Section 1: Common Emitter Amplifier The goal is to design a CC amplifier that achieves a voltage gain . Section 1.

1: CE Amp in DC Theoretical values (derived and calculated in the Prelab) by assuming . and given and

Fig 1.1 shows the biasing circuit without the AC components. is used to improve biasing stability. Results from experiment:

Since the actual resistance values are different from my design (design values for ), the actual current is higher than what is expected. But this will not affect the voltage gain, since higher only results in higher gain. This will also not affect , because will determine and here is . The only parameter different from my design will be the output swing. Section 1.2: CC Amp in AC (with Theoretical AC parameters: A CC amp theoretically has moderate input resistance, moderate to high (inverted) voltage gain, and moderate output resistance. Fig 1.2 shows the AC configuration

AC Results (with

): . The output waveform with the negative cycle is clipped. pushes the NPN close to saturation.

Maximum output swing: This implies large positive AC parameters

Thus we have experimentally verified the CE amplifier characteristics: moderate . Section 1.4: Frequency response of CB Amp (with and without

, high

, and moderate

f(kHz) Gain (dB)

0.009 13.98

0.014 16.12

0.018 16.90

0.023 17.84

0.04 18.89

0.07 19.55

0.254 19.82

0.827 20.00

10 20.00

100 20.00

1200 20.00

2000 19.65

4500 18.49

7900 16.90

11000 15.27

Section 2: Common Collector Amplifier (my own design) The goal is to design a common collector amplifier with current gain of . Additional conditions include and a NPN transistor. Moreover, we expect the voltage gain to be less than unity, high input resistance, and low output resistance. Section 2.1: CC Amp in DC With the available resistors, the following circuit is constructed. Since ( , . This implies

. The available resistors are chosen to be close to my design in the Pre-Lab. Theoretical DC values: , assuming

Fig 2.1. DC set up Results from experiment: The DC values are satisfactory. Section 2.2: CC Amp in AC Theoretical AC values:

Fig 2.2. AC set-up. Unlike the CB and CS amps, there is no . The reason is the voltage output is taken at the Emitter junction. Theoretical maximum output swing: Given that and

Case 1: large positive and and A large positive input will push the NPN into saturation:

to result in saturation.

Case 2: large negative

and

and , thus reducing . NPN is close to cut-off in this case.

A large negative input will cause a large negative swing (

Theoretical symmetric

. In this case, it is caused by saturation.

Measured maximum output swing: The negative cycle of the output is observed to be clipped, this suggests the clipping is caused by cutoff Experimental AC result: and are found to be different from the expected values, which are . The reason is the measurements are taken under noisy conditions. Therefore, we expect there are uncertainties in and contributed by noise. Section 2.4: CC Amp Frequency response
f (KHz) Gain Vo/Vi 0.006 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.05 1 10 500 900 1000 2000 0.7 0.85 0.91 0.98 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Section 3: Common Base Amp (With Goal: Achieve at the base. b , given

) with the CB amp configuration and without

Section 3.1: CB Amp in DC Theoretical values by assuming and using the resistance values shown on the Fig3.1

Fig 3.1 shows the biasing circuit without the AC components. is used to improve biasing stability. Results:

and

are acceptable compared with the theoretical values.

Section 3.2: CB Amp in AC (with Theoretical AC parameters:

( ( (

A CB amp theoretically has low input resistance, moderate to high (non-inverted) voltage gain, and moderate output resistance. Fig 1.2 shows the AC configuration with Maximum output swing given : We observed that for which suggests the NPN is in saturation. .

, the negative cycle of the output waveform is distorted,

Experimental result (with

):

The output swing is low than the expected . This is because the experimental result is measuring when the output first gets distorted, which can occur before the BJT reaches cutoff. The range is off as well, because the voltage gain might not be as we expected.

AC Results (with

):

Thus we have experimentally verified the CB amplifier characteristics: low Section 3.3: CB Amp frequency response

, moderate

, and moderate

f(kHz) 0.1 0.4 0.9 2 3 7 10 71 5000 7000 9000 11000 Gain (dB) 16.88 28.18 30.75 31.70 31.70 33.15 33.98 33.98 31.44 28.17 26.29 23.44