20 Chuyen de Boi Duong Toan 8 Hay 17 331 104038137201186123039

20 CHUYN BI DNG TON 8
CHUYN 1 - PHN TCH A THC THNH NHN T

A. MC TIU:
* H thng li cc dng ton v cc phng php phn tch a thc thnh nhn t
* Gii mt s bi tp v phn tch a thc thnh nhn t
* Nng cao trnh v k nng v phn tch a thc thnh nhn t
B. CC PHNG PHP V BI TP
I. TCH MT HNG T THNH NHIU HNG T:
nh l b sung:
+ a thc f(x) c nghim hu t th c dng p/q trong p l c ca h s t do, q l c
dng ca h s cao nht
+ Nu f(x) c tng cc h s bng 0 th f(x) c mt nhn t l x 1
+ Nu f(x) c tng cc h s ca cc hng t bc chn bng tng cc h s ca cc hng t
bc l th f(x) c mt nhn t l x + 1
+ Nu a l nghim nguyn ca f(x) v f(1); f(- 1) khc 0 th
f(1)
a - 1
v
f(-1)
a + 1
u l s nguyn.
nhanh chng loi tr nghim l c ca h s t do
1. V d 1: 3x
2
8x + 4
Cch 1: Tch hng t th 2
3x
2
8x + 4 = 3x
2
6x 2x + 4 = 3x(x 2) 2(x 2) = (x 2)(3x 2)
Cch 2: Tch hng t th nht:
3x
2
8x + 4 = (4x
2
8x + 4) - x
2
= (2x 2)
2
x
2
= (2x 2 + x)(2x 2 x)
= (x 2)(3x 2)
V d 2: x
3
x
2
- 4
Ta nhn thy nghim ca f(x) nu c th x =
1; 2; 4 t t t
, ch c f(2) = 0 nn x = 2 l nghim
ca f(x) nn f(x) c mt nhn t l x 2. Do ta tch f(x) thnh cc nhm c xut hin
mt nhn t l x 2
Cch 1:
x
3
x
2
4 = ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 2 2 2
2 2 2 4 2 ( 2) 2( 2) x x x x x x x x x x + + + +
=
( ) ( )
2
2 2 x x x + +
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
Cch 2: ( ) ( )
3 2 3 2 3 2 2
4 8 4 8 4 ( 2)( 2 4) ( 2)( 2) x x x x x x x x x x x + + + +
=
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 4 ( 2) ( 2)( 2) x x x x x x x
1
+ + + + +
]
V d 3: f(x) = 3x
3
7x
2
+ 17x 5
Nhn xt:
1, 5 t t
khng l nghim ca f(x), nh vy f(x) khng c nghim nguyn. Nn
f(x) nu c nghim th l nghim hu t
Ta nhn thy x =
1
3
l nghim ca f(x) do f(x) c mt nhn t l 3x 1. Nn
f(x) = 3x
3
7x
2
+ 17x 5 = ( ) ( ) ( )
3 2 2 3 2 2
3 6 2 15 5 3 6 2 15 5 x x x x x x x x x x + + +
=
2 2
(3 1) 2 (3 1) 5(3 1) (3 1)( 2 5) x x x x x x x x + +
V
2 2 2
2 5 ( 2 1) 4 ( 1) 4 0 x x x x x + + + + > vi mi x nn khng phn tch c thnh
nhn t na
V d 4: x
3
+ 5x
2
+ 8x + 4
Nhn xt: Tng cc h s ca cc hng t bc chn bng tng cc h s ca cc hng t
bc l nn a thc c mt nhn t l x + 1
x
3
+ 5x
2
+ 8x + 4 = (x
3
+ x
2
) + (4x
2
+ 4x) + (4x + 4) = x
2
(x + 1) + 4x(x + 1) + 4(x + 1)
= (x + 1)(x
2
+ 4x + 4) = (x + 1)(x + 2)
2
V d 5: f(x) = x
5
2x
4
+ 3x
3
4x
2
+ 2
Tng cc h s bng 0 th nn a thc c mt nhn t l x 1, chia f(x) cho (x 1) ta c:
x
5
2x
4
+ 3x
3
4x
2
+ 2 = (x 1)(x
4
- x
3
+ 2

x
2
- 2

x

- 2)
V x
4
- x
3
+ 2

x
2
- 2

x

- 2 khng c nghim nguyn cng khng c nghim hu t nn
khng phn tch c na
V d 6: x
4
+ 1997x
2
+ 1996x + 1997 = (x
4
+ x
2
+ 1) + (1996x
2
+ 1996x + 1996)
= (x
2
+ x + 1)(x
2
- x + 1) + 1996(x
2
+ x + 1)
= (x
2
+ x + 1)(x
2
- x + 1 + 1996) = (x
2
+ x + 1)(x
2
- x + 1997)
V d 7: x
2
- x - 2001.2002 = x
2
- x - 2001.(2001 + 1)
= x
2
- x 2001
2
- 2001 = (x
2
2001
2
) (x + 2001) = (x + 2001)(x 2002)
II. THM , BT CNG MT HNG T:
1. Thm, bt cng mt s hng t xut hin hiu hai bnh phng:
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
V d 1: 4x
4
+ 81 = 4x
4
+ 36x
2
+ 81 - 36x
2
= (2x
2
+ 9)
2
36x
2

= (2x
2
+ 9)
2
(6x)
2
= (2x
2
+ 9 + 6x)(2x
2
+ 9 6x)
= (2x
2
+ 6x + 9 )(2x
2
6x + 9)
V d 2: x
8
+ 98x
4
+ 1 = (x
8
+ 2x
4
+ 1 ) + 96x
4

= (x
4
+ 1)
2
+ 16x
2
(x
4
+ 1) + 64x
4
- 16x
2
(x
4
+ 1) + 32x
4
= (x
4
+ 1 + 8x
2
)
2
16x
2
(x
4
+ 1 2x
2
) = (x
4
+ 8x
2
+ 1)
2
- 16x
2
(x
2
1)
2
= (x
4
+ 8x
2
+ 1)
2
- (4x
3
4x )
2

= (x
4
+ 4x
3
+ 8x
2
4x + 1)(x
4
- 4x
3
+ 8x
2
+ 4x + 1)
2. Thm, bt cng mt s hng t xut hin nhn t chung
V d 1: x
7
+ x
2
+ 1 = (x
7
x) + (x
2
+ x + 1 ) = x(x
6
1) + (x
2
+ x + 1 )
= x(x
3

- 1)(x
3
+ 1) + (x
2
+ x + 1 ) = x(x 1)(x
2
+ x + 1 ) (x
3
+ 1) + (x
2
+ x + 1)
= (x
2
+ x + 1)[x(x 1)(x
3
+ 1) + 1] = (x
2
+ x + 1)(x
5
x
4
+

x
2
- x + 1)
V d 2: x
7
+ x
5
+ 1 = (x
7
x ) + (x
5
x
2
) + (x
2

+ x + 1)
= x(x
3
1)(x
3
+ 1) + x
2
(x
3
1) + (x
2

+ x + 1)
= (x
2

+ x + 1)(x 1)(x
4
+ x) + x
2
(x 1)(x
2

+ x + 1) + (x
2

+ x + 1)
= (x
2

+ x + 1)[(x
5
x
4
+ x
2
x) + (x
3
x
2
) + 1] = (x
2

+ x + 1)(x
5
x
4
+ x
3
x + 1)
Ghi nh:
Cc a thc c dng x
3m + 1
+ x
3n + 2
+ 1 nh: x
7
+ x
2
+ 1 ; x
7
+ x
5
+ 1 ; x
8
+ x
4
+ 1 ;
x
5
+ x + 1 ; x
8
+ x + 1 ; u c nhn t chung l x
2
+ x + 1
III. T BIN PH:
V d 1: x(x + 4)(x + 6)(x + 10) + 128 = [x(x + 10)][(x + 4)(x + 6)] + 128
= (x
2
+ 10x) + (x
2
+ 10x + 24) + 128
t x
2
+ 10x + 12 = y, a thc c dng
(y 12)(y + 12) + 128 = y
2
144 + 128 = y
2
16 = (y + 4)(y 4)
= ( x
2
+ 10x + 8 )(x
2
+ 10x + 16 ) = (x + 2)(x + 8)( x
2
+ 10x + 8 )
V d 2: A = x
4
+ 6x
3
+ 7x
2
6x + 1
Gi s x
0 ta vit
x
4
+ 6x
3
+ 7x
2
6x + 1 = x
2
( x
2
+ 6x + 7
2
6 1
+
x x
) = x
2
[(x
2
+
2
1
x
) + 6(x -
1
x
) + 7 ]
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
t x -
1
x
= y th x
2
+
2
1
x
= y
2
+ 2, do
A = x
2
(y
2
+ 2 + 6y + 7) = x
2
(y + 3)
2
= (xy + 3x)
2

= [x(x -
1
x
)
2
+ 3x]
2
= (x
2
+ 3x 1)
2

Ch : V d trn c th gii bng cch p dng hng ng thc nh sau:
A = x
4
+ 6x
3
+ 7x
2
6x + 1 = x
4
+ (6x
3
2x
2
) + (9x
2
6x + 1 )
= x
4
+ 2x
2
(3x 1) + (3x 1)
2
= (x
2
+ 3x 1)
2

V d 3: A =
2 2 2 2 2
( )( ) ( +zx) x y z x y z xy yz + + + + + +
=
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
( ) 2( +zx) ( ) ( +zx) x y z xy yz x y z xy yz 1 + + + + + + + +
]
t
2 2 2
x y z + + = a, xy + yz + zx = b ta c
A = a(a + 2b) + b
2
= a
2
+ 2ab + b
2
= (a + b)
2
= (
2 2 2
x y z + +
+ xy + yz + zx)
2
V d 4: B =
4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4
2( ) ( ) 2( )( ) ( ) x y z x y z x y z x y z x y z + + + + + + + + + + +
t x
4
+ y
4
+ z
4
= a, x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= b, x + y + z = c ta c:
B = 2a b
2
2bc
2
+ c
4
= 2a 2b
2
+ b
2
- 2bc
2
+ c
4
= 2(a b
2
) + (b c
2
)
2
Ta li c: a b
2
= - 2(
2 2 2 2 2 2
x y y z z x + +
) v b c
2
= - 2(xy + yz + zx) Do ;
B = - 4(
2 2 2 2 2 2
x y y z z x + + ) + 4 (xy + yz + zx)
2

=
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 4 4 4 8 8 8 8 ( ) x y y z z x x y y z z x x yz xy z xyz xyz x y z + + + + + + + +
V d 5:
3 3 3 3
( ) 4( ) 12 a b c a b c abc + + + +
t a + b = m, a b = n th 4ab = m
2
n
2
a
3
+ b
3
= (a + b)[(a b)
2
+ ab] = m(n
2
+
2 2
m - n
4
). Ta c:
C = (m + c)
3
4.
3 2
3 2 2
m + 3mn
4c 3c(m - n )
4
= 3( - c
3
+mc
2
mn
2
+ cn
2
)
= 3[c
2
(m - c) - n
2
(m - c)] = 3(m - c)(c - n)(c + n) = 3(a + b - c)(c + a - b)(c - a + b)
III. PHNG PHP H S BT NH:
V d 1: x
4
- 6x
3
+ 12x
2
- 14x + 3
Nhn xt: cc s
t
1,
t
3 khng l nghim ca a thc, a thc khng c nghim nguyn
cng khng c nghim hu t
Nh vy nu a thc phn tch c thnh nhn t th phi c dng
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
(x
2
+ ax + b)(x
2
+ cx + d) = x
4
+ (a + c)x
3
+ (ac + b + d)x
2
+ (ad + bc)x + bd
ng nht a thc ny vi a thc cho ta c:
6
12
14
3
a c
ac b d
ad bc
bd
+
+ +
'
+
Xt bd = 3 vi b, d
Z, b

{ } 1, 3 t t
vi b = 3 th d = 1 h iu kin trn tr thnh
6
8 2 8 4
3 14 8 2
3
a c
ac c c
a c ac a
bd
+

' ' '
+

Vy: x
4
- 6x
3
+ 12x
2
- 14x + 3 = (x
2
- 2x + 3)(x
2
- 4x + 1)
V d 2: 2x
4
- 3x
3
- 7x
2
+ 6x + 8
Nhn xt: a thc c 1 nghim l x = 2 nn c tha s l x - 2 do ta c:
2x
4
- 3x
3
- 7x
2
+ 6x + 8 = (x - 2)(2x
3
+ ax
2
+ bx + c)
= 2x
4
+ (a - 4)x
3
+ (b - 2a)x
2
+ (c - 2b)x - 2c

4 3
1
2 7
5
2 6
4
2 8
a
a
b a
b
c b
c
c

' '

Suy ra: 2x
4
- 3x
3
- 7x
2
+ 6x + 8 = (x - 2)(2x
3
+ x
2
- 5x - 4)
Ta li c 2x
3
+ x
2
- 5x - 4 l a thc c tng h s ca cc hng t bc l v bc chn bng
nahu nn c 1 nhn t l x + 1 nn 2x
3
+ x
2
- 5x - 4 = (x + 1)(2x
2

- x - 4)
Vy: 2x
4
- 3x
3
- 7x
2
+ 6x + 8 = (x - 2)(x + 1)(2x
2

- x - 4)
V d 3:
12x
2
+ 5x - 12y
2
+ 12y - 10xy - 3 = (a x + by + 3)(cx + dy - 1)
= acx
2

+ (3c - a)x + bdy
2
+ (3d - b)y + (bc + ad)xy 3
12
4
10
3
3 5
6
12
2
3 12
ac
a
bc ad
c
c a
b
bd
d
d b

' '

12x
2
+ 5x - 12y
2
+ 12y - 10xy - 3 = (4 x - 6y + 3)(3x + 2y - 1)
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
BI TP:
Phn tch cc a thc sau thnh nhn t:
CHUYN 2 - S L C V CH NH
H P,
CHUYN 2: HON V, T HP
A. MC TIU:
* Bc u HS hiu v chnh hp, hon v v t hp
* Vn dng kin thc vo mt ss bi ton c th v thc t
* To hng th v nng cao k nng gii ton cho HS
B. KIN THC:
I. Chnh hp:
1. nh ngha: Cho mt tp hp X gm n phn t. Mi cch sp xp k phn t ca tp hp
X ( 1
n) theo mt th t nht nh gi l mt chnh hp chp k ca n phn t y

S tt c cc chnh hp chp k ca n phn t c k hiu
k
n

A
2. Tnh s chnh chp k ca n phn t
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
1) x
3
- 7x + 6
2) x
3
- 9x
2
+ 6x + 16
3) x
3
- 6x
2
- x + 30
4) 2x
3
- x
2
+ 5x + 3
5) 27x
3
- 27x
2
+ 18x - 4
6) x
2
+ 2xy + y
2
- x - y - 12
7) (x + 2)(x +3)(x + 4)(x + 5) - 24
8) 4x
4
- 32x
2
+ 1
9) 3(x
4
+ x
2
+ 1) - (x
2
+ x + 1)
2

10) 64x
4
+ y
4
11) a
6
+ a
4
+ a
2
b
2
+ b
4
- b
6
12) x
3
+ 3xy + y
3
- 1
13) 4x
4
+ 4x
3
+ 5x
2
+ 2x + 1
14) x
8
+ x + 1
15) x
8
+ 3x
4
+ 4
16) 3x
2
+ 22xy + 11x + 37y + 7y
2
+10
17) x
4
- 8x + 63

II. Hon v:
1. nh ngha: Cho mt tp hp X gm n phn t. Mi cch sp xp n phn t ca tp hp
X theo mt th t nht nh gi l mt hon v ca n phn t y
S tt c cc hon v ca n phn t c k hiu P
n
2. Tnh s hon v ca n phn t
( n! : n giai tha)
III. T hp:
1. nh ngha: Cho mt tp hp X gm n phn t. Mi tp con ca X gm k phn t
trong n phn t ca tp hp X ( 0 k n) gi l mt t hp chp k ca n phn t y
S tt c cc t hp chp k ca n phn t c k hiu
k
n

C
2. Tnh s t hp chp k ca n phn t

C. V d:
1. V d 1:
Cho 5 ch s: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
a) c bao nhiu s t nhin c ba ch s, cc ch s khc nhau, lp bi ba trong cc ch
s trn
b) C bao nhiu s t nhin c 5 ch s, cc ch s khc nhau, lp bi c 5 ch s trn
c)C bao nhiu cch chn ra ba ch s trong 5 ch s trn
Gii:
a) s t nhin c ba ch s, cc ch s khc nhau, lp bi ba trong cc ch s trn l
chnh hp chp 3 ca 5 phn t:
3
5

A
= 5.(5 - 1).(5 - 2) = 5 . 4 . 3 = 60 s
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
k
n

A
= n(n - 1)(n - 2)[n - (k - 1)]
k
n

C
=
n
n

A
: k! =
n(n - 1)(n - 2)...[n - (k - 1)]
k!
P
n
=
n
n

A
= n(n - 1)(n - 2) 2 .1 = n!
b) s t nhin c 5 ch s, cc ch s khc nhau, lp bi c 5 ch s trn l hon v cua 5
phn t (chnh hp chp 5 ca 5 phn t):

5
5

A
= 5.(5 - 1).(5 - 2).(5 - 3).(5 - 4) = 5 . 4 . 3 . 2 . 1 = 120 s
c) cch chn ra ba ch s trong 5 ch s trn l t hp chp 3 ca 5 phn t:

3
5

C
=
5.(5 - 1).(5 - 2) 5 . 4 . 3 60
10
3! 3.(3 - 1)(3 - 2) 6

nhm
2. V d 2:
Cho 5 ch s 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Dng 5 ch s ny:
a) Lp c bao nhiu s t nhin c 4 ch s trong khng c ch s no lp li? Tnh
tng cc s lp c
b) lp c bao nhiu s chn c 5 ch s khc nhau?
c) Lp c bao nhiu s t nhin c 5 ch s, trong hai ch s k nhau phi khc
nhau
d) Lp c bao nhiu s t nhin c 4 ch s, cc ch s khc nhau, trong c hai ch
s l, hai ch s chn
Gii
a) s t nhin c 4 ch s, cc ch s khc nhau, lp bi 4 trong cc ch s trn l chnh
hp chp 4 ca 5 phn t:
4
5

A
= 5.(5 - 1).(5 - 2).(5 - 3) = 5 . 4 . 3 . 2 = 120 s
Trong mi hang (Nghn, trm, chc, n v), mi ch s c mt: 120 : 5 = 24 ln
Tng cc ch s mi hang: (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5). 24 = 15 . 24 = 360
Tng cc s c lp: 360 + 3600 + 36000 + 360000 = 399960
b) ch s tn cng c 2 cch chn (l 2 hoc 4)
bn ch s trc l hon v ca ca 4 ch s cn li v c P
4
= 4! = 4 . 3 . 2 = 24 cch
chn
Tt c c 24 . 2 = 48 cch chn
c) Cc s phi lp c dng abcde , trong : a c 5 cch chn, b c 4 cch chn (khc a),
c c 4 cch chn (khc b), d c 4 cch chn (khc c), e c 4 cch chn (khc d)
Tt c c: 5 . 4 . 4 . 4 . 4 = 1280 s
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
d) Chn 2 trong 2 ch s chn, c 1 cch chn
chn 2 trong 3 ch s l, c 3 cch chn. Cc ch s c th hon v, do c:
1 . 3 . 4! =1 . 3 . 4 . 3 . 2 = 72 s
Bi 3: Cho
0
xAy 180 . Trn Ax ly 6 im khc A, trn Ay ly 5 im khc A. trong 12
im ni trn (k c im A), hai im no cng c ni vi nhau bi mt on thng.
C bao nhiu tam gic m cc nh l 3 trong 12 im y
Gii
Cch 1: Tam gic phi m gm ba loi:
+ Loi 1: cc tam gic c mt nh l A, nh th 2 thuc
Ax (c 6 cch chn), nh th 3 thuc Ay (c 5 cch
chn), gm c: 6 . 5 = 30 tam gic
+ Loi 2: Cc tam gic c 1 nh l 1 trong 5 im B
1
, B
2
,
B
3
, B
4
, B
5
(c 5 cch chn), hai nh kia l 2 trong 6 im
A
1
, A
2
, A
3
, A
4
, A
5
, A
6
( C
2
6
6.5 30
15
2! 2
C

cch chn)
Gm 5 . 15 = 75 tam gic
+ Loi 3: Cc tam gic c 1 nh l 1 trong 6 im A
1
, A
2
, A
3
, A
4
, A
5
, A
6
hai nh kia l 2
trong 5 im B
1
, B
2
, B
3
, B
4
, B
5
gm c: 6.
2
5
5.4 20
6. 6. 60
2! 2
C

tam gic
Tt c c: 30 + 75 + 60 = 165 tam gic
Cch 2: s cc tam gic chn 3 trong 12 im y l
3
12
12.11.10 1320 1320
220
3! 3.2 6
C

S b ba im thng hang trong 7 im thuc tia Ax l:
3
7
7.6.5 210 210
35
3! 3.2 6
C

S b ba im thng hang trong 6 im thuc tia Ay l:
3
6
6.5.4 120 120
20
3! 3.2 6
C

S tam gic to thnh: 220 - ( 35 + 20) = 165 tam gic
D. BI TP:
Bi 1: cho 5 s: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4. t cc ch s trn c th lp c bao nhiu s t nhin:
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
T
xx
yy
B
B
5
5
B
B
4
4
B
B
2
2
B
B
1
1
A
A
5
5
A
A
4
4
A
A
3
3
A
A
6
6
B
B
3
3
A
A
2
2
A
A
1
1
A
a) C 5 ch s gm c 5 ch s y?
b) C 4 ch s, c cc ch s khc nhau?
c) c 3 ch s, cc ch s khc nhau?
d) c 3 ch s, cc ch s c th ging nhau?
Bi 2: C bao nhiu s t nhin c 4 ch s lp bi cc ch s 1, 2, 3 bit rng s chia
ht cho 9
Bi 3: Trn trang v c 6 ng k thng ng v 5 ng k nm ngang i mt ct
nhau. Hi trn trang v c bao nhiu hnh ch nht
CHUYN 3 - LU THA BC N CA MT NH THC
A. MC TIU:
HS nm c cng thc khai trin lu tha bc n ca mt nh thc: (a + b)
n
Vn dng kin thc vo cc bi tp v xc nh h s ca lu tha bc n ca mt nh
thc, vn dng vo cc bi ton phn tch a thc thnh nhn t
B. KIN THC V BI TP VN DNG:
I. Nh thc Niutn:
Trong :
k
n
n(n - 1)(n - 2)...[n - (k - 1)]
C
1.2.3...k

II. Cch xc nh h s ca khai trin Niutn:
1. Cch 1: Dng cng thc
k
n
n(n - 1)(n - 2)...[n - (k - 1)]
C
k !
Chng hn h s ca hng t a
4
b
3
trong khai trin ca (a + b)
7
l
4
7
7.6.5.4 7.6.5.4
C 35
4! 4.3.2.1

Ch : a)
k
n
n !
C
n!(n - k) !
vi quy c 0! = 1

4
7
7! 7.6.5.4.3.2.1
C 35
4!.3! 4.3.2.1.3.2.1

TRNG THCS TIN THNG
(a + b)
n
= a
n
+
1
n
C
a
n - 1
b +
2
n
C
a
n - 2
b
2
+ +
n 1
n
C

ab
n - 1
+ b
n
b) Ta c:
k
n
C
=
k - 1
n
C
nn
4 3
7 7
7.6.5.
C C 35
3!

2. Cch 2: Dng tam gic Patxcan
nh 1
Dng 1(n =
1)
1 1
Dng 2(n =
1)
1 2 1
Dng 3(n =
3)
1 3 3 1
Dng 4(n =
4)
1 4 6 4 1
Dng 5(n =
5)
1 5 10 1
0
5 1
Dng 6(n =
6)
1 6 15 20 15 6 1
Trong tam gic ny, hai cnh bn gm cc s 1; dng k + 1 c thnh lp t dng k
(k 1), chng hn dng 2 (n = 2) ta c 2 = 1 + 1, dng 3 (n = 3): 3 = 2 + 1, 3 = 1 + 2
dng 4 (n = 4): 4 = 1 + 3, 6 = 3 + 3, 4 = 3 + 1,
Vi n = 4 th: (a + b)
4
= a
4
+ 4a
3
b + 6a
2
b
2
+ 4ab
3
+ b
4
Vi n = 5 th: (a + b)
5
= a
5
+ 5a
4
b + 10a
3
b
2
+ 10a
2
b
3
+ 5ab
4
+ b
5
Vi n = 6 th: (a + b)
6
= a
6
+ 6a
5
b + 15a
4
b
2
+ 20a
3
b
3
+ 15a
2
b
4
+ 6ab
5
+ b
6
3. Cch 3:
Tm h s ca hng t ng sau theo cc h s ca hng t ng trc:
a) H s ca hng t th nht bng 1
b) Mun c h s ca ca hng t th k + 1, ta ly h s ca hng t th k nhn vi s
m ca bin trong hng t th k ri chia cho k
Chng hn: (a + b)
4

= a
4
+
1.4
1
a
3
b +
4.3
2
a
2
b
2
+
4.3.2
2.3
ab
3
+
4.3.2.
2.3.4
b
5
Ch rng: cc h s ca khai trin Niutn c tnh i xng qua hng t ng gia, ngha
l cc hng t cch u hai hng t u v cui c h s bng nhau
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
(a + b)
n
= a
n
+ na
n -1
b +
n(n - 1)
1.2
a
n - 2
b
2
+ +
n(n - 1)
1.2
a
2
b
n - 2
+ na
n - 1
b
n - 1
+ b
n
III. V d:
1. V d 1: phn tch a thc sau thnh nhn t
a) A = (x + y)
5
- x
5
- y
5
Cch 1: khai trin (x + y)
5
ri rt gn A
A = (x + y)
5
- x
5
- y
5

= ( x
5
+ 5x
4
y + 10x
3
y
2
+ 10x
2
y
3
+ 5xy
4
+ y
5
) - x
5
- y
5
= 5x
4
y + 10x
3
y
2
+ 10x
2
y
3
+ 5xy
4
= 5xy(x
3
+ 2x
2
y + 2xy
2
+ y
3
)
= 5xy [(x + y)(x
2
- xy + y
2
) + 2xy(x + y)] = 5xy(x + y)(x
2
+ xy + y
2
)
Cch 2: A = (x + y)
5
- (x
5
+ y
5
)
x
5
+ y
5
chia ht cho x + y nn chia x
5
+ y
5
cho x + y ta c:
x
5
+ y
5
= (x + y)(x
4
- x
3
y + x
2
y
2
- xy
3
+ y
4
) nn A c nhn t chung l (x + y), t (x + y)
lm nhn t chung, ta tm c nhn t cn li
b) B = (x + y)
7
- x
7
- y
7
= (x
7
+7x
6
y +21x
5
y
2
+ 35x
4
y
3
+35x
3
y
4
+21x
2
y
5
7xy
6
+ y
7
) - x
7
- y
7

= 7x
6
y + 21x
5
y
2
+ 35x
4
y
3
+ 35x
3
y
4
+ 21x
2
y
5
+ 7xy
6

= 7xy[(x
5
+ y
5
) + 3(x
4
y

+ xy
4
) + 5(x
3
y
2
+ x
2
y
3
)]
= 7xy {[(x + y)(x
4
- x
3
y + x
2
y
2
- xy
3
+ y
4
) ] + 3xy(x + y)(x
2
- xy + y
2
) + 5x
2
y
2
(x + y)}
= 7xy(x + y)[x
4
- x
3
y + x
2
y
2
- xy
3
+ y
4
+ 3xy(x
2
+ xy + y
2
) + 5x
2
y
2
]
= 7xy(x + y)[x
4
- x
3
y + x
2
y
2
- xy
3
+ y
4
+ 3x
3
y - 3x
2
y
2
+ 3xy
3
+ 5x
2
y
2
]
= 7xy(x + y)[(x
4
+ 2x
2
y
2
+ y
4
) + 2xy (x
2
+ y
2
) + x
2
y
2
] = 7xy(x + y)(x
2
+ xy + y
2
)
2
V d 2:Tm tng h s cc a thc c c sau khi khai trin
a) (4x - 3)
4
Cch 1: Theo cnh thc Niu tn ta c:
(4x - 3)
4
= 4.(4x)
3
.3 + 6.(4x)
2
.3
2
- 4. 4x. 3
3
+ 3
4
= 256x
4
- 768x
3
+ 864x
2
- 432x + 81
Tng cc h s: 256 - 768 + 864 - 432 + 81 = 1
b) Cch 2: Xt ng thc (4x - 3)
4
= c
0
x
4
+ c
1
x
3
+ c
2
x
2
+ c
3
x + c
4
Tng cc h s: c
0
+ c
1
+ c
2
+ c
3
+ c
4
Thay x = 1 vo ng thc trn ta c: (4.1 - 3)
4
= c
0
+ c
1
+ c
2
+ c
3
+ c
4
Vy: c
0
+ c
1
+ c
2
+ c
3
+ c
4
= 1
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
* Ghi ch: Tng cc h s khai trin ca mt nh thc, mt a thc bng gi tr ca a
thc ti x = 1
C. BI TP:
Bi 1: Phn tch thnh nhn t
a) (a + b)
3
- a
3
- b
3
b) (x + y)
4
+ x
4
+ y
4
Bi 2: Tm tng cc h s c c sau khi khai trin a thc
a) (5x - 2)
5
b) (x
2
+ x - 2)
2010
+ (x
2
- x + 1)
2011
CHUN 4 - CC BI TON V S CHIA HT CA S NGUYN
A. MC TIU:
* Cng c, khc su kin thc v cc bi ton chia ht gia cc s, cc a thc
* HS tip tc thc hnh thnh tho v cc bi ton chng minh chia ht, khng chia ht,
snguyn t, s chnh phng
* Vn dng thnh tho k nng chng minh v chia ht, khng chia ht vo cc bi
ton c th
B.KIN THC V CC BI TON:
I. Dng 1: Chng minh quan h chia ht
1. Kin thc:
* chng minh A(n) chia ht cho mt s m ta phn tch A(n) thnh nhn t c mt nhn
t lm hoc bi ca m, nu m l hp s th ta li phn tch n thnh nhn t c cc oi
mt nguyn t cng nhau, ri chng minh A(n) chia ht cho cc s
* Ch :
+ Vi k s nguyn lin tip bao gi cng tn ti mt bi ca k
+ Khi chng minh A(n) chia ht cho m ta xt mi trng hp v s d khi chia A(n) cho
m
+ Vi mi s nguyn a, b v s t nhin n th:
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
+) a
n
- b
n
chia h t cho a - b (a - b)
+) a
2n + 1
+ b
2n + 1
chia h t cho a + b
+ (a + b)
n
= B(a) + b
n
+) (a + 1)
n
l BS(a )+ 1
+)(a - 1)
2n
l B(a) + 1
+) (a - 1)
2n + 1
l B(a) - 1
2. Bi tp:
2. Cc bi ton
Bi 1: chng minh rng
a) 2
51
- 1 chia ht cho 7

b) 2
70
+ 3
70
chia ht cho 13
c) 17
19
+ 19
17
chi ht cho 18 d) 36
63
- 1 chia ht cho 7 nhng khng chia ht cho
37
e) 2
4n
-1 chia ht cho 15 vi n N
Gii
a) 2
51
- 1 = (2
3
)
17
- 1 M2
3
- 1 = 7
b) 2
70
+ 3
70
(2
2
)
35
+ (3
2
)
35
= 4
35
+ 9
35
M4 + 9 = 13
c) 17
19
+ 19
17
= (17
19
+ 1) + (19
17
- 1)
17
19
+ 1 M17 + 1 = 18 v 19
17
- 1 M19 - 1 = 18 nn (17
19
+ 1) + (19
17
- 1)
hay 17
19
+ 19
17
M18
d) 36
63
- 1 M36 - 1 = 35 M7
36
63
- 1 = (36
63
+ 1) - 2 chi cho 37 d - 2
e) 2
4n
- 1 = (2
4
)
n
- 1 M2
4
- 1 = 15
Bi 2: chng minh rng
a) n
5
- n chia ht cho 30 vi n N ;
b) n
4
-10n
2
+ 9 chia ht cho 384 vi mi n l n Z
c) 10
n

+18n -28 chia ht cho 27 vi n N ;
Gii:
a) n
5
- n = n(n
4
- 1) = n(n - 1)(n + 1)(n
2
+ 1) = (n - 1).n.(n + 1)(n
2
+ 1) chia ht cho 6 v
(n - 1).n.(n+1) l tch ca ba s t nhin lin tip nn chia ht cho 2 v 3 (*)
Mt khc n
5
- n = n(n
2
- 1)(n
2
+ 1) = n(n
2
- 1).(n
2
- 4 + 5) = n(n
2
- 1).(n
2
- 4 ) + 5n(n
2
- 1)
= (n - 2)(n - 1)n(n + 1)(n + 2) + 5n(n
2
- 1)
V (n - 2)(n - 1)n(n + 1)(n + 2) l tch ca 5 s t nhin lin tip nn chia ht cho 5
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
5n(n
2
- 1) chia ht cho 5
Suy ra (n - 2)(n - 1)n(n + 1)(n + 2) + 5n(n
2
- 1) chia ht cho 5 (**)
T (*) v (**) suy ra pcm
b) t A = n
4
-10n
2
+ 9 = (n
4

-n
2
) - (9n
2
- 9) = (n
2
- 1)(n
2
- 9) = (n - 3)(n - 1)(n + 1)(n + 3)
V n l nn t n = 2k + 1 (k
Z) th
A = (2k - 2).2k.(2k + 2)(2k + 4) = 16(k - 1).k.(k + 1).(k + 2)
A chia ht cho 16 (1)

V (k - 1).k.(k + 1).(k + 2) l tch ca 4 s nguyn lin tip nn A c cha bi ca 2, 3, 4
nn A l bi ca 24 hay A chia ht cho 24 (2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra A chia ht cho 16. 24 = 384
c) 10
n

+18n -28 = ( 10
n
- 9n - 1) + (27n - 27)
+ Ta c: 27n - 27 M27 (1)
+ 10
n
- 9n - 1 = [(
{
n
9...9
+ 1) - 9n - 1] =
{
n
9...9
- 9n = 9(
{
n
1...1
- n) M27 (2)
v 9 M9 v
{
n
1...1
- n M3 do
{
n
1...1
- n l mt s c tng cc ch s chia ht cho 3
T (1) v (2) suy ra pcm
3. Bi 3: Chng minh rng vi mi s nguyn a th
a) a
3
- a chia ht cho 3
b) a
7
- a chia ht cho 7
Gii
a) a
3
- a = a(a
2
- 1) = (a - 1) a (a + 1) l tch ca ba s nguyn lin tip nn tn ti mt s
l bi ca 3 nn (a - 1) a (a + 1) chia ht cho 3
b) ) a
7
- a = a(a
6
- 1) = a(a
2
- 1)(a
2
+ a + 1)(a
2
- a + 1)
Nu a = 7k (k
Z) th a chia ht cho 7
Nu a = 7k + 1 (k
Z) th a
2
- 1 = 49k
2
+ 14k chia ht cho 7
Nu a = 7k + 2 (k
Z) th a
2
+ a + 1 = 49k
2
+ 35k + 7 chia ht cho 7
Nu a = 7k + 3 (k
Z) th a
2
- a + 1 = 49k
2
+ 35k + 7 chia ht cho 7
Trong trng hp no cng c mt tha s chia ht cho 7
Vy: a
7
- a chia ht cho 7
Bi 4: Chng minh rng A = 1
3
+ 2
3
+ 3
3
+ ...+ 100
3
chia ht cho B = 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 100
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
Gii
Ta c: B = (1 + 100) + (2 + 99) + ...+ (50 + 51) = 101. 50
chng minh A chia ht cho B ta chng minh A chia ht cho 50 v 101
Ta c: A = (1
3
+ 100
3
) + (2
3
+ 99
3
) + ... +(50
3
+ 51
3
)
= (1 + 100)(1
2
+ 100 + 100
2
) + (2 + 99)(2
2
+ 2. 99 + 99
2
) + ... + (50 + 51)(50
2
+ 50. 51 +
51
2
) = 101(1
2
+ 100 + 100
2
+ 2
2
+ 2. 99 + 99
2
+ ... + 50
2
+ 50. 51 + 51
2
) chia ht cho 101
(1)
Li c: A = (1
3
+ 99
3
) + (2
3
+ 98
3
) + ... + (50
3
+ 100
3
)
Mi s hng trong ngoc u chia ht cho 50 nn A chia ht cho 50 (2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra A chia ht cho 101 v 50 nn A chi ht cho B
Bi tp v nh
Chng minh rng:
a) a
5
a chia ht cho 5
b) n
3
+ 6n
2
+ 8n chia ht cho 48 vi mi n chn
c) Cho a l s nguyn t ln hn 3. Cmr a
2
1 chia ht cho 24
d) Nu a + b + c chia ht cho 6 th a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
chia ht cho 6
e) 2009
2010
khng chia ht cho 2010
f) n
2
+ 7n + 22 khng chia ht cho 9
Dng 2: Tm s d ca mt php chia
Bi 1:
Tm s d khi chia 2
100

a)cho 9, b) cho 25, c) cho 125
Gii
a) Lu tha ca 2 st vi bi ca 9 l 2
3
= 8 = 9 - 1
Ta c : 2
100
= 2. (2
3
)
33
= 2.(9 - 1)
33
= 2.[B(9) - 1] = B(9) - 2 = B(9) + 7
Vy: 2
100
chia cho 9 th d 7
b) Tng t ta c: 2
100
= (2
10
)
10
= 1024
10
= [B(25) - 1]
10
= B(25) + 1
Vy: 2
100
chia chop 25 th d 1
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
c)S dng cng thc Niutn:
2
100
= (5 - 1)
50
= (5
50

- 5. 5
49
+ +
50.49
2
. 5
2
- 50 . 5 ) + 1
Khng k phn h s ca khai trin Niutn th 48 s hng u cha tha s 5 vi s m
ln hn hoc bng 3 nn u chia ht cho 5
3
= 125, hai s hng tip theo:
50.49
2
. 5
2
- 50.5
cng chia ht cho 125 , s hng cui cng l 1
Vy: 2
100
= B(125) + 1 nn chia cho 125 th d 1
Bi 2:
Vit s 1995
1995
thnh tng ca cc s t nhin . Tng cc lp phng chia cho 6 th d
bao nhiu?
Gii
t 1995
1995
= a = a
1
+ a
2
+ + a
n.

Gi
3 3 3 3
1 2 3 n
S a a + a + ...+ a +
=
3 3 3 3
1 2 3 n
a a + a + ...+ a +
+ a - a
= (a
1
3
- a
1
) + (a
2
3
- a
2
) + + (a
n
3
- a
n
) + a
Mi du ngoc u chia ht cho 6 v mi du ngoc l tch ca ba s t nhin lin tip. Ch
cn tm s d khi chia a cho 6
1995 l s l chia ht cho 3, nn a cng l s l chia ht cho 3, do chia cho 6 d 3
Bi 3: Tm ba ch s tn cng ca 2
100
vit trong h thp phn
gii
Tm 3 ch s tn cng l tm s d ca php chia 2
100
cho 1000
Trc ht ta tm s d ca php chia 2
100
cho 125
Vn dng bi 1 ta c 2
100
= B(125) + 1 m 2
100
l s chn nn 3 ch s tn cng ca n ch
c th l 126, 376, 626 hoc 876
Hin nhin 2
100
chia ht cho 8 v 2
100
= 16
25
chi ht cho 8 nn ba ch s tn cng ca n
chia ht cho 8
trong cc s 126, 376, 626 hoc 876 ch c 376 chia ht cho 8
Vy: 2
100
vit trong h thp phn c ba ch s tn cng l 376
Tng qut: Nu n l s chn khng chia ht cho 5 th 3 ch s tn cng ca n l 376
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
Bi 4: Tm s d trong php chia cc s sau cho 7
a) 22
22
+ 55
55
b)3
1993
c) 1992
1993
+ 1994
1995
d)
1930
2
3
Gii
a) ta c: 22
22
+ 55
55
= (21 + 1)
22
+ (56 1)
55
= (BS 7 +1)
22
+ (BS 7 1)
55

= BS 7 + 1 + BS 7 - 1 = BS 7 nn 22
22
+ 55
55
chia 7 d 0
b) Lu tha ca 3 st vi bi ca 7 l 3
3
= BS 7 1
Ta thy 1993 = BS 6 + 1 = 6k + 1, do :
3
1993

= 3
6k + 1
= 3.(3
3
)
2k
= 3(BS 7 1)
2k
= 3(BS 7 + 1) = BS 7 + 3
c) Ta thy 1995 chia ht cho 7, do :
1992
1993
+ 1994
1995
= (BS 7 3)
1993
+ (BS 7 1)
1995
= BS 7 3
1993
+ BS 7 1
Theo cu b ta c 3
1993
= BS 7 + 3 nn
1992
1993
+ 1994
1995
= BS 7 (BS 7 + 3) 1 = BS 7 4 nn chia cho 7 th d 3
d)
1930
2
3
= 3
2860
= 3
3k + 1
= 3.3
3k
= 3(BS 7 1) = BS 7 3 nn chia cho 7 th d 4
Bi tp v nh
Tm s d khi:
a) 2
1994
cho 7
b) 3
1998
+ 5
1998
cho 13
c) A = 1
3
+ 2
3
+ 3
3
+ ...+ 99
3
chia cho B = 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 99
Dng 3: Tm iu kin xy ra quan h chia ht
Bi 1: Tm n
Z gi tr ca biu thc A = n
3
+ 2n
2
- 3n + 2 chia ht cho gi tr ca biu
thc B = n
2
- n
Gii
Chia A cho B ta c: n
3
+ 2n
2
- 3n + 2 = (n + 3)(n
2
- n) + 2
A chia ht cho B th 2 phi chia ht cho n
2
- n = n(n - 1) do 2 chia ht cho n, ta c:
n 1 - 1 2 - 2
n - 1 0 - 2 1 - 3
n(n - 1) 0 2 2 6
loi loi
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
Vy: gi tr ca biu thc A = n
3
+ 2n
2
- 3n + 2 chia ht cho gi tr ca biu thc
B = n
2
- n th n
{ } 1; 2
Bi 2:
a) Tm n
N n
5
+ 1 chia ht cho n
3
+ 1
b) Gii bi ton trn nu n
Z
Gii
Ta c: n
5
+ 1 Mn
3
+ 1
n
2
(n
3
+ 1) - (n
2
- 1) Mn
3
+ 1
(n + 1)(n - 1) Mn
3
+ 1

(n + 1)(n - 1) M(n + 1)(n

2
- n + 1)
n - 1 Mn
2
- n + 1 (V n + 1
0)
a) Nu n = 1 th 0 M1
Nu n > 1 th n - 1 < n(n - 1) + 1 < n
2
- n + 1 nn khng th xy ra n - 1 Mn
2
- n + 1
Vy gi tr ca n tm c l n = 1
b) n - 1 Mn
2
- n + 1
n(n - 1) Mn
2
- n + 1
(n
2
- n + 1 ) - 1 Mn
2
- n + 1
1 Mn
2
- n + 1. C hai trng hp xy ra:
+ n
2
- n + 1 = 1
n(n - 1) = 0

n 0
n 1

(Tm bi)
+ n
2
- n + 1 = -1
n
2
- n + 2 = 0 (V nghim)
Bi 3: Tm s nguyn n sao cho:
a) n
2
+ 2n - 4 M11 b) 2n
3
+ n
2
+ 7n + 1 M2n - 1
c) n
4
- 2n
3
+ 2n
2
- 2n + 1 Mn
4
- 1 d) n
3
- n
2
+ 2n + 7 Mn
2
+ 1
Gii
a) Tch n
2
+ 2n - 4 thnh tng hai hng t trong c mt hng t l B(11)
n
2
+ 2n - 4 M11
(n
2
- 2n - 15) + 11 M11
(n - 3)(n + 5) + 11 M11
(n - 3)(n + 5) M11
n 3 11 n = B(11) + 3
n + 5 11 n = B(11) - 5

M
M
b) 2n
3
+ n
2
+ 7n + 1 = (n
2
+ n + 4) (2n - 1) + 5
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
2n
3
+ n
2
+ 7n + 1 M2n - 1 th 5 M2n - 1 hay 2n - 1 l (5)

2n 1 = - 5 n = - 2
2n 1 = -1 n = 0
2n 1 = 1 n = 1
2n 1 = 5 n = 3

Vy: n
{ } 2; 0; 1; 3
th 2n
3
+ n
2
+ 7n + 1 M2n - 1
c) n
4
- 2n
3
+ 2n
2
- 2n + 1 Mn
4
- 1
t A = n
4
- 2n
3
+ 2n
2
- 2n + 1 = (n
4
- n
3
) - (n
3
- n
2
) + (n
2
- n) - (n - 1)
= n
3
(n - 1) - n
2
(n - 1) + n(n - 1) - (n - 1) = (n - 1) (n
3
- n
2
+ n - 1) = (n - 1)
2
(n
2
+ 1)
B = n
4
- 1 = (n - 1)(n + 1)(n
2
+ 1)
A chia ht cho b nn n

t
1
A chia ht cho B
n - 1 Mn + 1
(n + 1) - 2 Mn + 1

2 Mn + 1

$
n = -3
n 1 = - 2
n = - 2
n 1 = - 1
n = 0
n 1 = 1
n 1 = 2
n = 1 (khong Tm)
+
+

Vy: n

{ } 3; 2; 0
th n
4
- 2n
3
+ 2n
2
- 2n + 1 Mn
4
- 1
d) Chia n
3
- n
2
+ 2n + 7 cho n
2
+ 1 c thng l n - 1, d n + 8
n
3
- n
2
+ 2n + 7 Mn
2
+ 1 th n + 8 Mn
2
+ 1
(n + 8)(n - 8) Mn
2
+ 1
65 Mn
2
+ 1
Ln lt cho n
2
+ 1 bng 1; 5; 13; 65 ta c n bng 0; t 2; t 8
Th li ta c n = 0; n = 2; n = 8 (T/m)
Vy: n
3
- n
2
+ 2n + 7 Mn
2
+ 1 khi n = 0, n = 8
Bi tp v nh:
Tm s nguyn n :
a) n
3
2 chia ht cho n 2
b) n
3
3n
2
3n 1 chia ht cho n
2
+ n + 1
c)5
n
2
n
chia ht cho 63
Dng 4: Tn ti hay khng tn ti s chia ht
Bi 1: Tm n
N sao cho 2
n
1 chia ht cho 7
Gii
Nu n = 3k ( k
N) th 2
n
1 = 2
3k
1 = 8
k

- 1 chia ht cho 7
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
Nu n = 3k + 1 ( k
N) th 2
n
1 = 2
3k + 1
1 = 2(2
3k
1) + 1 = BS 7 + 1
Nu n = 3k + 2 ( k
N) th 2
n
1 = 2
3k + 2
1 = 4(2
3k
1) + 3 = BS 7 + 3
V y: 2
n
1 chia ht cho 7 khi n = BS 3
Bi 2: Tm n
N :
a) 3
n
1 chia ht cho 8
b) A = 3
2n + 3
+ 2
4n + 1
chia ht cho 25
c) 5
n
2
n
chia ht cho 9
Gii
a) Khi n = 2k (k
N) th 3
n
1 = 3
2k
1 = 9
k
1 chia ht cho 9 1 = 8
Khi n = 2k + 1 (k
N) th 3
n
1 = 3
2k + 1
1 = 3. (9
k
1 ) + 2 = BS 8 + 2
Vy : 3
n
1 chia ht cho 8 khi n = 2k (k
N)
b) A = 3
2n + 3
+ 2
4n + 1
= 27 . 3
2n
+ 2.2
4n
= (25 + 2) 3
2n
+ 2.2
4n
= 25. 3
2n
+ 2.3
2n
+ 2.2
4n
= BS 25 + 2(9
n
+ 16
n
)
Nu n = 2k +1(k
N) th 9
n
+ 16
n
= 9
2k + 1
+ 16
2k + 1
chia ht cho 9 + 16 = 25
Nu n = 2k (k
N) th 9
n
c ch s tn cng bng 1 , cn 16
n
c ch s tn cng bng 6
suy ra 2((9
n
+ 16
n
) c ch s tn cng bng 4 nn A khng chia ht cho 5 nn khng chia
ht cho 25
c) Nu n = 3k (k
N) th 5
n
2
n
= 5
3k
2
3k
chia ht cho 5
3
2
3
= 117 nn chia ht cho 9
Nu n = 3k + 1 th 5
n
2
n
= 5.5
3k
2.2
3k
= 5(5
3k
2
3k
) + 3. 2
3k
= BS 9 + 3. 8
k
= BS 9 + 3(BS 9 1)
k
= BS 9 + BS 9 + 3
Tng t: nu n = 3k + 2 th 5
n
2
n
khng chia ht cho 9
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
CHUYEN E 5: SO CHNH PHNG
I. So chnh phng:
A. Mot so kien thc:
So chnh phng: so bang bnh phng cua mot so khac
V du:
4 = 2
2
; 9 = 3
2
A = 4n
2
+ 4n + 1 = (2n + 1)
2
= B
2
+ S chnh phng khng tn cng bi cc ch s: 2, 3, 7, 8
+ S chnh phng chia ht cho 2 th chia ht cho 4, chia ht cho 3 th
chia ht cho 9, chia
ht cho 5 th chia ht cho 25, chia ht cho 2
3
th chia ht cho 2
4
,
+ S
{
n
11...1
= a th
{
n
99...9
= 9a
9a + 1 =
{
n
99...9
+ 1 = 10
n
B. Mot so bai toan:
1. Bai 1:
Chng minh rang: Mot so chnh phng chia cho 3, cho 4 ch co
the d 0 hoac 1
Giai
Goi A = n
2
(n
N)
a) xet n = 3k (k
N)
A = 9k
2
nen chia het cho 3
n = 3k t 1 (k
N)
A = 9k
2
t 6k + 1, chia cho 3 d 1
Vay: so chnh phng chia cho 3 d 0 hoac 1
b) n = 2k (k
N) th A = 4k
2
chia het cho 4
n = 2k +1 (k
N) th A = 4k
2
+ 4k + 1 chia cho 4 d 1
Vay: so chnh phng chia cho 4 d 0 hoac 1
Chu y: + So chnh phng chan th chia het cho 4
+ So chnh phng le th chia cho 4 th d 1( Chia 8 cung d
1)
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
2. Bai 2: So nao trong cac so sau la so chnh phng
a) M = 1992
2
+ 1993
2
+ 1994
2
b) N = 1992
2
+ 1993
2
+ 1994
2
+ 1995
2
c) P = 1 + 9
100
+ 94
100
+ 1994
100
d) Q = 1
2
+ 2
2
+ ...+ 100
2
e) R = 1
3
+ 2
3
+ ... + 100
3
Giai
a) cac so 1993
2
, 1994
2
chia cho 3 d 1, con 1992
2
chia het cho 3

M chia cho 3 d 2 do o M khong la so chnh phng
b) N = 1992
2
+ 1993
2
+ 1994
2
+ 1995
2
gom tong hai so chnh
phng chan chia het cho 4, va hai so chnh phng le nen chia
4 d 2 suy ra N khong la so chnh phng
c) P = 1 + 9
100
+ 94
100
+ 1994
100
chia 4 d 2 nen khong la so chnh
phng
d) Q = 1
2
+ 2
2
+ ...+ 100
2
So Q gom 50 so chnh phng chan chia het cho 4, 50 so chnh
phng le, moi so chia 4 d 1 nen tong 50 so le o chia 4 th
d 2 do o Q chia 4 th d 2 nen Q khong la so chnh phng
e) R = 1
3
+ 2
3
+ ... + 100
3
Goi A
k
= 1 + 2 +... + k =
k(k + 1)
2
, A
k 1
= 1 + 2 +... + k =
k(k - 1)
2
Ta co: A
k
2
A
k -1
2
= k
3
khi o:
1
3
= A
1
2
2
3
= A
2
2
A
1
2
.....................
n
3
= A
n
2
= A
n - 1
2
Cong ve theo ve cac ang thc tren ta co:
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
1
3
+ 2
3
+ ... +n
3
= A
n
2
= ( )
2 2
2 n(n + 1) 100(100 1)
50.101
2 2
+ 1 1

1 1
] ]
la so chnh
phng
3. Bai 3:
CMR: Vi mi n N th cac so sau la s chnh phng.
a) A = (10
n
+10
n-1
+...+.10 +1)(10
n+1
+ 5) + 1
A = (
n
11.....1
123
)(10
n+1
+ 5) + 1
1
1
10 1
.(10 5) 1
10 1
n
n
+
+
+ +

t a = 10
n+1
th A =
a - 1
9
(a + 5) + 1 =
2
2 2
a + 4a - 5 + 9 a + 4a + 4 a + 2
9 9 3
_

,
b) B =
n
111.....1
142 43
n - 1
555.....5
142 43
6 ( c n s 1 v n-1 s 5)
B =
n
111.....1
142 43
n
555.....5
142 43
+ 1 =
n
111.....1
142 43
. 10
n
+
n
555.....5
142 43
+ 1 =
n
111.....1
142 43
. 10
n
+ 5
n
111.....1
_

,
142 43

+ 1
at
n
11.....1
123
= a th 10
n
= 9a + 1 nen
B = a(9a + 1) + 5a + 1 = 9a
2
+ 6a + 1 = (3a + 1)
2

=
{
2
n - 1
33....34
c) C =
2n
11.....1
123
.+
44.....4
n
142 43
+ 1
at a =
n
11.....1
123
Th C =
n
11.....1
123
n
11.....1
123
+ 4.
n
11.....1
123
+ 1 = a. 10
n
+ a + 4 a + 1
= a(9a + 1) + 5a + 1 = 9a
2
+ 6a + 1 = (3a + 1)
2
d) D =
n
99....9
123
8
n
00.....0
12 3
1 . at
n
99....9
123
= a
10
n
= a + 1
D =
n
99....9
123
. 10
n + 2
+ 8. 10
n + 1
+ 1 = a . 100 . 10
n
+ 80. 10
n
+ 1
= 100a(a + 1) + 80(a + 1) + 1 = 100a
2
+ 180a + 81 = (10a + 9)
2
=
(
n + 1
99....9
123
)
2
e) E =
n
11.....1
123
n + 1
22.....2
1 2 3
5 =
n
11.....1
123
n + 1
22.....2
1 2 3
00 + 25 =
n
11.....1
123
.10
n + 2
+ 2.
n
11.....1
123
00 + 25
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
= [a(9a + 1) + 2a]100 + 25 = 900a
2
+ 300a + 25 = (30a + 5)
2
= (
n
33.....3
123
5)
2
f) F =
100
44.....4
1 2 3
= 4.
100
11.....1
123
la so chnh phng th
100
11.....1
123
la so chnh
phng
So
100
11.....1
123
la so le nen no la so chnh phng th chia cho 4 phai
d 1
That vay: (2n + 1)
2
= 4n
2
+ 4n + 1 chia 4 d 1
100
11.....1
123
co hai ch so tan cung la 11 nen chia cho 4 th d 3
vay
100
11.....1
123
khong la so chnh phng nen F =
100
44.....4
1 2 3
khong la so
chnh phng
Bai 4:
a) Cho cc s A =
2m
11........11
142 43
; B =
m + 1
11.......11
142 43
; C =
m
66.....66
142 43
CMR: A + B + C + 8 l s chnh phng .
Ta co: A
2
10 1
9
m
; B =
1
10 1
9
m+
; C =
10 1
6.
9
m
Nen:
A + B + C + 8 =
2
10 1
9
m
+
1
10 1
9
m+
+
10 1
6.
9
m
+ 8 =
2 1
10 1 10 1 6(10 1) 72
9
m m m +
+ + +
=
2
10 1 10.10 1 6.10 6 72
9
m m m
+ + +
=
( )
2
2
10 16.10 64
10 8
9 3
m m
m
+ +
_ +

,
b) CMR: Vi mi x,y Z th A = (x+y)(x+2y)(x+3y)(x+4y) + y
4
la s
chnh phng.
A = (x
2
+ 5xy + 4y
2
) (x
2
+ 5xy + 6y
2
) + y
4

= (x
2
+ 5xy + 4y
2
) [(x
2
+ 5xy + 4y
2
) + 2y
2
) + y
4
= (x
2
+ 5xy + 4y
2
)
2
+ 2(x
2
+ 5xy + 4y
2
).y
2
+ y
4
= [(x
2
+ 5xy + 4y
2
) + y
2
)
2
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
= (x
2
+ 5xy + 5y
2
)
2
Bai 5: Tm so nguyen dng n e cac bieu thc sau la so
chnh phng
a) n
2
n + 2 b) n
5
n + 2
Giai
a) Vi n = 1 th n
2
n + 2 = 2 khong la so chnh phng
Vi n = 2 th n
2
n + 2 = 4 la so chnh phng
Vi n > 2 th n
2
n + 2 khong la so chnh phng V
(n 1)
2
= n
2
(2n 1) < n
2
(n - 2) < n
2
b) Ta co n
5
n chia het cho 5 V
n
5
n = (n
2
1).n.(n
2
+ 1)
Vi n = 5k th n chia het cho 5
Vi n = 5k t 1 th n
2
1 chia het cho 5
Vi n = 5k t 2 th n
2
+ 1 chia het cho 5
Nen n
5
n + 2 chia cho 5 th d 2 nen n
5
n + 2 co ch so tan
cung la 2 hoac 7 nen
n
5
n + 2 khong la so chnh phng
Vay : Khong co gia tr nao cua n thoa man bai toan
Bai 6 :
a)Chng minh rang : Moi so le eu viet c di dang hieu
cua hai so chnh phng
b) Mot so chnh phng co ch so tan cung bang 9 th ch
so hang chuc la ch so chan
Giai
Moi so le eu co dang a = 4k + 1 hoac a = 4k + 3
Vi a = 4k + 1 th a = 4k
2
+ 4k + 1 4k
2
= (2k + 1)
2
(2k)
2
Vi a = 4k + 3 th a = (4k
2
+ 8k + 4) (4k
2
+ 4k + 1) = (2k + 2)
2
(2k
+ 1)
2
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
b)A la so chnh phng co ch so tan cung bang 9 nen
A = (10k t 3)
2
=100k
2
t 60k + 9 = 10.(10k
2
t 6) + 9
So chuc cua A la 10k
2
t 6 la so chan (pcm)
Bai 7:
Mot so chnh phng co ch so hang chuc la ch so le. Tm
ch so hang n v
Giai
Goi n
2
= (10a + b)
2
= 10.(10a
2
+ 2ab) + b
2
nen ch so hang n v
can tm la ch so tan cung cua b
2
Theo e bai , ch so hang chuc cua n
2
la ch so le nen
ch so hang chuc cua b
2
phai le
Xet cac gia tr cua b t 0 en 9 th ch co b
2
= 16, b
2
= 36 co
ch so hang chuc la ch so le, chung eu tan cung bang
6
Vay : n
2
co ch so hang n v la 6
Bai tap ve nha:
Bai 1: Cac so sau ay, so nao la so chnh phng
a) A =
50
22.....2
1 2 3
4 b) B = 11115556 c) C =
n
99....9
1 2 3
n
00....0
123
25 d) D =
n
44.....4
142 43 {
n - 1
88....8
9 e) M =
2n
11.....1
14243

n
22....2
123

f) N = 1
2
+ 2
2
+ ...... + 56
2
Bai 2: Tm so t nhien n e cac bieu thc sau la so chnh
phng
a) n
3
n + 2
b) n
4
n + 2
Bai 3: Chng minh rang
a)Tong cua hai so chnh phng le khong la so chnh phng
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
b) Mot so chnh phng co ch so tan cung bang 6 th ch
so hang chuc la ch so le
Bai 4: Mot so chnh phng co ch so hang chuc bang 5. Tm
ch so hang n v
CHUYEN E 6 - CAC BAI TOAN VE NH L TA-LET
A.Kien thc:
1. nh l Ta-let:
* nh l Ta-lt:
ABC
MN // BC

;

AM AN
=
AB AC
* H qu: MN // BC

AM AN MN
=
AB AC BC
B. Bai tap ap dung:

1. Bai 1:
Cho t giac ABCD, ng thang qua A song song vi BC cat BD
E, ng thang qua B song song vi AD
cat AC G
a) chng minh: EG // CD
b) Gia s AB // CD, chng minh rang AB
2
=
CD. EG
Giai
Goi O la giao iem cua AC va BD
a) V AE // BC

OE OA
=
OB OC
(1)
BG // AC

OB OG
=
OD OA
(2)
Nhan (1) vi (2) ve theo ve ta co:
OE OG
=
OD OC

EG // CD
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
T
NN
MM
CC BB
AA
OO
GG EE
DD CC
BB
A
b) Khi AB // CD th EG // AB // CD, BG // AD nen
2
AB OA OD CD AB CD
= = AB CD. EG
EG OG OB AB EG AB

Bai 2:
Cho ABC vuong tai A, Ve ra pha ngoai tam giac o cac tam
giac ABD vuong can B, ACF vuong can C. Goi H la giao
iem cua AB va CD, K la giao iem cua Ac va BF.
Chng minh rang:
a) AH = AK
b) AH
2
= BH. CK
Giai
at AB = c, AC = b.
BD // AC (cung vuong goc vi AB)
nen
AH AC b AH b AH b
HB BD c HB c HB + AH b + c

Hay
AH b AH b b.c
AH
AB b + c c b + c b + c

(1)
AB // CF (cung vuong goc vi AC) nen
AK AB c AK c AK c
KC CF b KC b KC + AK b + c

Hay
AK b AK c b.c
AK
AC b + c b b + c b + c

(2)
T (1) va (2) suy ra: AH = AK
b) T
AH AC b
HB BD c

va
AK AB c
KC CF b

suy ra
AH KC AH KC
HB AK HB AH

(V AH = AK)
AH
2
= BH . KC
3. Bai 3: Cho hnh bnh hanh ABCD, ng thang a i qua A lan
lt cat BD, BC, DC theo th t tai E, K, G. Chng minh rang:
a) AE
2
= EK. EG
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
T
HH
FF
KK
DD
CC
BB
A
b)
1 1 1
AE AK AG
+
c) Khi ng thang a thay oi v tr nhng van qua A th tch BK.
DG co gia tr khong oi
Giai
a) V ABCD la hnh bnh hanh va K
BC
nen
AD // BK, theo he qua cua nh l Ta-let
ta co:
2
EK EB AE EK AE
= = AE EK.EG
AE ED EG AE EG

b) Ta co:
AE DE
=
AK DB
;
AE BE
=
AG BD
nen
AE AE BE DE BD 1 1
= 1 AE 1
AK AG BD DB BD AK AG
_
+ + +

,

1 1 1
AE AK AG
+
(pcm)
c) Ta co:
BK AB BK a
= =
KC CG KC CG
(1);
KC CG KC CG
= =
AD DG b DG
(2)
Nhan (1) vi (2) ve theo ve ta co:
BK a
= BK. DG = ab
b DG

khong oi
(V a = AB; b = AD la o dai hai canh cua hnh bnh hanh ABCD
khong oi)
4. Bai 4:
Cho t giac ABCD, cac iem E, F, G, H theo th
t chia trong cac canh AB, BC, CD, DA theo t so
1:2. Chng minh rang:
a) EG = FH
b) EG vuong goc vi FH
Giai
Goi M, N theo th t la trung iem cua CF, DG
Ta co CM =
1
2
CF =
1
3
BC
BM 1
=
BC 3

BE BM 1
= =
BA BC 3
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
T
GG
bb
aa
EE
KK
DD
CC
BB AA
QQ
PP
OO
NN
MM
HH FF
GG
EE
DD
CC
BB
A
EM // AC

EM BM 2 2
= EM = AC
AC BE 3 3

(1)
Tng t, ta c: NF // BD

NF CF 2 2
= NF = BD
BD CB 3 3

(2)
m AC = BD (3)
T (1), (2), (3) suy ra : EM = NF (a)
Tng t nh trn ta c: MG // BD, NH // AC v MG = NH =
1
3
AC (b)
Mt khc EM // AC; MG // BD V AC BD
EM MG
0
EMG = 90
(4)
Tng t, ta c:
0
FNH = 90
(5)
T (4) v (5) suy ra

0
EMG = FNH = 90
(c)
T (a), (b), (c) suy ra EMG = FNH (c.g.c)
EG = FH
b) Gi giao im ca EG v FH l O; ca EM v FH l P; ca EM v FN
l Q th
0
PQF = 90

0
QPF + QFP = 90 m

QPF = OPE (i nh),

OEP = QFP (EMG =
FNH)
Suy ra

0
EOP = PQF = 90
EO OP
EG FH
5. Bi 5:
Cho hnh thang ABCD c y nh CD. T D v ng thng song song
vi BC, ct AC ti M v AB ti K, T C v ng thng song song vi AD,
ct AB ti F, qua F ta li v ng thng song song vi AC, ct BC ti P.
Chng minh rng
a) MP // AB
b) Ba ng thng MP, CF, DB ng quy
Gii
a) EP // AC

CP AF
=
PB FB
(1)
AK // CD

CM DC
=
AM AK
(2)
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
T
II
PP
FF KK
MM
DD
CC
BB
A
cc t gic AFCD, DCBK la cc hnh bnh hnh nn
AF = DC, FB = AK (3)
Kt hp (1), (2) v (3) ta c
CP CM
PB AM
MP // AB (nh l Ta-lt o) (4)

b) Gi I l giao im ca BD v CF, ta c:
CP CM
PB AM
=
DC DC
AK FB

M
DC DI
FB IB
(Do FB // DC)

CP DI
PB IB
IP // DC // AB (5)
T (4) v (5) suy ra : qua P c hai ng thng IP, PM cng song song vi
AB // DC nn theo tin clt th ba im P, I, M thng hang hay MP
i qua giao im ca CF v DB hay ba ng thng MP, CF, DB ng
quy
6. Bi 6:
Cho ABC c BC < BA. Qua C k ng thng vung goc vi tia phn
gic BE ca
ABC
; ng thng ny ct BE ti F v ct trung tuyn BD
ti G. Chng minh rng on thng EG b
on thng DF chia lm hai phn bng
nhau
Gii
Gi K l giao im ca CF v AB; M l giao
im ca DF v BC
KBC c BF va l phn gic va l ng
cao nn KBC cn ti B
BK = BC v FC = FK
Mt khc D l trung im AC nn DF l ng trung bnh ca AKC

DF // AK hay DM // AB
Suy ra M l trung im ca BC
DF =
1
2
AK (DF l ng trung bnh ca AKC), ta c
BG BK
=
GD DF
( do DF // BK)

BG BK 2BK
=
GD DF AK
(1)
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
T
MM
GG
KK
FF
DD EE CC
BB
A
Mt khc
CE DC - DE DC AD
1 1
DE DE DE DE

(V AD = DC)

CE AE - DE DC AD
1 1
DE DE DE DE

Hay
CE AE - DE AE AB
1 2 2
DE DE DE DF

(v
AE
DE
=
AB
DF
: Do DF // AB)
Suy ra
CE AK + BK 2(AK + BK)
2 2
DE DE AK

(Do DF =
1
2
AK)
CE 2(AK + BK) 2BK

2
DE AK AK

(2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra
BG
GD
=
CE
DE

EG // BC
Gi giao im ca EG v DF l O ta c
OG OE FO
= =
MC MB FM
_

,

OG = OE
Bi tp v nh
Bi 1:
Cho t gic ABCD, AC v BD ct nhau ti O. ng thng qua O v song
song vi BC ct AB E; ng thng song song vi CD qua O ct AD ti
F
a) Chng minh FE // BD
b) T O k cc ng thng song song vi AB, AD ct BD, CD ti G v H.
Chng minh: CG. DH = BG. CH
Bi 2:
Cho hnh bnh hnh ABCD, im M thuc cnh BC, im N thuc tia
i ca tia BC sao cho BN = CM; cc ng thng DN, DM ct AB theo
th t ti E, F.
Chng minh:
a) AE
2
= EB. FE
b) EB =
2
AN
DF
_

,
. EF
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
CHUYEN E 7 CAC BAI TOAN S DUNG NH
L TALET VA TNH CHAT NG PHAN GIAC
A. Kien thc:
2. Tnh chat ng phan giac:
ABC ,AD la phan giac goc A

BD AB
=
CD AC
ADla phan giac goc ngoai tai A:
BD' AB
=
CD' AC
B. Bai tap van dung
1. Bai 1:
Cho ABC co BC = a, AB = b, AC = c, phan giac
AD
a) Tnh o dai BD, CD
b) Tia phan giac BI cua goc B cat AD I; tnh
t so:
AI
ID
Giai
a) AD la phan giac cua
BAC
nen
BD AB c
CD AC b

BD c BD c ac
BD =
CD + BD b + c a b + c b + c

Do o CD = a -
ac
b + c
=
ab
b + c
b) BI la phan giac cua
ABC
nen
AI AB ac b + c
c :
ID BD b + c a

TRNG THCS TIN THNG
T
D''
CC
BB
AA
DD CC BB
AA
aa
cc
bb
II
DD CC BB
A
2. Bai 2:
Cho ABC, co
B
< 60
0
phan giac AD
a) Chng minh AD < AB
b) Goi AM la phan giac cua ADC. Chng minh rang BC > 4 DM
Giai
a)Ta co

A
ADB = C +
2
>

A + C
2
=
0
0
180 - B
60
2

ADB
>
B
AD < AB
b) Goi BC = a, AC = b, AB = c, AD = d
Trong ADC, AM la phan giac ta co
DM AD
=
CM AC

DM AD DM AD
= =
CM + DM AD + AC CD AD + AC
DM =
CD.AD CD. d
AD + AC b + d
; CD =
ab
b + c
( Van dung bai 1)
DM =
abd
(b + c)(b + d)
e c/m BC > 4 DM ta c/m a >
4abd
(b + c)(b + d)
hay (b + d)(b + c) > 4bd (1)
That vay : do c > d
(b + d)(b + c) > (b + d)
2
4bd . Bat ang
thc (1) c c/m
Bai 3:
Cho ABC, trung tuyen AM, cac tia phan giac cua cac goc AMB ,
AMC cat AB, AC theo th t D va E
a) Chng minh DE // BC
b) Cho BC = a, AM = m. Tnh o dai DE
c) Tm tap hp cac giao diem I cua AM va DE
neu ABC co BC co nh, AM = m khong oi
d) ABC co ieu kien g th DE la ng trung
bnh cua no
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
T
EE
DD
MM
II
CC BB
AA
MM
DD BB CC
A
Giai
a) MD la phan giac cua
AMB
nen
DA MB
DB MA
(1)
ME la phan giac cua
AMC
nen
EA MC
EC MA
(2)
T (1), (2) va gia thiet MB = MC ta suy ra
DA EA
DB EC
DE // BC
b) DE // BC

DE AD AI
BC AB AM

. at DE = x
x
m -
x 2a.m
2
x =
a m a + 2m

c) Ta co: MI =
1
2
DE =
a.m
a + 2m
khong oi
I luon cach M mot

oan khong oi nen tap hp cac iem I la ng tron tam
M, ban knh MI =
a.m
a + 2m
(Tr giao iem cua no vi BC
d) DE la ng trung bnh cua ABC
DA = DB
MA = MB

ABC vuong A
4. Bai 4:
Cho ABC ( AB < AC) cac phan giac BD, CE
a) ng thang qua D va song song vi BC cat AB K, chng
minh E nam gia B va K
b) Chng minh: CD > DE > BE
Giai
a) BD la phan giac nen
AD AB AC AE AD AE
= < =
DC BC BC EB DC EB
<
(1)
Mat khac KD // BC nen
AD AK
DC KB
(2)
T (1) va (2) suy ra
AK AE AK + KB AE + EB
KB EB KB EB
< <

AB AB
KB > EB
KB EB
<

E nam gia K va B
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
T
EE
DD
MM
KK
CC
BB
A
b) Goi M la giao iem cua DE va CB. Ta co

CBD = KDB
(Goc so le
trong)

KBD = KDB
ma E nam gia K va B nen
KDB
>
EDB

KBD
>
EDB

EBD
>
EDB

EB < DE
Ta lai co

CBD + ECB = EDB + DEC
DEC
>
ECB

DEC
>
DCE
(V
DCE
=
ECB
)
Suy ra CD > ED
CD > ED > BE
5. Bai 5:
Cho ABC vi ba ng phan giac AD, BE, CF. Chng minh
a. 1 . .
FB
FA
EA
EC
DC
DB
.
b.
AB CA BC CF BE AD
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + > + +
.
Giai
a)AD la ng phan giac cua
BAC
nen ta
co:
DB AB
=
DC AC
(1)
Tng t: vi cac phan giac BE, CF ta co:
EC BC
=
EA BA
(2) ;
FA CA
=
FB CB
(3)
T (1); (2); (3) suy ra:
DB EC FA AB BC CA
. . = . .
DC EA FB AC BA CB
= 1
b) t AB = c , AC = b , BC = a , AD = d
a
.
Qua C k ng thng song song vi AD , ct tia BA H.
Theo L Talt ta c:
AD BA
CH BH

BA.CH c.CH c
AD .CH
BH BA + AH b + c

Do CH < AC + AH = 2b nn:
2
a
bc
d
b c
<
+

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2
a a
b c
d bc b c d b c
+ _ _
> + > +

, ,
Chng minh tng t ta c :
1 1 1 1
2
b
d a c
_
> +

,
V
1 1 1 1
2
c
d a b
_
> +

,
Nn:
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
T
HH
FF
EE
DD
CC
BB
A
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2
a b c
d d d b c a c a b
1 _ _ _
+ + > + + + + +
1
, , , ]
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
.2
2
a b c
d d d a b c
_
+ + > + +

,
1 1 1 1 1 1
a b c
d d d a b c
+ + > + +
( pcm )
Bi tp v nh
Cho ABC co BC = a, AC = b, AB = c (b > c), cac phan giac BD, CE
a) Tnh o dai CD, BE roi suy ra CD > BE
b) Ve hnh bnh hanh BEKD. Chng minh: CE > EK
c) Chng minh CE > BD
CHUYEN E 8 CH SO TAN CUNG
A. Kien thc:
1. Mot so tnh chat:
a) Tnh chat 1:
+ Cac so co ch so tan cung la 0; 1; 5; 6khi nang len luy
tha bac bat ky nao th ch so tan cung khong thay oi
+ Cac so co ch so tan cung la 4; 9 khi nang len luy tha
bac le th ch so tan cung khong thay oi
+ Cac so co ch so tan cung la 3; 7; 9 khi nang len luy
tha bac 4n (n
N) th ch so tan cung la 1
+ Cac so co ch so tan cung la 2; 4; 8 khi nang len luy
tha bac 4n (n
N) th ch so tan cung la 6
b) Tnh chat 2: Mot so t nhien bat ky khi nang len luy tha
bac 4n + 1 (n
N) th ch so tan cung khong thay oi

c) Tnh chat 3:
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
+ Cac so co ch so tan cung la 3 khi nang len luy tha
bac 4n + 3 (n
N) th ch so tan cung la 7; Cac so co ch

so tan cung la 7 khi nang len luy tha bac 4n + 3 (n
N) th
ch so tan cung la 3
+ Cac so co ch so tan cung la 2 khi nang len luy tha
bac 4n + 3 (n
N) th ch so tan cung la 8; Cac so co ch

so tan cung la 8 khi nang len luy tha bac 4n + 3 (n
N) th
ch so tan cung la 2
+ Cac so co ch so tan cung la 0; 1; 4; 5; 6; 9 khi nang len
luy tha bac 4n + 3 (n
N) th ch so tan cung la khong oi

2. Mot so phng phap:
+ Tm ch so tan cung cua x = a
m
th ta xet ch so tan cung
cua a:
- Neu ch so tan cung cua a la cac ch so: 0; 1; 5; 6 th ch
so tan cung cua x la 0; 1; 5; 6
- Neu ch so tan cung cua a la cac ch so: 3; 7; 9 th :
* V a
m
= a
4n + r
= a
4n
. a
r
Neu r la 0; 1; 2; 3 th ch so tan cung cua x la ch so tan
cung cua a
r
Neu r la 2; 4; 8 th ch so tan cung cua x la ch so tan
cung cua 6.a
r
B. Mot so v du:
Bai 1:
Tm ch so tan cung cua
a) 243
6
; 167
2010
b)
( )
9
9
7 ; ( )
14
14
14 ;
( )
7
6
5
4
1
1
]
Giai
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
a) 243
6
= 243
4 + 2
= 243
4
. 243
2
243
2

co ch so tan cung la 9 nen ch so tan cung cua
243
6
la 9
Ta co 2010 = 4.502 + 2 nen 167
2010
= 167
4. 502 + 2
= 167
4.502
.167
2
167
4.502
co ch so tan cung la 6; 167
2
co ch so tan cung
la 9 nen ch so tan cung cua 167
2010
la ch so tan cung
cua tch 6.9 la 4
b) Ta co:
+) 9
9
- 1 = (9 1)(9
8
+ 9
7
+ .......+ 9 + 1) = 4k (k
N)
9
9
= 4k + 1
( )
9
9
7 = 7
4k + 1
= 7
4k
.7 nen co ch so tan cung la 7
14
14
= (12 + 2)
14
= 12
14
+ 12.14
13
.2 + ....+ 12.12.2
13
+ 2
14
chia het cho
4, v cac hang t trc 2
14
eu co nhan t 12 nen chia het
cho 4; hang t 2
14
= 4
7
chia het cho 4 hay
14
14
= 4k
( )
14
14
14 = 14
4k
co ch so tan cung la 6
+) 5
6
co ch so tan cung la 5 nen
( )
7
6
5 = 5.(2k + 1)
5.(2k + 1)
1 = 4 q (k, q
N)
5.(2k + 1) = 4q + 1

( )
7
6
5
4
1
1
]
= 4
4q + 1
= 4
4q
. 4 co ch so tan
cung la ch so tan cung tch 6. 4 la 4
Bai 2: Tm ch so tan cung cua
A = 2
1

+ 3
5
+ 4
9
+ 5
13
+...... + 2004
8009
Giai
a) Luy tha cua moi so hang cua A chia 4 th d 1(Cac so hang
cua A co dang n
4(n 2) + 1

TRNG THCS TIN THNG
(n
{2; 3; ...; 2004} ) nen moi so hang cua A va luy tha cua
no co ch so tan cung giong nhau (Tnh chat 2) nen ch so
tan cung cua A la ch so tan cung cua tong cac so hang
T 2 en 2004 co 2003 so hang trong o co 2000 : 10 = 200 so
hang co ch so tan cung bang 0,Tong cac ch so tan
cung cua A la
(2 + 3 + ...+ 9) + 199.(1 + 2 + ... + 9) + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 9009 co
ch so tan cung la 9
Vay A co ch so tan cung la 9
Bai 3: Tm
a) Hai ch so tan cung cua 3
999
; ( )
7
7
7
b) Ba ch so tan cung cua 3
100
c) Bon ch so tan cung cua 5
1994
Giai
a) 3
999
= 3.3
998
=3. 9
499

= 3.(10 1)
499
= 3.(10
499
499.10
498
+ ...+499.10
1)
= 3.[BS(100) + 4989] = ...67
7
7
= (8 1)
7
= BS(8) 1 = 4k + 3
( )
7
7
7 = 7
4k + 3
= 7
3
. 7
4k
= 343.(...01)
4k
= ...43
b) 3
100
= 9
50
= (10 1)
50
= 10
50
50. 10
49
+ ...+
50.49
2
. 10
2
50.10 + 1
= 10
50
50. 10
49
+ ...+
49
2
. 5000 500 + 1 = BS(1000) + 1 = ...001
Chu y:
+ Neu n la so le khong chi het cho 5 th ba ch so tan cung
cua n
100
la 001
+ Neu mot so t nhien n khong chia het cho 5 th n
100
chia cho
125 d 1
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
HD C/m: n = 5k + 1; n = 5k + 2
+ Neu n la so le khong chia het cho 5 th n
101
va n co ba ch
so tan cung nh nhau
c) Cach 1: 5
4
= 625
Ta thay so (...0625)
n
= ...0625
5
1994
= 5
4k + 2
= 25.(5
4
)
k
= 25.(0625)
k
= 25.(...0625) = ...5625
Cach 2: Tm so d khi chia 5
1994
cho 10000 = 2
4
. 5
4
Ta thay 5
4k
1 chia het cho 5
4
1 = (5
2
1)(5
2
+ 1) chia het cho 16
Ta co: 5
1994
= 5
6
. (5
1988
1) + 5
6
Do 5
6
chia het cho 5
4
, con 5
1988
1 chia het cho 16 nen 5
6
(5
1988
1)
chia het cho 10000
Ta co 5
6

= 15625
Vay bon ch so tan cung cua 5
1994
la 5625
Chu y: Neu viet 5
1994
= 5
2
. (5
1992
1) + 5
2

Ta co: 5
1992
1 chia het cho 16; nhng 5
2
khong chia het cho 5
4
Nh vay trong bai toan nay ta can viet 5
1994
di dang 5
n
(5
1994
n
1) + 5
n
; n 4 va 1994 n chia het cho 4
C. Van dung vao cac bai toan khac
Bai 1:
Chng minh rang: Tong sau khong la so chnh phng
a) A = 19
k
+ 5
k
+ 1995
k
+ 1996
k
( k
N, k chan)
b) B = 2004
2004k
+ 2001
Giai
a) Ta co:
19
k
5
k
1995
k
1996
k
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
Nen A co ch so tan cung la ch so tan cung cua tong
cac ch so tan cung cua tong
1 + 5 + 5 + 6 = 17, co ch so tan cung la 7 nen khong the
la so chnh phng
b) Ta co :k chan nen k = 2n (n
N)
2004
2004k
= (2004
4
)
501k
= (2004
4
)
1002n
= (...6)
1002n
la luy tha bac
chan cua so co ch so tan cung la 6 nen co ch so tan
cung la 6 nen B = 2004
2004k
+ 2001 co ch so tan cung la 7,
do o B khong la so chnh phng
Bai 2:
Tm so d khi chia cac bieu thc sau cho 5
a) A = 2
1
+ 3
5
+ 4
9
+...+ 2003
8005
b) B = 2
3
+ 3
7
+4
11
+...+ 2005
8007
Giai
a) Ch so tan cung cua A la ch so tan cung cua tong
(2 + 3 +... + 9) + 199.(1 + 2 + ... + 9) + 1 + 2 + 3 = 9005
Ch so tan cung cua A la 5 nen chia A cho 5 d 0
b)Tng t, ch so tan cung cua B la ch so tan cung cua
tong
(8 + 7 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 3 + 2 + 9) + 199.(1 + ...+ 9) + 8 + 7 + 4 + 5 =
9024
B co ch so tan cung la 4 nen B chia 5 d 4
Bai tap ve nha
Bai 1: Tm ch so tan cung cua: 3
102
; ( )
5
3
7 ; 3
20
+ 2
30
+ 7
15
- 8
16
Bai 2: Tm hai, ba ch so tan cung cua: 3
555
; ( )
9
7
2
Bai 3: Tm so d khi chia cac so sau cho 2; cho 5:
a) 3
8
; 14
15
+ 15
14
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
b) 2009
2010
2008
2009
CHUYEN E 9 ONG D
A. nh ngha:
Neu hai so nguyen a va b co cung so d trong phep chia cho
mot so t nhien m
0 th ta noi a ong d vi b theo moun

m, va co ong d thc: a
b (mod m)
V du:7
10 (mod 3) , 12
22 (mod 10)
+ Chu y: a
b (mod m)
a b Mm
B. Tnh chat cua ong d thc:
1. Tnh chat phan xa: a
a (mod m)
2. Tnh chat oi xng: a
b (mod m)
a (mod m)
3. Tnh chat bac cau: a
b (mod m), b
c (mod m) th a
c (mod
m)
4. Cong , tr tng ve:
a b (mod m)
a c b d (mod m)
c d (mod m)

t t
'
He qua:
a) a
b (mod m)
a + c
b + c (mod m)
b) a + b
c (mod m)
c - b (mod m)
c) a
b (mod m)
a + km
b (mod m)
5. Nhan tng ve :
a b (mod m)
ac bd (mod m)
c d (mod m)

'
He qua:
a) a
b (mod m)
ac
bc (mod m) (c
Z)
b) a
b (mod m)
a
n

b
n
(mod m)
6. Co the nhan (chia) hai ve va moun cua mot ong d
thc vi mot so nguyen dng
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
a
b (mod m)
ac
bc (mod mc)
Chang han: 11
3 (mod 4)
22
6 (mod 8)
7.
ac bc (mod m)
a b (mod m)
(c, m) = 1

'
Chang han :
16 2 (mod 7)
8 1 (mod 7)
(2, 7) = 1

'
C. Cac v du:
1. V du 1:
Tm so d khi chia 92
94
cho 15
Giai
Ta thay 92
2 (mod 15)
92
94

2
94
(mod 15) (1)
Lai co 2
4

1 (mod 15)
(2
4
)
23
. 2
2

4 (mod 15) hay 2

94

4 (mod 15)
(2)
T (1) va (2) suy ra 92
94

4 (mod 15) tc la 92
94
chia 15 th d 4
2. V du 2:
Chng minh: trong cac so co dang 2
n
4(n
N), co vo so so
chia het cho 5
That vay:
T 2
4

1 (mod 5)
2
4k

1 (mod 5) (1)
Lai co 2
2

4 (mod 5) (2)
Nhan (1) vi (2), ve theo ve ta co: 2
4k + 2

4 (mod 5)
2
4k + 2
- 4

0 (mod 5)
Hay 2
4k + 2
- 4 chia het cho 5 vi moi k = 0, 1, 2, ... hay ta c vo
so so dang 2
n
4
(n
N) chia het cho 5

Chu y: khi giai cac bai toan ve ong d, ta thng quan tam
en a
t 1 (mod m)
a
1 (mod m)
a
n

1 (mod m)
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
a
-1 (mod m)
a
n

(-1)
n
(mod m)
3. V du 3: Chng minh rang
a) 20
15
1 chia het cho 11 b) 2
30
+ 3
30
chi het cho 13
c) 555
222
+ 222
555
chia het cho 7
Giai
a) 2
5

- 1 (mod 11) (1); 10
- 1 (mod 11)
10
5

- 1 (mod 11) (2)

T (1) va (2) suy ra 2
5
. 10
5

1 (mod 11)
20
5

1 (mod 11)
20
5
1
0 (mod 11)
b) 2
6

- 1 (mod 13)
2
30

- 1 (mod 13) (3)

3
3

1 (mod 13)
3
30

1 (mod 13) (4)

T (3) va (4) suy ra 2
30
+ 3
30

- 1 + 1 (mod 13)
2
30
+ 3
30

0 (mod
13)
Vay: 2
30
+ 3
30
chi het cho 13
c) 555
2 (mod 7)
555
222

2
222
(mod 7) (5)
2
3

1 (mod 7)
(2
3
)
74

1 (mod 7)
555
222

1 (mod 7) (6)
222
- 2 (mod 7)
222
555

(-2)
555
(mod 7)
Lai co (-2)
3

- 1 (mod 7)
[(-2)
3
]
185

- 1 (mod 7)
222
555

- 1 (mod
7)
Ta suy ra 555
222
+ 222
555

1 - 1 (mod 7) hay 555

222
+ 222
555
chia het
cho 7
4. V du 4: Chng minh rang so
4n + 1
2
2
+ 7 chia het cho 11 vi moi
so t nhien n
That vay:Ta co: 2
5

- 1 (mod 11)
2
10

1 (mod 11)
Xet so d khi chia 2
4n + 1
cho 10. Ta co: 2
4

1 (mod 5)
2
4n

1 (mod
5)
2.2
4n

2 (mod 10)
2
4n + 1
2 (mod 10)
2
4n + 1
= 10 k + 2
Nen
4n + 1
2
2
+ 7 = 2
10k + 2
+ 7 =4. 2
10k
+ 7 = 4.(BS 11 + 1)
k
+ 7 = 4.(BS 11
+ 1
k
) + 7
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
= BS 11 + 11 chia het cho 11
Bai tap ve nha:
Bai 1: CMR:
a) 2
28
1 chia het cho 29
b)Trong cac so co dang2
n
3 co vo so so chia het cho 13
Bai 2: Tm so d khi chia A = 20
11
+ 22
12
+ 1996
2009
cho 7.
CHUYEN E 10 TNH CHIA HET OI VI A
THC
A. Dang 1: Tm d cua phep chia ma khong thc hien
phep chia
1. a thc chia co dang x a (a la hang)
a) nh l Bdu (Bezout, 1730 1783):
So d trong phep chia a thc f(x) cho nh thc x a bang gia
tr cua f(x) tai x = a
Ta co: f(x) = (x a). Q(x) + r
ang thc ung vi moi x nen vi x = a, ta co
f(a) = 0.Q(a) + r hay f(a) = r
Ta suy ra: f(x) chia het cho x a
f(a) = 0
b) f(x) co tong cac he so bang 0 th chia het cho x 1
c) f(x) co tong cac he so cua hang t bac chan bang tong
cac he so cua cac hang t bac le th chia het cho x + 1
V du : Khong lam phep chia, hay xet xem A = x
3
9x
2
+ 6x + 16
chia het cho
B = x + 1, C = x 3 khong
Ket qua:
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
A chia het cho B, khong chia het cho C
2. a thc chia co bac hai tr len
Cach 1: Tach a thc b chia thanh tong cua cac a thc chia
het cho a thc chia va d
Cach 2: Xet gia tr rieng: goi thng cua phep chia la Q(x), d
la ax + b th
f(x) = g(x). Q(x) + ax + b
V du 1: Tm d cua phep chia x
7
+ x
5
+ x
3
+ 1 cho x
2
1
Cach 1: Ta biet rang x
2n
1 chia het cho x
2
1 nen ta tach:
x
7
+ x
5
+ x
3
+ 1 = (x
7
x) + (x
5
x) +(x
3
x) + 3x + 1
= x(x
6
1) + x(x
4
1) + x(x
2
1) + 3x + 1 chia cho x
2
1 d 3x + 1
Cach 2:
Goi thng cua phep chia la Q(x), d la ax + b, Ta co:
x
7
+ x
5
+ x
3
+ 1 = (x -1)(x + 1).Q(x) + ax + b vi moi x
ang thc ung vi moi x nen vi x = 1, ta co 4 = a + b (1)
vi x = - 1 ta co - 2 = - a + b (2)
T (1) va (2) suy ra a = 3, b =1 nen ta c d la 3x + 1
Ghi nh:
a
n
b
n
chia het cho a b (a
-b)
a
n
+ b
n
( n le) chia het cho a + b (a
-b)
V du 2: Tm d cua cac phep chia
a) x
41
chia cho x
2
+ 1
b) x
27
+ x
9
+ x
3
+ x cho x
2
1
c) x
99
+ x
55
+ x
11
+ x + 7 cho x
2
+ 1
Giai
a) x
41
= x
41
x + x = x(x
40
1) + x = x[(x
4
)
10
1] + x chia cho x
4

1 d x
nen chia cho
x
2
+ 1 d x
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
Hs H
ca a c
thc chia t
Hs th 2 2
ca a thc c
bchia
b
+
+
Hs th H
1a thc b
chia c
a
b) x
27
+ x
9
+ x
3
+ x = (x
27
x) + (x
9

x) + (x
3
x) + 4x
= x(x
26
1) + x(x
8
1) + x(x
2
1) + 4x chia cho x
2
1 d 4x
c) x
99
+ x
55
+ x
11
+ x + 7 = x(x
98
+ 1) + x(x
54
+ 1) + x(x
10
+ 1) 2x + 7
chia cho x
2
+ 1 d 2x + 7
B. S o HORN
1. S o
e tm ket qua cua phep chia
f(x) cho x a
(a la hang so), ta s dung s o horn
Neu a thc b chia la a
0
x
3
+ a
1
x
2
+ a
2
x + a
3
,
a thc chia la x a ta c thng la
b
0
x
2
+ b
1
x + b
2
, d r th ta co
V du:
a thc b chia: x
3
-5x
2
+ 8x 4, a thc chia x 2
Ta co s o
1 - 5 8 - 4
2 1 2. 1 + (- 5)
= -3
2.(- 3) + 8 =
2
r = 2. 2 +(- 4)
= 0
Vay: x
3
-5x
2
+ 8x 4 = (x 2)(x
2
3x + 2) + 0 la phep chia het
2. Ap dung s o Horn e tnh gia tr cua a thc tai x = a
Gia tr cua f(x) tai x = a la so d cua phep chia f(x) cho x a
1. V du 1:
Tnh gia tr cua A = x
3
+ 3x
2
4 tai x = 2010
Ta co s o:
1 3 0 -4
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
T
r
r

=aab
b
2
2
+a
a
3
3
a
a
3
3
b
b
2
2
=aab
b
1
1
++a
a
2
2
b
b
1
1
=aab
b
0
0
++a
a
1
1
a
a
2
2
a
a
1
1
b
b
0
0
=a
a
0
0
a
a
0
0
a
a =
2010
1 2010.1+3 =
2013
2010.2013 +
0
= 4046130
2010.4046130 4
= 8132721296
Vay: A(2010) = 8132721296
C. Chngs minh mot a thc chia het cho mot a thc
khac
I. Phng phap:
1. Cach 1: Phan tch a thc b chia thanh nhan t co mot
tha so la a thc chia
2. Cach 2: bien oi a thc b chia thanh mot tong cac a
thc chia het cho a thc chia
3. Cach 3: Bien oi tng ng f(x) Mg(x)
f(x) t g(x) Mg(x)

4. cach 4: Chng to moi nghiem cua a thc chia eu la
nghiem cua a thc b chia
II. V du
1.V du 1:
Chng minh rang: x
8n
+ x
4n
+ 1 chia het cho x
2n
+ x
n
+ 1
Ta co: x
8n
+ x
4n
+ 1 = x
8n
+ 2x
4n
+ 1 - x
4n
= (x
4n
+ 1)
2
- x
4n
= (x
4n
+ x
2n
+
1)( x
4n
- x
2n
+ 1)
Ta lai co: x
4n
+ x
2n
+ 1 = x
4n
+ 2x
2n
+ 1 x
2n
= (x
2n
+ x
n
+ 1)( x
2n
- x
n
+
1)
chia het cho x
2n
+ x
n
+ 1
Vay: x
8n
+ x
4n
+ 1 chia het cho x
2n
+ x
n
+ 1
2. V du 2:
Chng minh rang: x
3m + 1
+ x
3n + 2
+ 1 chia het cho x
2
+ x + 1 vi
moi m, n
N
Ta co: x
3m + 1
+ x
3n + 2
+ 1 = x
3m + 1
- x + x
3n + 2
x
2
+ x
2
+ x + 1
= x(x
3m
1) + x
2
(x
3n
1) + (x
2
+ x + 1)
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
V x
3m
1 va x
3n
1 chia het cho x
3
1 nen chia het cho x
2
+ x + 1
Vay: x
3m + 1
+ x
3n + 2
+ 1 chia het cho x
2
+ x + 1 vi moi m, n
N
f(x) = x
99
+ x
88
+ x
77
+ ... + x
11
+ 1 chia het cho g(x) = x
9
+ x
8
+ x
7
+ ....+ x + 1
Ta co: f(x) g(x) = x
99
x
9
+ x
88
x
8
+ x
77
x
7
+ ... + x
11
x + 1 1
= x
9
(x
90
1) + x
8
(x
80
1) + ....+ x(x
10
1) chia het
cho x
10
1
Ma x
10
1 = (x 1)(x
9
+ x
8
+ x
7
+...+ x + 1) chia het cho x
9
+ x
8
+ x
7
+...+ x + 1
Suy ra f(x) g(x) chia het cho g(x) = x
9
+ x
8
+ x
7
+...+ x + 1
Nen f(x) = x
99
+ x
88
+ x
77
+ ... + x
11
+ 1 chia het cho g(x) = x
9
+ x
8
+ x
7
+ ....+ x + 1
4. V du 4: CMR: f(x) = (x
2
+ x 1)
10
+ (x
2
- x + 1)
10
2 chia het cho
g(x) = x
2
x
a thc g(x) = x
2
x = x(x 1) co 2 nghiem la x = 0 va x = 1
Ta co f(0) = (-1)
10
+ 1
10
2 = 0
x = 0 la nghiem cua f(x)
f(x)
cha tha so x
f(1) = (1
2
+ 1 1)
10
+ (1
2
1 + 1)
10
2 = 0
x = 1 la nghiem cua
f(x) f(x) cha tha so x 1, ma cac tha so x va x 1 khong
co nhan t chung, do o f(x) chia het cho x(x 1)
hay f(x) = (x
2
+ x 1)
10
+ (x
2
- x + 1)
10
2 chia het cho g(x) = x
2
x
a) A = x
2
x
9
x
1945
chia het cho B = x
2
x + 1
b) C = 8x
9
9x
8
+ 1 chia het cho D = (x 1)
2
c) C (x) = (x + 1)
2n
x
2n
2x 1 chia het cho D(x) = x(x + 1)(2x + 1)
Giai
a) A = x
2
x
9
x
1945
= (x
2
x + 1) (x
9
+ 1) (x
1945
x)
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
Ta co: x
2
x + 1 chia het cho B = x
2
x + 1
x
9
+ 1 chia het cho x
3
+ 1 nen chia het cho B = x
2
x + 1
x
1945
x = x(x
1944
1) chia het cho x
3
+ 1 (cung co nghiem la x = -
1)
nen chia het cho B = x
2
x + 1
Vay A = x
2
x
9
x
1945
chia het cho B = x
2
x + 1
b) C = 8x
9
9x
8
+ 1 = 8x
9
8 - 9x
8
+ 9 = 8(x
9
1) 9(x
8
1)
= 8(x 1)(x
8
+ x
7
+ ...+ 1) 9(x 1)(x
7

+ x
6
+ ...+ 1)
= (x 1)(8x
8
x
7
x
6
x
5
x
4
x
3
x
2
x 1)
(8x
8
x
7
x
6
x
5
x
4
x
3
x
2
x 1) chia het cho x 1 v co tong
he so bang 0
suy ra (x 1)(8x
8
x
7
x
6
x
5
x
4
x
3
x
2
x 1) chia het cho (x 1)
2
c) a thc chia D (x) = x(x + 1)(2x + 1) co ba nghiem la x = 0, x =
- 1, x = -
1
2
Ta co:
C(0) = (0 + 1)
2n
0
2n
2.0 1 = 0
x = 0 la nghiem cua C(x)

C(-1) = (-1 + 1)
2n
(- 1)
2n
2.(- 1) 1 = 0
x = - 1 la nghiem cua
C(x)
C(-
1
2
) = (-
1
2
+ 1)
2n
(-
1
2
)
2n
2.(-
1
2
) 1 = 0
x = -
1
2
la nghiem cua
C(x)
Moi nghiem cua a thc chia la nghiem cua a thc b chia
pcm
6. V du 6:
Cho f(x) la a thc co he so nguyen. Biet f(0), f(1) la cac so
le. Chng minh rang f(x) khong co nghiem nguyen
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
Gia s x = a la nghiem nguyen cua f(x) th f(x) = (x a). Q(x).
Trong o Q(x) la a thc co he so nguyen, do o f(0) = - a.
Q(0), f(1) = (1 a). Q(1)
Do f(0) la so le nen a la so le, f(1) la so le nen 1 a la so
le, ma 1 a la hieu cua 2 so le khong the la so le, mau
thuan
Vay f(x) khong co nghiem nguyen
Bai tap ve nha:
Bai 1: Tm so d khi
a) x
43
chia cho x
2
+ 1
b) x
77
+ x
55
+ x
33
+ x
11
+ x + 9 cho x
2
+ 1
Bai 2: Tnh gia tr cua a thc x
4
+ 3x
3
8 tai x = 2009
Bai 3: Chng minh rang
a) x
50
+ x
10
+ 1 chia het cho x
20
+ x
10
+ 1
b) x
10
10x + 9 chia het cho x
2
2x + 1
c) x
4n + 2
+ 2x
2n + 1
+ 1 chia het cho x
2
+ 2x + 1
d) (x + 1)
4n + 2
+ (x 1)
4n + 2
chia het cho x
2
+ 1
e) (x
n
1)(x
n + 1
1) chia het cho (x + 1)(x 1)
2
CHUYEN E 11 CAC BAI TOAN VE BIEU THC
HU T
A. Nhac lai kien thc:
Cac bc rut gon bieu thc hu t
a) Tm KX: Phan tch mau thanh nhan t, cho tat ca cac
nhan t khac 0
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
b) Phan tch t thanh nhan , chia t va mau cho nhan t
chung
B. Bai tap:
Bai 1: Cho bieu thc A =
4 2
4 2
5 4
10 9
x x
x x
+
+
a) Rut gon A
b) tm x e A = 0
c) Tm gia tr cua A khi
2 1 7 x
Giai
a)kx :
x
4
10x
2
+ 9
[(x
2
)
2
x
2
] (9x
2
9)
x
2
(x
2
1) 9(x
2
1)
(x
2
1)(x
2
9)
(x 1)(x + 1)(x 3)(x + 3)
0
x 1
x 1 1
x 3 3
x 3
x
x

t

' '
t
T : x
4
5x
2
+ 4 = [(x
2
)
2
x
2
] (x
2
4) = x
2
(x
2
1) 4(x
2
1)
= (x
2
1)(x
2
4) = (x 1)(x + 1)(x 2)(x + 2)
Vi x t 1; x t 3 th
A =
(x - 1)(x + 1)(x - 2)(x + 2) (x - 2)(x + 2)
(x - 1)(x + 1)(x - 3)(x + 3) (x - 3)(x + 3)
b) A = 0

(x - 2)(x + 2)
(x - 3)(x + 3)
= 0
(x 2)(x + 2) = 0
x = t 2
c)
2 1 7 x

2 1 7 2 8 4
2 1 7 2 6 3
x x x
x x x

* Vi x = 4 th A =
(x - 2)(x + 2) (4 - 2)(4 + 2) 12
(x - 3)(x + 3) (4 - 3)(4 + 3) 7

* Vi x = - 3 th A khong xac nh
2. Bai 2:
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
Cho bieu thc B =
3 2
3 2
2 7 12 45
3 19 33 9
x x x
x x x
+
+
a) Rut gon B
b) Tm x e B > 0
Giai
a) Phan tch mau: 3x
3
19x
2
+ 33x 9 = (3x
3
9x
2
) (10x
2
30x) +
(3x 9)
= (x 3)(3x
2
10x + 3) = (x 3)[(3x
2
9x) (x 3)] = (x 3)
2
(3x 1)
kx: (x 3)
2
(3x 1)
3 va x

1
3
b) Phan tch t, ta co:
2x
3
7x
2
12x + 45 = (2x
3
6x
2
) - (x
2
- 3x) (15x - 45) = (x 3)(2x
2

x 15)
= (x 3)[(2x
2
6x) + (5x 15)] = (x 3)
2
(2x + 5)
Vi x
3 va x

1
3

Th B =
3 2
3 2
2 7 12 45
3 19 33 9
x x x
x x x
+
+
=
2
2
(x - 3) (2x + 5) 2x + 5
(x - 3) (3x - 1) 3x - 1
c) B > 0

2x + 5
3x - 1
> 0

1
3
3 1 0
5 1
2 5 0
2 3
5 3 1 0 1
2 3 2 5 0
5
2
x
x
x x
x
x
x x
x
x
>
'
>

' > >

+ >

<

< <
'

+ <

'

<

3. Bai 3
Cho bieu thc C =
2 2
1 2 5 1 2
:
1 1 1 1
x x
x x x x
_
+

+
,
a) Rut gon bieu thc C
b) Tm gia tr nguyen cua x e gia tr cua bieu thc B la so
nguyen
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
Giai
a) kx: x
t 1
C =
2 2
1 2 5 1 2 1 2(1 ) 5 ( 1)( 1) 2
: .
1 1 1 1 (1 )(1 ) 1 2 2 1
x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
1 + + + _
+
1
+ +
,
]
b) B co gia tr nguyen khi x la so nguyen th
2
2 1 x
co gia tr
nguyen
2x 1 la (2)

2 1 1 1
2 1 1 0
2 1 2 1, 5
2 1 2 1
x x
x x
x x
x x

oi chieu kx th ch co x = 0 thoa man
4. Bai 4
Cho bieu thc D =
3 2
2
2
2 4
x x x
x x x
+
+ +
a) Rut gon bieu thc D
b) Tm x nguyen e D co gia tr nguyen
c) Tm gia tr cua D khi x = 6
Giai
a) Neu x + 2 > 0 th
2 x +
= x + 2 nen
D =
3 2
2
2
2 4
x x x
x x x
+
+ +
=
3 2 2
2
2 ( 1)( 2)
( 2) 4 ( 2) ( 2)( 2) 2
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x
+ +

+ + + +
Neu x + 2 < 0 th
2 x +
= - (x + 2) nen
D =
3 2
2
2
2 4
x x x
x x x
+
+ +
=
3 2
2
2 ( 1)( 2)
( 2) 4 ( 2) ( 2)( 2) 2
x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x
+ +

+ + + +
Neu x + 2 = 0
x = -2 th bieu thc D khong xac nh

b) e D co gia tr nguyen th
2
2
x x
hoac
2
x
co gia tr nguyen
+)
2
2
x x
co gia tr nguyen

2
x(x - 1) 2 x - x 2
x > - 2 x > - 2

' '

M M
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
V x(x 1) la tch cua hai so nguyen lien tiep nen chia het cho
2 vi moi x > - 2
+)
2
x
co gia tr nguyen
x 2 x = 2k
2k (k Z; k < - 1)
x < - 2 x < - 2
x

' '

M
c) Khia x = 6
x > - 2 nen D =
2
2
x x
=
6(6 1)
15
2
Bai tap ve nha

Bai 1:
Cho bieu thc A =
2
2 3 2
: 1
3 2 5 6 1
x x x x
x x x x x
_ _
+

+ + + +
, ,
a) Rut gon A
b) Tm x e A = 0; A > 0
Bai 2:
Cho bieu thc B =
3 2
3 2
3 7 5 1
2 4 3
y y y
y y y
+
+
a) Rut gon B
b) Tm so nguyen y e
2D
2y + 3
co gia tr nguyen
c) Tm so nguyen y e B 1
CHUYEN E 12 CAC BAI TOAN VE BIEU THC
(TIEP)
* Dang 2: Cac bieu thc co tnh quy luat
Bai 1: Rut gon cac bieu thc
a) A =
[ ]
2 2 2
3 5 2 1
......
(1.2) (2.3)
( 1)
n
n n
+
+ + +
+
Phng phap: Xuat phat t hang t cuoi e tm ra quy luat
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
Ta co
[ ]
2
2 1
( 1)
n
n n
+
+
=
2 2 2 2
2 1 1 1
( 1) ( 1)
n
n n n n
+

+ +
Nen
A =
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ( 1)
......
1 2 2 3 3 ( 1) 1 ( 1) ( 1)
n n
n n n n n
+
+ + +
+ + +

b) B =
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
1 . 1 . 1 ........ 1
2 3 4 n
_ _ _ _

, , , ,
Ta co
2
2 2 2
1 1 ( 1)( 1)
1
k k k
k k k
+
Nen
B =
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1.3 2.4 3.5 ( 1)( 1) 1.3.2.4...( 1)( 1) 1.2.3...( 1) 3.4.5...( 1) 1 1 1
. . ... . .
2 3 4 2 .3 .4 ... 2.3.4...( 1) 2.3.4.... 2 2
n n n n n n n n
n n n n n n n
+ + + + +

c) C =
150 150 150 150
......
5.8 8.11 11.14 47.50
+ + + +
=
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
150. . ......
3 5 8 8 11 47 50
_
+ + +

,
= 50.
1 1 9
50. 45
5 50 10
_

,
d) D =
1 1 1 1
......
1.2.3 2.3.4 3.4.5 ( 1) ( 1) n n n
+ + + +
+
=
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
. ......
2 1.2 2.3 2.3 3.4 ( 1) ( 1) n n n n
_
+ + +

+
,
=
1 1 1 ( 1)( 2)
2 1.2 ( 1) 4 ( 1)
n n
n n n n
1 +

1
+ +
]
Bai 2:
a) Cho A =
1 2 2 1
...
1 2 2 1
m m
m n

+ + + +

; B =
1 1 1 1
......
2 3 4 n
+ + + +
. Tnh
A
B
Ta co
A =
1
1 1 1 1
... 1 1 ... 1 ... ( 1)
1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1
n
n n n n
n n
n n n n
_
_ _
+ + + + + + + + + + +

, ,
,
142 43

=
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
... 1 ... nB
1 2 2 1 2 2 1
n n
n n n n
_ _
+ + + + + + + +

, ,

A
B
= n
b) A =
1 1 1 1
......
1.(2n - 1) 3.(2n - 3) (2n - 3).3 (2n - 1).1
+ + + +
; B = 1 +
1 1
......
3 2n - 1
+ +
Tnh A : B
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
Giai
A =
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 ... 1
2n 2n - 1 3 2n - 3 2n - 3 3 2n - 1
1 _ _ _ _
+ + + + + + + +
1
, , , , ]

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 ...... ...... 1
2n 3 2n - 1 2n - 3 2n - 1 2n - 3 3
1 1 1 1 1 A 1
.2. 1 ...... .2.B
2n 3 2n - 1 2n - 3 2n B n
1 _ _
+ + + + + + + + +
1
, , ]
_
+ + + +

,
Bai tap ve nha
Rut gon cac bieu thc sau:
a)
1 1 1
+......+
1.2 2.3 (n - 1)n
+
b)
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1 3 5 n
. . ......
2 1 4 1 6 1 (n + 1) 1
c)
1 1 1
+......+
1.2.3 2.3.4 n(n + 1)(n +2)
+
* Dang 3: Rut gon; tnh gia tr bieu thc thoa man
ieu kien cua bien
Bai 1: Cho
1
x 3
x
+ = . Tnh gi tr ca cc biu thc sau :
a)
2
2
1
A x
x
= + ; b)
3
3
1
B x
x
= + ; c)
4
4
1
C x
x
= + ; d)
5
5
1
D x
x
= + .
Li gii
a)
2
2
2
1 1
A x x 2 9 2 7
x x

= + = + - = - =

;
b)
3
3
3
1 1 1
B x x 3 x 27 9 18
x x x

= + = + - + = - =

;
c)
2
4 2
4 2
1 1
C x x 2 49 2 47
x x

= + = + - = - =

;
d)
2 3 5
2 3 5
1 1 1 1
A.B x x x x D 3
x x x x

= + + = + + + = +

D = 7.18 3 = 123.
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
Bai 2: Cho
x y z
+ + = 2
a b c
(1);
a b c
+ + = 2
x y z
(2).
Tnh gia tr bieu thc D =
2
2 2
a b c
+ +
x y z
_
_ _

, ,
,
T (1) suy ra bcx + acy + abz = 0 (3)
T (2) suy ra
2 2
2 2 2 2
a b c ab ac bc a b c ab ac bc
+ + + 2 . 4 + + 4 2 .
x y z xy xz yz x y z xy xz yz
_ _ _ _
_ _ _ _
+ + + +

, , , ,
, , , ,
(4)
Thay (3) vao (4) ta co D = 4 2.0 = 4
Bai 3
a) Cho abc = 2; rut gon bieu thc A =
a b 2c
ab + a + 2 bc + b + 1 ac + 2c + 2
+ +
Ta co :
A =
a ab 2c a ab 2c
ab + a + 2 abc + ab + a ac + 2c + 2 ab + a + 2 2 + ab + a ac + 2c + abc
+ + + +
=
a ab 2c a ab 2 ab + a + 2
1
ab + a + 2 2 + ab + a c(a + 2 + ab) ab + a + 2 2 + ab + a a + 2 + ab ab + a + 2
+ + + +
b) Cho a + b + c = 0; rut gon bieu thc B =
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
a b c
a - b - c b - c - a c - b - a
+ +
T a + b + c = 0
a = -(b + c)
a
2
= b
2
+ c
2
+ 2bc
a
2
- b
2
- c
2
=
2bc
Tng t ta co: b
2
- a
2
- c
2
= 2ac ; c
2
- b
2
- a
2
= 2ab (Hoan v vong
quanh), nen
B =
2 2 2 3 3 3
a b c a b c
2bc 2ac 2ab 2abc
+ +
+ + (1)
a + b + c = 0
-a = (b + c)
-a
3
= b
3
+ c
3
+ 3bc(b + c)
-a
3
= b
3
+
c
3
3abc
a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
= 3abc (2)
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
Thay (2) vao (1) ta co B =
3 3 3
a b c 3abc 3
2abc 2abc 2
+ +
(V abc
0)
c) Cho a, b, c tng oi mot khac nhau thoa man: (a + b + c)
2
=
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
Rut gon bieu thc C =
2 2 2
2 2 2
a b c
+
a + 2bc b + 2ac c + 2ab
+
T (a + b + c)
2
= a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2

ab + ac + bc = 0

a
2
+ 2bc = a
2
+ 2bc (ab + ac + bc) = a
2
ab + bc ac = (a b)(a
c)
Tng t: b
2
+ 2 ac = (b a)(b c) ; c
2
+ 2ab = (c a)(c b)
C =
2 2 2 2 2 2
a b c a b c
+ -
(a - b)(a - c) (b - a)(b - c) (c - a)(c - b) (a - b)(a - c) (a - b)(b - c) (a - c)(b - c)
+ +
=
2 2 2
a (b - c) b (a - c) c (b - c) (a - b)(a - c)(b - c)
- 1
(a - b)(a - c)(b - c) (a - b)(a - c)(b - c) (a - b)(a - c)(b - c) (a - b)(a - c)(b - c)
+
* Dang 4: Chng minh ang thc thoa man ieu kien
cua bien
1. Bai 1: Cho
1 1 1
+ + = 2
a b c
(1);
2 2 2
1 1 1
+ + = 2
a b c
(2).
Chng minh rang: a + b + c = abc
T (1) suy ra
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + 2. + + 4 2. + + 4 + +
a b c ab bc ac ab bc ac a b c
_ _ _

, , ,

1 1 1 a + b + c
+ + 1 1
ab bc ac abc

a + b + c = abc
2. Bai 2: Cho a, b, c 0 v a + b + c 0 tha mn iu kin
1 1 1 1
a b c a b c
+ + =
+ +
.
Chng minh rng trong ba s a, b, c c hai s i nhau.
T suy ra rng :
2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009
1 1 1 1
a b c a b c
+ + =
+ +
.
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
Ta c :
1 1 1 1
a b c a b c
+ + =
+ +

1 1 1 1
0
a b c a b c
+ + - =
+ +

a b a b
0
ab c(a b c)
+ +
+ =
+ +
a b 0 a b
c(a b c) ab
(a b). 0 (a +b)(b +c)(c +a) =0 b c 0 b c
abc(a b c)
c a 0 c a

+ = =-

+ + +

+ = + = =-

+ +

+ = =-

T suy ra :
2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
a b c a ( c) c a
+ + = + + =
-

2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009
1 1 1
a b c a ( c) c a
= =
+ + + - +

2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009
1 1 1 1
a b c a b c
+ + =
+ +
.
3. Bai 3: Cho
a b c b c a
+ +
b c a a b c
+ +
(1)
chng minh rang : trong ba so a, b, c ton tai hai so bang nhau
T (1)

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
a c + ab + bc = b c + ac + a b a (b - c) - a(c b ) bc(c - b) = 0 +

(c b)(a
2
ac = ab + bc) = 0
(c b)(a b)( a c) = 0
pcm
4. Bai 4: Cho (a
2
bc)(b abc) = (b
2
ac)(a abc); abc
0 va a
b
Chng minh rang:
1 1 1
+ + = a + b + c
a b c
T GT
a
2
b b
2
c - a
3
bc + ab
2
c
2
= ab
2
a
2
c ab
3
c + a
2
bc
2

(a
2
b ab
2
) + (a
2
c b
2
c) = abc
2
(a b) + abc(a - b)(a + b)

(a b)(ab + ac + bc) = abc(a b)(a + b + c)

ab + ac + bc
= a + b + c
abc

1 1 1
+ + = a + b + c
a b c
5. Bai 5: Cho a + b + c = x + y + z =
a b c
+ + = 0
x y z
; Chng minh
rang: ax
2
+ by
2
+ cz
2
= 0
T x + y + z = 0
x
2
= (y + z)
2
; y
2
= (x + z)
2
; z
2
= (y + x)
2
ax
2
+ by
2
+ cz
2
= a(y + z)
2
+ b(x + z)
2
+ c (y + x)
2
=
= (b + c)x
2
+ (a + c)y
2
+ (a + b)z
2
+ 2(ayz + bxz + cxy) (1)
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
T a + b + c = 0
- a = b + c; - b = a + c; - c = a + b (2)
T
a b c
+ + = 0
x y z

ayz + bxz + cxy = 0 (3). Thay (2), (3) vao (1); ta

co:
ax
2
+ by
2
+ cz
2
= -( ax
2
+ by
2
+ cz
2
)
ax
2
+ by
2
+ cz
2
= 0
6. Bai 6: Cho
a b c
+ 0
b - c c - a a - b
+
; chng minh:
2 2 2
a b c
+ 0
(b - c) (c - a) (a - b)
+
T
a b c
+ 0
b - c c - a a - b
+

2 2
a b c b ab + ac - c
=
b - c a - c b - a (a - b)(c - a)

2 2
2
a b ab + ac - c
(b - c) (a - b)(c - a)(b - c)
(1) (Nhan hai ve vi

1
b - c
)
Tng t, ta co:
2 2
2
b c bc + ba - a
(c - a) (a - b)(c - a)(b - c)
(2) ;
2 2
2
c a ac + cb - b
(a - b) (a - b)(c - a)(b - c)
(3)
Cong tng ve (1), (2) va (3) ta co pcm
7. Bai 7:
Cho a + b + c = 0; chng minh:
a - b b - c c - a c a b
+ +
c a b a - b b - c c - a
_ _
+ +

, ,
= 9
(1)
at
a - b b - c c - a
= x ; ;
c a b
y z

c 1 a 1 b 1
= ;
a - b x b - c c - a y z

(1)
( )
1 1 1
x + y + z + + 9
x y z
_

,
Ta co: ( )
1 1 1 y + z x + z x + y
x + y + z + + 3 + +
x y z x y z
_ _
+

, ,
(2)
Ta lai co:
2 2
y + z b - c c - a c b bc + ac - a c c(a - b)(c - a - b) c(c - a - b)
. .
x a b a - b ab a - b ab(a - b) ab
_
+

,

=
[ ]
2
c 2c - (a + b + c)
2c
ab ab
(3)
Tng t, ta co:
2
x + z 2a
y bc
(4) ;
2
x + y 2b
z ac
(5)
Thay (3), (4) va (5) vao (2) ta co:
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
( )
1 1 1
x + y + z + + 3
x y z
_

,
+
2 2 2
2c 2a 2b
ab bc ac
+ + = 3 +
2
abc
(a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
) (6)
T a + b + c = 0
a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
= 3abc (7) ?
Thay (7) vao (6) ta co: ( )
1 1 1
x + y + z + + 3
x y z
_

,
+
2
abc
. 3abc = 3 + 6 = 9
Bai tap ve nha:
1) cho
1 1 1
+ + 0
x y z

; tnh gia tr bieu thc A =
2 2 2
yz xz xy
+ +
x y z
HD: A =
3 3 3
xyz xyz xyz
+ +
x y z
; van dung a + b + c = 0
a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
= 3abc
2) Cho a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
= 3abc ; Tnh gia tr bieu thc A =
a b c
+ 1 + 1 + 1
b c a
_ _ _

, , ,
3) Cho x + y + z = 0; chng minh rang:
3 0
y z x z x y
x y z
+ + +
+ + +
4) Cho a + b + c = a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
= 1;
a b c
x y z

. Chng minh xy + yz + xz
= 0
CHUYEN E 13 CAC BAI TOAN VE TAM GIAC
ONG DANG
A. Kien thc:
* Tam giac ong dang:
a) trng hp th nhat: (c.c.c)
ABC ABC

AB AC BC
= =
A'B' A'C' B'C'
b) trng hp th nhat: (c.g.c)
ABC ABC

AB AC
=
A'B' A'C'
;

A = A'
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
c. Trng hp ong dang th ba (g.g)
ABC ABC

A = A'
;

B = B'
AH; AHla hai ng cao tng ng th:
A'H'
AH
= k (T so ong
dang);
A'B'C'
ABC
S
S
= K
2
B. Bai tap ap dung
Bai 1:
Cho ABC co

B = 2 C
, AB = 8 cm, BC = 10 cm.
a)Tnh AC
b)Neu ba canh cua tam giac tren la ba so t
nhien lien tiep th moi canh la bao nhieu?
Giai
Cach 1:
Tren tia oi cua tia BA lay iem E sao cho:BD =
BC
ACD ABC (g.g)

AC AD
AB AC
2
AC AB. AD =AB.(AB + BD) = AB(AB + BC)
= 8(10 + 8) = 144
AC = 12 cm
Cach 2:
Ve tia phan giac BE cua
ABC

ABE ACB
2
AB AE BE AE + BE AC
= AC = AB(AB + CB)
AC AB CB AB + CB AB + CB

= 8(8 + 10) = 144

AC = 12 cm
b) Goi AC = b, AB = a, BC = c th t cau a ta co b
2
= a(a + c) (1)
V b > anen co the b = a + 1 hoac b = a + 2
+ Neu b = a + 1 th (a + 1)
2

= a
2
+ ac
2a + 1 = ac
a(c 2) = 1
a = 1; b = 2; c = 3(loai)
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
T
EE
DD
CC
BB
A
+ Neu b = a + 2 th a(c 4) = 4
- Vi a = 1 th c = 8 (loai)
- Vi a = 2 th c = 6 (loai)
- vi a = 4 th c = 6 ; b = 5
Vay a = 4; b = 5; c = 6
Bai 2:
Cho ABC can tai A, ng phan giac BD; tnh BD
biet BC = 5 cm; AC = 20 cm
Giai
Ta co
CD BC 1
=
AD AC 4
CD = 4 cm va BC = 5 cm
Bai toan tr ve bai 1
Bai 3:
Cho ABC can tai A va O la trung iem cua BC. Mot iem O di
ong tren AB, lay iem E tren AC sao cho
2
OB
CE =
BD
. Chng minh
rang
a) DBO OCE
b) DOE DBO OCE
c) DO, EO lan lt la phan giac cua cac goc BDE, CED
d) khoang cach t O en oan ED khong oi khi D di ong
tren AB
Giai
a) T
2
OB
CE =
BD

CE OB
=
OB BD
va

B = C
(gt)
DBO
OCE
b) T cau a suy ra

2 3 O = E
(1)
V B, O ,C thang hang nen

0
3 O + DOE EOC 180 +
(2)
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
T
DD
CC BB
AA
22
11
33
22
11
HH
II
OO
EE
DD
CC BB
A
trong tam giac EOC th

0
2 E + C EOC 180 +
(3)
T (1), (2), (3) suy ra

DOE B C

DOE va DBO co
DO OE
=
DB OC
(Do DBO OCE)
va
DO OE
=
DB OB
(Do OC = OB) va

DOE B C

nen DOE DBO OCE
c) T cau b suy ra

1 2 D = D

DO la phan giac cua cac goc BDE
Cung t cau b suy ra

1 2 E = E
EO la phan giac cua cac goc CED
c) Goi OH, OI la khoang cach t O en DE, CE th OH = OI, ma O
co nh nen OH khong oi
OI khong oi khi D di ong tren

AB
Bai 4: (e HSG huyen Loc ha nam 2007 2008)
Cho ABC can tai A, co BC = 2a, M la trung iem BC, lay D, E
thuoc AB, AC sao cho

DME = B

a) Chng minh tch BD. CE khong oi
b)Chng minh DM la tia phan giac cua
BDE
c) Tnh chu vi cua AED neu ABC la tam giac eu
Giai
a) Ta co

DMC = DME + CME = B + BDM
, ma

DME = B
(gt)
nen

CME = BDM
, ket hp vi

B = C
( ABC can tai A)
suy ra BDM CME (g.g)

2
BD BM
= BD. CE = BM. CM = a
CM CE

khong oi
b) BDM CME

DM BD DM BD
= =
ME CM ME BM
(do BM = CM)
DME DBM (c.g.c)

MDE = BMD
hay DM la tia
phan giac cua
BDE
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
c) chng minh tng t ta co EM la tia phan
giac cua
DEC
ke MH CE ,MI DE, MK DB th MH = MI = MK

DKM = DIM
DK =DI
EIM = EHM
EI = EH
Chu vi AED la P
AED
= AD + DE + EA = AK +AH =
2AH (V AH = AK)
ABC la tam giac eu nen suy ra CME cung la tam giac eu
CH =
MC
2 2
a
AH = 1,5a
P
AED
= 2 AH = 2. 1,5 a = 3a
Bai 5:
Cho tam giac ABC, trung tuyen AM. Qua iem D
thuoc canh BC, ve ng thang song song
vi AM, cat AB, AC tai E va F
a) chng minh DE + DF khong oi khi D di
ong tren BC
b) Qua A ve ng thang song song vi BC,
cat FE tai K. Chng minh rang K la trung
iem cua FE
Giai
a) DE // AM

DE BD BD
= DE = .AM
AM BM BM
(1)
DF // AM

DF CD CD CD
= DF = .AM = .AM
AM CM CM BM
(2)
T (1) va (2) suy ra
DE + DF =
BD CD
.AM + .AM
BM BM
=
BD CD BC
+ .AM = .AM = 2AM
BM BM BM
_

,
khong oi
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
T
KK
HH
II
MM
EE
DD
CC BB
A
A
KK
FF
EE
DD
MM
CC
BB
A
b) AK // BC suy ra FKA AMC (g.g)

FK KA
=
AM CM
(3)
EK KA EK KA EK KA EK KA EK KA
= = =
ED BD ED + EK BD + KA KD BD + DM AM BM AM CM

(2)
(V CM = BM)
T (1) va (2) suy ra
FK EK
AM AM
FK = EK hay K la trung iem cua

FE
Bai 6: (e HSG huyen Thach ha nam 2003 2004)
Cho hnh thoi ABCD canh a co
0
A = 60
, mot ng thang bat ky
qua C cat tia oi cua cac tia BA, DA tai M, N
a) Chng minh rang tch BM. DN co gia tr khong oi
b) Goi K la giao iem cua BN va DM. Tnh so o cua goc BKD
Giai
a) BC // AN

MB CM
=
BA CN
(1)
CD// AM
CM AD
=
CN DN
(2)
T (1) va (2) suy ra
2
MB AD
= MB.DN = BA.AD = a.a = a
BA DN

b) MBD vaBDN co

MBD = BDN
= 120
0

MB MB CM AD BD
= =
BD BA CN DN DN

(Do ABCD la hnh thoi co
0
A = 60
nen AB = BC
= CD = DA)
MBD BDN
Suy ra

1 1 M = B
. MBD vaBKD co

BDM = BDK
va

1 1 M = B
nen

0
BKD = MBD = 120
Bai 7:
Cho hnh bnh hanh ABCD co ng
cheo ln AC,tia Dx cat SC, AB, BC
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
T
11
11
KK
MM
NN
DD
CC
BB
A
A
II
KK
FF
GG
EE
MM
DD
CC
BB
AA
N
lan lt tai I, M, N. Ve CE vuong goc vi AB, CF vuong goc vi
AD, BG vuong goc vi AC. Goi K la iem oi xng vi D qua I.
Chng minh rang
a) IM. IN = ID
2
b)
KM DM
=
KN DN
c) AB. AE + AD. AF = AC
2
Giai
a) T AD // CM

IM CI
=
ID AI
(1)
T CD // AN

CI ID

AI IN
(2)
T (1) va (2) suy ra
IM
ID
=
ID
IN
hay ID
2
= IM. IN
b) Ta co
DM CM DM CM DM CM
= = =
MN MB MN + DM MB + CM DN CB

(3)
T ID = IK va ID
2
= IM. IN suy ra IK
2
= IM. IN

IK IN IK - IM IN - IK KM KN KM IM
= = = =
IM IK IM IK IM IK KN IK

KM IM CM CM
=
KN ID AD CB

(4)
T (3) va (4) suy ra
KM DM
=
KN DN
c) Ta co AGB AEC
AE AC
= AB.AE = AC.AG
AG AB

AB. AE = AG(AG +
CG) (5)
CGB AFC
AF CG CG
=
AC CB AD
(v CB = AD)
AF . AD = AC. CG
AF . AD = (AG + CG) .CG (6)

Cong (5) va (6) ve theo ve ta co: AB. AE + AF. AD = (AG + CG) .AG
+ (AG + CG) .CG
AB. AE + AF. AD = AG
2
+2.AG.CG + CG
2
= (AG + CG)
2
= AC
2
Vay: AB. AE + AD. AF = AC
2
Bai tap ve nha
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
Bai 1
Cho Hnh bnh hanh ABCD, mot ng thang cat AB, AD, AC lan
lt tai E, F, G
Chng minh:
AB AD AC
+ =
AE AF AG
HD: Ke DM // FE, BN // FE (M, N thuoc AC)
Bai 2:
Qua nh C cua hnh bnh hanh ABCD, ke ng thang cat BD,
AB, AD E, G, F
chng minh:
a) DE
2
=
FE
EG
. BE
2
b) CE
2
= FE. GE
(Gi y: Xet cac tam giac DFE va BCE, DEC va BEG)
Bai 3
Cho tam giac ABC vuong tai A, ng cao AH, trung tuyen BM,
phan giac CD cat nhau tai mot iem. Chng minh rang
a)
BH CM AD
. . 1
HC MA BD

b) BH = AC
CHUYEN E 14 PHNG TRNH BAC CAO
A.Muc tieu:
* Cung co, on tap kien thc va ky nang giai cac Pt bac cao
bang cach phan tch thanh nhan t
* Khac sau ky nang phan tch a thc thanh nhan t va ky
nang giai Pt
B. Kien thc va bai tap:
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
I. Phng phap:
* Cach 1: e giai cac Pt bac cao, ta bien oi, rut gon e da
Pt ve dang Pt co ve trai la mot a thc bac cao, ve phai
bang 0, van dung cac phng phap phan tch a thc thanh
nhan t e a Pt ve dang pt tch e giai
* Cach 2: at an phu
II. Cac v du:
1.V du 1: Giai Pt
a) (x + 1)
2
(x + 2) + (x 1)
2
(x 2) = 12
...
2x
3
+ 10x = 12
x
3
+ 5x 6 = 0
(x
3
1) + (5x 5)
(x 1)
(x
2
+ x + 6) = 0

2
2
x = 1
x - 1 = 0
x 1
1 23
x + x + 6 = 0 x + 0
2 4
,
(V
2
1 23
x + 0
2 4
_
+

,
vo nghiem)
b) x
4
+ x
2
+ 6x 8 = 0 (1)
Ve phai cua Pt la mot a thc co tong cac he so bang 0,
nen co mot nghiem x = 1 nen co nhan t la x 1, ta co
(1)
(x
4
x
3
) + (x
3
x
2
) + (2x
2
2x) + (8x 8) = 0

...
(x 1)(x
3
+ x
2
+ 2x + 8)
(x 1)[(x
3
+ 2x
2
) (x
2
+ 2x) + (4x
8) ] = 0

(x 1)[x
2
(x + 2) x(x + 2) + 4(x + 2) = 0
(x 1)(x + 2)(x
2
x +
4) = 0 ....
c) (x 1)
3
+ (2x + 3)
3
= 27x
3
+ 8
x
3
3x
2
+ 3x 1 + 8x
3
+ 36x
2
+ 54x + 27 27x
3
8 = 0
- 18x
3
+ 33x
2
+ 57 x + 18 = 0
6x
3
- 11x
2
- 19x - 6 = 0 (2)
Ta thay Pt co mot nghiem x = 3, nen ve trai co nhan t x
3:
(2)
(6x
3
18x
2
) + (7x
2
21x) + (2x 6) = 0
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
6x
2
(x 3) + 7x(x 3) + 2(x 3) = 0
(x 3)(6x
2
+ 7x + 2) = 0
(x 3)[(6x
2
+ 3x) + (4x + 2)] = 0
(x 3)[3x(2x + 1) + 2(2x + 1)] =

0
(x 3)(2x + 1)(3x + 2) .....

d) (x
2
+ 5x)
2
2(x
2
+ 5x) = 24
[(x
2
+ 5x)
2
2(x
2
+ 5x) + 1] 25 = 0
(x
2
+ 5x - 1)
2
25 = 0
(x
2
+ 5x - 1 + 5)( (x
2
+ 5x - 1 5) = 0
(x
2
+ 5x + 4) (x
2
+ 5x 6) = 0
[(x
2
+ x) +(4x + 4)][(x
2
x) + (6x
6)] = 0
(x + 1)(x + 4)(x 1)(x + 6) = 0 ....

e) (x
2
+ x + 1)
2
= 3(x
4
+ x
2
+ 1)
(x
2
+ x + 1)
2
- 3(x
4
+ x
2
+ 1) = 0
(x
2
+ x + 1)
2
3(x
2
+ x + 1)( x
2
- x + 1) = 0
( x
2
+ x + 1)[ x
2
+ x + 1 3(x
2
- x + 1)] = 0
( x
2
+ x + 1)( -2x
2
+ 4x
- 2) = 0
(x
2
+ x + 1)(x
2
2x + 1) = 0
( x
2
+ x + 1)(x 1)
2
= 0...
f) x
5
= x
4
+ x
3
+ x
2
+ x + 2
(x
5
1) (x
4
+ x
3
+ x
2
+ x + 1) = 0
(x 1) (x
4
+ x
3
+ x
2
+ x + 1) (x
4
+ x
3
+ x
2
+ x + 1) = 0
(x 2) (x
4
+ x
3
+ x
2
+ x + 1) = 0
+) x 2 = 0
x = 2
+) x
4
+ x
3
+ x
2
+ x + 1 = 0
(x
4
+ x
3
) + (x + 1) + x
2
= 0
(x + 1)(x
3
+ 1) + x
2
= 0
(x + 1)
2
(x
2
x + 1) + x
2
= 0
(x + 1)
2
[(x
2
2.x.
1
2
+
1
4
) +
3
4
] + x
2
=
0
(x + 1)
2
2
1 3
x + +
2 4
1
_
1

,
1
]

+ x
2
= 0 Vo nghiem v (x + 1)
2
2
1 3
x + +
2 4
1
_
1

,
1
]

0 nhng khong xay ra dau bang
Bai 2:
a) (x
2
+ x - 2)( x
2
+ x 3) = 12
(x
2
+ x 2)[( x
2
+ x 2) 1] 12 = 0
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
(x
2
+ x 2)
2
(x
2
+ x 2) 12 = 0
at x
2
+ x 2 = y Th
(x
2
+ x 2)
2
(x
2
+ x 2) 12 = 0
y
2
y 12 = 0
(y 4)(y + 3) = 0
* y 4 = 0
x
2
+ x 2 4 = 0
x
2
+ x 6 = 0
(x
2
+ 3x) (2x + 6)
= 0

(x + 3)(x 2) = 0....
* y + 3 = 0
x
2
+ x 2 + 3 = 0
x
2
+ x + 1 = 0 (vo nghiem)
b) (x 4)( x 5)( x 6)( x 7) = 1680
(x
2
11x + 28)( x
2
11x + 30)
= 1680
at x
2
11x + 29 = y , ta co:
(x
2
11x + 28)( x
2
11x + 30) = 1680
(y + 1)(y 1) = 1680
y
2
=
1681
y = t 41
y = 41
x
2
11x + 29 = 41
x
2
11x 12 = 0 (x
2
x) + (12x 12)
= 0
(x 1)(x + 12) = 0.....

* y = - 41
x
2
11x + 29 = - 41
x
2
11x + 70 = 0
(x
2
2x.
11
2
+
121
4
)+
159
4
= 0
c) (x
2
6x + 9)
2
15(x
2
6x + 10) = 1 (3)
at x
2
6x + 9 = (x 3)
2
= y 0, ta co
(3)
y
2
15(y + 1) 1 = 0
y
2
15y 16 = 0
(y + 1)(y 15) = 0
Vi y + 1 = 0
y = -1 (loai)
Vi y 15 = 0
y = 15
(x 3)
2
= 16
x 3 = t 4
+ x 3 = 4
x = 7
+ x 3 = - 4
x = - 1
d) (x
2
+ 1)
2
+ 3x(x
2
+ 1) + 2x
2
= 0 (4)
at x
2
+ 1 = y th
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
(4)
y
2
+ 3xy + 2x
2
= 0
(y
2
+ xy) + (2xy + 2x
2
) = 0
(y + x)(y +
2x) = 0
+) x + y = 0
x
2
+ x + 1 = 0 : Vo nghiem
+) y + 2x = 0
x
2
+ 2x + 1 = 0
(x + 1)
2
= 0
x = - 1
Bai 3:
a) (2x + 1)(x + 1)
2
(2x + 3) = 18
(2x + 1)(2x + 2)
2
(2x + 3) = 72. (1)
at 2x + 2 = y, ta co
(1)
(y 1)y
2
(y + 1) = 72
y
2
(y
2
1) = 72
y
4
y
2
72 = 0
at y
2
= z 0 Th y
4
y
2
72 = 0
z
2
z 72 = 0
(z + 8)( z 9)
= 0
* z + 8 = 0
z = - 8 (loai)
* z 9 = 0
z = 9
y
2
= 9
y = t 3
x = ...
b) (x + 1)
4
+ (x 3)
4
= 82 (2)
at y = x 1
x + 1 = y + 2; x 3 = y 2, ta co
(2)
(y + 2)
4
+ (y 2)
4
= 82

y
4
+8y
3
+ 24y
2
+ 32y + 16 + y
4
- 8y
3
+ 24y
2
- 32y + 16 = 82

2y
4
+ 48y
2
+ 32 82 = 0
y
4
+ 24y
2
25 = 0
at y
2
= z 0
y
4
+ 24y
2
25 = 0
z
2
+ 24 z 25 = 0
(z 1)(z
+ 25) = 0
+) z 1 = 0
z = 1
y = t 1
x = 0; x = 2
+) z + 25 = 0
z = - 25 (loai)
Chu y: Khi giai Pt bac 4 dang (x + a)
4
+ (x + b)
4
= c ta thng
at an phu y = x +
a + b
2
c) (4 x)
5
+ (x 2)
5
= 32
(x 2)
5
(x 4)
5
= 32
at y = x 3
x 2 = y + 1; x 4 = y 1; ta co:
(x 2)
5
(x 4)
5
= 32
(y + 1)
5
- (y 1)
5
= 32
TRNG THCS TIN THNG

y
5
+ 5y
4
+ 10y
3
+ 10y
2
+ 5y + 1 (y
5
- 5y
4
+ 10y
3
- 10y
2
+ 5y - 1)
32 = 0

10y
4
+ 20y
2
30 = 0
y
4
+ 2y
2
3 = 0
at y
2
= z 0
y
4
+ 2y
2
3 = 0
z
2
+ 2z 3 = 0
(z 1)(z + 3) = 0
........
d) (x - 7)
4
+ (x 8)
4
= (15 2x)
4

at x 7 = a; x 8 = b ; 15 2x = c th - c = 2x 15
a + b = - c ,
Nen
(x - 7)
4
+ (x 8)
4
= (15 2x)
4

a
4
+ b
4
= c
4

a
4
+ b
4
- c
4
= 0
a
4
+ b
4
(a + b)
4
= 0
4ab(a
2
+
3
2
ab + b
2
) = 0

2
2
3 7
4ab a + b + b
4 16
1
_
1

,
1
]
= 0
4ab = 0
(V
2
2
3 7
a + b + b
4 16
_

,
0 nhng khong xay ra dau bang)
ab = 0
x
= 7; x = 8
e) 6x
4
+ 7x
3
36x
2
7x + 6 = 0
2
2
1 1
6 x 7 x - 36 0
x x
_ _
+ +

, ,

(V x = 0 khong la nghiem). at
1
x -
x
= y

2
2
1
x
x
+
= y
2
+ 2 , th
2
2
1 1
6 x 7 x - 36 0
x x
_ _
+ +

, ,

6(y
2
+ 2) + 7y 36 = 0
6y
2
+ 7y 24 = 0
(6y
2
9y) + (16y 24) = 0
(3y + 8 )(2y 3) = 0
+) 3y + 8 = 0
y = -
8
3

1
x -
x
= -
8
3

...
(x + 3)(3x 1) = 0
x = - 3
x + 3 = 0
1
3x - 1 = 0 x =
3
TRNG THCS TIN THNG

+) 2y 3 = 0
y =
3
2

1
x -
x
=
3
2

...
(2x + 1)(x 2) = 0
x = 2
x - 2 = 0
1
2x + 1 = 0 x = -
2
Bai 4: Chng minh rang: cac Pt sau vo nghiem

a) x
4
3x
2
+ 6x + 13 = 0
( x
4
4x
2
+ 4) +(x
2
+ 6x + 9) = 0
(x
2

2)
2
+ (x + 3)
2
= 0
Ve trai (x
2
2)
2
+ (x + 3)
2
0 nhng khong ong thi xay ra x
2
=
2 va x = -3
b) x
6
+ x
5
+ x
4
+ x
3
+ x
2
+ x + 1 = 0
(x 1)( x
6
+ x
5
+ x
4
+ x
3
+ x
2
+
x + 1) = 0
x
7
1 = 0
x = 1
x = 1 khong la nghiem cua Pt x
6
+ x
5
+ x
4
+ x
3
+ x
2
+ x + 1 = 0
Bai tap ve nha:
Bai 1: Giai cac Pt
a)(x
2
+ 1)
2
= 4(2x 1)
HD: Chuyen ve, trien khai (x
2
+ 1)
2
, phan tch thanh nhan t: (x
1)
2
(x
2
+ 2x + 5) = 0
b) x(x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 3) = 24 (Nhan 2 nhan t vi nhau, ap
dung PP at an phu)
c) (12x + 7)
2
(3x + 2)(2x + 1) = 3 (Nhan 2 ve vi 24, at 12x + 7
= y)
d) (x
2
9)
2
= 12x + 1 (Them, bt 36x
2
)
e) (x 1)
4
+ (x 2)
4
= 1 ( at y = x 1,5; s: x = 1; x = 2)
f) (x 1)
5
+ (x + 3)
5
= 242(x + 1) (at x + 1 = y; s:0; -1; -2 )
g) (x + 1)
3
+ (x - 2)
3
= (2x 1)
3
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
at x + 1 = a; x 2 = b; 1 - 2x = c th a + b + c = 0
a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
=
3abc
h) 6x
4
+ 5x
3
38x
2
+ 5x + 6 = 0 (Chia 2 ve cho x
2
; at y =
1
x +
x
)
i) x
5
+ 2x
4
+ 3x
3

+ 3x
2
+ 2x + 1 = 0 (Ve trai la a thc co
tong cac he so bac chan bang tong cac he so bac le...)
Bai 2: Chng minh cac pt sau vo nghiem
a) 2x
4
10x
2
+ 17 = 0
(Phan tch ve trai thanh tong cua hai bnh phng)
b) x
4
2x
3

+ 4x
2
3x + 2 = 0
(Phan tch ve trai thanh tch cua 2 a thc co gia tr khong
am....)
CHUYEN E 1 5 S DUNG CONG THC DIEN
TCH E THIET LAP QUAN HE O DAI CUA CAC
OAN THANG
Ngay soan:23 3 - 2010
A. Mot so kien thc:
1. Cong thc tnh dien tch tam giac:
S =
1
2
a.h (a o dai mot canh, h o dai ng cao tng
ng)
2. Mot so tnh chat:
Hai tam giac co chung mot canh, co cung o dai ng cao th
co cung dien tch
Hai tam giac bang nhau th co cung dien tch
B. Mot so bai toan:
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
1. Bai 1:
Cho ABC co AC = 6cm; AB = 4 cm; cac ng cao AH; BK; CI. Biet
AH =
CI + BK
2
Tnh BC
Giai
Ta co: BK =
ABC
2S
AC
; CI =
ABC
2S
AB
BK + CI = 2. S
ABC

1 1
AC AB
_
+

,

2AH = 2.
1
2
. BC. AH .
1 1
AC AB
_
+

,

BC.
1 1
AC AB
_
+

,
=
2
BC = 2 :
1 1
AC AB
_
+

,
= 2 :
1 1
6 4
_
+

,
= 4,8 cm
Bai 2:
Cho ABC co o dai cac canh la a, b, c; o dai cac ng cao
tng ng la h
a
, h
b
, h
c
. Biet rang a + h
a
= b + h
b
= c + h
c
. Chng
minh rang ABC la tam giac eu
Giai
Goi S
ABC
= S
Ta xet a + h
a
= b + h
b
a b = h
a
h
b
=
2S 2S 1 1 a - b
- 2S. - 2S.
b a b a ab
_

,
a b =
a - b
2S.
ab

(a b)
2S
1 -
ab
_

,
= 0
ABC can C hoac vuong

C (1)
Tng t ta co: ABC can A hoac vuong A (2); ABC can
B hoac vuong B (3)
T (1), (2) va (3) suy ra ABC can hoac vuong ba nh
(Khong xay ra vuong tai ba nh)
ABC la tam giac eu

TRNG THCS TIN THNG
T
KK
II
HH CC BB
A
Bai 3:
Cho iem O nam trong tam giac ABC, cac tia AO, BO, Co cat cac
canh cua tam giac ABC theo th t tai A, B, C. Chng minh
rang:
a)
OA' OB' OC'
1
AA' BB' CC'
+ +
b)
OA OB OC
2
AA' BB' CC'
+ +
c) M =
OA OB OC
6
OA' OB' OC'
+ +
. Tm v tr cua O e tong M co gia tr nho
nhat
d) N =
OA OB OC
. . 8
OA' OB' OC'

. Tm v tr cua O e
tch N co gia tr nho nhat
Giai
Goi S
ABC
= S, S
1
= S
BOC
, S
2
= S
COA
, S
3
= S
AOB
. Ta
co:

3 2 3 2
OA'C OA'B 1
S S S S OA
= =
OA' S S S
+
(1)

OA'C OA'B OA'C OA'B 1
AA'C AA'B AA'C AA'B
S S S S S OA'
= =
AA' S S S S S
+

+
(2)
T (1) va (2) suy ra
2 3
S S OA

AA' S
+
Tng t ta co
1 3
2
S S OB

OB' S
+
;
1 2
3
S S OC

OC' S
+
;
2
S OB'

BB' S
;
3
S OC'

CC' S
a)
3 1 2
S S S OA' OB' OC' S
1
AA' BB' CC' S S S S
+ + + +
b)
2 3 1 3 1 2
S S S S S S OA OB OC 2S
2
AA' BB' CC' S S S S
+ + +
+ + + +
c) M =
2 3 1 3 3 3 1 2 1 2 2 1
1 2 3 2 1 2 3 3 1
S S S S S S S S S S S S OA OB OC
OA' OB' OC' S S S S S S S S S
_ _ _ + + +
+ + + + + + + + +

, , ,
Ap dung Bt Co si ta co
3 3 1 2 2 1
2 1 2 3 3 1
S S S S S S
2 2 2 6
S S S S S S
_ _ _
+ + + + + + +

, , ,

TRNG THCS TIN THNG
T
C''
B''
A''
OO
CC
BB
A
ang thc xay ra khi S
1
= S
2
= S
3

O la trong tam cua tam

giac ABC
d) N =
( ) ( ) ( )
2 3 1 3 1 2 2 3 1 3 1 2
1 2 3 1 2 3
S S S S S S S S S S S S
. .
S S S S .S .S
+ + + + + +
N
2
=
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 3 1 3 1 2 1 2 2 3 1 3
2 2
1 2 3 1 2 3
S S S S S S 4S S .4S S .4S S
64
S .S .S S .S .S
+ + +

N 8
ang thc xay ra khi S
1
= S
2
= S
3

O la trong tam cua tam

giac ABC
Bai 4:
Cho tam giac eu ABC, cac ng caoAD, BE, CF; goi A, B, C la
hnh chieu cua M
(nam ben trong tam giac ABC) tren AD, BE, CF. Chng minh
rang: Khi M thay oi v tr trong tam giac ABC th:
a) AD + BE + CF khong oi
b) AA + BB + CC khong oi
Giai
Goi h = AH la chieu cao cua tam giac ABC th h khong oi
Goi khoang cach t M en cac canh AB; BC; CA la MP; MQ; MR
th AD + BE + CF = MQ + MR + MP
V M nam trong tam giac ABC nen
S
BMC
+ S
CMA
+ S
BMA
= S
ABC

BC.(MQ + MR + MP) = BC . AH
MQ + MR + MP = AH
AD + BE + CF = AH =
h
Vay: AD + BE + CF = AH = h khong oi
b) AA + BB + CC = (AH AD)+(BE BE) (CF CF)
= (AH + BE + CF) (AD + BE + CF) = 3h h = 2h khong oi
Bai 5:
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
T
RR
QQ
PP
C''
B''
A''
MM
FF
EE
DD CC BB
A
Cho tam giac ABC co BC bang trung bnh cong cua AC va AB;
Goi I la giao iem cua cac phan giac, G la trong tam cua tam
giac. Chng minh: IG // BC
Giai
Goi khoang cach t a, I, G en BC lan lt la AH, IK, GD
V I la giap iem cua ba ng phan giac
nen khoang cach t I en ba canh AB, BC,
CA bang nhau va bang IK
V I nam trong tam giac ABC nen:
S
ABC
= S
AIB
+ S
BIC
+ S
CIA

BC.AH = IK(AB+BC+CA)
(1)
Ma BC =
AB + CA
2

AB + CA = 2 BC (2)
Thay (2) vao (1) ta co: BC. AH = IK. 3BC
IK =
1
3
AH (a)
V G la trong tam cua tam giac ABC nen:
S
BGC
=
1
3
S
ABC

BC . GD =
1
3
BC. AH
GD =
1
3
AH (b)
T (a) va (b) suy ra IK = GD hay khoang cach t I, G en BC
bang nhau nen IG // BC
Bai tap ve nha:
1) Cho C la iem thuoc tia phan giac cua
0
xOy = 60 , Mla iem
bat ky nam tren ng vuong goc vi OC tai C va thuoc
mien trong cua
xOy , goi MA, MB th t la khoang cach t M

en Ox, Oy. Tnh o dai OC theo MA, MB
2) Cho M la iem nam trong tam giac eu ABC. A, B, C la hnh
chieu cua M tren cac canh BC, AC, AB. Cac ng thang
vuong goc vi BC tai C, vuong goc vi CA tai A , vuong goc
vi AB tai B cat nhau D, E, F. Chng minh rang:
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
T
MM KK HH
GG II
DD
CC BB
A
a) Tam giac DEF la tam giac eu
b) AB + BC + CA khong phu thuoc v tr cua M trong tam giac
ABC
CHUYEN E 16 BAT ANG THC
Phn I : cc kin thc cn lu
1-inhngha:
0
0
A B A B
A B A B

'

2-tnh cht
+ A>B A B <
+ A>B v B >C
A > C
+ A>B
A + C >B + C
+ A>B v C > D
A +C > B + D
+ A>B v C > 0
A.C > B.C

+ A>B v C < 0
A.C < B.C

+ 0 < A B > 0
A
n
> B
n
n
+ A > B
A
n
> B
n
vi n l
+
A
>
B

A
n
> B
n
vi n
chn
+ m > n > 0 v A > 1
A
m
>
A
n

+ m > n > 0 v 0 <A < 1
A
m
< A
n

+A 0

B A
1 1
>
3 - mt s hng bt ng thc
+ A
2
0 vi A ( du = xy ra khi A = 0 )
+ A
n
0 vi A ( du = xy ra khi A = 0 )
+
0 A
vi A (du = xy ra khi A = 0 )
+ -
A
< A =
A
+
A B A B + +
( du = xy ra khi A.B > 0)
+
B A B A
( du = xy ra khi A.B < 0)
Phn II : mt s phng php chng minh bt ng thc
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
1) Phng php 1: dng nh ngha
Kin thc : chng minh A > B Ta chng minh A B > 0
Lu dng hng bt ng thc M
2

0 vi M
V d 1 x, y, z chng minh rng :
a) x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
xy+ yz + zx
b) x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
2xy 2xz + 2yz
Gii:
a) Ta xt hiu : x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
- xy yz zx =
2
1
.2 .( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
- xy
yz zx)
=
2
1
2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) x y x z y z 1 + +
]
0 ng vi mi x;y;z R
V (x-y)
2

0 vix ; y .Du bng xy ra khi x = y

(x- z)
2

0 vix ; z . Du bng xy ra khi x = z

(y- z)
2

0 vi z; y . Du bng xy ra khi z = y
Vy x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
xy+ yz + zx . Du bng xy ra khi x = y =z
b)Ta xt hiu:
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
- ( 2xy 2xz +2yz ) = x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
- 2xy +2xz 2yz = ( x
y + z)
2
0
ng vi mi x;y;z R
Vy x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
2xy 2xz + 2yz ng vi mi x;y;z R
Du bng xy ra khi x + y = z
V d 2: chng minh rng :
a)
2
2 2
2 2

,
_
+ b a b a
; b)
2
2 2 2
3 3

,
_
+ +
+ + c b a c b a
c) Hy tng qut bi ton
gii
a) Ta xt hiu
2
2 2
2 2

,
_
+ b a b a
=
( )
4
2
4
2
2 2 2 2
b ab a b a + +
+
=
( ) ab b a b a 2 2 2
4
1
2 2 2 2
+
=
( ) 0
4
1
2
b a
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
Vy
2
2 2
2 2

,
_
+ b a b a
Du bng xy ra khi a = b
b)Ta xt hiu:
2
2 2 2
3 3

,
_
+ +
+ + c b a c b a
=
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] 0
9
1
2 2 2
+ + a c c b b a
Vy
2
2 2 2
3 3

,
_
+ +
+ + c b a c b a
Du bng xy ra khi a = b =c
c)Tng qut:
2
2 1
2 2
2
2
1
.... ....
,
_
+ + +
+ + +
n
a a a
n
a a a
n n
* Tm li cc bc chng minh AB theo nh ngha
Bc 1: Ta xt hiu H = A - B
Bc 2:Bin i H = (C+D)
2
hoc H=(C+D)
2
+.+(E+F)
2
Bc 3: Kt lun A B
2) phng php 2 : Dng php bin i tng ng
L u :
Ta bin i bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi bt ng
thc ng hoc bt ng thc c chng minh l ng.
V d 1: Cho a, b, c, d,e l cc s thc chng minh rng
a) ab
b
a +
4
2
2
b) b a ab b a + + + + 1
2 2
c) ( ) e d c b a e d c b a + + + + + + +
2 2 2 2 2
Gii:
a) ab
b
a +
4
2
2
ab b a 4 4
2 2
+ 0 4 4
2 2
+ b a a ( ) 0 2
2
b a (Bt ny lun
ng)
Vy ab
b
a +
4
2
2
(du bng xy ra khi 2a = b)
b) b a ab b a + + + + 1
2 2
) ) ( 2 1 ( 2
2 2
b a ab b a + + > + +
0 1 2 1 2 2
2 2 2 2
+ + + + + b b a a b ab a 0 ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) (
2 2 2
+ + b a b a (lun ng)
Vy b a ab b a + + + + 1
2 2
Du bng xy ra khi a = b = 1
c) ( ) e d c b a e d c b a + + + + + + +
2 2 2 2 2
( ) ( ) e d c b a e d c b a + + + + + + + 4 4
2 2 2 2 2

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
+ + + + + + + c ac a d ad a c ac a b ab a

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
+ + + c a d a c a b a
V d 2: Chng minh rng: ( )( ) ( )( )
4 4 8 8 2 2 10 10
b a b a b a b a + + + +
Gii:
( )( ) ( )( )
4 4 8 8 2 2 10 10
b a b a b a b a + + + +
12 8 4 4 8 12 12 10 2 2 10 12
b b a b a a b b a b a a + + + + + +
( ) ( ) 0
2 2 8 2 2 2 2 8
+ a b b a b a b a
a
2
b
2
(a
2
-b
2
)(a
6
-b
6
) 0
a
2
b
2
(a
2
-b
2
)
2
(a
4
+
a
2
b
2
+b
4
) 0
V d 4: cho ba s thc khc khng x, y, z tha mn:
'
+ + < + +
z y x
z y x
z y x
1 1 1
1 . .
Chng minh rng : c ng mt trong ba s x,y,z ln hn 1
Gii: Xt (x-1)(y-1)(z-1) = xyz + (xy + yz + zx) + x + y + z - 1
= (xyz - 1) + (x + y + z) - xyz(
z y x
1 1 1
+ +
) = x + y + z - (
0 )
1 1 1
> + +
z y x
(v
z y x
1 1 1
+ +
< x+y+z theo gt)
2 trong 3 s x-1 , y-1 , z-1 m hoc c

ba s-1 , y-1, z-1 l dng.
N trng hp sau xy ra th x, y, z >1
x.y.z>1 Mu thun gt x.y.z

=1 bt buc phi xy ra trng hp trn tc l c ng 1 trong ba s x ,y
,z l s ln hn 1
3) Phng php 3: dng bt ng thc quen thuc
A) mt s bt ng thc hay dng
1) Cc bt ng thc ph:
a) xy y x 2
2 2
+ b)
xy y x +
2 2
du( = ) khi x = y = 0
c) ( ) xy y x 4
2
+ d)
2 +
a
b
b
a
2)Bt ng thc C sy:
n
n
n
a a a a
n
a a a a
....
....
3 2 1
3 2 1
+ + + +
Vi
0 >
i
a
3)Bt ng thc Bunhiacopski
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2 1 1
2 2
2
2
1
2 2
2
2
2
.... .... . ....
n n n n
x a x a x a x x a a a + + + + + + + + +
4) Bt ng thc Tr-b - sp:
Nu
'

C B A
c b a

3
.
3 3
C B A c b a cC bB aA + + + +
+ +
Nu
'

C B A
c b a

3
.
3 3
C B A c b a cC bB aA + + + +
+ +
Du bng xy ra khi
'

C B A
c b a
B) cc v d
v d 1
Cho a, b ,c l cc s khng m chng minh rng (a+b) (b+c)(c+a)
8abc
Gii: Dng bt ng thc ph: ( ) xy y x 4
2
+
Tac ( ) ab b a 4
2
+ ; ( ) bc c b 4
2
+ ; ( ) ac a c 4
2
+
( )
2
b a + ( )
2
c b + ( )
2
a c + ( )
2 2 2 2
8 64 abc c b a
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
8abc
Du = xy ra khi a = b = c
v d 2: Cho a > b > c > 0 v 1
2 2 2
+ + c b a chng minh rng
3 3 3
1
2
a b c
b c a c a b
+ +
+ + +
Do a,b,c i xng , gi s a b c
'
+

b a
c
c a
b
c b
a
c b a
2 2 2
p dng BT Tr- b-sp ta c

,
_
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+
+ b a
c
c a
b
c b
a c b a
b a
c
c
c a
b
b
c b
a
a .
3
. . .
2 2 2
2 2 2
=
2
3
.
3
1
=
2
1
Vy
2
1
3 3 3
+
+
+
+
+ b a
c
c a
b
c b
a
Du bng xy ra khi a = b = c =
3
1
v d 3: Cho a,b,c,d > 0 v abcd =1 .Chng minh rng :
( ) ( ) ( ) 10
2 2 2 2
+ + + + + + + + + a c d d c b c b a d c b a
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
Ta c ab b a 2
2 2
+ ; cd d c 2
2 2
+
Do abcd =1 nn cd =
ab
1
(dng
2
1 1
+
x
x
)
Ta c
4 )
1
( 2 ) ( 2
2 2 2
+ + + +
ab
ab cd ab c b a
(1)
Mt khc:
( ) ( ) ( ) a c d d c b c b a + + + + +
= (ab + cd) + (ac + bd) + (bc + ad)
=
2 2 2
1 1 1
+ +
,
_
+ +
,
_
+ +
,
_
+
bc
bc
ac
ac
ab
ab
( ) ( ) ( ) 10
2 2 2 2
+ + + + + + + + + a c d d c b c b a d c b a
v d 4: Chng minh rng : ac bc ab c b a + + + +
2 2 2
Gii: Dng bt ng thc Bunhiacopski
Xt cp s (1,1,1) v (a,b,c) ta c ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
. 1 . 1 . 1 ) ( 1 1 1 c b a c b a + + + + + +

3( ) ( ) ac bc ab c b a c b a + + + + + + + 2
2 2 2 2 2 2

ac bc ab c b a + + + +
2 2 2
(pcm)
Du bng xy ra khi a = b = c
4) Phng php 4: dng tnh cht ca t s
A. Kin thc
1) Cho a, b ,c l cc s dng th
a Nu
1 >
b
a
th
c b
c a
b
a
+
+
>
b Nu
1 0 th t
d
c
d b
c a
b
a
d
c
b
a
<
+
+
< <

B. Cc v d:
v d 1: Cho a,b,c,d > 0 .Chng minh rng :
2 1 <
+ +
+
+ +
+
+ +
+
+ +

+ +
(2)
T (1) v (2) ta c
d c b a
a
+ + +
<
c b a
a
+ +
<
d c b a
d a
+ + +
+
(3)
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
Tng t ta c :
d c b a
a b
d c b
b
d c b a
b
+ + +
+
<
+ +
<
+ + +
(4)

d c b a
c b
a d c
c
d c b a
c
+ + +
+
<
+ +
<
+ + +
(5);
d c b a
c d
b a d
d
d c b a
d
+ + +
+
<
+ +
<
+ + +
(6)
cng v vi v ca (3); (4); (5); (6) ta c
2 1 <
+ +
+
+ +
+
+ +
+
+ +
 0
Chng minh rng
b
a
<
d
c
d b
cd ab
<
+
+
2 2
Gii: T
b
a
<
d
c
2 2
d
cd
b
ab
<

d
c
d
cd
d b
cd ab
b
ab
<
+
+
<
2 2 2 2

b
a
<
d
c
d b
cd ab
<
+
+
2 2
(pcm)
v d 3 : Cho a;b;c;d l cc s nguyn dng tha mn : a + b = c+d
=1000
tm gi tr ln nht ca
d
b
c
a
+
gii : Khng mt tnh tng qut ta gi s :
c
a

d
b

d
b
d c
b a
c
a
+
+

;
1
c
a
v
a + b = c + d
a, Nu: b 998 th
d
b
998

d
b
c
a
+ 999
b, Nu: b = 998 th a =1
d
b
c
a
+
=
d c
999 1
+
t gi tr ln nht khi d = 1; c
= 999
Vy: gi tr ln nht ca
d
b
c
a
+
= 999 +
999
1
khi a = d = 1; c = b = 999
V d 4 : Vi mi s t nhin n >1 chng minh rng :
4
3 1
....
2
1
1
1
2
1
<
+
+ +
+
+
+
<
n n n n
Ta c
n n n k n 2
1 1 1
+
>
+
vi k = 1,2,3,,n-1
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
Do :
2
1
2 2
1
...
2
1
2
1
...
2
1
1
1
+ + > + +
+
+
+ n
n
n n n n n
V d 5: CMR: A =
2 2 2 2
1
........
4
1
3
1
2
1
1
n
+ + + + +
v i n 2 khng l s t nhin
HD:
2 2
1 1 1 1
; ;.....
2 1.2. 3 2.3
< <
V d 6: Cho a ,b ,c ,d > 0 .Chng minh rng :

2 3
a b b c c d d a
a b c b c d c d a d a b
+ + + +
< + + + <
+ + + + + + + +
Gii :
V a ,b ,c ,d > 0 nn ta c:
a b a b a b d
a b c d a b c a b c d
+ + + +
< <
+ + + + + + + +
(1)

b c b c b c a
a b c d b c d a b c d
+ + + + +
< <
+ + + + + + + +
(2)

d a d a d a c
a b c d d a b a b c d
+ + + +
< <
+ + + + + + + +
(3)
Cng cc v ca 4 bt ng thc trn ta c :

2 3
a b b c c d d a
a b c b c d c d a d a b
+ + + +
< + + + <
+ + + + + + + +
(pcm)
5. Phng php 5:Dng bt ng thc trong tam gic
L u : Nu a;b;cl s o ba cnh ca tam gic th : a; b; c > 0
V |b-c| < a < b+c ; |a-c| (a+b-c).(b+c-a).(c+a-b)
Gii
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
a)V a,b,c l s o 3 cnh ca mt tam gic nn ta c
'
+ < <
+ < <
+ < b-c
2 2 2
) ( c b a a >
> 0
b > a-c
2 2 2
) ( a c b b >
> 0
c > a-b
0 ) (
2 2 2
> > b a c c
Nhn v cc bt ng thc ta c:
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
a b c a b c b c a c a b
1 1 1
>
] ] ]
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
. . a b c a b c b c a c a b abc a b c b c a c a b > + + + > + + +
V d2: (i bin s)
Cho a,b,c l ba cnh ca mt tam gic. Chng minh rng
2
3
+
+
+
+
+ b a
c
a c
b
c b
a
(1)
t x= b + c ; y= c + a ;z = a + b ta c a =
2
x z y +
; b =
2
y x z +
; c =
2
z y x +
ta c (1)

z
z y x
y
y x z
x
x z y
2 2 2
+
+
+
+
+

2
3

3 1 1 1 + + + + +
z
y
z
x
y
z
y
x
x
z
x
y

(
6 ) ( ) ( ) + + + + +
z
y
y
z
z
x
x
z
y
x
x
y
l Bt ng?
V d 3: (i bin s)
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
Cho a, b, c > 0 v a + b + c <1. Chng minh rng :
9
2
1
2
1
2
1
2 2 2

+
+
+
+
+ ab c ac b bc a
(1)
Gii: t x = bc a 2
2
+ ; y = ac b 2
2
+ ; z = ab c 2
2
+
Ta c ( ) 1
2
< + + + + c b a z y x
(1)
9
1 1 1
+ +
z y x
Vi x + y + z < 1 v x ,y,z > 0
Theo bt ng thc Csi ta c:
+ + z y x
3.
3
xyz v
+ +
z y x
1 1 1
3. .
3
1
xyz

( ) 9
1 1 1
.
,
_
+ + + +
z y x
z y x
6) phng php lm tri :
Chng minh BT sau :
a)
1 1 1 1
...
1.3 3.5 (2 1).(2 1) 2 n n
+ + + <
+
b)
1 1 1
1 ... 2
1.2 1.2.3 1.2.3.....n
+ + + + <
Gii :
a) Ta c :
( ) ( )
( ) 2 1 (2 1)
1 1 1 1 1
.
2 1 . 2 1 2 (2 1).(2 1) 2 2 1 2 1
k k
n n k k k k
+
_

+ + +
,
Cho n chy t 1 n k .Sau cng li ta c

1 1 1 1 2 1
... . 1
1.3 3.5 (2 1).(2 1) 2 2 1 2 n n n
_
+ + + <

+ +
,
(pcm)
b) Ta c :
( )
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 ... 1 .....
1.2 1.2.3 1.2.3..... 1.2 1.2.3 1 . n n n
+ + + + < + + + +
<
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 .... 2 2
2 2 3 1 n n n
_ _ _
+ + + + < <

, , ,
(pcm)
Bi tp v nh:
1) Chng minh rng: x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
+3 2 (x + y + z)
HD: Ta xt hiu: x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
+3 2( x+ y +z ) = x
2
- 2x + 1 + y
2
-2y
+1 + z
2
-2z +1
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
2) Cho a ,b,c l s o ba cnh tam gic. Chng minh rng :
1 2
a b c
b c c a a b
< + + <
+ + +
(HD:
2 a a a a
b c a b c a b c
+
<
+ + + + +
v
a a
b c a b c
>
+ + +
)
3) 1 <
1 1 1 1 1
... ...
n + 1 n + 2 2n + 1 3n 3n + 1
+ + + + + +
< 2
p dng phng php lm tri
4) Cho a, b, c > 0. Chng minh rng
bc ac ab
a b c
+ +
a + b + c
HD:
bc ac
a b
+
= c
b a
a b
_
+

,
2c;
ac ab
b c
+
? ;
bc ab
a c
+
?
CHUYEN E 17 VE NG THANG SONG SONG
E TAO THANH CAC CAP OAN THANG TY LE
A.Phng phap:
Trong cac bai tap van dung nh l Talet. Nhieu khi ta can ve
them ng phla mot ng thang song song vi mot ng
thang cho trc,. ay la mot cach ve ng phu hay dung,
v nh o ma tao thanh c cac cap oan thang t le
B. Cac v du:
1) V du 1:
Tren cac canh BC, CA, AB cua tam giac ABC, lay tng ng cac
iem P, Q, R sao cho ba ng thang AP, BQ,
CR cat nhau tai mot iem.
Chng minh:
AR BP CQ
. . 1
RB PC QA

(nh l Ce va)
Giai
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
T
OO
FF
EE
RR
QQ
CC PP BB
A
Qua A ke ng thang song song vi BC cat cac ng thang
CR, BQ tai E, F. Goi O la giao iem cua AP, BQ, CR
ARE BRC

AR AE
=
RB BC
(a)
BOP FOA

BP OP
=
FA OA
(1)
POC AOE

PC PO
=
AE AO

(2)
T (1) va (2) suy ra:
BP PC BP FA
=
FA AE PC AE

(b)
AQF CQB

CQ BC
=
AQ FA
(c)
Nhan (a), (b), (c) ve theo ve ta co:
AR BP CQ AE FA BC
. . . . 1
RB PC QA BC AE FA

* ao lai: Neu
AR BP CQ
. . 1
RB PC QA

th bai ng thang AP, BQ, CR ong
quy
2) V du 2:
Mot ng thang bat ky cat cac canh( phan keo dai cua
cac canh) cua tam giac ABC tai P, Q, R.
Chng minh rang:
RB.QA.PC
1
RA.CQ.BP

(nh l Me-ne-la-uyt)
Giai:
Qua A ke ng thang song song vi BC cat PR tai E. Ta co
RAE RBP

RB BP
=
RA AE
(a)
AQE CQP

QA AE
=
QC CP
(b)
Nhan ve theo ve cac ang thc (a) va (b) ta co
RB QA BP AE
. = .
RA QC AE CP
(1)
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
Nhan hai ve ang thc (1) vi
PC
BP
ta co:
RB PC QA BP AE PC
. . = . . 1
RA BP QC AE CP BP

ao lai: Neu
RB.QA.PC
1
RA.CQ.BP

th ba iem P, Q, R
thang hang
3) V du 3:
Cho tam giac ABC, trung tuyen AM. Goi I la iem
bat ky tren canh BC. ng thang qua I song
song vi AC cat AB K; ng thang qua I song
song vi AB cat AC, AM theo th t D, E.
Chng minh DE = BK
Giai
Qua M ke MN // IE (N
AC).Ta co:
DE AE DE MN
=
MN AN AE AN

(1)
MN // IE, ma MB = MC
AN = CN (2)
T (1) va (2) suy ra
DE MN
AE CN
(3)
Ta lai co
MN CN MN AB
AB AC CN AC

(4)
T (4) va (5) suy ra
DE AB
AE AC
(a)
Tng t ta co:
BK AB
KI AC
(6)
V KI // AC, IE // AC nen t giac AKIE la hnh bnh hanh nen KI =
AE (7)
T (6) va (7) suy ra
BK BK AB
KI AE AC

(b)
T (a) va (b) suy ra
DE BK
AE AE

DE = BK
4) V du 4:
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
T
NN
DD
II
MM
EE
KK
CC
BB
A
A
EE
RR
QQ
CC PP BB
A
ng thang qua trung iem cua canh oi
AB, CD cua t giac ABCD cat cac ng
thang AD, BC theo th t I, K. Chng minh:
IA . KC = ID. KB
Giai
Goi M, N theo th t la trung iem cua AB,
CD
Ta co AM = BM; DN = CN
Ve AE, BF lan lt song song vi CD
AME = BMF (g.c.g)
AE = BF
Theo nh l Talet ta co:
IA AE BF
=
ID DN CN
(1)
Cung theo nh l Talet ta co:
KB BF
=
KC CN
(2)
T (1) va (2) suy ra
IA KB
=
ID KC

IA . KC = ID. KB
5) V du 5:
Cho
xOy , cac iem A, B theo th t chuyen ong tren cac tia

Ox, Oy sao cho
1 1 1
+
OA OB k
(k la hang so). Chng minh rang AB luon i qua mot

iem co nh
Giai
Ve tia phan giac Oz cua
xOy cat AB C.
ve CD // OA
(D
OB)

DOC = DCO = AOC
COD can tai D
DO = DC
Theo nh l Talet ta co
CD BD CD OB - CD
=
OA OB OA OB

TRNG THCS TIN THNG
T
FF
EE
II
KK
MM
NN DD
CC
BB
A
A
zz
OO
yy
xx
DD
CC
BB
A

CD CD 1 1 1
1
OA OB OA OB CD
+ +
(1)
Theo gia thiet th
1 1 1
+
OA OB k
(2)
T (1) va (2) suy ra CD = k , khong oi
Vay AB luon i qua mot iem co nh la C sao cho CD = k va
CD // Ox , D
OB
6) V du 6:
Cho iem M di ong tren ay nho AB cua hnh thang ABCD, Goi
O la giao iem cua hai canh ben DA, CB.
Goi G la giao iem cua OA va CM, H la
giao iem cua OB va DM. Chng minh
rang: Khi M di ong tren AB th tong
OG OH
+
GD HC
khong oi
Giai
Qua O ke ng thang song vi AB cat
CM, DM theo th t I va K. Theo nh l Talet ta co:
OG OI
GD CD
;
OH OK
HC CD

OG OH OI OK IK
+
GD HC CD CD CD
+

OG OH IK
+
GD HC CD

(1)
Qua M ve ng thang vuong goc vi AB cat IK, CD theo th
t P va Q, ta co:
IK MP FO
CD MQ MQ

khong oi v FO la khoang
cach t O en AB, MQ la ng cao cua hnh thang nen khong
oi (2)
T (1) va (2) suy ra
OG OH FO
+
GD HC MQ
khong oi
7) V du 7:
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
T
QQ
PP
FF
KK II
HH
GG
MM
OO
DD CC
BB
A
Cho tam giac ABC (AB < AC), phan giac AD. Tren AB lay iem M,
tren AC lay iem N sao cho BM = CN, goi giao iem cua CM va
BN la O, T O ve ng thang song song vi AD cat AC, AB tai
E va F.
Chng minh rang: AB = CF; BE = CA
Giai.
AD la phan giac nen

BAD = DAF
EI // AD

BAD = AEF
(goc ong v)
Ma

DAF OFC
(ong v);

AFE = OFC
(oi
nh)
Suy ra

AEF AFE

AFE can tai A
AE
=AF (a)
Ap dung nh l Talet vao ACD , vi I la giao iem cua EF vi
BC ta co
CF CI CF CA
=
CA CD CI CD

(1)
AD la phan giac cua
BAC
nen
CA BA
CD BD
(2)
T (1) va (2) suy ra
CF BA
CI BD
(3)
Ke ng cao AG cua AFE . BP // AG (P
AD); CQ // AG (Q
OI)
th

BPD = CQI = 90
0
Goi trung iem cua BC la K, ta co BPK = CQK (g.c.g)
CQ = BP
BPD = CQI (g.c.g)
CI = BD (4)
Thay (4) vao (3) ta co
CF BA
BD BD
CF = BA (b)
T (a) va (b) suy ra BE = CA
Bai tap ve nha
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
T
GG
PP
OO
KK
II
NN
DD
QQ
CC BB
MM
AA
FF
E
1) Cho tam giac ABC. iem D chia trong BC theo t so 1 : 2, iem
O chia trong AD theo t so 3 : 2. goi K la giao iem cua BO va
AC. Chng minh rang
KA
KC
khong oi
2) Cho tam giac ABC (AB > AC). Lay cac iem D, E tuy y th t
thuoc cac canh AB, AC sao cho BD = CE. Goi giao iem cua DE, BC
la K, chng minh rang :
T so
KE
KD
khong oi khi D, E thay oi tren AB, AC
(HD: Ve DG // EC (G
BC).
CHUYEN E 18 BO E HNH THANG VA CHUM NG
THANG ONG QUY
A. Kien thc
1) Bo e hnh thang:
Trong hnh thang co hai ay khong bang nhau, ng thang i
qua giao iem cua cac ng cheo va i qua giao iem cua
cac ng thang cha hai canh ben th i qua trung iem cua
hai ay
Chng minh:
Goi giao iem cua AB, CD la H, cua AC, BD la G, trung iem cua
AD, BC la E va F
Noi EG, FG, ta co: ADG CBG (g.g) , nen :
AD AG 2AE AG AE AG
CB CG 2CF CG CF CG

(1)
Ta lai co :

EAG FCG
(SL trong ) (2)
T (1) va (2) suy ra : AEG CFG (c.g.c)
Do o:

AGE CGF
E , G , H thang hang (3)
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
Tng t, ta co: AEH BFH

AHE BHF

H , E , F thang hang (4)

T (3) va (4) suy ra : H , E , G , F thang hang
2) Chum ng thang ong quy:
Neu cac ng thang ong quy cat hai
ng thang song song th chung nh ra
tren hai ng thang song song ay cac
oan thang tng ng t le
Neu m // n, ba ng thang a, b, c ong
quy O chung cat m tai A, B, C va cat n
tai A, B, C th
AB BC AC
=
A'B' B'C' A'C'
hoac
AB A'B' AB A'B'
= ;
BC B'C' AC A'C'
* ao lai:
+ Neu ba ng thang trong o co hai ng thang cat nhau,
nh ra tren hai ng thang song song cac cap oan thang
tng ng t le th ba ng thang o ong quy
+ Neu hai ng thang b cat bi ba ng thang ong quy
tao thanh cac cap oan thang tng ng t le th chung song
song vi nhau
B. Ap dung:
1) Bai 1:
Cho t giac ABCD co M la trung iem CD, N la trung iem CB.
Biet AM, AN cat BD thanh ba oan bang nhau. Chng minh rang
ABCD la hnh bnh hanh
Giai
Goi E, F la giao iem cua AM, AN vi BD;
G, H la giao iem cua MN vi AD, BD
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
T
// / // /
// //
HH
GG
EE
FF
DD
CC BB
AA
cc bb
aa
OO
nn
mm
A''
B''
C''
CC
BB
AA
HH
GG
FF
EE
NN
MM
DD
CC
BB
A
MN // BC (MN la ng trung bnh cua BCD)
T giac HBFM la hnh thang co hai canh ben ong quy tai A,
N la trung iem cua ay BF nen theo bo e hnh thang th N la
trung iem cua ay MH
MN = NH (1)
Tng t : trong hnh thang CDEN th M la trung iem cua GN
GM
= MN (2)
T (1) va (2) suy ra GM = MN = NH
Ta co BNH = CNM (c.g.c)

BHN = CMN

BH // CM hay AB // CD (a)
Tng t: GDM = NCM (c.g.c)

DGM = CNM

GD // CN hay AD // CB
(b)
T (a) va (b) suy ra t giac ABCD co cac cap canh oi song
song nen la hnh bnh hanh
2) Bai 2:
Cho ABC co ba goc nhon, trc tam H, mot ng thang qua H
cat AB, AC th t ta P, Q sao cho HP = HQ. Goi M la trung iem
cua BC. Chng minh: HM PQ
Giai
Goi giao iem cua AH va BC la I
T C ke CN // PQ (N
AB),
ta chng minh MH CN
HM PQ
T giac CNPQ la hnh thang, co H la trung
iem PQ, hai canh ben NP va CQ ong quy
tai A nen K la trung iem CN
MK la ng trung bnh cua

BCN
MK // CN
MK // AB (1)
H la trc tam cua ABC nen CH A B (2)
T (1) va (2) suy ra MK CH
MK la ng cao cuaCHK (3)

T AH BC
MC HK
MI la ng cao cua CHK (4)

TRNG THCS TIN THNG
T
II
KK
NN
MM
QQ
PP
HH
CC BB
A
T (3) va (4) suy ra M la trc tam cua CHK
MH CN
MH PQ
3) bai 3:
Cho hnh ch nhat ABCD co M, N th t la trung iem cua AD,
BC. Goi E la mot iem bat ky thuoc tia oi cua tia DC, K la
giao iem cua EM va AC.
Chng minh rang: NM la tia phan giac cua
KNE
Giai
Goi H la giao iem cua KN va DC, giao iem cua AC va MN la I
th IM = IN
Ta co: MN // CD (MN la ng trung bnh
cua hnh ch nhat ABCD)
T giac EMNH la hnh thang co hai

canh ben EM va HN ong quy tai K va I
la trung iem cua MN nen C la trung
iem cua EH
Trong ENH th NC va la ng cao, va la ng trung tuyen
nen ENH can tai N
NC la tia phan giac cua
ENH
ma NC
MN (Do NM BC MN // AB)
NM la tia phan giac goc ngoai tai N

cua ENH
Vay NM la tia phan giac cua
KNE
Bai 4:
Tren canh BC = 6 cm cua hnh vuong ABCD lay iem E sao cho BE
= 2 cm. Tren tia oi cua tia CD lay
iem F sao cho CF = 3 cm. Goi M la giao
iem cua AE va BF. Tnh
AMC
Giai
Goi giao iem cua CM va AB la H, cua
AM va DF la G
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
T
// / // /
II
HH EE
NN
MM
KK
DD CC
BB
A
A
HH
MM
GG FF
EE
DD CC
BB A
Ta co:
BH AB BH 6
=
CF FG 3 FG

Ta lai co
AB BE 2 1
= = CG = 2AB = 12 cm
CG EC 4 2

FG = 9 cm

BH 6
BH = 2 cm
3 9

BH = BE
BAE = BCH (c.g.c)

BAE = BCH
ma

BAE + BEA
= 90
0

Mat khac

BEA = MEC ; MCE = BCH MEC + MCE = 90
0

AMC
= 90
0
Bai 5:
Cho t giac ABCD. Qua iem E thuoc AB, H thuoc AC ve cac
ng thang song song vi BD, cat cac canh con lai cua t
giac tai F, G
a) Co the ket luan g ve cac ng thang EH, AC, FG
b) Goi O la giao iem cua AC va BD, cho biet OB = OD. Chng
minh rang ba ng thang EG, FH, AC ong quy
Giai
a) Neu EH // AC th EH // AC // FG
Neu EH va AC khong song song th EH, AC,
FG ong quy
b) Goi giao iem cua EH, HG vi AC
Trong hnh thang DFEB co hai canh ben DF,
BE ong quy tai A va OB = OD nen theo
bo e hnh thang th M la trung iem cua
EF
Tng t: N la trung iem cua GH
Ta co
ME MF
=
GN HN
nen ba ng thang EG, FH, AC ong quy tai O
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
T
OO
HH
GG
FF
EE
NN
MM
DD CC
BB
A
CHUYEN E 19 TM GIA TR LN NHAT, NHO
NHAT CUA MOT BIEU THC
A. Gia tr ln nhat, gia tr nho nhat cua mot bieu
thc
1) Khai niem: Neu vi moi gia tr cua bien thuoc mot
khoang xac nh nao o ma gia tr cua bieu thc A luon
luon ln hn hoac bang (nho hn hoac bang) mot hang so k
va ton tai mot gia tr cua bien e A co gia tr bang k th k
goi la gia tr nho nhat (gia tr ln nhat) cua bieu thc A
ng vi cac gia tr cua bien thuoc khoang xac nh noi
tren
2) Phng phap
a) e tm gia tr nho nhat cua A, ta can:
+ Chng minh A k vi k la hang so
+ Ch ra da = co the xay ra vi gia tr nao o cua bien
b) e tm gia tr ln nhat cua A, ta can:
+ Chng minh A k vi k la hang so
+ Ch ra da = co the xay ra vi gia tr nao o cua bien
K hieu : min A la gia tr nho nhat cua A; max A la gia tr ln
nhat cua A
B.Cac bai tap tm Gia tr ln nhat, gia tr nho nhat
cua mot bieu thc
I) Dang 1: Tam thc bac hai
V du 1 :
a) Tm gia tr nho nhat cua A = 2x
2
8x + 1
b) Tm gia tr ln nhat cua B = -5x
2
4x + 1
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
Giai
a) A = 2(x
2
4x + 4) 7 = 2(x 2)
2
7 - 7
min A = - 7
x = 2
b) B = - 5(x
2
+
4
5
x) + 1 = - 5(x
2
+ 2.x.
2
5
+
4
25
) +
9
5
=
9
5
- 5(x +
2
5
)
2

9
5
max B =
9
5

x =
2
5
b) V du 2: Cho tam thc bac hai P(x) = a x

2
+ bx + c
a) Tm min P neu a > 0
b) Tm max P neu a < 0
Giai
Ta co: P = a(x
2
+
b
a
x) + c = a(x +
b
2a
)
2
+ (c -
2
b
4a
)
at c -
2
b
4a
= k. Do (x +
b
2a
)
2
0 nen:
a) Neu a > 0 th a(x +
b
2a
)
2
0 do o P k
min P = k
x = -
b
2a
b) Neu a < 0 th a(x +
b
2a
)
2
0 do o P k
max P = k
x = -
b
2a
II. Dang 2: a thc co dau gia tr tuyet oi
1) V du 1: Tm gia tr nho nhat cua
a) A = (3x 1)
2
4
3x - 1
+ 5
at
3x - 1
= y th A = y
2
4y + 5 = (y 2)
2
+ 1 1
min A = 1
y = 2

3x - 1
= 2

x = 1
3x - 1 = 2
1
3x - 1 = - 2 x = -
3
b) B =
x - 2
+
x - 3
B =
x - 2
+
x - 3
= B =
x - 2
+
3 - x

x - 2 + 3 - x
= 1
min B = 1
(x 2)(3 x) 0
2 x 3
2) V du 2: Tm GTNN cua C =
2 2
x - x + 1 x - x - 2 +
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
Ta co C =
2 2
x - x + 1 x - x - 2 +
=
2 2 2 2
x - x + 1 2 + x - x x - x + 1 + 2 + x - x +
= 3
min C = 3
(x
2
x + 1)(2 + x x
2
) 0
2 + x x
2
0
x
2
x 2
0

(x + 1)(x 2) 0
- 1 x 2
3) V du 3:
Tm gi tr nh nht ca : T = |x-1| + |x-2| +|x-3| + |x-4|
Ta c |x-1| + |x-4| = |x-1| + |4-x| |x-1+4-x| = 3 (1)
V
2 3 2 3 2 3 x x x x x x + + +
= 1 (2)
Vy T = |x-1| + |x-2| +|x-3| + |x-4| 1 + 3 = 4
Ta c t (1)
Du bng xy ra khi 1 4 x
(2)
Du bng xy ra khi 2 3 x
Vy T c gi tr nh nht l 4 khi 2 3 x
III.Dang 3: a thc bac cao
a) A = x(x 3)(x 4)(x 7) = (x
2
7x)( x
2
7x + 12)
at x
2
7x + 6 th A = (y 6)(y + 6) = y
2
36 - 36
Min A = - 36
y = 0
x
2
7x + 6 = 0
(x 1)(x 6) = 0
x = 1
hoac x = 6
b) B = 2x
2
+ y
2
2xy 2x + 3 = (x
2
2xy + y
2
) + (x
2
2x + 1) + 2
= (x y)
2
+ (x 1)
2
+ 2 2

x - y = 0
x = y = 1
x - 1 = 0
'
c) C = x
2
+ xy + y
2
3x 3y = x
2
2x + y
2
2y + xy x y
Ta co C + 3 = (x
2
2x + 1) + (y
2
2y + 1) + (xy x y + 1)
= (x 1)
2
+ (y 1)
2
+ (x 1)(y 1). at x 1 = a; y 1 = b th
C + 3 = a
2
+ b
2
+ ab = (a
2
+ 2.a.
b
2
+
2
b
4
) +
2
3b
4
= (a +
b
2
)
2
+
2
3b
4
0
Min (C + 3) = 0 hay min C = - 3
a = b = 0
x = y = 1
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
a) C = (x + 8)
4
+ (x + 6)
4

at x + 7 = y
C = (y + 1)
4
+ (y 1)
4
= y
4
+ 4y
3
+ 6y
2
+ 4y + 1 + y
4
-
4y
3
+ 6y
2
- 4y + 1
= 2y
4
+ 12y
2
+ 2 2
min A = 2
y = 0
x = - 7
b) D = x
4
6x
3
+ 10x
2
6x + 9 = (x
4
6x
3
+ 9x
2
) + (x
2
6x + 9)
= (x
2
3x)
2
+ (x 3)
2
0
min D = 0
x = 3
IV. Dang phan thc:
1. Phan thc co t la hang so, mau la tam thc bac
hai
Bieu thc dang nay at GTNN khi mau at GTLN
V du : Tm GTNN cua A =
2
2
6x - 5 - 9x
=
2 2
- 2 2
9x - 6x + 5 (3x - 1) 4
+
V (3x 1)
2
0
(3x 1)
2
+ 4 4

2 2
1 1 2 2
(3x - 1) 4 4 (3x - 1) 4 4

+ +

A
-
1
2
min A = -
1
2

3x 1 = 0
x =
1
3
2. Phan thc co mau la bnh phng cua mot nh thc
a) V du 1: Tm GTNN cua A =
2
2
3x - 8x + 6

x - 2x + 1
+) Cach 1: Tach t thanh cac nhom co nhan t chung vi
mau
A =
2 2
2 2 2
3x - 8x + 6 3(x - 2x + 1) - 2(x - 1) + 1 2 1
= 3
x - 2x + 1 (x - 1) x - 1 (x - 1)
+
. at y =
1
x - 1
Th
A = 3 2y + y
2
= (y 1)
2
+ 2 2
min A = 2
y = 1

1
x - 1
= 1
x
= 2
+) Cach 2: Viet bieu thc A thanh tong cua mot so vi mot
phan thc khong am
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
A =
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
3x - 8x + 6 2(x - 2x + 1) + (x - 4x + 4) (x - 2)
= 2 2
x - 2x + 1 (x - 1) (x - 1)
+
min A = 2
x 2 = 0
x = 2
b) V du 2: Tm GTLN cua B =
2
x
x 20x + 100 +
Ta co B =
2 2
x x
x 20x + 100 (x + 10)
+
. at y =
1
x + 10

x =
1
10
y

th
B = (
1
10
y

).y
2
= - 10y
2
+ y = - 10(y
2
2.y.
1
20
y +
1
400
) +
1
40
= - 10
2
1
y -
10
_

,
+
1
40

1
40
Max B =
1
40

1
y -
10
= 0
y =
1
10

x = 10
c) V du 3: Tm GTNN cua C =
2 2
2 2
x + y
x + 2xy + y
Ta co: C =
2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1
(x + y) (x - y)
x + y 1 1 (x - y) 1
2
.
x + 2xy + y (x + y) 2 2 (x + y) 2
1 +
]
+

min A =
1
2

x
= y
3. Cac phan thc co dang khac
a)V du : Tm GTNN, GTLN (Cc tr) cua A =
2
3 - 4x
x 1 +
Ta co: A =
2 2 2
2 2 2
3 - 4x (4x 4x 4) (x 1) (x - 2)
1 1
x 1 x 1 x 1
+ +

+ + +

min A = - 1
x = 2
Ta lai co: A =
2 2 2
2 2 2
3 - 4x (4x 4) (4x + 4x + 1) (2x 1)
4 4
x 1 x 1 x 1
+ +

+ + +

max A = 4
x
=
1
2
C. Tm GTNN, GTLN cua mot bieu thc biet quan he gia

cac bien
1) V du 1: Cho x + y = 1. Tm GTNN cua A = x
3
+ y
3
+ xy
Ta co A = (x + y)(x
2
xy + y
2
) + xy = x
2
+ y
2
(v x + y = 1)
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
a) Cach 1: Bieu th an nay qua an kia, roi a ve mot tam
thc bac hai
T x + y = 1
x = 1 y
nen A = (1 y)
2
+ y
2
= 2(y
2
y) + 1 = 2(y
2
2.y.
1
2
+
1
4
) +
1
2
= 2
2
1 1 1
y - +
2 2 2
_

,
Vay min A =
1
2

x = y =
1
2
b) Cach 2: S dung k a cho, lam xuat hien mot bieu thc
mi co cha A
T x + y = 1
x
2
+ 2xy + y
2
= 1(1). Mat khac (x y)
2
0
x
2

2xy + y
2
0 (2)
Cong (1) vi (2) ve theo ve, ta co:
2(x
2
+ y
2
) 1
x
2
+ y
2

1
2

min A =
1
2

x = y =
1
2
2)V du 2: Cho x + y + z = 3
a) Tm GTNN cua A = x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
b) Tm GTLN cua B = xy + yz + xz
T Cho x + y + z = 3
Cho (x + y + z)
2
= 9
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
+ 2(xy +
yz + xz) = 9 (1)
Ta co x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
- xy yz zx =
2
1
.2 .( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
- xy yz zx)
=
2
1
2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) x y x z y z 1 + +
]
0
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
xy+ yz + zx (2)
ang thc xay ra khi x = y = z
a) T (1) va (2) suy ra
9 = x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
+ 2(xy + yz + xz) x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
+ 2(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
) = 3(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
3
min A = 3
x = y = z = 1
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
b) T (1) va (2) suy ra
9 = x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
+ 2(xy + yz + xz) xy+ yz + zx + 2(xy + yz + xz) =
3(xy+ yz + zx)

xy+ yz + zx 3
max B = 3
x = y = z = 1
3) V du 3:
Tm gi tr ln nht ca S = xyz.(x+y).(y+z).(z+x) vi x,y,z > 0 v x
+ y + z = 1
V x,y,z > 0 ,p dng BT Csi ta c: x+ y + z
3
3 xyz
3
1 1
3 27
xyz xyz
p dng bt ng thc Csi cho x+y ; y+z ; x+z ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3
. . 3 . . x y y z z x x y y z x z + + + + + +
( ) ( ) ( )
3
2 3 . . x y y z z x + + +
Du bng xy ra khi x = y = z =
1
3

S
8 1 8
.
27 27 729
Vy S c gi tr ln nht l
8
729
khi x = y = z =
1
3
4) V du 4: Cho xy + yz + zx = 1. Tm gi tr nh nht ca
4 4 4
x y z + +
p dng BT Bunhiacpski cho 6 s (x,y,z) ;(x,y,z)
Ta c ( ) ( )
2
2
2 2 2
xy yz zx x y z + + + +
( )
2
2 2 2
1 x y z + + (1)
p dng BT Bunhiacpski cho (
2 2 2
, , x y z ) v (1,1,1)
Ta c
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 4
( ) (1 1 1 )( ) ( ) 3( ) x y z x y z x y z x y z + + + + + + + + + +
T (1) v (2)
4 4 4
1 3( ) x y z + +
4 4 4
1
3
x y z + +
Vy
4 4 4
x y z + + c gi tr nh nht l
1
3
khi x= y = z =
3
3
t
D. Mot so chu y:
1) Khi tm GTNN, GTLN ta co the oi bien
V du : Khi tm GTNN cua A =(x 1)
2
+ (x 3)
2
, ta at x 2 = y th
A = (y + 1)
2
+ (y 1)
2
= 2y
2
+ 2 2
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
2) Khi tm cc tr cua mot bieu thc, ta co the thay k cua
bieu thc nay at cc tr bi k tng ng la bieu thc
khac at cc tr:
+) -A ln nhat
A nho nhat ; +)
1
B
ln nhat
B nho
nhat (vi B > 0)
+) C ln nhat
C
2
ln nhat
V du: Tm cc tr cua A =
( )
4
2
2
x + 1
x + 1
a) Ta co A > 0 nen A nho nhat khi
1
A
ln nhat, ta co
( )
2
2
2
4 4
x + 1
1 2x
1 1
A x + 1 x + 1
+

min
1
A
= 1
x = 0
max A = 1
x = 0
b) Ta co (x
2
1)
2
0
x
4
- 2x
2
+ 1 0
x
4
+ 1 2x
2
. (Dau bang
xay ra khi x
2
= 1)
V x
4
+ 1 > 0

2
4
2x
x + 1
1

2
4
2x
1 1 1 2
x + 1
+ +
max
1
A
= 2
x
2
= 1
min A =
1
2

x = t 1
3) Nhieu khi ta tm cc tr cua bieu thc trong cac khoang cua
bien, sau o so samh cac cc tr o e e tm GTNN, GTLN
trong toan bo tap xac nh cua bien
V du: Tm GTLN cua B =
y
5 - (x + y)
a) xet x + y 4
- Neu x = 0 th A = 0 - Neu
1 y 3
th A 3
- Neu y = 4 th x = 0 va A = 4
b) xet x + y 6 th A 0
So sanh cac gia tr tren cua A, ta thay max A = 4
x = 0; y = 4
4) S dung cac hang bat ang thc
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
V du: Tm GTLN cua A =
2x + 3y
biet x
2
+ y
2
= 52
Ap dung Bt Bunhiacopxki: (a x + by)
2
(a
2
+ b
2
)(x
2
+ y
2
) cho cac
so 2, x , 3, y ta co:
(2x + 3y)
2
(2
2
+ 3
2
)(x
2
+ y
2
) = (4 + 9).52 = 26
2

2x + 3y
26
Max A = 26
x y
=
2 3
y =
3x
2

x
2
+ y
2
= x
2
+
2
3x
2
_

,
= 52
13x
2
= 52.4
x = t 4
Vay: Ma x A = 26
x = 4; y = 6 hoac x = - 4; y = - 6
5) Hai so co tong khong oi th tch cua chung ln nhat khi
va ch khi chung bang nhau
Hai so co tch khong oi th tong cua chung ln nhat khi va
ch khi chung bang nhau
a)V du 1: Tm GTLN cua A = (x
2
3x + 1)(21 + 3x x
2
)
V (x
2
3x + 1) + (21 + 3x x
2
) = 22 khong oi nen tch (x
2
3x +
1)(21 + 3x x
2
) ln nhat khi va ch khi x
2
3x + 1 = 21 + 3x x
2

x
2
3x 10 = 0
x = 5 hoac x = - 2
Khi o A = 11. 11 = 121
Max A = 121
x = 5 hoac x = - 2
b) V du 2: Tm GTNN cua B =
(x + 4)(x + 9)
x
Ta co: B =
2
(x + 4)(x + 9) x 13x + 36 36
x + 13
x x x
+
+
V cac so x va
36
x
co tch x.
36
x
= 36 khong oi nen
36
x +
x
nho
nhat
x =
36
x

x = 6
A =
36
x + 13
x
+
nho nhat la min A = 25
x = 6
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
6)Trong khi tm cc tr ch can ch ra rang ton tai mot gia tr
cua bien e xay ra ang thc ch khong can ch ra moi
gia tr e xay ra ang thc
V du: Tm GTNN cua A =
m n
11 5
Ta thay 11
m
tan cung bang 1, 5
n
tan cung bang 5
Neu 11
m
> 5
n
th A tan cung bang 6, neu 11
m
< 5
n
th A tan cung
bang 4
khi m = 2; n = 3 th A =
121 124
= 4
min A = 4, chang han khi m =

2, n = 3
CHUYEN E 20 PHNG TRNH NGHIEM NGUYEN
- PHNG PHAP 1: Phng phap a ve dang tong
Phng phap: Phng phap nay thng s dung vi cac
phng trnh co cac bieu thc cha an viet c di dang
tong cac bnh phng.
- Bien oi phng trnh ve dang mot ve la mot tong cua
cac bnh phng cac bieu thc cha an; ve con lai la tong
bnh phng cua cac so nguyen (so so hang cua hai ve bang
nhau).
Cac v du minh hoa:
- V du 1: Tm
Z y x ;
thoa man: 169 4 5
2 2
+ y xy x (1)
(1) 0 169 25 144 4 4
2 2 2
+ + + + x y xy x

( )
( )
2
2
2
2
2 144 25
2 169 0
x y x
x y x
+ +
'
+ +
T (I) ta co: Tng t t (II)

ta co:
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
(II)

( )
( )
2
2
2 2
2
2
2 2
5 5 2 12
;
2 22
5
12 12 2 5
;
19 29
12
x x x y
y y
x
x x x y
y y
x
t t

' ' '

t t
' ' '

m m
m m

( )
( )
2
2
2
2
2 2
0 2 13
13
0
13 2 0
26
13
x x y
y
x
x x y
y
x

' '
t

' '
t

Vay ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
5; 2 ; 5; 22 ; 5; 2 ; 5; 22 ; 12; 19 ; 12; 29
,
12;19 ; 12; 29 ; 0;13 ; 0; 13 ; 13; 26 ; 13; 26
x y

' ;

V du 2: Tm
Z y x ;
thoa man:
2 2
8 x y x y + (2)
(2) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 4 32 4 4 1 4 4 1 34 2 1 2 1 5 3 x x y y x x y y x y + + + + + +

( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 1 3
2; 1
3; 2
2 1 5
2 1 5
3; 2
2; 1
2 1 3
x
x x
y y
y
x
x x
y y
y

' '

' '

Vay ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) { }
; 2; 3 ; 2; 2 ; 1;3 ; 1; 2 ; 3; 2 ; 3; 1 ; 2; 2 ; 2; 1 x y
V du 3: Tm
Z y x ;
thoa man:
3 3
91 x y (1)
(1) ( ) ( )
2 2
91.1 13.7 x y x xy y + +
(V ( )
2 2
0 x xy y + + >
)
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
1
6 5
;
91 5 6
. 91.1
91
1
x y
x x
x xy y y y
x y x xy y
x y
VN
x xy y

' ' '
+ +

+ +

'
+ +

V du 4: Tm
Z y x ;
thoa man:
2 2
0 x x y + (2)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2 2
0 4 4 4 0 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1
2 2 1 1 0
2 2 1 1 0
2 2 1 1 1
2 2 1 1 0
x x y x x y x y x y x xy
x y x
x y y
x y x
x y y
+ + + + + +
+ +
' '
+

+ +

' '
+

Vay: ( ) ( ) ( ) { }
; 0; 0 ; 1; 0 x y
- PHNG PHAP 2: Phng phap cc han
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
phng trnh oi xng
- V phng trnh oi xng nen
; ; x y z
co vai tro bnh ang nh
nhau. Do o; ta gia thiet
x y z
; tm ieu kien cua cac nghiem;
loai tr dan cac an e co phng trnh n gian. Giai phng
trnh; dung phep hoan v e suy ra nghiem.
Ta thng gia thiet
1 .... x y z
Cac v du minh hoa:
V du 1: Tm ; ; x y z Z
+
thoa man:
. . x y z x y z + +
(1)
Nhan xet Tm hng giai:
Ta thay ay la phng trnh oi xng.
Gia s
1 x y z
. Khi o:
(1)
. . 3 . 3 x y z x y z z x y + +
(V ; ; x y z Z
+
) { } . 1; 2;3 x y
* Neu:
. 1 1 2 x y x y z z +
(vo l)
* Neu:
. 2 1; 2; 3 x y x y z
* Neu:
. 3 1; 3 2 x y x y z y <
(vo l)
Vay:
; ; x y z
la hoan v cua ( ) 1; 2;3
V du 2: Tm ; ; x y z Z
+
thoa man:
1 1 1
2
x y z
+ +
(2)
ay la phng trnh oi xng.
Gia s
1 x y z
. Khi o:
(2)
1 1 1 3 3
2 1
2
x x
x y z x
+ +

Vi:
{ }
1 1 2
1 1 2 1; 2 x y y
y z y
+

.Neu:
1
1 0 y
z

(vo l)
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
.Neu:
2 2 y z
Vay:
; ; x y z
la hoan v cua ( ) 1; 2; 2
- PHNG PHAP 3: Phng phap s dung tnh chat chia het
Cac v du minh hoa:
V du 1: Tm
; x y Z
e:
2
2
1
x x
A
x x
+
+ +
nhan gia tr nguyen
Ta co:
2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1
1
1 1 1
x x x x
A
x x x x x x
+ + +
+
+ + + + + +
. Khi o:
e A nhn gia tr nguyen th
2
1
1 x x + +
nhan gia tr nguyen.
( ) ( )
( )
{ }
2 2
1
1 1 1 1;1 x x x x U + + + + M

V : ( )
2 2
0
1 0; 1 1
1
x
x x x x x
x

+ + > + +
'

Vay e A nhan gia tr nguyen th: 0 x hoac 1 x
V du 2: Tm
; x y Z
thoa man:
2 2 2
2 1 2 . y x x y x y x y + + + + +
(2) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 . 1 . 1 . 1 1 0 * y x x x y x +

Vi: ( ) 1; * 1 0 1 x x
khong phai la ngiem cua phng trnh.
Nen:
( )
2
1
2 0 **
1
y x y
x
+
.
Phng trnh co nghiem nguyen ( ) { }
0
1
1 (1) 1; 1
1 1
x
x U
x x

'

V du 3: Tm ; x y Z
+
thoa man: ( )
2
3 1 1
x
y + + (3)
Ta co:
(3) ( ) ( )
2
3 1 1 2
x
y y y + .3
x
la so le ( ) ; 2 y y +
la hai so le lien
tiep ( ) ; 2 1 ; 2 y y y y + +
la cac luy tha cua 3, nen:

( )
( )
( )
3 *
3 2 3
2 3 **
m
m n
n
y
m n x m n
y

+ + <
'
+
TRNG THCS TIN THNG

Vi:
0; 1 1; 1. m n y x
Vi:
1; 1 m n >
T
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
3
* ; ** ; 2 1
2 3
y
y y
y
+
'
+
M
M
( vo l)
Phng trnh co nghiem nguyen:
1
1
x
y

'
- PHNG PHAP 4: Phng phap s dung bat ang thc

phng trnh ma hai ve la nhng a thc co tnh bien thien
khac nhau.
- Ap dung cac bat ang thc thng gap:
*Bat ang thc Co si:
Cho n so khong am:
1 2 3
; ; ;......;
n
a a a a
. Khi o:
1 2 3
1 2 3
......
. . .......
n
n
n
a a a a
a a a a
n
+ + + +
. Dau = xay ra
1 2 3
......
n
a a a a
* Bat ang thc Bunhiacopxki:
Cho 2n so thc:
1 2 3
; ; ;......;
n
a a a a
va
1 2 3
; ; ;......;
n
b b b b
. Khi o:
( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 1 2 2 3 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
. . . .... . . . .... . ....
n n n n
a b a b a b a b a a a a b b b b + + + + + + + + + + + + .
Dau = xay ra ( ) 1;
i i
a kb i n
.
*Bat ang thcgia tr tuyet oi:
. 0
. 0
a b a b
a b
a b a b
+
+

<
Cac v du minh hoa:

V du 1: Tm ; x y Z
+
thoa:
. . .
3
x y y z z x
z x y
+ +
(1)
Ap dung BT Co si. Ta co:
3
3
. . . . . .
3 3. . . 3. . .
x y y z z x x y y z z x
x y z
z x y z x y
+ +
.
3
. . 1 . . 1 1 x y z x y z x y z
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
Vay nghiem cua phng trnh la:
1 x y z
V du 2: Tm nghiem nguyen cua phng trnh: ( ) ( )
2
2 2
1 3 1 x y x y + + + +

(2)
( T
oan Tuoi th 2)
Theo Bunhiacopxki,ta co:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 3 1 x y x y x y + + + + + + + +

Dau = xay ra
1
1
1 1 1
x y
x y
1 x y
V du 3: Tm tat ca cac so nguyen
x
thoa man:

3 10 101 990 1000 2004 x x x x x + + + + + + +
(3)
Ta nhan thay: 2104 = 3 + 10 + 101 + 990 + 1000 =101 + 2003
va
a a
Ta co:(3)
3 10 101 990 1000 2004 x x x x x + + + + + + +
.
Ma
3 3
10 10
101 101 2004 101 2003 101 1
990 990
1000 1000
x x
x x
a a x x x x
x x
x x

+ + + + +
'
+ +
+ +
Do o: ( ) ( ) { } { } 1 101 1 101 1; 0;1 102; 101; 100 x x x + +

.
Vi 101 2004 2003 x (vo l). Vay nghiem cua phng trnh la:
{ } 102; 100 x
1) Tm cc s nguyn x,y,z tho mn:
2 2 2
3 2 3 x y z xy y z + + + +
V x,y,z l cc s nguyn nn

2 2 2
3 2 3 x y z xy y z + + + +
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
( )
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
3
3 2 3 0 3 3 2 1 0
4 4
y y
x y z xy y z x xy y z z
_ _
+ + + + + + + +

, ,
( )
2 2
2
3 1 1 0
2 2
y y
x z
_ _
+ +

, ,
(*) M ( )
2 2
2
3 1 1 0
2 2
y y
x z
_ _
+ +

, ,

, x y R
( )
2 2
2
3 1 1 0
2 2
y y
x z
_ _
+ +

, ,
0
2
1
1 0 2
2
1
1 0
y
x
x
y
y
z
z

' '

Cc s x,y,z phi tm l
1
2
1
x
y
z

'
PHNG PHAP 5: Phng phap la chon

Phng phap: Phng phap nay c s dung vi cac phng
trnh ma ta co the nham (phat hien de dang) c mot vai
gia tr nghiem
- Tren c s cac gia tr nghiem a biet. Ap dung cac tnh
chat nh chia het; so d; so chnh phng; ch so tan cung ..
ta chng to rang vi cac gia tr khac phng trnh vo nghiem
Cac v du minh hoa:
V du 1: Tm ; x y Z
+
thoa man:
6 3 4
3 1 x x y + +
Ta thay vi
0; 1 x y t
th phng trnh c nghiem ung. Ta
can chng minh phng trnh vo nghiem vi 0 x
+ Vi
0; 1 x y t
th phng trnh c nghiem ung
+ Vi 0 x > . Khi o:
( ) ( )
2 2
6 3 6 3 6 3 3 4 3
2 1 3 1 4 4 1 2 x x x x x x x y x + + < + + < + + + < < + (*)
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
V ( ) ( )
3 3
1 ; 2 x x + +
la hai so nguyen lien tiep nen khong co gia
tr nao cua y thoa (*)
Vay
0; 1 x y t
la nghiem cua phng trnh.
V du 2: Tm ; x y Z
+
thoa:
2 2 1
1 3
y
x x
+
+ (2)
(Tap ch Toan hoc
va tuoi tre )
Goi b la ch so tan cung cua x ( Vi { } 0;1; 2;...;9 b
. Khi o:
( )
2
1 x x +
co ch so tan cung la: 1, 5 hoac 9. (*)
Mat khac:
2 1
3
y+
la luy tha bac le cua 3 nen co tan cung
la 3 hoac 7. (**)
T (*) va (**) suy ra phng trnh vo nghiem.
V du 3: Tm ; x y Z
+
thoa man:
2 2
6 13 100 x xy y + (3)
(3) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2 2
5
3 4 25
25
y
x y
y n n

'

Do o: { } { } 5; 4; 3; 0;3; 4;5 3;9;11;13 y x

Phng trnh co nghiem nguyen:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) { }
; 5;3 ; 4;9 ; 3;11 ; 0;13 ; 3;11 ; 4; 9 ; 5;3 x y
PHNG PHAP 6: Phng phap lui vo han (xuong thang)
Phng phap: Phng phap nay thng s dung vi nhng
phng trnh co (n 1) an ma he so co c chung khac 1
- Da vao tnh chat chia het ta bieu dien an theo an phu
nham ha (giam bt) hang so t do, e co c phng trnh
n gian hn.
- S dung linh hoat cac phng phap e giai phng trnh o.
Cac v du minh hoa:
V du 1: Giai phng trnh:
3 3 3
3 9 0 x y z (1)
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
Ta thay ( )
3 3 3 3 3 3
3 9 0 3 9 3 x y z x y z M
ma ( )
3 3
3 9 3 y z M
nen
3
3 x M
Ta co: (1) ( )
3 3 3 3
1
3 9 3 3 3 3 x y z x x x x M M M
Khi o: (1) ( ) ( )
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
1 1 1
27 3 9 3 9 3 3 3 3 3 x y z x y z y y y y M M M M
.
( )
3 3 3 3
1 1 1
9 27 3 3 3 3 3 x y z z z y z M M M
.
* Tiep tuc s bieu dien tren va neu goi
0 0 0
; ; x y z
la nghiem
cua (1) va th ( )
0 0 0
; ;
3
x y z
U
va
0 0 0
0 ; ; 9 x y z
. Thc hien th chon ta
c:
0 0 0
0 x y z
0 0 0
0 x y z
cc bi tp KHC
1/Dng nh ngha
1) Cho abc = 1 v 36
3
> a . . Chng minh rng +
3
2
a
b
2
+c
2
> ab+bc+ac
Gii
Ta c hiu:
+
3
2
a
b
2
+c
2
- ab- bc ac = +
4
2
a
+
12
2
a
b
2
+c
2
- ab- bc ac
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
= ( +
4
2
a
b
2
+c
2
- ab ac+ 2bc) +
12
2
a
3bc =(
2
a
-b- c)
2
+
a
abc a
12
36
3
=(
2
a
-b- c)
2
+
a
abc a
12
36
3
>0 (v abc=1 v a
3
> 36 nn a >0 )
Vy : +
3
2
a
b
2
+c
2
> ab+bc+ac iu phi chng minh
2) Chng minh rng
a) ) 1 .( 2 1
2 2 4 4
+ + + + + z x xy x z y x
b) vi mi s thc a , b, c ta c : 0 3 6 2 4 5
2 2
> + + + b a ab b a
c) 0 2 4 2 2 2
2 2
+ + + b a ab b a
Gii :
a) Xt hiu :
H = x xz x y x z y x 2 2 2 2 1
2 2 2 2 4 4
+ + + + = ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2
2 2
1 + + x z x y x
H0 ta c iu phi chng minh
b) V tri c th vit
H = ( ) ( ) 1 1 1 2
2 2
+ + + b b a

H > 0 ta c iu phi chng minh

c) v tri c th vit
H = ( ) ( )
2 2
1 1 + + b b a

H 0 ta c iu phi chng minh

Ii / Dng bin i t ng ng
1) Cho x > y v xy =1 .Chng minh rng :
( )
( )
8
2
2
2 2
+
y x
y x
Gii :
Ta c ( ) ( ) 2 2
2 2 2 2
+ + + y x xy y x y x (v xy = 1)

( ) ( ) ( ) 4 . 4
2 4
2
2 2
+ + + y x y x y x
Do BT cn chng minh tng ng vi
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 4
. 8 4 4 y x y x y x + +
( ) ( ) 0 4 4
2 4
+ y x y x

( )
2
2
2 0 x y
1

]
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
BT cui ng nn ta c iu phi chng minh
2) Cho xy 1 .Chng minh rng :
xy y x +
+
+
+ 1
2
1
1
1
1
2 2
Gii :
Ta c
xy y x +
+
+
+ 1
2
1
1
1
1
2 2
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2 2 2

,
_
+
+
,
_
+ xy y y x

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0
1 . 1 1 . 1
2
2
2
2
+ +
+
+ +
xy y
y xy
xy x
x xy

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0
1 . 1
) (
1 . 1
) (
2 2

+ +
+
+ +
xy y
y x y
xy x
x y x

( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
0
1 . 1 . 1
1
2 2
2
+ + +

xy y x
xy x y

BT cui ny ng do xy > 1 .Vy ta c iu phi chng minh
Iii / dng bt ng thc ph
1) Cho a , b, c l cc s thc v a + b +c =1
Chng minh rng
3
1
2 2 2
+ + c b a
Gii :
p dng BT BunhiaCpski cho 3 s (1,1,1) v (a,b,c)
Ta c ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
. 1 1 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 c b a c b a + + + + + +

( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
. 3 c b a c b a + + + +

3
1
2 2 2
+ + c b a
(v a+b+c =1 ) (pcm)
2) Cho a,b,c l cc s dng
Chng minh rng
( ) 9
1 1 1
.
,
_
+ + + +
c b a
c b a
(1)
Gii :
(1)

9 1 1 1 + + + + + + + +
a
c
a
c
c
b
a
b
c
a
b
a

9 3
,
_
+ +
,
_
+ +
,
_
+ +
b
c
c
b
a
c
c
a
a
b
b
a
p dng BT ph
2 +
x
y
y
x
Vi x,y > 0
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
Ta c BT cui cng lun ng
Vy
( ) 9
1 1 1
.
,
_
+ + + +
c b a
c b a
(pcm)
Iv / dng ph ng php bc cu
1) Cho 0 < a, b,c <1 .Chng minh rng :
a c c b b a c b a
2 2 2 3 3 3
3 2 2 2 + + + < + +
Gii :
Do a <1

2
a <1 v b <1 Nn ( ) ( ) 0 1 0 1 . 1
2 2 2 2
> + > b a b a b a
Hay b a b a + > +
2 2
1 (1)
Mt khc 0 <a,b <1

3 2
a a > ;
3
b b >

3 3 2
1 b a a + > +
Vy b a b a
2 3 3
1+ < +
Tng t ta c :
a c c a
c b c b
2 3 3
2 3 3
1
1
+ < +
+ < +

a c c b b a c b a
2 2 2 3 3 3
3 2 2 2 + + + < + + (pcm)
2) So snh 31
11
v 17
14
Gii :
Ta thy
11
31 <
( )
11
11 5 55 56
32 2 2 2 <
Mt khc
( )
14
56 4.14 4 14 14
2 2 2 16 17 <
Vy 31
11
< 17
14
(pcm)
V/ dng tnh cht t s

v d 4: Cho 4 s a,b,c,d bt k, chng minh rng:

2 2 2 2 2 2
) ( ) ( d c b a d b c a + + + + + +
Gii: Dng bt ng thc Bunhiacopski
ta c ac + bd
2 2 2 2
. d c b a + +
m ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 d c bd ac b a d b c a + + + + + + + + ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
. 2 d c d c b a b a + + + + + +
2 2 2 2 2 2
) ( ) ( d c b a d b c a + + + + + +
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
TRNG THCS TIN THNG

20 Chuyen de Boi Duong Toan 8 Hay 17 331 104038137201186123039

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20 Chuyen de Boi Duong Toan 8 Hay 17 331 104038137201186123039

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20 CHUYN BI DNG TON 8

CHUYN 1 - PHN TCH A THC THNH NHN T

n) theo mt th t nht nh gi l mt chnh hp chp k ca n phn t y

A chia ht cho 16 (1)

(n + 1)(n - 1) M(n + 1)(n

B. Bai tap ap dung:

MP // AB (nh l Ta-lt o) (4)

CE 2(AK + BK) 2BK

I luon cach M mot

N) th ch so tan cung khong thay oi

N) th ch so tan cung la 7; Cac so co ch

N) th ch so tan cung la 8; Cac so co ch

N) th ch so tan cung la khong oi

0 th ta noi a ong d vi b theo moun

4 (mod 15) hay 2

N) chia het cho 5

- 1 (mod 11) (1); 10

- 1 (mod 11) (2)

- 1 (mod 13) (3)

1 (mod 13) (4)

1 - 1 (mod 7) hay 555

f(x) t g(x) Mg(x)

x = 0 la nghiem cua f(x)

x = 0 la nghiem cua C(x)

(x 1)(x + 1)(x 3)(x + 3)

' > >

x = -2 th bieu thc D khong xac nh

Bai tap ve nha

(a b)(ab + ac + bc) = abc(a b)(a + b + c)

ayz + bxz + cxy = 0 (3). Thay (2), (3) vao (1); ta

(1) (Nhan hai ve vi

OI khong oi khi D di ong tren

DME DBM (c.g.c)

FK = EK hay K la trung iem cua

AF . AD = (AG + CG) .CG (6)

(x 3)[3x(2x + 1) + 2(2x + 1)] =

(x 3)(2x + 1)(3x + 2) .....

(x + 1)(x + 4)(x 1)(x + 6) = 0 ....

(x 1)(x + 12) = 0.....

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

Bai 4: Chng minh rang: cac Pt sau vo nghiem

ABC can C hoac vuong

ABC la tam giac eu

O la trong tam cua tam

O la trong tam cua tam

xOy , goi MA, MB th t la khoang cach t M

A.C > B.C

A.C < B.C

0 vix ; y .Du bng xy ra khi x = y

0 vix ; z . Du bng xy ra khi x = z

2 trong 3 s x-1 , y-1 , z-1 m hoc c

x.y.z>1 Mu thun gt x.y.z

xOy , cac iem A, B theo th t chuyen ong tren cac tia

(k la hang so). Chng minh rang AB luon i qua mot

COD can tai D

AFE can tai A

BPD = CQI (g.c.g)

H , E , F thang hang (4)

MK la ng trung bnh cua

MK la ng cao cuaCHK (3)

MI la ng cao cua CHK (4)

T giac EMNH la hnh thang co hai

NC la tia phan giac cua