MINI PROJECT: THE CONSTRUCTION OF 9 12 VOLT DC POWER SUPPLY 1.

0 OBJECTIVES

a) Recognize some of the electronic components. b) Gain experience in assembling and soldering components to the circuit board. c) Check and test components such as diodes, LED and resistors. d) Test and measure some parameters of the power supply. e) Trouble shooting for the faulty components and power supply.

2.0 APPARATUS

a) Step-down power transformer (0-9) volts b) Plastic casing c) AC switch (ON - OFF) d) Diodes (4 units), 1N4001 or higher e) Capacitor (2200 F, 35 volts rating) f) Binding post (1 red and 1 black) g) LED (Red or Green or Yellow) h) 3 pin plug i) Power cable

j) Strip-circuit board (PCB)

3.0 PROCEDURES

Step 1: a) All and were diodes LED

checked to make sure they are in good condition by using ohmmeter. b) All diodes were fixed (assembled) to the circuit board. c) The positive (P) and negative (N) polarity of the diodes were ensured to be connected correctly.

d) A 4.7 k resistor was located on the circuit board.

e) All the components leads were soldered to the circuit board.

f) The continuity between all the soldered points was checked by using ohmmeter. Make sure

there is no dry-joint or short circuit between copper tracks of the circuit board. g) All the components leads were cut short if all the components are connected and soldered Step 2: a) 8 V AC voltage from and AC Power Unit (UNILAB or similar model) was connected to point A and C.
b) The voltages, V1 and V2 were measured by using oscilloscope. The wave form of V1 and V2

were drawn.
c) Amplitude of V1 and V2 were recorded. d) The 2200 F capacitor was connected parallel with 4.7 k resistor. The positive and

negative polarity of the capacitor was checked before soldering. e) The connection was checked again before proceeding to the next step. Step 3:
a) The AC switch, transformer and binding post (Red for + and Black for output) were fixed

to the plastic casing. b) The power cable was connected to the AC switch and to the 3 pins plug. Caution: red wire for (L), black wire for (N) and green wire for (E).
c) All components and connection were rechecked. Make sure there is no short-circuiting

between the copper tracks and there is no dry-joint at the soldering points.

d) The AC voltage, V1 was measured between points A and B. e) The DC voltage, V2 was measured at the output terminal of the power supply. f) The ripple voltage (Vr) of this power supply was measured by using Oscilloscope.

g) The ripple of this DC power supply was calculated. 4.0 RESULT Items AC input of power transformer DC output of power supply Output ripple of power supply Reading Value 10.92 V 13.61 V AC : 1.90 mV DC : 13.80 V Ripple factor of power supply 5.0 DATA AND ANALYSIS 0.014 %

Ripple factor of power supply =

Outputrippleof powersupply (AC) 100% Outputrippleof powersupply (DC) 1.90mV 100% 13.80V

= 0.014%

6.0 DISCUSSION During the construction of 9-12 Volt DC power supply, I used to recognize some of the electronic components such as transformer, diode, capacitor, LED, 3-pin-plug, strip-circuit board and so on. A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through inductively coupled conductors the transformers coils. Wires and cables are used to carry an electrical current. Most wire is protected by an insulating covering of plastic or rubber. A wire can be either solid or stranded. Cables have one or more conductors and more insulation than ordinary wire. I also used multimeter in this project. A multimeter is a useful tool that helps us finding the positive and negative side of the power supply. On the multimeters rotary selection knob we see different sections to measure voltage (voltmeter), current (ammeter) and resistance (ohmmeter). Hence, it is known as multimeter. The multimeter has two test probes which one is red (for positive) and the other one is black (for negative). Since we know that our power supply has an output of 9-12 V DC, so we first need to set the multimeters scale to DC Volts and then to a maximum amplitude of 20V. If we put the multimeters positive probe on the power supplys positive side and the negative probe on the negative side, we should get a read out of roughly 9-12 V DC on the multimeters display. A diode is an electronic device that allows current to flow through it in one direction only. It is a one-way turnstile for electrons. There are many different classes of diodes for many different purposes:

Small Signal Diodes Rectifier (power) Diodes Switching Diodes Zeners Diodes Light Emiting Diodes (LED)

In this project, LED was being used. LED emits light when an electric current passes through them. LED must be connected the correct way round, the diagram may be labeled a or + for anode and k or for cathode. The cathode is the short lead and there may be a slight flat on the body of round LEDs. LEDs can be damaged by heat when soldering, but the risk is small. When testing the LED, it must not connect directly to the battery or power supply. This is because it will be destroyed almost instantly due to too much current will pass through and burn it out. Thus, LEDS must have a resistor in series to limit the current to a safe value, for quick testing purposes, a 1k resistor is suitable for most LEDs if the voltage supplied is less or equal to 12 V. Capacitor is also used in constructing the DC power supply. Capacitors are electronic devices that store electrons. The simplest capacitor is two conductors separated by an insulating material called dielectric. The minus side of the capacitor is charged with electrons. These electrons in the charged capacitor will gradually leak through the dielectric until both conductor plates have an equal charge. The capacitor is then discharged. The ability to store electrons is called capacitance. Once a capacitor has reached its maximum charge, it blocks DC voltage. This is used in electronic circuits to allow an alternating current (AC) signal to flow through a capacitor while it blocks DC. Sometimes capacitors are also used as smoothing or filtering device. In this project, we were asked to calculate the ripple factor. Ripple factor can be defined as the variation of the amplitude of DC (direct current) due to improper of filtering AC power supply. The figure below showed a complete power supply with it casing.

Although the power supply circuit is relatively simple and basic, it is far from trivial. Like any other electronic circuit, it must be wired accurately on order to perform correctly. However, unlike many types of circuits, miswiring the power supply can lead to damaged components and even injury. Extremely serious miswired can even overload the household wiring and cause fires under some circumstances. This is why any line-powered circuit should always include a fuse or circuit breaker. This is no because to protect the circuit being powered from the line, but rather to protect the line and all other circuits deriving power from any wiring errors or damaged components. If this thing occurred, it might otherwise overload the line and cause even larger problems. 7.0 CONCLUSION After experiencing by myself how to construct a 9-12 Volt DC power supply, I had recognized few components and theirs function as stated above. In this project, I also had experienced something new which is the right technique to soldering components to the circuit board. I managed to test components such as diodes, LED and resistors. Last, in this project some parameters of the power supply are being tested and measured which are: 1. AC input of power transformer = 10.92 V 2. DC output of power supply 3. Output ripple of power supply, AC: 1.90 mV DC: 13.80 V = 13.61 V

4. Ripple factor of power supply = 0.014% 8.0 REFERENCES What is ripple factor? http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_ripple_factor retrieved on 14 May 2012. Constructing the +12V Power Supply. http://www.play-hookey.com/analog/experiments/plus_12_volt_ps.html retrieved on 16 May 2012. Basics of Electricity/Electronics http://www.cla.purdue.edu/vpa/etb/resources/Electronics_01.pdf retrieved on 20 May 2012.