1 : in p pha-trung tnh. Php o 2 : in p pha-pha. Php o 3 : in p t-trung tnh. Php o 4 : dng in trn cc pha.

Php o 1 : o p pha-trung tnh

abc

Php o 2 : o p pha-pha

abc

Php o 4 : o dng cc pha

Php o 3 : o p t-trung tnh

H THNG IN AC

Accu

t my Nn

T my nn : Postef VPRS-200/400 i c, VPRS-400 i mi. Emerson PS48120-1800, PS48300-2900, PS48300-3B/2900, PS48165/3200. Lorain, Ascom, Delta, Power One, Siemens.

Accu:

Phoenix-265/440AH, Vitalize-440AH, Vision-440AH, Fiamm-515AH, Narada-500AH, C&D, GNB, PowerSafe +Tiu chun ngn DC:

m bo trm hot ng 24/24. in p DC 48V cung cp cho BTS (40-60VDC) iu kin dn bnh Accu ang no. Dng in np cho Accu t 0.1C n 0.4C gi tr dung lng Accu.

in p np cho Accu khng qu in p thit k ca tng loi Accu : 2.3V/cell x 24 cell = 55.2V in p ngt Accu ra khi h thng khng nh in p thit k ca tng loi Accu : 1.75 V/cell x 24 cell = 42V Accu cung cp cho trm khi mt in li phi m bo t nht 4 gi.

B/ BO DNG ACCU 1. Mc ch: m bo cht lng Accu v cng sut cho BTS hot ng trong thi gian ch chy my n. Pht hin sa cha sm h hng Accu m h thng cnh bo khng pht hin.

S th t bnh accu 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Kt qu o (V) 2. Tn s hiu sut Thc hin t nht l 2 ln/nm, phn u thi gian gia 2 ln thc hin. V sinh cng nghip h thng Accu, kim tra sn nh t Accu.
Ghi li loi Accu, s bnh.

2.23(V) 2.18(V) 2.20(V) 2.25(V) 2.23(V) 2.22(V) 2.25(V) 2.25(V) 2.20(V) 2.19(V) 2.25(V) 2.20(V) 2.25(V) 2.16(V) 2.25(V) 2.23(V) 2.18(V) 2.25(V) 2.20V) 2.25(V) 2.18(V) 2.20(V) 2.20(V) 2.17(V)

Thc hin cc php o v ghi nhn li kt qu o : in p ca ton h thng Accu. in p tng cell. Nhit b mt ca tng cell. Nhit phng my. Kim tra bng mt v xit cht tt c cc kt-ni-bngc. Kim tra bng mt gi Accu. 3.Cch o Accu: +Loi 2 cc bnh:o in th tng bnh bng cch cm que o vo cc dng v mt que o vo cc m. Thang o l DC. +Loi 4 cc bnh: 1 sheft bnh accu 2V th phi np in p t 2.33V -2.53V 4.Kt qu o accu: ng b trong vin thng bit ci no hot ng trc, ci no hot ng sau hai ni cch khc l gii m chnh xc.

+i vi DLU:

Ngun u cho DLU l DC +48V, t 0V Dy ngun ko n DLU l 3 si L+, L- v t H thng ni t dng h thng dy ng hn li lin kt vi nhau

Trong h thng nh cao tng cng vy : Dng h thng dy ng

o nhng rnh di hnh qut, t cc bn ng ko di rnh v thm ha cht tng tip xc Lng Faray H thng chng st c : chng st tch cc v chng st th ng

Trong h thng vin thng dng ng c iezen C/ Ghp knh trong vin thng :
1.

SDH(SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERARCHY) : phn cp s ng b Phn cp s ng b SDH l mng truyn dn to bi s kt hp cc thit b truyn dn c tc khc nhau l :1,5; 2; 6,3; 34; 45; 140 MB/S.
34 Mbit/s 1,5 Mbit/s

140 Mbit/s

SDH

6,3 Mbit/s

2 Mbit/s Hnh 1: Cu trc truy nhp

45 Mbit/s

Qu trnh ghp knh ca SDH gm haigiai on c lp l qu trnh hinh2thanh2 khi tuyn dn ng b c s STM 1 v s hnh thnh cc khi STM N cao cp hn bng cch xen byte cc lung STM - 1.
S GHP KNH SDH SDH Multiplexing structure STM N xN AUG x1
AU - 4 VC - 4

x3
AU - 3 VC - 3

x3 TUG 3

C-4

x1

TU - 3

VC - 3

0
C-3

x7 Pointer Procesing Multiplexing Aliging 0 Mapping

x7
TUG 2

x1 x3

TU - 2

VC - 2 0 C - 2

TU 12

VC - 12 0 C - 12

x4
TU 11 VC - 11 0 C - 11

Hnh 2 : S ghp knh theo khuyn ngh ITU - T

* U IM CA SDH:

- n gin ha cc k thut ghp/ tch1 knh so vi PSH - M truyn dn cho tn hiu quang c tiu chun ha tng thch vi cc thit b ca nh sn xut. - Tuy nhp ti cc lung nhnh tc thp khng cn n qu trnh tch/ ghp knh trn vn tn hiu tc cao. iu ny cho php cc ng dng ni xen r v ni cho knh c hiu qu. - Cc knh qun l mng cung cp cc kh nng qun l, vn hnh v bo dng mng c qun l c hiu qu. - D dng pht trin n cc mc ghp cao hn. - Cho php truyn ti cc tn hiu s cc tc bit xc nh trong khuyn ngh ITU-TG. 702(loi tr 8MB/S ) v cc tc bit bng rng. iu ny cho

php thit b SDH c a vo mng hin ti mt cch trc tip v mt phm vi rng cc dch v. - Tiu chun SDH nh ngha cp trung bnh tip nhn bn trong thit b t cc ngun * NHC IM CA SDH: - K thut phc tp hn do phi ghi li s tng quan v pha gia tn iu lung v mo u. - Do xut pht t m nn dung lng khng m bo cho tn hiu CEPT. - Vic nhi byte byte tng JITTER hn kiu bit-bit ca PDH.. - ng h phi c cung cp t ngoi. - Thiu tn hiu ghp trung gian 8 MB/S - Lung STM -1 tc 155 MB/S ch cha 63 lung 2 MB/S hoc 3 lung 34 MB/S.
2. PDH ( PLEISLOCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERACHY) K thut ghp knh cn ng b l mt dnh ghp knh vi thi gian, s dung phng php ghp knh theo byte i vi PCM 30/32 v ghp knh bit i vi knh bc cao Cc cp truyn dn s cn ng b ang tn ti theo tiu chu ca chu u, bc m, nht bn. Theo tiu chn ca chu u, mun c lung s cao hn phi ghp 4 lung thp hn vi nhau. 2,048 Mb/s K1 K2 PCM 30 1 2 3 4 MUX 2/8 8,448 Mb/s 1 2 3 4 MUX 8/34 34,368 Mb/s 1 2 3 4 MUX 34/140 139,264 Mb/s 1 2 3 4 MUX 140/565 565,128 Mbit/s

K30

Hnh 1: Phn cp s cn ng b ca Chu u BN CP TRUYN DN U TIN CA CHU U C CCITT CNG NHN LM TIU CHUN QUC T. TIU CHUN CA BC M NH HNH 1-2.

K1 K2

X4 X7 PCM 63 24 Mb/s TIU CHUN CA NHT NH HNH 1-3 K24 K1 K2

45 Mb/s

X9

405 Mb/s

Hnh 2: Phn cp s cn ng b ca Bc M X4 X4 X5 X3 PCM 63 32 100 24 Mb/s Mb/s Mb/s

400 Mb/s

K24 Hnh 1-3: Phn cp s cn ng b ca Nht 2-/ NHC IM CA H THNG PDH * TCH XEN PHC TP, YU CU THIT B CNG KNH LM GIM CHT LNG TRUYN DN. 140 LTE 140 140 34 8 8 140 LTE

34 34

34

Hnh 1-4 : Qu trnh tch - Xen lung 2Mb/s t lung 140Mb/s * KH NNG QUN L V GIM ST MNG KM, C BIT L VI MNG VIN THNG TC CAO. * TC TIU CHUN HO CHO MNG VIN THNG CN THP * THIT B CNG KNH * TRN TH GII TN TI HAI LOI TIU CHUN PHN CP TRUYN DN KHC NHAU.

* SO SNH S KHC NHAU GIA PDH V SDH C TH TM TT S KHC NHAU GIA K THUT PDH V K THUT SDH NH SAU:

PHD B DAO NG NI DAO NG T DO

SDH DAO NG NI C IU KHIN NG BVI NGUN NG H NGOI

D/ C BN V TRUYN DN

Trc khi hiu c v truyn dn, cn bit mt s khi nim c bn sau chng ta mi c th hiu su hn v cc lnh vc khc: rng bng tn (bandwidth-cn gi l bng thng); mi trng truyn dn; vt mang (carrier); iu ch v truyn dn bng tn gc; hai dy, bn dy, lai ghp; n cng, song cng; ti to; khuch i; m ng truyn v cui cng l ghp knh. a/ rng bng tn rng tn s c th s dng cho mt kt ni c gi l rng bng tn. i vi in thoi, cc khuyn ngh ca ITU-T cho rng cc kt ni c th x l tn s trong khong 300 n 3400 Hz, ngha l rng bng l 3,1kHz. Thng thng, tai ngi c th nhn bit m thanh c tn s trong khong 15 n (xp x) 15000Hz, nhng cc php o ch ra rng khong tn s 300-3400Hz l hon ton ting ni c nhn bit r rng, v chng ta c th nhn ra c ting ni ca ngi ni. b/Mi trng truyn dn Ba mi trng quan trng nht hay c s dng trong truyn dn l: cp ng, cp quang v v tuyn V nguyn tc, tt c cc mi trng truyn dn c s dng cho thng tin imim, nhng ch cng ngh v tuyn c th truyn thng vi cc u cui di ng. H thng truyn dn quang c nhng u im c trng v dung lng, cht lng v kinh t. V mt kinh t, cc h thng s dng cp ng ch c th c s dng trn phn cui ca tuyn truyn dn ti cc thu bao c nh ni c nhu cu

dung lng thp. Cp ng vn c s dng phm vi rng gia cc thu bao vi tng i ch yu do thc t lch s. c/Vt mang (carrier) V bn cht, vt mang l tng t, ngha l chng mang mt vi loi sng no : sng nh sng hay sng in t. Theo ngha vt l thun ty, nh sng cng l nhng sng in t, nhng nh c c tnh c bit ca nh sng m ta nhn nhn cp quang nh l vt mang tn hiu ca chnh n. Ni cch khc, thng tin c truyn ti l s trong hu ht cc trng hp, t nht l tn hiu t cc b m ha thoi, video v my vi tnh. H thng GSM th hin s kt hp ca thng tin s trn vt mang tng t (sng v tuyn), cho n nay cc b m ha thoi c t trong in thoi di ng (trong mng in thoi c nh, cc b m ha thoi lun lun c t trong tng i ni ht hay cc nt truy nhp). d/iu ch v truyn dn bng gc Bng cch cho php thng tin cn truyn c iu khin vt mang theo cch no , chng h bng cch bt v tt sng nh sng, thng tin c th c nhn tng i hay thit b u cui. Cch iu khin vt mang ny c gi l iu ch. K thut truyn dn thng tin thoi trn cc i dy ng ban u (truyn dn bng gc) vn l k thut c s dng nhiu nht gia mt in thoi c nhv nt chuyn mch. N p dng nguyn l thng tin tng t khng s dng vt mang gia mt my in thoi v mt b m ha thoi. e/2 dy, 4 dy v b lai ghp Truyn dn tng t trong mng truy nhp c mt u im l: hai hng thoi cng truyn trn cng i dy cp. K thut ny c gi l truyn dn 2 dy, n c u im l gim gi thnh mng, nhng li yu cu s dng cc b lai ghp ti giao din gia mng truy nhp v mng trung k v trong my in thoi. i vi truyn dn 4 dy, tn hiu thoi c truyn ring bit trn mi hng. B lai ghp (im chuyn i gia phn 4 dy v 2 dy) c th gy ra cc vn lien quan n cht lng nht nh (ting vng f/n cng, song cng: truyn dn khng i xng

Trong qung b truyn hnh (TV), vic gi thng tin theo mt hng l qu , k thut ny c gi l n cng. Song cng ngha l thng tin c gi ng thi theo hai hng gia hai im (xem chi tit trong Mc 4.2). K thut gi thng tin video vi rng bng ln theo mt hng v hng ngc li s c lng thng tin nh hn (nh cc tn hiu iu khin) c gi l truyn dn khng i xng. K thut ny l k thut hng u trong vic cung cp cc dch v thng tin cht lng cao v dch v video theo yu cu cng nh Internet di rng. g/M ng truyn h/Ghp knh 2. Cc mi trng truyn dn Truyn dn l qu trnh truyn ti thng tin gia cc im kt cui trong mt h thng hay trong mng vin thng. C nhiu mi trng truyn dn khc nhau c s dng cho truyn dn, trong ba mi trng quan trng nht l: - Cp ng, s dng 2 kiu chnh: cp i v cp ng trc. - Cp quang, s dng trong cp si quang. - Sng v tuyn, s dng trong cc h thng thng tin mt t im-ti-im hoc cc h thng ph sng khu vc (nh in thoi di dng) hoc cho thng tin ph sng khu vc thng qua v tinh. a Truyn dn bng cp kim loi *Cp i: Trc y, cp i thng thng c dng cho vic truyn dn tn hiu tng t. Tuy nhin, sau ny cp i cn c s dng truyn tn hiu s v c bit ngy nay cp ng xon i c s dng ph bin truyn tn hiu s trong vic ng dng cng ngh ng dy thu bao s DSL Trn mng cp kim loi hin ti th cht cch in c s dng bng giy, tuy nhinnu cht cch in bng nha th tt hn (khng nhy cm vi m, suy hao t ti cc tns cao..) do n c dng trong cc cp i hin i. Phn ln mng cp hin nay u sdng loi cp chn (buried cable). Phn dy dn tn hiu thng thng c lm bng ng vi nhiu loi ng knhkhc nhau nh 0,4; 0,5; 0,6 v 0,7 mm. Cc si li trong cp c xon vo nhau theo cp 2hoc 4 dy tu thuc vo ng dng c th. Phn li chnh ca cp kim loi

c hnh thnhnh vo cc cp dy xon (2 hay 4) theo cc lp ng tm. Cc cp xon ny t lin tipnhau v c thay i mt cch ngu nhin gim s mt cn bng. Mi mt li cp c thcha: 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, 600 i. *Cp ng trc: Cp ng trc c dng cho c h thng ghp knh theo tn s FDM v h thng ghp knh theo thi gian TDM. Cp ny bao gm li kim loi chnh gia v mt lp dn khc bao ph bn ngoi c hnh ng. Cp ng trc c th phc v cho cc tuyn truyn dn dung lng cao (10.800 knh thoi trong h thng FDM). Chng thng c lp t theo tng i phc v thng tin trn hai hng gia cc tng i ni c lu lng ti tp trung cao. Trong cp ng trc, lp dn hnh ng bn ngoi c lp bo v chng li cc nh hng ca can nhiu nn c th khng gy nhiu v khng b gy nhiu bi cc si cp xung quanh. Nhng loi cp ny cng c th b nh hng bi cc iu kin bt thng do c im ca tr khng do c th gy ra suy hao, c bit l suy hao thng xuyn xy ra vi cc si cp c. b/Truyn dn v tuyn u im ln nht ca truyn dn v tuyn so vi truyn dn cp l khng cn bt k mt ng dy dn no. Cc h thng v tuyn c lp t nhanh gn, khng cn o xi, chi ph u t t. Trong mng vin thng ngy nay, cc h thng v tuyn chuyn tip thng s dng nhng tn s v tuyn t 1GHz n 4GHz. Cc tn s ny c hi t bng cc anten parabol v p dng cho khong cch thng tin t vi km n 50 km tu thuc vo tn s s dng v c tnh ca h thng. Sng v tuyn ti nhng tn s ny truyn thng, gi l truyn dn tm nhn thng. Tn s cng cao th suy hao cng cao v khong cch truyn cng ngn. Ti cc tn s rt cao, cc iu kin thi tit tc ng n suy hao v cht lng truyn dn gy hn ch di tn kh dng ph hp vi truyn dn v tuyn. Mt nhn t quan trng lm hn ch s dng truyn dn v tuyn l s cn kit v tn s do ngy cng c nhiu h thng v tuyn xut hin v hu ht cc tn s thch hp c s dng.

Mt phng thc truyn dn khc cng l mt ng dng ca sng v tuyn l truyn dn v tinh. Trong thng tin v tinh, thit b chuyn tip trung gian chuyn ng theo qu o xung quanh tri t thay v c thit lp c nh trn mt t. Trm mt t truyn thng tin n v tinh bng mt tn s, v tinh ti to v truyn thng tin tr v bng mt tn s khc. Cc tn s s dng nm trong di tn t 1 GHz n 30 GHz. Cc v tinh s dng trong vin thng thng c nh v ti qu o a tnh, v tr c coi l khng thay i ti mi thi im nu nhn t im quan st ti trm mt t. Khong cch n qu o ny khong 36.000km tnh t tri t nn tr truyn dn xp x 240ms t trm mt t pht n trm mt t thu. Ngi ni phi ch tr li khong 0,5 giy, iu ny lm gin on thng tin lin tc. Mt vn khc i vi truyn thng v tinh l ting vng, thng thng ting vng cng b tr khong 0,5 giy. c/ Truyn dn bng cp si quang Trong nhng nm gn y, vi nhng tnh nng u vit v chi ph u t ngy cng gim, cng ngh thng tin quang v ang pht trin rt nhanh. Thng tin quang c trin khai trong c mng ng di (lin tnh v quc t) v mng ni ht. Trong mng thng tin quang th mi trng truyn dn si quang v cp si quang ng vai tr ht sc quan trng. c tnh ca si quang v cp si quang nh hng rt ln n cht lng ca h thng. V vy cn nghin cu k lng v cu to, tnh cht v cc thng s ca si quang la chn, thit k, xy dng v bo dng tuyn thng tin cp si quang theo cc tiu chun v yu cu t ra. Mun hnh thnh mt tuyn thng tin quang, ngoi cp si quang phi c thit b thng tin quang. Thit b thng tin quang c cc b phn ch yu nh chuyn i m nhnh pht, b chuyn i m nhnh thu, chuyn tn hiu in thnh tn hiu quang, chuyn tn hiu quang thnh tn hiu in, cc knh nghip v, v.v. Ti pha pht, vic chuyn tn hiu in thnh tn hiu quang ch yu s dng cc ngun quang bng bn dn. Hin ti c 2 loi ngun quang ch yu, l diode pht x nh sng (LED) v laser diode (LD). Mi loi ngun quang ny c u im v nhc im ring v c

ng dng vo tng tuyn thng tin quang c th. Ngc li, u thu, tn hiu quang c chuyn thnh tn hiu in nh diode tch quang. Mi loi diode tch quang cng c c tnh ring v s dng thch hp cho mi tuyn c th do , phi la chn ngun quang v diode tch quang ph hp khi thit k mt tuyn thng tin cp si quang no . So vi cc mi trng truyn dn khc, cp quang c rt nhiu u im nh: nh v linh hot, c kh nng chng nh hng ca trng in t, c dung lng truyn dn ln, suy hao t v khng dn in v.v. Do cp quang tr thnh mt mi trng truyn dn quan trng trong mng vin thng ni chung. u im ca h thng thng tin quang: - Khong cch gia cc trm lp ln hn - Kch c ca cp nh - Linh hot - Khi lng nh - Khng b xuyn knh - Bng tn ln - C kh nng chng li nhiu in t d/Si quang: Si quang l loi si in mi c ch s chit xut thp. Si c cu trc hnh tr, lm bng vt liu in mi trong sut, bao gm li truyn nh sng v bao quanh li l v c ch s chit sut nh hn ch s chit sut ca li to iu kin nh sng truyn c trong li. Ngoi ra, v cn c tc dng bo v li. trnh try xc v v tng bn c hc, si quang thng c bao bc thm mt lp cht do tng hp. Lp v bo v ny s ngn chn cc tc ng c hc vo si, gia cng thm cho si, bo v si khng b nt do ko dn hoc xc do c xt b mt; mt khc to iu kin bc si thnh cp sau ny. Lp v bc ny c gi l lp v bc s cp. Tu thuc tng loi si m c s phn b chit xut khc nhau trong li si. Nu chit xut phn b u th gi l si chit xut bc, nu phn b theo qui lut tng dn dn gi l si chit xut gradient. Kch thc ca si ph thuc loi si, ng knh v d ca cc loi si thng l 125m. Tng hp ba yu t l phn b chit xut, phng thc truyn sng nh sng qua li v kch thc ca li, c th chia thnh ba loi si: - Si a mode chit xut bc.

- Si a mode chit xut gradient. - Si n mode (chit xut bc). Ngoi ra, khi phn loi theo cu trc vt liu si quang c chia thnh cc loi nh: - Si thu tinh (loi si thng thng) - Si li thu tinh v cht do - Si thu tinh nhiu thnh phn - Si cht do, E/ Gii thiu chung v mng th h sau NGN Chuyn i phng tin: Cc knh thoi TDM chuyn thnh cc lung gi d liu dng giao thc truyn ti thi gian thc (RTP) Bo hiu: S qun l ca ngi s dng v vic thit lp cc cuc gi c thc hin bi chuyn mch mm (Softswitch) hoc b iu khin cng a phng tin MGC. Litespan 1540 c iu khin bng mt Softswitch hoc MGC thng qua giao thc bo hiu chun Megaco (IETF) / H.248 (ITU-T). *Khi nim NGN v s hi t cng ngh nh ngha NGN: - Mng th h sau (NGN) l mng chuyn mch gi c kh nng cung cp cc dch v vin thng v to ra ng dng bng thng rng, cc cng ngh truyn ti m bo cht lng dch v, trong cc chc nng dch v c lp vi cc cng ngh truyn ti lin quan. NGN l mng - C h tng thng tin duy nht da trn cng ngh chuyn mch gi; - Trin khai cc dch v mt cch a dng v nhanh chng; - p ng s hi t gia thoi v s liu, gia c nh v di ng; - Cc h thng h tr c kh nng mm do, cho php khch hng s dng nhiu loi hnh dch v m ch cn mt nh cung cp.

S hi t gia thoi v s liu, c nh v di ng t gi tho v li c v trong NGN

*Cc c im ca NGN Nn tng l h thng mng m: - Cc khi chc nng ca tng i truyn thng c chia thnh cc phn t mng c lp, cc phn t phn theo chc nng v pht trin mt cch c lp. - Giao din v giao thc gia cc b phn phi da trn cc tiu chun tng ng. L mng dch v thc y: - Chia tch dch v vi iu khin cuc gi; - Chia tch cuc gi vi truyn ti. L mng chuyn mch gi, giao thc thng nht: - Cc mng thng tin tch hp trong mt mng thng nht da trn nn gi; - IP tr thnh giao thc vn nng, lm c s cho cc mng a dch v; - NGN l nn tng cho c s h tng thng tin quc gia (NII). L mng c dung lng v tnh thch ng cao, nng lc p ng nhu cu: - C kh nng cung cp nhiu loi hnh dch v a phng tin bng thng cao; - C kh nng thch ng vi cc mng tn ti tn dng c s h tng mng, dch v v khch hng sn c. M hnh tin ti NGN t cc mng hin c (theo ITU-T)

M hnh mng chuyn mch a dch v ca MSF h chuy

L p ng dng

Cc giao thc, giao di , API bo hi /IN tiu chun n u

L p u khi i n

B u khi i n IP/MPLS

B u khi i n
Voice/SS7

B u khi i n
ATM/SVC

...
L p

L p chuy n m ch

Multiservice

Chuy m lai gh n ch p

qun l

L p th ch ng
TCP/IP Video Voice TDM FR ATM

...

Cc giao thc, giao di n m rng

Cc giao di logic v v l tiu chu n t n

*Phn h a phng tin IP (IMS) Cc c im chnh: - IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) l mt phn ca kin trc NGN, c pht trin bi 3GPP v 3GPP2 nhm h tr truyn thng a phng tin v hi t truy nhp gia 2G, 3G v 4G vi mng khng dy. - L kin trc chun v c tnh m nhm mc ch chuyn tip cc dch v a phng tin qua cc mng di ng v IP; - S dng cng mt loi giao thc chun cho c cc dch v di ng v c nh, IMS cho php phi hp hot ng gia cc dch v v ng dng IP cng nh gia cc thu bao; - IMS nh ngha cc giao din mt bng iu khin chun to ra cc ng dng, cho php pht trin nhanh chng v linh hot cc dch v mi; - Thit k ca IMS c bit ti u ho cho cc ng dng SIP v a phng tin.

Kin trc IMS (theo 3GPP) Ki tr (theo

M ng di ng k tha Gc HLR HSS Mh R -S G W Sh SLF Gr UE BSS GERAN UE RN C U TR AN Iu Dx G GSN Go P -C S C F M w I-C S C F M w S -C S C F Mg MGCF Mj Mm MGW T -S G W Mi BGCF MRF Mr Cx Cx Ms IS C M R FC Mp M R FP S erver ng dng

SG SN Mm Gi Iu

D liu v b o hiu B o hiu

Mk M ng P S T N k tha

M ng IM S ngoi

Gii php TISPAN Cc c im chnh: - m bo cung cp tt c cc dch v h tr bi phn h IMS ca 3GPP n ngi s dng bng rng v nhng dch v IMS la chn cho cc khch hng PSTN/ISDN kt ni n NGN; - Cung cp phn ln dch v PSTN/ISDN hin c ca mt nh khai thc mng n thit b v nhng giao din k tha h tr cc kch bn thay th PSTN/ISDN; - M rng IMS ca 3GPP bao trm cc vng m 3GPP khng ph n c, c bit l nhng dch v nh chn cuc gi, cuc gi khn cp, v.v. - Mng truy nhp c xem nh l thnh phn mng gia cc thit b ca khch hng, h tr nhng tng tc iu khin dch v; - H tr cc mng truy nhp bng rng c nh hin thi v mng truy nhp kt ni IP (IP-CAN). *S tin ha ln NGN v cc vn cn quan tm Mc tiu tin ti NGN: - Cung cp a loi hnh dch v vi gi thnh thp, m bo thi gian a ra dch v mi c rt ngn. - Gim chi ph khai thc mng v dch v. - Nng cao ti a hiu qu u t.

- To ra nhng ngun doanh thu mi, khng ph thuc vo ngun doanh thu t cc dch v truyn thng. Yu cu chung khi xy dng NGN: - Trnh lm nh hng n cc chc nng cng nh vic cung cp dch v ca mng hin ti. - Tin ti cung cp dch v thoi v s liu trn cng mt h tng thng tin duy nht, ng thi phi h tr cc thit b khch hng ang s dng. - Mng phi c cu trc n gin, gim thiu s cp chuyn mch v chuyn tip truyn dn nhm nng cao hiu qu s dng, cht lng mng li v gim chi ph khai thc bo dng. - Cu trc t chc mng khng ph thuc vo nh gii hnh chnh. - Cu trc chuyn mch phi m bo an ton, da trn chuyn mch gi. - H thng qun l mng, dch v phi c tnh tp trung cao. - Vic chuyn i phi thc hin theo tng bc v theo nhu cu ca th trng. - Hn ch u t cc k thut phi NGN cng lc vi vic trin khai v hon thin cc cng ngh mi. - Phi bo ton vn u t ca nh khai thc. - Xc nh cc giai on cn thit chuyn sang NGN. C cc sch lc thch hp cho tng giai on chuyn hng vic trin khai NGN c n nh v an ton L trnh chuyn i: - u tin gii quyt phn ti lu lng Internet cho tng i chuyn mch ni ht, m bo cung cp dch v truy nhp bng rng ti cc thnh ph ln trc. - To c s h tng thng tin bng rng pht trin cc dch v a phng tin, phc v cc chng trnh tin hc ha v chnh ph in t ca quc gia. - u tin thc hin trn mng lin tnh trc nhm p ng nhu cu v thoi v tng hiu qu s dng cc tuyn truyn dn ng trc. - Mng ni tnh thc hin c trng im ti cc thnh ph c nhu cu truyn s liu, truy nhp Internet bng rng. - Lp t cc thit b chuyn mch th h mi, cc my ch phc v cc dch v a phng tin cht lng cao.

Cc vn cn quan tm khi trin khai NGN: - Xem xt mng TDM u t quyt nh xy dng NGN xp chng hay thay th cc tng i truyn thng bng cc chuyn mch cng ngh mi. - Cng ngh gi vi c ch best effort phi h tr dch v thoi qua IP v cc dch v gi tr gia tng khc. - C th m rng mng theo nhiu hng vi nhiu kh nng cung cp dch v song vn gi c u th gn nh ca mng IP. - Quy m mng phi ln chng li hin tng nghn c chai trong lu lng ca mng li. - Mng phi p ng cc yu cu v tin cy, ng thi m bo an ton thng tin chng li s xm nhp tri php t bn ngoi. - Cc dch v trin khai phi c ti u ho trong vic s dng cc ngun ti nguyn mng. - Pht trin cc gii php qun l thch hp cho NGN trong mi trng a nh khai thc v a loi hnh dch v. G/ TNG KT: Thc tp vin thng l mn hc kh hay v l th, gip chng em phn no hiu c cc vn d lin quan n vin thng cng nh nng cao thm hiu bit v ngnh ngh m mnh ang theo hc. Qua em cng mun ni li cm n i vi gio vin hng dn b mn tn tnh gip chng em trong qu trnh thc tp cng nh cho chng em nhiu kin thc bn ngoi.