US 0926A Pot Bearing Aap

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Technical guide
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Use on bridges, viaducts and similar structures
The Technical Department for Transport, Roads and Bridges Engineering and Road Safety (Service d'tudes techniques des routes et autoroutes - Stra) is a technical department within the Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure. Its field of activities is the road, the transportation and the engineering structures.
The Stra supports the public owner

The Stra supplies State agencies and local communities (counties, large cities and urban communities) with informations, methodologies and tools suited to the specificities of the networks in order to: improve the projects quality; help with the asset management; define, apply and evaluate the public policies; guarantee the coherence of the road network and state of the art; put forward the public interests, in particular within the framework of European standardization; bring an expertise on complex projects.
The Stra, producer of the state of the art

Within a very large scale, beyond the road and engineering structures, in the field of transport, intermodality, sustainable development, the Stra: takes into account the needs of project owners and prime contractors, managers and operators; fosters the exchanges of experience; evaluates technical progress and the scientific results; develops knowledge and good practices through technical guides, softwares; contributes to the training and information of the technical community.
The Stra, a work in partnership

The Stra associates all the players of the French road community to its action: operational services; research organizations; Scientific and Technical Network (Rseau Scientifique et Technique de l'Equipement RST), in particular the Public Works Regional Engineering Offices (Centres d'tudes techniques de l'Equipement CETE), companies and professional organizations; motorway concessionary operators; other organizations such as French Rail Network Company (Rseau Ferr de France RFF) and French Waterways Network (Voies Navigables de France - VNF); Departments like the department for Ecology and Sustainable Development The Stra regularly exchanges its experience and projects with its foreign counterparts, through bilateral co-operations, presentations in conferences and congresses, by welcoming delegations, through missions and expertises in other countries. It takes part in the European standardization commissions and many authorities and international working groups. The Stra is an organization for technical approval, as an EOTA member (European Organisation for Technical Approvals).
Technical guide
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Use on bridges, viaducts and similar structures=
This document is the translation of the work Appareils dappui pot Utilisation sur les ponts, viaducs et structures similaires published in november 2007 under the reference 0734.
This guide was produced, under the supervision of the head of Stras CTOA (Centre des techniques d'ouvrages d'art engineering-structure technical centre), by a working group comprised of: Jean-Franois Derais, Stra Michel Fragnet, Stra Gilles Lacoste, Stra Yvon Meuric, Stra Florence Pero, Stra Ludovic Picard, DREIF Yves PIcard, Consultant. The following made comments and provided advice: A. Chabert, LCPC B. Plu, SNCF Ph. Deniard, SNCF M. Dauvilliers, LROP J.B. Datry, SETEC V. Mauvisseau, SETEC J. Ryckaert, SETEC J.M. Lacombe, Stra D. Lefaucheur, Stra.
Drawings prepared by Jean-Pierre Gilcart (Stra). Photo illustrations: Stra photo library.
This guide cancels and replaces the technical guide Les appareils dappui pot dlastomre. Utilisation sur les ponts, viaducs et structures similaires (Elastomeric pot bearings. Use on bridges, viaducts and similar structures), september 2000 (F0033)
Contents
Chapter 1 - Intr oduc tion ............................................................................................. 4 1.1 General remarks. Purpose and content of the present guide ................................................................... 4 1.3 - Application of standard NF EN 1337-5 to the French national context ..................................................... 5 Chapte r 2 - Make-up of a pot bearing ........................................................................... 7 2.1 General principles ..................................................................................................................................... 7 2.2 The constituent parts................................................................................................................................. 7 2.3 - Advantages and disadvantages of this type of bearing ........................................................................... 11 2.4 Key geometrical dimensions ................................................................................................................... 11 Ch ap te r 3 Re marks on s tand ard NF EN 1337 - par ts 2 & 5 Ke y poin ts co ncern in g des ign . 1 3 3.1 - Presentation............................................................................................................................................. 13 3.2 - Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 13 3.3 Pot bearings ............................................................................................................................................ 13 Chapte r 4 Pr inc iples governing c alc ulations for s truc tures c omprising pot bearings ..... 19 4.1 Regulatory context .................................................................................................................................. 19 4.2 Extreme vertical forces............................................................................................................................ 21 4.3 Longitudinal horizontal forces for sliding pot bearings............................................................................ 22 4.4 Longitudinal horizontal forces for restraint pot bearings ......................................................................... 26 4.5 Other recommendations.......................................................................................................................... 30 4.6 Examples of calculations ........................................................................................................................ 33 C h a p te r 5 V e r i f i c a t ion of pot bearings ..................................................................... 45 5.1 Definition documents............................................................................................................................... 45 Remarks on verification during service ............................................................................................................ 47 App en dix 1 - Hel p i n dr af t i ng Par ticular Technical Clauses (CCTP) ............................... 49 A1 Examples of clauses to be integrated into the Quality of materials chapter..................................... 49 A2 -Examples of clauses to be integrated into the Bearing justification paragraph of chapter II Site preparation and organisation of the Particular Technical Clauses (CCTP) ...................................... 50 A3 -Examples of clauses to be integrated into the Implementation chapter ................................................. 50 Appendix 2 - Po t- beari ng c harac te ris tic summary sheets .............................................. 53 Bibliography ............................................................................................................ 59 General documents.......................................................................................................................................... 59 Standards ......................................................................................................................................................... 59
Pot bearings - Use on bridges, viaducts and similar structures
`~=N=J=Introduction
1.1 General remarks. Purpose and content of the present guide
Elastomeric pot bearings were first developed in around 1960, based on a system devised, notably, by Andra, Beyer and Wintergerst. In France, they were first used in 1967, and received brief coverage in the 1974 edition of BT41, which outlined their key characteristics at that time and sought to define a possible scope for their use. Since then, applications have been developed without any real technical basements other than the information found in manufacturers documentations or provided to designers by manufacturers. Competition between manufacturers has led to a danger of exaggeration as regards potential performance. The T 47-816 standard was drawn up with clarification in mind, and parts 1 (general principles), 2 and 5 of standard NF EN 1337 2, which deal specifically with these products, have since been released and are available. It was felt that, in addition to these normative documents, there was a need for a guide focusing on the use of pot bearings with bridges, and examining interactions between pot bearings at different supports. The guide published in September 2000 was based on draft European standards, which were difficult to obtain directly from AFNOR, hence a degree of ambiguity in the document. This ambiguity was compounded by reference to non-finalised structural-design documents in addition to the French standards governing the verification of bearing characteristics. The situation has now been clarified by the publication of standard NF EN 1337 in its entirety (with the exception of part 8 Guide bearings and restrain bearings) and of the design standards (of the Eurocodes used in the present guide, at any rate). Moreover, the partial publication of standard NF EN 1337 was followed by the withdrawal, on 31 December 2006, of other French standards covering the same topic, after a period of coexistence. The present guide is intended to be complementary, and to provide explanations concerning current normative texts at the time of drafting. It sheds light on the texts, notably by providing certain key specifications concerning use with bridges. The document comprises the following: A brief description of the product category and related equipment; The key regulations; The design criteria specified in the CEN standards; A calculation methodology, not for the product itself, but for its use in a bridge project, with a concrete example based on an a real situation; The NF EN standards make provision for a certification procedure using CE marking, for which the application procedures are being put in place; in this new context, we will try to provide explanations concerning the choice of products and the points to be checked during the on-site acceptance process; A programme has been developed for the verification of this type of bearing. There is a corresponding presentation.
1.2 Scope of use

Laminated elastomeric bearings or AAEFs (appareils dappui en lastomre frett) and pot bearings or AAPs (appareils dappui pot) account for more than 90% of the bearings used with bridges in France. While the reasons for choosing one or other can be perfectly clear at the remoter edges of their respective scopes of use, the matter is a little more delicate where those scopes meet. The choice of bearing depends on a wide variety of factors, including vertical loading, maximal rotation, horizontal displacement, durability, cost, type of structure, environment and structural arrangements. For this reason, it is not always easy to define the relative scopes of use of various techniques.
1 2
This publication (Bulletin technique no. 4), which served as a guide to laminated elastomeric bearings , is no longer available. See bibliographic references.
Q=================Pot bearings - Use on bridges, viaducts and similar structures
Laminated elastomeric bearings are ideally suited for reactions of up to 12 MN (calculated at ULS). This value corresponds to dimensions in plan of some 700 mm x 700 mm. Above 20 MN, it is preferable to use pot bearings so as to keep size within acceptable limits. Between these two values, laminated elastomeric bearings may still be used, provided that the dimensions are increased to 900 mm x 900 mm in the case of a large structure or that two smaller bearings are positioned side by side. Bearing bulk issues mean that the latter approach is easy to implement only with box-section or concrete-slab bridges. It is difficult to use in the case of girder bridges (composite or made of prestressed concrete). Where there is considerable rotation, however, laminated elastomeric bearings may be suitable, although it is often necessary to increase the elastomer thickness, which can result in other problems. In such an event, the use of spherical bearings may be technically appropriate (see NF EN 1337-7). Having said that, the sliding systems on pot bearings provide better performance, and therefore greater durability, as regards horizontal displacement. The displacement parameter will consequently be a major influence on the choice. In all events, manufacturing constraints (and notably press sizes) mean that French-made laminated elastomeric bearings are currently limited in size to some 1,000 mm x 1,000 mm x 300 mm, while certain manufacturers elsewhere can produce items as large as 1,200 mm x 1,200 mm x 300 mm). While laminated elastomeric bearings cost less than pot bearings, it should be borne in mind that the cost of the bearings represents only a small percentage of the total cost of the structure. In seismic zones, laminated elastomeric bearings are preferable, even where vertical loading is considerable. The absence of a fixed point and the flexibility offered by such bearings makes for better overall performance in the event of moderate tremors. Although strong tremors could cause the laminated elastomeric bearings to tear, they are less costly to replace than pot bearings.
1.3 - Application of standard NF EN 1337-5 to the French national context

The EN standards do not define all of the characteristics, but leave it up to individual Member States to detail their application on structures at national level. This text is covered by a technical memo (Note dinformation technique) on the national application of the standard (Note dinformation Technique sur lApplication Nationale de la norme NF EN 1337) published by Stra 3, part of the contents of which have been prepared by the T47A standardisation commission. The content of this document is not reproduced here, and the reader is advised to obtain it and read it in addition to the standard. N.B.: The present guide applies to highway structures. In the event of use under railway bridges, the appropriate entities should be contacted.
See bibliographic reference.
`~=O=J=Make-up of a pot bearing

2.1 General principles
From the outset, pot bearings quickly became popular, and are now the most widely used bearings after laminated elastomeric bearings. This is because they can cope with considerable vertical loading while requiring little space, particularly in terms of thickness. Another advantage is their simple design, which allows production to be rationalised. Pot bearings have a cylindrical elastomeric pad4 confined within a pot, the latter having a piston cover that transfers the load to the pad. The elastomer is deformed at constant volume only, which means that it can withstand considerable loads as well as the rotations generated by the structure. Pot bearings therefore comprise three main components, each of which can incorporate specific equipment. To these three parts, which allow three degrees of freedom of movement, may be added a fourth designed to provide one or two additional degrees of freedom for displacement. Although suited in design terms for pot bearings, such fourth parts can also be used with other types of bearing.
2.2 The constituent parts

A pot bearing comprises (figs. 2.1 & 2.2):
2.2.1 Lower part (the pot)

The pot, or shell, may be manufactured in a variety of ways, and its capacity and durability can therefore vary (see fig. 5, standard NF EN 1337-5). The best manufacturing process, and practically the only one used in standard situations, involves machining a (usually rolled) steel plate of the same thickness as the pot to be produced. Another approach is to weld a shell, which means that performance will depend on the quality of the welding. The standard (NF EN 1337-5, 6.2.2 d and e) specifies deep welding, but also allows assembly using standard welding. Given that the standard does not appear to require systematic verification of welding quality, we advise against the use of welded-shell bearings. Yet another approach involves bolting the shell to the lower plate. In certain cases, where sliding is liable to occur, pot plates may be attached to the underlying structure with screws or threaded rods. Other techniques, such as welded feet embedded in the concrete, should be avoided. Such an approach would require considerable raising to allow the pot bearing to be removed from the concrete when it is being changed. To enable this obligatory removal option, it is important to ensure that there is no need for raising in excess of the 10 mm specified in standard NF EN 1337-1 ( 7.6). The minimal bottom thickness set by standard NF EN 1337-5 ( 6.2.2) is 12 mm. For machined plates, manufacturers generally use thicknesses of at least 20 mm to allow for any deformation caused by the liberation of internal stresses present in the plate prior to machining.
For the scope of use defined in 1, the standard specifies a single pad.
Support plate Guidance system Sliding part, with type of lateral guidance Slide plane PTFE sheet
Piston / pot cover
Elastomeric pad
Internal seal
Pot Lower plate
Measurement system, where applicable
Fig. 2.1: make-up of a pot bearing N.B.: the section shows a pot bearing without the sliding system. Remark: where applicable, the measurement device is placed under the pad, and the power-supply input is on the right. For special applications, the pots or covers can be equipped with measurement systems, allowing the load applied to the bearing to be monitored. These are installed in dedicated spaces at the bottoms of the pots, providing ongoing details of the pressure to which the elastomeric pad is subjected.
U=================Pot bearings - Use on bridges, viaducts and similar structures
2.2.2 The elastomeric pad

The elastomeric pad is made of natural elastomer or of polychloroprene, as specified in standard NF EN 1337-5 ( 5.3). It is either vulcanised in moulds whose dimensions correspond to those of the finished item, or cut to size (see adjustment dimensions in NF EN 1337-5, 7.3.2). The pad is placed in the pot, which has been machined to the degree of roughness set out in standard NF EN 1337-5 ( 7.4). Grease is also added. These conditions ensure that, under the pressures to which it is subjected, the elastomer behaves similarly to a liquid.
Fig. 2.2: pot bearings with sliding systems
a) pot bearing with non-guided (multidirectional) sliding plate
b) pot bearing with centrally guided (unidirectional) sliding plate
c) pot bearing with laterally guided (unidirectional) sliding plate
2.2.3 - The piston or cover

This part, which is made of steel, closed the box, maintaining the elastomer within its confines. The shape and dimensions are appropriate for the pot, as defined in standard NF EN 1337-5, article 6.2.3. A seal is used to avoid extrusion of the elastomer due to play in the contact zone between the piston and the inside walls of the shell. The technology and materials used for this seal vary from one manufacturer to another. The seal which is often made of brass is generally slotted into the pad after the latter has been positioned in the pot. The seal plays a key role in ensuring that the pot bearing functions correctly, notably by avoiding elastomer extrusion, which is one of the rare problems arising with this type of bearing. It is advisable to add markers so that pot rotation can be verified more easily.
2.2.4 The sliding components

These are comprised of a sheet of cellular PTFE5 slotted into the upper part of the piston and greased at the assembly stage ( 5.8), on which slides a stainless-steel plate connected to another steel plate higher up. These components are defined in standard NF EN 1337-2. As with the pot plate, the upper parts can be attached to the portion of the structure that is in contact with the bearing. To monitor displacement and allow the current data to be recorded when structures are inspected, these sliding plates are fitted with graduated scales. It is essential that the latter be positioned so as to optimise visibility for visitors. It is also very advisable to set all scales throughout a given structure in an identical fashion, so as to facilitate operations.
Displacement monitoring using a graduated scale To ensure protection of the slide plane as required by standard NF EN 1337-2, 7.3, the use of a wiper seal system is recommended. Where displacement is to be kept unidirectional, a guidance system is used. These are generally either: lateral, in which case the sliding plate is fitted with two side lips that meet the upper edges of the piston, or central, in which case a key bolt jutting out of the top of the piston fits into a groove in the sliding plate. It is advisable to seal the space between the stainless-steel plate and the part of the unit to which it is attached, although this is not required by the standard.
2.2.5 Protection from corrosion

Apart from functional steel-steel contact zones and the inside of the pot, all metal parts are protected from corrosion in accordance with standard NF EN 1337-9. Systems compliant with Booklet 56 of the general technical specifications (CCTG) and based on one of the ACQPA-certified systems may also be added. Where metals of different electrolytic potentials are used, it is advisable to ensure appropriate insulation (see NF EN 1337-9, art 4.2) in order to avoid galvanic corrosion. N.B.: while pot bearings are generally installed piston-up, there is no reason why they should not be installed with the piston at the bottom and the pot above.
PolyTetraFluoroEthylene ou Tflon ou similaire.
NM=================Pot bearings - Use on bridges, viaducts and similar structures
2.3 - Advantages and disadvantages of this type of bearing

2.3.1 - Advantages
These bearings can cope with considerable vertical loading while requiring little space. Common capacities range from 5,000 kN to 30,000 kN, but other capacities may be obtained. Thanks to the hydrostatic pressure developed, loads are spread in an almost-uniform fashion throughout the structure. The elastic restoring forces generated are much less significant than with other types of bearing. They offer a satisfactory level of operating safety, and the rare problems6 reported to us were a result of elastomer extrusion caused by a defective seal or of rotations beyond the range provided for at the design stage. Problems can also arise as a result of poor installation (poorly secured, incorrectly positioned, etc.) or of sub-optimal performance of the sliding system: displacement of PTFE, corrosion of stainless-steel sliding plate, application of paint to sliding plate during painting of metal framework, etc. Such factors are, unfortunately, not peculiar to this type of bearing.
2.3.2 - Disadvantages
The main disadvantage is the limited rotation capacity, which is, nevertheless, adequate for most structures. Their implementation calls for greater precision and rigour than is usually required in bridge construction. Their manufacture requires considerable industrial resources, including the use of robots for machining of pots and pistons. Manufacturing tolerances are extremely low, and extremely rigorous quality control is required. These factors account for the high cost of this type of bearing compared with laminated elastomeric bearings, for example. They constitute an attractive solution in technical and economic terms where displacement and vertical loading exceed certain levels, provided that appropriate sliding systems are used.
2.4 Key geometrical dimensions

Certain key dimensions featuring in the technical instructions are shown in fig. 2.3.
Fig. 2.3: key geometrical dimensions
For further details, see booklet 13 on bearings. References can be found in the bibliography.
NN
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Remarks on standard NF EN 1337- parts 2 & 5

Key points concerning design
3.1 - Presentation
The standards to be considered are NF EN 1337-5 for pot bearings and NF EN 1337-27 for the sliding parts. Use of the present guide therefore requires simultaneous access to parts 5 and 2 where multidirectional and/or unidirectional pot bearings are concerned. Technical memo no. 27 is also required. Many experts, in France and elsewhere, are of the opinion that the content of these texts is contrary to the spirit of the Construction Products Directive, which calls for performance standards rather than product descriptions. Nonetheless, the documents in question provide highly useful information, and experts in various Member States have done much work aimed at harmonising their content in recent years. From a technical standpoint, we felt that it would be interesting to make some comments here, particularly since the manufacturers have begun launching compliant products. Contract managers have everything to gain from an in-depth knowledge of these products, which would enable them to use them correctly within the scopes of use for which they have been designed.
3.2 - Introduction
The main purpose of the standards is to define and state the design specifications for the product. Many of these documents, therefore, are not of interest to the designer. This chapter intentionally lists only the most important points, as well as commenting on certain parts of the documents. It also points out a number of technical choices that must be made by the contract manager.
3.3 Pot bearings

(NF EN 1337-5)
3.3.1 Thickness of the rolled steel

(NF EN 1337-5: 5.2) The yield strength of rolled steel depends on the thickness of the plates after processing in the rolling mill: standards NF EN 10025 (A 35.501) for thickness 30 mm, and NF EN 10113 (A 35.505) 8 for thickness > 30 mm. When the plates are trimmed, the yield strength may not be the same as with the initial thickness. The Contract Manager is therefore advised to demand that the initial thickness and grade of the steel be specified for the pot-bearing construction plan (this information is shown on the factory control certificates for the plates used). Manufacturers sometimes design their bearings to minimal thickness specifications, and manufacture the actual items using thicker steel, depending on availability. In such cases, care should be taken with regards to the compatibility between the maximal thickness of the finished pot bearing and the space allowed between the supports.
7 8
There is no CE marking on the sliding parts. Only bearings (pot or otherwise) comprising sliding parts have such markings.
Since the publication of part 5, these references have changed. Standard NF EN 10113 has been replaced by Standard NF EN 10025 of March 2005, which makes provision for other steel designations.
NP
Figure 3.1: types of piston/shell contact a) flat contact surface
Force concentrated at periphery

b) curved contact surface R max [ D/2, 100 mm ]
Contact point of width b

c) curved point of contact and force transfer
Hertz stress / fy if Hertz stress is maximal as determined by the standard formula
NQ=================Pot bearings - Use on bridges, viaducts and similar structures
3.3.2 - Rotation value and pot-piston contact

(NF EN 1337-5: 6.1.2 & 6.2.3) When determining the restoring torque of the pot bearing, one must distinguish between long-term rotation (during construction, including installation precision, shrinkage, creep, temperature, etc.) and sudden rotation (operating loads, etc.). These values are to be input into the data form provided for in Appendix B of standard NF EN 1337-1. If these values are not known in detail at the preliminary design stage, it is advisable to overestimate the required pot-bearing dimensions. The shape of the pistons point of contact on the pot shell depends on the rotation amplitudes and on the intensity of the horizontal forces. Standard NF EN 1337-5 allows for two types of contact: flat contact surface and curved contact surface (see fig. 3.1). In the standard, the flat contact surface type is deemed acceptable for a calculated contact height w, where w < 15 mm (see NF EN 1337-5 6.2.3.1 and 6.2.3.2). To avoid concentration of forces, which can cause the piston to wear a groove in the shell, it is advisable to use this approach only for multidirectional pot bearings. The curved contact surface type is to be used with a radius R that is compliant with standard NF EN 1337-5 ( 6.2.3.3) such that R [D/2, 100 mm]. Since the standard makes no mention of the conditions for the diffusion of Hertz stress in the edge of the piston in maximal rotation position, we recommend complying with the diffusion principle shown in fig. 3.1c. The height, w, obtained is generally greater that that recommended in 6.2.4 of the standard.
3.3.3 Play between the pot and the piston

(NF EN 1337-5: 7.3.1) In line with manufacturers practices, the standard states that play between the shell and piston must not exceed 0.8 mm in plan (or 1 mm if a metal seal is used). To take account of this play, the stress distribution is as explained in 6.2.3 of standard NF EN 1337-5. This approximation will not always suffice (large horizontal forces, etc.), and it would appear desirable to seek to reduce play to 0.5 mm, which should be well within reach for the manufacturers. Verification will be performed using the dimensions of the piston and shell in the construction drawings.
3.3.4 The thickness of the pot bottom

(NF EN 1337-5: 6.2.2) The standard sets the minimal thickness at 12 mm, and the item must be able to bear the forces defined in 6.2.2a of standard NF EN 1337-5. It should be noted that, to optimise diffusion of stresses in the bosse (see 3.3.5 below), it may be necessary to increase this minimal thickness. Reminder: the pot-bottom plate is, of necessity, thicker in pot bearings fitted with vertical-load measurement devices or similar systems.
NR
3.3.5 Actual contact surface on the structure

(NF EN 1337-5: 6.1.5 and 6.2.6) The standard has opted for a diffusion angle of 45 to the vertical for the pot bearings metal components. The angle of diffusion in the structure will be that defined by the regulations for the material in contact with the pot bearing. A greater angle (not exceeding 60) may be allowed if assembly with the support is justified. The standard recommends a contact surface as defined in the previous paragraph, but of lesser dimensions. This surface (lesser and greater) derives from the momentum created by the restoring torque of the elastomeric pad and the torque resulting from the horizontal forces at the point of contact between the piston and the shell, and/or at the guidance system. When calculating this lesser surface, it would appear logical to use the same methods as for the sliding plates (see 4.2.2.1 of the present guide). In the absence of a specific software tool, we recommend the use of the formulae provided in appendix A of standard NF EN 1337-2. It is this lesser surface that is to be taken into account for the application of article 6.7 of Eurocode 2 (NF EN 1992-1-1) concerning the justification of the adjacent concrete. The centre of the bearing is, therefore, not the centre of the pressure taken to be distributed. This discrepancy may be significant where pot bearings are restraint, or even where they are unidirectional.
3.3.6 Thickness of the elastomeric pad

(NF EN 1337-5: 6.2.1.2) The standard defines the minimal thickness of the pad based on the amplitude of the rotations expected in the pot bearing. For each pad geometry, there is a restoring torque value (NF EN 1337-5: 6.1.3). The value of this torque is determined on the basis of tests. These are, however, conducted only on certain types of pot bearing (elastomer diameter of between 500 mm and 600 mm: NF EN 1337-5, D2), and it does not seem possible to determine the results for the entire intermediate and other ranges by extrapolating from the results obtained for such a small number of units. In certain special cases, caution should be exercised as regards the restoring torque values provided by manufacturers. Although this is not mentioned in the standard, it would appear important where certain types of piston joint are concerned to maintain the entire contact surface between the pad and piston at all times, since partial loss of contact can have ramifications for the performance of the piston joint. This verification is not necessary in the more common situations, where contact occurs at average pressures greater than or equal to 10 MPa for unidirectional and restraint units (which are subjected to strong horizontal forces) and at around 5 MPa for multidirectional units. Care should, however, be taken with the verification of abutment bearings subjected to hyperstatic reactions, with account being take of the uncertainty surrounding the value of the rotation restoring torque.
3.3.7 - Settlement
(NF EN 1337-5: Appendix B) It should be remembered that the differential settlement between pot bearings can typically exceed 1 mm, and that this should be taken into account during structural calculations.
NS=================Pot bearings - Use on bridges, viaducts and similar structures
3.4 Sliding element

(NF EN 1337-2)
3.4.1 Choosing the guidance-system position: central or lateral

There is no single compelling reason to choose one system over the other. It is, however, highly inadvisable to have horizontal plates of PTFE in contact with the key bolt.
3.4.2 Dimensions of sliding plates

One should not hesitate to oversize the sliding-plate lengths. This allows, on the one hand, for factory presetting, and, on the other hand, for inaccuracies resulting from the calculation, the actual installation and the installation temperature. As specified in technical memo (Note dinformation technique) no. 279 on national application of standard NF EN 1337 published by Stra, the correct interpretation of 5.4 b of standard NF EN 1337-1 being as follows: Displacement must be increased by 20 mm in both directions. Moreover, the minimal displacement to be taken into account is 50 mm in the structures main displacement direction. These values do not apply if the bearing is blocked mechanically. It is also advisable to allow additional length of 10 cm on either side (see 4.5.4 of the present guide).
3.4.3 Friction coefficient

(NF EN 1337-2: 6.7 & table 11) The values provided are a function of p. For a given vertical load, the friction coefficient is calculated on the basis of the stress at ULS. This coefficient is to be recalculated at SLS to determine support dimensions. Attention is drawn to the considerable variation of the friction coefficient as a function of the compression stress on the PTFE for bearings subjected to great load variations. With a minimal load at ULS or SLS, therefore, friction is liable to be greatly increased. For simplicity, account will not be taken of the correction factor of 2/3, except where there is special reason to do so, and for applications in French overseas dpartements and territories (DOM-TOM), where actual bearing temperatures never fall below -5C (see technical memo no. 27 on structures, published by Stra). For guides, the friction coefficient is independent of the contact pressure, and attention is drawn to the fact that values can vary greatly depending on the materials used.
3.4.4 - Checking of the sliding plates and piston for deformation

(NF EN 1337-2: 6.9.2) Checking should be systematic. N.B.: The incidence of this calculation is of particular importance where, for example, the diameter of the PTFE is less than that of the pad (L < D).
3.4.5 - Installation
(NF EN 1337-2: 9 and NF EN 1337-11) It is advisable to refer to the standard T 47.816-3 for pot bearing installation. Nevertheless, the plate horizontality tolerances and guidance-system alignment tolerances must be taken into account where guided pot bearings are concerned. The guidance tolerance defined in 9 of standard NF EN 1337-2 is 0.3% (see technical memo no. 27).
See bibliographic reference.
Pot bearings - Use on bridges, viaducts and similar structures Technical guide
NT
3.5 Sliding and safety at the bearing-structure interface

Standard NF EN 1337-1 ( 5.2) specifies the friction-coefficient values to be taken into account in the more common situations. These values are modified in line with technical memo no. 27 (and with the conditions in the note), as follows: k/ = 0.6/1.8 = 0.33 for a steel-concrete interface, k/ = 0.4/3 = 0.13 for a steel-steel interface (prepared surfaces). These values do not apply to railway structures or to structures located in seismic zones, for which there are special recommendations.
NU=================Pot bearings - Use on bridges, viaducts and similar structures Technical guide
comprising pot bearings 4.1 Regulatory context

4.1.1 - General
`~=Q==Principles governing calculations for structures
This chapter looks at calculations relating to elastomeric pot bearings, their justification and their environment (influence of pot bearings on support calculations, etc.). The main innovations of standard NF EN 1337-5 are as follows: the forces applied to bearings are calculated at ULS; the differences between how flexible and rigid supports are taken into account are more pronounced; the friction coefficients for the bearings are deducted from ULS internal forces end moments; for the spread of horizontal forces with favourable and unfavourable forces, horizontal precision is not taken into account when friction coefficients are being calculated; the rule concerning resistance to a horizontal force equal to 5% of the maximal vertical force is discarded; friction forces on guidance systems must be taken into account for calculations. Over and above questions concerning the numerical values (maximal stresses, maximal rotations, friction coefficients, etc.), two key points appear to be particularly problematic for designers: which vertical loads should be taken into account when calculating the maximal horizontal force for a sliding pot bearing? How should horizontal forces be calculated for pot bearings on restraint supports? In standards NF EN 1337-2 and 1337-5, bearing calculations are done at ULS only. Basic combinations are therefore used, taking account of permanent actions and of actions due to road loading, temperature (uniform and gradient) and wind. In addition to these verifications, additional elements are also required: accidental combinations where piers are liable to be hit by boats or goods vehicles, and seismic combinations where applicable; in certain special cases, for example where a beam rests on permanent bearings during construction. For the calculations below, the combinations provided by the following texts have been used: Appendix A of standard NF EN 1993-2: this appendix provides the calculation rules for the bearings on steel structures. It can, nevertheless, be applied to all types of bridge, since it is to be transferred to standard NF EN 1990. This appendix specifies, notably, how to take account of uncertainty regarding bearing installation temperatures and how to integrate it into the calculation temperature variation Td: NF EN 1991-1-5 and its national annex: this standard specifies the values to be used for uniform temperature actions TN and temperature gradient TM. It also explains how these two actions should be combined so as to take account of their simultaneous nature and obtain the characteristic overall effect Tk; Appendix A2 of standard NF EN 1990 defines the combinations to be used in calculations concerning supports and bearings in particular.
To begin with, basic combinations are provided table 4.1:
NV
No. + 1,35 {UDLk +TSk + q fk,comb} + 1,5 min{FW* ; 0,6 FWk} + 1,35 {UDLk + TSk + q fk,comb } + 1,5 {0, 6 Tk} + 1,35 gr1b + 1,35 gr2 1,35 Gk,sup + Gk,inf + P + S + C + 1,35 {gr3 or gr4} + 1,5 {0,6 Tk} + 1,35 gr5 + 1,5 FWk + 1,5 Tk + 1,35 { 0,4 UDLk + 0,75 TSk + 0,4 q fk,comb} (1) Including braking 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4
(1)
Table 4.1: list of main basic combinations The horizontal forces in the previous combinations are to be calculated as follows: - braking: Standard NF EN 1991-2 defines the braking force to be applied to the deck as a fraction of the maximal load that can be placed on the most heavily loaded lane in load model 1 (NF EN 1991-2 4.4.1). These fractions correspond, respectively, to 10% for UDL and 60% for TS. For a class 2 structure with a main lane 3 m wide, the total braking force as a characteristic value for a deck of length L is: HK = 324 + 1.89 x L where L is expressed in metres and HK in kN
The braking force varies between 340 kN and 400 kN, approximately, for small structures measuring 10 m to 50 m in length, and can reach a maximal value of 900 kN for structures 305 m in length between expansion joints. This value is considerably greater than that generally used in older regulations (300 kN for braking by truck Bc, for example). Where structures are equipped with laminated elastomeric bearings, braking forces are spread across all of the decks bearings, which should not pose any problems in respect of pier reinforcement. On the other hand, for major structures with restraint supports subjected to the near-totality of the horizontal forces, pier design can be difficult with such high braking values. Where piers are high and flexible, it is advisable to use several restraint supports. In other cases, the restraint support should be located on a short pier or on an abutment, which can give rise to difficulties as regards the design of the expansion joint (and sliding plates) on the abutment at the other extremity of the structure. This maximal braking force will most likely be reduced in the national annex, since standard NF EN 1991-2 allows this. The level could well be reduced to 500 kN, except where the structure is to bear military loads in accordance with the STANAG standardisation agreement (Char Mc 120). - thermal effects: Te, min Deck material Brittany Provence Cte dAzur Centre North South-East East - Alps Concrete -10 C -15 C -20 C Composite -10 C -15 C -20 C Table 4.2 The effects of temperature are defined in section 4 of the EN 1991-1-5. The temperature differences Te, max and Te, min in characteristic values are to be calculated on the basis of the deck material and of the region where the structure is to be located. These temperatures are to be determined using the maps provided in the national annex to NF EN 1991-1-5. Until these become available, the values in table 4.2 may be used. Temperature variations resulting from these maximal and minimal temperatures are to be calculated on the basis of a temperature T0 equal to 10C in the absence of dedicated project specifications. Steel -20 C -25 C -30 C 40 C 45 C 55 C Concrete Te, max Composite Steel
OM=================Pot bearings - Use on bridges, viaducts and similar structures
For calculations concerning the securing of bearings or their sliding plates during installation, standard NF EN 1991-1-5 specifies an additional value to be added to the temperature variations. This value equals 20C, or 10C if the installation temperature is specified. These values may be modified by the national annex. The expansion coefficients provided in the Eurocode are 1 x 10-5/C for concrete decks, and 1.2 x 10-5/C for steel decks (NF EN 1991-1-5 Appendix C). For decks on composite structures, paragraph 5.4.2.5 (3) of standard NF EN 1994-2 specifies that this coefficient must be taken as 1.2 x 10-5/C for expansion calculations, and as 1 x 10-5/C for temperature-gradient calculations. It should also be noted that, even where the Eurocodes do not specify this explicitly, the spread of forces in the supports and therefore in the piers must be calculated using the instantaneous concrete modulus.
4.1.2 Regulatory considerations and Particular Technical Clauses (CCTP)

Standard NF EN 1337-1 requires contractors to supply a schedule of the forces applied to bearings (Table B1 or B2), in addition to the calculation sheets for the equipment concerned. The calculation sheets must include the verifications required by article 6 of standards NF EN 1337-5 and 1337-2, including the verification in paragraph 6.9.2, which is often forgotten. It is advisable to add the following text to the bearing justification paragraph in chapter II Site preparation and organisation of the Particular Technical Clauses (CCTP). The justifications of elastomeric pot bearings, supports and foundations will be conducted in accordance with the rules in chapter IV Principles governing calculations for structures comprising pot bearings of the Stra document Elastomeric pot bearings - Use on bridges, viaducts and similar structures (see bibliography). Moreover, to facilitate verification of the contractors calculation sheets, it is highly advisable to require that summary sheets providing the bearing characteristics be supplied with the Particular Technical Clauses (CCTP) (see appendix 2 of the present guide).
4.2 Extreme vertical forces

4.2.1 General
Designers attention is drawn to the fact that the maximal reaction for a bearing cannot generally be obtained simply by dividing the total maximal reaction for a given pier or abutment by the number of bearings. It is necessary to take account of the transversal rigidity of the structure and of the eccentricity of the loads in relation to the bearings. Justification of the elastomer in the pot bearings and the sliding systems is to be performed at ULS (see NF EN 1337-5, 6.1 except verification as specified in 6.1.2.3). Justification of the pier (or abutment) and of the foundations under the pot bearing is to be conducted at SLS and ULS. The above conditions relate to the elastomer of all pot bearings and to the PTFE of sliding pot bearings. It is also essential to conduct verifications to ensure that the sliding plates of unidirectional and multidirectional pot bearings do not lift.
4.2.2 Pressure in the PTFE

(concerns sliding pot bearings only).
4.2.2.1 Maximal pressure in the PTFE

90 = 64,3 MPa at ULS. The stress on the 1,40 PTFE is to be calculated for a limited surface Ar to take account of the eccentricity of the load. Appendix A of standard NF EN 1337-2 provides details of how to calculate Ar.
Standard NF EN 1337-2 ( 6.6 and 6.8.3) limits the pressure on the PTFE to
fk
On the other hand, the value of the limited pressure must be reduced by 2% for each degree over 30C, if the latter temperature is liable to be exceeded near the bearing.
ON
For simplicity, at altitudes of less than 1,000 m, the pressure f PTFE will be limited to 0,85 concrete or composite structures and to 0,80
fk = 0,80
fk
= 0,85
90 55 MPa for 1,40
90 51 MPa for steel structures (this distinction is made 1,40 m because all materials do not have the same degree of sensitivity to temperature changes).
4.2.2.2 Average pressure in the PTFE

If vertical load amplitudes allow, it is preferable to have average pressure at ULS of around 41 MPa 42 MPa resulting from the combination of maximal permanent loads so as to limit the effects of friction (see 4.3.2 below). This value can serve as a guideline at the preliminary design stage.
4.2.3 Average pressure in the elastomer

Standard NF EN 1337-5, 6.2.2.1, limits the average pressure on the elastomer to f e,d
fu
60 46 MPa at ULS. 1,30
f e ,d
fu
at ULS
4.2.4 - Incidence on the structure

The stresses under pot bearings are generally considerable. Section 3.3.5 of the present guide covers justification of the concrete under the pot bearing.
4.3 Longitudinal horizontal forces for sliding pot bearings

4.3.1 - General
Sliding pot bearings can function in a variety of ways: With a flexible support, where the deck moves as a result of a variation in its length, a horizontal force builds up gradually in the pot bearing until such time as a given value H, known as the sliding threshold, is attained. When this value is reached, sliding occurs, thereby releasing part of the force that had built up. A new state of equilibrium is brought about, with a horizontal force H < H; With an infinitely rigid support such as an abutment, any movement of the deck caused by a variation in its length results in the horizontal force H (sliding threshold) being reached immediately in the pot bearing; With a very flexible support such as a high pier, (see 4.6.2), the sliding threshold may well never be reached. The maximal horizontal force H1 that can be attained is < H (sliding threshold).
OO=================Pot bearings - Use on bridges, viaducts and similar structures
The horizontal force H that can be reached by a sliding pot bearing just before sliding occurs is obtained from the associated vertical force V: H = (max + PP + PL) x V where: max is the maximal friction coefficient of the pot bearing for the vertical load V (paragraph 4.3.3 defines the vertical load V required for the maximal value of H to be obtained); PP is the standardised pot-bearing installation precision, which corresponds to a possible deviation from the horizontal of 0.003 rd (positive PP in the formula above); Where applicable, PL includes the slope designed into the slide plane (e.g. where there is a sloping abutment and the difference in level between the expansionjoint extremities is limited) and that resulting from the load under consideration (value generally negligible except where structure is very flexible or where construction kinematics is complex where the transfer to permanent bearings is concerned), as well as installation errors greater than 0.003 rd (prefabricated structures, poor securing, etc.).
4.3.2 Numerical values for calculation

4.3.2.1 Friction coefficients for pot bearings
The friction coefficient of a sliding pot bearings sliding system depends on a number of parameters: Contact pressure (and therefore the associated vertical force); Nature of the materials used in the slide planes; Wear of the sliding pot bearing; Temperature; Degree of aggressiveness of the environment. Standard NF EN 1337-2 ( 6.7) specifies the friction coefficients to be used for calculations relating to lubricated plates of cellular PTFE at usual temperatures. These coefficients are nominal calculation values to be used for justifications at ULS (for bearings, supports and foundations) and at SLS (for supports and foundations only). The maximal value of the friction coefficient is provided by the formula: max = where: k = 1 for stainless steel; k = 1.5 for aluminium; p: contact pressure on the PTFE. Table 4.3 below may also be used: Contact pressure p (MPa) Cellular PTFE / austenitic steel or layer of hard chromium 5 0,08 10 0,06 20 0,04 30 0,03
1,2 k 10 + p
Table 4.3: friction coefficients for calculations. In accordance with paragraph 6.7 of standard NF EN 1337-2, the above friction coefficients may be multiplied by 2/3 in zones where the actual minimal temperature is never lower than -5C. This would not appear to apply to Metropolitan France (see 3.4.3). Where the environment is aggressive, it would appear wise to increase the friction coefficients used for calculation, as well as taking physical precautions designed to protect pot bearings. However, the extent of this increase has yet to be decided upon. Since the friction coefficient decreases as contact pressure increases, it is important to avoid excessively large sliding systems on sliding pot bearings.
OP
4.3.2.2 Pot-bearing precision

Standard T 47-816-3 defines the tolerances for deviation from the horizontal at the time of installation of between 0.2% and 0.3% depending on the type of structure and the installation method. For the purpose of maintaining homogeneity with standard NF EN 1337-5, preference should be given to the value of 0.3 %.
4.3.2.3 Friction coefficients for the guides

Standard NF EN 1337-2 ( 6.7) specifies the friction coefficients to be used in calculations concerning the guides of unidirectional sliding pot bearings: Non-cellular PTFE: max = 0.08 Composite materials: max = 0.20 (The latter value is to be used in the absence of additional tests taking account of aging). For transversal forces, see 4.5.3 of the present guide.
4.3.2.4 Simplified coefficients

For the preliminary design of bearings subjected to longitudinal loads in the more common situations and notably on rectilinear structures less than 600 m in length one can, for simplicity, to use a single friction coefficient covering friction on the sliding surface and on the guiding system: max = 3.5% of the maximal vertical load on the support, and max = 4% of the permanent vertical load (or 4.5% - 5% for light decks offering considerable wind resistance e.g. where noise screens have been installed). The Particular Technical Clauses (CCTP) can provide other numerical values depending on specific parameters (e.g. aggressive environment or low temperatures).
4.3.3 Loads to be taken into account when calculating horizontal forces at ULS
Vertical operating loads to be taken into account when calculating the maximal horizontal force that can be reached by a sliding pot bearing depend strictly on the supposed operation of the pot bearing in its context (see 4.3.1) and therefore on the structures studied. In the more usual cases, the sliding thresholds can generally be reached, and the permanent loads represent a very large percentage of the vertical loads. Calculating the maximal horizontal forces on the basis of extreme vertical loads enhances security, but generally leads only to a slight increase in actions. For simplicity, one can therefore determine the extreme horizontal forces on the basis of the maximal vertical loads, thereby also enhancing security. Depending on the specific characteristics of the structures under consideration (e.g. flexible piers), the Particular Technical Clauses (CCTP) can require other vertical loads to be taken into account when the maximal horizontal forces are being determined.
OQ=================Pot bearings - Use on bridges, viaducts and similar structures
Remarks:
1 For a very rigid support such as an abutment or very rigid pier, where any deck displacement (due to by a variation in deck length) can cause the pot bearing to slide, the vertical load to be taken into account is the maximal load. 2 For a moderately-rigid support, sliding occurs only after a certain amount of variation in deck length has occurred. Given: The time needed for the temperature to change sufficiently so that the requisite variation in deck length can occur; The presumably very short time during which operating loads (and their characteristic maximal values) are applied; the calculation of the horizontal forces on the basis of maximal vertical loads would not appear desirable. Let us consider a support that is on the point of sliding freely (sliding threshold, H). If this support is also subjected to operating loads with their characteristic maximal values, the new horizontal force H1 required before sliding can occur (proportional to the vertical load) will be greater than H. The time during which operating loads (and their characteristic values) are applied is generally too short for sufficient variation in deck temperature to occur such that this new force H1 can come about. Sliding will therefore be more likely to occur when operating loads are reduced. Moreover, to take account only of the permanent loads would be too favourable (imagine the structure being subjected to a traffic jam on a sunny afternoon). In this case, the vertical loads to be taken into account are therefore between the permanent and maximal loads, and the calculation can be performed using combination no. 8 of table 4.1 in the present guide. 3 For a very flexible support for which the sliding threshold would never be reached, the theoretical maximal horizontal forces do not depend solely on the vertical loads, and calculations must take account of support rigidity (see 4.6.2). In such cases, sliding pot bearings can be replaced by restraint pot bearings.
4.3.4 - Incidence on the structure

4.3.4.1 Serviceability Limit State
Justification of compound bending of supports (piers, abutments and foundations) on which sliding pot bearings have been installed can be conducted on the basis of the following associated forces: Extreme vertical forces (maximal and minimal) corresponding to rare combinations of SLS for the sliding pot bearing under consideration; Horizontal forces calculated as specified previously (see 4.3.1, 4.3.2 & 4.3.3). These forces result from variations in deck length, with horizontal and vertical forces calculated for associated loading. The Particular Technical Clauses (CCTP) can require that other vertical loads be taken into account when the extreme horizontal forces are being determined; Forces resulting from friction on the guidance system, where applicable. A spatial study of the structure may be necessary to enable the intensity of the guidance forces be determined. If such is the case, the forces are calculated with alternating lateral play of 2 mm in the guidance system from one support to another and simulation of deck movement in extreme-temperature position, prior to which alternate deviation in plan of 0.003 rd has been imposed in line with the theoretical orientation of the guidance systems (the effect of these two inaccuracies being combined in the most unfavourable manner). N.B.: for simple, straight structures, one can simply take these forces for a support to be 100 KN or 1% of the maximal reaction at ULS on the entire support, whichever is the greater. It is also essential to evaluate the horizontal forces caused by the wind. While these will not necessarily determine the design of the support itself, they need to be known so that the bearing guides can be verified.
OR
4.3.4.2 Ultimate Limit State

Bas ic comb ina tio ns The internal forces and moments to be taken into account for calculations are provided in table 4.1 of the present guide. It should be noted that combination 7 of table 4.1 (wind being the main source of forces) may determine design and is essential when the dimensions of pot shells and of guidance systems for sliding bearings are being defined. The principles governing the calculation of horizontal forces at ULS are as described in the previous paragraph. Concerning structures with high, slender piers, the attention of designers is drawn to the fact that a second-order calculation is often required. The displacement of the top of the pier is no longer negligible, and the eccentric nature of the vertical reaction creates an additional bending moment in the pier shaft. With this type of pier, rotations caused by displacements are not always negligible, in which case they should be added to the deck rotations. Given the considerations raised in remark of paragraph 4.3.3, it can be taken that the sliding threshold corresponding to the near-permanent loads has not bee exceeded. The forces to be taken into account at the top of the pier are therefore as follows: Horizontal force: calculated on the basis only of near-permanent deck loads and, where applicable, of friction on the guidance systems; Vertical force: calculated on the basis of the most unfavourable effect, taking account of the operating loads or otherwise. Ac c id en ta l c omb ina tion s The accidental combinations to be taken into account are defined in paragraph 6.4.3.3 of standard NF EN 1990. The accidental action FA under consideration may be caused by a significant increase in the friction coefficient (loss of PTFE, clogging or painting of the stainless steel plate, etc.). In this case, the friction-coefficient numerical values defined in 4.3.2 should be replaced by that corresponding to metal-on-metal partial friction, which can easily reach a global value of 10% or even 15% . The Particular Technical Clauses (CCTP) can provide other values depending on the specific characteristics of the structure. The increase in the friction coefficient concerns only one pot bearing at a time. The other accidental action are not looked at here, and will be defined in specific documents.
4.3.4.3 Immediate and time dependent forces

It should be remembered that the Eurocodes state that the effects of temperature should be calculated using the instantaneous concrete modulus. For pot bearings, horizontal forces, even those due to permanent loads, are not constant. They are reduced, or even cancelled out, by variations in deck length. When performing calculations concerning the foundations of these piers and abutments, one can therefore take all horizontal forces to be instant, thereby also enhancing security. In specific cases e.g. where the structure has a number of restraint supports a distinction can be made between immediate and time dependent forces when calculations relating to these supports are being performed.
4.4 Longitudinal horizontal forces for restraint pot bearings

Below, the term restraint pot bearing will refer to: Either a pot bearing with horizontal displacement blocked in both directions; Or a unidirectional sliding pot bearing with displacement blocked in the direction under consideration.
4.4.1 - Horizontal force due to a variation in deck length

4.4.1.1 - General
In the case of a structure supported both by restraint pot bearings and sliding pot bearings, the horizontal force taken up by the restraint pot bearings is obtained by taking account of the longitudinal and transversal equilibrium of the structure. Distinct friction coefficients are allocated to the various sliding pot bearings on the basis of whether they act favourably or unfavourably on the overall equilibrium of the structure as regards the effect being considered. These other calculation coefficients relate to the following phenomena:
OS=================Pot bearings - Use on bridges, viaducts and similar structures
The friction coefficients of the materials vary from one pot bearing to another; The horizontal forces do not necessarily come completely into play for all of the pot bearings; The pot-bearing installation precision (horizontal precision), which can have a favourable or unfavourable effect. Sliding bearings can function in a variety of ways: With a very rigid support such as an abutment, deck displacement can cause horizontal force to reach the threshold value, H, instantly; With a flexible support, a variation in length causes the horizontal force to increase gradually until it reaches the sliding threshold. Once this value, H, has been reached, sliding occurs. A new state of equilibrium is brought about, with horizontal force once again lower than H; Lastly, with a very flexible support, it is possible that the sliding threshold will not be reached, in which case the bearing would function like a restraint bearing.
4.4.1.2 Friction coefficients for an isolated sliding bearing

It should be remembered that, for verification of an isolated bearing, the relation between the attainable force, H, and the associated vertical force is as follows: H = (max + PP + PL) V where:
V is the vertical load applied to the bearing; max is the maximal friction coefficient for the bearing, which depends on the vertical load, V (see paragraph 4.3.2.1); PP is the bearing installation precision, with a possible deviation in terms of horizontal precision (PP is positive in the above formula); PL is the slope designed into the slide plane, where applicable. The installation precision for the bearing is 0.3% for concrete cast in-situ decks. For prefabricated concrete decks, the value specified in article 9 of standard EN 1337-5 is replaced by the more realistic 1%.
4.4.1.3 - Friction coefficients for a set of sliding pot bearings

For the calculation of the spread of horizontal forces in sliding bearings, the friction coefficients to be used are as follows (NF EN 1337-1, 6.2): a = 0.5 max (1 + ) r = 0.5 max (1 - ) where: max a r maximal friction coefficient for a sliding bearing taken as isolated (see previous paragraph); friction coefficient where the friction is unfavourable vis--vis the effect being considered; friction coefficient where the friction is favourable vis--vis the effect being considered; rate of decrease depending on the number, n, of sliding bearings contributing to the longitudinal stability of the structure, in accordance with the table below: n 4 4 < n < 10 10 Table 4.4 Here, the installation precision, PP, is ignored, since it has already been taken into account in the weighting of the friction coefficients a and r. In accordance with the previous paragraph, therefore: H = ( + PL) V where = a or r 1 (16-n)/12 0,5
Example: a four-span bridge with two restraint bearings on the central pier and sliding bearings on the other supports: n=8 hence = 2/3 a = 0.5 max 5/3 = 5/6 max
OT
r = 0.5 max 1/3 = 1/6 max
4.4.2 - Horizontal force due to braking

According to paragraph 6.7 of standard NF EN 1337-2, sliding bearings must not take up any of the horizontal forces due to braking. Theoretically, therefore, these forces are taken up fully by the restraint pot bearings. This is a pessimistic hypothesis, since the sliding bearings actually act in taking up these forces. However, the proportion concerned is not quantifiable.
4.4.3 Maximal calculated horizontal force

4.4.3.1 Loads to be used when calculating horizontal forces due to variation in deck length
The forces applied to restraint supports depend on the forces taken up by the other deck bearings, most of which are sliding bearings. It is therefore necessary to evaluate all of these forces before the force at the restraint support can be determined. In the case of sliding bearings, the horizontal forces result from friction on the slide plane, which depends on the vertical reaction. For simplicity, the maximal permanent vertical loads (1.35 Gmax) can be used for all of the sliding bearings when the force applied to the restraint support is being calculated. For unidirectional sliding bearings, friction on the guides will be evaluated as specified in 4.3.4.1. The friction coefficients max for these guides will be weighted as are those corresponding to the vertical loads (see 4.4.1.3), where n is the number of unidirectional sliding bearings.
4.4.3.2 Calculating the sums of horizontal forces

Although they are not always associated, the sums of the forces resulting from the following actions may be calculated: Variation in deck length (including friction forces on the guides); forces resulting from braking or from the wind. The main combinations to be formed are combinations 4, 5 and 7 in table 4.1. For curved bridges, centrifugal force must also be taken into account for the combinations.
4.4.4 Incidence on the structure

Two calculations SLS and ULS are required for justification of piers and abutments, which is not the case for the bearings themselves. It is therefore essential that the horizontal forces be determined at these two limit states, with different friction coefficients where applicable.
4.4.4.1 Serviceability Limit State

Justification of compound bending of supports (piers, abutments and foundations) on which restraint pot bearings have been installed can be conducted in a simplified fashion on the basis of the following non-associated forces: Extreme vertical forces (maximal and minimal) corresponding to rare combinations of SLS for the restraint pot bearing under consideration; Horizontal forces calculated as specified previously (see 4.4.3.2), but at SLS and therefore without weighting of 1.35.
4.4.4.2 - Ultimate Limit State

Bas ic comb ina tio ns The internal forces and moments to be taken into account for calculations are provided in table 4.1 of the present guide. The numerical values of the friction coefficients to be taken into account are defined in paragraphs 4.4.1.2 and 4.4.1.3. As with SLS calculations, justification of compound bending of supports (piers, abutments and foundations) on which restraint pot bearings have been installed can be conducted in a simplified fashion on the basis of the following non-associated forces: Extreme vertical forces (maximal and minimal) corresponding to the basic combinations of ULS for the restraint pot bearing under consideration; Horizontal forces calculated as specified previously. Once again, these forces result from:
OU=================Pot bearings - Use on bridges, viaducts and similar structures
variations in deck length (see 4.4.1), taking account of the maximal permanent vertical loads (1.35 Gmax) on the sliding pot bearings; braking (see 4.4.2) or wind. The Particular Technical Clauses (CCTP) can require non-simplified calculation, with the horizontal forces calculated for other loads, associated or otherwise. Ac c id en ta l c omb ina tion s The internal forces and moments are provided in article 6.4.3.3 of standard NF EN 1990. Pot-bearing guidance and attachment systems are not usually designed to resist accidental actions. Supports must, however, be equipped with independent stops that prevent excessive movement of the deck relative to the pier or abutment. These stops are mandatory in seismic zones, and strongly recommended where there is a risk of strong impact involving boats. Moreover, it is also often possible to check whether the bearing would survive being hit by a vehicle and whether the deck would remain stable if part of the support were to be destroyed. In addition to any accidental combinations, it is also possible to propose accidental-combination verification with simulation of a bearing failure (bearings sensitive to the effects of horizontal forces), centred on an anomaly relating to the value of the friction coefficient (e.g. max = 10% or 15% for one, and only one, of the bearings). The failure could, for example, occur as a result of premature wear of the PTFE, clogging or painting of the sliding parts.
4.4.5 Verification of the maximal horizontal force taken up by a restraint pot bearing
For restraint pot bearings (or unidirectional pot bearings blocked in the direction of displacement), the allowable horizontal force guaranteed by the supplier must be at least equal to the horizontal internal forces used in calculations. In this calculation, the horizontal force for the bearing will be increased to take account of the non-uniform spread between supports on a given line. As specified in paragraph 4.4.3.1 of the guide, it is necessary, in complex cases, to perform a spatial calculation taking account of the various types of play and rigidity so that the forces on each pot bearing blocked in a given direction can be evaluated. For restraint bearings, in addition to the horizontal forces listed, it is also necessary to add the transversal forces resulting from the effect of temperature on the other bearings of the restraint support.
Important:
If a pier serving as an restraint support is equipped with an restraint bearing and with one or more unidirectional bearings blocking longitudinal movements, the longitudinal horizontal force from the deck will be concentrated almost exclusively on one of the bearings. This is because the play (between the pot and piston and/or between the sliding components) resulting from manufacturing tolerances does not allow simultaneous contact on all of the bearings of the support concerned. In ideal circumstances, a single restraint bearing would therefore suffice. However, two restraint bearings can be used in certain cases (e.g. flexible pier subjected to torque) and, more generally, to optimise the distribution of horizontal forces on the restraint support. Moreover, where there are two restraint bearings on the same pier, the spread of forces between them should be considered unequal, even if the pier is very flexible.
OV
4.5 Other recommendations

4.5.1 - Justification of the metal components of the pot bearing
Justification of pot bearings metal components must be performed in accordance with standards NF EN 1337-2 and 1337-5. In the absence of specifications concerning certain points, the relevant parts of Eurocode 3 (NF EN 1993) are to be applied.
4.5.2 - Rotations
Standard NF EN 1337-5 limits rotations to 0.03 rd at ULS. It should be remembered that a thickness of conventional elastomeric pad equal to 1/15th the diameter of the pot allows absorption of maximal rotations of 0.02 rd, which correspond to the values generally attained on bridges. Beyond 0.02 rd, pad thickness should be increased in accordance with article 6.2.1.2 of standard NF EN 1337-5.
4.5.3 Transversal horizontal forces

Forces are generated on the longitudinal guides: resulting from transversal forces (mainly wind); for curved structures (see 4.5.6); by the play and orientation tolerances of the guidance system; or following an error in the orientation of the slide axis at installation (see NF EN 1337-2, 9). As a result of friction, these transversal forces generate longitudinal forces, which are added to those specified in paragraphs 4.3 and 4.4. The friction-coefficient values to be taken into account for the guides are provided in these paragraphs. The friction coefficients may be weighted in line with the method set out in paragraph 4.4.1.3.
4.5.4 - Dimensions of the sliding plates

The lengths of sliding plates are calculated taking account of: temperature changes; shrinkage (concrete or concrete-and-steel structures); creep (prestressed concrete structures). The action of the temperature is defined in section 4 of standard NF EN 1991-1-5 and in the national annex. A calculation incorporating the various coefficients must be performed so that the position of the fixed point can be determined (see the example of calculation in 4.6.2 below). Additional lengths must be added to the values calculated (see paragraph 3.4.2 of the present guide).
4.5.5 Special structures

The present recommendations should be adapted in the case of special e.g. wide, curved or slanted structures.
4.5.6 Determining the slide axes on curved structures

4.5.6.1 Regarding deck deformations
Reminder: Navier-Bresse general deformation formulae r r Given the displacement (rotation 0 and translation 0 ) of section 0 of curved abscissa S0 and centre of gravity G0 , the displacement (rotation 1 and translation
1 ) of section 1 of curved abscissa S1 and centre of gravity G1 is provided by the

following:
where
r r r ( i , j , k ) unit vectors of axes xyz linked to a section of curved abscissa
uniform expansion due, for example, to temperature changes or to shrinkage and
PM=================Pot bearings - Use on bridges, viaducts and similar structures
Take a curved structure in the normal plane k . Say that at section 0 of curved abscissa S0 there is an infinitely rigid support, restraint in translation ( 0 = 0 ) and in rotation around the vertical axis directed by k ( 0 k = 0 ). Let us calculate the displacements passing through a support situated at section 1 of curved abscissa S1. Effect of temperature changes and shrinkage: The translation of the section 1 equals The rotation around a vertical axis of the section equals Effect of prestressing (instantaneous and creep-induced deformations): Translation The point 1 is a support, and vertical displacement is therefore blocked. From now on, we will look only at the
r r
components of the displacement of 1 in the normal plane k (plane of the structure). The terms in k , in i G1 and in
r j G1 will therefore not be considered;
Moreover, the support in 0 is blocked in rotation around k . Therefore Shearing strain deformations are not considered, hence The translation of section 1 therefore equals Rotation of the vertical axis The rotation of the section 1 equals Here, we will consider only the rotation of the vertical axis k , hence Simplification hypotheses In addition, we base our approach on the following simplification hypotheses: N/ES = constant = and M z = 0 (centred prestressed)
The translation in 1 therefore becomes
1 = . i . d
S0
S1
i.e.
The vertical-axis rotation in 1 therefore becomes Conclusion Assuming that the simplification hypotheses are valid (infinitely rigid restraint support, centred prestressed, with prestressing constant along the central fibre and slight bending), it follows that the slide axes of the unidirectional sliding pot bearings should fan out from the restraint support on the basis of the deck deformations.
Point fixe P1
P2
C0
P3
VUE EN PLAN
C4
Figure 4.1
4.5.6.2 Regarding equipment

Regarding equipment (expansion joints, railings, noise screens, etc.), it is preferable to orient bearings along the axis of the structure at the abutment level, an approach that is often in contradiction with the arrangement referred to above. Figs. 4.2: optimal orientations of the slide axes of the abutment unidirectional pot bearings: a) regarding deck deformations b) regarding equipment
PN
4.5.6.3 - Recommendations
Various parameters must therefore be taken into account to determine slide-axis orientation. Regarding deck deformations, it is preferable to orient the slide axes in relation to the fixed point. Failing this, the expansion of the structure is hampered, and considerable transversal forces can appear in the guidance systems if the supports are rigid. This additional friction must be taken into account when the longitudinal horizontal forces are being determined. Regarding the equipment expansion systems, on the other hand, it is strongly recommended that the slide axes of the abutment pot bearings be oriented along the length of the structure. Other parameters can also influence the choice of slide-axis orientation (transversal temperature gradient depending on the orientation of the structure, differential creep between two boxes linked by the slab, etc.)10. It is not possible to provide general recommendations for all curved structures, since each structure requires specific analysis encompassing the various parameters mentioned earlier and based on structural calculation taking account of support rigidity and the pot-bearing slide axes. In the final analysis, the choice of orientation involves a compromise between various often-contradictory considerations. Starting at the general structural calculations, therefore, it is important to ensure that the ramifications for the equipment of the slide-axis orientation at the level of the abutments are neither forgotten nor underestimated. Some general principles to be approached with care: guidance along axis of structure at the level of the abutments; to avoid hard spots, unidirectional sliding pot bearings and restraint pot bearings should not be installed on very rigid piers (where possible, use multidirectional sliding pot bearings or laminated elastomeric bearings).
4.5.7 - Pot bearings and laminated elastomeric bearings

When the dimensions of pier tops and abutment crossheads permit, it can be a good idea to combine pot bearings and laminated elastomeric bearings on different supports. In such cases, the laminated elastomeric bearings should be positioned at the middle of the structure on all of the supports where they can take up deck displacement and undergo deformation. They therefore play two roles: take-up of horizontal forces; distribution of those forces between all of the supports equipped with laminated elastomeric bearings. Sliding pot bearings may be placed on the other supports, since low contact pressures mean that the use of sliding laminated elastomeric bearings would result in higher friction coefficients (see 4.3.2). The calculation of the horizontal forces to be taken up by the laminated elastomeric bearings is performed in accordance with the recommendations in the Stra guide Laminated elastomeric bearings11, taking account of rigidity in foundations and supports.
10 11
For railway bridges, the slide axes are obviously oriented in the same direction as the tracks at the level of the abutments. See bibliographic reference.
PO=================Pot bearings - Use on bridges, viaducts and similar structures
C0
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
C6
Appui multidirectionnel
Appui mono directionnel libre dans le sens de la flche
Appui en lastomre frett
Fig. 4.3: typical bearing arrangement Fig. 4.3 shows a typical arrangement for a six-span structure. If the forces on the guides of the unidirectional abutment bearings are too great, these should be replaced by the multidirectional variety, and guidance should be provided externally.
4.6 Examples of calculations

4.6.1 Numerical application in a simple case 12
4.6.1.1 Characteristics of the structure
The structure is a bridge built using the successive cantilever method. It is 260 metres long and 10.8 metres wide, and features two traffic lanes and two footways. The application shown below is merely an example (it is not an existing structure, and serves merely to illustrate the approach).
Elevation
Transversal section
12 In the example, we have followed the French practice of using the letters H and V, respectively, to indicate the horizontal and vertical forces. Part 3 of the standard (some other parts differ) uses F and N, respectively.
PP
C0
P1
P2
P3
C4
multi
multi
mono
multi
multi Support conditions,
seen from above

mono mono fixe mono mono
Fig. 4.4: main characteristics of the structure used in the numerical application in 4.6.1 Table 4.5 a) Vertical deck loads for a pair of pot bearings Vertical loads (MN) for a pair of pot bearings Minimal permanent-combination ULS Maximal permanent-combination ULS Accidental-combination ULS (minimal reactions) Accidental-combination ULS (maximal reactions) Basic-combination ULS (minimal reactions) Basic-combination ULS (maximal reactions) C0 2,87 3,87 2,30 3,76 2,33 6,11 P1 14,79 19,96 16,90 19,75 14,24 28,84 P2 15,17 20,48 17,36 20,27 14,75 29,62 P3 14,79 19,96 16,90 19,75 14,24 28,84 C4 2,87 3,87 2,30 3,76 2,33 6,11
b) Vertical deck loads for a pot bearing Vertical loads (MN) for a pair of pot bearings Minimal permanent-combination ULS Maximal permanent-combination ULS Basic-combination ULS (minimal reactions) Basic-combination ULS (maximal reactions) c) Rotations Rotations in rd Basic-combination ULS C0 0,0009 P1 0,0010 P2 0,0011 P3 0,0010 C4 0,0009 C0 1,45 1,96 1,12 3,13 P1 7,50 10,12 7,03 17,78 P2 7,74 10,45 7,11 15,29 P3 7,50 10,12 7,03 17,78 C4 1,45 1,96 1,12 3,13
The increase and weighting coefficients used for operating loads and weather loads are as defined in paragraph 4.1.1 of the present guide. Designers attention is drawn to the fact that the maximal reaction for a bearing cannot generally be obtained simply by dividing the total maximal reaction for a given pier or abutment by the number of bearings. It is necessary to take account of the transversal rigidity of the structure and of the eccentricity of the loads in relation to the bearings. For the UDL load, for example, it is the position of the lane bearing the greatest load (lane 1) that determines the maximal and minimal reactions for a give bearing. Given the previous tables, the structure being symmetrical, the vertical forces to be taken into account at ULS for a bearing can be evaluated:
PQ=================Pot bearings - Use on bridges, viaducts and similar structures
Force (MN) 1.35 G max Maximal force Minimal force
C0 and C4 1,96 3,13 1,1 Table 4.6
P1 and P3 10,12 17,78 8,36
P2 10,43 15,29 8,52
Accidental combinations are not the most important consideration here (their value would be: M Acc = 1.00). The following verifications or design decisions will be carried out in accordance with paragraphs 4.2 to 4.5 of the present guide.
4.6.1.2 Vertical forces for pot bearings

Pressure in the PTFE The standard limits average pressure for basic combinations to f e,d moy = 40.00 MPa. The minimal surface Sp of the pot for each support can therefore be deduced: Support Surface Sp of the pot (m2) C0 and C4 0,07825 Table 4.7 Pressure in the elastomer The average pressure fe,d in the pad is limited to f u / M for basic combinations, i.e. with: P1 and P3 0,4445 P2 0,38225
f e, d
f u = 60.00 MPa f e,d = 46.15 MPa and
fu
M Fond = 1.30
The maximal stress fe,d provides the surface Sc of the pad for the various supports: Support Surface Sc of the pad (m2) C0 and C4 0,06782 Table 4.8 P1 and P3 0,38523 P2 0,33128
4.6.1.3 Longitudinal horizontal forces for sliding pot bearings

The friction coefficient of an isolated bearing is as follows: max = 3.2% and PP = 0.3 % Hence H = (max + PP) x V = 3.5% V
Preliminary calculation: We applied a force H = (max + PP) V at the top of each pier, and verified that the resultant pier-top displacement is less than that caused by foreseeable variations in deck length (temperature, creep and shrinkage). The piers are therefore sufficiently rigid to allow the sliding thresholds to be reached. As proposed in the guide, the vertical loads corresponding to the extreme ULS combinations are taken into account. Max ima l hor izon ta l forc e to b e take n in to cons id e ra tion fo r a s lid ing b ear ing: C0 and C4 : H = 3.5% V = 3.5% 3.13 = 0.110 MN P1 and P3 : H = 3.5% V = 3.5% 17.78 = 0.622 MN
PR
Max ima l hor izon ta l forc e to b e take n in to cons id e ra tion fo r th e p ier s (o r the abutm en ts) a nd fo unda tion s: C0 and C4 : H = 3.5% V = 3.5% 6.11 = 0.214 MN P1 and P3 : H = 3.5% V = 3.5% 28.84 = 1.009 MN
4.6.1.4 - Longitudinal horizontal forces for restraint pot bearings

Var ia tio ns in de ck length Let us calculate the maximal and minimal friction coefficients a and r There are eight sliding pot bearings, hence n = 8. Therefore = (16 - 8) / 12 = 2/3 (see table in paragraph 4.4.1.3 of this guide). Hence: a = 0.5 max (1 + 2/3) and r = 0.5 max (1 - 2/3) = 5/6 max = 1/6 max = 2.67% = 0.53%
and = 2/3 max = 2.13 % For restraint supports, this coefficient is used here for simplicity (see 4.6.1.3, section 1), i.e. 3.5% - PP = 3.2%. The longitudinal force resulting from variations in the deck length, which has to be taken up by the restraint pot bearings of pier P2 at ULS equals: Brak ing The restraint pot bearings of pier P2 must also take up all of the braking forces. To ta ls Les forces resulting form variations in deck length and from braking must be totalled. Given the considerable rigidity of the pier, these forces must be taken up by only one of the bearings. A calculation using coefficients max of 3% (without factoring in standard friction on the guides) and standard friction on the guides (see 4.3.4.1) would have resulted in a slightly higher figure (0.537 MN instead of 0.508 MN transferred from the sliding bearings to the restraint bearings). This difference can be greater where internal forces and moments are considered with considerable transversal forces such as the wind or centrifugal forces. N.B.: in this example, friction on the guidance systems was not taken into account, and needs to be factored in.
4.6.1.5 - Rotations
The rotations calculated at ULS are less than 0.01 rd.
4.6.1.6 Dimensions of sliding plates

The dimensions of the sliding plates are to be determined on the basis of the fixed-point positions obtained in accordance with the example in 4.6.2.
4.6.1.7 - Incidence on the structure

N.B.: in order to keep the example simple, the calculations below are simplified, and do not taken account of all of the torsor values of the forces to be considered. The maximal x-axis torque (Cxmaxi) and the maximal z-axis horizontal force (Hzmaxi) should also be examined: Cxmaxi, Hx, Hy, V (effect of wind or of eccentric loads); Hymaxi, Hx, V, Cx (effect of wind). Neither are additional eccentric factors taken into account.
PS=================Pot bearings - Use on bridges, viaducts and similar structures
S ig n con ven tio n

Deck C0 side 0 C4 side
X
Force torsor calculation point
Pier
foundation
Fig. 4.5: sign convention Here, we will consider only the ULS case; however, the SLS should be handled using the same principle. Moreover, nonpreponderant accidental combinations are not calculated. The maximal and minimal values for the vertical reactions are obtained directly in the deck vertical-load table (basic combination ULS maximal reactions and minimum permanent combination ULS). The horizontal forces applied at the tops of piers and abutments are calculated using the same table, using the same principles and friction coefficients as for the bearings. C0 and C4: Vmax = Vmini= P1 and P3: Vmax = Vmini= P2: Vmax = Vmini= 6,11 MN Hx= 0,214 MN 2,33 MN Hx= 0,082 MN 28,84 MN Hx= 1,009 MN 17,32 MN Hx= 0,606 MN 29,62 MN Hx= 0,508 MN 17,89 MN Hx= 0,442 MN HP2 = [a x (VC0 + VP1)] - [r x (V P3 + VC4)] " Friction coefficient: 3.5 " " "
4.6.2 Determining the fixed point in a complex case

This example examines the procedure for determining a range for the fixed point or zero-displacement point of a deck. There is no single fixed point, but a range of values within which the point in question moves. The two extreme positions of this zero-displacement point are to be taken into account when the dimensions of the sliding plates are being determined. They are also to be used when the expansion-joint resistance is being calculated.
4.6.2.1 Characteristics of the structure

This structure comprises very flexible piers (P3: 100 m high). The deck, which has a steel and concrete framework, rests on 16 pot bearings. Longitudinally, all of the pot bearings are of the sliding variety, with the exception of those on pier P3.
PT
Elevation
9,75 m
Transversal section
Positioning of pot bearings
Figs. 4.6 Empty vertical reaction (MN) 5,238 20,817 20,857 20,763 20,587 21,168 19,750 4,117 Rigidity MN/m 300,00 7,00 5,00 3,25 5,00 6,50 8,00 300,00
Pot bearing C0 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 C7
Type Sliding Sliding Sliding restraint Sliding Sliding Sliding Sliding
Table 4.8: main characteristics of the structure used in the numerical application of 4.6.2 N.N.: the rigidity Ri of each support must be calculated taking account of the flexibility of the foundations, the pier (or abutment) and the bearings:
Ri = 1 S iF + S iP + S iA
with:
S iF = foundation flexibility,
S iP
A
= pier flexibility,
S i = bearing flexibility.
PU=================Pot bearings - Use on bridges, viaducts and similar structures
4.6.2.2 Calculation principle

The fixed-point calculation is repeated for different deck lengths. The variations in length must take account of temperature, shrinkage and creep, where applicable. For the first calculation, all of the pot bearings are considered restraint. This provides one position for the fixed point, with horizontal forces, which will be clipped at the sliding thresholds. For the second calculation: the pot bearings for which the sliding threshold has not been reached continue to be considered restraint, and the horizontal force is the product of the rigidity Ri the support and the displacement i: Hi = Ri i; the pot bearings in respect of which the sliding threshold has been exceeded are considered sliding, and the horizontal forces corresponding to the sliding thresholds (Hi = i Vi) are applied directly top the deck. The operation is repeated until such time as equilibrium is reached. Equilibrium is reached when the sum of the horizontal forces after clipping equals zero, i.e. when the functioning type of the pot bearing (restraint or sliding) is not modified as a result of repetition of the calculation. Four fixed-point positions are determined: one median position with identical friction coefficients on all of the pot bearings coefficient = max); two extreme positions with different friction coefficients for different pot bearings. The friction coefficient a is used for the sliding pot bearings located to one side of the restraint support, and the coefficient r for the other sliding pot bearings, and vice versa; lastly, the most unfavourable position as regards the horizontal force in the restraint support, taking a friction coefficient r if the friction is favourable as regards the effect being considered, and a coefficient a if it is favourable.
Fig. 4.7: summary of the fixed-point positions
4.6.2.3 Median fixed-point position

The same friction coefficient is used for all sliding pot bearings: = max = 3.5 % Linear variations in deck length (temperature or shrinkage): = 7.5 x 10-4 The result is from combination 8 in table 4.1.
PV
first calculation: Pot bearing

C0 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 C7
all pot bearings considered restraint sliding threshold (MN)

0,183 0,729 0,730 0,721 0,741 0,691 0,144
%
3,50 3,50 3,50 restraint 3,50 3,50 3,50 3,50
horizontal force (MN)

75,990 1,380 0,610 0,153 -0,140 -0,670 -1,424 -75,900
horizontal forces after clipping (MN)

0,183 0,729 0,610 0,153 -0,140 -0,670 -0,691 -0,144
pot bearing function

Sliding Sliding restraint restraint restraint restraint Sliding Sliding
Sum of horizontal forces: second calculation:
0.030 MN =>
position of fixed point: P2, P3, P4 and P5; C0, P1, P6 and C7. horizontal forces after clipping (MN)
0,183 0,729 0,602 0,148 -0,148 -0,679 -0,691 -0,144
X = 337.70 m
restraint pot bearings: sliding pot bearings: sliding threshold (MN)

0,183 0,729 0,730 0,721 0,741 0,691 0,144
Pot bearing
C0 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 C7
%
3,50 3,50 3,50 restraint 3,50 3,50 3,50 3,50

75,532 1,369 0,602 0,148 -0,148 -0,679 -1,436 -76,358

Sliding Sliding restraint restraint restraint restraint Sliding Sliding
Sum of horizontal forces:
0.030 MN =>
position of fixed point:
X = 335,67 m
4.6.2.4 Leftmost position of fixed point

Friction coefficient a is allocated to the C0, P1 and P2 pot bearings, and friction coefficient r to the P4, P5, P6 and C7 pot bearings. There are 14 sliding pot bearings, hence X = 335,67 m first calculation: starting from the position calculated previously
QM=================Pot bearings - Use on bridges, viaducts and similar structures
Pot bearing
C0 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 C7
%
2,625 2,625 2,625 restraint 0,875 0,875 0,875 0,875
sliding threshold (MN)

0,137 0,546 0,548 0,180 0,185 0,173 0,036

75,532 1,369 0,602 0,148 -0,148 -0,679 -1,436 -76,358

0,137 0,546 0,548 0,148 -0,148 -0,185 -0,173 -0,036

Sliding Sliding Sliding restraint restraint Sliding Sliding Sliding
Sum of horizontal forces: second calculation: Pot bearing

C0 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 C7
X = 335,67 m
X = 335,67 m
restraint pot bearings: sliding pot bearings: (MN)

0,137 0,546 0,548 0,180 0,185 0,173 0,036
P3 and P4 ; C0, P1, P2, P5, P6 and C7. (MN)

45,067 0,658 0,095 -0,182 -0,655 -1,340 -2,248 -106,823
%
2,625 2,625 2,625 restraint 0,875 0,875 0,875 0,875
sliding threshold
horizontal force

0,137 0,546 0,095 -0,182 -0,180 -0,185 -0,173 -0,036

Sliding Sliding restraint restraint Sliding Sliding Sliding Sliding
Sum of horizontal forces: third calculation: Pot bearing

C0 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
0,022 MN =>
Xg = 200,28 m

0,137 0,546 0,548 0,180 0,185
P3 et P4 ; C0, P1, P2, P5, P6 and C7 (MN)

44,255 0,639 0,081 -0,191 -0,669 -1,357
%
2,625 2,625 2,625 restraint 0,875 0,875
horizontal force

0,137 0,546 0,081 -0,191 -0,180 -0,185

Sliding Sliding restraint restraint Sliding Sliding
P6 C7
0,875 0,875
0,173 0,036
-2,270 -107,636 0,0 MN =>
-0,173 -0,036 position of fixed point:
Sliding Sliding Xg = 196,67 m
QN
4.6.2.5 - Rightmost position of fixed point

Friction coefficient is allocated to the C0, P1 and P2 pot bearings, and friction coefficient a to the P4, P5, P6 and C7 pot bearings. starting from the position calculated previously first calculation: Pot bearing
C0 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 C7
%
0,875 0,875 0,875 restraint 2,625 2,625 2,625 2,625

0,046 0,182 0,183 0,540 0,556 0,518 0,108

44,255 0,639 0,081 -0,191 -0,669 -1,357 -2,270 -107,636

0,046 0,182 0,081 -0,191 -0,540 -0,556 -0,518 -0,108

Sliding Sliding restraint restraint Sliding Sliding Sliding Sliding
Sum of horizontal forces: second calculation: restraint pot bearings: sliding pot bearings: sliding threshold (MN)
0,875 0,875 0,875 restraint 2,625 2,625 2,625 2,625 0,046 0,182 0,183 0,540 0,556 0,518 0,108
1,604 MN =>
position of fixed point: P3, P4 and P5 ; C0, P1, P2, P6 and C7. horizontal forces after clipping (MN)
0,046 0,182 0,183 0,441 0,303 -0,093 -0,518 -0,108
X = 196,67 m
Pot bearing
C0 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 C7

102,594 2,001 1,053 0,441 0,303 -0,093 -0,714 -49,296

Sliding Sliding Sliding restraint restraint restraint Sliding Sliding
Sum of horizontal forces: third calculation:
0.436 MN =>
position of fixed point: P3, P4 and P5 ; C0, P1, P2, P6 and C7. horizontal forces after clipping (MN)
0,046 0,182 0,183 0,345 0,156 -0,285 -0,518 -0,108
X = 455.93 m

0,046 0,182 0,183 0,540 0,556 0,518 0,108
Pot bearing
C0 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 C7
%
0,875 0,875 0,875 restraint 2,625 2,625 2,625 2,625

93,736 1,794 0,906 0,345 0,156 -0,285 -0,951 -58,154

0 MN =>
X = 416,56 m
QO=================Pot bearings - Use on bridges, viaducts and similar structures
The fixed point can therefore be located between the abscissas Xg = 196 m and Xd = 417 m, i.e. in a range of some 220 metres for a structure measuring 640 metres in length.
4.6.2.6 Most unfavourable fixed-point position as regards the horizontal force on the restraint support
The situation is as in 4.6.2.5. Friction coefficient r is allocated to the C0, P1, P2 and P4 pot bearings, for which the horizontal force has the same sign as that of the immobile support P3. Friction coefficient is allocated to the P5, P6 and C7 pot bearings, for which the horizontal force has the opposite sign. first calculation: starting from the position calculated previously
Pot bearing
C0 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 C7
%
0,875 0,875 0,875 restraint 0,875 2,625 2,625 2,625

0,046 0,182 0,183 0,180 0,556 0,518 0,108

93,736 1,794 0,906 0,345 0,156 -0,285 -0,951 -58,154

0,046 0,182 0,183 0,345 0,156 -0,285 -0,518 -0,108

- 0 MN =>
X = 416,56 m
The most unfavourable fixed-point position is the rightmost position. Here, although the sliding threshold of support P4 is lower than in the previous calculation (the friction coefficient has changed from a to r), it still exceeds the internal force. Nevertheless, this verification can prove useful in certain configurations.
QP
`~=R==Verification of pot bearings

The roles of the various players are specified in the table below, along with details of the tasks to be performed. The abbreviations are as follows: - supplier (Fo), company (En), contract manager (MO), - creation and issuing of a document (E), addressee of a document providing information or detailing a task (D), and verification of a document or operation (V).
5.1 Definition documents

The various operations required for verification of the design, manufacture, implementation and monitoring of bearings depend on the development of the following documents: Fo En MO
5.1.1 - Civil engineering construction plans (Company plans)

5.1.1.1 Installation plans
numbering support lines and specifying the positions of the bearings on those lines; type, orientation, direction and value of the displacement, and support reactions; positions of markings and ongoing verification of bearings. D E V
5.1.1.2 Additional detailed plans

external geometry of the permanent bearings and temporary systems; definition of interfaces: geometry of support structures, reservations and securing; position and volume of temporary bearings for securing or jacking; definition of size and access arrangements for installation, monitoring and if necessary replacement of the bearings.
5.1.2 Technical data schedule (ref. NF EN 1337-1, appendix B)

The technical data schedule provides all of the information required for formalisation of ordering from the bearing manufacturer, in accordance with the execution calculation hypotheses. The bearing installation plan defined above must be appended to the technical schedule.
QR
Fo
En V
MO
5.1.3 - Verification of bearings at the time of on-site reception

certificate of compliance; packing; general condition, surface protection and permanent protection; temporary blocking systems; geometrical characteristics: height, alignment (rotation) and presetting; marking; storage.
5.1.4 Bearing calculation sheets

In addition to the justifications provided, this calculation sheet states the hypotheses taken into account.
5.1.5 Verification on installation (ref.: T 47 816-3)

This verification constitutes a starting point: position; orientation; displacement direction and verification of presetting where applicable (bearings with slide planes) ; compliance of sealing or securing (verification of temporary and permanent wedges); environmental cleanliness.
5.1.6 Verification of bearings at service start date

The bearing is deemed to be at service start date when the structures support reaction is transferred onto it (after the concrete has been checked to ensure that it has attained the requisite degree of resistance): elimination of temporary wedges; removal of temporary attachment systems (in accordance with procedure); environmental cleanliness; values of heights, rotations and displacements; values of support reactions, both theoretical and measured (bearings equipped with measurement units); integrity of bossages and wedges; recording of temperatures; monitoring document.
5.1.7 Zero-point state of bearing monitoring

Where monitoring of bearings throughout the life of the structure is concerned, the zero point is the state of each bearing at service start date. This zero point is subsequently integrated into the zero point state of the finished structure. The monitoring documents notably comprise the record of values relating to height, rotations, displacement and where applicable support reactions, including those corresponding to values measured at reception. In the event of structure modification, additional data collection will be performed before and after each closure or jacking action prior to the service start date of the structure (construction in stages, with closure or modification of support reactions by jacking).
QS===============Pot bearings - Use on bridges, viaducts and similar structures
Remarks on verification during service

Pot bearings are components that belong to the world of mechanical manufacture (and not to those of frames or civil engineering). All of the calculation, manufacturing, installation and installation procedures must take account of this fact. The planned lifespan of pot bearings should be the same as that of the structure, even if like all mechanical components they can prove defective and need to be replaced. Certain geometric verifications are to be conducted at the time of installation and throughout the lifetime of the structure. These notably include the measurement of displacement and rotation. This requires that: the bearings be accessible, and therefore that there be a gap of at least 50 cm between the deck intrados and the upper extremity of the pier near the bearings; the positions of the four points enabling measurement of the space between the top of the shell and the piston/cover with a view to determining rotations be indicated and surfaced on the support (or on the bearing itself) and that their orientation relative to the structure be such as to facilitate access (these measures are taken, with a tolerance of a few tenths of a millimetre, using a mechanics thickness gauge). Generally, the points should be located on two perpendicular directions at 45 to the longitudinal axis of the structure; the indices enabling observation of the horizontal displacements of sliding bearings be positioned such that they do not result in the protective covers being torn when they are used. During final securing of the bearings, it is customary to use wedging mortar between the lower pot plate and the reinforcedconcrete bossage. This mortar should not extend more than 5 cm beyond the edges of the plate.
QT
Clauses (CCTP)
^=N=J=Help in drafting Particular Technical

This appendix provides examples of clauses for use in the drafting of Particular Technical Clauses (CCTP), the aim being to achieve a more homogeneous style and optimal integration of the advice contained in the present guide. While the articles proposed in this appendix concern technical matters, their application will need to take account of the rules set out in the procurement contract code.
A1 - Examples of clauses to be integrated into the Quality of materials chapter

Article concerned in the guide Example of clause Remarks
Elastomeric pot bearings comply with standard NF EN 1337, (*) to be added in the case of bearings with a slide plane parts 1 and 5 (and part 2*) and with the National Application Text (see Stras Technical memo no. 27). This compliance is confirmed by level-1 CE marking. 2.2.1 et 3.3.1 The lower part of the pot will be manufactured by machining a rolled steel plate of the same thickness as the pot to be produced. This information is shown on the factory control certificates for the plates used. The manufacturer is obliged to have the initial thickness and grade of the steel specified on the pot-bearing construction plan. To enable displacements to be monitor, the measurement systems will be positioned on the visitor-access side as shown on the installation plans. The graduated scales will be set throughout a given structure in an identical fashion so as to facilitate operations. To ensure protection of the slide plane, the use of a wiper This protection is required by standard NF EN 1337-2, 7.3, but no particular solution is specified. seal or similar system is recommended. The space between the stainless-steel plate and the part of This arrangement for pot bearings with slide planes is not required by the unit to which it is attached should be sealed. the standard. 2.2.5 Option 1: All metal parts are protected from corrosion in Option 1 corresponds to CE marking accordance with standard NF EN 1337-9 Option 2: All metal parts are given corrosion protected compliant with Booklet 56 of the general technical specifications (CCTG) and based on one of the ACQPAcertified systems. Where metals of different electrolytic potentials are used, it is advisable to ensure appropriate insulation Where metals of different electrolytic potentials are used, insulation compliant with standard NF EN 1337-9, art 4.2. is provided, in order to avoid galvanic corrosion
2.2.4
2.2.4
QV
Article concerned in the guide

3.3.2
Example of clause
Remarks
The rotation value and pot-piston contact conditions are Reminder: the flat contact surface type is allowed for a contact height input into the data form provided for in Appendix B of w, which is to be calculated and must be less than 15 mm (see NF EN standard NF EN 1337-1. 1337-5 6.2.3.1 and 6.2.3.2). This concerns multidirectional pot bearings only. The curved contact surface type is to be used with a radius R that is compliant with standard NF EN 1337-5 ( 6.2.3.3) such that R [D/2, 100 mm]. Since the standard makes no mention of the conditions for the diffusion of Hertz stress in the edge of the piston in maximal rotation position, we recommend complying with the diffusion principle shown in fig. 3.1c. The height, w, obtained is generally greater than that recommended in 6.2.4 of the standard.
3.3.3 3.4.2 et 4.5.4
Play between the pot and piston is limited to 0.5 mm. The dimensions of the sliding plates will be determined in accordance with 5.4b of standard NF EN 1337-1 and with the interpretation in the national application text, as follows: Displacement must be increased by 20 mm in both directions. Moreover, the minimal displacement to be taken into account is 50 mm in the structures main displacement direction. Friction coefficient Account will not be taken of the correction factor of 2/3.
Instead of the 0.8 or 1 specified by the standard. This is valid only for the cases mentioned in 3.3.3.
3.4.3
Except where there is special reason to do so, and for applications in French overseas dpartements and territories (DOM-TOM), where actual bearing temperatures never fall below -5C.
A2 - Examples of clauses to be integrated into the Bearing justification paragraph of chapter II Site preparation and organisation of the Particular Technical Clauses (CCTP)
4.1.2
Example of clause
Remarks
The justifications of elastomeric pot bearings, supports and foundations will be conducted in accordance with the rules in chapter IV Principles governing calculations for structures comprising pot bearings of the Stra document Elastomeric pot bearings. Use with bridges, viaducts and similar structures (Reference 0734, August 2007). The Particular Technical Clauses (CCTP) can provide other numerical values for the friction coefficients depending on specific parameters (e.g. aggressive environment or low temperatures). See article for possible suggestion of other values based on the specific characteristics of the structure. See article for possible need for a spatial calculation of support flexibility, the horizontal forces being calculated for other loads, associated or otherwise.
4.3.2.4
4.3.4.2 4.4.4.2
RM=================Pot bearings - Use on bridges, viaducts and similar structures Technical guide
A3 - Examples of clauses to be integrated into the Implementation chapter

3.4.5 5.4.2
Example of clause
Remarks
The pot bearings are to be installed in accordance with standard T 47.816-3 Starting point: - acceptance of bearing bossages; - acceptance on delivery of bearings; - acceptance of bearing installation (settings and positioning).
RN
^=O=J=Pot-bearing characteristic summary sheets

Restraint pot bearing
RP
RQ=================Pot bearings - Use on bridges, viaducts and similar structures
Multidirectional pot bearing
RR
Unidirectional pot bearing
RS=================Pot bearings - Use on bridges, viaducts and similar structures
RT
RU=================Pot bearings - Use on bridges, viaducts and similar structures
_~
General documents
Appareils dappui en lastomre frett. Guide technique. Stra. Juillet 2007. Rfrence 0716. Laminated elastomeric bearings. Technical Guide. Stra. July 2007. Reference 0716 Instruction technique pour la surveillance et lentretien des ouvrages dart. Seconde partie : fascicule 13 "Appareils dappui". Stra/LCPC. 2002. Rfrence Stra : 0230, Rfrence LCPC : FASC 13 Technical instructions for the surveillance and maintenance of structures. Second part: booklet 13 "Bearings". Stra/LCPC. 2002. Stra reference: 0230, LCPC reference: FASC 13 MMOAR (Mmento pour la mise en uvre sur ouvrages d'art). CD Rom. Stra. Octobre 2007. Rfrence 0757CD. Accessible depuis le site I2 13 du Stra. Voir plus particulirement les fiches suivantes : VIII-2 - Appareils d'appui pot ; VIII-3 - Bossages des appareils d'appui ; VIII-4 - Vrinage/Calage. MMOAR (Memorandum for the implementation of structures). CD-ROM. Stra. October 2007. Reference 0757CD. Accessible via the Stra site I2 14. Note, in particular, the following sheets: VIII-2 Pot bearings; VIII-3 bearing bossages; VIII-4 Jacking/Securing. Note technique sur lapplication nationale de la norme NF EN 1337 (appareils dappui structuraux). Note dinformation srie Ouvrages dart n 27. Stra. Dcembre 2006. En tlchargement sur les sites Internet 15 ou I2 du Stra. Technical note on the national application of standard NF EN 1337 (structural bearings). Information note from Structures series no. 27. Stra. December 2006. Downloadable from the Stra website16 or I2 site. XVIIIme congrs mondial de la route. Bruxelles 1987. Comit technique n 11 des ponts routiers. AIPCR. Paris. 1987. pp. 47-61. XVIIIth world road conference. Brussels 1987. Technical committee no. 11 for road bridges. PIARC. Paris. 1987. pp. 4761. Notices techniques des fabricants. Manufacturers technical documentation.
Standards
Appareils dappui structuraux. Partie 1 : Indications gnrales Structural bearings. Part 1: General indications : lments de glissement Sliding components : Appareils dappui pot. Pot bearings. Appareils dappui structuraux. Partie 11 : Transport, entreposage intermdiaire et montage. Structural bearings. Part 11: Transport, intermediate storage and assembly. : Appareils dappui structuraux. Partie 9 : Protection. Structural bearings. Part 9: Protection. Eurocode 1 : Actions sur les structures - Partie 2 : Actions sur les ponts, dues au trafic ; et son annexe nationale ( paratre). Eurocode 1: Actions on structures - Part 2: Actions on bridges, due to traffic; national annex to be published. Calcul des structures en bton - Partie 1-1 : rgles gnrales et rgles pour les btiments ; et son annexe nationale. Calculations for concrete structures - Part 1-1: general rules and rules for buildings; national annex.
13 14 15 16
I2 (intranet): http://intra.setra.i2 I2 (intranet): http://intra.setra.i2 Internet: http://www.setra.equipement.gouv.fr Internet: http://www.setra.equipement.gouv.fr
RV
: Calcul des structures en acier - Partie 2 : Ponts mtalliques ( paratre) Calculations for concrete structures - Part 2: Steel bridges (to be published) Actions sur les structures - Partie 1-5 : Actions gnrales - Actions thermiques ; et son annexe nationale. Actions on structures - Part 1-5: General actions Thermal actions; national annex. Eurocodes structuraux : Bases de calcul des structures et NF EN 1990/A1 : Annexe A2 (application aux ponts) Structural Eurocodes: Bases for structural calculations and NF EN 1990/A1: Appendix A2 (application to bridges) : Calcul des structures mixtes acier/bton - Partie 2 : rgles gnrales et rgles pour les ponts ; et son annexe nationale Calculations for composite steel-and-concrete structures - Part 2: general rules and rules for bridges; national annex Appareils dappui en lastomre - Appareils dappui pot - Partie 3 : pose des appareils dappui pot Elastomeric bearings Pot bearings - Part 3: installation of pot bearings
SM=================Pot bearings - Use on bridges, viaducts and similar structures
This technical guide is intended essentially for bridge designers. It provides the information required for the design of elastomeric pot bearings for use on road bridges and viaducts, footbridges and similar structures. This document essentially comprises: a brief description of the product category and of the associated equipment; the key regulatory texts; the design criteria based on the normative texts prepared by the CEN (European Committee for Standardization); a calculation methodology, not for the product itself, but for its use in a bridge project, with a concrete example based on an actual case.
Service d'tudes sur les transports, les routes et leurs amnagements

46 avenue Aristide Briand BP 100 92225 Bagneux Cedex France Phone: 33 (0)1 46 31 53 Fax: 33 (0)1 46 11 33 55 This document is awailable and can be downloaded on Stra website: http://www.setra.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/
The Stra belongs to the scientific and technical network of the French Public Work Ministry (RST)
Reference: 0926A
This document may not be reproduced even partially without Stra's prior consent. 2009 Stra ISRN No.: EQ-SETRA--09-ED10--FR+ANG

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k=O MMT

The Stra supports the public owner

The Stra, producer of the state of the art

The Stra, a work in partnership

Pot bearings - Use on bridges, viaducts and similar structures

1.2 Scope of use

Q=================Pot bearings - Use on bridges, viaducts and similar structures

1.3 - Application of standard NF EN 1337-5 to the French national context

See bibliographic reference.

Pot bearings - Use on bridges, viaducts and similar structures

`~=O=J=Make-up of a pot bearing

2.2 The constituent parts

2.2.1 Lower part (the pot)

Pot bearings - Use on bridges, viaducts and similar structures

Piston / pot cover

Pot Lower plate

Measurement system, where applicable

U=================Pot bearings - Use on bridges, viaducts and similar structures

2.2.2 The elastomeric pad

Fig. 2.2: pot bearings with sliding systems

a) pot bearing with non-guided (multidirectional) sliding plate

b) pot bearing with centrally guided (unidirectional) sliding plate

c) pot bearing with laterally guided (unidirectional) sliding plate

2.2.3 - The piston or cover

Pot bearings - Use on bridges, viaducts and similar structures

2.2.4 The sliding components

2.2.5 Protection from corrosion

PolyTetraFluoroEthylene ou Tflon ou similaire.

NM=================Pot bearings - Use on bridges, viaducts and similar structures

2.3 - Advantages and disadvantages of this type of bearing

2.4 Key geometrical dimensions

Fig. 2.3: key geometrical dimensions

Pot bearings - Use on bridges, viaducts and similar structures

Remarks on standard NF EN 1337- parts 2 & 5

3.3 Pot bearings

3.3.1 Thickness of the rolled steel

Pot bearings - Use on bridges, viaducts and similar structures

Figure 3.1: types of piston/shell contact a) flat contact surface

Force concentrated at periphery

Contact point of width b

Hertz stress / fy if Hertz stress is maximal as determined by the standard formula

NQ=================Pot bearings - Use on bridges, viaducts and similar structures

3.3.2 - Rotation value and pot-piston contact

3.3.3 Play between the pot and the piston

3.3.4 The thickness of the pot bottom

Pot bearings - Use on bridges, viaducts and similar structures

3.3.5 Actual contact surface on the structure

3.3.6 Thickness of the elastomeric pad

NS=================Pot bearings - Use on bridges, viaducts and similar structures

3.4 Sliding element

3.4.1 Choosing the guidance-system position: central or lateral

3.4.2 Dimensions of sliding plates

3.4.3 Friction coefficient

3.4.4 - Checking of the sliding plates and piston for deformation

See bibliographic reference.

3.5 Sliding and safety at the bearing-structure interface

comprising pot bearings 4.1 Regulatory context

`~=Q==Principles governing calculations for structures

To begin with, basic combinations are provided table 4.1:

Pot bearings - Use on bridges, viaducts and similar structures

OM=================Pot bearings - Use on bridges, viaducts and similar structures

4.1.2 Regulatory considerations and Particular Technical Clauses (CCTP)

4.2 Extreme vertical forces