KEO T - TO BNG

Coagulation - Flocculation

Gii thiu chung

loi b cht rn l lng (SS Suspended Solid) trong nc/nc thi Lng (Sedimentation)

vS =

g ( S L)d 2 18

S- khi lng ring ca ht (kg/m3) L- khi lng ring ca cht lng (kg/m3) d - kch thc ca ht (m) - nht ng lc hc (kg/ms)

S lin h gia kch thc ht v thi gian lng

Kch thc ht (mm)
10 1 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5

Loi ht
Si Ct Ct mn t st Vi khun Ht keo Ht keo

Thi gian lng ( su 1m)

1giy 10 giy 2 pht 2 gi 8 ngy 2 nm 20 nm

Gii thiu chung (tt)

Tuyn ni (Flotation) Bt kh c thm vo Cc cht rn l lng s bm vo b mt ca bt kh v ni ln Lc (Filtration) Ch hiu qu khi kch thc ht > 1m Phi gim hm lng SS trnh nghn ct lc Keo t to bng (Coagulation Flocculation)

Keo t to bng
Mc ch: tch cc ht cn c kch thc 0,001m < < 1m, kh tch loi c bng cc qu trnh l hc thng thng nh lng, lc, tuyn ni. Ht keo: 2 dng chnh
Keo k nc: t st, oxit kim loi, Khng c i lc vi mt nc D keo t a s l nhng ht keo v c Keo a nc: proteins, polymers, Th hin i lc vi nc Hp th nc v lm chm qt keo t a s l nhng ht keo hu c

c tnh ca ht keo
Kh nng lng rt chm (chuyn ng Brown gy cn tr qt lng do trng lc) L tc nhn gy nhim nc e.g tng c (turbidity) c tnh b mt (in th ,) l yu t quan trng (surface properties)
C xu hng kt hp vi cc cht t mi trng xung quanh (t l din tch b mt:khi lng cao hn) C xu hng tng in tch

Cu to ht keo

Lc tng tc gia cc ht

H keo
Khi cc ht keo tip xc vi nhau, chng to thnh cc ht c kch thc ln hn, to bng v kt ta Lc gia cc ht keo: lc ht v lc y tnh in hoc lc Van der Waals ln: t l nghch vi khong cch gia cc ht Kh nng n nh ht keo l kt qu tng hp Fh v F in th zta < 0,03V Fh thng F. Khi 0 th qu trnh keo t cng t hiu qu

S n nh h keo v gi tr

Nng lng tng tc ca h keo

C ch qt keo t to bng
Qt nn lp in tch kp, gim th in ng zta nh ion tri du Qu trnh keo t do hp ph ion tri du trn b mt, trung ha in tch to ra im ng in = 0 C ch hp ph - to cu ni Cc polymer c th ion ha, nh cu trc mch di chng to cu ni gia cc ht keo qua cc bc:
Phn tn polymer Vn chuyn polymer n b mt ht Hp ph polymer ln b mt ht Lk gia cc ht hp ph polymer vi nhau hoc vi cc ht khc

Qt keo t hp ph cng lng trong qt lng

C ch (tt)
Trung ha in tch
S hp ph cc cht mang in tch tri du vi cc ht keo Gim th in th b mt v lm mt n nh h keo Hm lng cht keo t tng nng ht keo tng Qu nhiu cht keo t ti n nh h keo

Qt keo t - hp ph cng lng trong qt lng

Phn nhm Phn st
pH

Al(OH)3 Fe(OH)3

C ch to cu ni
Phn ng 1: phn t polymer kt dnh vi ht keo (tch in tri du)

Phn ng 2: phn cn li ca polymer trn lin kt vi nhng v tr hot tnh trn b mt cc ht keo khc

C ch to cu ni (tt)
Phn ng 3: hin tng ti bn ht keo

Phn ng 4: nu qu tha polymer

C ch to cu ni (tt)
Phn ng 5: nu khuy trn qu mnh hoc qu lu, lk gia ht keo v polymer s b ph v

Phn ng 6: ti bn ht keo

Cht keo t (Coagulant)

Thng s dng trong x l nc v nc thi: Fe(III) v Al(III) FeCl3 Alum R, ph thuc ln vo pH

Ha hc ca cht keo t
C Al3+ v Fe3+ u p/ mnh vi nc cc hydroxide kt ta
Al3+ + 3H2O Al(OH)3 + 3H+ Fe3+ + 3H2O Fe(OH)3 + 3H+

pH cao:
Al(OH)3 + OH- Al(OH)4Fe(OH)3 + OH- Fe(OH)4-

Cht keo t - Alum

To thnh t qung Bauxit ha tan trong H2SO4 Dung dch to thnh c loi b tp cht, trung ha, cho bay hi to thnh cc ming Nhm Sulfate C mu xm hoc trng vng (ty vo hm lng tp cht) Cng thc: Al2(SO4)3(H2O)n (n = 0,6,10,16,18 v 27)

Alum (tt)
Alum ha tan v p/ vi kim trong nc
Al2(SO4)3(H2O)n + HCO3- Al(OH)3 + CO2 + SO42- + H2O Kt ta Al(OH)3 mu trng CO2 to thnh dng bt kh trong nc v bm trn thnh cc th nghim Jar Test SO42- tn ti trong nc 1g Alum tiu th ht 0,5g kim

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Alum (tt)

pH > 9,5: Al(OH)4-

pH < 4

pH = 5 9: nhiu dng kt ta, ch yu Al(OH)3

pH = 4,5 5 AlOH2+, Al8(OH)204+

Alum (tt)
Nu s keo t (bng Alum) trong vng ti n nh (restabilization): Tng hm lng Alum s dng thot khi min o ngc in tch
Tng nng SO42-

Thm dd vi tng pH, chuyn sang pha bn phi vng ti n nh Thm cht to bng kt bng cc keo mang in dng Thm cht keo t mang in m (bentonite, silica hot tnh) gim in tch dng ca ht keo to bng trng lng ht keo tng tng vn tc lng

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Hp cht Fe
3 dng mui st ch yu thng gp trong x l nc:
FeCl3.6H2O Fe2(SO4)3(H2O)9 FeSO4(H2O)7 : Ferric chloride : Ferric sulfate : Ferrous sulfate

Fe2+ thng kt ta di dng Fe(OH)2 v FeCO3 kim nc t nhin: ch yu HCO3- thm vi vo

Fe2+ + HCO3- + OH- FeCO3 + H2O

Hp cht Fe (III)
Fe2(SO4)3.nH2O OXH FeSO4 bng HNO3
n: 0, 3, 6, 7, 10 v 12

FeCl3.nH2O cho HCl p/ vi Fe, Fe2(CO3)2 hoc Fe2O3.

n: 6 (ch yu); 2; 2,5 v 3,5

Cc dng khc
Fe(OH)2+ Fe(OH)4-

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M hnh Jar Test

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Jar Test (tt)

Mc ch: xc nh hm lng cht keo t thch hp Tin trnh th nghim Ly th tch mu xc nh Thm vo cht keo t vi hm lng tng dn Khuy trn nhanh trong (3 pht), sau khuy chm trong (12 pht), lng o c ca mu nh gi hiu sut ca qu trnh keo t to bng Vn tc lng c Th tch phn cn lng

Jar Test (tt)

Nu khng xy ra keo t, hoc bng cn to thnh khng thch hp S dng hm lng cht keo t ln hn Kim tra kim ca nc thi u vo (thm Soda) Nhit ca nc thp p/ keo t khng xy ra

Jar Test: nh gi hiu qu ca cc cht keo t khc nhau Kh nng x l mu, mi v sn phm ph ca qu trnh kh trng

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Jar Test

Mt s cht keo t v c

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ng hc qt keo t to bng
Qt keo t: l thuyt v s ph bn ht keo Qt to bng: s tip xc gia cc ht keo b ph bn, theo cc c ch sau
Tip xc do chuyn ng nhit
Chuyn ng Brown/s khuych tn, to thnh cc ht 1m Perikinetic flocculation

Tip xc t s chuyn ng ca lu cht

Gy ra bi qt khuy trn lu cht Orthokinetic flocculation

Tip xc do qu trnh lng ca cc ht

ng hc qt keo t to bng (tt)

Ht c kch thc nh: ch yu l perikinetic flocculation Nu =1m v G=10s-1 th Jok=Jpk Cc ht c xu hng kt hp to thnh ht c kch thc 1m bng chuyn ng Brown (perikinetic flocculation) khuy trn duy tr tip tc s keo t to bng (orthokinetic flocculation) c tng gi tr G ti u gim

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Perikinetic flocculation
J =
pk

dN 4.. k . T = .( N ) dt 3.
0 0

Jpk - tc thay i nng cc ht keo theo thi gian do Perikinetic flocculation N0 - nng cc ht l lng ti thi im t - h s hiu qu ca s va chm (tip xc) k - hng s Boltzman T nhit tuyt i - nht ca cht lng

Tc qu trnh Perikinetic flocculation khng ph thuc kch thc ht Jpk t l thun vi nng cc ht l lng

Orthokinetic flocculation
J OK dN 0 2. .G.d 3 = = .( N 0 ) 2 dt 3
= k p J

=. P G = t d J
k o

d - ng knh ca ht G - gradient vn tc, ph thuc vo Thnh phn ha hc ca nc Bn cht v nng keo trong nc

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Gi tr G v t
G v t ti u ph thuc vo
Thnh phn ha hc ca nc Bn cht v nng ca bng cn

G ti u gim khi c tng G qu cao cn b v t qu cao cn b n mn Qu trnh to bng:

Ban u, bng cn c to thnh vi gi tr G cao Khi bng cn ln dn, gim dn G trnh lm v bng cn

Gi tr G v t

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Cht to bng (Flocculant)

Nng cn thp:
Cn s dng cht keo t vi hm lng cao Bng cn to thnh nh, d v v lng chm

Cht to bng
S dng tng c tnh ca bng cn (tnh bn, kh nng lng,) Silica hot tnh Bentonite Vi polymers

Cht to bng vai tr

Thay i pH thay i in tch b mt ht keo To kim thch hp cho qt keo t Gim in tch b mt (bng cch hp ph trn b mt ht keo) thot khi vng ti n nh ht keo To cu ni gia cc ht keo to bng cn Tng bn ca bng cn Tng nng cc phn t trong dung dch Tng trng lng ca bng cn

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Polymers
Polymer hu c
Khi lng phn t ln, mch di Polymer t nhin: hiu qu thp Polymer tng hp: hiu qu cao hn

Polymer tng hp
C th cha cc nhm mang in Thng s dng trong cc nh my x l nc, nc thi

Thit b ca qu trnh keo t

Trung ha, lm mt n nh cc ht keo Cht phn ng c khuch tn vo dung dch cng nhanh cng tt Th tch cht phn ng c thm vo rt nh so vi th tch dung dch cn x l Thit b khuy trn phi m bo:
Gy xo trn thch hp Phn tn nhanh cc cht phn ng vo dung dch

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My trn tnh (Static Mixers)

My trn tnh (tt)

Khng c cc phn linh ng d bo dng v sa cha Mng chn, li,c lp pha trong ng ng to s xo trn cn thit khuch tn cht keo t Nhc im
Tn tht ct p ln Khng ph hp khi lu lng dng chy gim

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My trn kh nn (Pneumatic Mixers)

Kh nn c s dng nh 1 thit b khuy trn, c a vo thng qua my khuch tn Khi bt kh ni ln gy s xo trn Mc xo trn c iu chnh bi loi my khuch tn v p sut

Nhc im Cc bng cn c th bm vo bt kh gy cn tr qu trnh lng ca bng cn

My trn c hc (Mechanical Mixers)

S xo trn c to ra do ng c turbin/chn vt/mi cho,quay Tiu hao nhiu nng lng chi ph vn hnh v bo dng cao Lin tc hoc gin on

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Quy trnh cng ngh x l nc thi KCN L Minh Xun

Song chn rc H thu B iu ha
Screenings

Anionic polymer

PAC

NaOH

B lng 1

To bng

B keo t

B chnh pH Nc Javel

HCl B kh trng B trung ha Cationic polymer Aerotank B lng 2

p bn
Treated water t

NaOH
PAC

Anionic polymer

HCl

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