ATOMIC STRUCTURE Atomic History - An element is a pure substance - An atom is the smallest unit that can retain the

properties of an element - Ernest Rutherford shot alpha particles (which have a positive charge) at gold foil these particles reflected. He discovered that the atom has a densely packed nucleus and lots of free space (the nucleus is 1/10,000 of the total volume). - James Chadwick discovered that the nucleus consists of protons (+) and neutrons (o) - Millikan discovered the electrons (-) which have a negative charge and fills up the remaining space around the nucleus Electrons are tiny (1 proton = about 1836 electrons in size) Atom Properties - The # of protons = the atomic #; this number is fixed because it defines the element - However, the number of neutrons is variable. - The same element with a different number of neutrons is called an isotope - Example: C-12 vs. C-14. M(A) Z = N - However, the periodic table gives the average of all the naturally occurring isotopes - Example: C-12.0107 - There is a larger abundance of C-12 than C-14 - Electrons can be lost or gained; this means that atoms have a net positive or net negative charge, these are called ions - Atoms that are electronegative gain electrons, atoms that are electropositive lose electrons - Atoms with the same number of electrons are said to be isoelectric Atomic Arrangement - Electrons fill orbitals (spheres around the nucleus) they dont orbit neatly around the nucleus like planets around a star - You can find an electrons anywhere (probability) electron cloud - Heisenbergs uncertainty principle - Less distance from nucleus less energy higher velocity - More distance from the nucleus more energy slower velocity Orbitals - Energy shell = n corresponds to period - 2 electrons can fill any principal orbital shell, the orbitals all have to do with shapes - Example: all the s shells have one shape, but the p orbitals have 3 shapes, px, py, pz dumbbell shaped - Go over how to do electron configuration (be careful of ionic charge) - Why cant you see more than 2 electrons in the same subshell? Like charges repel - As atoms grow larger, there are more space between previous orbitals - Paramagenetism atoms have unpaired electrons - Quantum number rules

Electromagnetism - The existence of discrete (quantized) energy levels in an atom is called the atomic line spectra - Light is passed through an atom gives off waves - As you get closer to the nucleus, energy is emitted and it travels at a higher velocity - Emission giving off more electrons requires more energy - E = hv = hc/ summaraizes relationship between energy, frequency, and wavelength - Energy is also referred to as a photon - Emission of energy gives us the electromagnetic spectrum - X rays (most energy) UV visible infared microwave TV Radio (least energy)