M u

Tip theo Gio trnh Khng gian Tp - o - Tch phn, gio trnh Gii
tch Hm c tc gi bin son trong chng trnh xy dng b gio trnh hon
chnh cho sinh vin h i hc s phm ngnh Ton Trng i hc Ty Bc.
Hc phn Gii tch Hm hin nay ang c ging dy ti Trng i hc
Ty Bc trong nm n v hc trnh. iu kin tin quyt l sinh vin hc
xong cc hc phn L thuyt tp hp v Lgic Ton, i s tuyn tnh, Php tnh
vi phn - tch phn hm mt bin, Php tnh vi phn tch phn hm nhiu bin,
Hm bin phc, Khng gian tp - o - Tch phn. Khi bin son gio trnh
ny, chng ti ch nhiu n yu t s phm m bo cho vic trnh by
cc vn c bn va tinh gin, logic mch lc va m bo c hm lng kin
thc cn thit nht, ng thi chng ti ch nhiu n vic hnh thnh cho sinh
vin nhng phng php v k nng cn thit ca mn hc thng qua k thut
chng minh cc nh l, mnh quan trng v qua vic su tm, phn loi mt
h thng bi tp phong ph km theo hng dn gii v li gii chi tit. Ngoi
ra, ni dung ca gio trnh l mt n v kin thc trn vn, c mi lin h cht
ch vi nhiu kin thc ton hc quen thuc nn chng ti c th tin tng gio
trnh s tr thnh ti liu gn gi, d hiu i vi sinh vin trong qu trnh hc
tp.
Nhn dp gio trnh c a vo s dng, tc gi xin by t s bit n i
vi nhng ngi thy tn knh dy d trc tip cng nh gin tip qua nhng
ti liu qu bu ca h m tc gi s dng lm ngun ti liu tham kho chnh
ca gio trnh, qua tc gi c trang b nhng tri thc, phng php lun
v s t tin sn sng chia s nhng kinh nghim v tri thc trong NCKH dn
n mt trong cc kt qu ca s dy d l chnh l s ra i ca gio trnh
ny. Tc gi xin cm n cc ng nghip trong t Gii tch khoa Ton - L - Tin,
trng i hc Ty Bc dy thc nghim v ng gp nhiu kin b ch gip
3
hon thin gio trnh. c bit, tc gi xin cm n Ban gim hiu, Phng Qun
l khoa hc v Quan h quc t, cc ng nghip v sinh vin Khoa Ton - L
- Tin trng i hc Ty Bc v s gip qu bu cng nh s to iu kin
thun li gio trnh ny c a v s dng. Do kinh nghim khoa hc ca
tc gi cn nhiu hn ch, chc chn ti liu khng th trnh khi nhng thiu
st. Tc gi mong mun tip tc nhn c nhiu gp tc gi hon thin
gio trnh, gp phn tt hn trong vic nng cao cht lng ging dy v hc tp
ca sinh vin Khoa Ton - L - Tin Trng i hc Ty Bc.
Sn La, thng 12 nm 2007
Tc gi
Phm Minh Thng
4
Mc lc
1 Khng gian nh chun v khng gian Banach 9
1 nh ngha v v d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.1 Chun trn khng gian vector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.2 Khng gian nh chun v khng gian Banach . . . . . . . 11
1.3 Tp compact trong khng gian nh chun . . . . . . . . . 13
1.4 Mt s v d v khng gian Banach . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2 Khng gian cc hm kh tch bc p 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.1 Bt ng thc Holder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.2 Bt ng thc Minkowski . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3 Chui trong khng gian nh chun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.1 Chui v s hi t ca chui . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.2 Chui hi t tuyt i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4 nh x tuyn tnh lin tc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.1 nh ngha v cc tnh cht . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.2 Khng gian L(E; F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.3 Mt s v d v nh x tuyn tnh lin tc . . . . . . . . . 39
5
5 Khng gian con v khng gian thng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
5.1 Khng gian con . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
5.2 Tng trc tip t p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
5.3 Siu phng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
5.4 Khng gian thng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
6 Khng gian nh chun hu hn chiu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
6.1 Khng gian nh chun hu hn chiu . . . . . . . . . . . 52
6.2 Khng gian kh li . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
7 Bi tp chng 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2 Ba nguyn l c bn ca gii tch hm 64
1 Nguyn l b chn u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
1.1 Na chun lin tc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
2 nh l nh x m v th ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
2.1 nh l nh x m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
2.2 nh l th ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3 nh l Hahn- Banach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
3.1 nh l Hahn-Banach i vi khng gian vector thc . . . 73
3.2 nh l Hahn- Banach i vi khng gian vector phc . . 76
3.3 Mt s h qu quan trng ca nh l Hahn-Banach . . . . 79
4 Bi tp chng 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
3 Ton t trong khng gian Banach 84
6
1 Ton t lin hp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
2 Ton t compact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
3 Ton t hu hn chiu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
4 Ph ca ton t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
4.1 Mt s khi nim cn thit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
4.2 Ph ca ton t trong khng gian Banach . . . . . . . . . . 96
4.3 Ph ca ton t compact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
5 Bi tp chng 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
4 Khng gian Hilbert v ton t trong khng gian Hilbert 116
1 Dng hermite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
1.1 nh ngha v cc tnh cht n gin . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
1.2 Hai bt ng thc quan trng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
2 Tch v hng v khng gian Hilbert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
3 H trc giao, trc chun v php chiu trc giao . . . . . . . . . . 124
3.1 H trc giao v trc chun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
3.2 Php chiu trc giao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
4 Phim hm tuyn tnh lin tc trn khng gian Hilbert . . . . . . . 131
5 C s trc chun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
6 Ton t lin hp trong khng gian Hilbert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
7 Ton t t lin hp v ton t compact trong khng gian Hilbert . 143
7.1 Ton t t lin hp trong khng gian Hilbert . . . . . . . . 143
7
7.2 Ton t t lin hp compact- nh l Hilbert-Schmidt . . . 148
8 Bi tp chng 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
5 Hng dn gii bi tp 157
1 Chng 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
2 Chng 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
3 Chng 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
4 Chng 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
8
Chng 1
Khng gian nh chun v khng
gian Banach
Trong sut ti liu ny chng ta k hiu K l trng s thc 1 hoc trng
s phc C v cc khng gian vector c ni n u l khng gian vector trn
trng K.
1 nh ngha v v d
1.1 Chun trn khng gian vector
nh ngha 1.1. Hm xc nh trn khng gian vector E c gi l mt chun
trn E nu tho mn cc iu kin sau:
1) (x) 0 vi mi x E v (x) = 0 x = 0,
2) (x) = [[(x) vi mi K v vi mi x E,
3) (x + y) (x) + (y) vi mi x, y E.
Khi tho mn cc iu kin 2) v 3), cn iu kin 1) thay bi iu kin:
1) (x) 0 vi mi x E, th c gi l mt na chun trn E.
9
Mnh 1.2. Gi s l mt na chun trn E. Khi , vi mi x, y E ta c:
[(x) (y)[ (x y) (3)
Chng minh. Cho x, y E, t iu kin 3) ta c:
(x) = (x y + y) (x y) + (y)
suy ra
(x) (y) (x y) ()
Thay i vai tr ca x v y v kt hp vi iu kin 2) ta nhn c
(y) (x) (y x) = (x y) ()
Cui cng, t () v () ta c [(x) (y)[ (x y).
T cc tnh cht ca chun v nh ngha khong cch chng ta c mnh
sau:
Mnh 1.3. Nu l mt chun trn E th cng thc:
d(x, y) := (x y), (x, y E) (1.1)
xc nh mt khong cch trn E tho mn:
x, y, z E, K,
_
d(x + z, y + z) = d(x, y),
d(x, y) = [[d(x, y)
(1.2)
Khong cch d xc nh bi cng thc (1.1) c gi l khong cch sinh bi
chun .
Cho E l khng gian vc t v a, b K. Ta gi tp hp sau y l on vi
cc mt a, b:
[a, b] := x = ta + (1 t)b E : t 1, 0 t 1
10
nh ngha 1.4. Tp con X trong khng gian vector E c gi l:
a) Tp li nu [a, b] X vi mi a, b X.
b) Tp cn nu x X vi mi x X v vi mi K m [[ 1.
c) Tp ht nu vi mi x E u tn ti s > 0 sao cho x X vi mi
K m [[ .
Mnh 1.5. Gi s l mt na chun trn E. Khi cc tp hp:
B = x E : (x) < 1, B = x E : (x) 1
l li, cn, ht.
Chng minh. Trc tin ta chng minh B l tp li, cn v ht: Cho a, b B
v 0 t 1. Ta c:
(ta + (1 t)b) (ta) + ((1 t)b) = t(a) + (1 t)(b) < t + 1 t = 1
Mt khc, (x) = [[(x) (x) < 1. Suy ra B l li v cn.
Cui cng, nu x E th do x B, : [[ <
1
(x) + 1
nn B l tp ht.
Vic chng minh B l li, cn v ht hon ton tng t.
1.2 Khng gian nh chun v khng gian Banach
nh ngha 1.6. Khng gian vector E cng vi mt chun xc nh trn E
c gi l mt khng gian tuyn tnh nh chun.
Mt khng gian tuyn tnh nh chun thng gi ngn gn l khng gian
nh chun.
Khi E l khng gian nh chun vi chun th vi mi x E ta vit
(x) = |x| v gi s |x| l chun ca vector x.
11
Theo mnh 1.3, khng gian nh chun E l mt khng gian metric vi
khong cch d sinh bi chun xc nh bi cng thc:
d(x, y) := |x y|, x, y E.
Nh vy, trong khng gian nh chun, khi ni ti cc khi nim v gii hn
ca dy im, dy Cauchy, v tp m, tp ng, v gii hn ca nh x gia cc
khng gian nh chun v cc khi nim lin quan khc th chng ta hiu chnh
l nhng khi nim tng ng trong khng gian metric vi khong cch sinh bi
chun ca khng gian.
nh ngha 1.7. Khng gian tuyn tnh nh chun E c gi l khng gian
Banach nu E cng vi metric sinh bi chun trn E l mt khng gian metric
y.
Mnh 1.8. Nu E l khng gian nh chun th hm chun x |x| l lin
tc u trn E.
Chng minh. Trc ht ta ch rng tnh lin tc u y theo ngha ca nh
x lin tc u gia cc khng gian metric. Cho > 0 bt k, chn = . Khi
, theo mnh 1.3, vi mi x, y E, nu d(x, y) = |x y| < th
[|x| |y|[ |x y| = d(x, y) = = .
Chng t hm |.| : E 1 lin tc u trn E.
Mnh 1.9. Nu E l khng gian nh chun th cc php ton vec t trong E
l lin tc:
Chng minh. Nh cc nh gi di y
|(x + y) (x
0
+ y
0
)| |x x
0
| +|y y
0
|
|x
0
x
0
| [[|x x
0
| +[
0
[|x
0
|
12
vi ch E E hay KE c xt nh khng gian metric tch ca cc khng
gian metric vi khong cch trn E l khong cch sinh bi chun v khong
cch trn K l khong cch Euclide thng thng.
1.3 Tp compact trong khng gian nh chun
nh ngha 1.10. Tp con X trong khng gian nh chun E c gi l:
a) tp b chn nu: sup|x| : x X < +.
b) tp hon ton b chn nu: Vi mi > 0 tn ti tp hu hn A E sao
cho
(x X)(y A) [ |x y| < X
_
yA
B(y, )
Tp con hu hn A E tho mn b) gi l mt - li hu hn ca X.
c) tp compact nu: mi dy x
n
X c mt dy con x
n
k
hi t ti mt
phn t x X.
Nhn xt 1. Nu X l tp hon ton b chn trong E th vi mi > 0 u c
th chn cho X mt - li hu hn A gm ton cc phn t ca X.
Tht vy, cho > 0 c th chn cho X mt /2 li hu hn A E. Khi
X =
_
_
yA
B(y,

2
)
_
X =
_
yA

_
B(y,

2
) X
_
y
B
_
y,

2
_
= x E : |x y| <

2
, A

= y A : B(y,

2
) X ,=
Vi mi y A

, chn z
y
B(y,

2
) X. Ta kim li z
y
: y A

X l - li
hu hn ca X. Cho x X, chn y A |xy| <

2
. Suy ra B(y,

2
)X ,=
nn y A

v
|x z
y
| |x y| +|y z
y
| <

2
+

2
=
13
Nhn xt 2. Mi tp hon ton b chn u l tp b chn. Tht vy, nu X l
tp hon ton b chn th vi = 1 tn ti x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
l - li hu hn ca
X. Gi s x X tu , chn 1 k n |x x
k
| < 1. Suy ra
|x| |x
k
| +|x x
k
| |x
k
| + 1 max
1kn
|x
k
[| + 1
Do
sup
nX
|x| max
1kn
|x
k
| + 1 < +
Vy X l tp b chn.
i vi khng gian nh chun, c trng Hausdorff ca tp compact c
pht biu bi nh l sau y:
nh l 1.11 (Hausdorff). Tp con X trong khng gian Banach E l compact
nu v ch nu X l ng v hon ton b chn.
1.4 Mt s v d v khng gian Banach
V d 1. Khng gian Euclide n- chiu
Vi mi s t nhin n, k hiu K
n
l tch Descartes ca n ln trng v hng
K:
K
n
:= x = (x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
) : x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
K
Vi mi x = (x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
) K
n
, ta t:
|x| =
_
n

i=1
[x
i
[
2
_1
2
. (1)
Ta s chng t cng thc (1) xc nh mt chun trn K
n
, gi l chun Euclide.
Tht vy, hin nhin hm x |x| tho mn cc tin 1) v 2) trong nh ngha
chun. S dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Bunhiakovski sau y
n

i=1
[a
i
b
i
[
_
n

i=1
[a
i
[
2
_1
2
.
_
n

i=1
[b
i
[
2
_1
2
14
chng ta c th chng minh tin hm |.| tho mn iu kin 3) trong nh ngha
chun:
Tht vy, vi mi x = (x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
), y = (y
1
, y
2
, . . . , y
n
) K
n
ta c:
n

i=1
[x
i
+ y
i
[
2

i=1
([x
i
[ +[y
i
[)
2
=
n

i=1
[x
2
i
[ + 2
n

i=1
[x
i
|y
i
[ +
n

i=1
[y
2
i
[

i=1
[x
2
i
[ + 2
_
n

i=1
[x
2
i
[
_1
2
.
_
n

i=1
[x
2
i
[
_1
2
+
n

i=1
[y
2
i
[
=

_
n

i=1
[x
2
i
[ +

_
n

i=1
[y
2
i
[

2
chng t
|x + y| |x| +|y| vi mi x, y K
n
Nh vy, hm |.| tho mn c ba iu kin trong nh ngha chun nn n l
mt chun trn K
n
- gi l chun Euclide, ng thi K
n
vi chun Euclide l mt
khng gian nh chun - gi l khng gian Euclide n chiu.
Cui cng, vi x = (x
1
, . . . , x
n
) K
n
, y = (y
1
, . . . , y
n
) K
n
ta c:
max
1in
[x
i
y
i
[ |x y| n. max
1in
[x
i
y
i
[.
nn |x y| 0 i = 1, n, [x
i
y
i
[ 0, suy ra, s hi t trong K
n
l s hi
t theo to v mt dy l dy Cauchy trong K
n
khi v ch khi tt c cc dy
to ca n u l dy Cauchy trong K. Li do K l khng gian metric y
suy ra K
n
l khng gian y. Vy K
n
l khng gian Banach.
V d 2. Khng gian cc hm lin tc
K hiu C[a; b] l khng gian cc hm lin tc trn on hu hn [a, b]. t:
|f| = sup[f(x)[ : x [a, b], f C[a; b]
D dng thy rng hm f |f| xc nh mt chun trn khng gian C[a; b]
v vi chun , C[a; b] tr thnh mt khng gian nh chun.
15
Ta s kim li C[a; b] l mt khng gian Banach: Cho f
n
l mt dy Cauchy
trong C[a; b], khi vi mi s > 0 cho trc, tn ti s t nhin n
0
sao cho
vi mi m, n N

, m, n n
0
ta u c:
|f
n
f
m
| = sup
x[a;b]
|f
n
(x) f
m
(x)| <
Suy ra
(m, n n
0
) [f
n
(x) f
m
(x)[ vi mi x [a, b]. (1.3)
Nh vy vi mi x [a, b] c nh, dy s f
n
(x) l mt dy Cauchy trong K.
Do K l khng gian metric y nn dy hi t trong K. t
f(x) = lim
n
f
n
(x) K, x [a, b]
ta c hm s f : [a; b] K. Ta s ch ra f C[a; b] v dy f
n
hi t n
f trong C[a; b], ngha l |f
n
f| 0. Tht vy, gi s x
0
[a; b] l im tu
, ta chng minh f lin tc ti x
0
. Trong (1.3) bng cch c nh x [a, b] v
n n
0
, cho m ta c
[f
n
(x) f(x)[ vi mi x [a, b] v n n
0
(1.4)
Cho x
0
[a; b], n = n
0
ta c
[f
n
0
(x
0
) f(x
0
)[ (1.5)
V f
n
0
lin tc ti x
0
nn tn ti > 0 sao cho vi mi x [a; b]
[x x
0
[ < [f
n
0
(x) f
n
0
(x
0
)[ < (1.6)
T cc bt ng thc (1.4), (1.5) v (1.6) ta suy ra: Vi mi x [a; b] tho mn
[x x
0
[ < ta u c:
[f(x) f(x
0
)[ [f(x) f
n
0
(x)[ +[f
n
0
(x) f
n
0
(x
0
)[ +[f
n
0
(x
0
) f(x
0
)[ < 3
Chng t f lin tc ti x
0
. V x
0
[a; b] l im tu ta suy ra f lin tc trn
on [a; b], ngha l f C[a; b].
16
Cng t (1.4) suy ra |f
n
f| = sup
x[a,b]
[f
n
(x) f(x)[ vi mi n n
0
.
Chng t lim
n
|f
n
f| = 0, ngha l dy f
n
hi t n f trong C[a; b].
V d 3. Khng gian cc hm b chn
Gi s S l tp tu . K hiu B(S) l khng gian tt c cc hm b chn
trn S, tc l sup[f(s)[ : s S < +. t
|f| := sup[f(s)[ : s S < +, f B(S) (1.7)
C th thy cng thc (1.7) xc nh mt chun trn B(S), do B(S) l mt
khng gian nh chun. Hn na, c th ch ra B(S) l khng gian Banach.
V d 4. Khng gian cc dy kh tng bc p. K hiu
K
N

= x = (x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
, . . .) : x
n
K, n N

l tp hp tt c cc dy s ca K. Vi mi s thc p 1 tu , k hiu l
p
l
tp hp tt c cc dy s kh tng bc p:
l
p
= x = (x
n
) K
N

n1
[x
n
[
p
< +
Chng ta s chng t l
p
l mt khng gian Banach vi chun xc nh bi
cng thc:
|x|
p
:=
_

n=1
[x
n
[
p
_1
p
, x = (x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
, . . .) l
p
. (1.8)
chng minh l
p
l khng gian vector v cng thc (1.8) thc s xc nh mt
chun trn l
p
, trc tin, chng ta cn chng minh cc b quan trng sau y:
B 1.12. Nu p, q > 1 vi
1
p
+
1
q
= 1 th vi mi , 1
+
ta c:
.

p
p
+

q
q
(1.9)
17
Chng minh. Trc ht, nu = 0 hoc = 0 th b hin nhin ng. Gi
s > 0, > 0. Xt hm s
f(t) =
t
p
p
+
t
q
q
, (t > 0)
Do f

(t) = t
q1
(t
p+q
1) = 0 t = 1 v f

(t) < 0 trn khong (0; 1), f

(t) > 0
trn khong (1; +) nn f c gi tr cc tiu l f(1) =
1
p
+
1
q
= 1. Nh vy
t
p
p
+
t
q
q
1 vi mi t > 0
Thay t =
1
q
.
1
p
vo bt ng thc trn ta c

p
q
.
1
p
+

q
p
.
1
q
1
Nhn hai v ca bt ng thc trn vi v lu rng
p
q
+ 1 = p,
q
p
+ 1 = q,
ta c

p
p
+

q
q
.
B 1.13 (Bt ng thc Holder). Cho p, q 1, p, q > 1,
1
p
+
1
q
= 1. Khi ,
nu (x
n
) l
p
, (y
n
) l
q
th:

n=1
[x
n
y
n
[
_

n=1
[x
n
[
p
_1
p
.
_

n=1
[y
n
[
q
_1
q
(1.10)
Gn hn, bng cch s dng k hiu trong cng thc (1.8) ta c:

n=1
[x
n
y
n
[ |x|
p
.|y|
p
. (1.11)
Chng minh. Hin nhin b ng nu |x|
p
= 0 hoc |y|
q
= 0. Vy ch cn
chng minh trng hp |x|
p
> 0, |y|
q
> 0. Vi mi s t nhin n 1, p dng
b 1.12 cho =
|xn|
xp
v =
|yn|
yq
ta c
[x
n
y
n
[
|x|
p
|y|
q

1
p
[x
n
[
p
|x|
p
p
+
1
q
[y
n
[
q
|y|
q
q
18
Ly tng hai v theo n ta c

n=1
[x
n
y
n
[
|x|
p
|y|
q

1
p|x|
p
.

n=1
[x
n
[
p
+
1
q|y|
q
.

n=1
[y
n
[
q
=
1
p
+
1
q
= 1
Suy ra

n=1
[x
n
y
n
[
_

n=1
[x
n
[
p
_1
p
.
_

n=1
[y
n
[
q
_1
q
B 1.14 (Bt ng thc Minkowski). Cho p 1, p 1. Nu x, y l
p
th
x + y l
p
v
|x + y|
p
|x|
p
+|y|
p
Chng minh. T bt ng thc
[x
n
+ y
n
[
p
([x
n
[ +[y
n
[)
p
2
p
max[x
n
[
p
, [y
n
[
p

2
p
([x
n
[
p
+[y
n
[
p
), n 1
ta c

n=1
[x
n
+ y
n
[
p
2
p
_

n=1
[x
n
[
p
+

n=1
[y
n
[
p
_
< +
Suy ra x + y l
p
.
Bt ng thc Minkowski hin nhin ng vi p = 1.
Gi s p > 1, chn q > 1
1
p
+
1
q
= 1. Do q(p 1) = p v do trn ta c

n=1
[x
n
+ y
n
[
(p1)q
=

n=1
[x
n
+ y
n
[
p
< +
Ngha l ([x
n
+ y
n
[
p1
)

n=1
l
q
. p dng bt ng thc Holder ti (x
n
) l
p
v
([x
n
+ y
n
[
p1
) l
q
vi lu thm rng
1
q
=
p1
p
ta c

n=1
[x
n
[.[x
n
+ y
n
[
p1
|x|
p
_

n=1
[x
n
+ y
n
[
(p1)q
_1
q
= |x|
p
_

n=1
[x
n
+ y
n
[
p
_p1
p
19
Tng t ta c

n=1
[y
n
[.[x
n
+ y
n
[
p1
|y|
q
_

n=1
[x
n
+ y
n
[
p
_p1
p
T cc bt ng thc trn ta nhn c:

n=1
[x
n
+ y
n
[
p

n=1
[x
n
[.[x
n
+ y
n
[
p1
+

n=1
[y
n
[.[x
n
+ y
n
[
p1
(|x|
p
+|y|
p
)
_

n=1
[x
n
+ y
n
[
p
_p1
p
Chia hai v bt ng thc trn cho
_

n=1
[x
n
+ y
n
[
p
_p1
p
ta c:
|x + y|
p
= |x|
p
+|y|
p
.
Mnh 1.15. Nu p 1 th l
p
l mt khng gian Banach.
Chng minh. Trc ht, hin nhin |.|
p
tho mn iu kin th nht trong nh
ngha chun. Cho x, y l
p
v K theo b 1.14 ta c x + y l
p
v hin
nhin x := (x
n
) l
p
, ng thi ta c
|x|
p
=
_

n=1
[[
p
.[x
n
[
p
_1
p
= [[.
_

n=1
[x
n
[
p
_1
p
= [[.|x|
p
Nh vy |.|
p
tho mn iu kin th hai trong nh ngha chun. S dng bt
ng thc Minkowski ta c |.|
p
tho mn iu kin cn li. Vy l
p
l mt khng
gian nh chun vi chun |.|
p
.
By gi ta chng minh l
p
l khng gian Banach: Cho x
(k)

k=1
l dy Cauchy
trong l
p
, x
(k)
= (x
(k)
n
)

n=1
, khi , vi mi s > 0 cho trc, tn ti s t nhin
k
0
sao cho vi mi k, l N

: k, l k
0
ta u c: Suy ra, vi mi m N

ta c:
|x
(k)
x
(l)
| =
_
m

n=1
[x
(k)
n
x
(l)
n
[
p
_1
p
< .
20
Suy ra, vi mi m 1 v k, l k
0
ta c:
|x
(k)
x
(l)
| =
_
m

n=1
[x
(k)
n
x
(l)
n
[
p
_1
p
< . (1.12)
T (1.12) suy ra vi mi n 1 dy x
(k)
n

k1
l dy Cauchy trong K. V K l
khng gian Banach nn tn ti x
n
= lim
k
x
(k)
n
, n N

. t x = (x
n
)

n=1
, ta s
chng t rng x l
p
v x
(k)
x trong l
p
. Trong (1.12), c nh m 1 v k k
0
cho l ta c
_
m

n=1
[x
(k)
n
x
n
[
p
_1
p
vi mi m 1, k k
0
suy ra
_

n=1
[x
(k)
n
x
n
[
p
_1
p
, (k k
0
)
Chng t (x
(k
0
)
n
x
n
)

n=1
l
p
. p dng bt ng thc Minkovski cho cc dy
(x
(k
0
)
n
)

n=1
l
p
, (x
(k
0
)
n
x
n
)

n=1
l
p
ta c:
_

n=1
[x
n
[
p
_1
p

n=1
[x
(k
0
)
n
[
p
_1
p
+
_

n=1
[x
(k
0
)
n
x
n
[
p
_1
p
< +
suy ra x l
p
. Cng t (1.12), c nh k k
0
v cho l ta c
|x
(k)
x|
p
, k k
0
iu ny chng t |x
(k)
x|
p
0 khi k , ngha l x
(k)
x trong l
p
.
V d 5. Khng gian l

v khng gian c
0
t
l

= (x
n
) K
N

: sup
n
[x
n
[ < + v c
0
= (x
n
) l

: lim
n
x
n
= 0.
Khi , l

= B(N

) khng gian cc hm b chn trn N

nn l

l khng gian
Banach vi chun cm sinh bi chun trn l

.
C th chng minh rng c
0
l khng gian con ng ca l

nn c
0
cng l
khng gian Banach.
21
2 Khng gian cc hm kh tch bc p 1
Cho X l tp o c Lebesgue trong 1
k
v l o Lebesgue trn - i
s L cc tp o c Lebesgue trn 1
k
. Vi mi p 1, k hiu L
p
(X) l tp tt
c cc hm kh tch (Lebesgue) bc p trn X (hai hm tng ng xem l mt)
L
p
(X) = f : x 1 o c :
_
X
[f[
p
d < +
Chng ta s chng t L
p
(X) l khng gian Banach vi chun xc nh bi
cng thc:
|f|
p
:=
_
_
X
[f[
p
d
_1
p
Vic chng minh L
p
(X) l khng gian vector v hm L
p
(X) f :|f|
p
1
l mt chun hon ton tng t nh i vi khng gian l
p
cc dy kh tng bc
p, thay cho php ly tng l php ly tch phn. Trc ht chng ta chng minh
cc bt ng thc Holder v bt ng thc Minkowski trong L
p
(X) bi cc B
sau y.
2.1 Bt ng thc Holder
nh l 2.1. Gi s p, q > 1 sao cho
1
p
+
1
q
= 1. Khi vi mi f L
p
(X), g
L
q
(X), ta c
_
X
[f.g[d
_
_
X
[f[
p
d
_1
p
_
_
X
[g[
q
d
_1
q
(2.1)
Hay vi nhng k hiu nu th
|fg|
1
|f|
p
|g|
q
Chng minh. Nu |f| = 0 hoc |g| = 0 th f = 0 h.k.n hoc g = 0 h.k.n. Suy
ra f.g = 0 h.k.n. v do |fg|
1
= 0. Vy bt ng thc Holder l ng trong
22
trng hp ny. Xt trng hp |f|
p
> 0, |g|
q
> 0. Vi mi x X p dng
b 1.12 vi
=
[f(x)[
|f|
p
v =
[g(x)[
|g|
q
ta c
[f(x)g(x)[
|f|
p
|g|
q

1
p
[f(x)[
p
|f|
p
p
+
1
q
[g(x)[
q
|g|
q
q
Ly tch phn hai v theo o ta c
1
|f|
p
|g|
q
_
X
[f(x)g(x)[d
1
p|f|
p
p
_
X
[f(x)[
p
d +
1
q|g|
q
q
_
X
[g(x)[
q
d
Hay
|fg|
1
|f|
p
|g|
q

1
p
[f|
p
p
[f|
p
p
+
1
q
[g|
q
q
[g|
q
q
=
1
p
+
1
q
= 1
Suy ra
|fg|
1
|f|
p
|g|
q
Bt ng thc c chng minh.
2.2 Bt ng thc Minkowski
B 2.2. Nu f, g L
p
(X), p 1 th f +g L
p
(X) v f L
p
(X) vi mi
K. Ngoi ra
|f + g|
p
|f|
p
+|g|
p
v |f|
p
= [[|f|
p
(2.2)
Chng minh. Do
[f(x) + g(x)[
p
([f(x)[ +[g(x)[)
p
2
p
max([f(x)[
p
, [g(x)[
p
)
2
p
([f(x)[
p
+[g(x)[
p
), x X
nn
_
X
[f + g[
p
d 2
p
_
X
[f[
p
d + 2
p
_
X
[g[
p
d < +
23
Suy ra f + g L
p
(X). Hin nhin f L
p
(X) v
|f|
p
= [[|f|
p
, K
By gi ta s chng minh bt ng thc:
|f + g|
p
|f|
p
+|g|
p
Trc ht do (p 1)q = p nn
_
X
([f + g[
p1
)
q
d =
_
X
[f + g[
p
d < +
Suy ra [f + g[
p1
L
q
(X). p dng bt ng thc Holder ti f v [f + g[
p1
vi lu rng (p 1)q = p
_
X
[f[.[f + g[
p1
d
_
_
X
[f[
p
d
_1
p
_
_
X
[f + g[
p
d
_p1
p
Hay
_
X
[f(x)|f + g[
p1
d |f|
p
|f + g|
p1
p
Tng t
_
X
[g(x)|f + g[
p1
d |g|
p
|f + g|
p1
p
Cc bt ng thc trn cho ta
|f + g|
p
p
=
_
X
[f(x) + g(x)[
p
d

_
X
[f(x)|f + g[
p1
d +
_
X
[g(x)|f + g[
p1
d
|f|
p
|f + g|
p1
p
+|g|
p
|f + g|
p1
p
suy ra |f + g|
p
|f|
p
+|g|
p
.
24
nh l 2.3. L
p
(X) l khng gian Banach vi chun
|f|
p
=
_
_
X
[f(x)[
p
d
_1
p
(2.3)
Chng minh. B 2.2 chng t L
p
(X) l khng gian vector v hm f |f|
p
l mt chun trn L
p
(X), y cn ch phn t 0 L
p
(X) chnh l hm bt
k bng khng h.k.n. trn X. By gi ta chng minh L
p
(X) l y, mun vy
ch cn chng minh mi chui trong L
p
(X) hi t tuyt i l hi t. Tht vy,
cho chui

n=1
f
n
trong L
p
(X) vi

n=1
|f
n
|
p
< +. Ta c th xem f
n
nhn gi
tr hu hn khp ni. Vi mi n 1, t
g
n
(x) =
n

k=1
[f
k
(x)[, x X
Khi g
n
L
p
(X) v
|g
n
|
p

k=1
|f
k
|
p
C :=

n=1
|f
k
|
p
< +
Suy ra
_
X
g
p
n
(x)d C
p
vi mi n 1
Bi v vi mi x X, dy s g
n
(x) n iu tng nn tn ti
g(x) = lim
n
g
n
(x) =

k=1
[f
k
(x)[ vi mi x X
Do g v g
p
l o c. Theo b Fatou ta c
_
X
g
p
(x)d =
_
X
lim
n
g
p
n
(x)d lim
n
_
X
g
p
n
(x)d C
p
Bt ng thc ny suy ra g
p
v v vy g l hu hn h.k.n. Nh vy tn ti tp
N X vi (N) = 0 sao cho
g(x) =

k=1
[f
k
(x)[ < + vi mi x X N
25
Suy ra chui

n=1
f
n
hi t h.k.n. n hm o c f. Hn na
_
X
[f(x)[
p
d
_
X
[g(x)[
p
d C
p
Ni cch khc f L
p
(X). Tip theo chng ta chng minh

n=1
f
n
hi t ti f
trong L
p
(X). C th xem f hu hn khp ni. Vi mi n 1 t
h
n
(x) =

k=1
f
k
(x) f(x)

p
, x X
Khi h
n
l dy cc hm o c hi t h.k.n. n 0 v
[h
n
(x)[
_

k=1
[f
k
(x)[ + f(x)[
_
p
2
p
g
p
(x), h.k.n
Do g
p
kh tch, theo nh l Lebesgue v qua gii hn di du tch phn ta c
lim
n
_
X
[h
n
(x)[d = 0
Do lim
n
|
n

k=1
f
k
f|
p
= lim
n
_
X
[
n

k=1
f
k
(x) f(x)[
p
d = 0.
3 Chui trong khng gian nh chun
3.1 Chui v s hi t ca chui
nh ngha 3.1. Gi s E l mt khng gian nh chun v x
n

nN
l mt dy
cc phn t ca E. Ta gi tng hnh thc sau:
x
1
+ x
2
+ . . . + x
n
+ . . . =

n=1
x
n
(3.1)
l mt chui trong khng gian nh chun E.
26
Phn t x
n
c gi l phn t tng qut ca chui (3.1).
Vi mi n N

, phn t s
n
= x
1
+ x
2
+ . . . + x
n
c gi l tng ring th
n v dy s
n

nN
c gi l dy tng ring ca chui (3.1).
nh ngha 3.2. Nu dy cc tng ring s
n
hi t ti phn t s E th chui
(3.1) c gi l hi t v s v s c gi l tng ca chui. K hiu l:

n=1
x
n
= s.
Trng hp ngc li, ta ni chui (3.1) l phn k.
Mnh 3.3. Nu chui (3.1) hi t th phn t tng qut dn n 0, tc l
lim
n
x
n
= 0
Chng minh. Gi s

n=1
x
n
= s, khi , gi s
n
l dy tng ring ca chui
th theo nh ngha ta c lim
n
s
n
= s. Do x
n
= s
n
s
n1
vi mi n > 1 nn
lim
n
x
n
= lim
n
[s
n
s
n1
] = lim
n
s
n
lim
n
s
n1
= s s = 0
nh l 3.4 (Tiu chun Cauchy). Chui

n=1
x
n
trong khng gian Banach E hi
t khi v ch khi
( > 0)(n
0
) [ (n n
0
), (p 1)|x
n+1
+ . . . + x
n+p
| <
Tht vy, v E l khng gian Banach nn chui hi t nu v ch nu dy cc
tng ring s
n
ca n l dy Cauchy, tc l
> 0, n
0
, n > n
0
, p 1 : |s
n+p
s
n
| = |x
n+1
+ . . . + x
n+p
| < .
27
Mnh 3.5. Nu

n=1
x
n
v

n=1
y
n
l hai chui hi t trong khng gian nh
chun E th chui

n=1
(x
n
+ y
n
) hi t vi mi , K v

n=1
(x
n
+ y
n
) =

n=1
x
n
+

n=1
x
n
Chng minh. Gi a
n
, b
n
, s
n
theo th t l tng ring th n ca chui

n=1
x
n
,

n=1
y
n
v

n=1
(x
n
+ y
n
). Khi ta c:
s
n
= a
n
+ b
n
vi mi n N

.
Theo gi thit, tn ti cc gii hn:
lim
n
a
n
= a E, lim
n
b
n
= b E
nn tn ti gii hn lim
n
s
n
v ta c:
lim
n
s
n
= lim
n
a
n
+ lim
n
b
n
= a + b E.
Theo nh ngha chui

n=1
(x
n
+ y
n
) hi t v:

n=1
(x
n
+ y
n
) = a + b =

n=1
x
n
+

n=1
y
n
.
Mnh 3.6. Gi s

n=1
x
n
hi t trong khng gian nh chun E, c tng l s
v 1 k
1
< k
2
< . . . < k
n
< . . . l mt dy tng cc s t nhin. Khi chui

n=1
y
n
vi, vi s hng tng qut:
y
1
= x
1
+. . . +x
k
1
, y
2
= x
k
1
+1
+. . . +x
k
2
, . . . , y
n
= x
k
n1
+1
+. . . +x
kn
, (n N

),
cng hi t v c tng l s.
28
Vi tnh cht trn ta ni c th nhm mt cch tu cc s hng ca chui
hi t.
Chng minh. Tht vy, r rng k
n
n vi mi n N

nn k
n
khi n .
Gi s
n
, t
n
theo th t l tng ring th n ca chui

n=1
x
n
v chui

n=1
y
n
. Khi
vi mi n 1 ta c:
t
n
= y
1
+ . . . + y
n
= (x
1
+ . . . + x
k
1
) + . . . + (x
k
n1
+1
+ . . . + x
kn
) = s
kn
Suy ra:

n=1
y
n
= lim
n
t
n
= lim
n
s
kn
= lim
n
s
n
=

n=1
x
n
3.2 Chui hi t tuyt i
nh ngha 3.7. Chui

n=1
x
n
trong khng gian nh chun E gi l hi t tuyt
i nu chui s

n=1
|x
n
| hi t.
Bi v chui

n=1
|x
n
| l chui s dng nn chui

n=1
x
n
hi t tuyt i nu
v ch nu dy cc tng ring ca chui s

n=1
|x
n
| b chn, ngha l
sup
n1
n

k=1
|x
k
| < +
nh l 3.8. Trong khng gian Banach mi chui

n=1
x
n
hi t tuyt i u hi
t. Hn na, tnh cht hi t cng nh tng ca chui khng ph thuc vo th
t cc phn t.
29
Chng minh. u tin ta chng minh rng chui

n=1
x
n
hi t. Tht vy, do E
l khng gian Banach nn ch cn ch ra rng dy cc tng ring ca chui l dy
Cauchy. Cho > 0, do

n=1
|x
n
| hi t nn tn ti n
0
sao cho
|x
n+1
| + . . . +|x
n+p
| < vi mi n > n
0
, p 1
Suy ra
|x
n+1
+ . . . + x
n+p
| < |x
n+1
| + . . . +|x
n+p
| < vi mi n n
0
, p 1
Vy chui

n=1
x
n
hi t.
chng minh khng nh th hai chng ta xt mt hon v tu ca tp
cc s t nhin N, ngha l mt song nh : N N. t
s
n
= x
1
+ . . . + x
n
, t
n
= x
(1)
+ . . . + x
(n)
.
Ta s chng minh lim
n
s
n
= lim
n
t
n
. Cho > 0 chn n
0
sao cho

n>n
0
|x
n
| <

2
.
Vi mi n > n
0
sao cho A =
1
(1, . . . , n
0
) 1, . . . , n ta c
|s
n
t
n
| = |
n
0

k=1
x
k
+

n
0
+1kn
x
k

kA
x
(k)

kA,kn
x
(k)
| 2

k>n
0
|x
k
| < .
Suy ra

k=1
x
k
= lim
n
s
n
= lim
n
t
n
=

k=1
x
(k)
.
nh l sau y c th coi l nh l o ca nh l 3.8.
nh l 3.9. Khng gian nh chun E l y nu mi chui trong n hi t tuyt
i l hi t.
Chng minh. Cho x
n
l dy Cauchy bt k trong E. Nh vy vi mi k 1
tn ti n
k
k sao cho
|x
p
x
q
| <
1
2
k
vi mi p, q n
k
30
Bng cch t
n

1
= n
1
, n

2
= max(n
1
, n
2
) + 1, . . . , n

k
= max(n
1
, . . . , n
k
) + 1, . . .
c th xem n
1
< n
2
< . . . < n
k
< . . .. t y
k
= x
n
k+1
x
n
k
, khi

k=1
|y
k
| =

k=1
|x
n
k+1
x
n
k
|

n=1
1
2
k
< +
ngha l chui

n=1
y
k
hi t tuyt i. Theo gi thit chui ny hi t, vy
y
1
+ y
2
+ . . . + y
m
= (x
n
2
x
n
1
) + (x
n
3
x
n
2
) + . . . + (x
n
m+1
x
n
1
)
= x
n
m+1
x
n
1
t =

n=1
y
k
.
Suy ra x
nm
t + x
n
1
v do
|x
m
(t + x
n
1
)| |x
m
x
nm
| +|x
nm
t x
n
1
| 0 khi m .
Vy dy x
n

n=1
hi t n phn t t + x
n
1
E khi n , chng t mi dy
Cauchy trong E u hi t nn E l khng gian Banach.
4 nh x tuyn tnh lin tc
4.1 nh ngha v cc tnh cht
Cho E, F l cc khng gian nh chun trn trng K. Khi , E, F va l
khng gian vector va l khng gian metric vi metric sinh bi chun trn E, F.
V th, trong bi ny chng ta s kho st v cc c trng ca mt lp cc nh
x tuyn tnh lin tc gia cc khng gian nh chun.
nh x f : E F c gi l nh x tuyn tnh lin tc nu:
a) f l nh x tuyn tnh gia cc khng gian vector, ngha l:
f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) vi mi x, y E v vi mi , K,
31
b) f l nh x lin tc trn E theo ngha nh x lin tc gia cc khng gian
metric, ngha l, vi x
0
E tu v vi bt k > 0 cho trc, tn ti s
= (x
0
, ) > 0 sao cho:
(x E) (|x x
0
| < |f(x) f(x
0
)| < ).
nh l 4.1. Gi s f : E F l nh x tuyn tnh gia cc khng gian nh
chun E v F. Khi cc tnh cht sau l tng ng:
a) f lin tc u trn E;
b) f lin tc trn E;
c) f lin tc ti 0 E;
d) f b chn trn hnh cu ng n v, tc l
sup|f(x)| : |x| 1 < +;
e) Tn ti hng s C 0 |f(x)| C|x| vi mi x E.
Chng minh. a) b) v b) c) l hin nhin.
c) d). Do f lin tc ti 0 E v f(0) = 0 nn tn ti s = () > 0 sao
cho
(x E)(|x| = |x 0| < |f(x)| = |f(x) f(0)| 1)
Suy ra, vi mi x E m |x| 1 th |

2
x|

2
< nn
|f(x)| =
2

|f
_

2
x
_
|
2

suy ra: sup|f(x)| : |x| 1

2

< +, ngha l f b chn trn hnh cu

ng n v.
d) e) Theo gi thit ta c 0 C = sup|f(x)| : |x| 1 < +. Cho
x E, x ,= 0, khi , do
_
_
_
x
|x|
_
_
_ = 1 nn
|f(x)|
|x|
=
_
_
_f
_
x
|x|
__
_
_ C.
32
Suy ra |f(x)| C|x|. Bt ng thc ny hin nhin ng trong trng hp
x = 0. Nh vy ta c
e) a). Do f l nh x tuyn tnh nn vi mi cp im x
1
, x
2
E tu
cho trc ta c
|f(x
1
) f(x
2
)| = |f
_
x
1
x
2
_
| C|x
1
x
2
|
T bt ng thc trn suy ra tnh lin tc u ca f trn E.
Sau ny chng ta s gi s
|f| = infC 0 : |f(x)| C|x| vi mi x E
l chun ca nh x tuyn tnh lin tc f : E F.
Nhn xt. T nh l 4.1 ta thy: Nu f : E F l nh x tuyn tnh b chn
th nh qua f ca mi tp b chn trong E u l tp b chn trong F. V l do
, mt nh x tuyn tnh lin tc cn c gi l nh x tuyn tnh b chn.
Sau y chng ta s nh ngha chun ca mt nh x tuyn tnh trong khng
gian tt c cc nh x tuyn tnh b chn t khng gian nh chun E n khng
gian nh chun F. B sau y gip cho vic tnh ton c linh hot hn.
B 4.2. Gi s f : E F l nh x tuyn tnh lin tc. Khi ta c cc
ng thc sau
sup
x1
|f(x)| = sup
x=1
|f(x)| = sup
x=0
|f(x)|
|x|
= infC > 0 : |f(x)| C.|x| vi mi x E
(4.1)
33
Chng minh. K hiu cc s trong ng thc (4.1) ln lt l , , , :
= sup
x1
|f(x)|,
= sup
x=1
|f(x)|,
= sup
x=0
|f(x)|
|x|
= sup
x=0
_
_
_f
_
x
|x|
__
_
_,
= infC > 0 : |f(x)| C.|x| vi mi x E.
Do
_
x E, x ,= 0 :
x
|x|
_
x E : |x| = 1 x E : |x| 1
nn ta c . Li do
= infC > 0 : |f(x)| C.|x| vi mi x E
= infC > 0 :
|f(x)|
|x|
C, 0 ,= x E
nn
= infC > 0 :
|f(x)|
|x|
C, 0 ,= x E sup
x=0
_
_
_f
_
x
|x|
__
_
_ =
Vy .
Mt khc, do |f(x)| .|x| vi mi x E nn
|f(x)|
|x|
vi mi
x E, x ,= 0, do :
= sup
x1
|f(x)| sup
0=x1
|f(x)|
|x|
sup
x=0
|f(x)|
|x|
=
T cc lp lun trn ta suy ra = = = .
4.2 Khng gian L(E; F)
K hiu L(E; F) tp hp tt c cc nh x tuyn tnh lin tc t khng gian
nh chun E n khng gian nh chun F. D dng kim tra c rng L(E; F)
34
l khng gian vector vi hai php ton cng v php nhn vi v hng xc nh
theo tng im sau y:
_
(f + g)(x) := f(x) + g(x)
(f)(x) := f(x)
, f, g L(E; F), K, x E.
By gi, nh nh l 4.1, vi mi f L(E; F) c th t tng ng vi s
thc |f| xc nh bi:
|f| := sup|f(x)| : x E, |x| 1 (4.2)
nh l (4.3) di y ch ra rng cng thc (4.2) thc s xc nh mt chun
trn L(E; F) v do L(E; F) cng l khng gian nh chun.
nh l 4.3. L(E; F) l khng gian nh chun vi chun |f| xc nh bi cng
thc (4.2). Ngoi ra, nu F l khng gian Banach th L(E; F) cng l khng
gian Banach.
Chng minh. u tin ta kim li hm f |f| t L(E; F) n 1 tho mn
cc iu kin trong nh ngha ca chun:
+) Hin nhin |f| 0 vi mi f L(E; F). Nu |f| = 0 th do vi mi
x E ta c |f(x)| |f|.|x| = 0 suy ra f = 0 L(E; F). Nh vy iu kin
1) trong nh ngha chun tho mn.
+) iu kin 2) tho mn mt cch hin nhin.
|f| = sup|f(x)| : |x| 1 = [[ sup|f(x)| : |x| 1
= [[.|f| vi mi K, f L(E; F)
+) Cui cng ta kim tra iu kin 3): f, g L(E; F) ta c:
|f + g| = sup|f(x) + g(x)| : |x| 1
sup|f(x)| +|g(x)| : |x| 1
sup|f(x)| : |x| 1 + sup|g(x)| : |x| 1
= |f| +|g|
35
Nh vy L(E; F) l khng gian nh chun vi chun f |f|.
By gi gi s F l khng gian Banach v f
n
l dy Cauhy trong L(E; F),
ngha l:
( > 0)(n
0
) : (m, n N

)(m, n n
0
) |f
n
f
m
| )
Suy ra: ( > 0)(n
0
) : (m, n N

)
m, n n
0
|f
n
(x) f
m
(x)| |x| vi mi x E (1)
T bt ng thc (1) trn ta suy ra vi mi x E dy f
n
(x) l Cauchy trong
F. Do F l khng gian Banach nn tn ti gii hn
f(x) = lim
n
f
n
(x), x E
V f
n
l tuyn tnh vi mi n 1 nn f : E F l tuyn tnh. Cn kim
li rng f L(E; F) v f
n
f trong L(E; F). Bng cch c nh x E v
n n
0
cho m trong (1) ta nhn c
|f
n
(x) f(x)| |x| v vi mi x E (4.3)
Nh vy
|f(x)| |f(x) f
n
0
(x)| +|f
n
0
(x)| ( +|f
n
0
|).|x| vi mi x E
Suy ra f L(E; F). Li theo (4.3) ta c |f
n
f| , chng t f
n
f trong
L(E; F). nh l c chng minh.
Khng gian lin hp tp: Cho E l khng gian nh chun trn trng K.
Chng ta k hiu E

= L(E, K) v gi E

l khng gian lin hp tp ca E.

Mi phn t ca E

gi l mt phim hm tuyn tnh lin tc trn E.

Ch . - T b 4.2, trong khng gian L(E; F) ta c:
|f| = sup
x1
|f(x)| = sup
x=1
|f(x)| = sup
x=0
|f(x)|
|x|
= infC > 0 : |f(x)| C.|x| vi mi x E
36
- i vi cc nh x tuyn tnh lin tc f L(E; F) ta lun c:
|f(x)| |f|.|x| vi mi x E.
- Nu f : E F l song nh tuyn tnh th nh x ngc f
1
: F E cng
l nh x tuyn tnh.
nh ngha 4.4. Cho f : E F l nh x tuyn tnh. Khi :
a) f c gi l mt ng cu nu f l song nh tuyn tnh lin tc hai chiu,
ngha l f : E F cng vi f
1
: F E l lin tc. K hiu f : E F.
Hai khng gian nh chun E v F c gi l ng cu nu tn ti php
ng cu gia E v F. K hiu E F.
b) f c gi l php ng c nu f l ng cu bo ton chun, ngha l f
l ng cu tho mn:
|f(x)| = |x| vi mi x E.
K hiu f : E

= F.
Hai khng gian nh chun E v F c gi l ng c nu tn ti php ng
c gia E v F. K hiu E

= F.
Nhn xt 1. Mi nh x tuyn tnh bo ton chun f : E F u lin tc v l
n cu. T suy ra, nu f : E F l ton nh tuyn tnh bo ton chun th
f l php ng c.
Nhn xt 2. Nu f : E F l nh x tuyn tnh bo ton chun th |f| = 1.
Tht vy, theo nh ngha ta c:
|f| = sup
x1
|f(x)| = sup
x1
|x| = 1.
Nhn xt 3. Nu f : E F l ng cu th nh qua f ca mi tp hon ton
b chn trong E l tp hon ton b chn trong F; nghch nh qua f ca mi tp
hon ton b chn trong F l tp b chn trong E.
37
Mnh 4.5. Gi s f : E F l song nh tuyn tnh. Khi f l ng cu
nu v ch nu tn ti cc s dng C
1
, C
2
sao cho
C
1
|x| |f(x)| C
2
|x| vi mi x E
Chng minh. Gi s f : E F l ng cu. Khi
|f(x)| |f|.|x| vi mi x E v |f
1
(y)| |f
1
|.|y| vi mi y F.
Thay y bi f(x) vo bt ng thc th hai trn ta c
|x| |f
1
|.|f(x)| vi mi x E.
Do nu C
1
=
1
f
1

v C
2
= |f| th vi mi x E ta c:
C
1
|x| |f(x)| C
2
|x|
Ngc li, nu c C
1
, C
2
> 0
C
1
|x| |f(x)| C
2
|x| vi mi x E
th f : E F l lin tc. Mt khc nu thay x bi f
1
(y), y F, bt ng
thc trn cho ta
|f
1
(y)|
1
C
1
|y| vi mi y F
suy ra f
1
: F E lin tc. Vy f l mt ng cu.
Mnh 4.6. Vi mi khng gian nh chun F tn ti mt php ng c chnh
tc : L(K, F) F.
Chng minh. Chng ta s chng minh nh x xc nh nh di y l php
ng c:
: L(K, F) F
f f(1)
38
D thy l nh x tuyn tnh tuyn tnh bo ton chun v vi mi f L(K, F)
ta c:
|(f)| = |f(1)| = sup
||1
[[.|f(1)| = sup
||1
|f()| = |f|.
Mt khc vi y F tu , xt nh x f
y
: K F xc nh bi:
f
y
() = y, K.
C th kim tra trc tip thy f
y
L(K, F) v (f
y
) = f
y
(1) = 1.y = y, ngha l
l ton nh. Nh vy : L(K, F) F l ton nh tuyn tnh bo ton chun
nn l php ng c.
nh l 4.7. Nu f L(E; F),g L(F, G) th g f L(E, G) v
|g f| |g|.|f|
Chng minh. Hin nhin g f l tuyn tnh. Mt khc do
(x E) |(g f)(x)| = |g(f(x))| |g|.|f(x)| |g|.|f| |x|.
Suy ra g f lin tc v |g f| |g||f|.
4.3 Mt s v d v nh x tuyn tnh lin tc
V d 1. Gi s K
n
l khng gian Euclide n chiu. Khi :
a) Vi mi a K
n
c nh, nh x f
a
: K
n
K xc nh bi:
f
a
(x) =
n

i=1
a
i
.x
i
, x = (x
1
, . . . , x
n
) K
n
l mt phim hm tuyn tnh lin tc trn K
n
tho mn |f
a
| = |a|.
b) nh x f : K
n
(K
n
)

t tng ng mi a K
n
vi f
a
(K
n
)

xc
nh nh trong a) l php ng c.
39
Chng ta ln lt chng minh cc khng nh trn:
a) D thy f
a
l nh x tuyn tnh. Nh bt ng thc Cauchy-Bunhiakowski,
vi mi x = (x
1
, . . . , x
n
) K
n
ta c:
[f
a
(x)[
n

i=1
[a
i
[.[x
i
[ (
n

i=1
[a
i
[
2
)
1
2
.(
n

i=1
[x
i
[
2
)
1
2
= |a|.|x|
Suy ra f
a
(K
n
)

v |f
a
| |a|.
Ta thy, nu a = 0 th f
a
= 0 v do |f
a
| = |a| = 0. Gi s a ,= 0, chn
x
0
=
1
|a|
(a
1
, a
2
, . . . , a
n
)
khi ta c |x
0
| = 1 nn
|f
a
| = sup
x1
|f(x)| |f(x
0
)| =
|a|
2
|a|
= |a|
Suy ra |f
a
| = |a|.
b) D thy nh x f : K
n
(K
n
)

xc nh bi f(a) := f
a
l nh x tuyn
tnh. Theo chng minh phn a) trn ta c
|f(a)| = |f
a
| = |a| vi mi a K
n
.
Nh vy, f l nh x tuyn tnh bo ton chun nn f lin tc v l n cu. Hn
na, chng ta s ch ra f l ton cu. Tht vy, cho g (K
n
)

, t
a = (g(e
1
), . . . , g(e
n
)) K
n
y e
i

n
i=1
l c s chnh tc trong K
n
, th d dng kim tra c rng f(a) = g.
Tm li, f : K
n
(K
n
)

l song nh tuyn tnh bo ton chun nn f l php

ng c.
V d 2. Cho = (
n
) l

. Khi :
40
a) nh x f

: l
1
K xc nh bi cng thc:
f

(x) =

n=1

n
x
n
, x = (x
n
)

n=1
l
1
xc nh mt phim hm tuyn tnh lin tc trn l
1
tho mn |f

| = ||

.
b) nh x f : l

(l
1
)

t tng ng mi = (
n
) l

vi f

xc nh
nh trong a) l mt php ng c.
Chng minh. a) Bng nh ngha, d dng kim tra c rng f

l nh x tuyn
tnh. Vi mi x = (x
1
, . . . , x
n
, . . .) l
1
ta c:
[f

(x)[

n=1
[
n
[[x
n
[

n=1
[x
n
[ sup
n1
[
n
[ = ||

|x|
1
suy ra f

lin tc v |f

| ||

.
Chn dy e
n

n=1
l
1
vi e
n
= (0, 0, , 1
th n
, 0, . . .). Khi , |e
n
| = 1 v
f

(e
n
) =
n
vi mi n 1. Do :
|f

| = sup
x1
[f

(x)[ sup
n1
[f

(e
n
)[ = sup
n1
[
n
[ = ||

Vy |f

| = ||

b) D thy nh x f : l

(l
1
)

xc nh bi: f() = f

l nh x tuyn
tnh. Hn na, theo chng minh trong phn a) trn ta c
|f()| = |f

| = || vi mi l

,
chng t f bo ton chun. Nh vy f l nh x tuyn tnh bo ton chun nn
f lin tc v l n cu.
Tip theo ta chng minh f l ton cu: Cho g (l
1
)

, t
n
= g(e
n
), n 1
v chn = (
n
) th do
sup
n1
[
n
[ = sup
n1
[g(e
n
)[ sup
x1
[g(x)[ < +
41
nn = (
n
) l

. Ta s ch ra f() = g. Tht vy, vi mi m N

ta c:
|x
m

n=1
x
n
e
n
|
1
= |(x
1
, . . . , x
m
, x
m+1
, . . .) (x
1
, . . . , x
m
, 0, . . .)|
1
= |(0, . . . , 0, x
m+1
, . . .)|
1
=

n=m+1
[x
n
[
V x = (x
n
) l
1
nn chui s

n=1
[x
n
[ hi t, do

n=m+1
[x
n
[ 0 khi m .
Suy ra |x
m

n=1
x
n
e
n
|
1
0 khi m , chng t chui

n=1
x
n
e
n
hi t trong l
1
ti x:

n=1
x
n
e
n
= x.
Do g l nh x tuyn tnh v lin tc nn vi mi x = (x
n
) l
1
ta c:
g(x) = g
_

n=1
x
n
e
n
_
= g
_
lim
m
m

n=1
x
n
e
n
_
= lim
m
g
_
m

n=1
x
n
e
n
_
= lim
m
m

n=1
g(x
n
e
n
) =

n=1
x
n
g(e
n
) =

n=1

n
x
n
= f

(x) = f()(x).
Suy ra f() = g, chng t f l ton nh. Nh vy f l song nh tuyn tnh bo
ton chun nn f l php ng c gia l

v (l
1
)

.
V d 3. Nu = (
n
) l
1
th nh x f

: c
0
K xc nh bi cng thc
f

(x) =

n=1

n
x
n
, x = (x
n
) c
0
,
xc nh mt phim hm tuyn tnh trn c
0
tho mn |f

| = ||
1
. Hn na, nh
x f : l
1
(c
0
)

t tng ng mi l
1
vi f

(c
0
)

l n cu tuyn tnh
bo ton chun.
Chng minh. Bng nh ngha d dng kim tra c rng f

l nh x tuyn
tnh.
42
Vi mi x = (x
n
) c
0
ta c:
[f

(x)[

n=1
[
n
[[x
n
[ (sup
n1
[x
n
[)

n=1
[
n
[ = ||
1
|x|

.
Suy ra f

lin tc v |f

| ||
1
().
chng minh |f

| = ||
1
, nh bt ng thc () ta ch cn chng minh
|f

| ||
1
. Tht vy, vi mi n 1 c th chn c s
n
K vi [
n
[ = 1
sao cho
n

n
= [
n
[. t
x
k
0
= (
1
, . . . ,
k
, 0, 0, . . .), k = 1, 2, . . .
Khi x
k
0
c
0
v |x
k
0
| = 1 vi mi k N

. Suy ra, vi mi k N

ta c:
|f

| [f

(x
k
0
)[ =
k

n=1

n
=
k

n=1
[
n
[
Chuyn qua gii hn khi k ta c:
|f

n=1
[
n
[ = ||
1
khi k .
Chng t |f

| ||
1
. Kt hp vi khng nh |f

| ||
1
trn ta c
|f

| = ||
1
.
C th kim tra trc tip thy nh x f : l
1
(c
0
)

t tng ng mi l
1
vi f

(c
0
)

nh trong a) l nh x tuyn tnh. Hn na, theo chng minh trn

ta c |f()| = |f

| = ||
1
vi mi l
1
nn f bo ton chun. T tnh cht
bo ton chun suy ra f l n nh tuyn tnh lin tc.
V d 4. Cho p, q > 1,
1
p
+
1
q
= 1. Khi vi mi l
q
cng thc
f

(x) =

n=1

n
x
n
, x = (x
n
) l
p
.
l phim hm tuyn tnh lin tc trn l
p
tho mn |f

| = ||
q
. Hn na, nh x
f : l
q
(l
p
)

t tng ng mi = (
n
) l
q
vi f

(l
p
)

l mt php ng c.
43
Tht vy, trc ht, d dng kim tra c rng f

l phim hm tuyn tnh

trn l
p
. p dng bt ng thc Holder, vi mi x = (x
n
) l
p
ta c:
[f

(x)[

n=1
[
n
[[x
n
[
_

n=1
[
n
[
q
_1
q
.
_

n=1
[x
n
[
p
_1
p
= ||
q
|x|
p
.
Suy ra f

l phim hm tuyn tnh lin tc trn l

p
v |f

| ||
q
.
Xt nh x f : l
q
(l
p
)

t tng ng mi l
q
vi f

(l
p
)

. D thy f
l nh x tuyn tnh. Ta s ch ra f l nh x ng c.
Trc ht, f l ton nh: Cho g (l
p
)

. Chn dy e
n

n=1
l
p
vi
e
n
= (0, 0, , 1
th n
, 0, . . .), n = 1, 2, . . . .
t
n
= g(e
n
), n 1, v = (
n
)
n1
. Do vi mi m N

ta c:
|x
m

n=1
x
n
e
n
|
p
=
_

n=m+1
[x
n
[
p
_1
p
nn
lim
m
|x
m

n=1
x
n
e
n
|
p
= lim
m
_

n=m+1
[x
n
[
p
_1
p
= 0
chng t chui

n=1
x
n
e
n
hi t n x trong l
p
. Li do g l phim hm tuyn tnh
lin tc nn vi mi x l
p
ta c:
g(x) = g
_

n=1
x
n
e
n
_
=

n=1
g(x
n
e
n
) =

n=1
x
n
g(e
n
)
=

n=1

n
x
n
= f

(x) = f()(x)

g = f().
Nh vy, nu = (
n
) = (g(e
n
))
n1
l
q
th nh x f : l
q
(l
p
)

xc nh bi
f() = f

l ton nh.
Ta s ng thi chng minh l
q
v |f

| ||
q
. Tht vy, vi mi n 1
c th chn
n
K vi [
n
[ = 1
n

n
= [
n
[. t
x
m
=
m

n=1
[
n
[
q1

n
e
n
= ([
1
[
q1

1
, [
2
[
q1

2
, . . . , [
m
[
q1

m
, 0, 0, . . .)
44
R rng x
m
l
p
vi mi m 1. Do (q 1)p = q nn Vi mi m N

ta c:
|x
m
|
p
=
_
m

n=1
_
[
n
[
q1
.[
n
[
_
p
_1
p
=
_
m

n=1
[
n
[
(q1)p
_1
p
=
_
m

n=1
[
n
[
q
_1
p
.
Mt khc, vi mi m 1 ta c
m

n=1
[
n
[
q
=
m

n=1
[
n
[
q1

n
= [f

(x
m
)[ |f

||x
m
| = |f

|
_
m

n=1
[
n
[
q
_1
p
Suy ra, vi mi m N

ta c
_
m

n=1
[
n
[
q
_1
q
=
_
m

n=1
[
n
[
q
_
1
1
p
|f

|
Cho m ta c
||
q
=
_

n=1
[
n
[
q
_1
q
|f

|
Nh vy l
q
v |f

| = ||
q
, ng thi nh x tuyn tnh f : l
q
(l
p
)

ang
xt l ton nh bo ton chun nn l ng cu.
5 Khng gian con v khng gian thng
5.1 Khng gian con
Gi s E l khng gian nh chun v F l khng gian vector con ca E.
Khi , F cng l khng gian nh chun vi chun cm sinh bi chun trn E.
Khng gian F nh vy gi l khng gian con ca khng gian nh chun E.
Nhn xt 1. Chng ta d dng chng minh c cc khng nh sau:
a) Nu E l khng gian Banach v F l khng gian con ng ca E th F
cng l khng gian Banach.
b) Nu F l khng gian con Banach ca khng gian nh chun E th F l
khng gian con ng ca E.
45
Mnh 5.1. Nu F l khng gian con ca khng gian nh chun E th bao
ng F ca F cng l khng gian con ca E.
Chng minh. Tht vy, r rng F ,= . Cho x, y F, , K. Khi , tn
ti cc dy x
n
F, y
n
F x
n
x, y
n
y. Suy ra dy x
n
+ y
n

l dy phn t ca F hi t n x + y nn x + y F.
5.2 Tng trc tip t p
Trc ht ta nhc li khi nim tng trc tip ca cc khng gian vector con
trong i s tuyn tnh: Ta ni khng gian vector E l tng trc tip ca cc
khng gian con M v N v c k hiu l E = M N, nu mi vector x E
u vit c duy nht di dng x = y + z, trong y M, z N.
Nhn xt 2. a) E = M N E = M + N = y + z : y M, z N v
M N = 0. Tht vy, nu E = M N th hin nhin E = M + N. Nu
x M N th M +N x +0 = 0 +x M +N. Do tnh duy nht ca s biu
din, suy ra x = 0. Ngc li, gi s E = M + N v M N = 0. Khi vi
mi x E tn ti y M v z N x = y + z. Nu y

M v z

N d
x = y

+ z

th y y

= z z

M N = 0. Suy ra y = y

v z = z

. Vy
E = M N.
b) Nu E = M N th tn ti hai nh x p : E M v q : E N
sao cho mi x E u vit c dy nht di dng x = p(x) + q(x). Hn
na, nh tnh duy nht ca s biu din mi vector ca E thnh tng ca cc
vector ca M v N, chng ta suy ra p, q l cc nh x tuyn tnh. Tht vy, nu
46
x
1
, x
2
E,
1
,
2
K th
M
..
p(
1
x
1
+
2
x
2
) +
N
..
q(
1
x
1
+
2
x
2
) =
1
x
1
+
2
x
2
=
1
[p(x
1
) + q(x
1
)] +
2
[p(x
2
) + q(x
2
)]
= [
1
p(x
1
) +
2
p(x
2
)]
. .
M
+ [
1
q(x
1
) +
2
q(x
2
)]
. .
N
M N
Do tnh duy nht ca s biu din ta suy ra:
_
p(
1
x
1
+
2
x
2
) =
1
p(x
1
) +
2
p(x
2
)
q(
1
x
1
+
2
x
2
) =
1
q(x
1
) +
2
q(x
2
)
Nh vy, p, q l cc nh x tuyn tnh.
c) p(x) = x vi mi x M, Imp = M, ker p = N.
q(x) = x vi mi x N v Imq = N, ker q = M.
Hai nh x tuyn tnh p : E M v q : E N gi l cc php chiu khng
gian E ln cc khng gian con M v N.
nh ngha 5.2. Gi s E l khng gian nh chun cn M, N l cc khng gian
con ca E. Nu E = M N v cc php chiu p : E M v q : E N lin
tc th ta ni khng gian nh chun E l tng trc tip tp ca cc khng gian
con M v N ca E. K hiu l E = M N.
Ch . Trong khng gian nh chun chng ta k hiu M N ch tng trc
tip tp, trong khi , i vi khng gian vector, k hiu ch ch tng trc
tip ca ca cc khng gian vector con nh bit trong i s tuyn tnh.
Mnh 5.3. Nu E l khng gian nh chun v E = M N th M v N l
cc khng gian con ng ca E.
Chng minh. Ta chng minh M l khng gian con ng ca E v i vi N
chng minh tng t: Cho x
n
M v x
n
x E. Do p l lin tc nn
47
p(x) = lim
n
p(x
n
) = lim
n
x
n
= x. V x = p(x) nn x Imp = M, chng t M
l ng trong E.
5.3 Siu phng
nh ngha 5.4. Khng gian con H ca khng gian nh chun E c gi l
siu phng thun nht trong E nu H l khng gian con thc s ln nht trong
E, ngha l H l khng gian con ca E, H ,= E v nu F l khng gian con bt
k ca E tho mn H F E th hoc H = F hoc F = E.
Nu H l siu phng thun nht ca E v x E th tp con M = x+H c
gi l siu phng trong E.
Mnh 5.5. Gi s H l khng gian con ca khng gian nh chun E. Khi
cc khng nh sau l tng ng
a) H l siu phng thun nht ca E;
b) E = Ka + H vi mi a E H;
c) Tn ti phim hm tuyn tnh f ,= 0 trn E sao cho H = ker f.
Trong trng hp ny ta gi phng trnh f(x) = 0 hoc gi chnh phim hm
tuyn tnh f l phng trnh ca siu phng thun nht H.
Chng minh. a) b) l hin nhin v Ka + H ,= H vi mi a / H.
b) c). Cho a E H. theo gi thit E = Ka +H. V Ka H = 0, nn
E = Ka H. Nh vy mi x E vit duy nht di dng x = f(x)a + y vi
y H v f E

. R rng ker f = H.
c) a) Do f ,= 0 nn H = ker f ,= E. Gi s H F E vi F l khng
gian con ca E. Nu F ,= H th tn ti a F H. Do f(a) ,= 0. V mi
48
x E c th vit nh
x =
f(x)a
f(a)
+
_
x
f(x)a
f(a)
_
Ka + H F
nn x F. Vy F = E.
H qu 5.6. Nu f v g l hai phng trnh ca cng mt siu phng thun nht
H th tn ti K 0 g = f.
Chng minh. Ly a EH tu . Do H l siu phng thun nht nn theo mnh
trn mi x E vit nh x = a + y, K, y H. Suy ra
f(x)
f(a)
= =
g(x)
g(a)
vi x E. Vy vi =
g(a)
f(a)
ta c g(x) = f(x) vi mi x E, chng t
g = f.
nh l 5.7. Gi s f l phim hm tuyn tnh trn khng gian nh chun E.
Khi f lin tc khi v ch khi ker f l khng gian con ng ca E.
Chng minh. iu kin cn l tm thng. Ngc li, gi s ker f l ng. V
f ,= 0 nn tn ti e E sao cho f(e) = 1. Do ker f l ng v e / ker f, tn
ti r > 0 B(e, r) ker f = , y B(e, r) = x E : |x e| < r =
e + B(0, r). Khi
f(B(0, r)) K : [[ < 1.
Tht vy, nu tri li, tn ti x
0
B(0, r) [f(x
0
[ 1. Do
x
0
f(x
0
)
B(0, r)
v vy th e
x
0
f(x
0
)
B(e, r) ker f. Tri gi thit B(e, r) ker f = . Nh
vy sup[f(x)[ : |x| r 1. iu ny mu thun vi [f(x
0
)[ 1. Suy ra
sup[f(x)[ : |x| 1
1
r
< +
Chng t f lin tc trn E.
49
5.4 Khng gian thng
Cho E l khng gian nh chun v M l khng gian con ng ca E. K
hiu E/M l tp thng ca E theo quan h tng ng xc nh bi:
x, y E : x y x y M.
Khi E/M = x+M : x E v quan h bng nhau trn E/M xc nh bi:
x + M = y + M x y M.
D dng kim tra c rng E/M l khng gian vector vi cc php ton vector
xc nh theo cc php ton gia cc phn t i din ca cc phn t ca E/M.
(x + M) + (y + M) := (x + y) + M, (x + M) := x + M.
Ta s chng t cng thc sau xc nh mt chun trn E/M:
|x + M| = dist(x, M) = inf|x y| : y M. (5.1)
Ch rng do M l khng gian con ca E nn y M y M, v th ng
thc sau ng:
dist(x, M) = inf|x + y| : y M.
nh l 5.8. E/M l khng gian nh chun vi chun xc nh bi cng thc
(5.1). Ngoi ra nu E l Banach th E/M cng l Banach.
Chng minh. Trc tin ta chng minh hm E/M x+M |x+M| 1 l
mt chun trn E/M bng cch kim tra trc tip cc iu kin trong nh ngha
chun:
1) Hin nhin |x + M| = dist(x, M) 0 vi mi x E v do M ng nn
nu |x + M| = dist(x, M) = 0 suy ra x M v do x + M = 0 + M chnh
l vector khng ca E/M.
50
2) Cho K 0 v x + M E/M. Ta c
|(x + M)| = |x + M| = inf|x y| : y M
= [[ inf|x
y

| : y M
= [[ inf|x z| : z M = [[.|x + M|
Hin nhin ng thc ny cng ng c trong trng hp = 0.
3) Cho x
1
+ M, x
2
+ M E/M. Vi mi > 0 cho trc, theo nh ngha
infimum, tn ti y
1
, y
2
M sao cho:
|x
1
y
1
| |x
1
+ M| + ,
|x
2
y
2
| |x
2
+ M| + .
Suy ra
|(x
1
+ x
2
) + M| |(x
1
+ x
2
)
M
..
(y
1
+ y
2
) |
|x
1
y
1
| +|x
2
y
2
|
|x
1
+ M| +|x
2
+ M| + 2.
Cho 0 ta c:
|(x
1
+ M) + (x
2
+ M)| = |(x
1
+ x
2
) + M| |x
1
+ M| +|x
2
+ M|.
T cc chng minh trn suy ra E/M l khng gian nh chun.
Tip theo, gi s E l khng gian Banach, ta chng minh E/M cng l khng
gian Banach. Nh nh l 3.9 chng 1, chng ta ch cn chng minh mi chui
trong E/M hi t tuyt i l hi t. Cho

n=1
(x
n
+M) vi

n=1
|x
n
+M| < +.
Vi mi s t nhin n 1, theo nh ngha infimum c th chn y
n
M
|x
n
y
n
| |x
n
+ M| +
1
2
n
Suy ra

n=1
|x
n
y
n
|

n=1
|x
n
+M| +

n=1
1
2
n
< +. iu ny chng t chui

n=1
(x
n
y
n
) trong E hi t tuyt i. Do E l khng gian Banach nn chui
51
hi t trong E. t x =

n=1
(x
n
y
n
) E, khi vi mi m N

, do
m

n=1
y
n
M v theo nh ngha chun trn E/M ta c:
|(x + M)
m

n=1
(x
n
+ M)| =
_
_
_
_
x
m

n=1
x
n
_
+ M
_
_
_ = dist
_
x
m

n=1
x
n
, M
_

_
_
_
_
x
m

n=1
x
n
_
+
m

n=1
y
n
_
_
_ =
_
_
_x
m

n=1
(x
n
y
n
)
_
_
_
Cho m ta c lim
m
|(x + M)
m

n=1
(x
n
+ M)| = 0, chng t chui

n=1
(x
n
+M) hi t trong E/M n x + M. Nh vy mi chui hi t tuyt i
trong E/M u hi t nn E/M l khng gian Banach.
nh ngha 5.9. Khng gian nh chun E/M c gi l khng gian thng ca
khng gian nh chun E theo khng gian con ng M.
Ch . Qua chng minh nh l 5.8 chng ta thy iu kin M l khng gian con
ng l iu kin m bo cho cng thc (5.1) xc nh mt chun trn E/M.
6 Khng gian nh chun hu hn chiu
6.1 Khng gian nh chun hu hn chiu
nh l 6.1. Mi khng gian nh chun n chiu trn K, (n 1), u ng cu
vi khng gian Euclide n- chiu K
n
.
Chng minh. Gi s E l khng gian nh chun n chiu trn K. Chng ta s
chng minh E K
n
theo phng php quy np theo n:
+) Gi s E l khng gian nh chun mt chiu sinh bi vector a E, a ,= 0.
Xt nh x : K E xc nh bi () = a, E. D thy l php ng
cu nn E K. Nh vy nh l ng trong trng hp n = 1.
52
+) Gi s dimE = n > 1 v nh l ng vi n 1. Do dimE = n nn c
th chn mt c s tu e
1
, e
2
, . . . , e
n
ca E. Khi , mi x E u biu din
c mt cch duy nht di dng:
x =
n

i=1
f
i
(x)e
i
trong f
i
: E K, i = 1, n, l cc phim hm tuyn tnh khc khng. Do
H
i
= ker f
i
l siu phng thun nht trong E nn H
i
l khng gian nh chun
n 1 chiu. Theo gi thit qui np H
i
K
n1
nn H
i
l khng gian Banach, v
do l khng gian con ng ca E. T , theo nh l 5.7, f
i
lin tc vi
mi 1 i n.
Gi e
i
, i = 1, n l c s chnh tc ca E v xt nh x : K
n
E xc
nh bi:
() =
n

i=1

i
e
i
, = (
1
, . . . ,
n
) K
n
.
R rng l nh x tuyn tnh. Hn na, vi mi = (
1
, . . . ,
n
) K
n
ta c:
|()|
n

i=1
[
i
[|e
i
|
_
n

i=1
|e
i
|
2
_1
2
.
_
n

i=1
[
i
[
2
_1
2
=
_
n

i=1
|e
i
|
2
_1
2
||
chng t lin tc.
Theo cch xc nh nh x , d dng kim tra c rng l song nh v
nh x ngc
1
: E K
n
xc nh bi
1
(x) = (f
1
(x), . . . , f
n
(x)), x E.
Do cc nh x f
i
lin tc nn vi mi x E ta c:
|
1
(x)| = |(f
1
(x), . . . , f
n
(x))| =

_
n

j=1
|f
j
(x)|
2

_
n

j=1
_
|f
j
|
2
.|x|
2
_

_
n. max
j=1,n
|f
j
|
_
.|x|.
Chng t nh x
1
lin tc. Vy nh x : K
n
E l ng cu.
53
H qu 6.2. Mi khng gian nh chun hu hn chiu u l khng gian Banach.
Chng minh. Cho E l khng gian nh chun m chiu, m N. Khi , theo
nh l (6.1) tn ti php ng cu : E K
m
. Gi s x
n

n1
l dy Cauchy
bt k trong E, khi vi mi s > 0 cho trc, tn ti s t nhin n sao cho:
(k, l N

)(k, l N |x
k
x
l
| < ),
suy ra vi mi k, l N

:
_
k, l N |(x
k
) (x
l
)| = |(x
k
x
l
)| ||.|x
k
x
l
| < ||
_
chng t dy (x
n
)
n1
l dy Cauchy trong K
m
. Do K
m
l khng gian Banach
nn tn ti gii hn lim
n
(x
n
) = y
0
K
m
. Li do
1
lin tc nn tn ti gii
hn:
lim
n
x
n
= lim
n

1
_
(x
n
)
_
=
1
(y
0
) := x
0
E.
Nh vy, mi dy Cauchy trong E u hi t nn E l khng gian Banach.
pht biu mt s h qu khc ca nh l 6.1 ta nhc li khi nim sau:
nh ngha 6.3. Hai chun |.|
1
v |.|
2
trn cng mt khng gian vector E gi
l tng ng v c k hiu l |.|
1
|.|
2
nu tn ti cc s dng m, M sao
cho
m|x| |f(x)| M|x| vi mi x E
H qu 6.4. Hai chun ty trn khng gian vector hu hn chiu l tng
ng.
Chng minh. Cho E l khng gian vector n chiu v |.|
1
, |.|
2
l hai chun bt
k trn E. Xt hai khng gian nh chun (E, |.|
1
) v (E, |.|
2
). Chng ta s
chng minh nh x ng nht id : (E, |.|
1
) (E, |.|
2
) l ng cu. Khi ,
id : (E, |.|
1
) (E, |.|
2
) l lin tc nn tn ti M > 0
|x|
2
M|x|
1
vi mi x E
54
Cng vy do id : (E, |.|
2
) (E, |.|
1
) lin tc nn tn ti m

> 0
|x|
1
m

|x|
2
vi mi x E
Suy ra m|x|
1
|x|
2
vi mi x E, y m =
1
m

.
Tht vy, gi s e
1
, . . . , e
n
l mt c s ca E, khi mi vector x E biu
din c duy nht di dng x =
n

i=1
f
i
(x)e
i
, trong cc nh x f
i
: E
K, i = 1, n, l cc dng tuyn tnh trn E. Theo chng minh nh l 6.1, hai nh
x
(E, |.|
1
) K
n
x (f
1
(x), . . . , f
n
(x))
v K
n
(E, |.|
2
)
= (
1
, . . . ,
n
)

n
i=1

i
e
i
l ng cu.
Mt khc v nh x ng nht id : (E, |.|
1
) (E, |.|
2
) c th vit nh
(E, |.|
1
) x (f
1
(x), . . . , f
n
(x))
n

i=1
f
i
(x)e
i
= x (E, |.|
2
)
nn n l ng cu.
H qu 6.5. Mi nh x tuyn tnh t khng gian nh chun hu hn chiu E
vo khng gian nh chun F l lin tc.
Chng minh. Cho f : E F l nh x tuyn tnh. Khi cng thc
|x|
1
= |x| +|f(x)|, x E
xc nh mt chun trn E. V E hu hn chiu nn theo h qu 6.4 chun ny
tng ng vi chun cho trn E nn tn ti s C > 0
|x|
1
C|x| vi mi x E
Suy ra |f(x)| (C 1).|x| vi mi x E, chng t f l lin tc.
55
nh l 6.6 (Riesz). Cho E l khng gian nh chun. Khi cc khng nh
sau l tng ng:
a) E hu hn chiu.
b) Mi tp b chn trong E l hon ton b chn.
c) Hnh cu n v B = x E : |x| 1 ca E l tp hon ton b chn.
Chng minh. a) b). Gi s dimE = n < +. Theo nh l 6.1 ta c
E K
n
. V mi tp b chn trong K
n
l hon ton b chn v c th kim tra
c rng tnh hon ton b chn c bo ton qua php ng cu nn mi tp
b chn trong E l hon ton b chn.
b) c) V bn thn hnh cu n v B l tp b chn trong E nn theo gi
thit b) n l tp hon ton b chn.
c)a). Gi s B hon ton b chn. Nh vy vi =
1
2
tn ti a
1
, . . . , a
n
B
B
n

i=1
B(a
i
,
1
2
). Gi M l khng gian con sinh bi a
1
, . . . , a
n
:
M = a
1
, a
2
, . . . , a
n
) =
_
n

i=1

i
a
i
[
i
K
_
Ta s chng t M = E v khi E l hu hn chiu vi s chiu khng vt
qu n. Tht vy, gi s ngc li, M ,= E, khi tn ti x E M. V M l
khng gian con hu hn chiu ca E nn bn thn M l khng gian Banach do
M ng trong E. Suy ra
d = (x, M) = inf|x y| : y M > 0
Theo nh ngha inf, c th chn y
0
trong M sao cho d |x y
0
| <
3
2
d. t
z =
x y
0
|x y
0
|
th |z| = 1 nn z B
n

i=1
B(a
i
,
1
2
), do c th chn c ch
s i : 1 i n, sao cho |z a
i
| <
1
2
. V
y
0
+|x y
0
|a
i
M, khi z a
i
=
x y
0
|x y
0
|
a
i
56
nn ta c
|x y
0
|.(z a
i
) = x (y
0
+|x y
0
|a
i
).
Ly chun hai v ta c:
|x y
0
|.|(z a
i
)| = |x (y
0
+|x y
0
|a
i
)|
Kt hp vi iu kin |z a
i
| <
1
2
v y +|x y|a
i
M ta suy ra:
3
2
d > |x y
0
| > 2|x y||z a
i
| = 2|x (y +|x y|a
i
)| 2d
iu ny khng th xy ra vi s d > 0. Mu thun ny do gi thit phn chng
l sai, chng t M = E v do E l hu hn chiu.
6.2 Khng gian kh li
nh ngha 6.7. Khng gian nh chun E gi l kh li nu E c mt tp con
m c tr mt trong E. .
Theo nh ngha, khng gian nh chun E l kh li nu tn ti mt dy
x
n

nN
cc phn t ca E sao cho vi mi x E u c t nht mt dy con
x
kn

nN
hi t n x.
Mnh 6.8. Khng gian c
0
v khng gian l
p
vi p 1 l cc khng gian kh
li.
Chng minh. Chng ta c th xem K = 1.
a) t A = x = (x
n
) sao cho ch c mt s hu hn x
n
,= 0. Khi
A l tp m c cha trong c
0
. Cho x = (x
n
) c
0
v > 0 cho trc. Chn
n
0
[x
n
[ < vi n > n
0
. Vi mi 1 n n
0
, chn
n
[x
n

n
[ < .
Xt = (
1
, . . . ,
n
0
, 0, . . .) A. Khi
|x | = |(x
1

1
, . . . , x
n
0

n
0
, x
n
0
+1
, . . .)| <
57
b) Xt A nh trong a). R rng A l
p
. Cho x = (x
n
) l
p
v > 0. Chn n
0

n>n
0
[x
n
[
p
<
p
. Vi mi 1 n n
0
ly
n

[x
n

n
[ <

n
1
p
0
vi mi n : 1 n n
0
.
Xt = (
1
, . . . ,
n
0
, 0, . . .) A. Ta c
|x |
p
=
_
n
0

n=1
[x
n

n
[
p
_
+

n>n
0
[x
n
[
p
)
1
p
(
p
+
p
)
1
p
= 2
1
p
.
Chng t A tr mt trong l
p
v do l
p
kh li.
58
7 Bi tp chng 1
Bi 1. Cho E l khng gian nh chun v X l mt tp con ng ca E. Chng
minh rng nu x / X th tn ti ln cn U ca x v ln cn V ca X sao cho
U V = .
Bi 2. Cho E l khng gian nh chun v A, B E. Chng minh rng
a) Nu A l m th A + B l m.
b) Nu A compact v B ng th A+ B l ng.
c) Cho v d A, B 1 l cc tp ng m A + B khng ng.
d) Nu A, B b chn, hon ton b chn, compact th A + B cng vy.
Bi 3. Chng minh rng nu M l khng gian con ng ca khng gian nh
chun E vi
0
M ,= th M = E.
Bi 4. Chng minh rng mi khng gian nh chun E u khng c khng gian
con thc s no l tp m.
Bi 5. Chng minh rng mi khng gian tuyn tnh nh chun u l khng gian
tp lin thng.
Bi 6. Chng minh rng mi dy Cauchy trong khng gian nh chun E nu c
mt dy con hi t th dy cng hi t n gii hn .
Bi 7. Cho A E vi E l khng gian nh chun. Chng minh rng A l b
chn khi v ch khi vi mi dy s
n
: 0 v vi mi dy x
n
A, dy

n
x
n
u hi t n 0 trong E.
Bi 8. Cho B
n
l dy cc tp b chn trong khng gian nh chun E. Chng
minh rng tn ti dy s dng
n
0 sao cho

n=1

n
B
n
l tp b chn.
59
Bi 9. Cho f : E F l nh x tuyn tnh t khng gian nh chun E n
khng gian nh chun F. Chng minh rng f l lin tc khi v ch khi dy
f(x
n
) b chn vi mi dy x
n
trong E hi t n 0.
Bi 10. Cho f : E F l mt nh x tuyn tnh lin tc t khng gian nh
chun E vo khng gian nh chun F. Chng minh rng tnh lin tc ca f
khng thay i nu thay cc chun trn E, F bi cc chun tng ng.
Bi 11. Cho f : E F l nh x t khng gian nh chun thc E vo khng
gian nh chun thc F. Gi s f tho mn
a) f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) vi mi x, y E.
b) f b chn trn hnh cu n v ca E.
Chng minh rng f l tuyn tnh lin tc.
Bi 12. Chui

n=1
x
n
gi l hi t giao hon trong khng gian Banach E, nu

n=1
x
(n)
l hi t vi mi song nh : N N. Chng minh rng mi chui hi
t tuyt i trong E l hi t giao hon v tng ca n khng ph thuc vo song
nh .
Bi 13. Trong khng gian c
0
tt c cc dy s hi t v 0 cho dy e
n

n=1
vi
e
n
= (
kn
)

k=1
. Chng minh rng chui

n=1
en
n
hi t giao hon nhng khng hi
t tuyt i.
Bi 14. Cho H l siu phng thun nht ng trong khng gian nh chun E c
phng trnh f(x) = 0, f E

. Chng minh rng

(a, H) := inf|a y| : y H =
[f(a)[
|f|
, a E
Bi 15. Xc nh nh x : C
0
[0, 1] c
0
bi
(f) = f(
1
n
)
60
y C
0
[0, 1] = f C[0, 1] : f(0) = 0. Chng minh rng
a) l tuyn tnh lin tc t C
0
[0, 1] ln c
0
.
b) : C
0
[0, 1]/ ker c
0
l ng cu bo ton chun.
Bi 16. Chng minh rng trong khng gian nh chun E nu mi chui hi t
tuyt i u hi t th E l khng gian Banach.
Bi 17. Cho E l khng gian vc t tt c cc hm s thc kh tch Lebesgue
trn on [a; b] 1. Chng minh rng hm : E 1 xc nh bi:
(f) :=
_
[a;b]
[f[d, f E
l mt na chun trn E nhng khng l mt chun.
Bi 18. Cho C[0; 1] l khng gian tt c cc hm s thc lin tc trn [0; 1] vi
chun ||

. Chng minh rng cng thc:

|f|
1
:=
1
_
0
[f(x)[dx, f C[0; 1]
cng l mt chun trn C[0; 1] nhng chun ny khng tng ng vi chun
||

.
Bi 19. Cho f : E F l ton nh tuyn tnh lin tc t khng gian nh chun
E n khng gian nh chun F. Chng minh rng f l ng cu khi v ch khi
tn ti s dng m sao cho
|f(x)| m|x| vi mi x E.
Bi 20. Chng minh rng nh x A : (C[a; b], ||

) 1 xc nh bi:
A(f) :=
b
_
a
f(x)dx, f C[a; b]
l mt phim hm tuyn tnh lin tc trn C[a; b]. Tnh |A|.
61
Bi 21. Cho g C[a; b] c nh, g(x) 0 vi mi x [a; b]. Chng minh rng
nh x

g
: (C[a; b], ||

) 1
xc nh bi:

g
(f) :=
b
_
a
f(x)g(x)dx, f C[a; b]
l mt phim hm tuyn tnh lin tc trn C[a; b]. Tnh |
g
|.
Bi 22. Cho g C[a; b] c nh. Chng minh rng nh x
A : (C[a; b], ||

) (C[a; b], ||

)
xc nh bi:
A(f)(x) := f(x)g(x), f C[a; b], x [a; b]
l mt nh x tuyn tnh lin tc trn C[a; b]. Tnh |A|.
Bi 23. Cho E, F l cc khng gian tuyn tnh nh chun, y
1
, . . . , y
n
F,

1
, . . . ,
n
E

c nh. Chng minh rng nh x A : E F xc nh bi:

A(x) :=
n

k=1

k
(x)y
k
, x E
l mt nh x tuyn tnh lin tc.
Bi 24. Cho X = x C[0; 1] [ x(0) = x(1) = 0. Chng minh rng:
a) X l khng gian con Banach ca C[0; 1].
b) nh x : X X xc nh bi:
(x)(t) := t
2
x(t), x X, t [0; 1]
l nh x tuyn tnh lin tc. Tnh ||.
c) l n nh nhng khng l ton nh.
62
Bi 25. Dng tuyn tnh F trn C[a; b] c gi l dng nu F(f) 0 vi mi
f 0, f C[a; b]. Chng minh rng nu F l dng tuyn tnh dng trn C[a; b]
th F lin tc. Tnh |F|.
63
Chng 2
Ba nguyn l c bn ca gii tch
hm
Trong chng ny chng ta s trnh by ba nh l quan trng c xem nh
nhng nguyn l ca Gii tch hm. l nguyn l b chn u, nh l nh x
m v nh l th ng, v quan trng nht phi k n nh l Haln- Banach
v mt s h qu quan trng ca n. Cc nguyn l ny c th c trnh by
di cc dng khc nhau trong cc lp khng gian tng qut hoc trong lp cc
khng gian ring bit. Tuy nhin, trong khun kh ca gio trnh ny chng ta
gii hn vic trnh by cc nguyn l ch trong lp cc khng gian nh chun
hoc khng gian Banach.
1 Nguyn l b chn u
1.1 Na chun lin tc
pht biu v chng minh nguyn l b chn u, trc tin chng ta nu
khi nim v na chun lin tc trn mt khng gian nh chun E: Na chun
64
: E 1 c gi l lin tc trn khng gian nh chun E nu v ch nu
(x
0
E)( > 0)( > 0) : (x E), (|x x
0
| < [(x) (x
0
)[ < ).
Mnh 1.1. Gi s E l mt khng gian nh chun v : E 1 l mt na
chun trn E, khi cc mnh sau l tng ng:
i) lin tc u trn E.
ii) lin tc trn E.
iii) lin tc ti 0 E.
iv) b chn, ngha l tn ti s C > 0 sao cho (x) C|x| vi mi x E.
K hiu:
|| = infC > 0 [ (x) C|x| vi mi x E
v gi || l chun ca . Hon ton tng t nh i vi cc nh x tuyn tnh
lin tc, ta c:
|| = sup
Ex=0
(x)
|x|
= sup
x1
(x) = sup
x=1
(x)
B 1.2. Cho p, q l cc na chun lin tc trn khng gian vc t E. Nu
p(x) 1 ko theo q(x) 1 th p(x) q(x) vi mi x E.
Chng minh. Gi s tri li, khi tn ti x E v tn ti s dng c sao cho
q(x) < c < p(x). t y =
x
c
. Khi q(y) < 1 nhng p(y) > 1. iu ny mu
thun vi gi thit.
nh ngha 1.3. Cho E l mt khng gian nh chun v p

J
l h cc na
chun lin tc trn E. Ta ni h p

J
l
a) b chn im nu vi mi x E c nh, tp p

(x) : J b chn trn

1, ngha l: C(x) = supp

(x) : J < + vi mi x E.
b) b chn u nu sup|p

| : J < +.
65
Nhn xt 1. Nu h na chun p

J
trn khng gian nh chun E b chn
u th b chn im v
p

(x) |p

||x| vi mi x E.
Cc phn v d trong cc bi tp cui chng ch ra rng trong khng gian
nh chun khng nh ngc li khng ng. C th hn, mt h na chun trn
khng gian nh chun E nu b chn im th ni chung khng b chn u. Tuy
nhin, khi E l khng gian Banach, nguyn l b chn u di y ch ra rng
mi h b chn im trn E u b chn u. Vic chng minh nguyn l ny
cn s dng n nh l Baire v phm tr.
Trc ht ta nhc li khi nim v phm tr: Tp con A ca khng gian metric
X c gi l khng u tr mt nu

A = . Khng gian metric X gi l thuc
phm tr mt nu n c th vit nh hp m c cc tp khng u tr mt.
Tri li, X c gi l thuc phm tr hai.
nh l Baire v phm tr: Mi khng gian metric y u thuc phm tr
th hai.
Nh vy, nu E l khng gian Banach v A
n

n1
l mt dy cc tp con ca
E sao cho E =

n=1
A
n
, th tn ti t nht mt tp A
n
0
v x
0
E, r > 0 sao cho
B(x
0
, r) A
n
0
.
nh l 1.4 (Nguyn l b chn u). Mi h na chun lin tc trn khng gian
Banach E nu b chn im th b chn u.
Chng minh. Cho p

J
l h na chun lin tc, b chn im trn khng
gian Banach E:
C(x) = supp

(x) : J < + vi mi x E
66
Vi mi n 1 t
A
n
= x E : p

(x) n vi mi J =

J
p
1

((; n])
Do p

: E 1 lin tc v mi khong (; n] l tp ng trong 1 nn

p
1

((; n]) ng trong E, do A

n
=

J
p
1

((; n]) l tp ng trong E.

Mt khc nu x E th theo gi thit C(x) < + nn tn ti s t nhin n N
C(x) n, khi x A
n
. Nh vy E =

nN
A
n
. Theo nh l Baire, tn ti
n
0
N v x
0
A
n
0

B(x
0
, r) = x
0
+ B(0, r) A
n
0
vi r > 0 no
Suy ra, vi mi x E, |x| 1 va vi mi J ta c:
p

(x) =
1
r
p

(rx)
1
r
[p

(x
0
+ rx) + p

(x
0
)]
n
0
+ C(x
0
)
r
Vy
sup
J
|p

|
n
0
+ C(x
0
)
r
< +
Chng t h p

: J b chn u. nh l c chng minh.

nh ngha 1.5. Cho E v F l cc khng gian nh chun. Khi
a) H f

J
L(E, F) c gi l b chn im nu vi mi x E, tp
f

(x) : J b chn trong F, ngha l

C(x) = sup|f

(x)| : J < + vi mi x E,
b) H f

J
L(E, F) c gi l b chn u nu
sup|f

| : J < +
Bi v, vi mi J, f

: E F l tuyn tnh lin tc nn hm p

: E 1
cho bi cng thc
p

(x) = |f

(x)|, x E
67
l mt na chun lin tc trn E tho mn |p

| = |f

| vi mi J. R rng
h f

J
L(E, F) b chn im nu v ch nu h cc na chun p

J
b chn im v b chn u nu v ch nu h p

J
b chn u. T nhn
xt ny chng ta suy ra nh l quan trng sau y:
nh l 1.6 (nh l Banach - Steinhaux). Gi s E l khng gian Banach v
F l khng gian nh chun tu . Khi mi h cc nh x tuyn tnh lin tc
t E n F nu b chn im th b chn u.
H qu 1.7. Nu f
n

n1
l dy cc nh x tuyn tnh lin tc t khng gian
Banach E vo khng gian nh chun F hi t im ti nh x tuyn tnh f :
E F:
f(x) = lim
n
f
n
(x), x E
th f L(E; F). Hn na |f| lim
n
|f
n
|.
Chng minh. V vi mi x E, dy f
n
(x)
nN
hi t nn dy f
n

nN
trong
L(E, F) b chn im. Do E l khng gian Banach nn theo nh l Banach -
Steinhaux y b chn u, ngha l
M = sup
n1
|f
n
| < +
Suy ra, vi mi X E ta c
|f(x)| = lim
n
|f
n
(x)| = lim
n
|f
n
(x)| ( lim
n
|f
n
|)|x| M|x|.
Chng t f l lin tc v |f| lim|f
n
|.
2 nh l nh x m v th ng
Trong bi ny chng ta s trnh by hai nh l quan trng tip theo, l
nh l nh x m v nh l th ng i vi cc nh x gia cc khng
68
gian nh chun. Chng ta bit rng nh x f : E F t khng gian tp E
n khng gian tp F l lin tc nu nghch nh qua f ca mi tp m trong
F u l tp m trong E. Vn t ra y l: i vi cc nh x lin tc
f : E F th nh ca nhng tp m trong E c phi l tp m trong F hay
khng ? Trong trng hp ring, khi f : E F l ton nh tuyn tnh gia cc
khng gian Banach, th cu tr li khng nh c chng minh trong nh l nh
x m.
2.1 nh l nh x m
nh ngha 2.1. Gi s f : X Y l nh x gia cc khng gian metric X v
Y . Ta ni f l nh x m nu nh f(G) ca mi tp m G trong X l tp m
trong Y .
Nhn xt 1. f : X Y l m nu v ch nu f(B(x, r)) l ln cn ca f(x) vi
mi x X v vi mi r > 0.
Nhn xt 2. Nu f : E F l nh x tuyn tnh gia cc khng gian nh chun
E v F th f l m nu v ch nu f(B(0, r)) l ln cn ca 0 F vi mi r > 0.
nh l 2.2 (nh l nh x m). Mi ton nh tuyn tnh lin tc f : E F
t khng gian Banach E ln khng gian Banach F u l nh x m.
Chng minh. Bc 1 Ta s chng minh rng tn ti s > 0 sao cho
f(x E : |x| < 1) y F : |y| < (1)
Vi mi i 0 t B
i
= x E : |x| <
1
2
i
. Do f l ton nh v do E =

n=1
nB
1
,
ta c
F = f(E) =

_
n=1
nf(B
1
)
69
Do F l khng gian Banach nn theo nh l Baire t tn ti s n
0
N

nf(B
1
) = n

f(B
1
) ,=
Suy ra

f(B
1
) ,= . Nh vy tn ti v F v > 0 sao cho
y F : |y v| < 2 f(B
1
)
T bao hm thc trn ta nhn c
y F : |y| < 2 f(B
1
) v f(B
1
) f(B
1
)
f(B
1
B
1
) f(B
0
)
v B
1
B
1
= x x

: x, x

B
1
B
0
, ngha l
y F : |y| < 2 f(B
0
)
Chia hai v ca bao hm thc trn cho 2
n
ta c
y F : |y| <

2
n1
f(B
n
) vi mi n 1 (2)
Cho y F, |y| < . Vi n = 1 p dng (2) ti y, ta tm c x
1
B
1

|y f(x
1
)| <

2
Li p dng (2) vi n = 2 ti y f(x
1
) ta tm c x
2
B
2

|y f(x
1
) f(x
2
)| <

2
2
Tip tc nh vy ta lp c dy x
n
vi x
n
B
n
, n N

, tho mn:
|y f(x
1
) . . . f(x
n
)| <

2
n
Do f l nh x tuyn tnh nn bt ng thc trn c vit thnh:
|y f(x
1
+ . . . + x
n
)| <

2
n
70
Do

n=1
|x
n
| <

n=1
1
2
n
= 1 v do E l khng gian Banach nn chui

n=1
x
n
hi t
trong E. t x =

n=1
x
n
. Ta c
|x| =
_
_
_

n=1
x
n
_
_
_

n=1
|x
n
| < 1
Vy x B
0
= x E : |x| < 1. T tnh lin tc ca hm f v tnh lin tc
ca chun ta nhn c
|y f(x)| = lim
n
|y f
_
n

k=1
x
k
_
| lim
n

2
n
= 0
Suy ra y = f(x) v (1) c chng minh
Bc 2 Cho G E l m v y
0
f(G). Ly x
0
G f(x
0
) = y
0
. Do G l
m nn tn ti r > 0 B(x
0
, r) = x
0
+B(0, r) G. Nhn hai v ca (1) vi r
ta c
y F : |y| < r f(B(0, r))
Suy ra
f(G) f(B(x
0
, r)) = f(x
0
+ B(0, r)) = y
0
+ f(B(0, r))
y
0
+y F : |y| < r
= y F : |y y
0
| < r = B(y
0
, r).
V y
0
f(G) tu nn f(G) l m trong F. nh l c chng minh.
H qu sau y cn c gi l nguyn l Banach v nh x m.
H qu 2.3. Mi song nh tuyn tnh lin tc gia cc khng gian Banach u
l ng cu.
Chng minh. Gi s E, F l cc khng gian Banach v f : E F l song nh
tuyn tnh lin tc. Cho G E l tp m tu . Theo nh l nh x m th f l
71
nh x m nn f(G) l tp m trong F. Nh cch biu din (f
1
)
1
(G) = f(G)
ta suy ra nghch nh qua f
1
ca mi tp m trong E l tp m trong F, chng
t f
1
: F E lin tc. Nh vy, E F l song nh tuyn tnh lin tc v
f
1
: F E lin tc nn f l mt ng cu.
2.2 nh l th ng
Chng ta bit rng nu E, F l cc khng gian nh chun th tp hp
E F = (x, y) : x E, y F
l khng gian nh chun vi cc php ton vector v vi chun xc nh bi
(x
1
, y
1
) + (x
2
, y
2
) := (x
1
+ x
2
, y
1
+ y
2
),
(x, y) := (x, y),
|(x, y)| := |x| +|y|.
nh ngha 2.4. Cho f : E F l nh x tuyn tnh gia cc khng gian nh
chun E v F. Khi
(f) := (x, y) E F : y = f(x)
l khng gian con ca E F v gi l th ca f.
Ta ni f : E F c th ng nu (f) l khng gian con ng ca EF.
nh l 2.5. Mi nh x tuyn tnh lin tc gia cc khng gian tuyn tnh nh
chun u c th ng.
Chng minh. Gi s f : E F l nh x tuyn tnh lin tc t khng gian
nh chun E n khng gian nh chun F, ta chng minh f c th ng.
Tht vy, gi s (x
n
, y
n
) (f) l dy bt k hi t ti (x, y) trong E F.
Khi x
n
x trong E v y
n
= f(x
n
) y trong F. V f l lin tc nn
y = lim
n
f(x
n
) = f(x), chng t (x, y) (f). Theo nh ngha f c th
ng.
72
Khi E v F l cc khng gian Banach chng ta c nh l sau m c th coi
nh h qu ca nh l nh x m.
nh l 2.6 (nh l th ng). Mi nh x tuyn tnh c th ng gia
cc khng gian Banach u lin tc.
Chng minh. Cho f : E F l nh x tuyn tnh c th ng t khng gian
Banach E vo khng gian Banach F. Do E F l khng gian Banach v (f)
l ng trong E F nn (f) cng l khng gian Banach. Xt cc nh x tuyn
tnh lin tc
p : (f) E
(x, f(x)) x
v
q : (f) F
(x, f(x)) f(x).
R rng p l song nh tuyn tnh lin tc t (f) ln E. Theo h qu 2.3 ca
nh l nh x m, nh x p
1
: E (f) : x (x, f(x)) l lin tc. Do tnh
lin tc ca p
1
v q v do f = q p
1
, suy ra f lin tc.
3 nh l Hahn- Banach
nh l Hahn-Banach di y ni v s thc trin mt phim hm tuyn tnh
v n c rt nhiu ng dng quan trng, c hu ht cc ti liu v gii tch hm
gn y pht biu v chng minh di hai dng c bn l dng hnh hc v dng
gii tch trong cc lp khng gian khc nhau. Trong bi ny chng ta s trnh by
nh l Hahn-Banach di dng ph bin nht, l dng gii tch trong khng
gian tuyn tnh nh chun.
3.1 nh l Hahn-Banach i vi khng gian vector thc
nh l 3.1. Gi s F l khng gian vc t con ca khng gian vect thc E v
p l na chun trn E. Khi , i vi mi phim hm tuyn tnh f : F 1
73
tho mn
f(x) p(x) vi mi x E.
u tn ti phim hm tuyn tnh

f : E 1 sao cho

f(x) = f(x) vi mi x F v

f(x) p(x) vi mi x E.
Chng minh. chng minh nh l chng ta cn s dng B Zorn sau y:
Nu mi tp con th t tuyn tnh ca tp sp th t b phn X ,= u c cn
trn th X c phn t cc i.
Bc 1. Chng ta gi mt m rng ca f cp (D, g), trong D l khng
gian con ca E cha F cn g : D 1 l nh x tuyn tnh tho mn:
g

F
= f v g(x) p(x) vi mi x D.
K hiu F l tp tt c cc m rng ca f. R rng (F, f) l mt m rng
ca f nn F ,= . Trong F ta a vo quan h th t xc nh bi:
(D
1
, g
1
) (D
2
, g
2
) D
1
D
2
v g
2
[ D
1
= g
1
Ta s chng t rng F c phn t cc i. Theo b Zorn ch cn ch ra mi
tp con th t tuyn tnh ca n c cn trn. Cho D

, g

I
F l tp con
sp th t tuyn tnh bt k ca F. t B =

I
D

. Nu x, y B v r, s 1
ta chn , I x D

, y D

. Do (D

, g

)
I
l th t tuyn tnh nn
c th xem (D

, g

) (D

, g

). Suy ra x, y D

v do rx + sy D

B.
Nh vy B l khng gian vect con ca ca E cha mi D

. Ngoi ra trn B
c th xc nh phim hm h : B 1 xc nh bi: Nu x B v I
sao cho x D

th ta t h(x) = g

(x). S xc nh gi tr ca h nh vy
khng ph thuc vo I x D

. Tht vy, nu I m x D

th do
tp (D

, g

)
I
sp th t tuyn tnh nn lun xy ra mt trong hai kh nng
(D

, g

) (D

, g

) hoc (D

, g

) (D

, g

). Trong c hai trng hp ta u

74
c g

(x) = g

(x) v khi hoc x D

hoc x D

. Hn na, do
cc g

l tuyn tnh nn d thy h cng l phim hm tuyn tnh. ng thi, t

tnh cht ca cc g

ta suy ra h tho mn:

h(x) p(x) vi mi x B.
Nh vy (B, h) F v l cn trn ca (D

, g

)
I
. Theo b Zorn th F
c phn t cc i (D, g).
Bc 2. Gi (D, g) l phn t cc i ca F. Chng ta s chng minh D = E,
khi t

f = g nh l s c chng minh hon ton.
Tht vy, gi s ngc li: D ,= E, khi c th chn c phn t v ED.
Xt khng gian con H = 1v + D. Do v / D nn H = 1v D, v vy mi
x H u biu din c duy nht di dng x = v + y vi 1, y D.
Vi mi y, z D ta c:
g(y) + g(z) = g(y + z) p(y + z) p(y + v) + p(z v).
Suy ra
g(z) p(z v) p(y + v) g(y) vi mi y, z D. (3.1)
T bt ng thc (3.1) suy ra:
= sup
zD
g(z) p(z v) g(0) p(0 v) = p(v) > ,
= inf
yD
p(y + v) g(y) p(0 + v) g(0) = p(v) < +,
= sup
zD
g(z) p(z v) inf
yD
p(y + v) g(y) = .

(3.2)
Chn im bt k [, ], khi t (3.2) suy ra, vi mi y, z D ta c:
g(z) p(z v) p(y + v) g(y). (3.3)
V vi mi x H u vit c duy nht di dng x = v+y vi 1, y D,
nn ta c th xc nh nh x k : H 1 bi
k(x) = k(v + y) = + g(y).
75
D dng kim tra thy k l phim hm tuyn tnh trn H v k

D
= g. Chng ta
s chng minh k(x) p(x) vi mi x H.
Tht vy, vi mi x = v +y H = 1v D, xt cc trng hp c th xy
ra sau y:
+) Nu = 0 th k(x) = g(x) p(x).
+) Nu > 0, p dng v th hai ca (3.3) trong y thay bi
y

D ta c
k(x) = + g(y) = [ + g(
y

)]
__
p
_
y

+ v
_
g
_
y

__
+ g
_
y

__
=
__
p
_
y

+ v
_
= p(v + y) = p(x).
+) Nu = < 0, ( > 0), p dng v th nht ca (3.3) cho z =
y

D
ta c
k(x) = + g(y) = + g(y) =
_
+ g
_
y

_

_
g
_
y

_
+ p
_
y

v
_
+ g
_
y

_
= p(
y

v) = p(v + y) = p(v + y) = p(x).

Nh vy (H, k) F v (D, g) _ (H, k). Tri vi tnh cc i ca (D, g) F.
Mu thun ny chng t phi c D = E. nh l c chng minh.
3.2 nh l Hahn- Banach i vi khng gian vector phc
Xt khng gian vc t phc E. Chng ta c th xem E l khng gian vc t
thc bng cch xem php nhn vi v hng 1 E E l thu hp ca php
nhn vi v hng C E E, ng thi nh x f : E 1 c gi l phim
hm tuyn tnh thc trn khng gian vct phc E nu
f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) vi mi x, y E, , 1.
nhn c nh l Hahn- Banach i vi khng gian vect phc t nh l
Hahn - Banach thc ta cn b sau.
76
B 3.2. Cho E l khng gian vect phc. Khi nh x f : E C l nh
x tuyn tnh (phc) khi v ch khi f c th biu din c di dng
f(x) = f
1
(x) if
1
(ix), x E
vi f
1
: E 1 l tuyn tnh thc.
Chng minh. Gi s f : E C l tuyn tnh phc. Bng cch vit f(x) =
f
1
(x) + if
2
(x), y f
1
(x) = Re f(x) v f
2
(x) = Imf(x). R rng f
1
, f
2
:
E 1 l cc nh x tuyn tnh thc. Ta ch cn phi chng minh f
2
(x) =
f
1
(ix). Tht vy, thay x bi ix vo ng thc f(x) = f
1
(x) + if
2
(x), ta c
f(ix) = f
1
(ix) +if
2
(ix). Mt khc, do f l tuyn tnh phc nn f(ix) = if(x) =
if
1
(x) f
2
(x), t ta c
f
1
(ix) + if
2
(ix) = f
2
(x) + if
1
(x) vi mi x E.
ng nht phn thc hai v ta c: f
1
(ix) = f
2
(x) hay l f
2
(x) = f
1
(ix)
vi mi x E.
Ngc li, gi s f(x) = f
1
(x) if
1
(ix), x E vi f
1
: E 1 l nh x
tuyn tnh thc. Khi
f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) vi mi x, y E (3.4)
Gi s = + i, , 1 v x E, khi
f(x) = f
1
(x + ix) if
1
(x ix)
= f
1
(x) + f
1
(ix) if
1
(ix) + if
1
(x)
= ( + i)f
1
(x) ( + i)if
1
(ix)
= ( + i)[f
1
(x) if
1
(ix)] = f(x)

(3.5)
T cc ng thc (3.4) v (3.5) suy ra f : E C l nh x tuyn tnh phc.
77
nh l 3.3 (Hahn - Banach). Gi s F l khng gian vect con ca khng gian
vect phc E v p l mt na chun trn E. Khi , vi mi phim hm tuyn
tnh phc f : F C tho mn
[f(x)[ p(x) vi mi x F
tn ti mt phim hm tuyn tnh

f : E C sao cho

F
= f v [

f(x)[ p(x) vi mi x E
Chng minh. Do f : F C l phim hm tuyn tnh phc nn theo b 3.2
tn ti phim hm tuyn tnh thc f
1
: F 1 sao cho
f(x) = f
1
(x) if
1
(ix), x F
Do f
1
(x) [f
1
(x)[ [f(x)[ nn f
1
(x) p(x) vi mi x F. Theo nh l 3.1,
tn ti phim hm tuyn tnh thc

f
1
: E 1 sao cho

f
1

F
= f
1
v [f
1
(x)[ p(x) vi mi E.
t

f(x) =

f
1
(x) i

f
1
(ix), x E. Khi , theo b 3.2,

f l phim hm tuyn
tnh phc v

f(x) =

f
1
(x) i

f
1
(ix) = f(x) vi mi x F.
Cho x E vi

f(x) ,= 0. Ta c th vit

f(x) = [

f(x)[.e
i
, y l argument
ca

f(x). Suy ra
[

f(x)[ = e
i

f(x) =

f(e
i
x) =

f
1
(e
i
x) i

f
1
(ie
i
x) 1.
Do

f
1
(x) 1 vi mi x E nn

f
1
(ie
i
x) = 0, v th
[

f(x)[ =

f
1
(e
i
x) p(e
i
x) = p(x).
Vy [

f(x)[ p(x) vi mi x E.
78
3.3 Mt s h qu quan trng ca nh l Hahn-Banach
H qu 3.4. Gi s F l khng gian con ca khng gian nh chun (thc hoc
phc) E v f l phim hm tuyn tnh lin tc trn F. Khi tn ti phim hm
tuyn tnh lin tc

f trn E sao cho

F
= f v |

f| = |f|
Chng minh. t p(x) = |f||x|, x E, khi p l na chun trn E tho
mn: [f(x)[ p(x) vi mi x F. Theo nh l 3.3, tn ti phim hm tuyn
tnh

f trn E sao cho

F
= f v [

f(x)[ p(x) vi mi x E
Suy ra |

f| |f|. Mt khc, do F E nn
|f| = sup
xF,x1
[

f(x)[ sup
xE,x1
[f(x)[ = |

f|.
Do |f| = |

f|.
H qu 3.5. Gi s F l khng gian con ng ca khng gian nh chun E v
x
0
E F. Khi tn ti f E

F
= 0, |f| = 1 v f(x
0
) = dist(x
0
, F) = inf|x
0
y| : y F
Chng minh. t = inf|x
0
y| : y F, do F ng v x
0
/ F nn > 0.
Xt D = Kx
0
+ F v phim hm g : D K xc nh bi
g(x
0
+ y) = .
Do x
0
/ F nn D = Kx
0
F v do mi x D vit c duy nht di dng
x = x
0
+ y vi K v y F, suy ra g l phim hm tuyn tnh. Hn na
[g(x
0
+ y)[ = [[ [[
_
_
_x
0
+
y

_
_
_ = |x
0
+ y| vi mi x
0
+ y D, ,= 0
79
Suy ra g lin tc v |g| 1 ().
Mt khc vi 0 < r < 1 tu , do = inf|x
0
y| : y F, tm c y F

|x
0
y| <

r
, hay r|x
0
y| <
T suy ra [g(x
0
y)[ = > r|x
0
y|. V |x
0
y| > > 0 nn
|g| = sup
x=0
|g(x)|
|x|

g(x
0
y)
|x
0
y|
> r.
Chuyn qua gii hn khi r 1

ta c |g| 1 ().
Kt hp cc bt ng thc () v () ta c |g| = 1.
Cui cng, p dng h qu (3.4) tn ti f E

D
= g v |f| = |g| = 1.
Suy ra f

F
= 0, |f| = 1 v f(x
0
) = = inf|x
0
y| : y F.
H qu 3.6. Gi s E l khng gian nh chun v x E, x ,= 0. Khi tn ti
f E

f(x) = |x| v |f| = 1
Chng minh. Ch vic p dng h qu 3.5 ti F = 0 v x
0
= x ta tm c
f E

tho mn.
Nhn xt. Nh h qu 3.4, vi mi x E, x ,= 0 tn ti f E

sao cho |f| = 1

v [f(x)[ = |x|. T suy ra:
|x| sup[f(x)[ : f E

v |f| 1
sup|f|.|x| : f E

, |f| 1 |x|
Nh vy ta c bt ng thc quan trng sau:
|x| = sup[f(x)[ : f E

v |f| 1
80
4 Bi tp chng 2
Bi 1. Xt khng gian con c
f
ca khng gian c
0
cho bi
c
f
:= x = (
n
) K
N

sao cho n
0
vi mi n > n
0
:
n
= 0
v dy f
k

k=1
c

f
vi f
k
(x) = k
k
, x = (
n
) c
f
, k N

.
Chng minh rng dy f
k
b chn im trn c
f
nhng khng b chn u.
Bi 2. t E = f C[0; 1] : = (f) > 0 sao cho f

[0,]
= 0
a) Chng minh rng
D =
_
f E : n[f
_
1
n
_
[ 1 vi mi n N

_
.
l cn, ng, ht trong E, nhng khng l ln cn ca 0 E, y D l ht
trong E nu
f E, > 0 : f D vi mi : [[ <
b) Vi mi n 1, t

n
(f) = nf(
1
n
), f E
Chng minh rng dy
n

n=1
E

l b chn im nhng khng b chn u.

Bi 3. Gi s E v F l cc khng gian nh chun v g : E F l song nh
tuyn tnh sao cho g
1
: F E lin tc. Chng minh g c th ng.
Bi 4. Chng minh rng mi phim hm tuyn tnh khc khng trn khng gian
nh chun u l nh x m.
Bi 5. Da vo nh l Banach v nh x m, chng minh rng khng gian nh
chun C[0; 1] vi chun
|f|
1
=
_
1
0
[f(x)[dx, f C[0; 1]
khng phi l khng gian Banach.
81
Bi 6. Chng minh rng mi khng gian con ng thc s ca khng gian nh
chun E l giao ca mt h cc siu phng ng trong E.
Bi 7. Cho E = C[0; 1]. Vi mi n 1 xt nh x f
n
: E E cho bi
f
n
(x)(t) = x(t
1+
1
n
), x C[0; 1], t [0; 1].
Chng minh rng
a) f
n
: E E l tuyn tnh lin tc.
b) f
n
hi t im ti nh x ng nht, ngha l f
n
(x) x vi mi x E.
c) f
n
khng hi t theo chun ti nh x ng nht.
Bi 8. Cho E, F, G l cc khng gian tuyn tnh nh chun. Chng minh rng
nu j : F G l mt n nh tuyn tnh lin tc v f : E F l mt nh x
tuyn tnh sao cho nh x j f : E G lin tc, th f c th ng.
Bi 9. Cho E, F l cc khng gian Banach v : E F l mt nh x tuyn
tnh. Chng minh rng L(E; F) khi v ch khi f E

vi mi f F

.
y E

, F

l khng gian lin hp ca E, F.

Bi 10. Xt khng gian con C
1
[0; 1] cc hm s kh vi lin tc trn [0; 1] ca
khng gian C[0; 1] cc hm s lin tc trn on [0; 1] v nh x
: C
1
[0; 1] C[0; 1]
x(t) x

(t)
Chng minh rng:
a) l nh x tuyn tnh.
b) ker l khng gian con ng ca C
1
[0; 1] v c th ng.
c) khng lin tc.
d) C
1
[0; 1] khng phi l khng gian con Banach ca C[0; 1].
82
Bi 11. Ta gi tp con S ca khng gian vc t E l c s Hamel nu S l tp
c lp tuyn tnh trong E v mi vc t ca E u l t hp tuyn tnh ca
mt s hu hn cc vct no ca S. Chng minh rng nu E l khng gian
Banach v hn chiu th E khng c c s Hamel m c.
Bi 12. Tp con L trong khng gian tuyn tnh nh chun E c gi l mt
a tp tuyn tnh nu v ch nu L c dng: L = M + x
0
, trong x
0
E
cn M l khng gian con ca E. Chng minh rng Tp con L trong khng
gian nh chun E l a tp tuyn tnh khi v ch khi x + y L vi mi
x, y L, , K : + = 1.
Bi 13. Siu phng H trong khng gian nh chun E c phng trnh f(x) = 0
(trong f : E K l phim hm tuyn tnh khc khng trn E) c gi
l siu phng thun nht. Mt cch tng qut, ta gi a tp tuyn tnh c dng
H + x
0
, trong H l siu phng thun nht l mt siu phng trong E. Chng
minh rng a tp L trong khng gian nh chun E l siu phng khi v ch khi
tn ti phim hm tuyn tnh khc khng f trn E v tn ti s K sao cho
L = x E : f(x) = .
Bi 14. Chng minh rng khng gian nh chun E hu hn chiu khi v ch khi
mi phim hm tuyn tnh trn E u lin tc.
Bi 15. Chng minh rng tp M l
p
, p 1 l compact tng i trong l
p
khi
v ch khi:
( > 0)(n
0
N

) : sup
xM

n=n
0
+1
[x
n
[
p
< , x = (x
n
)

n=1
l
p
.
83
Chng 3
Ton t trong khng gian Banach
Trong chng ny chng ta s nghin cu v tnh cht ca cc nh x tuyn
tnh c bit trong khng gian Banach, c gi chung l ton t tuyn tnh, ng
thi, n gin trong cch vit, nu A : E F l ton t tuyn tnh v x A
th i khi chng ta vit l Ax thay cho A(x) ch nh ca x qua A. l ton
t lin hp, ton t compact, ton t hu hn chiu. c bit, chng ta s gii
thiu khi nim v ph ca ton t tuyn tnh v cc tnh cht tng qut ca ph,
ng thi cng nghin cu v c trng ph ca mt s ton t tuyn tnh c
bit gii thiu trn. n gin trong cch vit, nu A : E F l ton t
tuyn tnh v x A th i khi chng ta vit l Ax thay cho A(x) ch nh ca
x qua A.
1 Ton t lin hp
nh ngha 1.1. Gi s E l khng gian nh chun. Ta gi khng gian lin hp
tp E

= L(E, K) ca E l khng gian lin hp th nht ca E. Khng gian

lin hp ca E

c k hiu l E

v gi l khng gian lin hp th hai ca E.

Nh vy
E

= (E

= L(E

; K).
84
Mnh 1.2. Gi s E l khng gian nh chun. Khi nh x

E
: E E

xc nh bi cng thc:

E
(x)(f) = f(x), x E, f E

l n cu gi nguyn chun t E vo E

. Ni cch khc
E
l php nhng ng
c khng gian E vo E

.
Chng minh. Hin nhin vi mi x E, phim hm
E
(x) l tuyn tnh trn E

v do
[
E
(x)(f)[ = [f(x)[ |x||f| vi mi f E

nn
E
(x) l lin tc trn E

v |
E
(x)| |x| vi mi x E, ngha l
E
(x)
E

.
Mt khc, vi mi x E, x ,= 0, theo h qu ca nh l Hahn- Banach, tn
ti f E

sao cho
|f| = 1 v f(x) = |x|
T , theo nh ngha chun ta c:
|
E
(x)| [
E
(x)(f)[ = [f(x)[ = |x| vi mi x E.
Vy |
E
(x)| = |x| vi mi x E nn
E
: E E

l n cu gi nguyn
chun t E vo E

.
V d 1. T cc v d Chng 1 mc 4.3 chng ta bit cc cp khng gian
ng c sau y:
(K
n
)

= K
n
, (
1
)

, (
p
)

=
q
vi p, q 1, p, q > 0,
1
p
+
1
q
= 1.
85
nh ngha 1.3. Gi s E v F l cc khng gian nh chun v f L(E; F).
Khi ton t tuyn tnh f

: F

xc nh bi f

(u) := u f, u F

, c
gi l ton t lin hp th nht ca f. Ton t f

= (f

: E

c gi l
ton t lin hp th hai ca f.
Mnh 1.4. Nu f L(E; F) th f

L(E

; F

) v |f

| = |f|. ng thi,

F
f = f

E
,

E
: E E

l php nhng ng c E vo khng gian lin hp th hai E

ca E.
Chng minh. Do f

(u) = u f, u F

, nn d thy f

l nh x tuyn tnh. Ta
c:
|f

(u)| = |u f| |f||u| vi mi u F

.
Suy ra f

lin tc v |f

| |f|. chng minh |f

| = |f| ta ch cn phi
ch ra |f

| |f|. Trc ht ta ch ra
F
f = f

E
m c th vit ngn
gn f = f

E
nu ta ng nht E vi
E
(E) E

. Tht vy, t nh ngha ca

E
,
F
v do f

= (f

nn vi mi x E v vi mi u F

ta c:
_
(f

E
)(x)

(u) =
_
f

(
E
(x))

(u) =
_

E
(x) f

(u)
=
E
(x)
_
f

(u)
_
= [f

(u)](x) = u(f(x))
=
_

F
(f(x))

(u) =
_
(
F
f)(x)

(u)

E
f
F

F
E

Suy ra f

E
=
F
f.
By gi p dng bt ng thc |f

| |f| vi f thay bi f

ta c |f

| |f

|.
Mt khc, t ng thc f

E
=
F
f v t tnh gi nguyn chun ca
E
v

F
ta c
|f| = sup
xE,x1
|f(x)| = sup
xE,x1
|
F
(f(x))| = sup
xE,x1
|(
F
f)(x)|
= |
F
f| = |f

E
| |
F
|.|f

| = |f

| |f

|
T cc chng minh trn suy ra |f| = |f

|.
86
Mnh 1.5. Nu f, g : E F l cc ton t tuyn tnh lin tc gia cc khng
gian nh chun E v F th vi mi , K ta c:
(f + g)

= f

+ g

.
Chng minh. Theo nh ngha ta c
(f + g)

(u)(x) = u((f + g)x) = u(f(x) + g(x)

= u(f(x)) + u(g(x))
= (f

u)(x) + (g

u)(x) u F

, x E
Ngha l (f + g)

= f

+ g

.
Mnh 1.6. a) Nu f L(E; F), g L(F; G) th (g f)

= f

.
b) (1
E
)

= 1
E
.
Chng minh. a) T nh ngha ton t lin hp ta c:
(g f)

(v)(x) = [v(g f)](x) = v(g(f(x)))

= (g

v)(f(x)) = f

(g

v)(x)
= (f

)(v)(x) vi mi v G

v vi mi x E
Ngha l (g f)

= g

.
b) Xt nh x bt k f L(E; E). Theo a) ta c:
f

= (f 1
E
)

= (1
E
)

L(E

; E

)
f

= (1
E
f)

= f

(1
E
)

L(E

; E

)
_
(1
E
)

= 1
E
.
Mnh 1.7. Gi s E v F l cc khng gian Banach v f L(E, F). Khi
f : E F l ng cu nu v ch nu f

: F

l ng cu. Khi
(f

)
1
= (f
1
)

87
Chng minh. Gi s f : E F l ng cu, khi tn ti nh x g : F E
tho mn
g f = 1
E
, f g = 1
F
y 1
E
v 1
F
k hiu cc nh x ng nht ca E v F. T mnh 1.6 ta c:
f

= (g f)

= (1
E
)

= 1
E

= (f g)

= (1
F
)

= 1
F

Suy ra f

: F

l ng cu.
Ngc li, gi s f

: F

l ng cu. Do f

= (f

nn theo chng
minh trn suy ra f

: E

l ng cu. Do f

E
= f nn f : E ImF
l ng cu. Suy ra Imf l khng gian Banach v do l khng gian con ng
ca F. Ta s chng minh Imf = F. Tht vy, gi s Imf ,= F, theo h qu
3.5, chng 2 (h qu ca nh l Hahn-Banach), tn ti v F

, v ,= 0 sao cho
v

Imf
= 0. Suy ra f

(v) = v f = 0. Do f

l n nh nn t f

(v) = 0 suy ra
v = 0. iu ny tri vi gi thit v ,= 0. Mu thun ny chng t gi thit phn
chng sai. Vy Imf = F v f : E F.
2 Ton t compact
Trong bi ny chng ta i nghin cu v mt s tnh cht quan trng ca ton
t compact gia cc khng gian nh chun v khng gian Banach. l: c
trng ca ton t compact; cc php ton i vi ton t compact; ton t nghch
o ca mt ng cu compact v c bit l nh l Schauder v ton t lin
hp ca mt ton t compact.
nh ngha 2.1. Gi s E v F l cc khng gian nh chun. Ton t tuyn tnh
f c gi l ton t compact nu nh qua f ca hnh cu ng n v trong E
B[0, 1] = x E : |x| 1
88
l tp compact tng i trong F.
Ch rng tp con X ca F c gi l compact tng i trong E nu bao
ng X ca X l tp compact trong F.
Nhn xt 1. Nu f l ton t compact th f(B[0, 1]) b chn trong F nn f lin
tc, v vy ton t compact cn c gi l ton t hon ton lin tc.
Mnh 2.2. Gi s E vo F l cc khng gian nh chun. Khi i vi
ton t tuyn tnh f : E F, cc khng nh sau l tng ng:
a) f l ton t compact;
b) Nu A l tp b chn trong E th f(A) l tp compact tng i trong F;
c) Vi mi dy b chn x
n
E, tn ti mt dy con x
n
k
f(x
n
k
)
hi t trong F.
Chng minh. b) a). Ly n N

sao cho A nB[0, 1]. V f l nh x tuyn

tnh nn f(A) f(nB[0, 1]) nf(B[0, 1]). Li do nh x y ny l ng cu
nn t tnh compact tng i ca f(B[0, 1]) suy ra tnh compact tng i ca
nf(B[0, 1]). T suy ra tp f(A) nf(B[0, 1]) cng l tp compact tng i
trong F.
b) c). Hin nhin.
c) a). Ly dy (y
n
)
nN
f(B[0, 1]) ty , khi tn ti dy (x
n
)
nN

B[0, 1] sao cho f(x
n
) = y
n
, (n). Theo gi thit, dy (x
n
) c dy con (x
kn
) sao
cho y
kn
= f(x
kn
) y F, ngha l dy (y
n
)
n
c dy con hi t trong F, do
vy f(B[0, 1]) l compact tng i.
V d 1. T nh l Riesz suy ra nu E l v hn chiu th nh x ng nht trn
E lin tc nhng khng phi l ton t compact.
V d 2. Khng gian nh chun E hu hn chiu khi v ch khi ton t ng
nht trn E l ton t compact.
89
Mnh 2.3. Nu f, g l cc ton t compact t khng gian nh chun E n
khng gian nh chun F th f + g cng l ton t compact.
Chng minh. Tht vy, cho x
n
E b chn. Do f l compact tn ti dy con
x
n
k
f(x
n
k
) y. Cng vy do g l compact tn tix
n
k
j
g(x
n
k
j
) z.
Suy ra f(x
n
k
j
) + g(x
n
k
j
) y + z. Vy f + g l compact.
Mnh 2.4. Nu f L(E, F), g L(F, G) y E, F, G l cc khng gian
nh chun, th g f : E G l compact nu f hoc g l compact.
Chng minh. Cho x
n
E l dy b chn trong E. u tin gi s f l
compact. Khi c dy con x
n
k
f(x
n
k
) y. Do g l lin tc nn
(gf)(x
n
k
) = g(f(x
n
k
)) g(y) G. Vy gf : E G l ton t compact. Tip
theo, gi s g l compact. Do f l tuyn tnh lin tc v tp x
n
: n N

E
b chn nn tp f(x
n
) F b chn. Vy, do g l compact tn ti dy con
g(f(x
n
k
)) z (g f)(x
n
k
) z. Suy ra g f l compact.
nh l 2.5. Nu f
n
L(E, F) l dy cc ton t compact t khng gian
Banach E vo khng gian Banach F hi t ti f trong L(E, F) th f cng l
ton t compact.
Chng minh. Do F l y, theo c trng Hausdorff v tnh compact ca mt
tp con trong khng gian metric y, ch cn chng minh f(B
E
) l hon ton b
chn, vi
B
E
= x E : |x| 1.
Cho > 0, chn n
0

|f f
n
0
| < |f(x) f
n
0
(x)| vi mi x B
E
Do f
n
0
l compact, tn ti x
1
, . . . , x
n
B
E

x B
E
, 1 i n : |f
n
0
(x) f
n
0
(x
i
)| <
90
Cho x B
E
. Chn 1 i n tho mn bt ng thc trn. Ta c
|f(x) f(x
i
)| |f(x) f
n
0
(x)| +|f
n
0
(x) f
n
0
(x
i
)| < 2
Vy x
1
, . . . , x
n
l 2- li hu hn ca f(B
E
). Do f l ton t compact.
nh l Shauder di y nu ln mi lin h gia v tnh compact gia ton
t tuyn tnh lin tc f L(E, F) v ton t lin hp ca n.
nh l 2.6 (Schauder). Cho E, F l cc khng gian tuyn tnh nh chun v
f L(E, F). Khi :
a) Nu f l ton t compact th ton t lin hp f

: F

ca f cng l
ton t compact.
b) Nu F l khng gian Banach v ton t lin hp f

: F

l ton t
compact th f l ton t compact.
Chng minh. Chng ta k hiu B
E
l hnh cu ng n v trong E v B
F
l
hnh cu ng n v trong F

.
a) Gi s f : E F l compact. chng minh f

l ton t compact, nh
nh ngha, chng ta chng minh f

(B
F
) hon ton b chn trong E

:
Cho > 0, do f(B
E
) l hon ton b chn trong F nn tn ti -li hu hn
y
1
, . . . , y
n
ca f(B
E
). Xt tp con L K
n
cho bi
L = (v(y
1
), . . . , v(y
n
)) : v B
F

Do
sup[v(y
j
)[ : 1 j n, v F

, |v| 1 = max
1jn
|y
j
| < +
nn L b chn trong K
n
v do hon ton b chn trong K
n
, y K
n
xt vi
chun max:
|(
1
, . . . ,
n
)| = max
1jn
[
j
[.
91
V L hon ton b chn trong K
n
nn c th chn cho L mt - li hu hn gm
ton cc phn t ca L:

_
v
1
(y
1
), . . . , v
1
(y
n
)
_
; . . . ;
_
v
m
(y
1
), . . . , v
m
(y
n
)
_
.
Ta s chng t tp hp f

(v
1
), . . . , f

(v
m
) l 3-li hu hn ca f

(B
F
) trong
E

. Cho v B
F
, chn 1 k
0
m sao cho
max
1jn
[v
k
0
(y
j
) v(y
j
)[ <
iu ny c c do (v
k
(y
1
), . . . , v
k
(y
n
)), 1 k m l - li hu hn ca L.
Tip theo vi mi x B
E
v chn j
x
N

: 1 j
x
n sao cho |f(x)y
jx
| < .
Suy ra
|f

(v) f

(v
k
0
)| = sup[(f

(v) f

(v
k
0
))(x)[ : |x| 1
= sup[(v v
k
0
)(f(x))[ : |x| 1 sup[v(f(x) y
jx
)[ : |x| 1
+ sup[(v v
k
0
)(y
jx
)[ : |x| 1 + sup[v
k
0
(y
jx
f(x))[ : [x| 1
sup|v||f(x) y
jx
| : |x| 1 + sup[v(y
jx
) v
k
0
(y
jx
)[ : |x| 1
+ sup|v
k
0
||y
jx
f(x)| : |x| 1 < + + = 3.
Vy f

(v
k
), 1 k m l 3-li hu hn ca f

(B
F
), suy ra f

l ton t
compact.
b) Gi s F l khng gian Banach v f

l ton t compact, p dng iu va

chng minh trn cho f

ta c f

l ton t compact. Mt khc, do f = f

E
suy ra f l ton t compact.
3 Ton t hu hn chiu
nh ngha 3.1. Cho E, F l cc khng gian nh chun v f : E F l nh
x tuyn tnh. Ta ni f l ton t hu hn chiu nu Imf l khng gian con hu
hn chiu ca F.
92
Mnh 3.2. Mi ton t tuyn tnh lin tc hu hn chiu u l ton t
compact.
Chng minh. Gi s f : E F l ton t tuyn tnh lin tc hu hn chiu, tc
l Imf l khng gian con hu hn chiu v do l khng gian con Banach ca
F nn ng trong F. Do B
E
[0, 1] = x E [ |x| 1 l tp b chn trong E v
f lin tc nn f(B
E
[0, 1]) l tp b chn trong Imf. Ta bit, mi tp b chn
trong khng gian hu hn chiu u l tp compact tng i nn f(B
E
[0, 1]) l
tp compact tng i trong Imf v do l compact tng i trong F, tc l
f l ton t compact.
V d 1. Nu E hoc F hu hn chiu th mi nh x tuyn tnh lin tc t E
vo F u l ton t compact.
Tht vy, nu E l khng gian nh chun hu hn chiu v f : E F l
ton t tuyn tnh lin tc, khi d thy dimImf dimf nn Imf l khng
gian con hu hn chiu ca F nn f l ton t hu hn chiu. Theo mnh 3.2,
f l ton t compact. Trng hp F hu hn chiu th mi ton t tuyn tnh lin
tc t E n F u l ton t hu hn chiu, d l ton t compact.
Mnh 3.3. Cho f L(E, F) vi E, F l cc khng gian Banach. Khi f l
ton t hu hn chiu nu v ch nu tn ti u
1
, . . . , u
n
E

v y
1
, . . . , y
n
F

f(x) =
n

j=1
u
j
(x)y
j
, x E
Chng minh. iu kin l hin nhin v khi Imf l khng gian con ca
khng gian hu hn chiu sinh bi y
1
, . . . , y
n
nn dimImf n. Ngc li, gi
s f l hu hn chiu. Chn y
1
, . . . , y
n
l c s ca Imf. Khi mi y Imf
u biu din c duy nht di dng:
y =
n

j=1
f
j
(y)y
j
93
vi cc f
j
: Imf K, j = 1, n, l cc phim hm tuyn tnh trn Imf. Do Imf
l hu hn chiu nn cc f
j
l lin tc. Theo nh l Hahn- Banach, tn ti cc
phim hm tuyn tnh lin tc

f
j
F

f
j

Imf
= f
j
. t u
j
=

f
j
f E

. Khi
, vi mi x E ta c:
f(x) =
n

j=1
f
j
(f(x))y
j
=
n

j=1

f
j
(f(x))y
j
=
n

j=1
(

f
j
f)(x)y
j
=
n

j=1
u
j
(x)y
j
.
4 Ph ca ton t
4.1 Mt s khi nim cn thit
1. i s cc ton t. Gi s E l khng gian Banach trn trng s thc hay
s phc. K hiu L(E) l khng gian Banach tt c cc nh x tuyn tnh lin
tc t E vo E. D dng kim tra thy L(E) khng ch l khng gian Banach
m cn l mt vnh c n v vi cc php ton cng v nhn xc nh vi cc
cp f, g L(F) nh sau:
+) Php cng: (f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x), x E;
+) Php nhn; g.f := g f.
Ta gi L(E) l i s Banach cc ton t tuyn tnh lin tc trn E. Phn
t n v ca L(E), k hiu l 1
E
, chnh l ton t ng nht ca E v phn t
khng, k hiu l 0, chnh l ton t khng trn E.
2. Hm gii tch nhn gi tr trong khng gian Banach
c th nghin cu v ph ca ton t trong khng gian Banach E chng ta
m rng khi nim hm gii tch nhn gi tr v hng ti trng hp hm nhn
gi tr trong khng gian Banach tng qut.
Cho D l tp m trong K v hmf : D E xc nh trn D nhn gi tr
trong khng gian Banach E. Ta ni
94
a) f gii tch ti
0
D nu
f() =

n=0
(
0
)
n
a
n
vi mi : [
0
[ < (
0
, D),
y a
n
E vi mi n N.
b) Gii tch trn D nu n gii tch ti mi D.
Khi K = C hm gii tch c gi l hm chnh hnh. Chng ta s k hiu
chui

n=0
(
0
)
n
a
n
, (a
n
E), bi

n=0
a
n
(
0
)
n
v gi l chui lu tha vi
h t trong E.
Nhn xt 1. Nu f : D E gii tch v T : E F l nh x tuyn tnh lin
tc t khng gian Banach E vo khng gian Banach F th T f : D F l gii
tch. Tht vy, vi
0
D, do f gii tch ti
0
tn ti a
n
E, n N), sao cho
f() =

n=0
a
n
(
0
)
n
, : [
0
[ < (
0
, D).
Do T l nh x tuyn tnh lin tc nn vi mi : [
0
[ < (
0
, D) ta c:
(T f)() = T(f()) = T
_

n=0
a
n
(
0
)
n
_
=

n=0
T(a
n
)(
0
)
n
Vy T f gii tch ti
0
.
nh l 4.1 ( Liouville). Nu f : C E l hm chnh hnh v b chn trn C
M = sup|f(z)| : z C < +
th f l hm hng.
Chng minh. Gi s phn chng rng f khng phi l hm hng, khi tn ti
z
1
, z
2
C f(z
1
) ,= f(z
2
). Do h qu 3.6 ca nh l Hahn-Banach (chng
2), tn ti u E

u(f(z
1
) f(z
2
)) = |f(z
1
) f(z
2
)| ,= 0 suy ra u(f(z
1
)) ,= u(f(z
2
)).
95
Mt khc, theo nhn xt trn ta c u f : C C l hm chnh hnh v do
[(u f)(z)[ = [u(f(z))[ |u||f(z)| vi mi z C
nn
sup[u(f(z))[ : z C |u| sup|f(z)| : z C < +
nn u f b chn trn C. T , theo nh l Liouville i vi hm chnh hnh
v hng th u f l hm hng trn C, tri vi iu khng nh (u f)(z
1
) ,=
(u f)(z
2
)). Mu thun ny chng t gi thit phn chng l sai, vy f l hm
hng.
4.2 Ph ca ton t trong khng gian Banach
nh ngha 4.2. Gi s E l khng gian nh chun v f L(E) l ton t trong
E. Ta ni s K l mt gi tr chnh quy ca f nu ton t 1
E
f l kh
nghch trong L(E). Tri li, c gi l gi tr ph ca f.
Tp tt c cc gi tr chnh quy ca f c k hiu l s(f) v tp cc gi tr
ph ca f c k hiu l (f).
Nhn xt 2. a) Theo nh ngha, s l gi tr chnh quy ca f L(E) khi v
ch khi 1
E
f l ng cu.
b) Nu E l khng gian Banach v f L(E) th vi mi K ta c
1
E
f L(E). Nh nh l Banach-Steinhaux ta suy ra:
S K l gi tr chnh quy ca f khi v ch khi vi mi y E, tn ti duy
nht x E sao cho x f(x) = y.
c) Theo nh ngha ta c: (f) = K s(f).
Do 1
e
(x) = x vi mi x E nn chng ta c th vit f thay cho
1
E
f.
96
Sau y l cc nh l c bn v c trng ph ca mt ton t tuyn tnh
lin tc gia cc khng gian Banach.
nh l 4.3. Cho E l khng gian Banach trn trng K, khi , tp hp ph
(f) ca f L(E) l tp compact trong K v hm ( f)
1
gii tch trn
tp s(f) cc gi tr chnh quy ca f. Ngoi ra nu K = C th (f) ,= .
Chng minh. a) Cho K vi [[ > |f|, khi do
|f|
[[
< 1 nn

n=0
_
_
_
f
n

n+1
_
_
_

n=0
1
[[
_
|f|
[[
_
n
< .
Nh vy chui

n=0
f
n

n+1
hi t tuyt i trong L(E). Do L(E) l khng gian
Banach nn chui ny hi t trong L(E) ti g():

n=0
f
n

n+1
= g() L(E). Vi
mi x E ta c:
_
g()( f)

(x) =
__

n=0
f
n

n+1
_
( f)
_
(x)
=
_
lim
m
m

n=0
f
n

n+1
_
(x f(x))
= lim
m
_
m

n=0
f
n

n+1
_
x f(x)
_
_
= lim
m
m

n=0
_
f
n
(x)

n

f
n+1
(x)

n+1
_
= lim
m
_
x
f
m+1
(x)

n+1
_
= x lim
m
f
m+1
(x)

n+1
Do vi mi m N v vi mi x E ta c
_
_
_
f
m+1
(x)

n+1
_
_
_
_
_
_
f
m+1

n+1
_
_
_.|x|, suy ra lim
m
f
m+1
(x)

n+1
= 0.
Vy
_
g()( f)

(x) = x = 1
E
(x) vi mi x E, chng t
g()( f) = 1
E
. (1)
97
Tng t, vi mi x E ta c:
_
( f)g()

(x) =
_
( f)
_

n=0
f
n

n+1
__
(x)
= ( f)
__
lim
m
m

n=0
f
n

n+1
_
(x)
_
= ( f)
_
lim
m
m

n=0
f
n
(x)

n+1
_
= lim
m
( f)
_
m

n=0
f
n
(x)

n+1
_
= lim
m
_
m

n=0
f
n
(x)

n

f
n+1
(x)

n+1
_
= lim
m
_
x
f
m+1
(x)

n+1
_
= x lim
m
f
m+1
(x)

n+1
= x
Suy ra
( f)g() = 1
E
. (2)
T cc kt lun (1) v (2) suy ra f kh nghch v
( f)
1
= g() =

n=0
f
n

n+1
n y chng ta chng minh: Nu K : [[ > |f| th f kh nghch
trong L(E), ngha l s(f) = K(f). iu ny chng t tp ph ca f tho
mn:
(f) K : [[ |f|
v do (f) b chn trong K.
Tip theo, chng ta s chng minh (f) l tp ng trong K v do (f) l
tp compact trong K. Tht vy, cho
0
s(f) = K (f), t =
1
|(
0
f)
1
|
v nu A L(E) l ng cu v n N ta s k hiu
_
A
1
_
n
bi A
n
, khi ,
vi mi K : [
0
[ < ta c:
|(
0
f)
1
|.[
0
[ < 1
98
cho nn

n=0
|(
0
f)
n1
|[
0
[
n
|(
0
f)
1
|.

n=0
_
|(
0
f)
1
|.[
0
[
_
n
< .
Suy ra chui

n=0
(1)
n
(
0
f)
n1
(
0
)
n
hi t tuyt i trong L(E). Nh
vy hm:
g() =

n=0
(1)
n
(
0
f)
n1
(
0
)
n
gii tch trn hnh cu K : [
0
[ < . Ngoi ra, c th chng minh c
rng: Vi mi C sao cho [
0
[ < v vi mi x E, g() tho mn:
_
g() ( f)

(x) =
_
( f) g()

(x)
=
_
[(
0
) + (
0
f)] g()

(x)
= x + lim
n
(1)
n
_
[(
0
f)
1
]
n+1
(
0
)
n+1

(x) = x.
Suy ra g() ( f) = ( f) g() = 1
E
, chng t ( f)
1
kh nghch v
( f)
1
= g() vi mi K : [
0
[ < . Ni cch khc
K : [
0
[ < s(f)
nn
0
l im trong ca s(f). Do
0
l im tu suy ra s(f) l tp m v do
(f) l tp ng trong K. Hn na, qua chng minh trn ta thy ti mi im
bt k
0
s(f) hm g() = ( 1)
1
khai trin c thnh chui lu tha
trong ln cn ca
0
nn g() gii tch ti
0
. Suy ra g() gii tch trn s(f).
b) Gi s K = C nhng tn ti f L(E) (f) = , khi s(f) = C v
hm g() = ( f)
1
chnh hnh trn C. Theo chng minh phn a) ta thy: vi
mi C : m [[ > |f| ta c
g() =

n=0
f
n

n+1
v do
|g()|

n=0
_
|f|
[[
_
n
.
1
[[
=
1
[[ |f|
99
Suy ra |g()| 0 khi [[ nn tn ti s r > 0 sao cho |g()| 1 vi mi
: [[ > r. Mt khc, do g() l lin tc trn tp compact C : [[ r nn
M = sup|g()| : [[ r <
Vy sup|g()| : [ C < , tc l R() chnh hnh v b chn trn C. Theo
nh l Liouville i vi hm nhn gi tr trn khng gian Banach th g() l hm
hng trn C. Nhng v lim
||
g() = 0 ta c g() 0 L(E) vi mi C.
Tuy nhin ta li c g(0) = f
1
,= 0. Cc khng nh mu thun ny chng t gi
thit phn chng (f) = l sai. Vy (f) ,= .
nh l 4.3 khng nh tp (f) b chn nn sup[[ : (f) < + v
chng ta c nh ngha sau y:
nh ngha 4.4. Cho E l khng gian Banach v f L(E). Ta gi s
r
f
= sup[[ : (f)
l bn knh ph ca ton t tuyn tnh f.
Theo nh l 4.3, nu E l khng gian Banach phc th vi mi f L(E),
(f) ,= nn r
f
> 0. Trong trng hp E l khng gian Banach thc th c th
(f) = v khi ta coi bn knh ph ca f l r
f
= .
nh l 4.5 di y cho ta cng thc tnh bn knh ph r
f
ca ton t tuyn
tnh lin tc f trong khng gian Banach phc. Tuy nhin, chng minh nh
l chng ta cn m rng khi nim v chui Laurent trong khng gian Banach:
Gi s E l khng gian Banach phc, chui Laurent trong E l tng hnh thc c
dng:
+

n=
a
n
(
0
)
n
, a
n
E, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
Hon ton tng t vi E = C ta ch ti cc kt qu quan trng sau y:
100
a) Nu
0 r = lim
n
sup
n
_
|a
n
| < R =
1
lim
n
sup
n
_
|a
n
|
+
th chui Laurentz trn hi t u trn mi tp con compact ca vnh khn
C : r < [
0
[ < R ti hm chnh hnh f().
b) Nu f l hm chnh hnh trn vnh khn C : r < [
0
[ < R vi
gi tr trong E th f khai trin c thnh chui Laurentz trn vnh khn ny:
f() =

n=
a
n
(
0
)
n
nh l 4.5. Cho E l khng gian Banach phc v f L(E). Khi bn knh
ph ca f l
r
f
= lim
n
|f
n
|
1
n
(4.1)
Chng minh. Trc tin chng ta chng t gii hn trong v phi ca (4.1) tn
ti. Tht vy, c nh s t nhin k tu , khi vi mi s t nhin n 1 ta
vit n = pk + r, (0 r < k). Ta c
|f
n
|
1
n
= |f
pk+r
|
1
n
|f
k
|
p
n
.|f|
r
n
= |f
k
|
1
k

r
kn
.|f|
r
n
Ly gii hn trn (limsup) ca hai v khi n ta c:
limsup
n
|f
n
|
1
n
|f
k
|
1
k
vi mi k N

.
Tip theo, ly gii hn di (liminf) khi k ta c:
limsup
n
|f
n
|
1
n
liminf
k
|f
k
|
1
k
= lim
n
inf |f
n
|
1
n
Nh vy ta c limsup
n
|f
n
|
1
n
= liminf
n
|f
n
|
1
n
nn tn ti gii hn lim
n
|f
n
|
1
n
.
101
Gi s C v [[ > lim
n
|f
n
|
1
n
, khi v lim
n
n
_
f
n

||
n+1
=
lim
n
f
n

1
n

< 1
nn theo du hiu Cauchy chui s

n=0
f
n

||
n+1
hi t v do chui

n=0
f
n

n+1
hi
t trong L(E). Hn na, theo chng minh nh l 4.3, phn a) ta c:
g() = ( f)
1
=

n=0
f
n

n+1
Nh vy / () vi mi K m [[ > lim
n
|f
n
|
1
n
, suy ra
r
f
lim
n
|f
n
|
1
n
chng minh bt ng thc ngc li, vi mi u L(L(E); K), xt khai
trin Laurent ca hm chnh hnh v hng u g ti 0 C trn vnh khn
C : r
f
< [[ < +.
Bi v
g() =

n=0
f
n

n+1
vi mi C : [[ > r
f
.
nn khai trin Laurent chnh l
(u g)() =

n=0
u
_
f
n
_

n+1
vi mi C : [[ > r
f
Suy ra
lim
n

u(f
n
)

n+1

= 0 vi mi C : [[ > r
f
.
c bit
sup
n1

u(f
n
)

n+1

< vi mi C : [[ > r
f
Vy vi mi C, [[ > r
f
, dy
f
n

n+1
b chn yu trong L(E). Theo nh l
Banach-Steinhaux, dy
_
f
n

n+1
_
b chn trong L(E). Ni khc i
M

= sup
_
|f
n
|
[[
n+1
: n N
_
< vi mi C : [[ > r
f
102
hay |f
n
| M

[[
n+1
vi mi n N v vi mi C : [[ > r
f
.
Ly cn bc n hai v v qua gii hn khi n ta c
lim
n
|f
n
|
1
n
lim
n
M
1
n

[[.[[
1
n
= [[ vi mi [[ > r
f
Suy ra lim
n
|f
n
|
1
n
r
f
. Thnh th r
f
= lim
n
|f
n
|
1
n
.
Mnh di y ni v mi lin h gia ph ca mt ton t tuyn tnh lin
tc vi ph ca ton t lin hp ca n.
Mnh 4.6. Cho E l khng gian Banach v A L(E). Khi (A) = (A

),
A

l ton t lin hp ca A.
Chng minh. T mnh 1.7 ta c: A l ng cu khi v ch khi ( A)

l ng cu. V vy:
s(f)
_
( A)

_
1
= ( A

)
1
s(A

).
Vy (A) khi v ch khi (A

), ngha l (A

) = (A).
4.3 Ph ca ton t compact
Trong mc ny chng ta trnh by mt s kt qu chnh v ph ca ton t
compact trong khng gian Banach thc hoc khng gian Banach phc E.
nh l 4.7. Cho E l khng gian Banach v A L(E) l ton t compact. Khi
vi mi K, ,= 0 th N

:= ker( A) l khng gian con hu hn chiu

v R

= Im( A) l khng gian con ng ca E.

Chng minh. a) Trc tin chng ta chng minh dimN

< : K hiu B

l hnh cu n v ca N

: B

= x N

: |x| 1. Khi x B

ta c
(A)(x) = 0 hay A(x) = (x), suy ra A(B

) = B

. Do A l ton t compact
103
v B

l tp b chn nn theo mnh 2.2 chng 3, A(B

) = B

hon ton b
chn trong E. Theo gi thit ,= 0, suy ra B

hon ton b chn. Li theo nh

l Riesz, N

l khng gian hu hn chiu v do l khng gian con hu hn

chiu ca E.
b) Tip theo ta chng minh R

l khng gian con ng ca E c i chiu

hu hn: Trong phn a) chng ta chng minh dimN

< + nn N

c c
s e
1
, . . . , e
n
. Nh vy mi x N

u biu din duy nht c di dng

x =
n

j=1
g
j
(x)e
j
, trong cc g
j
: N

K l phim hm. V s biu din l

duy nht suy ra g
j
l phim hm tuyn tnh. Mt khc, do N

hu hn chiu nn
g
j
lin tc. Theo h qu 3.4, chng 2 cc phim hm g
j
c th thc trin lin
tc ti f
j
E

: f
j

= g
j
, j = 1, n. Suy ra
f
j
(e
i
) =
ij
, i, j : 1 i, j n
R rng cng thc E x
n

j=1
f
j
(x)e
j
xc nh nh x tuyn tnh lin tc P t
E ln N

tho mn Px = x vi mi x N

, v nu x N

th
x =
n

j=1
g
j
(x)e
j
=
n

j=1
f
j
(x)e
j
= Px
Suy ra P(x Px) = Px P(Px) = Px Px = 0 hay x Px ker P. Thnh
th E = M N

vi M = ker P l khng gian con ng v do l khng gian

con Banach ca E. Trc ht ta thy:
( A)(E) = ( A)(M) + ( A)(N

) = ( A)(M)
chng minh R

l tp ng, ta cn chng minh tn ti s r > 0 :

|( A)y| r|y| vi mi y M. (4.2)
Khi , nu y
n

nN
R

= ( A)(M) th t tn ti dy x
n
M sao cho
y
n
= ( A)(x
n
) vi mi n N

. Gi s y
n
= ( A)(x
n
) y E. T cng
104
thc (4.2) ta c
|y
n
y
m
| = |( A)x
n
( A)x
m
| = |( A)(x
n
x
m
)|
r|x
n
x
m
| vi mi n, m 1.
V dy y
n
hi t nn n l dy Cauchy trong E, ko theo x
n
l dy Cauchy
trong M v v vy x
n
x M. Ta c
y = lim
n
y
n
= lim
n
( A)x
n
= ( A)(x) ( A)(M) R

Nh vy R

l tp ng trong E.
By gi, bng phn chng ta chng minh tnh ng n ca cng thc (4.2):
Gi s mi r > 0 u khng tho mn (4.2), khi vi mi n N

u tn ti
x

n
M : |( A)(x

n
)|
1
n
|x

n
|. t x
n
=
x

n
x

ta c x
n
M, |x
n
| = 1 v
|( A)(x
n
)|
1
n
vi mi n 1, do lim
n
( A)(x
n
) = 0. V x
n
l dy
b chn v A l ton t compact nn theo mnh 2.2 chng 3, c th tm c
dy con z
n
x
n
A(z
n
) z
0
E khi n . Mt khc, do ,= 0 v
z
n
l dy con ca dy x
n
nn
lim
n
|z
n
A(z
n
)| = lim
n
|( A)(z
n
)| = 0.
suy ra tn ti gii hn lim
n
z
n
=
z
0

:= y
0
M. T ta c:
( A)(y
0
) = lim
n
( A)(z
n
) = lim
n
.z
n
lim
n
A(z
n
) = z
0
z
0
= 0
chng t y
0
N

v do y
0
M N

= 0 nn y
0
= 0. iu ny l v l v
theo cch xy dng dy z
n
ta c |y
0
| = lim
n
|z
n
| = 1. Mu thun ny chng
t gi thit phn chng l sai, ngha l phi tn ti s r > 0 khng nh trong
cng thc (4.2) ng.
nh l c chng minh hon ton.
Ch . Ngi ta chng minh c rng vi cc gi thit ca nh l 4.7, R

c
i chiu hu hn, ngha l dimE/R

< +.
105
Sau y chng ta nhc li khi nim v gi tr ring ca mt ton t tuyn
tnh f : E E v chng minh mt s tnh cht v mi lin h gia gi tr ring
ph ca mt ton t trong mt s trng hp c bit.
nh ngha 4.8. S K gi l gi tr ring ca ton t A L(E) nu tn ti
x E, x ,= 0 Ax = x. Vect x nh vy gi l vect ring ca A ng vi
gi tr ring . Khng gian N

= ker( A) gi l khng gian ring ca gi tr

ring .
Mnh 4.9. Nu l gi tr ring ca ton t A L(E) th l gi tr ph
ca A. Hn na, nu dimE < th tp cc gi tr ph ca A chnh l tp cc
gi tr ring ca A.
Chng minh. Trc ht, nu l gi tr tr ring ca A th tn ti x E, x ,= 0
sao cho Ax = x, suy ra ( A)(x) = 0, chng t ton t A khng phi
l n nh nn khng th l ng cu, tc khng kh nghch trong L(E). Theo
nh ngha, (A).
Ta thy, s khng phi l gi tr ring ca A th A L(E) l n cu
v nu dimE < th n cu chnh l ng cu nn / (A).
nh l sau y ni rng khi A l compact mi gi tr ph khc khng ca A
u l gi tr ring ca n.
nh l 4.10. Cho E l khng gian Banach v A L(E) l ton t compact.
Khi , nu s ,= 0 l gi tr ph ca A th l gi tr ring ca A.
Chng minh. (Phn chng) Gi s ,= 0 l gi tr ph nhng khng l gi tr
ring ca A. Khi A

:= A l song nh tuyn tnh lin tc t E ln

ImA

= R

. Theo nh l 4.7 chng 3, R

l khng gian con ng ca E

nn R

l khng gian Banach. Li theo nh l Banach v nh x m suy ra

A

: E R

l ng cu.
106
Vi mi n N, t X
n
= ImA
n

, khi , bng quy np ta s chng minh

X
n+1
X
n
vi mi n N.
Tht vy: Vi n = 0 ta c X
1
= R

X
0
= E. Gi s n 1 v X
n
X
n1
,
khi ta c X
n+1
= A

(X
n
) A

(X
n1
) = A

_
A
n1

(E)
_
= A
n

(E) = X
n
nn
theo nguyn l quy np th X
n+1
X
n
vi mi n N.
Ta cn phi chng minh X
n+1
,= X
n
vi mi n N: Do l gi tr ph ca
A nn A

: E E khng th l ng cu nn X
1
= A

(E) ,= X
0
= 1
E
(E) = E.
Gi s X
n+1
X
n
vi mi n : 0 n m nhng X
m+2
= X
m+1
. Chn
x X
m
X
m+1
. Do X
m+2
= X
m+1
nn tn ti y X
m+1
A

(y) = A

(x),
hay l A

(x y) = 0. Do A

l n nh suy ra x = y X
m+1
. Tri gi thit
x / X
m+1
.
n y ta chng minh X
n+1
X
n
vi mi n N, X
n
= A
n

(E)
Tip theo, do A

: E

= ImA

, suy ra X
n
= ImA
n

l khng gian con ng

ca E, theo h qu 3.5 ca nh l Hanh-Banach, chng 2, vi mi n 0 tn
ti f
n
E

sao cho
f
n

X
n+1
= 0 v |f
n

Xn
| = 1
Nh vy tn ti x
n
X
n
sao cho
|x
n
| = 1 v f
n
(x
n
)
1
2
Suy ra, vi mi x X
n+1
, do x
n
x X
n
v f
n
(x) = 0 nn ta c:
|x
n
x| [f
n
(x
n
x)[
1
2
. (4.3)
Mt khc, do vi mi n, m N, n < m ta c:
Ax
n
Ax
m
= [x
n
A

x
n
] [x
m
A

x
m
] = x
n
[A

x
n
x
m
+ A

x
m
]
v
A

x
n
x
m
+ A

x
m
X
n+1

107
nn ta c
|Ax
n
Ax
m
| = x
n
[A

x
n
x
m
+ A

x
m
]
= [[
_
_
_x
n

x
n
x
m
+ A

x
m

_
_
_
[[
2
Bt ng thc cui cng ng vi mi m, n N, chng t dy A(x
n
)
nN
khng
th c dy con no hi t trong khi, theo cch xy dng trn, dy x
n

nN
l
dy b chn trong E. iu ny tri vi khng nh trong mnh 2.2 chng 3
v c trng compact ca ca ton t A. Mu thun ny chng t gi thit phn
chng ban u l sai. Nh vy, mi gi tr ph khc khng ca ton t compact
A u l gi tr ring ca A.
H qu 4.11. Nu E l khng gian Banach v hn chiu v A L(E) l ton t
compact th tp ph (A) ca A ch gm s 0 v tt c cc gi tr ring ca A.
Chng minh. Ta bit mi gi tr ring ca A L(E) u l gi tr ph ca A
v vi cc gi thit cho, nh nh l 4.10, mi gi tr ph khc khng ca A
u l gi tr ring ca A. Hn na, s 0 cng l gi tr ph ca A v nu tri li
th A kh nghch, li do A l ton t compact nn 1
E
= AA
1
l ton t compact
nn B[0, 1] = 1
E
(B[0, 1]) l tp compact trong E. Nh nh l Riesz suy ra E
l khng gian hn chiu. iu ny mu thun vi gi thit dimE = .
nh l sau y m t c th hn v cu trc tp ph ca ton t compact.
nh l 4.12. Cho E l khng gian Banach v A L(E) l ton t compact. Khi
tp ph (A) ch gm mt s hu hn hay m c cc gi tr. Trong trng
hp (A) gm mt s m c cc gi tr c th vit thnh dy (A) =
n

nN

vi [
1
[ . . . [
n
[ . . . v lim
n

n
= 0.
Chng minh. Chng ta ch cn chng minh: vi mi s r > 0 tp hp
(A) : [[ r
108
l tp hu hn. Tht vy, nu tri li t tn ti s r
0
> 0 v mt dy
n

nN

(A) sao cho:
[
n
[ r
0
vi mi n 1 v
m
,=
n
khi m ,= n.
Nh vy, mi s
n
l mt gi tr ph khc khng ca ton t compact A trn
khng gian Banach E nn theo nh l 4.10,
n
l gi tr ring ca A nn tn ti
x

n
E, x

n
,= 0 Ax

n
= x

n
, (n N

).
t x
n
=
x

n
|x

n
|
ta c |x
n
| = 1 v A(x
n
) =
n
x
n
vi mi n N

. V dy gi
tr ring
n

nN
ca A i mt khc nhau nn dy cc vect ring x
n

nN

tng ng c lp tuyn tnh. Tht vy, bng qui np, gi s x

1
, . . . , x
n
l c
lp tuyn tnh v gi s
n+1

j=1

j
x
j
= 0 (1)
khi
n+1

j=1

j
x
j
= A(
n+1

j=1

j
x
j
) = 0 (2)
Bng cch nhn hai v ca ng thc (1) vi
n+1
ri tr i ng thc (2) ta c
n

j=1
(
n+1

j
)
j
x
j
= 0
Do x
1
, . . . , x
n
l c lp tuyn tnh nn
(
n+1

j
)
j
= 0 vi mi j = 1, . . . , n
Li do
n+1
,=
j
vi mi j = 1, n nn ta c
j
= 0, j = 1, n. Thay vo (1) ta
c
n+1
x
n+1
= 0. Do x
n+1
,= 0 ta c
n+1
,= 0. Vy
j
= 0, j = 1, n + 1.
Thnh th h x
1
, . . . , x
n+1
l c lp tuyn tnh. Theo nguyn l quy np suy ra
mi h con hu hn ca dy x
n

nN
u c lp tuyn tnh nn dy c lp
tuyn tnh.
109
By gi, vi mi n N

, gi X
n
l khng gian vect con ca E sinh bi
x
1
, . . . , x
n
:
X
n
=
_
n

j=1

j
x
j
:
j
K, j = 1, n
_
.
Khi ta c: dimX
n
= n v X
n
X
n+1
vi mi n N

. Theo h qu 3.5 ca
nh l Hahn-Banach trong chng 2, vi mi n N

, tn ti phim hm tuyn
tnh lin tc f
n
E

sao cho
f
n
[
Xn
= 0, |f
n

X
n+1
| = 1.
Nh vy tn ti y
n+1
X
n+1
sao cho
|y
n+1
| = 1, f
n
(y
n+1
)
1
2
Suy ra
|y
n+1
+ x| [f
n
(y
n+1
+ x)[
1
2
vi mi x X
n
Ta vit
y
n+1
=
(n+1)
1
x
1
+ . . . +
(n+1)
n
x
n
+
(n+1)
n+1
x
n+1
.
Do (
n+1
A)(x
n+1
) = 0 v A(x
j
) =
j
x
j
vi mi j N

, nn
(
n+1
A)(y
n+1
) X
n
vi mi n N

.
Vi m, n N

, n m ta c:
A(y
m
) = A(
(m)
1
x
1
+ . . . +
(m)
m
x
m
)
=
(m)
1
A(x
1
) + . . . +
(m)
m
A(x
m
)
=
(m)
1

1
x
1
+ . . . +
(m)
m

m
x
m
) X
m
X
n
do x = (
n+1
A)(y
n+1
) + A(y
m
) X
n
. Suy ra
|Ay
n+1
Ay
m
| = |
n+1
y
n+1
[(
n+1
A)y
n+1
+ Ay
m
]|
= |
n+1
y
n+1
+ x| = [
n+1
[|y
n+1
+
x

n+1
|
1
2
[
n+1
[
r
0
2
110
Bt ng thc trn chng t dy Ay
n

nN
khng c bt k dy con no hi t
trong khi y
n

nN
l dy b chn trong E v A L(E) l ton t compact. iu
ny li mu thun vi mnh 2.2 chng 3 v c trng ca ton t compact.
Mu thun ny chng t rng, vi mi s r > 0, tp hp (A) : [[ > r l
tp hu hn.
Nh chng minh trn, vi mi n N

ta t
A
n
= (A) : [[
1
n
.
Khi A
n
l tp hu hn v do tp hp
(A) 0
_

_
n=1
A
n
_
c lc lng cng lm l m c nn (A) cng lm l m c.
111
5 Bi tp chng 3
Bi 1. Cho E, F l cc khng gian tuyn tnh nh chun v A : E F l ton
t tuyn tnh lin tc. Chng minh rng :
a) Nu A l ton nh th ton t lin hp A

: F

l n nh.
b) Nu ton t lin hp A

: F

l ton nh th A l n nh.
Bi 2. Chng minh rng mi ton t tuyn tnh lin tc hu hn chiu u l ton
t compact.
Bi 3. Cho E, F l cc khng gian tuyn tnh nh chun. Chng minh rng nu
E hoc F hu hn chiu th mi ton t tuyn tnh lin tc t E n F u l
ton t compact.
Bi 4. Chng minh rng khng gian nh chun E l hu hn chiu khi v ch
khi ton t ng nht 1
E
l ton t compact.
Bi 5. Chng minh rng khng gian nh chun E hu hn chiu khi v ch khi
khng gian lin hp E

hu hn chiu.
Bi 6. Chng minh rng nu E l khng gian nh chun v hn chiu v A :
E E l ton t compact th A khng c ton t ngc lin tc.
Bi 7. Cho a = (a
n
) l

c nh v s p 1. Xt nh x
A : l
p
l
p
x = (x
n
) Ax := (a
n
x
n
).
Chng minh rng A l ton t compact khi v ch khi lim
n
a
n
= 0 khi n .
Bi 8. Chng minh rng ton t A : C[0; 1] C[0; 1] xc nh bi:
(Ax)(t) := tx(t), x C[0; 1], t [0; 1]
khng phi l ton t compact.
112
Bi 9. Vi mi s t nhin n, gi A
n
: l
2
l
2
l nh x xc nh bi:
A
n
(x) =
n

k=1
x
k
e
k
, vi x = (x
n
) l
2
, e
k
= (
kn
)

n=1
.
a) Chng minh rng cc nh x A
n
l cc ton t tuyn tnh lin tc. Tnh
|A
n
|, n N

.
b) Dy A
n

nN
hi t im n nh x ng nht I trn l
2
nhng khng
hi t u n I trn l
2
.
Bi 10. Cho E l khng gian Banach v F l khng gian tuyn tnh nh chun,
A : E F l nh x tuyn tnh lin tc. Chng minh rng nu tn ti s m > 0
sao cho
|x| m|Ax| vi mi x E
th ImA l khng gian con ng ca F.
Bi 11. Chng minh rng ton t tuyn tnh lin tc t khng gian Banach E vo
khng gian Banach F c ton t lin hp A

: F

l ton nh khi v ch khi

A c nh ng v n nh.
Bi 12. Gi s E l khng gian Banach v hn chiu v A l ton t compact t
E vo khng gian nh chun F. Chng minh rng tn ti x
n
E, |x
n
| = 1
sao cho lim
n
Ax
n
= 0.
Bi 13. Gi s |.| l mt chun trn C[0; 1] sao cho
a) (C[0; 1], |.|) l khng gian Banach.
b) Nu |f
n
| 0 th f
n
(x) 0 vi mi x [0, 1].
Chng minh rng chun |.| tng ng vi chun |.|

, tc l tn ti hai
hng s C
1
, C
2
> 0 sao cho
C
1
|f|

|f| C
2
|f|

vi mi f C[0; 1]
113
Bi 14. Cho M
p
, p 1. Chng minh rng tp M l compact tng i khi
v ch khi vi mi > 0 tn ti n 1 sao cho sup
xM

j>n
[x
j
[
p
< .
Bi 15. Cho E l khng gian Banach v f L(E). Chng minh rng mi gi tr
ring ca f u l gi tr ph ca f.
Bi 16. Cho E l khng gian nh chun hu hn chiu v f L(E). Chng
minh rng tp cc gi tr ph ca f chnh tp l gi tr ring ca f.
Bi 17. Chng minh rng nu E l khng gian Banach v hn chiu v f L(E)
l ton t compact th s 0 l gi tr ph ca f.
Bi 18. Cho = (
n
) 1
N

,
n
,= 0, n N

v
n
0 khi n . Xt
khng gian
l
2
= x = (x
n
) K
N

n=1
x
2
n
< +
v nh x:

: l
2
l
2
x = (x
n
)

(x) := (
n
x
n
)
a) Chng minh rng

l ton t tuyn tnh lin tc trn l

2
.
b) S 0 l gi tr ph ca

nhng khng phi l gi tr ring ca

.
Bi 19. Chng minh rng nu E l khng gian Banach v hn chiu v A L(E)
l ton t compact, th tp ph (A) ca A gm s 0 v tt c cc gi tr ring
ca A.
Bi 20. Cho E l khng gian Banach, A L(E), C. Chng minh rng nu
tn ti mt dy phn t x
n

nN
E sao cho |x
n
| = 1 vi mi n N

v
lim
n
(x
n
Ax
n
) = 0 th l gi tr ph ca A.
Bi 21. Cho E l khng gian Banach v A L(E). Chng minh rng nu
(A) th
n
(A
n
), trong n l s nguyn dng.
114
Bi 22. Cho E l khng gian Banach v A L(E) l php ng cu. Chng
minh rng nu (A), ,= 0 th
1
(A
1
).
Bi 23. Cho A : C[0; 2] C[0; 2] l nh x t khng gian cc hm s phc
lin tc trn [0; 2] vo chnh khng gian xc nh bi:
A(x)(t) = e
it
x(t), x C[0; 2], t [0; 2].
a) Chng minh rng A l ton t tuyn tnh lin tc.
b) Tm tp hp ph ca A.
Bi 24. Cho ton t A : C[0; 1] C[0; 1] xc nh bi:
A(x)(t) = x(0) + tx(1), x C[0; 1], t [0; 1].
Tm tp ph (A), bn knh ph r(A) v ton t R(A, ) = (A)
1
, s(A).
Bi 25. Gi A : C[0; 1] C[0; 1] l ton t tuyn tnh xc nh bi:
A(x)(t) =
t
_
0
x(s)ds, x C[0; 1], t [0; 1].
Tm tp hp ph (A) v ton t R(A, ) = (A )
1
, s(A).
115
Chng 4
Khng gian Hilbert v ton t trong
khng gian Hilbert
Ni dung ca chng ny trnh by mt s vn c bn ca gii tch trong
khng gian Hilbert - mt lp khng gian Banach c nhiu tnh cht hnh hc quan
trng. l vic nghin cu v s tn ti php chiu trc giao, v nh l biu
din Riesz i vi phim hm tuyn tnh lin tc; v c s trc chun cng nh
s tn ti c s trc chun trong khng gian Hilbert v cui cng l vic nghin
cu v c trng ca cc ton t c bit nh ton t lin hp, ton t compact
trong khng gian Hilbert.
1 Dng hermite
1.1 nh ngha v cc tnh cht n gin
nh ngha 1.1. Dng hermite trn khng gian vector phc E l nh x
: E E C
(x, y) (x, y)
tho mn cc tnh cht sau:
116
1) (x
1
+ x
2
, y) = (x
1
, y) + (x
2
+ y) vi mi x
1
, x
2
, y E.
2) (x, y) = (x, y) vi mi x, y E vi mi C
3) (x, y) = (y, x) vi mi x, y E.
y k hiu z ch s phc lin hp ca s phc z.
Nhn xt 1. a) T cc tnh cht trn ta suy ra mt s tnh cht trc tip ca
dng Hermite trn khng gian vct E:
4) (x, y
1
+ y
2
) = (x, y
1
) + (x, y
2
) vi mi x, y
1
, y
2
E;
5) (x, y) = (x, y).
6) Nu cc h x
i
, y
j
E v
i
,
j
C, (i = 1, m, j = 1, n) th:
(
m

i=1

i
x
i
,
n

j=1

j
y
j
) =
m

i=1
n

j=1

j
(x
i
, y
j
) (1.1)
Tht vy
(
m

i=1

i
x
i
,
n

j=1

j
y
j
) =
m

i=1
(
i
x
i
,
n

j=1

j
y
j
)
=
m

i=1

i
(x
i
,
n

j=1

j
y
j
) =
m

i=1

i
n

j=1
(x
i
,
j
y
j
)
=
m

i=1

i
n

j=1

j
(x
i
, y
j
) =
m

i=1
n

j=1

j
(x
i
, y
j
)
7) (x, x) 1 vi mi x E.
Tht vy, theo tnh cht 3) ta c: (x, x) = (x, x) vi mi x E. Suy ra
(x, x) 1 vi mi x E.
nh ngha 1.2. Dng hermite trn khng gian vector E c gi l dng
hermite dng v vit l 0 nu (x, x) 0 vi mi x E. Ngoi ra, nu
(x, x) = 0 ch khi x = 0 th c gi l dng hermite xc nh dng.
117
1.2 Hai bt ng thc quan trng
Mnh 1.3 (Bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwartz). Gi s l dng Hermite
dng trn khng gian vect E. Khi
[(x, y)[
2
(x, x).(y, y) vi mi x, y E (1.2)
Chng minh. t a = (x, x), b = (x, y), c = (y, y). Ch rng a, c l cc
s thc khng m v bt ng thc cn chng minh l: [b[
2
ac. Vi mi C
ta c:
0 (x + y, x + y) = (x, x) + (x, y) + (y, x) + (y, y).
Hay
a + b +

b + c 0 vi mi C. (1.3)
Nu mt trong cc s a hoc c dng, chng hn c > 0 ta thay =
b
c
vo bt
ng thc (1.3) trn ta c
0 a
b
c
b
b
c

b +

bb
c
2
c = a

bb
c
hay [b[
2
a.c.
Nu a = c = 0 ta thay = b, a = c = 0 vo bt ng thc (1.3) ta c
2[b[
2
0 do b = 0 v ta vn thu c [b[
2
ac.
Tm li, trong mi trng hp ta u c [b[
2
ac.
Mnh 1.4 (Bt ng thc Minkowski). Nu l dng Hermite dng trn
khng gian vector E th
_
(x + y, x + y)
_
(x, x) +
_
(y, y) vi mi x, y E (1.4)
Chng minh. Bi v
(x + y, x + y) = (x, x) + (x, y) + (x, y) + (y, y)
= (x, x) + 2 Re (x, y) + (y, y)
118
Theo bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwartz ta c:
Re (x, y) [(x, y)[
_
(x, x)(y, y).
Suy ra
(x + y, x + y) (x, x) + 2
_
(x, x)(y, y) + (y, y)
=
_
_
(x, x) +
_
(y, y)
_
2
.
2 Tch v hng v khng gian Hilbert
nh ngha 2.1. Ta gi dng hermite xc nh dng trn khng gian vect E
l tch v hng trn E.
Nu l tch v hng trn E th chng ta k hiu (x, y) bi x, y) v gi
x, y) l tch v hng ca hai vect x v y.
B 2.2. Dng hermite 0 trn E l tch v hng nu v ch nu khng
suy bin, c ngha l
x E, x = 0 (x, y) = 0 vi mi y E
hoc
y E, y = 0 (x, y) = 0 vi mi x E.
Chng minh. iu kin cn l hin nhin. Ta chng minh iu kin : Theo
gi thit nu x E, x ,= 0 th tn ti y E : (x, y) ,= 0. Bt ng thc Cauchy
- Schwartz cho ta
0 < [(x, y)[
2
(x, x).(y, y)
v do (x, x) > 0
119
nh ngha 2.3. Khng gian vect E cng vi mt tch v hng ., .) cho
trn E c gi l khng gian tin Hilbert.
Vi x E ta t
|x| =
_
x, x), x E. (2.1)
Khi bt ng thc Cauchy -Schwartz c dng
[x, y)[ |x||y| vi mi x, y E
cn bt ng thc Minkowski vit l
|x + y| |x| +|y| vi mi x, y E.
Mt khc hin nhin
1) |x| 0 vi mi x E v v ., .) l tch v hng, nn nu |x| = 0 th
x = 0.
2) |x| =
_
x, x) =
_

x, x) = [[|x| vi mi C v x E
Thnh th cng thc (2.1) xc nh mt chun trn E, gi l chun sinh bi
tch v hng.
Nh vy, mi khng gian tin Hilbert u l khng gian nh chun vi chun
sinh bi tch v hng.
nh ngha 2.4. Khng gian tin Hilbert E c gi l khng gian Hilbert nu
E cng vi chun sinh bi tch v hng trn E l mt khng gian Banach.
Mnh 2.5. Nu E l khng gian tin Hilbert th tch v hng ca n lin tc
trn E E.
Chng minh. Cho x
0
, y
0
) E E tu . Bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwartz cho
ta
[x, y) x
0
, y
0
)[ = [x, y) x
0
, y) +x
0
, y) x
0
, y
0
)[
[x x
0
, y)[ +[x
0
, y y
0
)[
|x x
0
||y| +|x
0
||y y
0
|
120
Suy ra lim
(x,y)(x
0
,y
0
)
[x, y)x
0
, y
0
)[ = 0, chng t lim
(x,y)(x
0
,y
0
)
x, y) = x
0
, y
0
).
Trong khng gian tin Hilbert E, hai vector x v y c gi l trc giao vi
nhau v k hiu l x y hoc y x nu x, y) = 0.
Mnh sau y c hnh nh hnh hc trc quan l nh l Pythagore trong
hnh hc s cp v cng l s khi qut ho ca nh l nn ng thc trong
mnh vn c gi l ng thc Pythagore.
Mnh 2.6 (ng thc Pythagore). Trong khng gian tin Hilbert E ta c:
a) Nu x y th |x + y|
2
= |x|
2
+|y|
2
.
b) Nu x
1
, . . . , x
n
l h hu hn vector i mt trc giao, tc l x
i
x
j
= 0
vi mi i, j = 1, n, i ,= j, th
_
_
_
n

i=1
x
i
_
_
_
2
=
n

i=1
|x
i
|
2
Chng minh. Chng ta ng thi chng minh c hai khng nh trong mnh
bng cch chng minh ngay khng nh b) bng quy np:
+) Vi n = 2, gi s x
1
x
2
, khi x
1
, x
2
) = x
2
, x
1
) = 0 nn
|x
1
+ x
2
|
2
= x
1
+ x
2
, x
1
+ x
2
) = x
1
, x
1
) +x
1
, x
2
) +x
2
, x
1
) +x
2
, x
2
)
= |x
1
|
2
+|x
2
|
2
Nh vy khng nh b) ng vi n = 2 v do khng nh a) ng.
+) Gi s n > 2 v ng thc ng vi h n 1 vector i mt trc giao bt
k. Cho x
1
, . . . , x
n
E vi x
i
x
j
= 0 vi mi j, j = 1, n, i ,= j, v
x
1
+ . . . + x
n1
, x
n
) = x
1
, x
n
) + . . . +x
n1
, x
n
) = 0
nn (x
1
+ . . . + x
n1
) x
n
. S dng gi thit quy np v khng nh a) ta c
|x
1
+ . . . + x
n1
+ x
n
|
2
= |(x
1
+ . . . + x
n1
) + x
n
|
2
= |x
1
+ . . . + x
n1
|
2
+|x
n
|
2
= |x
1
|
2
+ . . . +|x
n1
|
2
+|x
n
|
2
.
121
Nh vy ng thc ng vi h n vector trc giao tu .
Mnh 2.7 (ng thc hnh bnh hnh). Trong khng gian tin Hilbert E ta
c:
|x + y|
2
+|x y|
2
= 2(|x|
2
+|y|
2
) vi mi x, y E
Chng minh. Ta c
|x + y|
2
+|x y|
2
= x + y, x + y) +x y, x y)
= x, x) +x, y) +y, x) +y, y)
+x, x) x, y) y, x) +y, y) = 2(|x|
2
+|y
2
|).
Nhn xt. a) Trong mt phng nu xt hnh bnh hnh c hai cnh l hai vector
x v y th v tri ca ng thc trn chnh l tng bnh phng di hai ng
cho cn v phi chnh l tng bnh phng di cc cnh ca hnh bnh hnh
. V l m ng thc trn c gi l ng thc hnh bnh hnh.
b) ng thc hnh bnh hnh cng l mt iu kin mt khng gian nh
chun E l khng gian tin Hilbert, ngha l c th xc nh mt tch v hng
qua chun cho trn E sao cho chun cho trng vi chun sinh bi tch
v hng khi v ch khi chun tho mn ng thc hnh bnh hnh.
V d 1. Khng gian Euclide n - chiu. Xt khng gian vector
C
n
= x = (x
1
, . . . , x
n
), x
1
, . . . , x
n
C
Khi d thy cng thc:
x, y) =
n

j=1
x
j
y
j
, x = (x
1
, . . . , x
n
), y = (y
1
, . . . , y
n
) C (2.2)
xc nh mt tch v hng trn C
n
nn C
n
l khng gian tin Hilbert.
122
D thy chun sinh bi tch v hng (2.2) trng vi chun Euclide trn C
n
:
|x| =
_
x, x) =
_
n

j=1
[x
j
[
2
_1
2
nn C
n
vi tch v hng trn l mt khng gian Hilbert.
V d 2. Khng gian l
2
. Xt khng gian Banach cc dy s bnh phng kh
tng
l
2
= x = (x
n
)
nN
: |x|
2
=
_

n=1
[x
n
[
2
_1
2
< .
V

n=1
[x
n
y
n
[

n=1
[x
n
[
2
+

n=1
[y
n
[
2
nn d thy, cng thc
x, y) =

n=1
x
n
y
n
, x = (x
n
)
nN
, y = (y
n
)
nN
l
2
. (2.3)
xc nh mt tch v hng trn l
2
. Hn na, chun sinh bi tch v hng l:
|x|
2
=
_
x, x) =

n=1
[x
n
[
2
, x = (x
n
)
nN
l
2
v vi chun ny l
2
l khng gian Banach (xem mnh 1.15, chng 1), nn l
2
vi tch v hng xc nh bi cng thc (2.3) l mt khng gian Hilbert.
V d 3. Khng gian L
2
(X, , ). Gi s (X, , ) l khng gian o vi o
. Xt khng gian Banach L
2
(X, , ). Cng nh cc v d trn, d kim li
rng cng thc
f, g) =
_
X
f(x)g(x)d(x), f, g L
2
(X, , )
xc nh mt tch v hng trn L
2
(X, , ). V L
2
(X, , ) l khng gian
Banach vi chun sinh bi tch v hng ny:
|f|
2
=
_
_
X
[f[
2
d
_1
2
=
_
f, f), f L
2
(X, , )
nn L
2
(X, , ) l mt khng gian Hilbert.
123
3 H trc giao, trc chun v php chiu trc giao
3.1 H trc giao v trc chun
nh ngha 3.1. Gi s E l khng gian Hilbert. H cc vector x

I
gi l
h vector trc giao nu x

vi mi ,= v x

,= 0 vi mi . Ngoi ra
nu |x

| = 1, I th x

I
gi l h vector trc chun.
Nh vy x

I
l h trc chun nu v ch nu
x

, x

) =

=
_
0 nu ,=
1 nu =
vi mi , I.
Ch rng nu x

I
l h trc giao th h
_
x

|x

|
_
I
l h trc chun.
Mnh 3.2. Trong khng gian tin Hilbert mi h vector trc giao u c lp
tuyn tnh.
Chng minh. Cho x

I
E l h trc giao. Gi s x

1
, . . . , x
n
l h con
hu hn bt k ca h cho v gi s
j
C, j = 1, n, sao cho
n

j=1

j
x

j
= 0.
Khi , vi mi k : 1 k n, nhn v hng hai v ca ng thc trn vi x

k
,
ta c
n

j=1

j
x

j
, x

k
) =
k
|x

k
|
2
= 0
Do |x

k
| ,= 0 suy ra
k
= 0 vi mi k = 1, n.
By gi chng ta xt vn ngc li: Xut pht t mt dy vector c lp
tuyn tnh cho trc hy xy dng mt dy vector trc giao sao cho cc khng
gian con sinh bi hai h vector ny trng nhau. Bi ton ny c gii quyt nh
nh l Gram-Schmidt di y m cch chng minh ca n chnh l th tc trc
giao ho Gram-Schmidt.
124
nh l 3.3 (Gram-Schmidt). Gi s x
n

n1
l mt dy cc vector c lp
tuyn tnh trong khng gian Hilbert E. Khi tn ti mt dy trc giao y
n

n1
sao cho y
n
l t hp ca x
1
, . . . , x
n
vi mi n 1.
Chng minh. Dy trc giao y
n

n1
c xy dng quy np theo n:
+) Vi n = 1 t y
1
= x
1
.
+) Gi s xy dng c cc vector y
1
, . . . , y
n
i mt trc giao sao cho
mi vector y
k
trong s cc vector u l t hp tuyn tnh ca cc vector
x
1
, . . . , x
k
, (k = 1, n) . Khi c th tm c y
n+1
di dng:
y
n+1
= x
n+1
+
1
y
1
+ . . . +
n
y
n
y
n+1
trc giao vi tt c cc vector y
1
, . . . , y
n
ta phi c
x
n+1
, y
j
) +
n

k=1

k
y
k
, y
j
) = 0, 1 j n
Ch rng
n

k=1

k
y
k
, y
j
) =
j
|y
j
|
2
nn t ng thc trn suy ra

j
=
x
n+1
, y
j
)
|y
j
|
2
, 1 j n
v do
y
n+1
= x
n+1

n

j=1
x
n+1
, y
j
)
|y
j
|
2
y
j
T gi thit suy ra mi t hp tuyn tnh ca cc vector y
1
, . . . , y
n
u l t hp
tuyn tnh ca x
1
, . . . , x
n
, nn t ng thc cui cng suy ra y
n+1
l t hp tuyn
tnh ca x
1
, . . . , x
n+1
, ng thi theo cch xy dng th h y
1
, . . . , y
n
, y
n+1
i
mi trc giao v mi vector y
k
trong s cc vector u l t hp tuyn tnh
ca cc vector x
1
, . . . , x
k
, (k = 1, n + 1).
C tip tc qu trnh trn ta thu c dy vector y
n

n1
tho mn mi yu
cu ca nh l.
125
nh l 3.4. Nu x
n

n=1
l mt h trc giao trong khng gian Hilbert E th
chui

n=1
x
n
hi t khi v ch khi chui s

n=1
|x
n
|
2
hi t. ng thi ta c:
_
_

n=1
x
n
_
_
2

n=1
|x
n
|
2
(3.1)
Trng hp c bit khi dy e
n

nN
l mt h trc chun trong E th vi mi
dy s
n

nN
, chui

n=1

n
x
n
hi t khi v ch chui s

n=1
[
n
[
n
hi t. Khi

_
_
_

n=1
x
n
_
_
_
2
=

n=1
[
n
[
2
.
Chng minh. Trc ht, vi mi n N

h x
1
; . . . ; x
n
trc giao nn theo ng
thc Pythagore ta c:
_
_
_
n

k=1
x
k
_
_
_
2
=
n

k=1
|x
k
|
2
d , nu chui

n=1
x
n
hi t th chui

n=1
[
n
[
2
hi t.
Ngc li, gi s chui

n=1
|x
n
|
2
hi t, gi s
n

nN
l dy tng ring ca
chui

n=1

n
x
n
: s
n
=
n

k=1
x
k
, n N

. Khi , vi mi n, p N

ta c:
|s
n+p
s
n
|
2
=
_
_
_
n+p

k=n+1
x
k
_
_
_
2
=
n+p

k=n+1
|x
k
|
2
,
suy ra rng dy s
n

nN
l dy Cauchy trong E, v E l khng gian Hilbert nn
dy hi t chui

n=1
x
n
hi t trong E.
Phn th hai ca nh l n thun l trng hp c bit ca trng hp va
chng minh.
126
3.2 Php chiu trc giao
nh ngha 3.5. Gi s E l khng gian Hilbert. Ton t tuyn tnh lin tc
p : E E gi l ton t chiu trc giao nu
a) p
2
= p, (p l ton t chiu),
b) px y py vi mi x, y E, (p l ton t trc giao).
Nhn xt 1. a) Imp l khng gian con ng ca E.
Tht vy, gi s px
n

nN
Imp l dy bt k sao cho lim
n
px
n
= x E.
Do p
2
= p v p lin tc, ta c
x = lim
n
px
n
= lim
n
p(px
n
) = p( lim
n
px
n
) = px Imp.
D dng thy rng: px = x vi mi x Imp.
b) Bi v x = px + (x px) v theo b), px (x px) nn theo ng thc
Pythagore ta c
|px|
_
|px|
2
+|x px|
2
= |px + (x px)| = |x| vi mi x E
do |p| 1. Nu p ,= 0 th tn ti 0 ,= x = px Imp, khi :
|p|
|px|
|x|
=
|px|
|px|
= 1.
Nh vy, nu p l ton t chiu khc khng th |p| = 1.
c) Nu p : E E l php chiu trc giao th ta c
(1
E
p)
2
= (1
E
p)(1
E
p) = 1
E
p p + p
2
= 1
E
2p + p = 1
E
p
v (1
E
p)(x) = x px v x px py = (1
E
(1
E
p))y vi mi x, y E.
Nh vy, nu p : E E l php chiu trc giao th 1
E
p cng l php chiu
trc giao.
127
d) ker p = Im(1
E
p) v Imp = ker(1
E
p).
Tht vy, gi s x ker p suy ra x = x px = (1
E
p)x Im(1
E
p).
Ngc li, gi s y = x px Im(1
E
p), suy ra py = px p(px) =
px px = 0, v do y ker p. Thay i vai tr gia p v 1
E
p ta nhn c
ng thc th hai.
nh ngha 3.6. - Ta ni cc tp con M, N ca khng gian tin Hilbert E l trc
giao vi nhau v vit M N nu x y vi mi x M, y N.
- Nu x E tho mn x y vi mi y M th ta ni vector x trc giao vi
M v k hiu l x M.
- Vi M E tu , ta gi tp hp M

= x E : x M l phn b trc
giao ca tp M.
B 3.7. Cho M l tp con ca khng gian tin Hilbert E, khi :
a) Nu N E, N M th M N 0.
b) M (M

:= M

.
c) M

l khng gian con ng ca E.

Chng minh. a) Nu x M N th |x|
2
= x, x) = 0 do x = 0.
b) Cho x M, khi x, y) = 0 vi mi y M

do x M

.
c) R rng 0 M

nn M

,= . Vi mi x, y M

, z M, , C ta
c:
x + y, z) = x, z) + y, z) = 0
suy ra M

l khng gian vector con ca E. By gi gi s x

n

nN
M

l
dy bt k hi t ti x E v gi s y M tu . Do tch v hng l lin tc
nn x, y) = lim
n
x
n
, y) = 0, suy ra x M

v do M

ng trong E.
128
nh ngha 3.8. Gi s M v N l hai khng gian con ng ca E. Ta ni E
l tng trc giao ca M v N v k hiu l E = M

N nu E = M + N v
M N.
T nh ngha v b 3.7 suy ra nu E l tng trc giao ca cc khng gian
con M v N th n l tng trc tip i s ca M v N. iu ny c ngha
l vi mi x E vit c duy nht nh x = p(x) + q(x) vi p(x) M v
q(x) N. V x = p(x) + q(x), y = p(y) + q(y) nn x +y = (px +py) + (qx +
qy) = p(x + y) + q(x + y). Do tnh duy nht ta c p(x + y) = p(x) + p(y) v
q(x +y) = q(x) +q(y) vi mi x, y E. Tng t p(x) = px, q(x) = qx,
vi mi x E, C, ngha l cc nh x p, q : E E l cc ton t tuyn
tnh. Mt khc M N nn p, q l cc ton t trc giao v ta thng gi l cc
php chiu trc giao ln M v N.
Ngc li, gi s p : E E l ton t trc giao, tc l px y py vi mi
x, y E. Khi ta bit Imp l ng trong E v xpx Imp vi mi x E.
Nh vy E = Imp (Imp)

.
nh l sau y khng nh v s tn ti ca php chiu trc giao, ng thi
cng l iu kin th phn tch mt khng gian Hilbert thnh tng trc giao
ca cc khng gian con.
nh l 3.9. Vi mi khng gian con ng F ca khng gian Hilbert E u tn
ti php chiu trc giao t E ln F.
Chng minh. Chng ta s chng minh theo hai bc sau y:
Bc 1. u tin ta chng minh rng vi mi x E tn ti duy nht y F sao
cho
|x y| = d(x, F) = d(x, F) := inf|x y| : y F.
Cho x E, theo nh ngha ca infimum, vi mi n 1 tn ti y
n
F sao cho
d(x, F) |x y
n
| d(x, F) +
1
n
129
Suy ra d(x, F) = lim
n
|x y
n
|. Ta s chng t rng dy y
n

nN
hi t ti
y F v |x y| = d(x, F). Tht vy, vi m, n N

, p dng bt ng thc
hnh bnh hnh i vi cc vector x y
n
v x y
m
.
|2x y
n
y
m
|
2
+|y
n
y
m
|
2
= 2(|x y
n
|
2
+|x y
m
|
2
).
Suy ra
0 |y
n
y
m
|
2
= 2(|x y
n
|
2
+|x y
m
|
2
) 4
_
_
_x
y
n
+ y
m
2
_
_
_
2
(1)
Cho > 0, t d(x, F) = ta c = lim
n
|x y
n
|, do vy tn ti n
0
N

sao
cho
|x y
n
|
2

2
+ vi mi n n
0
(2)
Mt khc, do y
n
+ y
m
F nn

_
_
_x
y
n
+ y
m
2
_
_
_
2
vi mi n, m N

(3)
T (1) v (2) v (3) ta c:
0 |y
n
y
m
|
2
= 2(
2
+ +
2
+ ) 4
2
= 4 vi mi n, m > n
0
Chng t y
n

nN
l dy Cauchy trong E v do dy hi t ti y E. V
y
n
F v do F l tp ng nn y F.
By gi, gi s cn c phn t y

F sao cho = |xy

|. Tng t chng
minh trn, p dng ng thc hnh bnh hnh i vi cc vector x y v x y

ta c
|y y

|
2
= 2(|x y|
2
+|x y

|
2
) 4
_
_
_x
y + y

2
_
_
_
2
4
2
4
2
= 0
suy ra y = y

.
Nh vy, vi mi x E tn ti duy nht y F sao cho |x y| = d(x, F),
v vy nu t p(x) := y ta c nh x p : E F tho mn:
|x p(x)| = d(x, F) vi mi x E
130
Bc 2. Ta s chng minh nh x p xc nh nh trn l php chiu trc giao
t E ln F. Ch cn ch ra Imp Im(1
E
p) v hin nhin Imp = F v p
2
= p.
Cho z Imp = F v v = x y Im(1
E
p), y y = px, x E. Nu
= d(x, F) = |x y| = |v| th do y + z Imp = F nn ta c

2
|x (y + z)|
2
= (x y z), (x y z))
= v z, v z) = |v|
2

v, z) z, v) +

|z|
2
,
=
2

v, z) z, v) +[[
2
|z|
2
vi mi C
hay l

v, z) z, v) + [[
2
|z|
2
0 vi mi C. Chn = t.v, z) vi
t 1 tu th
t[v, z)[
2
_
2 t|z|
2
_
0 vi mi t 1
nn nu ly t =
1
|z|
2
+ 1
ta c ngay v, z) = 0. Nh vy ta c z v vi mi
z Imp v v Im(1
E
p), suy ra Imp Im(1
E
p).
H qu 3.10. Nu F l khng gian con ng bt k ca khng gian Hilbert E
th E = F

.
4 Phim hm tuyn tnh lin tc trn khng gian
Hilbert
Nh nh l 3.9 v s tn ti php chiu trc giao chng ta suy ra nh l
Riesz m t s biu din phim hm tuyn tnh lin tc trn khng gian Hilbert
sau y:
nh l 4.1 (Riesz). Gi s E l khng gian Hilbert. Khi
a) Vi mi a E tng ng x x, a) xc nh phim hm tuyn tnh lin
tc f
a
trn E vi |f
a
| = |a|.
131
b) Ngc li vi mi phim hm tuyn tnh lin tc f trn E, tn ti duy nht
a E f = f
a
, tc l f(x) = x, a) vi mi x E.
Chng minh. a). Do tch v hng l hm tuyn tnh theo bin th nht, f
a
l
tuyn tnh trn E. Mt khc bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwartz cho ta
[f
a
(x)[ = [x, a)[ |a|.|x|, x E
Do |f
a
| |a|. Nu a = 0 th |f
a
| = 0, cn nu a ,= 0 ta c
|f
a
|

f
a
_
a
|a|
_

=
[f
a
(a)[
|a|
=
|a|
2
|a|
= |a|
Vy |f
a
| = |a| vi mi a C
n
.
Ngc li, cho f E

. Nu f = 0 th chn a = 0. Gi s f ,= 0. Khi
H = ker f l siu phng (thun nht) ng trong E nn ta c th biu din
E = H

. Do H l siu phng thun nht nn H

l khng gian con mt

chiu ca E. Vy H

= b : C, H

b ,= 0 tu . Bng cch vit x E

di dng
x = y + b, y H, C
v tc ng f vo hai v cng nh nhn v hng hai v vi b ta c f(x) = f(b)
v x, b) = |b|
2
, do
f(x) =
x, b)
|b|
2
f(b) =
_
x,
f(b)
|b|
2
b
_
vi mi x E
Thnh th nu chn a =
f(b)
|b|
2
.b th f = f
a
.
Tnh duy nht: Nu a

E sao cho f = f
a
th x, a) = x, a

) vi mi x E
hay
x, a a

) = 0 vi mi x E, suy ra a = a

.
132
V d 1. Dng tng qut ca phim hm tuyn tnh lin tc trn khng gian Euclide
C
n
: Theo nh l 4.1, f (C
n
)

khi v ch khi tn ti a = (a
1
, . . . , a
n
) C
n
sao
cho f(x) = x, a) vi x E. Do vy, nu x = (x
1
, . . . , x
n
) C
n
th:
f(x) =
n

j=1
x
j
a
j
=
n

j=1

j
x
j
,
j
= a
j
C, j = 1, n.
5 C s trc chun
Ni dung chnh ca phn ny l nh l v iu kin tn ti c s trc chun
trong khng gian Hilbert E v s khai trin cc vector ca E theo c s trc
chun .
nh ngha 5.1. Gi s e
i

iI
l h cc vector trong E. Ta nie
i

iI
l h y
nu t iu kin x e
i
vi mi i I suy ra x = 0.
nh ngha 5.2. H e
i

iI
gi l c s trc giao nu n l h trc giao v y
. Ngoi ra nu |e
i
| = 1 vi mi i I th c s trc giao ny gi l c s trc
chun.
nh l 5.3 (Bt ng thc Bessel). Gi s e
n

n1
l h trc chun trong E.
Khi , vi mi vector x E ta c:

n=1
[x, e
n
)[
2
|x|
2
. (5.1)
Chng minh. Cho x E tu , do dy e
n

nN
l h trc chun nn vi mi
133
n N

, p dng ng thc Pythagore cho h e

1
; . . . ; e
n
ta c:
0
_
_
_x
n

k=1
x, e
k
)e
k
_
_
_
2
=
_
x
n

k=1
x, e
k
)e
k
, x
n

j=1
x, e
j
)e
j
_
|x|
2

j=1
x, e
j
)x, e
j
)
n

k=1
x, e
k
)e
k
, x) +
n

k=1
n

j=1
x, e
k
)x, e
j
) e
k
, e
j
)
= |x|
2

k=1
x, e
k
)x, e
k
)
n

k=1
x, e
k
)x, e
k
) +
n

k=1
x, e
k
)x, e
k
)
= |x|
2

k=1
[x, e
k
)[
2
hay l
n

k=1
[x, e
k
)[
2
|x|
2
vi mi n N

.
Chuyn qua gii hn hai v bt ng thc trn khi n ta c:

k=1
[x, e
k
)[
2
|x|
2
vi mi x E.
nh l 5.4. Cho e
n

n1
l h trc chun trong khng gian Hilbert E. Khi
cc khng nh sau l tng ng:
a) e
n

n1
l c s trc chun ca E.
b) x =

n=1
x, e
n
)e
n
vi mi x E.
c)x, y) =

n=1
x, e
n
)y, e
n
) vi mi x, y E.
d) |x|
2
=

n=1
[x, e
n
)[
2
vi mi x E.
Chng minh. a) b): Cho x E tu , chng ta chng minh chui

n=1
x, e
n
)e
n
hi t n x. Tht vy, nh bt ng thc Bessel suy ra chui s

n=1
[x, e
n
)[
2
hi
t, do theo tiu chun Cauchy ta c
lim
n
n+p

k=n+1
[x, e
n
)[
2
= 0 vi mi p N

.
134
Nhng theo ng thc Pythagore ta c:
_
_
_
n+p

k=n+1
x, e
k
)e
k
_
_
_
2
=
n+p

k=n+1
|x, e
k
)e
k
|
2
=
n+p

k=n+1
[x, e
k
)[
2
vi mi n, p N

.
suy ra chui

n=1
x, e
n
)e
n
hi t tuyt i trong E. Li v E l khng gian Hilbert
nn chui

n=1
x, e
n
)e
n
hi t trong E. t y =

n=1
x, e
n
)e
n
, do tch v hng
lin tc v e
i
, e
j
) =
ij
, (i, j N

), nn ta c
x y, e
m
) =
_
x

n=1
x, e
n
)e
n
, e
m
_
= x, e
m
)

n=1
x, e
n
)e
n
, e
m
)
= x, e
m
) x, e
m
) = 0 vi mi m N

.
Theo gi thit dy e
n

nN
l h y , suy ra x y = 0. Vy
x =

n=1
x, e
n
)e
n
.
b) c): Do tnh cht lin tc ca tch v hng, vi mi x, y E ta c:
x, y) = lim
n
_
n

k=1
x, e
k
)e
k
,
n

j=1
y, e
j
)e
j
_
= lim
n
n

k=1
n

j=1
x, e
k
)y, e
j
)e
k
, e
j
)
= lim
n
n

k=1
x, e
k
)y, e
k
) =

n=1
x, e
n
)y, e
n
)
c) d): Thay y = x trong gi thit c) ta c khng nh d).
d) a): Gi s x E : x e
n
hay x, e
n
) = 0 vi mi n N

. Khi , theo
gi thit d) ta c: |x|
2
=

n=1
[x, e
n
)[
2
= 0 suy ra x = 0.
nh l 5.5. Gi s E l khng gian Hilbert, khi cc khng nh sau l tng
ng:
a) E c c s trc chun m c.
b) E ng cu gi nguyn chun vi l
2
.
c) E l khng gian v hn chiu kh ly, ngha l E c mt tp con m c
tr mt trong E.
135
Chng minh. a) b). Gi s dy e
n

nN
l c s trc chun ca E, khi
theo nh l 5.4, vi mi x E ta c x =

n=1
x, e
n
)e
n
v |x| =
_

n=1
[x, e
n
)[
2
.
Nh vy, tng ng x x, e
n
)
nN
xc nh mt nh x bo ton chun
: E l
2
xc nh bi
(x) := (x, e
n
))
nN
, x E.
Do tch v hng l tuyn tnh i vi thnh phn th nht nn d dng kim tra
thy l nh x tuyn tnh.
Ngc li, cho = (
n
)
nN
l
2
. Nh ng thc Pythagore ta c
lim
n
_
_
_
n+p

k=n+1

k
e
k
_
_
_
2
= lim
n
n+p

k=n+1
[
k
[
2
= 0 vi mi p N

.
chng t chui

n=1

n
e
n
hi t tuyt i v do hi t trong E. t x =

n=1

n
e
n
ta c
x, e
n
) =
_
n

k=1

k
e
k
, e
n
_
=

n=1

k
e
k
, e
n
) =
n
vi mi n N

chng t (x) = .
Nh vy, nh x : E l
2
l ton nh tuyn tnh bo ton chun nn l
php ng c, chng t E

= l
2
.
b) c). Theo b) ta c E

= l
2
nn chng ta ch cn chng minh l
2
l khng
gian kh ly: Xt tp
A = (
1
, . . . ,
n
, 0, . . .) :
k
+ i, k = 1, . . . , n, n N

l
2
l trng s hu t. Khi A l tp m c. Chng ta s kim li A tr
mt trong l
2
. Tht vy, cho l
2
v > 0, chn n
0
N

n=n
0
+1
[
n
[
2
<
2
.
Vi mi 1 n n
0
c th chn
n
+ i [
n

n
[ <

n
0
. t
136
= (
1
, . . . ,
n
0
, 0, . . .). Khi A v
| | =
_
n
0

n=1
[
n

n
[
2
+

n>n
0
[
n
[
2
_1
2

_
n
0

n=1
[
n

n
[
2
_1
2
+
_

n>n
0
[
n
[
2
_1
2
+ = 2
c) a). Gi s x
n
l dy tr mt trong E. Gi n
1
l ch s b nht x
n
1
,= 0,
gi n
2
> n
1
l ch s b nht h x
n
1
; x
n
2
l c lp tuyn tnh, gi n
3
> n
2
l ch s b nht h x
n
1
; x
n
2
; x
n
3
l c lp tuyn tnh, ... Tip tc qu trnh
ny ta lp c dy vector c lp tuyn tnh x
n
k

kN
sao cho khng gian con
sinh bi x
n
k

kN
tr mt trong E. R rng vi x E, x x
n
vi mi n N

nu v ch nu x x
n
k
vi mi k N

. S dng th tc trc giao ho Gram-

Schmidt ta xy dng c h trc chun e
k

kN
t dy x
n
k

kN
sao cho mi
vector e
k
l t hp tuyn tnh ca x
n
1
, . . . , x
n
k
v do x
n
k
cng l t hp tuyn
tnh ca e
1
, . . . , e
k
vi mi k N

. T suy ra nu x e
k
vi mi k N

th
x x
n
k
vi mi k N

v do x x
n
vi mi n N

. Li do dy x
n

nN

l tr mt trong E nn tn ti dy con x
mn

nN
hi t n x. V tch v hng
lin tc nn
|x|
2
= x, x) = lim
n
x
mn
, x) = lim
n
x
mn
, x) = lim
n
0 = 0,
suy ra x = 0. Vy e
n

nN
l h trc chun y v do l c s trc chun
ca E.
nh l sau y ni v iu kin tn ti c s trc chun trong khng gian
Hilbert.
nh l 5.6. Mi khng gian Hilbert khc khng gian khng u c c s trc
chun.
Chng minh. Gi s E l khng gian Hilbert v E ,= 0. K hiu C l tp tt
c cc h trc chun trong E. V E ,= 0 nn tn ti a E, |a| = 1, khi
137
a C nn C ,= . Xc nh trn C quan h th t theo quan h bao hm nh
sau: vi A, B C, A B A B. Vi quan h th t ny C tho mn iu
kin ca b Zorn. Tht vy, gi s A

I
C l tp th t tuyn tnh, v
x, y A =

I
A

, x ,= y. Chn , I x A

, y A

. V A

l th
t tuyn tnh nn c th xem A

hay A

. Suy ra x, y A

v do
x y, |x| = |y| = 1. Theo b Zorn C c phn t cc i A = x

J
.
Nu x E : x x

vi mi x

A th x = 0 v nu x ,= 0 th c th xem
|x| = 1, khi C Ax A, iu ny tri vi tnh cc i ca A. Nh vy
A l h trc chun y ca E.
6 Ton t lin hp trong khng gian Hilbert
Cho E l khng gian Hilbert, theo nh l Riesz, tn ti song nh bo ton
chun
E
: E E

v tho mn:
(
E
x)(y) = y, x) vi mi x, y E v |
E
x| = |x| vi mi x E
D dng kim tra thy rng:

E
(x + y) =
E
(x) +
E
(y),

E
(x) =
E
(x).
_
vi mi x, y E, C.
Vi cc tnh cht trn ta ni
E
: E E

l php ng cu phn tuyn tnh.

By gi cho A : E F l nh x tuyn tnh lin tc t khng gian Hilbert
E vo khng gian Hilbert F. Xt E v F nh cc khng gian Banach ta c nh
x lin hp A

: F

xc nh bi A

(f) = f A vi mi f F

. Khi E, F
l cc khng gian Hilbert, nh biu sau:
E
A
F

F
E

138
, do
E
: E E

v
F
: F F

l cc php ng cu phn tuyn tnh bo

ton chun nn ta c th thay ton t lin hp A

: F

ca A bi ton t
A

=
1
E
A

F
: F E
v vn gi A

l ton t lin hp ca ton t A : E F. T nh ngha ca

E
,

F
v ca A

ta c: Vi a E,
E
(a) = f
a
E

xc nh bi:

E
(a)(x) = f
a
(x) = x, a) = x,
1
E
(f
a
)), x E.
T ta c cc nhn xt sau:
a) Ax, y) = x, A

y) vi mi x E, y F.
Tht vy: theo nh ngha ta c:
x, A

y) =

x, (
1
E
A

F
)(y)
_
=
_
A

F
(y)

(x)
=
_

F
(y)

(Ax) = Ax, y) vi mi x E, y F
b) (A)

= A

vi mi K.
Tht vy, vi mi x E, y F, do a) ta c:
x, (A)

y) = (A)x, y) = Ax, y) = x, A

y) = x, (

)y)
Suy ra (A)

=

A

.
c) Nu A, B : E F, C : F G l cc nh x tuyn tnh lin tc gia cc
khng gian Hilbert th
(A+ B)

= A

+ B

v (C A)

= C

.
Tht vy, vi mi x E, y F ta c:
x, (A + B)

y) = (A + B)x, y) = Ax + Bx, y)
= Ax, y) +Bx, y) = x, A

y) +x, B

y) = x, (A

+ B

)y).
139
Do (A + B)

= A

+ B

. Tng t, vi mi x E, y G ta c:
x, (C A)

y) = (C A)x, y) = C(Ax), y)
= Ax, C

y) = x, (A

)y)
suy ra (C A)

= A

.
d) Nu A l ng cu th A

l ng cu v
(A

)
1
= (A
1
)

(6.1)
nh l 6.1. Gi s E l khng gian Hilbert v A L(E); N(A), N(A

) v
R(A), R(A

) theo th t k hiu l ht nhn v nh ca A v A

. Khi
N(A)

R(A

) v N(A

R(A).
Chng minh. Ch cn chng minh
N(A) = R(A

v N(A

) = R(A)

.
H thc th nht suy t
x N(A) Ax = 0 Ax, y) = 0 vi mi y E
x, A

y) = 0 vi mi y E
x R(A

) x R(A

)
H thc th hai nhn c t h thc th nht khi thay A bi A

vi lu
A = A

N(A

) = R(A

= R(A)
nh l 6.2. Nu A L(E) v n(A) = Ax, x) : |x| = 1 th (A) n(A).
Sau ny n(A) gi l min s ca A.
140
Chng minh. Tht vy, gi s / n(A) v = (, n(A)). Do n(A) l ng
nn > 0. Vi mi x E, |x| = 1 ta c:
[ Ax, x)[ = [x, x) Ax, x)[
= [x Ax, x)[ |( A)x|.|x| = |( A)x|
suy ra
|( A)x| |x| vi mi x E
Vy A

= A l ng cu t E ln nh R(A

) = ImA

v do R(A

) l
khng gian con ng ca E.
chng minh / (A) chng ta s ch ra R(A

) = E. Tht vy, theo nh

l 6.1 ta c
E = N(A

R(A

).
Gi s ngc li, nu R(A

) ,= E th N(A

) ,= 0 nn c th chn mt phn t
x
0
N(A

), |x
0
| = 1. Khi

x
0
A

x
0
= ( A)

x
0
= A

x
0
= 0
hay A

x
0
=

x
0
. T suy ra
n(A) Ax
0
, x
0
) = x
0
, A

x
0
) = x
0
, x
0
) = x
0
, x
0
) = / n(A).
Mu thun ny chng t R(A

) = E v do / (A).
V d 1. Gi s A : C
n
C
n
l nh x tuyn tnh, y C
n
l c xt nh
khng gian Hilbert vi tch v hng
x, y) =
n

k=1

k

k
, x = (
1
, . . . ,
n
), y = (
1
, . . . ,
n
)
Nu e
k
: k = 1, n l c s trc chun chnh tc ca C
n
th vi x C
n
ta c
Ax = A
_
n

k=1
x, e
k
)e
k
_
=
n

k=1
x, e
k
)Ae
k
=
n

k=1
x, e
k
).
n

j=1
Ae
k
, e
j
)e
j
=
n

j=1
_
n

k=1
Ae
k
, e
j
)x, e
k
)
_
e
j
.
141
Nh vy A hon ton xc nh bi ma trn [a
jk
]
1j,kn
vi
a
jk
= Ae
k
, e
j
), j, k = 1, n
v do A

xc nh bi ma trn (b
jk
)
1j,kn
vi
b
jk
= A

e
k
, e
j
) = e
k
, Ae
j
) = Ae
j
, e
k
) = a
jk
vi mi 1 j, k n
Suy ra vi mi x C
n
ta c:
A

x =
n

j=1
_
n

k=1
A

e
k
, e
j
)x, e
k
)
_
e
j
=
n

j=1
_
n

k=1
Ae
j
, e
k
)x, e
k
)
_
e
j
.
V d 2. Gi s X l tp o c trong 1
n
v L
2
(X) khng gian Hilbert cc hm
bnh phng kh tch i vi o Lebesgue trong 1
n
cn K(x, y) l hm bnh
phng kh tch trn X X. Khi cng thc
(Af)(x) =
_
X
K(x, y)f(y)dy
xc nh ton t tuyn tnh lin tc trong L
2
(X). Theo nh l Fubini ta c
A

g, f) = f, A

g) = Af, g) =
_
X
(Af)(x)g(x)dx
=
_
X
_
_
X
K(x, y)f(y)dy
_
g(x)dx =
_
X
_
_
X
K(x, y)g(x)dx
_
f(y)dy
Suy ra
A

g, f) =
_
X
_
_
X
K(x, y)g(x)dx
_
f(y)dy =
_
_
X
K(x, y)g(x)dx, f
_
Vy A

g(x) =
_
X
K(y, x)g(y)dy.
142
7 Ton t t lin hp v ton t compact trong
khng gian Hilbert
7.1 Ton t t lin hp trong khng gian Hilbert
nh ngha 7.1. Cho E l khng gian Hilbert v A L(E). Ta ni A l ton t
t lin hp nu A = A

.
Nhn xt 1. Vi A L(E) ta lun c Ax, y) = x, A

y) vi mi x, y E. Suy
ra, A l ton t t lin hp nu v ch nu Ax, y) = x, Ay) vi mi x, y E.
Mnh 7.2. Nu A, B L(E) l ton t t lin hp th A+B v A, ( 1)
cng l ton t t lin hp. Ngoi ra, nu AB = BA th AB l ton t t lin
hp.
Chng minh. Ta c
(A + B)

= A

+ B

= A + B v (A)

=

A = A.
Vi x, y E ta c:
(AB)x, y) = Bx, A

y) = x, (B

)y) = x, (BA)y) = x, (AB)y).

Suy ra AB l ton t t lin hp.
Mnh 7.3. Gi s A L(E) l t ng cu. Khi A l ton t t lin hp
nu v ch nu A
1
l ton t t lin hp.
Chng minh. Tht vy, do cng thc (6.1) ta c
_
A
1
_

=
_
A

_
1
nn nu A l
ton t t lin hp th:
A
1
x, y) = x, (A
1
)

y) = x, (A

)
1
y)
= x, A
1
y) vi mi x, y E
ngha l A
1
t lin hp. Ngc li, nu A
1
t lin hp th theo chng minh
trn ta c A =
_
A
1
_
1
l ton t t lin hp.
143
nh l sau y nu ln mt tiu chun quan trng v ton t t lin hp.
nh l 7.4. Cho E l khng gian Hilbert. Khi ton t A L(E) l ton t
t lin hp khi v ch khi Ax, x) 1 vi mi x E.
Chng minh. Gi s A l ton t t lin hp. Khi
Ax, x) = x, Ax) = Ax, x) vi mi x E
Do Ax, x) 1 vi mi x E.
Ngc li, gi s Ax, x) 1 vi mi x E. T cc ng thc sau
_
A(x + y), x + y) = Ax, x) +Ax, y) +Ay, x) +Ay, y)
A(x + iy), x + iy) = Ax, x) iAx, y) + iAy, x) +Ay, y)
suy ra
_
Ax, y) +Ay, x) = A(x + y), x + y) Ax, x) Ay, y)
iAx, y) + iAy, x) = A(x + iy), x + iy) Ax, x) Ay, y)
Do gi thit Ax, x) l s thc vi mi x E nn c th vit
_
Ax, y) +Ay, x) = 2s
iAx, y) + iAy, x) = 2t
s, t 1.
Gii h phng trnh ny vi cc n l Ax, y) v Ay, x) ta c
_
Ax, y) = s + it
Ay, x) = s it
Nhng
s it = Ay, x) = y, A

x) = A

x, y) vi mi x, y E
Vy
Ax, y) = s + it = s it = A

x, y) vi mi x, y E
do A = A

.
144
T cc nh l 6.2 v nh l 7.4 ta c cc h qu sau:
H qu 7.5. a) Gi s A l ton t t lin hp. Khi (A) 1.
b) Nu p : E E l ton t chiu trc giao th p l ton t t lin hp.
Chng minh. a) Nu A t lin hp th Ax, x) 1 vi mi x E nn
(A) n(A) = Ax, x) : x E 1.
b) Nu p l php chiu trc giao th v E = Imp

ker p nn mi x E u
biu din c duy nht di dng x = y + z E vi y Imp, z ker p. Khi
:
px, x) = p(y + z), y + z) = py, y) +py, z) = y, y) +y, z) = |y|
2
1.
Nh vy px, x) 1 vi mi x E. Theo nh l 7.4, p l ton t t lin hp.
nh l 7.6. Gi s v l hai gi tr ring khc nhau ca ton t t lin hp
A L(E). Khi cc khng gian con ring tng ng
N

= x E : Ax = x, N

= x E : Ax = x
trc giao vi nhau.
Chng minh. Trc ht, mi gi tr ring ca A u l gi tr ph nn theo h
qu 7.5 trn ta c , 1. Cho x N

v y N

tu , ta c
x, y) = x, y) = Ax, y) = x, Ay) = x, y) = x, y) = x, y)
Suy ra x, y) = 0 v ,= . Vy N

.
nh l 7.7. Gi s A L(E) l ton t t lin hp. Khi
|A| = sup
x1
[Ax, x)[ = sup
x=1
[Ax, x)[
145
Chng minh. t M = sup[Ax, x)[ : |x| 1. T
[Ax, x)[ |Ax|.|x| |A||x|
2
vi mi x E,
Suy ra [Ax, x)[ |A| vi mi x E : |x| 1 nn M |A|. Mt khc, vi
x, y E, ta c
_
A(x + y), x + y) = Ax, x) +Ax, y) +Ay, x) +Ay, y)
A(x y), x y) = Ax, x) Ax, y) Ay, x) +Ay, y)
nn
A(x + y), x + y) A(x y), x y) = 2Ax, y) + 2Ay, x)
= 2Ax, y) + 2y, Ax) = 2[Ax, y) +Ax, y)] = 4 ReAx, y).
Nh vy, cng vi nh gi [Az, z)[ M|z|
2
vi mi z E, ta c th vit
[ ReAx, y)[
1
4
_
[A(x + y), x + y)[ +[A(x y), x y)[

M
4
_
|x + y|
2
+|x y|
2

=
M
2
_
|x|
2
+|y|
2

p dng bt ng thc trn ti x E vi |x| = 1, Ax ,= 0 v y =

Ax
Ax
ta nhn
c
|Ax| = [ ReAx,
Ax
|Ax|
)[
M
2
(1 + 1) = M.
R rng bt ng thc ny ng vi mi x : |x| 1, suy ra |A| M. Vy
|A| = M.
Bi v
sup[Ax, x)[ : |x| 1 = sup[Ax, x)[ : 0 < |x| 1
= sup|x|
2
,
_
A
_
x
|x|
_
,
x
|x|
_
: 0 < |x| 1
sup[Ax, x)[ : |x| = 1
ta cng c |A| = sup[Ax, x)[ : |x| = 1.
nh l 7.8. Gi s A L(E) l ton t t lin hp. Khi
(A) [m, M]
146
y m = infAx, x) : |x| = 1, M = supAx, x) : |x| = 1. Hn na
m, M (A).
Chng minh. Trc ht ta chng minh (A) n(A) [m, M]. Tht vy, bao
hm thc u l nh l 6.2. Bao hm thc th hai do nh ngha ca n(A) v
m, M. Cn kim li m, M (A). Bi v
/ (A) ( A)
1

_
() (A)

1
/ (A)
nn (A) = (A). T , chng minh m, M (A) bng cch thay A
bi A ta ch cn chng minh M (A). Mt khc v
/ (A) (A)
1
= [(A) ( )]
1
/ (A)
nn (A) = (A) vi mi 1. Nh vy c th xem M 0 bng cch
thay A xt cho A m. Thnh th c th xem 0 m M. Theo nh l 7.7:
|A| = sup[Ax, x)[ : |x| = 1 = M
Do tn ti dy x
n
E, |x
n
| = 1 vi mi n 1
Ax
n
, x
n
) = M
n
,
n
0
V
|Ax
n
| |A||x
n
| |A| = M
ta c
|Ax
n
Mx
n
|
2
= Ax
n
Mx
n
, Ax
n
Mx
n
)
= |Ax
n
|
2
MAx
n
, x
n
) MAx
n
, x
n
) + M
2
|x
n
|
= |Ax
n
|
2
2MAx
n
, x
n
) + M
2
M
2
2M(M
n
) + M
2
= 2M
n
vi mi n 1
Nh vy
|Ax
n
Mx
n
|
_
2M
n
0, khi n
147
Mt khc nu M / (A) th tn ti C > 0
|Ax
n
Mx
n
| C|x
n
| vi mi n 1
ta gp mu thun. Vy M (A).
7.2 Ton t t lin hp compact- nh l Hilbert-Schmidt
Trong bi ny chng ta trnh by nh l quan trng Hilbert- Schmidt v biu
din ton t t lin hp compact theo cc vector ring ca n. Trc ht chng
ta nhc li mt s tnh cht ca ph ca ton t compact t lin hp.
a) Theo nh l 7.8, nu m = infAx, x) : |x| = 1, M = supAx, x) :
|x| = 1 th
(A) [m, M], m, M (A).
b) Theo nh l 4.12 chng 3, tp ph (A) l tp hu hn hoc m c.
Trong trng hp (A) l tp m c th n c th vit nh (A) =
n
vi
[
n
[ l dy n iu gim ti khng.
c) Nu (A), ,= 0 th l gi tr ring ca A.
d) Theo nh l 4.7 chng 3, nu ,= , N( A) := ker( A) th
N( A) N( A) v l cc khng gian con hu hn chiu ca E, trong
khi R( A) := Im( A) l khng gian con ng ca E i chiu hu hn :
dimE/R( A) < .
e) Do b) c th vit (A) 0 =
n

nN
vi
n
,=
m
vi mi n ,= m v
[
n
[ [
m
[ vi mi n > m. Trong trng hp (A) l v hn th
n
0 khi
n . Sau y ta coi (A) l v hn. t
q
n
= dimN(
n
A)
l s chiu ca khng gian ring ng vi gi tr ring
n
. Khi do d) q
n
l hu
hn vi n 1.
148
Gi s
e
1
, . . . , e
q
1
,
e
(q
1
+1)
, . . . , e
(q
1
+q
2
)
,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
e
(q
1
+q
2
+...+q
n1
+1)
, . . . , e
(q
1
+q
2
+...+qn)

theo th t l c s trc chun ca N(

1
A), N(
2
A), . . . , N(
n
A), . . .,
khi e
n

n1
l h trc chun y cc vector ring ca A. Tht vy, nu
x
0
l vector ring ca A vi |x
0
| = 1 v x
0
e
n
vi mi n 1. Nh vy
x
0
N(
n
A) vi mi n 1. Chn n
0
1
n
0
l gi tr ring ca A ng
vi x
0
: Ax
0
=
n
0
x
0
hay x
0
N(
n
0
). Suy ra x
0
x
0
v do x
0
= 0. t

1
=. . . =
q
1
=
1

q
1
+1
=. . . =
q
1
+q
2
=
2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

q
1
+q
2
+...+q
n1
+1
=. . . =
q
1
+q
2
+...+qn
=
n
Khi
n
l gi tr ring ca vector ring e
n
vi mi n 1.
nh l 7.9 (Hilbert- Schmidt). Gi s A L(E) l ton t t lin hp compact.
Khi vi mi x E tn ti duy nht x
0
E sao cho Ax
0
= 0 v
x =

n=1
x, e
n
)e
n
+ x
0
v nh vy
Ax =

n=1

n
x, e
n
)e
n
vi mi x E
Chng minh. Hin nhin ch c cng lm mt vector x
0
E tho mn ng
thc th nht. Gi L l bao ng ca bao tuyn tnh ca e
n

n1
L = spane
1
; . . . ; e
n
==
_
n

j=1

j
e
j
:
j
C, n N

_
149
Khi mi x E vit duy nht nh x = x
1
+ x
0
vi x
1
L cn x
0
L

. Bi
v e
n

nN
l y trong L, (x L, x e
n
vi mi n 1 x = 0), theo
nh l 5.4 ta c
x
1
=

n=1
x
1
, e
n
)e
n
=

n=1
x, e
n
)e
n
Thnh th
x =

n=1
x, e
n
)e
n
+ x
0
Cn kim li Ax
0
= 0. Gi s Ax
0
,= 0, t M = L

. Nu u M th
u, e
n
) = 0 vi mi n 1. Do
Au, e
n
) = u, Ae
n
) = u,
n
e
n
) =
n
u, e
n
) = 0 vi mi n 1
Vy Au M. Nh vy nu t A
1
= A

M
th A l ton t t lin hp compact
trong M. Ton t A
1
,= 0 v A
1
x
0
= Ax
0
,= 0. Khi A
1
c gi tr ring vi
[[ = |A
1
| ,= 0 (nh l 7.8). Gi s e

l vector ring ca A
1
ng vi gi tr
ring . cng l vector ring ca A ng vi gi tr ring . Ta c h trc
chun e
n

nN

cc vector ring ca A, tri vi tnh y ca h trc

chun cc vector ring e
n
.
nhn c ng thc th hai, tc ng A vo hai v ca ng thc th
nht ta c
Ax =

n=1
x, e
n
)Ae
n
+ Ax
0
=

n=1

n
x, e
n
)e
n
vi mi x E
150
8 Bi tp chng 4
Bi 1. Cho l dng hermite trn K - khng gian vector E. Chng minh rng:
a) Nu K = 1 th
4(x, y) = (x + y, x + y) (x y, x y).
b) Nu K = C th
4(x, y) = (x + y, x + y) (x y, x y)
+ i(x + iy, x + iy) i(x iy, x iy).
Bi 2. Cho E l khng gian nh chun thc sao cho vi mi x, y E ta c:
|x + y|
2
+|x y|
2
= 2(|x|
2
+|y|
2
).
Chng minh rng hm : E E 1 xc nh bi:
(x, y) := |x + y|
2
|x|
2
|y|
2
, x, y E
l tch v hng trn E.
Bi 3. Cho x
1
; x
2
; . . . ; x
n
l h vc t trong khng gian tin Hilbert E. Ta gi
nh thc:
G(x
1
, . . . , x
n
) =

x
1
, x
1
) x
1
, x
2
) . . . x
1
, x
n
)
x
2
, x
1
) x
2
, x
2
) . . . x
2
, x
n
)
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
x
n
, x
1
) x
n
, x
2
) . . . x
n
, x
n
)

l nh thc Gram ca h vector x

1
; . . . ; x
n
. Chng minh rng trong khng gian
tin Hilbert, mt h vector c lp tuyn tnh khi v ch khi nh thc Gram ca
h vc t khc khng.
Bi 4. Kim li rng cng thc sau xc nh mt tch v hng trn l
1
:
x, y) =

n=1
x
n
y
n
, x = (x
n
), y = (y
n
) l
1
151
Chng minh rng l
1
vi tch v hng trn l khng gian tin Hilbert nhng khng
phi l khng gian Hilbert.
Bi 5. Cho khng gian Banach C[0; 2] cc hm s (thc hoc phc) lin tc trn
on [0; 2] vi chun
|f| = sup
t[0;2]
[f(t)[ (1)
Chng minh rng chun (1) trn khng c sinh bi bt k tch v hng no
trn C[0; 2].
Bi 6. Chng minh rng cng thc:
f, g) =
1
_
1
f(x) g(x)dx
xc nh mt tch v hng trn khng gian vector C[1; 1] cc hm s phc lin
tc trn on [1; 1] nhng vi tch v hng C[1; 1] khng phi l khng
gian Hilbert.
Bi 7. Gi s E l khng gian Hilbert v F l khng gian vector con thc s tr
mt trong E. Chng minh rng trong khng gian Tin Hilbert F tn ti mt siu
phng ng H sao cho trong F khng tn ti vector khc khng trc giao vi H.
Bi 8. Cho x
n
v y
n
l hai dy trong khng gian Hilbert vi
|x
n
| 1, |y
n
| 1 vi mi n 1 v lim
n
x
n
, y
n
) = 1.
Chng minh rng
(a) lim
n
|x
n
| = lim
n
|y
n
| = 1
(b) lim
n
|x
n
y
n
| = 0
Bi 9. Gi s E l khng gian Hilbert v A : E E l ton t tuyn tnh tho
mn:
Ax, y) = x, Ay) vi mi x, y E.
Chng minh rng A lin tc.
152
Bi 10. Cho E l khng gian Hilbert v A : E E l ton t tuyn tnh. Chng
minh rng nu vi mi u E, dng tuyn tnh x Ax, u) u lin tc th A
lin tc.
Bi 11. Gi s L l khng gian con ng ca khng gian Hilbert E v x E.
Chng minh rng vector x trc giao vi L khi v ch khi
|x| |x y| vi mi y L.
Bi 12. Cho e
n

nN
l h trc chun trong khng gian Hilbert E v
n

nN

l dy s b chn . Chng minh rng

a) Chui

n=1

n
x, e
n
)e
n
hi t vi mi x E.
b) nh x A : E E xc nh bi:
Ax :=

n=1

n
x, e
n
)e
n
, x E
l ton t tuyn tnh lin tc. Tnh |A|.
Bi 13. Cho e
n

nN
l h trc chun trong khng gian Hilbert E v
n

nN

l dy s hi t v 0. Chng minh rng nh x A : E E xc nh bi:

Ax :=

n=1

n
x, e
n
)e
n
, x E
l ton t compact.
Bi 14. Chng minh rng php chiu trc giao t khng gian Hilbert E ln khng
gian con ng L ca E l ton t compact khi v ch khi dimL < +.
Bi 15. Cho e
n

nN
l c s trc chun trong khng gian Hilbert E v F l
khng gian Banach. Chng minh rng nu A : E F l ton t tuyn tnh lin
tc sao cho chui s

n=1
|Ae
n
|
2
hi t, th A l ton t compact.
153
Bi 16. Gi s e
n

nN
l mt c s trc chun ca khng gian Hilbert E. Chng
minh rng tp M E l tp compact tng i trong E khi v ch khi M b chn
v chui

n=1
x, e
n
)e
n
hi t u trn M n tng x.
Bi 17. Cho E l khng gian Banach v F l khng gian Hilbert, A : E F l
ton t compact v gi s e
n

nN
l c s trc chun trong F. Vi mi n N

ta t:
A
n
x :=
n

k=1
Ax, e
k
)e
k
, x E.
Chng minh rng A
n

nN
l dy ton t tuyn tnh lin tc hi t u n ton
t A.
Bi 18. Cho e
n

nN
l h trc chun trong khng gian Hilbert E. Chng minh
rng dy e
n
hi t yu n 0 E nhng khng hi t mnh n 0.
Bi 19. Cho E l khng gian Hilbert v x
n
, y
n
l cc dy phn t ca E.
Chng minh rng nu dy x
n
hi t mnh n x E v dy y
n
hi t yu
n y E th lim
n
x
n
, y
n
) = x, y). Nu c hai dy x
n
, y
n
u hi t yu
trong E th khng nh trn cn ng khng ?
Bi 20. Chng minh rng trong khng gian Hilbert E nu dy x
n
hi t yu
n x E v lim
n
|x
n
| = |x| th dy x
n
hi t n x trong E.
Bi 21. Gi s e
n

nN
l c s trc chun trong khng gian Hilbert E v
A L(E) l ton t compact. Chng minh rng dy Ae
n
hi t n 0 E.
Bi 22. Cho x
n
l h trc giao trong khng gian Hilbert E. Chng minh cc
khng nh sau l tng ng
a) Chui

n=1
x
n
hi t mnh ti x.
b) Chui

n=1
x
n
hi t yu ti x, ngha l
x, y) =

n=1
x
n
, y) vi mi y E.
154
c) Chui

n=1
|x
n
|
2
hi t.
Bi 23. Chng minh rng nh x A : L
2
[0, 1] L
2
[0, 1] xc nh bi:
(Ax)(t) =
t
_
0
x(s)ds, t [0; 1]
l ton t tuyn tnh lin tc. Tm ton t lin hp ca A.
Bi 24. Tm ton t lin hp ca ton t A : L
2
[0, 1] L
2
[0, 1] xc nh bi:
(Ax)(t) =
1
_
0
tx(s)ds, t [0; 1].
Bi 25. Cho u, v l hai phn t c nh ca khng gian Hilbert E v A : E E
l ton t tuyn tnh xc nh bi:
Ax = x, u)v, x E.
Tm ton t lin hp A

ca A.
Bi 26. Tm ton t lin hp ca ton t A : L
2
[0, 1] L
2
[0, 1] xc nh bi:
(Ax)(t) = tx(t), t [0; 1].
Tm tp hp ph v tp cc gi tr ring ca A. Tnh |A|.
Bi 27. Gi s E l khng gian Hilbert v A L(E) l ton t t lin hp.
Chng minh rng |A
2
| = |A|
2
.
Bi 28. Cho E l khng gian Hilbert v A L(E) l ton t t lin hp. Chng
minh rng iu kin cn v s l gi tr chnh quy ca A l tn ti s
m > 0 sao cho:
|x Ax| m|x| vi mi x E.
155
Bi 29. Cho E l khng gian Hilbert v A L(E) l ton t t lin hp. ta gi
A l ton t dng nu Ax, x) 0 vi mi x E. Chng minh rng php chiu
trc giao ln khng gian con ng ca khng gian Hilbert l ton t dng.
Bi 30. Cho E l khng gian Hilbert v A L(E) l ton t t lin hp compact
khc khng. Chng minh rng A l ton t dng khi v ch khi mi gi tr ring
khc khng ca A u l s dng.
156
Chng 5
Hng dn gii bi tp
1 Chng 1
Bi 1. Do X ng v x / X nn
r = d(x, X) = inf|x y| : y X > 0.
t
U = B(x,
r
2
), V =
_
yX
B(y,
r
2
)
Khi , U l ln cn m ca x, V l ln cn m ca X v U V = .
Bi 2. a) Do A m nn vi mi y B, tp A+b = x +b : x A m. T ,
nh s biu din
A + B =
_
bB
(A + b)
ta suy ra A + B l tp m.
b) Gi s x
n
+ y
n

nN
A + B, x
n
+ y
n
z E, (x
n
A, y
n
B).
Ta chng minh z A + B. Tht vy, do A l tp compact nn tn ti dy con
x
kn

nN
ca dy x
n
sao cho x
kn
x A. Khi , x
kn
+y
kn
z E. Li
do B ng nn B y
kn
z x := y B, t z = x + y A + B. Vy
A+ B ng.
157
c) Xt cc tp con ca 1:
A = 1; m +
1
n
[ m, n N

B = m [ m N

.
Khi , A, B l cc tp ng trong 1 nhng A+B khng phi l tp ng. Tht
vy, r rng dy
1
n
= (m +
1
n
) + (m) A + B nhng lim
n
1
n
= 0 / A+ B.
d) Hin nhin nu A, B b chn, ngha l A B[0, r
1
], B B[0, r
2
] th
A+ B b chn v A + B B[0, r
1
+ r
2
].
Cho > 0, nu A, B hon ton b chn th tn ti

2
- li hu hn H
1
ca A
v tn ti

2
- li hu hn H
2
ca B. Khi H
1
+ H
2
l mt - li hu hn
ca A + B.
Vic chng minh A+B compact nu A, B compact hon ton nh nh ngha.
Bi 3. Gi s M l l khng gian con ng ca E vi
0
M ,= . Khi , tn ti
x
0
M v tn ti s r > 0 sao cho
B(x
0
, r) = x
0
+ B(0, r) M
Vi x E bt k, chn > 0 nh sao cho x B(0, r), khi :
x =
1

[(x
0
+ x) x
0
]
1

[B(x
0
, r) + M]
Do M l khng gian con ca E v B(x
0
, r) M nn
1

[B(x
0
, r) + M] M.
Vy x M, suy ra E = M.
Bi 4. Gi s M l khng gian con ca khng gian nh chun E, khi 0 M.
Nu M m th tn ti s r > 0 sao cho B(0, r) M.Ta thy
r
2|x|
x B(0, r), x E, x ,= 0
Li do M l khng gian con ta suy ra nu x E th x M. Vy M = E.
158
Bi 5. Theo nh ngha, ta chng minh trong khng gian nh chun E khng tn
ti tp con thc s khc trng no va ng va m. Tht vy, gi s ngc li, E
khng l khng gian tp lin thng, khi tn ti tp A ,= , A ,= E va ng
va m trong E. t B = E A, khi B va ng va m v B ,= , B ,= E.
Ly a A, b B v xt on:
[a, b] = ta + (1 t)b [ t 1, 0 t 1
ta thy [a, b] l tp ng lin thng trong E. Mt khc, ta c
[a, b] = (A [a, b]) (B [a, b]) (1)
V [a, b] ng trong E v cc tp A, B va ng va m trong E nn cc tp
(A[a, b]), (B[a, b]) va ng, va m trong khng gian tp con [a, b] ca E
m hai tp ny khc rng, khc [a, b]. Li do s biu din (1) ta suy ra on [a, b]
khng lin thng. iu ny mu thun vi khng nh trn. Vy E l khng gian
tp lin thng.
Bi 6. Gi s x
n

nN
l dy Cauchy trong E v x
kn
l dy con ca dy x
n

vi x
kn
x E khi n . Ta chng minh x
n
x. Tht vy, cho trc
> 0, khi :
+) Do x
n
ldy Cauchy nn tn ti n
1
N

sao cho:
(n, p N

) (n n
1
|x
n+p
x
n
| <

2
) (1)
+) Do x
kn
x nn tn ti n
2
N

sao cho:
(n N

) (n n
2
|x
kn
x| <

2
) (2)
Chn n
0
= maxn
1
; n
2
vi ch rng k
n
n nn t (1) ta c:
(n N

) (n n
0
|x
kn
x
n
| <

2
) (3)
159
T (2) v (3) ta suy ra:
|x
n
x| |x
kn
x
n
| +|x
kn
x| <

2
+

2
= .
Chng t x
n
x khi n .
Bi 7. Gi s A l tp b chn trong khng gian nh chun E, tc l tn ti s
M > 0 sao cho |x| M vi mi x A. Nu x
n
l dy tu trong E v

n
K l dy bt k tho mn: lim
n

n
= 0. Khi :
|
n
x
n
| = |x
n
|.[
n
[ M.[
n
[ 0 khi n .
Suy ra lim
n

n
x
n
= 0.
Ngc li, gi s vi mi dy x
n
A v vi mi dy s
n
0 ta u c

n
x
n
0 nhng A khng b chn. Khi , vi mi n N

, tn ti x
n
A sao
cho |x
n
| n. Chn dy
n
=
1
n
0, khi
|
n
x
n
| = [
n
[|x
n
|
1
n
.n = 1, n
suy ra
n
x
n
0 khi n . iu ny mu thun vi gi thit, chng t A b
chn.
Bi 8. Do dy B
n
l dy tp b chn trong E nn tn ti dy s dng tng
r
n
sao cho B
n
B[0, r
n
], (n N

). Xt cc trng hp:
+) Nu sup
nN

r
n
= r 1 th chn dy
n
=
1
n
0, khi

nN

n
B
n
B[0, r],
ngha l tp

nN

n
B
n
b chn.
+) Nu sup
nN

r
n
= + th lim
n
r
n
= +. Chn dy
n
=
1
rn
0. Khi

n
B
n
B[0, 1], n nn

nN

n
B
n
B[0, 1], ngha l tp

nN

n
B
n
b chn.
Bi 9. Gi s f : E F lin tc v x
n
E l dy hi t n 0, khi
f(x
n
) f(0) = 0. Nh vy dy f(x
n
) l dy hi t trong E nn b chn.
160
Ngc li, gi s vi mi dy x
n
trong E m x
n
0, dy f(x
n
) u b
chn nhng f khng lin tc, khi
sup
x1
|f(x)| = +.
Suy ra: n N

, x
n
E : |x
n
| 1 v |f(x
n
)| n
2
. t
y
n
=
x
n
n
, n N

ta c dy y
n
0. Theo gi thit, dy f(y
n
) b chn trong F nn tn ti s
M > 0 sao cho
|f(y
n
)| M vi mi n N

.
Nhng khi ta c:
+< M |f(y
n
)| =
1
n
|f(x
n
)|
1
n
n
2
= n vi mi n N

.
y l iu v l, chng t f lin tc trn E.
Bi 10. K hiu chun c trn E, F u bng |.| v chun mi tng ng vi
chun bng |.|
1
. Gi s f : (E, |.|) (F, |.|) l nh x tuyn tnh lin tc.
Khi , tn ti s C > 0 sao cho:
|f(x)| C|x| vi mi x E.
V |.|
1
|.| nn tn ti cc s C
1
, C
2
sao cho:
|f(x)|
1
C
1
|f(x)| v |x| C
2
|x|
1
vi mi x E.
T suy ra
|f(x)|
1
(CC
1
C
2
).|x|
1
vi mi x E.
Chng t nh x f : (E, |.|
1
) (E, |.|
1
) lin tc.
161
Bi 11. chng minh f l nh x tuyn tnh lin tc ta ch cn chng minh
f(x) = f(x) vi mi x E v vi mi 1
Tht vy, t gi thit, bng quy np ta chng minh c:
f(nx) = nf(x), n N, x E (1)
T ta c:
0 = f(0) = f(x + (x)) = f(x) + f(x), x E
f(x) = f
_
n
x
n
_
= nf
_
x
n
_
, x E, n N

suy ra
f(x) = f(x)
f
_
x
n
_
=
1
n
f(x)

x E, n N

.
Vi n N

ta c:
f((n)x) = f(n(x)) = nf(x) = nf(x) (2)
T (1) v (2) ta suy ra:
f(mx) = mf(x), x E, m Z
By gi, vi r =
m
n
, (m Z, n N

) v vi mi x E ta c:
f(rx) = f
_
m
n
x
_
= f
_
m.
x
n
_
= mf
_
x
n
_
= m.
1
n
f(x) = rf(x).
Ngha l ta c:
f(rx) = rf(x), x E, r .
t M = sup|f(x)| : x E, |x| 1 ta chng minh c:
|f(x)| M|x| vi mi x E.
162
Cui cng, gi s x E v 1, chn dy r
n
sao cho r
n
. Nh
cc chng minh trn ta c:
|f(x) f(x)| = |f(x) f(
n
x) + f(
n
x) f(x)|
|f(x) f(
n
x)| +|f(
n
x) f(x)|
= |f(x
n
x)| +|
n
f(x) f(x)|
= |f((
n
)x)| +|(
n
)f(x)|
M|(
n
)x| +[
n
[M|x|
= 2M|x|.[
n
[ 0 khi n .
Suy ra |f(x) f(x)| hay l f(x) = f(x) vi mi x E v vi mi 1.
Bi 12. Gi s : N N l mt song nh bt k. t
S
n
= x
1
+ . . . + x
n
T
n
= x
(1)
+ . . . + x
(n)
.
Ta phi chng minh lim
n
S
n
= lim
n
T
n
. Cho > 0 chn n
0
sao cho

n>n
0
|x
n
| <

2
.
Vi mi n > n
0
sao cho A =
1
(1, . . . , n
0
) 1, . . . , n ta c
|S
n
T
n
| = |
n
0

k=1
x
k
+

n
0
+1kn
x
k

kA
x
(k)

kA,kn
x
(A)
|
2

k>n
0
|x
k
| < .
Suy ra

k=1
x
k
= lim
n
S
n
= lim
n
T
n
=

k=1
x
(k)
.
Bi 13. Trc ht ta thy

n=1
_
_
_
e
n
n
_
_
_ =

n=1
1
n
nn chui

n=1
en
n
khng hi t tuyt i.
163
By gi ta chng minh chui

n=1
en
n
hi t giao hon. Tht vy, cho trc
> 0 v gi s : N

l mt song nh bt k. Chn n
0
N

sao cho
1
n
0
< v chn n
1
sao cho:
(n) > n
0
vi mi n > n
1
.
Vi mi n N

, chn m
n
> n sao cho dy m
n
l dy tng v
(1; 2; . . . ; m
n
) 1; 2; . . . ; n
Khi , vi mi n n
0
ta c:
_
_
_
_
_

k=1
e
k
k

k=1
e
(k)
(k)
_
_
_
_
_

_
_
_
_
_
n

k=1
e
k
k

mn

k=1
e
(k)
(k)
_
_
_
_
_
+
_
_
_
_
_

k>n
e
k
k
_
_
_
_
_
+
_
_
_
_
_

k>mn
e
(k)
(k)
_
_
_
_
_
=
_
_
_
_
_

n<k<mn
e
k
k
_
_
_
_
_
+
_
_
_
_
_

k>n
e
k
k
_
_
_
_
_
+
_
_
_
_
_

k>mn
e
(k)
(k)
_
_
_
_
_
=
1
n + 1
+
1
n + 1
+
1
m
n
+ 1
+ + = 3.
Suy ra

k=1
e
(k)
(k)
=

k=1
e
k
k
Bi 14. +) Nu a H th f(a) = 0 v d(a, H) = 0 nn ta c iu phi chng
minh.
+) Gi s a / H, khi E = Ka H nn
|f| = sup
x=0
[f(x)[
|x|
= sup
a+y=0
[f(a + y)[
|a + y|
= sup
=0,yH
[[f(a)
[[|a +
y

|
= sup
vH
[f(a)[
|a + v|
=
[f(a)[
d(a, H)
Vy
d(a, H) =
[f(a)[
|f|
164
Bi 15. a) Theo cc php ton i vi hm s v php ton trong c
0
ta thy l
nh x tuyn tnh, v vi mi f, g C
0
[0, 1] v vi mi , K ta c:
(f + f) = (f + f)(
1
n
)
n
= f(
1
n
) + f
1
n

n
= f(
1
n
)
n
+ g(
1
n
)
n
= (f) + (g).
Ta c:
|(f)| = sup
nN

[f(
1
n
)[ sup
x[0;1]
[f(x)[ = |f|,
suy ra lin tc v || 1.
b) Chng minh nh x : C
[
0, 1]/ ker c
0
xc nh bi:
(f + ker ) := (f)
l ng cu tuyn tnh gi nguyn chun da vo nh ngha.
Bi 16. Gi s mi chui hi t tuyt i trong khng gian nh chun E u hi
t, ta chng minh E l khng gian Banach. Tht vy, cho x
n
l dy Cauchy
trong E. Nh vy vi mi k 1 tn ti n
k
k sao cho
|x
p
x
q
| <
1
2
k
, p, q n
k
.
Ta c th xem n
1
< n
2
< . . . < n
k
< . . .. t
n

1
= n
1
,
n

2
= max(n
1
, n
2
) + 1, . . . ,
n

k
= max(n
1
, . . . , n
k
) + 1, . . .
v t
y
k
= x
n
k+1
x
n
k
Khi

k=1
|y
k
| =

k=1
|x
n
k+1
x
n
k
|

n=1
1
2
k
< +
165
ngha l

n=1
y
k
hi t tuyt i. Theo gi thit chui ny hi t, vy
y
1
+ y
2
+ . . . + y
m
= (x
n
2
x
n
1
) + (x
n
3
x
n
2
) + . . . + (x
n
m+1
x
n
1
)
= x
n
m+1
x
n
1
T =

n=1
y
k
.
Suy ra x
nm
T + x
n
1
v do
|x
m
(T + x
n
1
)| |x
m
x
nm
| |x
nm
T x
n
1
| 0 khi m
Vy x
n
T + x
n
1
khi n .
Bi 17. Hin nhin l na chun nhng khng l mt chun v t iu kin
(f) = 0 suy ra f = 0 h.k.n. ch khng suy ra c f 0.
Bi 18. Kim tra trc tip thy |.|
1
l mt chun trn C[0; 1] vi ch rng nu
f C[0, 1], |f|
1
= 0 f 0.
Gi s ngc li, |.|
1
|.|

, khi tn ti s C > 0 sao cho

|f|

C|f|
1
vi mi f C[0, 1]. (1)
Chn n N

sao cho 1 >

C
n+1
v chn f(t) = t
n
, t [0; 1], khi f C[0, 1]
v nu theo (1) th:
1 = |f|

C|f|
1
= C
1
_
0
[f(t)[dt = C
1
_
0
t
n
dt =
C
n + 1
iu ny mu thun vi cch chn n. Chng t |.|
1
, |.|

.
Bi 19. Nu f : E F l ng cu th nh x ngc f
1
: F E l nh x
tuyn tnh lin tc nn tn ti s C > 0 sao cho
|f
1
(y)| C|y| vi mi y F. (1)
t y = f(x), m =
1
C
ta c
|f(x)| m|x| vi mi x E. (2)
166
Ngc li, gi s iu kin (2) tho mn vi mt s m > 0. T (2) suy ra
f(x) = 0 x = 0
ngha l f l n nh. Theo gi thit f l ton nh nn f l song nh. V f l
nh x tuyn tnh nn f
1
cng l nh x tuyn tnh. Hn na, ng thc (2)
tng ng vi ng thc (1) vi C =
1
m
nn ta suy ra tnh lin tc ca f
1
.
Vy f l ng cu.
Bi 20. Vi f, g C[a, b], , 1 ta c:
A(f + g) =
b
_
a
(f(t) + g(t))dt =
b
_
a
f(t)dt +
b
_
a
g(t)dt
= Af + Ag.
Vy A l phim hm tuyn tnh trn C[a, b].
Ta c:
[Af[ =

b
_
a
f(t)dt

b
_
a
[f(t)[dt
b
_
a
( sup
t[a;b]
[f(t)[)dt
= sup
t[a;b]
[f(t)[.
b
_
a
dt = (b a)|f|

.
Suy ra A lin tc v
|A| b a. (1)
Tnh |A|: Chn f(t) 1, t [a; b], khi |f|

= 1 nn:
|A| = sup
g1
[Ag[ [Af[ =
b
_
a
dt = b a. (2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra |A| = b a.
167
Bi 21. D thy
g
l phim hm tuyn tnh trn C[a, b]. Do
[
g
(f)[ =

b
_
a
f(t)g(t)dt

b
_
a
g(t) sup
t[a;b]
[f(t)[dt
= sup
t[a;b]
[f(t)[
b
_
a
g(t)dt =

b
_
a
g(t)dt

|f|

, f C[a, b].
nn
g
lin tc v
|
g
|
b
_
a
g(t)dt (1)
Tnh |
g
|: Chn f
0
(t) 1, t [a; b] ta c f
0
C[a, b] v |f
0
| = 1 nn:
|
g
| = sup
f1
[Af[ [Af
0
[ =
b
_
a
g(t)dt. (2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra |
g
| =
b
_
a
g(t)dt.
Bi 22. Trc ht A l phim hm tuyn tnh trn C[a, b] v vi mi f
1
, f
2
C[a, b]
v vi mi , 1 ta c:
A(f
1
+ f
2
)(x) = [(f
1
+ f
2
)(x)].g(x)
= f
1
(x)g(x) + f
2
(x)g(x)
= (Af
1
)(x) + (Af
2
)(x)
= (.Af
1
+ .Af
2
)(x), x [a; b].
Vy
A(f
1
+ f
2
) = .Af
1
+ .Af
2
.
Ta c:
|Af|

= sup
x[a;b]
[(Af)(x)[ = sup
x[a;b]
[f(x)g(x)[
sup
x[a;b]
[f(x)[. sup
x[a;b]
[g(x)[ = |g|

.|f|

.
168
Suy ra A lin tc v
|A| |g|

. (1)
+) Tnh |A|: Chn f
0
C[a, b] vi f
0
(t) 1, t [a; b]. Do |f
0
|

= 1 nn
|A| = sup
f1
|Af|

|Af
0
|

= |g|

(2)
T (1) v (2) ta c: |A| = |g|

.
Bi 23. Vi mi x, y E v vi mi , K, do cc
j
l cc phim hm
tuyn tnh nn ta c:
A(x + y) =
n

j=1

j
(x + y)y
j
=
n

j=1
[
j
(x) +
j
(y)]y
j
=
n

j=1

j
(x)y
j
+
n

j=1

j
(y)y
j
= A(x) + A(y).
Vy A l nh x tuyn tnh. Ta c:
|Ax| =
_
_
_
_
_
n

j=1

j
(x)y
j
_
_
_
_
_

j=1
[
j
(x)[.|y
j
|

j=1
|
j
|.|x|.|y
j
| =
_
n

j=1
|
j
|.|y
j
|
_
.|x|, x E.
Suy ra A lin tc v |A|
n

j=1
|
j
|.|y
j
|.
Bi 24. a) Hin nhin X l khng gian con tuyn tnh ca C[0, 1]. Gi s dy
x
n
X, x
n
x trong C[0, 1]. Khi
x(0) = lim
n
x
n
(0) = lim
n
0 = 0.
x(1) = lim
n
x
n
(1) = lim
n
0 = 0.
Suy ra x X, ngha l X l khng gian con ng ca C[0, 1].
169
b) Vi x, y C[0, 1], , 1 ta c:
(x + y)(t) = t
2
(x + y)(t) = t
2
(x(t) + y(t))
= .t
2
x(t) + t
2
y(t) = (x)(t) + (y)(t)
= [(x) + (y)](t), t [0; 1].
Vy (x + y) = (x) + (y), ngha l l nh x tuyn tnh. Ta c:
|(x)|

= sup
t[0;1]
[(x)(t)[ = sup
t[0;1]
[t
2
x(t)[
sup
t[0;1]
[x(t)[ = |x|

, x C[0, 1].
Suy ra lin tc v ta c
|| 1, (1)
Tnh ||: Chn dy x
n

n2
X xc nh bi:
x
n
(t) =
_
nt
n1
vi 0 t 1
1
n
n nt vi 1
1
n
t 1
Khi |x
n
| = 1 vi mi n 2, do :
|| = sup
x1
|(x)|

|x
n
|

= sup
t[0;1]
[t
2
x
n
(t)[ =
_
1
1
n
_
2
, n 2.
Cho n ta c:
|| 1 (2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra || = 1.
c) Gi s x X. Khi x ker (x)(t) = t
2
x(t) = 0 vi mi t [0; 1].
Suy ra x(t) 0, t [0; 1]. Vy l n nh.
Chn y(t) = t(1 t), t [0; 1]. Khi y X nhng c th ch ra khng tn
ti x X (x) = y. Suy ra khng l ton nh.
Bi 25. Trc ht ta thy nu F l dng tuyn tnh dng trn C[a, b] th F bo
ton th t, ngha l nu f(t) g(t), t [a; b] th F(f) F(g) v
0 F(g f) = F(g) F(f).
170
Vi mi f C[a, b] ta c th vit:
f =
[f[ + f
2

[f[ f
2
v nu |f|

1 th:
0
[f[ + f
2
1, 0
[f[ f
2
1
Do , khi |f|

1 ta c:
[F(f)[ =

F
_
[f[ + f
2
_
F
_
[f[ f
2
_

F
_
[f[ + f
2
_
+ F
_
[f[ f
2
_
=
1
2
F([f[) +
1
2
F([f[)
1
2
F(1) +
1
2
F(1) = F(1)
Suy ra F lin tc v
|F| = sup
f1
[F(f)[ F(1) (1)
Nu chn f
0
C[a, b] vi f
0
(t) 1, t [a; b] th ta c:
|F| [F(f
0
)[ = F(1) (2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra |F| = F(1).
171
2 Chng 2
Bi 1. +) Vi mi x = (x
n
) C
f
, n
0
N

sao cho x
n
= 0, n > n
0
. Khi ,
vi mi k N

ta c:
[f
k
(x)[ = k[x
k
[ =
_
k[x
k
[ nu k n
0
0 nu k > n
0
Do
C(x) = sup
kN

[f
k
(x)[ = sup1.[x
1
[; 2[x
2
[; . . . ; n
0
[x
n
0
[ < +
Theo nh ngha, dy f
k

kN
b chn im.
+) Chn dy e
k
C
f
vi e
k
= (
kn
)
nN
, (
kn
l k hiu Kronecker). Khi
, do
|e
k
|

= 1, k N

nn
|f
k
| = sup[f
k
(x)[ [ x c
f
, |x| 1 |f
k
(e
k
)| = k, k N

Suy ra dy f
k

kN
khng b chn u v:
sup
kN

|f
k
| sup
kN

k = +
+) Nu c
f
l khng gian Banach th mi h ton t tuyn tnh lin tc trn c
f
b chn im phi b chn u.
Bi 2. Trc ht ta chng minh D l tp li, cn, ng trong E:
+) D li: Cho f, g D bt k, khi
(n N

)
_
n[f(
1
n
)[ 1
n[g(
1
n
)[ 1
Suy ra, vi mi t [0; 1] ta c:
n[[tf + (1 t)g][ tn[f(
1
n
)[ + (1 t)n[g(
1
n
)[ t + (1 t) = 1, n N

172
Vy tf + (1 t)g D.
+) D cn: Vi mi f D v vi mi : [[ 1 ta c:
n[f(
1
n
)[ [[n[f(
1
n
)[ 1 f D.
+) D ng: Gi s f
k

k1
l dy bt k trong D, f
k
f trong E khi k .
Khi ta c:
n[f
k
(
1
n
)[ 1, k, n N

Trong bt ng thc trn, c nh n N

bt k, cho k ta c:
n[f(
1
n
)[ 1, n N

f D
Tip theo, ta chng minh D l tp ht trong E. Tht vy, cho f E bt k, khi
, tn ti > 0 sao cho f

[0;]
= 0. Chn n
0
N

sao cho
1
n
< , khi
n[f(
1
n
)[ = 0, n > n
0
T ta c th chon c s dng sao cho
n[f(
1
n
)[ 1, n : 1 n n
0
Suy ra, vi mi : [[ ta c
n[f(
1
n
)[ n[f(
1
n
)[ 1, n N

.
Ngha l f D. Vy D l tp hp th trong E.
+) D khng l ln cn ca 0 E: Gi s ngc li, th th tn ti s
r > 0 sao cho B[0; r] = f E [ |f| r D. Chn n
0
N

sao cho
n
0
> r
2
r

n
0
> 1. Xt hm s f
0
C[0; 1] xc nh bi:
f
0
(x) =

n
0
nu x =
1
n
, 1 n n
0
tuyn tnh trn cc on [
1
n+1
;
1
n
], 1 n n
0
0 nu 0 x
1
n
0
+1
173
Khi f
0
E, |f
0
| r nn f
0
B[0; r] D. Mt khc ta c
n
0
[f
0
(
1
n
0
)[ = n
0
r

n
0
= r

n
0
> 1
Tc l f
0
/ D. iu ny mu thun vi f
0
B[0; r] D. Chng t D khng l
ln cn ca 0 E.
b) +) H
n
: n N

: D thy
n
l phim hm tuyn tnh trn
E, n N

. Cho f
k

kN
E, f
k
0 trong E khi k , tc l |f
k
|

0
khi k . Khi , vi mi n N

ta c:
[
n
(f
k
)[ = n[f
k
(
1
n
)[ n|f
k
|
1
n
= |f
k
| 0 khi k
Vy, vi mi n N

,
n
lin tc ti 0 E v do lin tc trn E.
+) D thy, vi mi f E, tp
n
(f) : n N

b chn trong K, tc l h

n
: n N

b chn im. Nu h
n
: n N

b chn u th tn ti s
M > 0 sao cho |
n
| < M, n N

. Khi , vi mi f E, |f| < r = M

1
ta c:
n[f(
1
n
)[ = [
n
(f)[ |
n
|.|f| < M.M
1
= 1, n N

Suy ra f D v do B[0, r] D, ngha l D l ln cn ca 0 E. iu ny

mu thun vi khng nh trn. Chng t h
n
: n N

khng b chn u.
Bi 3. Gi s (x
n
, g(x
n
))
n1

g
l dy bt k sao cho (x
n
, g(x
n
)) (x, y)
E F. Khi x
n
x E, g(x
n
) y F. Do g
1
: F E lin tc nn
x
n
= g
1
[g(x
n
)] g
1
(y) E. Li do tnh duy nht ca gii hn trong khng
gian nh chun nn ta c x = g
1
(y). Suy ra g(x) = y, ngha l (x, y)
g
.
Nh vy
g
l tp ng trong E F. Theo nh ngha, g c th ng.
Bi 4. Gi s f : E K l mt phim hm tuyn tnh tu v A E l tp
m. Vi mi y
0
f(A), x
0
A [ y
0
= f(x
0
). Do A m, x
0
A nn r > 0
sao cho
B[x
0
, r] = x
0
+ B[0, r] A B[0, r] Ax
0
174
Suy ra Ax
0
l tp hp th. Do f ,= 0 nn tn ti a E sao cho f(a) = 1. V
Ax
0
l tp hp th nn tn ti > 0 sao cho a Ax
0
, : [[ . T
ta c:
= f(a) = f(a) f(A) f(x
0
) = f(A) y
0
, : [[
ng thc trn chng t
B[0, ] = K : [[ f(A) y
0
K B[y
0
, r] f(A)
Nh vy y
0
l im trong ca f(A). Do y
0
f(A) l tu , ta suy ra f(A) l tp
m trong K v do f l nh x m.
Bi 5. Trc ht ta bit (C[0; 1], |.|

) l khng gian Banach. Gi s (C[0; 1], |.|

1
)
l khng gian Banach. Xt nh x ng nht:
id : (C[0; 1], |.|

) (C[0; 1], |.|

1
)
Ta c
| id(f)|
1
= |f|
1
=
1
_
0
[f(t)[dt sup
t[0;1]
= |f|

, f (C[0; 1], |.|

)
Nh vy nh x id l song nh tuyn tnh lin tc gia cc khng gian Banach
nn l ng cu, do tn ti s M > 0 sao cho
M|f|

|f|
1
, f C[0; 1]
Chn n N

: M >
1
n+1
th ng thc trn khng tho mn vi hm f
C[0; 1], f(t) = t
n
. Ta gp mu thun. Mu thun ny chng t (C[0; 1], |.|
1
)
khng phi l khng gian Banach.
Bi 6. Gi s M l khng gian con ng bt k ca khng gian nh chun
E, M ,= E. Khi , theo h qu ca nh l Hahn-Banach, vi mi v E M,
175
tn ti f
v
E

, f
v
(v) > 0, sao cho f
v

M
= 0. t H
v
= ker f
v
th H
v
l siu
phng v do f
v
lin tc nn H
v
ng trong E. Ta c M H
v
= ker f
v
vi mi
v E M nn M

vE\M
H
v
. Ngc li, nu v / M th v , ker f
v
= H
v
nn
v /

vE\M
H
v
. Vy

vE\M
H
v
M. Tm li ta c:
M =

vE\M
H
v
.
Bi 7. a) f
n
l nh x tuyn tnh lin tc: D thy f
n
l nh x tuyn tnh. Ta c
|f
n
(x)| = sup
t[0;1]
[f
n
(x)(t)[ = sup
t[0;1]
[x(t
1+
1
n
)[
sup
t[0;1]
[x(t)[ = |x|, x C[0; 1].
Suy ra f
n
lin tc v |f
n
| 1, n N

.
b) f
n

nN
hi t im ti nh x ng nht trn C[0; 1]: Trc ht ta thy:
lim
n
(t t
1+
1
n
) = 0, t [0; 1]
Vi mi x C[0; 1], do x(t) lin tc v do lin tc u trn [0; 1] nn vi mi
> 0 v vi n ln ta c:
[x(t
1+
1
n
) x(t)[ < , t [0; 1]
Suy ra, vi n ln ta c:
sup
t[0;1]
[x(t
1+
1
n
) x(t)[
iu ny c ngha l:
lim
n
|f
n
(x) x|

= lim
n
sup
t[0;1]
[x(t
1+
1
n
) x(t)[ = 0
Hay
f
n
(x) x = id(x) khi n .
176
Bi 8. Gi s (x
n
, f(x
n
))
nN

f
l dy bt k, x
n
x, f(x
n
) y. Do
j : F G lin tc nn (j f)(x
n
) = j(f(x
n
)) j(y) khi n . Li do
j f : E G lin tc nn x
n
x (j f)(x
n
) (j f)(x) = j(f(x)). T tnh
duy nht ca gii hn trong khng gian nh chun ta suy ra: j(f(x)) == j(y).
Theo gi thit j l n nh nn ta c: y = f(x). Vy (x, y)
f
. T suy ra

f
ng trong E F, ngha l f c th ng.
Bi 9. iu kin cn l hin nhin.
iu kin : Gi s f E

, f F

, ta chng minh L(E; F). Mun

vy, ch cn chng minh
sup
xE,x1
|(x)| < +
Vi mi x B[0, 1] E c nh, xt nh x:

x
: F

K
f
x
(f) := f((x))
D thy
x
l phim hm tuyn tnh trn khng gian Banach F

. Do
[
x
(f)[ = [f((x))[ |(x)|.|f|, f F

nn
x
lin tc trn F

v ta c:
|
x
| |(x)|.
By gi xt h
x
: x B[0, 1] E L(F

; K). Ta chng minh h ny b

chn im v do b chn u. Tht vy, vi mi f F

c nh, do f lin
tc nn ta c:
sup
xB[0,1]
[
x
(f)[ = sup
xB[0,1]
[f((x))[
sup
xB[0,1]
|f |.|x| = |f | < +.
177
Nh vy h
x
: F

K [ x B[0, 1] E L(F

; K) b chn im. Do
F

, K l cc khng gian Banach nn theo nguyn l Banach-Steinhaux, h b

chn u, ngha l ta c:
sup
xE,x1
|
x
| < +.
p dng ng thc:
|x| = sup[f(x)[ : f E

, |f| 1, x E
Ta c:
|(x)| = sup[f((x))[ : f F

, |f| 1
= sup
fF

,f1
[
x
(f)[ = |
x
|, x E, |x| 1.
T ta c:
sup
xE,x1
|(x)| = sup
xE,x1
|
x
| < +. pcm
Bi 10. a) Hin nhin do tnh cht tuyn tnh ca php ly o hm.
b) f ker ((x)(t) = x

(t) = 0, t [0; 1]) x c K. Suy ra

ker = K l khng gian con ng ca C
[
0; 1].
+) Gi s (x
n
, (x
n
))
n1

, (x
n
, (x
n
)) (x, y) C
1
[0; 1] C[0; 1].
Khi :
_
x
n
x trong C
1
[0; 1]
(x
n
) = x

n
y trong C[0; 1]

_
x
n
(t) x(t), t [0; 1]
x

n
(t) y(t), t [0; 1]
Suy ra y(t) = x

(t), t [0; 1] hay y = (x). Suy ra (x, y)

nn

ng, tc
l c th ng.
c) Xt dy x
n

n1
C
1
[0; 1], x
n
(t) =
t
n
n
, t [0; 1]. Khi x
n
(t) x(t)
0 trong [0; 1] nhng lim
n
(x
n
) = x ,= (0) = 0, vi
(x
n
)(t) = t
n1
x(t) =
_
0 nu 0 t < 1
1 nu t = 1
178
Nh vy khng lin tc ti 0, v do khng lin tc trn C
1
[0; 1].
d) Do C[0; 1] l khng gian Banach nn nu C
1
[0; 1] l khng gian Banach
th mi nh x tuyn tnh t C
1
[0; 1] n C[0; 1] c th ng u lin tc. Do
nh x tuyn tnh c th ng nhng khng lin tc, suy ra C
1
[0; 1] khng
phi l khng gian Banach.
Bi 11. Gi s E c c s Hamel m c e
n

nN
. Vi mi n N

ta t
E
n
= e
1
; . . . ; e
n
) (khng gian con sinh bi e
1
; . . . ; e
n
). Khi E
n
l cc
khng gian hu hn chiu nn l khng gian con Banach, v do l cc khng
gian con ng ca E. Hn na ta c E =

n=1
E
n
. V E l khng gian y nn
theo nh l Baire, tn ti n
0
N

v tn ti s r > 0, tn ti x
0
E
n
0
sao cho
B[x
0
, r] = B[0, r] + x
0
E
n
0
. Do E
n
0
l khng gian con ca E v do x
0
E
n
0
nn ta c B[0, r] E
n
0
. Khi , vi mi x E, x ,= 0, do r
x
|x|
B[0, r] E
n
0
,
suy ra x E
n
0
. Vy E = E
n
0
, iu ny mu thun vi gi thit dimE = +.
Bi 12. Cn: Gi s L l a tp tuyn tnh trong E, ngha l L = x
0
+M, trong
M l khng gian con ca E. Khi , vi x = x
0
+ x
1
L, y = x
0
+ x
2

L, (x
1
, x
2
M) v K, r rng ta c:
x + (1 )y = x
0
+ [x
1
+ (1 )x
2
]
. .
M
x
0
+ M = L
: Ly im tu x
0
L. Ta chng minh M = L x
0
l khng gian con ca
E. Tht vy, Hin nhin 0 = x
0
x
0
M nn M ,= . Vi x = x
1
x
0

M, y = x
2
x
0
M, K ta c:
x = (x
1
x
0
) = x
1
+ (1 )x
0
. .
L
x
0
L x
0
= M,
x + y = 2
_
1
2
x +
1
2
y
_
= 2
_
1
2
(x
1
x
0
) +
1
2
(x
2
x
0
)
_
= 2
_
_
1
2
x
1
+
1
2
x
2
. .
L

x
0
_
M
179
Vy M = L x
0
l khng gian con ca E, do L = x
0
+ M l a tp tuyn
tnh trong E.
Bi 13. Cn: Gi s L = x
0
+ H, trong H l siu phng thun nht trong E.
Khi tn ti phim hm uyn tnh khc khng f trn E sao cho ker f = H.
t = f(x
0
) ta c:
x L f(x) = hay l L = x E [ f(x) = .
: Chn x
0
L ta c f(x
0
) = . t H = L x
0
ta c ker f = H nn H l
siu phng thun nht trong E. Vy L = x
0
+ H l siu phng trong E.
Bi 14. Gi s dimE < + v f : E K l phim hm tuyn tnh lin tc
trn E. Khi cng thc:
|x|
1
:= |x| +[f(x)[, x E
xc nh mt chun trn E. V rng trong khng gian vct hu hn chiu mi
chun u tng ng nn |.|
1
tng ng vi chun |.| ca E, do tn ti
s M > 0 sao cho:
|x| +[f(x)[ M|x| hay [f(x)[ C|x|, x E, (C = M 1)
Chng t f lin tc trn E.
Gi s mi dng tuyn tnh trn E u lin tc nhng E v hn chiu. Gi
e

I
l c s ca E. Chn t c s ra mt h m c S = e
n

nN
.
Xt phim hm tuyn tnh f trn E xc nh bi: f(e
n
) = n, n N

, f(e

) = 1
nu e

I
S. Ta thy f khng lin tc. iu ny mu thun vi gi thit.
Vy E hu hn chiu.
Bi 15. Gi s M l tp compact tng i trong l
p
, khi M hon ton b chn
trong l
p
nn vi > 0 bt k, tn ti y
1
= (y
1
n
), . . . y
k
= (y
k
n
) M l mt

2
- li
180
ca M. Chn n
0
N

sao cho:
_

n=n
0
+1
[y
j
n
[
p
_1
p
<

2
, j = 1, k
Vi mi x = (x
n
) l
p
, chn 1 j k sao cho |x y
j
|
p
<

2
. Khi ta c:
_

n=n
0
+1
[x
n
[
p
_1
p

n=n
0
+1
[x
n
y
j
n
[
p
_1
p
+
_

n=n
0
+1
[y
j
n
[
p
_1
p
< |x y
j
|
p
+

2
< .
Ngc li, vi mi > 0, xt tp:
L = (x
1
, . . . , x
n
0
) K
n
0
[ x = (x
1
, . . . , x
n
0
, x
n
0
+1
, . . .) M,
trong n
0
N

c chn sao cho

_

n=n
0
+1
[x
n
[
p
_1
p
<

2
, x = (x
n
) M.
R rng tp L hon ton b chn trong K
n
0
nn tn ti mt

2
- li A ca L gm
cc phn t ca L, chng hn
A = x
1
, . . . , x
k
, x
j
= (x
j
1
, . . . , x
j
n
0
), j = 1, k
Tng ng ta chn c cho M mt - li gm cc phn t ca L m mi phn
t trong - li l mt dy c n
0
thnh phn u tin lp thnh phn t ca
A. Nh vy, M hon ton b chn v do l mt tp compact tng i trong
l
p
.
181
3 Chng 3
Bi 1. a) Gi s u ker A

. Khi A

(u) = u A = 0 E

, ngha l u(Ax) =
0, x E. Do A : E F l ton nh ta suy ra: Vi mi y F, u(y) = 0.
iu chng t u = 0 F

. Vy ker A

= 0 nn A

l n nh.
b) Gi s x ker A. Khi Ax = 0. Ta s chng minh x = 0, mun vy,
nh nh l Hahn-Banach, ta ch cn chng minh f(x) = 0 vi mi f E

(v
khi ta suy ra x = 0 v nu x ,= 0 th c f E

: f(x) = |x| ,= 0). Tht

vy, Do A

: F

l ton nh nn vi mi f E

, tn ti g F

sao cho
g A = A

(g) = f. T ta c:
f(x) = g(Ax) = g(0) = 0
Nh vy ta chng minh ker A = 0, tc l A l n nh.
Bi 2. Gi s f : E F l ton t tuyn tnh lin tc hu hn chiu, tc l Imf
l khng gian con hu hn chiu v do l khng gian con Banach ca F nn
ng trong F. Do B
E
[0, 1] = x E [ |x| 1 l tp b chn trong E v f
lin tc nn f(B
E
[0, 1]) l tp b chn trong Imf. Ta bit, mi tp b chn
trong khng gian hu hn chiu u l tp compact tng i nn f(B
E
[0, 1]) l
tp compact tng i trong Imf v do l compact tng i trong F, tc l
f l ton t compact.
Bi 3. Gi s E l khng gian nh chun hu hn chiu v f : E F l ton
t tuyn tnh lin tc, khi d thy dimImf dimf nn Imf l khng gian
con hu hn chiu ca F nn f l ton t hu hn chiu. Theo bi tp 2 chng
3, f l ton t compact.
Trng hp F hu hn chiu th mi ton t tuyn tnh lin tc t E n F
u l ton t hu hn chiu, d l ton t compact.
182
Bi 4. Gi s E l khng gian nh chun hu hn chiu. Khi B[0, 1] l tp
ng, b chn v do l tp compact trong E. Nhng ta c 1
E
(B[0, 1]) = B[0, 1],
ngha l 1
E
(B[0, 1]) l tp compact trong E nn 1
E
l ton t compact.
Ngc li, nu 1
E
l ton t compact th hnh cu ng n v B[0, 1] =
1
E
(B[0, 1]) l tp compact trong E, do B[0, 1] hon ton b chn trong E.
Theo nh l Riesz v c trng ca khng gian nh chun hu hn chiu ta suy
ra E hu hn chiu.
Bi 5. Nu E l khng gian nh chun hu hn chiu th, theo bi tp 4, 1
E
l
ton t compact, li theo nh l Schauder ta c 1
E
l ton t compact, d E

hu hn chiu.
Gi s E

hu hn chiu, theo chng minh trn ta suy ra E

hu hn chiu.
Mt khc ta c E l khng gian con ca E

qua php nhng ng c

E
: E E

nn E hu hn chiu.
Bi 6. Gi s E l khng gian tuyn tnh nh chun v A : E E l ton t
compact bt k. Nu A c ton t ngc A
1
lin tc th 1
E
= A A
1
l ton
t compact, theo bi tp 4, A l khng gian hu hn chiu. iu ny mu thun
vi gi thit. Vy A khng c ton t ngc lin tc.
Bi 7. Nu ton t A : l
p
l
p
xc nh bi:
Ax = (a
n
x
n
)

n=1
, x = (x
n
)

n=1
l
p
l ton t compact th A(B[0, 1]) K, vi K l tp compact trong l
p
. Xt dy
e
n

n=1
B[0, 1] l
p
vi e
n
= (
nk
)

k=1
, (
nk
l k hiu Kronecker)
Ta thy tp
A(e
n
), n = 1, 2, . . . = (0, . . . , 0, a
n
..
th n
, 0, . . .) [ n = 1, 2, . . . K
183
l tp hon ton b chn trong l
p
, nh nh ngha tnh hon ton b chn v c th
chn - li hu hn gm ton cc phn t ca tp hp , bng nh gi n
gin ta suy ra:
( > 0)(n
0
N

) [ (n N

)(n > n
0
[a
n
[ < )
Chng t lim
n
a
n
= 0.
Ngc li, gi s lim
n
a
n
= 0. Gi K = A(B[0, 1]) v x = (x
n
)

n=1

B[0, 1] l
p
ta c:
|x|
p
=
_

n=1
[x
n
[
p
_1
p
1.
Do dy (a
n
) hi t nn b chn, tc l tn ti s M > 0 sao cho [a
n
[ M vi
mi n 1. Khi , vi mi x B[0; 1] ta c:
|Ax|
p
=
_

n=1
[a
n
x
n
[
p
_1
p
= [a
n
[.|x|
p
[a
n
[ [a
n
[ < M
Nh vy, tp K = A(B[0, 1]) b chn trong l
p
.
Mt khc, v lim
n
a
n
= 0 nn vi mi > 0 bt k cho trc, tn ti s
n
0
N

sao cho [a
n
[ < vi mi n n
0
. Khi ta c:
_

n=n
0
+1
[a
n
x
n
[
p
_1
p
= [a
n
[
_

n=n
0
+1
[x
n
[
p
_1
p
[a
n
[
_

n=1
[x
n
[
p
_1
p
[a
n
[ < .
Theo bi tp 15 chng 2 ta suy ra K l tp compact tng i trong l
p
, tc l A
l ton t compact.
Bi 8. Xt tp
L = f C[0, 1] : f

[0,
1
2
]
= 0
184
Nu A l ton t compact th A

L
cng l ton t compact. Tuy nhin ta thy
A

L
c ton t ngc. Tht vy: Nu Af = g th
g(t) = tf(t) =
_
0 nu 0 t
1
2
tf(t) nu
1
2
< t 1
do g L v t biu thc trn ta suy ra A l n nh. Ngc li, vi g L ta
c th chn f L vi
f(t) =
_
0 nu 0 t
1
2
1
t
g(t) nu
1
2
< t 1
khi ta c A
1
g = f. Hn na, nu g
n
L, g
n
g th d thy
|A
1
g
n
A
1
g|

2|g
n
g|

0 khi n
nn A
1
lin tc. T ta suy ra 1
L
= A A
1
l ton t compact, suy ra L l
khng gian hu hn chiu. iu ny khng th xy ra, chng t A khng th l
ton t compact.
Bi 9. a) Hin nhin A
n
, n = 1, 2, . . . l cc ton t tuyn tnh. Ta c:
|A
n
x|
2
= |
n

k=1
x
k
e
k
|
2
= |(x
1
, . . . , x
k
, 0, . . .)|
2
=

_
n

k=1
[x
k
[
2
|x|
2
, x = (x
n
) B[0, 1] l
2
Suy ra A
n
lin tc v |A
n
| 1, n 1. Do |e
n
| = 1 nn |A
n
| |A
n
e
n
|
2
=
1, n 1. T ta c |A
n
| = 1, n N

.
b) Vi mi x = (x
n
) l
2
c nh, do

n=1
[x
n
[
2
< + nn vi mi > 0 bt
k cho trc, tn ti n
0
N

sao cho

k=n+1
[x
k
[
2
<
2
, n n
0
.
185
Khi , vi mi n n
0
ta c:
|A
n
x x|
2
= |(x
1
, . . . , x
n
, 0, . . .) (x
1
, . . . , x
n
, x
n+1
, . . .)|
2
= |(0, . . . , 0, x
n+1
, x
n+2
, . . .)|
2
=

k=n+1
[x
k
[
2
< .
Chng t dy A
n
x hi t n x trong l
2
. Ni cch khc, dy A
n

nN
hi t
im n nh x ng nht I ca l
2
.
By gi ta chng minh dy A
n
khng hi t u n nh x ng nht I
trn l
2
. Gi s ngc li, A
n
I trn l
2
. Khi , vi =
1
2
, tn ti n
0
N

sao
cho khi n n
0
ta c:
|A
n
1
I| < =
1
2
nn |A
n
x x|
2
<
1
2
vi mi x = (x
n
) B[0, 1]
C nh n
1
> n
0
v xt x = e
n
1
+1
B[0, 1] ta c |x|
2
= 1 nn:
|A
n
I| |A
n
1
x x|
2
= |(0, . . . , 0, 1
..
th n + 1
, 0, . . .)|
2
= 1
Cc khng nh trn mu thun, chng t dy A
n
khng hi t u n I trn
l
2
.
Bi 10. T iu kin |x| m|Ax| ta suy ra A l n nh v nh x ngc
A
1
: ImA E l nh x tuyn tnh lin tc, do A : E ImA l php
ng cu, tc l ImA ng cu vi E. Theo gi thit E l khng gian Banach
nn ImA l mt khng gian Banach v l khng gian con Banach ca F, v vy
ImA ng trong F.
Bi 11. Cn: Nu A

: F

l ton nh th A l n nh (Xem bi tp 1
chng 3).
Ta chng minh ImA ng trong F. Tht vy, rng A

: F

l ton
t tuyn tnh lin tc gia cc khng gian Banach nn theo nh l nh x m, A

186
l nh x m, v vy A

(B
F
[0, 1]) l ln cn ca 0 E

, ngha l tn ti > 0
sao cho
f E

[ |f| A

(B
F
[0, 1])
Do A

l nh x tuyn tnh ta suy ra:

f E

[ |f| 1 A

(B
F
[0,
1

])
Vi mi x E ta c:
|x| = sup[f(x)[ : f E

, |f| 1
sup[(A

g)x[ : g F

, |g|
1

sup[(A

g)x[ : g F

, |g| 1
=
1

sup[g(Ax)[ : g F

, |g| 1 =
1

|Ax|
By gi gi s y
n

nN
ImF : y
n
y F. Khi , tn ti x
n

nN
E
sao cho Ax
n
= y
n
, n. Do dy Ax
n
hi t n y F nn dy l dy
Cauchy. Theo trn ta c:
|x
n
x
m
|
1

|Ax
n
Ax
m
| 0 khi n, m .
Nh vy dy x
n

nN
l dy Cauchy trong E. V E l khng gian Banach nn
x
n
x E. Li do A lin tc v tnh duy nht ca gii hn trong khng gian
nh chun ta suy ra Ax = y. Vy y ImA nn ImA ng trong F.
: Gi s A : E F l n nh tuyn tnh lin tc t khng gian Banach
E n khng gian Banach F v ImA l khng gian con ng ca F. Ta chng
minh ton t lin hp A

: F

l ton nh. Tht vy, v ImA ng trong

khng gian Banach F nn ImA l khng gian con Banach ca F. Nh nh l
Banach v nh x m ta thy nh x A : E ImF l ng cu tuyn tnh gia
cc khng gian Banach nn A : E ImF l ng cu, v vy tn ti s C > 0
sao cho:
|x| C|Ax|, x E.
187
Cho f E

. Xt nh x : ImA K xc nh bi: Vi y ImA, !x E :

Ax = y, t
(y) = (Ax) := f(x), x E.
D thy l nh x tuyn tnh. Ta c:
[(y)[ = [(Ax)[ = [f(x)[ |f||x|
C|f|.|Ax| = C|f||y|, y F.
Suy ra lin tc. Theo nh l Hahn-Banach, tn ti g F

sao cho:
g

ImF
=
Khi ta c:
(A

g)(x) = g(Ax) = (Ax) = f(x) vi mi x E,

tc l A

(g) = f. T suy ra A

: F

l ton nh.
Bi 12. t C = inf|Ax| : x E, |x| = 1. Xt hai trng hp:
+) Nu C = 0 th theo nh ngha inf, tn ti dy x
n
E : |x
n
| = 1 v
lim
n
Ax
n
= 0, tc l ta c iu phi chng minh.
+) Nu C > 0 th vi mi x E, x ,= 0 ta c: |Ax| C|x|. Nh vy ta c:
|Ax| C|x|, vi mi x E.
T suy ra A l n nh v nh x ngc A
1
: ImA E l nh x tuyn
tnh lin tc, do A : E ImA l php ng cu, tcl ImA ng cu vi E.
Theo gi thit E l khng gian Banach nn ImA l mt khng gian Banach v l
khng gian con Banach ca F,. T , nh gi thit A l ton t compact ta suy
ra 1
E
= A
1
A : E ImA E l ton t compact nn E l khng gian hu
hn chiu. iu ny mu thun vi gi thit. Vy khng th xy ra trng hp
C > 0.
188
Tm li, ta c
inf|Ax| : x E, |x| = 1 = 0
nn tn ti dy x
n
E : |x
n
| = 1 v lim
n
Ax
n
= 0.
Bi 13. Xt nh x ng nht id :
_
C[0; 1], |.|

_
C[0; 1], |.|
_
. Ta thy id l
song nh tuyn tnh gia cc khng gian Banach nn nu id lin tc th id l php
ng cu v ta c iu phi chng minh. chng minh id lin tc, ta chng
minh id c th ng:
Gi s (f
n
, f
n
)
nN

id
sao cho (f
n
, f
n
) (f, g)
_
C[0; 1], |.|

_
C[0; 1], |.|
_
khi n . Khi ta c: |f
n
f|

0 v |f
n
g| 0.
+) T ng thc |f
n
f|

0 ta suy ra:
lim
n
f
n
(x) = f(x), x [0; 1] (1)
+) Do |f
n
g| 0 nn t gi thit b) ta c lim
n
(f
n
g)(x) = 0, x E,
suy ra
lim
n
f
n
(x) = g(x), x [0; 1] (2)
Do tnh duy nht ca gii hn trong K nn t (1)&(2) ta suy ra: f(x) = g(x) vi
mi x [0; 1], tc l g = f, t suy ra (f, g)
id
, suy ra id c th ng.
Nh nh l th ng ta suy ra id lin tc.
Nh vy id l song nh tuyn tnh lin tc gia cc khng gian Banach nn
theo nguyn l Banach v nh x m, id l php ng cu gia
_
C[0; 1], |.|

_
v
_
C[0; 1], |.|
_
. Do id v id
1
lin tc ta suy ra tn ti cc s m, M > 0 sao cho:
m|f|

|f| M|f|

vi mi f C[0; 1].
Bi 14. Gi s M l tp compact, khi M hon ton b chn trong l
p
nn vi
> 0 bt k, tn ti y
1
= (y
1
n
), . . . y
k
= (y
k
n
) M l mt

2
- li ca M. Chn
n
0
N

sao cho:
_

n=n
0
+1
[y
j
n
[
p
_1
p
<

2
, j = 1, k
189
Vi mi x = (x
n
) l
p
, chn 1 j k sao cho |x y
j
|
p
<

2
. Khi ta c:
_

n=n
0
+1
[x
n
[
p
_1
p

n=n
0
+1
[x
n
y
j
n
[
p
_1
p
+
_

n=n
0
+1
[y
j
n
[
p
_1
p
< |x y
j
|
p
+

2
< .
Ngc li, vi mi > 0, xt tp:
L = (x
1
, . . . , x
n
0
) K
n
0
[ x = (x
1
, . . . , x
n
0
, x
n
0
+1
, . . .) M,
trong n
0
N

c chn sao cho

_

n=n
0
+1
[x
n
[
p
_1
p
<

2
, x = (x
n
) M.
R rng tp L hon ton b chn trong K
n
0
nn tn ti mt

2
- li A ca L gm
cc phn t ca L, chng hn
A = x
1
, . . . , x
k
, x
j
= (x
j
1
, . . . , x
j
n
0
), j = 1, k
Tng ng ta chn c cho M mt - li gm cc phn t ca L m mi phn
t trong - li l mt dy c n
0
thnh phn u tin lp thnh phn t ca
A. Nh vy, M hon ton b chn v do l mt tp compact tng i trong
l
p
.
Bi 15. Nu l gi tr ring ca f L(E) th tn ti x E, x ,= 0 sao
cho f(x) = x hay (f id
E
)(x) = 0. suy ra x ker(f id
E
), do
ker(f id
E
) ,= 0. Vy f id
E
khng phi l n nh nn khng l song
nh, do khng tn ti (f id
E
)
1
. Theo nh ngha ph ca ton t, l
gi tr ph ca f.
Bi 16. Theo bi tp 15, mi gi tr ring ca f u l gi tr ph ca f. Ta
ch cn chng minh nu E hu hn chiu th mi gi tr ph ca f u l gi tr
190
ring ca f. Tht vy, nu khng phi l gi tr ring ca f th khng tn ti
x E, x ,= 0 sao cho (f id
E
)(x) = 0, ni cch khc, f id
E
: E E l
n cu. Do E < + nn f id
E
l song nh tuyn tnh v do l ng
cu. Suy ra khng l gi tr ph ca f. Nh vy ta chng minh mi gi tr
ring ca f u l gi tr ph v mi gi tr ph ca f u l gi tr ring, tc l
tp gi tr ph ca ton t tuyn tnh trn khng gian hu hn chiu chnh l tp
cc gi tr ring ca ton t tuyn tnh .
Bi 17. Nu s 0 khng l gi tr ph ca f th f kh nghch trong L(E), ngha
l tn ti nh x ngc f
1
L(E). Do f l ton t compact nn id
E
= f
1
f
l ton t compact. Theo bi tp 4, E l khng gian hu hn chiu. iu ny
mu thun vi gi thit E v hn chiu. Vy 0 / (f).
Bi 18. a) Trc ht ta thy dy (
n
) hi t nn sup
n

n
< +. Vi x = (x
n
) l
2
th

n=1
[
n
x
n
[
2
sup
n
[
n
[
2
.

n=1
[x
n
[
2
< +
nn

(x) = (
n
x
n
) l
2
. Vic kim tra

l ton t tuyn tnh l hon ton

n gin. Do
|

(x)|
2
=

n=1
[
n
x
n
[
2
sup
n
[[
n

n=1
[x
n
[
2
= ||

.|x|
2
, x l
2
nn

lin tc v |

| ||

.
b) Nu

(x) = (
n
x
n
) = 0 l
2
th
n
x
n
= 0 vi mi n. Theo gi thit

n
,= 0, n nn ta c x
n
= 0, n, ngha l x = 0. Vy

l n cu nn s 0
khng phi l gi tr ring ca

.
Do l
2
l khng gian Banach v hn chiu nn chng minh s 0 l gi tr
ph ca

, theo bi tp 17, ta chng minh

l ton t compact. Tht vy, xt

tp

(B[0, 1]), trong B[0, 1] l hnh cu ng n v trong l

2
. Do lim
n

n
= 0
nn vi > 0 bt k cho trc, tn ti n
0
N

sao cho vi mi n n
0
ta c
191
[
n
[ <

. Khi , vi mi

(x) = (
n
x
n
)

(B[0, 1]), x = (x
n
) B[0, 1],
ta c:

k=n+1
[
n
x
n
[
2
[
n
[
2

k=n+1
[x
n
[
2

k=1
[
n
x
n
[
2

Theo tiu chun v tnh compact tng i trong l
p
, p 1 (Bi tp 14), ta suy ra

(B[0, 1]) l tp compact tng i trong l

2
. Vy

l ton t compact. T
suy ra 0 (

).
Bi 19. Nh cc bi tp 15 : Mi gi tr ring ca A u l gi tr ph ca A;
Nh bi tp 17: S 0 l gi tr ph ca A.
Vy ta ch cn chng minh mi gi tr ph khc 0 ca A u l gi tr ring
ca A. Tht vy, gi s ,= 0 l gi tr ph ca A nhng khng phi l gi
tr ring ca A. Khi A

:= A l song nh tuyn tnh lin tc t E ln

ImA

= R

, m n l khng gian con ng ca E bi nh l 4.7. T nh

l nh x m Banach ta suy ra A

: E ImA

l ng cu. Vi n 0, t
X
n
= ImA
n

. Ta c X
n+1
X
n
, n 0.
Tht vy hin nhin X
n+1
X
n
, n 0 v X
1
,= X
0
= 1
E
(A
0

= E). Gi
s X
n+1
X
n
, 0 n m nhng X
m+2
= X
m+1
. Chn x X
m
X
m+1
. Do
X
m+2
= X
m+1
, tn ti y X
m+1
A

y = A

x. Vy th A

(x y) = 0. Do
A

l n nh, x = y X
m+1
. Tri gi thit x / X
m+1
.
Mt khc do A

: E

= ImA

, suy ra X
n
= ImA
n

l khng gian con ng

ca E vi mi n 0. Bi h qu 3.5, Ch II, vi mi n 0 tn ti f
n
E

sao
cho
f
n

X
n+1
= 0 v |f

Xn
| = 1
Nh vy tn ti x
n
X
n
sao cho
|x
n
| = 1 v f(x
n
)
1
2
Suy ra
|x
n
x| [f(x
n
x)[
1
2
, x X
n+1
192
Bi v
Ax
n
Ax
m
= x
n
+ A

x
n
x
m
A

x
m
,
A

x
n
x
m
A

x
m
X
n+1
nn ta c
|Ax
n
Ax
m
| = |x
n
+ A

x
n
x
m
A

x
m
|
= [[|x
n
+
A

x
n
x
m
A

x
n

|
[[
2
, 0 n < m
(Ch rng
A

x
n
x
m
A

x
n

X
n+1
). Nh vy, dy Ax
n
khng th c
dy con no hi t, iu ny tri vi tnh compact ca A.
Bi 20. Gi s ngc li, / (A), khi A

= A id
E
: E E l mt
php ng cu nn A
1

l ton t tuyn tnh lin tc, do tn ti s m > 0 sao

cho
m|x| |A

x| = |Ax x|, x E. (1)

Theo gi thit, tn ti dy x
n
E, |x
n
| = 1 sao cho
lim
n
(Ax
n
x
n
) = 0,
do :
lim
n
|Ax
n
x
n
| = 0 (2)
Mt khc, t (1) v gi thit |x
n
| = 1, n, ta suy ra:
lim
n
|Ax
n
x
n
| m > 0 (3)
Cc h thc (2) v (3) mu thun vi nhau, chng t (A).
Bi 21. Ta s chng minh mnh tng ng: Nu tn ti s nguyn dng n
sao cho
n
/ (A
n
) th / (A). Tht vy, nu t
B = A
n1
+ A
n2
+ . . . +
n2
A+
n1
1
E
th ta c:
A
n

n
1
E
= (A 1
E
)B = B(A1
E
).
193
T , nu
n
/ (A
n
) th tn ti C L(E) sao cho:
(A
n

n
1
E
)C = C(A
n

n
1
E
) = 1
E
.
Hay l
(A1
E
)(BC) = (CB)(A1
E
) = 1
E
.
Suy ra A 1
E
c ton t ngc lin tc v (A 1
E
)
1
= BC = CB, ngha
l / (A).
Bi 22. Ta s chng minh nu
1
/ (A
1
) th / (A). Tht vy, nu
1
l
gi tr chnh quy ca A
1
th A
1

1
1
E
l php ng cu. Theo gi thit A,v
do A, ,= 0, cng l php ng cu. Suy ra
A 1
E
= (A)(A
1

1
1
E
)
l php ng cu, ngha l / (A).
Bi 23. a) Kim tra trc tip thy A l nh x tuyn tnh lin tc v |A| 1.
b) Do C[0; 2] l khng gian Banach v vi mi C, ton t A I :
C[0; 2] C[0; 2] l tuyn tnh lin tc (I l ton t ng nht ca C[0; 2]), ta
suy ra / (A) khi v ch khi: Vi mi y C[0; 2], phng trnh Axx = y
c nghim duy nht x C[0; 2], tc l phng trnh:
e
it
x(t) x(t) = y(t) hay [e
it
]x(t) = y(t), t [0; 2]
c nghim duy nht x = x(t), t [0; 2]. iu ny xy khi v ch khi ,= e
it
vi mi t [0; 2] hay [[ ,= 1. T suy ra:
(A) = C : [[ = 1.
Bi 24. Trc ht ta thy:
+) = 0 l gi tr ring ca A ng vi vc t ring
x = x(t) = (t 1)
2
1, t [0; 1];
194
+) = 1 l gi tr ring ca A ng vi vct ring
x = x(t) = t, t [0; 1].
T 0; 1 (A).
Gi s C, ,= 0, ,= 1. Vi mi y C[0; 1], xt phng trnh:
Ax x = y x(0) + tx(1) x(t) = y(t), t [0; 1] (1)
Trong phng trnh (1) ln lt cho t = 0; t = 1 ta c:
x(0) =
y(0)
1
; x(1) =
y(1)
1

y(0)
(1 )
2
Thay vo (1) ta c phng trnh tng ng vi (1) l:
y(0)
1
+
ty(1)
1

ty(0)
(1 )
2
x(t) = y(t), t [0; 1]. (2)
R rng, vi mi y C[0; 1] phng trnh (2) c nghim duy nht:
x(t) =
1

y(t) +
y(0)
(1 )
+
ty(1)
(1 )

ty(0)
(1 )
2
iu chng t nh x A I : C[0; 1] C[0; 1] l song nh tuyn tnh lin
tc. Do C[0; 1] l khng gian Banach nn A I l ng cu. Theo nh ngha
/ (A). Nh vy, vi mi C, nu ,= 0, ,= 1 th s(A) = C (A).
Suy ra (A) = 0; 1.
Ta c r(A) = sup[| : (A) = 1.
Theo kt qu trn ta c: R(A, ) = (A I)
1
: C[0; 1] C[0; 1] l ton t
xc nh bi:
R(A, )(x)(t) =
1

x(t) +
x(0)
(1 )
+
tx(1)
(1 )

tx(0)
(1 )
2
, t [0; 1].
trong ,= 0, ,= 1, x C[0; 1].
195
Bi 25. Cho C, ta i tm iu kin ca vi mi y C[0; 1] phng trnh
Ax x = y c nghim duy nht x C[0; 1]. Ta c:
Ax x = y
t
_
0
x(s)ds x(t) = y(t), t [0; 1] (1)
Ta thy: +) Vi = 0 v y(t) l hm lin tc nhng khng kh vi trn on [0; 1]
th phng trnh (1) khng c nghim x(t), chng t 0 (A).
Gi s ,= 0, t u(t) =
t
_
0
x(s)dx, t [0; 1], khi u(t) kh vi trn on
[0; 1] v u

(t) = x(t), t [0; 1]. Phng trnh (1) tng ng vi phng trnh:
u(t) u

(t) = y(t), u(0) = 0

hay
u

(t)
1

u(t) =
1

y(t), u(0) = 0 (2)

Phng trnh (2) l phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh, vi mi y C[0; 1] phng
trnh c nghim duy nht u(t) tho mn iu kin ban u u(0) = 0 l:
u(t) =
1

t
_
0
e
ts

y(s)ds, t [0; 1].

Do phng trnh (1) c nghim duy nht
x(t) = u

(t) = R(A, )(y)(t)

Nh vy, ta chng minh 0 (A) v C, ,= 0 / (A), ngha l
(A) = 0.
T chng minh trn, vi ,= 0 ta c:
R(A, )(x)(t) =

t
_
0
e
ts

x(s)ds

t
, t [0; 1].
196
4 Chng 4
Bi 1. a) Do (x, y) 1 nn ta c:
VP = (x, x) + (x, y) + (y, x) + (y, y)
[(x, x) (x, y) (y, x) + (y, y)]
= 2(x, y) + 2(x, y) = 2(x, y) + 2(x, y) = 4(x, y) = VT
b) Ta c
V P = (x, x) + (x, y) + (y, x) + (y, y)
[(x, x) (x, y) (y, x) + (y, y)]
+ i[(x, x) + i(x, y) + i(y, x) + ii(y, y)]
i[(x, x) i(x, y) i(y, x) + ii(y, y)]
= 2(x, y) + 2(y, x) + 2ii(x, y) + 2i
2
(y, x) = 4(x, y) = VT
Bi 2. +) Trc ht, do (x, y) 1 v t cng thc xc nh ta c:
(x, y) = (y, x) = (y, x), x, y E.
+) T iu kin cho ta c:
(x, y) =
1
2
(|x + y|
2
|x y|
2
), x, y E
nn vi mi x
1
, x
2
, y E ta c:
(x
1
+ x
2
, y) =
1
2
(|x
1
+ x
2
+ y|
2
|x
1
+ x
2
y|
2
)
=
1
2
(|(x
1
+ y) + x
2
|
2
+|(x
1
+ y) x
2
|
2
)

1
2
(|x
1
+ (x
2
y)|
2
+|x
1
(x
2
y)|
2
)
= (|x
1
+ y|
2
+|x
2
|
2
) (|x
1
|
2
+|x
2
y|
2
)
= (|x
1
+ y|
2
|x
1
|
2
|y
2
|)
+ (|y|
2
+|x
2
|
2
) |x
2
y|
2
)
= (|x
1
+ y|
2
|x
1
|
2
|y
2
|)
+ (|x
2
+ y|
2
|x
2
|
2
|y
2
|) = (x
1
, y) + (x
2
, y)
197
+) Vi x, y E c nh, do
[|
1
x + y| |
2
x + y|[ [
1

2
[|x|
nn hm s
1 |x + y|
lin tc. t
g() = (x, y) =
1
2
(|x + y|
2
|x y|
2
), 1
ta c g : 1 1 l hm s lin tc. Theo chng minh trn ta c:
g(
1
+
2
) = (
1
x +
2
x, y) = (
1
x, y) + (
2
x, y)
= g(
1
) + g(
2
),
1
,
2
1.
Suy ra
g() = a, 1, (a 1 c nh)
Nhng do g(1) = a = (x, y) nn ta c:
(x, y) = g() = a = (x, y), x, y E, 1.
Chng t l dng Hermite trn E.
+) Cui cng
(x, x) = |2x|
2
|x|
2
|x|
2
= 2|x|
2
0, x E.
v (x, x) = 0 ch khi x = 0 E nn l tch v hng trn E.
Bi 3. +) Gi s G(x
1
, . . . , x
n
) ,= 0, ta chng minh h vector x
1
; x
2
; . . . ; x
n
c
lp tuyn tnh. Tht vy, nu
1
,
2
, . . . ,
n
C sao cho
1
x
1
+
2
x
2
+. . .+
n
x
n
=
0. Khi :

1
x
1
, x
1
) +
2
x
2
, x
1
) + . . . +
n
x
n
, x
1
) = 0

1
x
1
, x
2
) +
2
x
2
, x
2
) + . . . +
n
x
n
, x
2
) = 0

1
x
1
, x
n
) +
2
x
2
, x
n
) + . . . +
n
x
n
, x
n
) = 0
(1)
198
H (1) l h phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht n phng trnh n n
1
, . . . ,
n
v c nh thc h s chnh l nh thc Gram G(x
1
, . . . , x
n
) ca h vector
x
1
; x
2
; . . . ; x
n
, v vy, vi G(x
1
, . . . , x
n
) ,= 0 th h (1) c nghim duy nht

1
=
2
= . . . =
n
= 0. iu ny chng t h vector x
1
; x
2
; . . . ; x
n
c lp
tuyn tnh.
+) Ngc li, gi s G(x
1
, . . . , x
n
) = 0. Xt h phng trnh (1) vi cc n

1
,
2
, . . . ,
n
. V nh thc ca ma trn h s ca ca h ll nh thc Gram
G(x
1
, . . . , x
n
) = 0 nn h (1) c nghim khng tm thng (
1
,
2
, . . . ,
n
). Khi
, t h (1) ta c
n

i=1

i
x
i
, x
j
) = 0
n

i=1

i
x
i
,
j
x
j
) =
j
n

i=1

i
x
i
, x
j
) = 0, j = 1, n
Suy ra:
_
n

i=1

i
x
i
,
n

j=1

j
x
j
_
=
_
_
_
n

i=1

i
x
i
_
_
_
2
= 0
Chng t c s biu din
n

i=1

i
x
i
= 0 vi cc h s
1
,
2
, . . . ,
n
khng ng
thi bng khng, ngha l h vector x
1
; x
2
; . . . ; x
n
ph thuc tuyn tnh.
Bi 4. Trc ht ta chng minh nu x = (x
n
), y = (y
n
) l
1
th (x
n
y
n
) l
1
. Tht
vy, do cc chui s dng

n=1
[x
n
[,

n=1
[y
n
[ hi t nn lim
n
[x
n
[ = lim
n
[y
n
[ = 0,
v vy, tn ti s n
0
sao cho [x
n
[ < 1, [y
n
[ < 1 vi mi n n
0
. Suy ra
[x
n
[
2
[x
n
[ v [y
n
[
2
[y
n
[ vi mi n n
0
. Theo du hiu so snh, cc chui

n=1
[x
n
[
2
,

n=1
[y
n
[
2
hi t, t , nh bt ng thc [x
n
y
n
[ [x
n
[
2
+[y
n
[
2
vi mi
n N, ta suy ra chui s

n=1
[x
n
y
n
[ hi t. Hn na, nh nh ngha, d dng
kim tra c rng nh x (x; y) x, y) =

n=1
[x
n
y
n
[ l tch v hng trn l
1
,
ng thi, chun sinh bi tch v hng ny xc nh bi cng thc:
|x| =

n=1
[x
n
[
2
, x = (x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
) l
1
.
199
Tip theo, theo chng minh trn ta thy l
1
l
2
, hn na, l
1
l khng gian
vector con ca l
2
v chun sinh bi tch v hng trn l
1
trng vi chun ca
khng gian Banach l
2
. V vy, nu vi tch v hng trn, l
1
l khng gian Hilbert,
th bn thn n l khng gian Banach con ca l
2
nn s l khng gian con ng
ca l
2
. Nhng y chng ta s ch ra l
1
khng phi l khng gian con ng ca
l
2
, v do vy khng th khng gian Hilbert. Tht vy, chn dy (x
k
)
kN
l
1
xc nh bi:
x
k
= (x
kn
)

n=1
vi x
kn
=
1
n
1+
1
k
, n = 1, + , k = 1, 2, . . .
R rng, v chui Riemann

n=1
1
n
s
hi t khi s > 1 nn, vi mi k N

, chui
s

n=1
1
n
1+
1
k
hi t, ngha l x
k
=
_
1
n
1+
1
k
_
+
n=1
l
1
vi mi k = 1, 2, . . . Ni cch
khc, dy (x
k
)

k=1
l
1
V rng, nu dy l
1
y
k
= (
kn
)

n=1
hi t n phn t y = (
n
)

n=1
l
1
,
khi k , theo chun sinh bi tch v hng trong l
1
(tc l chun trong
khng gian Banach l
2
) th s hi t l s hi t theo tng thnh phn, ngha
l lim
k

kn
=
n
, n = 1, 2, . . . nn nu dy (x
k
)
kN
l
1
xc nh trn hi t
n phn t x = (
n
) l
2
th do
lim
k
1
n
1+
1
k
=
1
n
, n = 1, 2, . . . ta suy ra x =
_
1
n
_

n=1
l
2
.
Nhng li do chui s dng

n=1
1
n
khng hi t nn x =
_
1
n
_

n=1
/ l
1
. iu ny
chng t l
1
khng phi l khng gian con ng ca l
2
theo chun sinh bi tch v
hng ang xt.
Bi 5. Nu chun sup cho sinh bi tch v hng no trong C[0; 2] th
bt ng thc hnh bnh hnh sau phi lun tho mn vi mi f, g C[0; 2]:
|f + g|
2
+|f g|
2
= 2(|f|
2
+|g|
2
) (1)
200
Bng cch chn
f(t) = max(sint; 0), g(t) = max(sint; 0), t [0; 2]
ta thy |f + g| = |f g| = |f| = |g| = 1. Nh vy, vi cc hm f, g va
chn th bt ng thc hnh bnh hnh (1) khng th tho mn. Chng t chun
cho khng th c sinh bi tch v hng no trn C[0; 2].
Bi 6. Bng nh ngha tch v hng, d dng kim tra c rng cng thc
f, g) :=
1
_
1
f(x)g(x)dx (1)
xc nh mt tch v hng trn C[1; 1] nn C[1; 1] l khng gian tin Hilbert
v chun trn C[1; 1] sinh bi tch v hng ny l:
|f| =
_
1
_
1
[f(x)[
2
dx
_1
2
, f C[0; 1] (2)
Ta chng minh C[1; 1] vi chun (2) khng phi l khng gian Banach, tc l
C[1; 1] vi tch v hng (1) khng phi l khng gian Hilbert. Xt dy hm
s lin tc f
n

n1
xc nh bi:
f
n
(t) =

0 nu 1 t 0
nt nu 0 t
1
n
1 nu
1
n
t 1
Khi dy (f
n

n1
l dy Cauchy v
[f
m
(t) f
n
(t)[ =

0 khi 1 t 0
[f
m
(t) f
n
(t)[ 1 khi 0 t max
1
m
;
1
n

0 khi max
1
m
;
1
n
t 1
201
|f
m
f
n
|
2
=
_
1
1
[f
m
(t) f
n
(t)[
2
dt =
_
0
1
[f
m
(t) f
n
(t)[
2
dt +
+
_
max{
1
m
;
1
n
}
0
[f
m
(t) f
n
(t)[
2
dt +
_
1
max{
1
m
;
1
n
}
[f
m
(t) f
n
(t)[
2
dt
0 + max
1
m
;
1
n
+ 0 = max
1
m
;
1
n
0 khi m, n .
T , nu f l mt hm lin tc trn [1; 1] sao cho
lim
n
|f
n
f|
2
= lim
n
_
1
1
[f
n
(t) f(t)[
2
dt = 0
th t phi c gii hn im lim
n
[f
n
(t) f(t)[ = 0, t [1; 1], t suy ra:
f(t) = lim
n
f
n
(t) =
_
0 khi 1 t 0
1 khi 0 t 1
iu ny tri vi tnh lin tc ca f.
Bi 7. V F l khng gian vector con thc s ca E nn tn ti 0 ,= a E F.
Xt khng gian vector con mt chiu L sinh bi a: L = a, C. Gi
H = L

F. Khi , H l siu phng ng trong F v mi phn t b F 0

u khng trc giao vi H, v nu b trc giao vi H th b = a, ,= 0 nn a F,
mu thun !
202
Bi 8. a) S dng Bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwartz, vi mi n N

ta c:
_
[x
n
, y
n
)[ |x
n
|.|y
n
| |x
n
| 1
[x
n
, y
n
)[ |x
n
|.|y
n
| |y
n
| 1

_
[x
n
, y
n
)[ |x
n
| 1
[x
n
, y
n
)[ |y
n
| 1
(1)
Theo gi thit, lim
n
= 1 nn trong (1) cho n ta c lim
n
|x
n
| =
1, lim
n
|y
n
| = 1.
b) Vi mi n N

ta c:
|x
n
y
n
|
2
= x
n
y
n
, x
n
y
n
) = |x
n
|
2
+|y
n
|
2
x
n
, y
n
) x
n
, y
n
) (2)
Do lim
n
x
n
, y
n
) = 1 suy ra lim
n
x
n
, y
n
) = 1. Ly gii hn hai v ca (2) khi
n ta c lim
n
|x
n
y
n
|
2
= 0, suy ra lim
n
|x
n
y
n
| = 0.
Bi 9. Cch 1: Do E l khng gian Hilbert, tc l vi chun sinh bi tch v
hng th E l mt khng gian Banach, nn chng minh nh x A : E E
lin tc, p dng kt qu bi tp 9 chng 2, ta ch cn chng minh A f lin
tc vi mi f E

. Tht vy, v f E

nn theo nh l Riesz v s biu din

phim hm tuyn tnh lin tc trong khng gian Hilbert, tn ti a E sao cho
f(y) = y, a) vi mi y = E. Do
(u A)(x) = u(Ax)Ax, a) = x, Aa), x E.
Suy ra |(u A)(x)| = [x, Aa)[ |Aa|.|x| vi mi x E. Bt ng thc ny
chng t u A lin tc v |u A| |Aa|.
Cch 2: Vi chun sinh bi tch v hng, E l mt khng gian Banach.
chng minh ton t tuyn tnh A : E E lin tc, p dng nh l th ng,
ta ch cn chng minh A c th ng. Tht vy, gi s x
n

nN
l dy phn
t bt k ca E sao cho (x
n
, Ax
n
) (x, y) E E, khi x
n
x, Ax
n
y.
Li do hm E E (x, y) x, y) l hm lin tc nn ta c
(u E) lim
n
Ax
n
, u) = y, u) (1)
203
Kt hp vi gi thit ta suy ra:
(u E) lim
n
Ax
n
, u) = lim
n
x
n
, Au) = x, Au) = Ax, u) (2)
T (1) v (2), do tnh duy nht ca gii hn trong C ta suy ra:
(u E) Ax, u) = y, u) (u E) Ax y, u) = 0 (3)
T (3) ta suy ra Ax y = 0 hay l Ax = y, chng t A c th ng.
Bi 10. Tng t nh Bi 10, ta chng minh A c th ng. Tht vy, gi s
x
n

nN
l dy phn t bt k ca E sao cho (x
n
, Ax
n
) (x, y) E E, khi
x
n
x, Ax
n
y. Khi , do tnh lin tc ca tch v hng ta suy ra:
(u E) lim
n
Ax
n
, u) = y, u) (4)
T gi thit v tnh lin tc ca phim hm x Ax, u), (u E), ta suy ra
(u E) lim
n
Ax
n
, u) = Ax, u) (5)
T (4) v (5), do tnh duy nht ca gii hn trong C ta suy ra:
(u E) Ax, u) = y, u) (u E) Ax y, u) = 0 (6)
T (6) ta suy ra Ax y = 0 hay Ax = y, chng t A c th ng.
Bi 11. Do L l khng gian con ng ca E nn E = LL

. Khi , mi phn
t x E u biu din c duy nht di dng x = u + v vi u L, v L

.
Ngoi ra, theo chng minh nh l 3.9, Chng 4 v s tn ti php chiu trc
giao ta c:
|v| = |x u| = dist(x, L) |x y| vi mi y L ()
Do x L khi v ch khi u = 0 v x = v. Kt hp vi bt ng thc () ta
suy ra:
|x| |x y| vi mi y L.
204
Bi 12. Theo gi thit [
n
[ M = sup
nN

[
n
[ < + vi mi n N

nn theo bt
ng thc Bessel ta c:

n=1
[
n
x, e
n
)[
2
M
2

n=1
[x, e
n
)[
2
M
2
|x|
2
, (x E).
Suy ra |Ax|
2
= Ax, Ax) =

n=1
[
n
[
2
[x, e
n
)[
2
M
2
|x|
2
, (x E). Chng t
A lin tc v |A| M = sup
nN

[
n
[. Hn na, c th ch ra c |A| = M.
Bi 13. Vi mi n N

xt nh x A
n
: E E xc nh bi
A
n
x :=
n

k=1

k
x, e
k
)e
k
, x E.
Do dimR(A
n
) < + nn A
n
l ton t hu hn chiu, do A
n
l ton t
compact. Mt khc, vi mi > 0 tn ti n
0
sao cho [
n
[ < vi mi n n
0
v
vi n n
0
ta c:
|AA
n
| = sup
x1
|Ax A
n
x| = sup
x1
_
_

k=n+1

k
x, e
k
)e
k
_
_
< .
Chng t A l gii hn trong L(E) ca dy ton t compact nn theo nh l 2.5
Chng 3, A l ton t compact.
Bi 14. Gi s p : E L l ton t compact. Do p

L
= id
L
: L L l ton t
compact nn dimL < +. Ngc li, nu dimL < + th p : E L l ton
t hu hn chiu nn p l ton t compact.
Bi 15. Vi mi n xt nh x A
n
: E F xc nh bi
A
n
x =
n

k=1
x, e
k
)Ae
k
. (1)
D thy A
n
l ton t tuyn tnh v theo bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwartz, vi mi
x E ta c
|A
n
x|
n

k=1
[x, e
k
)[|Ae
k
|
n

k=1
|x|.|e
k
|[|Ae
k
| =
_
n

k=1
|Ae
k
|
_
.|x|
205
nn A
n
lin tc v |A
n
|
n

k=1
|Ae
k
|.
Nh nh ngha trong (1) ta c ImA
n
l khng gian con ca khng gian sinh
bi h Ae
1
; . . . ; Ae
n
nn dimA
n
< +, ngha l A
n
l ton t hu hn chiu
v do vy l ton t compact. Hn na, do e
n

nN
l c s trc chun ca E
nn vi mi x E ta c x =

n=1
x, e
n
)e
n
nn Ax =

n=1
x, e
n
)Ae
n
. T ta c,
vi mi n N

v vi mi x E ta c:
|(AA
n
)x| =
_
_
_

k=n+1
x, e
k
)Ae
k
_
_
_

k=n+1
[x, e
k
)[.|Ae
k
|

k=n+1
[x, e
k
)[
2
.

k=n+1
|Ae
k
|
2

k=n+1
|Ae
k
|
2
.

k=1
[x, e
k
)[
2
=
_

k=n+1
|Ae
k
|
2
_
.|x|
Suy ra
|A
n
A|

k=n+1
|Ae
k
|
2
vi mi n N

.
Cho n , theo gi thit chui

n=1
|Ae
n
|
2
hi t nn lim
n

k=n+1
|Ae
k
|
2
= 0,
suy ra lim
n
|A
n
A| = 0 chng t A l gii hn ca dy ton t compact trong
L(E; F) nn A l ton t compact.
Bi 16. iu kin cn. Nu M l tp compact tng i th M l tp b chn. t
s
n
(x) =
n

k=1
x, e
k
)e
k
th s
n

nN
L(E; E) v lim
n
s
n
(x) = id
E
(x), x E.
Theo h qu 1.7 chng 2, dy s
n

nN
hi t u trn M n id
E
.
iu kin . Vi > 0 cho trc, tn ti n
0
sao cho n > n
0
vi mi x
M :
_
_
_x
n

k=1
x, e
k
)e
k
_
_
_ <

3
. C nh n
1
> n
0
v xt L = spane
1
; . . . ; e
n
1
.
Gi s f : E L l nh x cho bi f(x) =
n
1

k=1
x, e
k
)e
k
. D thy f l nh x
tuyn tnh lin tc. Do f(M) l tp b chn trong L. V dimL < + nn
206
f(M) hon ton b chn trong L v do tn ti x
1
, . . . , x
p
M sao cho vi
x M : |x f(x
i
0
)| <

3
vi mt x
i
0
no , 0 i
0
p. Khi , nu x M
th
|x x
i
0
|
_
_
_x
n
1

k=1
x, e
k
)e
k
_
_
_ +
_
_
_
n
1

k=1
x, e
k
)e
k

n
1

k=1
x
i
0
, e
k
)e
k
_
_
_
+
_
_
_
n
1

k=1
x
i
0
, e
k
)e
k
x
i
0
_
_
_ <

3
+

3
+

3
= .
Nh vy M l tp hon ton b chn trong E v do n l tp compact tng
i trong E.
Bi 17. Gi B l hnh cu ng n v trong E. Ta ch cn chng minh A
n

nN

hi t u trn B n A. T gi thit ta c A(B) l tp compact tng i trong

E nn p dng kt qu bi 16 trn ta thu c kt qu cn chng minh.
Bi 18. Trc ht ta nhc li khi nim hi t yu: Dy x
n

nN
trong khng gian
Hilbert E c gi l hi t yu n phn t x
0
E nu lim
nvc
x, x
n
) = x, x
0
)
vi mi x E. K hiu l x
n
x
0
.
By gi, gi s dy e
n

nN
l h trc chun trong khng gian Hilbert E,
theo bt ng thc Bessel ta c:

n=1
[x, e
n
)[
2
|x|
2
vi mi x E.
Chng t chui

n=1
[x, e
n
)[
2
hi t v do t c lim
n
[x, e
n
)[ = 0 = x, 0) vi
mi x E. Chng t e
n
0 trong khi |e
n
| = 1 0 nn e
n
0.
Bi 19. Ta c
[x
n
, y
n
) x, y)[ [x
n
, y
n
) x, y
n
)[ +[x, y
n
) x, y)[
= [x
n
x, y
n
)[ +[x, y
n
) x, y)[
|x
n
x|.|y
n
| +[x, y
n
) x, y)[
207
Do y
n
y nn theo nh l Banach - Steinhaux ta c sup
n
|y
n
| < +. Li theo
gi thit |x
n
x| 0 nn t nh gi trn ta c [x
n
, y
n
) x, y)[ 0 khi
n . Chng t lim
n
x
n
, y
n
) = x, y).
Trng hp x
n
x v y
n
y th khng suy ra c x
n
, y
n
) x, y). Tht
vy, nu e
n

nN
l h trc chun trong E th vi mi n N

c th chn x
n
= y
n
v x = y = 0. Khi x
n
, y
n
) = 1 vi mi n N

nn x
n
, y
n
) x, y) = 0.
Bi 20. Vi mi n N

ta c:
|x
n
x|
2
= x
n
x, x
n
x) = |x
n
|
2
x
n
, x) x, x
n
) +|x|
2
(1)
Theo gi thit, x
n
x nn lim
n
x
n
, x) = x, x) = |x|
2
v lim
n
x, x
n
) =
x, x) = |x|
2
, ng thi lim
n
|x
n
| = |x| nn lim
n
|x
n
|
2
= |x|
2
. T ,
chuyn qua gii hn bt ng thc (1) ta c lim
n
|x
n
x| = 0, chng t dy
x
n

nN
hi t mnh n x E.
Bi 21. Ta s chng minh Ae
n
0 bng phn chng: Gi s ngc li, Ae
n
0
khi n . Khi tn ti
0
> 0 v tn ti dy con Ae
kn

nN
ca dy
Ae
n

nN
sao cho
|Ae
kn
|
0
vi mi n N

. (1)
V A L(E) l ton t compact v dy e
kn

nN
b chn trn E nn dy
Ae
kn

nN
c t nht mt dy con Ae
j
kn

nN
hi t n phn t x
0
E no
. Khi r rng Ae
j
kn
x
0
v t (1) ta c |x
0
| . Mt khc theo bi tp
18 ta c: e
n
0, suy ra Ae
n
0 v do Ae
j
kn
0. Do tnh duy nht ca gii
hn yu trong khng gian Hilbert suy ra x
0
= 0. Nh vy ta gp mu thun vi
khng nh |x
0
|
0
> 0. Chng t gi thit phn chng sai, vy lim
n
Ae
n
= 0.
Bi 22. a) b): Hin nhin nh tnh lin tc ca tch v hng.
b) c): Vi mi n N

, xt s
n
=
n

k=1
x
k
. Theo gi thit chui

n=1
x
n
hi t
yu trong E nn vi mi x E dy s s
n
, x)
nN
hi t nn b chn. Suy ra
208
dy s
n
, x)
nN
b chn im trn E. Theo nguyn l Banach-Steinhaux, dy
b chn theo chun, ngha l |s
n
| M vi mi n N

. T ta c:
|s
n
|
2
=
_
_
_
n

k=1
x
k
_
_
_
2
=
n

k=1
|x
k
|
2
M
2
vi mi n N

.
Chng t chui s

n=1
|x
k
|
2
hi t.
c) a): Vi mi n, p N

, theo ng thc Pythagore ta c:

|s
n+p
s
n
|
2
=
_
_
_
n+p

k=n+1
x
k
_
_
_
2
=
n+p

k=n+1
|x
k
|
2
Theo gi thit c) chui s

n=1
|x
n
|
2
hi t nn vi mi p N

ta c
lim
n
n+p

k=n+1
|x
k
|
2
= 0.
Suy ra lim
n
|s
n+p
s
n
| = 0 v do dy tng ring s
n

nN
ca chui

n=1
x
n
l dy Cauchy trong khng gian Hilbert E nn hi t. Theo nh ngha chui

n=1
x
n
hi t trong E
Bi 23. D thy A l ton t tuyn tnh. Vi x L
2
[0; 1], p dng bt ng thc
Cauchy-Bunhiakovski ta c:

1
_
0
x(s)ds

_
1
_
0
[x(s)[ds
_
2

1
_
0
|x(s)|
2
ds = |x|
2
suy ra, vi mi x L
2
[0; 1] ta c:
|Ax| =

_
1
_
0
(Ax(t))
2
dt =

_
1
_
0
_
t
_
0
x(s)ds
_
2
dt

_
1
_
0
_
1
_
0
x(s)ds
_
2
dt = |x|
Vy A lin tc.
209
Gi A

l ton t lin hp cu A. Khi Ax, y) = x, A

y), vi mi
x, y L
2
[0; 1]. Ta c:
Ax, y) =
1
_
0
(Ax)(t)y(t)dt =
1
_
0
_
t
_
0
x(s)ds
_
y(t)dt
=
1
_
0
t
_
0
x(s)y(t)dsdt =
1
_
0
x(s)
_
1
_
s
y(t)dt
_
ds
x, A

y) =
1
_
0
x(t)(A

y)(t)dt =
1
_
0
x(s)(A

y)(s)ds
T ta c:
(A

y)(s) =
1
_
s
y(t)dt, y L
2
[0; 1], x [0; 1].
Bi 24. Vi mi t [0; 1] ta c:
[(Ax)(t)[
2
=

1
_
0
tx(s)ds

2
= t
2

1
_
0
x(s)ds

2
t
2
1
_
0
[x(s)[
2
ds = t
2
|x|
2
. (1)
T , vi mi x L
2
[0; 1] ta c:
1
_
0
[(Ax)(t)[
2
dt =
1
_
0

1
_
0
tx(s)ds

2
dt |x|
2
1
_
0
t
2
dt =
1
3
|x|
2
chng t Ax L
2
[0; 1]. Mt khc, d dng kim tra thy A l ton t tuyn tnh v
t (1) suy ra A lin tc. By gi, vi mi x, y L
2
[0; 1] ta c Ax, y) = x; A

y).
Do
Ax, y) =
1
_
0
(Ax)(t)y(t)dt =
1
_
0
_
1
_
0
tx(s)ds
_
y(t)dt =
1
_
0
x(s)
_
1
_
0
ty(t)dt
_
ds
x, A

y) =
1
_
0
x(t)(A

y)(t)dt =
1
_
0
x(s)(A

y)(s)ds
210
suy ra
(A

y)(s) =
1
_
0
ty(t)dt vi mi y L
2
[0; 1], s [0; 1].
Bi 25. D thy A l ton t tuyn tnh v do
|Ax| = |x, u)v| = [x, u)[.|v| (|u|.|v|).|x| vi mi x E
nn A lin tc. By gi ta tm ton t lin hp A

ca A. Vi x, y E ta c:
Ax, y) = x, u)v, y) = x, u).v, y) = x, y, v)u) = x, A

y)
suy ra A

x = x, v)u, x E.
Bi 26. Vi mi x L
2
[0; 1] nh nh gi di y suy ra Ax L
2
[0; 1]:
1
_
0
[tx(t)[
2
dt
1
_
0
[x(t)[
2
dt = |x|
2
D thy A l ton t tuyn tnh v cng nh nh gi trn suy ra A lin tc v
|A| 1. Vi mi x, y L
2
[0; 1] ta c:

Ax, y) =
1
_
0
tx(t)y(t)dt,
x, Ay) =
1
_
0
x(t)ty(t)dt =
1
_
0
tx(t)y(t)dt

Ax, y) = x, Ay)
Vy A

= A v A l ton t t lin hp.

Vi mi (0, 1) d dng kim tra c rng hm x

di y thuc L
2
[0; 1]
v |x

| = :
x

(t) =
_
0 vi 0 t 1

vi 1 < t 1
Suy ra
|Ax

|
2
=
1
_
0
t
2
x
2

(t)dt =
1
_
1
t
2
dt =
2
(1 )
2
= |x

|
2
(1 )
2
211
Nh vy, vi mi (0; 1) ta c:
|A|
|Ax

|
|x

|
(1 )
Cho 0 ta c |A| 1. Kt hp vi chng minh trn ta c |A| = 1.
Tm tp hp ph (A) ca A: Vi K ta thy / (A) khi v ch khi
vi mi y L
2
[0; 1] phng trnh x Ax = y c nghim duy nht x L
2
[0; 1].
Phng trnh ny chnh l (t)x(t) = y(t) h.k.n. trn [0; 1] vi o Lebesgue,
c nghim duy nht x(t) =
y(t)
t
khi v ch khi t ,= 0 vi mi t [0; 1].
iu ny xy ra khi v ch khi / [0; 1]. Suy ra (A) = [0; 1].
Tm tp gi tr ring ca A: V mi gi tr ring u l gi tr ph nn nu
l gi tr ring ca A th [0; 1] v tn ti x L
2
[0; 1], x ,= 0 sao cho
( t)x(t) = 0 h.k.n. trn [0; 1]. iu ny khng th xy ra vi x ,= 0 h.k.n.
trn [0; 1]. Vy tp cc gi tr ring ca A l tp trng.
Bi 27. Vi A L(A) ta lun c:
|A
2
| = sup
x1
|A
2
x| = sup
x1
|A(Ax)| sup
x1
|A|.|Ax|
= |A|. sup
x1
|Ax| = |A|.|A| = |A|
2
.

|A
2
| |A|
2
Ngc li, vi mi x E, |x| 1 ta c:
|Ax|
2
= Ax, Ax) = x, A

Ax) = x, A
2
x) |x|.|A
2
x| |A
2
|.|x|
2
|A
2
|
Suy ra
|A|
2
=
_
sup
x1
|Ax|
_
2
= sup
x1
|Ax|. sup
x1
|Ax| = sup
x1
|Ax|
2
|A
2
|.
Vy ta c |A
2
| = |A|
2
.
Bi 28. Nu l gi tr chnh quy ca A th A l ng cu nn tn ti s
C > 0 sao cho |( A)
1
(y)| C|y| vi mi y E. V A l ng cu
212
nn bt ng thc ny tng ng vi |x| C|( A)(x)| vi mi x E.
t m = 1/C ta c iu cn chng minh.
Ngc li, t A

= A, t iu kin cho suy ra A

l n cu. Do
A

= A nn R(A

) = R(A

), do R(A

) = E. Vy vi u E u tn ti t
nht mt dy x
n

nN
E sao cho lim
n
A

x
n
= u. Vi n, p N

ta c:
|A

x
n+p
A

x
n
| = |A

(x
n+p
x
n
)| m|x
n+p
x
n
| 0.
Suy ra tn ti gii hn lim
n
x
n
= x E v do A

lin tc suy ra A

x = u. Nh
vy A

: E E l song nh tuyn tnh lin tc v do l ng cu, ngha l

l gi tr chnh quy ca A.
Bi 29. Gi s F l khng gian con ng ca E v p : E F l php chiu trc
giao t E ln F. Khi , vi mi x E nu y = p(x) th y = x z, vi z F.
Do
p(x), x) = y, y + z) = y, y) +z, y) = y, y) 0.
Theo nh ngha, p l ton t dng.
Bi 30. Gi s A l ton t dng v l gi tr ring khc khng ca E, khi
tn ti x E, x ,= 0 sao cho Ax = x. Do Ax, x) = x, x) 0 suy ra > 0.
Ngc li, v A l ton t compact nn tp ph, v do tp cc gi tr ring
ca A, cng lm l m c. Gi
n
l dy tt c cc gi tr ring khc khng
ca A. Khi , tn ti h trc chun e
n
trong E sao cho mi vector e
n
l vector
ring tng ng vi gi tr ring
n
v
Ax =

n
x, e
n
)e
n
suy ra Ax, x) =

n
[x, e
n
)[
2
0
chng t A l ton t dng.
213
Ti liu tham kho
[1] Phan c Chnh. Gii tch hm. NXBH& THCN, H ni 1978.
[2] Nguyn Vn Khu, Bi c Tc, c Thi. C s l thuyt hm v gii
tch hm. (Tp 1), NXBGD, H ni 2001.
[3] Nguyn Vn Khu, L Mu Hi, c Thi. C s l thuyt hm v gii
tch hm. (Tp 2), NXBGD, H ni 2002.
[4] Nguyn Vn Khu, Bi c Tc. Khng gian tp - o v l thuyt tch
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