1. Tn gi thng thng.

Khng tun theo quy tc khoa hc no, thng xut hin t xa v bt ngun t nguyn liu hoc tn nh bc hc tm ra, hoc mt a im no trong tnh cht ca hp cht . V d: Axitfomic (axit kin); olefin (kh du); axit axetic (axit gim), 2. Danh php hp l Gi theo hp cht n gin nht, cc hp cht khc c xem l dn xut ca chng, nguyn t H c thay th bng cc gc hu c. V d OH : ru metylic CH3 (cacbinol) OH : ru etylic (metyl cacbinol)CH2 CH3 3. Danh php quc t: Gi theo quy c ca Lin on quc t ho hc l thuyt v ng dng (IUPAC). a) Da vo b khung C xut pht t cc hirocacbon no mch thng. Cc hp cht cng loi (cng dy ng ng), cng nhm chc th c ui ging nhau. C th: Hirocacbon no (ankan) c ui an: CH_3 : propanCH_2 CH_3 Hirocacbon c ni i (anken) c ui en: CH_3 : propen CH_2 = CH Hirocacbon c ni ba (ankin) c ui in: CH_3 : propin = C CH Hp cht anehit c ui al: CH_2 CH_3 CHO : propanal Hp cht ru c ui ol: OH :CH_2 CH_2 CH_3 propanol Hp cht axit hu c c ui oic: COOH :CH_2 CH_3 propanoic. Hp cht xeton c ui ion: ch s nguyn t cacbon c trong mch chnh, ngi ta dng cc phn nn (phn u) sau: 1 : meta ; 2 : eta ; 3 : propa ; 4 : buta ; 5 : penta ;

6 : hexa ; 7 : hepta ; 8 : octa ; 9 : nona ; 10 : eca ; b) Tn ca nhm th. Cn ch rng, trong ho hu c, c nhng nguyn t khc tt hiro (nh Cl, Br, ) hoc nhm nguyn t (nh ,) u c coi l nhm C_2H_55 , NH_2,, cc gc hirocacbon CH_3 NO_2, th. Gi tn nguyn t hoc tn nhm th. Gi tn gc hirocacbonu xut pht t tn hirocacbon tng ng vi phn ui khc nhau. + Gc hirocacbon no ho tr 1 gi theo tn ca ankan tng ng bng cch thay ui yl v c gi chung l gc ankyl. bng ui an : metyl, d: CH_3 : etyl, V C_2H_5 enyl i vi Gc hirocacbon cha no ho tr 1 c ui nyl i vi ankin v ui + -ienyl i vi ien. anken, ui V d: CH_2 : etilenyl (thng gi l gc vinyl) CH = : axetilenyl hay C CH etinyl. + Gc ho tr 2 to thnh khi tch 2 nguyn t H khi 1 nguyn t C hoc tch nguyn t O khi anehit hay xeton. Gc ho tr 2 c ui t -ylien. V d: CH = : propylien. CH_2 CH_3 c) Cc bc gi tn hp cht hu c phc tp: Bc 1: Chn mch C chnh. l mch C di nht hoc t C nhng cha ni i, ni ba, nhm th, nhm chc, Bc 2 : nh s th t cc nguyn t C (bng ch s rp) trong mch chnh xut pht t pha gn nhm chc, ni i, ni ba, nhm th, mch nhnh. Quy tc nh s. u tin nh s ln lt theo th t. Nhm chc mch nhnh. ni ba ni i i vi hp cht tp chc th u tin ln ru. anehit lt: Axit Bc 3 Xc nh cc nhm th v v tr ca chng trn mch C chnh. : Bc 4: Gi tn. + Trc tin gi tn cc nhm th v v tr ca chng trn mch C chnh, cui cng gi tn hp cht vi mch C chnh. Ch : Mch cacbon phi lin tc, khng c nguyn t khc chen vo gia, v d i vi cht + Nu c nhiu nhm th ging nhau th gp chng li v thm t i (2), tri (3), tetra (4), penta (5), + Theo quy tc: Con s ch v tr ca nhm th t trc tn gi ca n, con s ch v tr ni i, ni ba v nhm chc ( mch C chnh) t pha sau. V d: Gi tn cc hp cht sau.

Ch : Hin nay cng tn ti mt cch gi tn l t v tr ca ni i, ni ba, nhm chc pha trc tn gi. V d: CH = CH_2 : 1,3 - butaien CH_2 = CH_2 : 2-buten ; CH_2 = CH ; d) Cho tn gi, vit cng thc cu to: Vic u tin l da vo ui ca tn gi xc nh cht ng vi mch cacbon chnh. V d: Vit CTCT ca nhng cht c tn sau: + 1, 1, 2, 2 - tetracloetan Ta i t ui an (hirocacbon no) --> etan (c 2C), tetraclo CHCl_2. 4 clo th cc v (c tr 1, 1, 2, 2). Do CTCT: CHCl2 + 1 - clo , 2 , 3 - imetylbutan