Hi ngh ton quc v iu khin v T ng ho - VCCA-2011

M hnh nh trng cy vi iu khin t ng ng dng ti khu vc thnh ph H Ch Minh The Model of The Automated Greenhouse used for HoChiMinh Citys Area
Nguyn Ngc Lm, Quang Minh, Trn Cng Thnh, Phm Hu Nhng/1/ Vin Nghin cu in t, Tin hc v T ng ho (Phn Vin Tp.HCM) /1/ Khu Nng nghip Cng Ngh Cao, Tp.HCM e-Mail: lamnguyenngoc_ne@yahoo.com.vn, doquangminh19960@yahoo.com.vn, trancthinh@yahoo.com, nhuongphcnc@gmail.com Tm tt
Bi bo trnh by kt qu nghin cu v ng dng nh trng cy c iu khin t ng c xy dng ph hp vi iu kin sinh thi Tp.HCM. Nh trng cy GH-300 c thit k, lp t c mi dng tam gic lin k, vi din tch tng cng ~ 300m2, gm 3 nh (kch thc: 6x16,6x3,5m(mng) 5,3m(nc) c h iu khin ring, ph lp bng tm polycarbonate, bao quanh bng mng plastic v li. H thng p dng cc cng ngh cho nh trng cy, gm iu khin t ng ng m mi, ko rm, iu ho vi kh hu, ti cp dch v iu khin nh sng theo chng trnh, kt ni vi my tnh v iu khin t xa. Ma kh, nhit ban ngy ngoi tri cao (37580C), m thp (1520%), h thng GH300 cho php h nhit trong nh vi chnh lch ~12150C. Ma ma, nhng ngy nng, h thng GH-300 cho php h nhit trong nh vi chnh lch ~ 8120C. Thi gian sau ma, h thng cho php h nhit trong nh vi chnh lch ~ 570C. mc t ng ho trung bnh, h thng thc hin c gi thnh bng 4050% so vi gi ngoi nhp). Cc thc nghim canh tc la chn ging cy ph hp, ch dinh dng, ti, quy trnh canh tc, c thc hin cho cc loi rau n l (rau mung v rau ci xanh) v n qu (da chut, da li - ging A Lin v Da l - Kim c nng), cc loi hoa nn (d yn tho, thu hi ng), T cc kt qu trn, cu hnh rt gn m hnh nh trng cy v danh mc cy trng c xut c th trin khai rng trn a bn Tp.HCM.

T kho:
Nh trng cy; iu khin; vi kh hu; nhit ; m.

1. M u
Nh trng cy c nhiu Hng Nh sn xut trn th gii (nh Richel Greenhouses; Netafim; Sundance,) nghin cu, thit k v cung cp cho th trng [1, 2, 3, 9, 14]. Cc k thut to nh trng cy cng c ph bin rng ri trn mng Internet. nc ta, trong nhng nm gn y, s pht trin nhy vt mang tnh t pht v nh mng-nh li cng ngh thp (70.000-100.000 /m2) cc a phng, cng vi s u t nh trng cy (Greenhouse) cng ngh cao ca cc cng ty c vn u t nc ngoi lm thay i bc tranh v nng nghip hng cng ngh cao nc ta. iu ny thc y nhiu a phng nhp khu nh trng cy c iu khin t ng. Thot nhn th vn ny c v d t hiu qu. Tuy nhin, vic trin khai canh tc nng nghip cng ngh cao trong cc h thng nh trng cy ny ang gp nhng kh khn, cn tr s thnh cng ca vic p dng cng ngh mi. Nguyn nhn l, ngoi vic gi thnh u t cao (35 triu /m2), vic nghin cu chn la m hnh v h thng iu khin thch hp cho nh trng cy trong iu kin kh hu c th ca a phng, vic chn la loi cy trng thch hp, ch dinh dng,cha c gii quyt. Nhn chung, cc nghin cu ny cn c s kt hp cht ch gia nh nng-sinh vi ngi thit k k thut nh trng cy. Cc kt qu iu tra mt s a phng [22] cho thy ti hn 90% din tch nh trng cy hin nay l t pht v mc cng ngh thp, c lp ph bng li hoc mng plastic. Nh thng cao khng qu 3m, bao quanh bng li hoc trng. Loi nh ny d xy dng, r tin, s dng trong cc h gia nh trng cc loi cy nh, m ging. Phn nh cn li l cc nh trng cy nhp khu, cng ngh ch yu mc trung bnh, c lp ph mng plastic (1 hoc 2 lp), c chiu cao 4-5m v c t ng iu khin lm mt, thng gi t nhin hoc cng bc. Loi ny phn no kim sot mi trng canh tc, c bo v tt hn (hn ch vt nui ph hoi cng nh s ly nhim bnh t bn ngoi), c gi thnh tng i cao, s dng ti cc trang tri, khu nng nghip trng cc loi cy ln, canh tc phc v sn xut thng mi v m ging. Mt t l nh l cc nh trng cy cng ngh cao s dng cc cng ty u t nc

Abstract
The GH-300 three-section 300m2- area greenhouse is designed and produced for use to plant the vegetables and flowers in HCMC. The GH-300 is the automatic system that included the greenhouse environmental control with the roof and shading control, coolpad equipment, fogging, automated irrigation, nutrient dosing and lighting. The system allows to reduce the greenhouse temperature about 12-150C in a dry season and 8-120C or 5-70C in a rain season depended on the environmental humidity. The GH-300 system is effectively used to plant the musk melon, cucumber, small colza, water morning glory, flowers (begonia, ...). The fertilizer and plant procedures in this greenhouse for these greens are proposed.

VCCA-2011

804

Hi ngh ton quc v iu khin v T ng ho - VCCA-2011

ngoi. Nh c lp ph bng 2 lp mng Plastic hoc bng tm nha polycarbonate, chiu cao 5-8m. Nh trng cy loi ny c t ng iu khin iu ho kh hu v c h thng kim sot dinh dng v ti t ng cng ngh cao, c gi tng i t. H thng ny thch hp cho cho sn xut sn phm cht lng cao, cho thng mi v m ging vi s lng ln, l tng cho vic kim sot cc tc ng ca mi trng ln vic canh tc. Nc ta nm trong vng kh hu nhit i, song kh hu cc min kh khc nhau, c bit c nhng vng quanh nm mt v lnh nh Lt, Tam o,.. rt thun tin cho vic pht trin nh trng cy. Vn xy dng nh trng cy nhng vng nng, vng c m cao l kh khn hn nhiu. Chnh v vy, vic nghin cu xy dng m hnh nh trng cy vi trang b iu khin t ng, ph hp vi iu kin kh hu v canh tc tng a phng, to iu kin tin hnh th nghim v xc lp quy trnh cng ngh canh tc cho mt s loi cy hoa rau trng theo hng cng ngh cao l c ngha khoa hc v thc tin. Cc vn trnh by trong bi bo ny l nhng nghin cu chng ti thc hin cho nh trng cy cng ngh trung bnh, ng dng ti thnh ph H Ch Minh (TP.HCM) v khu vc. bn v gi c. Kt cu khung nh s dng thp ng di 6m (ng knh 21mm, 27mm v 60mm), m bo sc chu ti ca nh cng nh cc ngang theo tiu chun quc t l 100pound/foot2 (90kg/929cm2 ), chu c sc nng ca 1 cng nhn tro ln mi v cc cu kin khc treo hay gn trong nh. gii lng nhit tch t ti vng trung tm nh, cu trc c kh phi m bo cc yu cu iu khin ca h thng nh ng/m mi t ng, thng gi cng bc, thng gi mi v o gi bng qut, h thng lm mt khng kh trong nh, c mn che nng bn ngoi v thot nc bng mng xi. Ti Tp.HCM thng nng nht l thng 3 - thng 4 cui ma kh, hng nh c t theo hng bc ty bc > nam - ng nam c th khai thc gi Tn phong theo hng nam - ng Nam (c trong khong t thng 3 n thng 5.

2. Thit k cu trc nh trng cy

Cu trc nh c thit k trn c s xem xt nh hng ca cc tham s mi trng i vi cy trng. Vi mi nh vm cong, bc x mt tri sut ngy lun vung gc vi mi cho php a phn tia sng i vo trong nh v tia phn x s t, do vy lng bc x nhn c trn din tch canh tc rt ln. Loi mi vm thng c dng nhng vng c lng bc x mt tri yu (vng n i vng c tuyt v kh nng chu ti ca mi ln). vng nhit i nhiu nng, vi loi mi tam gic, bc x mt tri vo sng v chiu mi vung gc vi mi nh. Vo gia tra nng gt, lng bc x nhn c trn din tch canh tc li c gim i do b phn x nhiu trn hai phn mi nh.V vy nh mi tam gic thng c dng nhng vng nhiu nng (nhit i, sa mc). Ngoi ra, cc phn tch tc dng nng mi ca gi (theo nh lut Bernuli) cho thy dng mi vm di tc dng ca gi chu lc nng ln hn dng mi tam gic. Cc phn tch dng kh kh i lu t nhin trong nh vi mi vm v dng mi tam gic c cc kiu thng hi trn mi cho thy s i lu tu thuc mnh vo v tr ca thot trn mi. Nhng nh mi tam gic d thc hin ca thot phn nc, nn s c i lu t nhin tt, d dng cho php kh nng tch t phn trn mi thot ra ngoi. Cn c phn tch trn, cu hnh nh la chn l dng mi tam gic, c xy dng lin k gim bt vt liu xy dng v cho php to din tch canh tc rng. Nh trng cy GH-300 gm 3 nh lin k (3x100m2), thc hin cho 3 i tng cy trng c th: Nh trng rau n l; Nh trng rau n qu, da cc loi trn gi th; v Nh trng hoa cht lng cao (xem H.1). Vi nhiu loi vt liu lm khung nh, vic chn thp ng m trong xy dng l ph hp v

H. 1

Nh trng cy GH-300

Cc dy nh GH-300 ti Khu Nng nghip Cng Ngh Cao Tp.HCM (X Phm Vn Ci, Huyn C Chi Tp.HCM) dng theo hng bc - ty bc/namng nam (xem H.2).
cB

WN W

c yb T

S
m Na

H. 2

Loi vt liu s dng ph lp: Lp ph trong sut cho mi nh trng cy c nh hng ch yu n kh nng truyn nh sng cung cp cho cy trng, s dn truyn nhit , hiu sut nng lng s dng cng l nhng yu t quyt nh cho vic thit k h iu khin ti u mi trng bn trong nh. Cc loi vt liu lp s dng hin nay gm 3 nhm chnh l knh, mng plastic (nha PVC, Polyvinyl Cloride, Polyethylene mt thp/LDPE), PVC,

- n g m na

ES

Hng nh, hng gi Tn phong, qu o mt tri

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805

Hi ngh ton quc v iu khin v T ng ho - VCCA-2011

Ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer /EVA) v tm plastic (PolyCarbonate/PC, thu tinh hu c /Acrylic PMMA Polymethylmethacrylate). T nhiu loi plastic c cu trc ho hc khc nhau, khi la chn ta cn phi tnh n hai c tnh cho nh trng cy l kh nng truyn qua ca bc x mt tri v kh nng dn nhit. Nh mng x n i c yu cu gim s mt nhit. Ngc li, nh mng x nng li cn gii nhit tch t bn trong nh. Qu trnh quang hp ca cy trng cn phn nh sng nhn thy (kh kin - PAR) ca bc x mt tri, c bc sng (400~700nm), chim 38,2% trong tng s cc bc x mt tri. Sau khi i qua bu kh quyn, t l ny tng ln 42,9% trong tng nng lng bc x khi n mt t [4,5]. Ngoi ra cn c cc sng trong vng t ngoi (UV), hng ngoi (IR) v ra (FR: Far-Red), hoc gn (NIR). Nng lng mt tri b phn x v hp th bi bu kh quyn v vt liu ph nh. Phn truyn qua dnh cho s pht trin ca cy thc t ch khong 1 - 5 %. Phn cn li b hp thu v pht ra bc x nhit lm nng khng kh bn trong nh, hiu ng ny c gi l hiu ng nh knh. i vi x nng, vic nghin cu hiu ng ny cho thy bt buc phi lm mt khng kh trong nh th mi m bo nhit mi trng cho cy pht trin. ng thi kh nng truyn nhit ca vt liu lp nh cn phi c xem xt k khi thit k nh. Vt liu ph nh c la chn theo hai thng s: - H s truyn l t s cng bc x bn di lp ph (I) c o ng thi vi cng bc x bn trn lp ph (Io) vi cng mt bc sng = I / Io. i vi nh trng cy, hai loi bc x c quan tm l bc x nh sng kh kin cn cho quang hp ca cy v bc x nhit gp phn lm nng mi trng trong nh trng cy. Trong bng di gii thiu h s truyn ca nh sng kh kin v bc x nhit cho cc loi vt liu (mi) s dng ph bin lp nh trng cy hin nay [7,8]. Loi vt liu H s truyn PAR BX nhit Knh 1 lp 0,60 0,03 Mng PE 1 lp(0.1mm ) 0,67 0,80 Mng PE 2 lp(0.1mm ) 0,67 0,63 FRP mt lp ( 0.63mm) 0,89 0,12 Polycarbonate c 4mm 0,89 0,81 3 lp rut rng 8mm 0,71 0,61 3 lp rut rng 16mm 0,63 0,53 - Nhng yu t khc nh hng n h s truyn nh sng: Cc thng s kh tng (ngy gi nng trong nm), qu o mt tri,; Cu trc nh (gc v cong ca mi nh), s lng gian nh tri ra, cao ca bc tng cui. Cn c vo cc thng s ni trn, 3 loi vt liu thng c dng ph bin cho nh trng cy l knh, mng plastic v tm plastic (c cc lp rng). Knh c h s truyn sng tt, hn ch ti a tia cc tm (UV), bn (tui th trn 25 nm), gi nhit ban m tt, chi ph bo qun sa cha thp. Tuy nhin, knh lp c gi thnh cao, trng lng nng v khng an ton khi c tuyt, bo, ma , v vy, chng t c s dng trong cc nh trng cy hin nay. Mng Plastic- Polyethylen (PE)/ Ethylvinyl Acetate/ Polyvinyl Cloride (PVC). C h s truyn sng v tia cc tm kh tt, gi nhit km. Mng d rch, thng, d bm bn, thng phi thay th sau thi gian s dng 9 n 36 thng ty mi trng kh hu. Tuy nhin do gi rt r, trng lng rt nh, nn chng c ng dng ph bin (loi mng EVA) trong cc nh mng canh tc ph thng. Mi thng c lp 2 lp gim bt s truyn nhit v hn ch rch thng. Tm Plastic loi Polycarbonate l loi vt liu nhiu trin vng v s bn vng (tui th trn 10 nm), kh nng truyn sng, kh nng cch nhit, nh v ngn bc x t ngoi tt, cho php d dng c ra ru, to, cht bn ph trn mi. T cc phn tch trn, nh GH-300 c lp bng cc tm Multicell Polycarbonate 1 lp rut rng 6mm. Phn bao quanh nh s dng mng plastic v li.

3. Thit k thit b cng ngh

Vic la chn thit b cng ngh cho nh trng cy ph thuc nhiu vo iu kin kh hu a phng. (Tp.HCM) v khu vc nm trong vng nhit i gi ma cn xch o, c nhit cao u trong nm, c hai ma ma kh. Ma ma t thng 5 n thng 11, ma kh t thng 12 n thng 4 nm sau. iu kin nhit v nh sng thun li cho s pht trin cc chng loi cy trng v vt nui t nng sut sinh hc cao. Lng bc x mt tri Tp.HCM cao, trung bnh khong 140 Kcal/cm2/nm. S gi nng trung bnh 160-270 gi/thng. Thng 4 l thng nng nht, c nhit trung bnh (trong bng rm) l 28,8 0C (cao nht ti 400C). Thng 12 l thng mt, c nhit trung bnh 25,70C (thp nht ti 13,80C). m tng i ca khng kh ma ma 80% (cao nht ti 100%), ma kh 74,5% (thp nht ti 20%). Lng ma cao, bnh qun 1.949mm/nm. S ngy ma trung bnh/nm l 159 ngy. Khong 90% lng ma hng nm tp trung vo cc thng ma ma t thng 5 n thng 11 (cao nht trong thng 6 v 9). Cc thng 1, 2, 3 ma rt t, lng ma khng ng k. Cc hng gi chnh: gi ty -ty nam trong ma ma (t thng 6 n thng 10) v gi bc- ng bc trong ma kh (t thng 11 n thng 2). Ngoi ra c gi Tn phong, hng nam - ng nam (t thng 3 n thng 5), tc trung bnh 3,7 m/s. V c bn Tp.HCM thuc vng khng c gi bo (ngun: Nha kh tng Thu vn, Khu vc Nam B). Vi iu kin kh hu nng v nng quanh nm nh ti Tp.HCM, nh mng cng ngh mc trung bnh phi c cc thit b cng ngh m bo mi trng canh tc cho cc loi rau qu v hoa. Cc h thng phi m bo iu ho v nhit , bc x, m t yu cu canh tc i hi. Nh trng cy GH-300 phi gii quyt mt cch hp l v ti u cc nhim v iu khin sau y: iu ho nhit trong nh (m mi t ng, thng gi cng bc, thng gi mi v o gi bng qut, lm mt khng kh trong nh, ng m rm che nng bn ngoi) v cc iu khin khc phc v canh tc (ti v iu khin chiu sng).

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iu ho nhit : Nhit trong nh trng cy tng theo ba ngun nhit: do hiu ng nh knh, do thit b to nhit, do nhit cy trng sinh ra. Cc gii php h nhit gm: - Thit k h thng ng/m mi t ng: Phn mi m c bn l gn trn trc nc. Kch thc phn m l 0.89mx16.6m (sut chiu di 1 gian nh trng cy). Tnh ton h s thng gi [19] cho thy khi ca m =600 hay 900 th h s thng gi khng khc nhau nhiu (=0,56 & 0,63).Vic m n 900 i hi khu bnh rng di, phc tp v c kh, v vy gc m ti a l 600 c chn vi cc ch : ng/m mi 50% (ng vi gc m 300), m mi 100% (ng vi gc m 600). Cu to ng/m mi cho php thng gi t nhin hoc cng bc khi m mi thot phn kh nng tch t phn nc nh. Khi tri ma hoc lnh, mi c iu khin ng li. H thng ch s dng 1 motor dn ng c cu m mi. Nh c 5 tr chnh. mi tr t mt c cu bnh rng m mi, lin kt ng vi hp s ca motor dn ng (xem H.3). ti 26.517.50C, chnh lch ti 18.512.50C. Khng kh c m ~40%, nhit gim t 4530 0C xung ti 34230C ( m tng ti 60%), chnh lch cn 1170C ( m tng ti 75%). Cng trnh [11] tin hnh kho st s ti u nng lng cho h lm mt, cho kt qu phn b nhit theo khong cch sau tm PAD tc qut khc nhau. Kt qu nghin cu dng iu chnh tc qut theo nhit mi trng, cho php ti u ngun nng lng s dng. Khu vc Tp.HCM c m ma kh xung ti 20%, s dng h thng lm mt bng bay hi nc (PAD) cho nh trng cy l thch hp. PAD l cc tm bng cellulose hoc vt liu khc xp nhiu lp thnh khi tiu chun dy 15cm hoc 30cm. Cc tm PAD c b tr theo chiu nc chy t trn xung. H thng lm mt (xem H.4) s dng bm bm nc t bn cha (TK-2) cp cho ng phun chy dc trn tm PAD. Cc l trn ng phun cho php to tia nc p lc phun xung tm PAD. Nc khng bay hi chy dc theo PAD xung mng di v thu hi tr li b cha TK-2. Khi phun nc t trn xung, dng nc b va p vo cc thnh dch dc ca tm PAD, s to thnh cc ht nh v b bay hi, lm h thp nhit mi trng. u i din ca nh mng c b tr qut ht (qut ngc p extracting fan) ht khng kh t trong nh mng ra, to thnh chn khng trong nh mng, do ko khng kh t ngoi vo nh mng qua h thng PAD lm mt.
V-5 ng phun V-6 ng cp V-1 Bn cp nc FV-1

H. 3

C cu ng m mi
Cool Pad 220V M-6 Bm nc FV-2 ng hi FV-1 B cha nc TK-2 V-2 TK-1

C cu m mi c cc thanh rng c 1 u gn vi pha y ca mi. Motor dn ng (3 pha, rotor lng sc, hp) c hp s gim tc (100:1) khi vn hnh s lm quay 1 trc gn bnh rng (r=3,15cm, L=19,8cm, 21 rng/vng). Trc ny quay lm quay thanh rng (R=480mm), cho php vn hnh dch chuyn mi. Khi iu khin motor chy theo chiu thun hoc ngc s tng ng vi vn hnh ng v m mi (tc 28.7cm/pht). Trc gn bnh rng c ni di cho 4 c cu y cn li cho 1 mi. Cc cng tc hnh trnh gn trn c cu cho php iu khin dng motor ti cc gii hn 0%, 50% (300) v 100% (600). - To phn tng nh c phn trng (iu khin ng m c). Gi t nhin thi qua tng trng s y phn kh nng tch t trn nh mi ra ngoi. - H nhit trong nh thp hn mi trng bn ngoi: s dng phng php ph bin lm mt khng kh bng s bay hi ca nc. Qu trnh bay hi ca nc i hi nng lng bit l nhit ho hi (i vi nc ~2400kJ/kg). S lm mt xut hin khi nc hp th nng lng nhit trong nh mng bc hi, do lm gim nhit khng kh. Qu trnh ny km theo s tng m trong nh mng. Cc nghin cu [10, 11, 12, 13] cho thy s dng phng php ny c th gim nhit bn trong nh mt cch ng k so vi nhit bn ngoi. Hiu qu lm mt ph thuc mnh vo m khng kh (khng kh kh c m ~10%, nhit c th gim t 4530 0C xung

H. 4

H thng lm mt (Cool Pad)

Do qu trnh bay hi nc thu hi b gim (~ 45 lt/ pht cho 10m2 PAD trong ngy kh). Lng nc hao ht b cha TK-2 c b sung nh van phao cp nc t bn chnh TK-1. Nc s dng cho h thng lm mt cn sch s v c th to v mui tch lu trn tm PAD s lm hng PAD. Cc tnh ton cho h GH-300, vi th tch mi nh l 435m3 vi i hi tn sut thay i khng kh 1,5 ln/pht khi nhiu nng v nhit cao, lu lng kh ht ~ 290 m3/pht, c th s dng 1 qut ht (220V, 0,7 kW, lu lng 15.000m3/gi ~250m3/pht gn gia vch nh i din vi h PAD. Vi PAD loi Aspen dy 15cm, cn lu lng kh cung cp qua 1m2 ca PAD l 45m3/pht [14]. Vi GH-300, ta tnh c din tch tm PAD cho mi nh l 6,4m2 . Vi din tch PAD v thng s lm t b mt PAD l 3.78 lt/mt di ca PAD [11, 14], ta tnh c lu lng bm l 13.6 lt/ pht. Tc hao ht nc cho GH-100 tnh c l 2 lt/pht. - Khng ch bc x nh sng hn ch nh sng v do lm gim nhit bn trong nh: Che rm cho

VCCA-2011

807

Hi ngh ton quc v iu khin v T ng ho - VCCA-2011

nh mng bng li en (gi thnh r, thng thong, mt li che chn thay i d dng) pha trn bn ngoi nh. C cu ko rm li s dng motor c th quay o chiu vi cc rng rc ko. Tuy nhin, vic ng dng cng ngh t ng iu khin li che s lm h thng tr nn cng knh. Mn che nh GH-300 (xem H.5) gm mt motor dn ng (3 pha, rotor lng sc, hp) c hp s (15:1) khi vn hnh s lm quay 1 trc c gn 2 ru l qun cp (r=2,5cm, L=15,7) mi u trc. Khi motor vn hnh theo chiu thun, 1 ru l s qun cp ru l cn li s nh cp (Tc ko rm: 1,5m/pht) Thanh ni dn rm lin kt khoang rm vi dy cp khi dy cp chy, s dn rm ng/m. Khi motor vn hnh theo chiu ngc, cc ru l s o vai tr qun - nh cp v s dn rm chy ngc li. Cc cng tc hnh trnh gn trn c cu cho php iu khin dng motor ti cc gii hn ng/m hon ton.
Rm che sng

loi quay trn (bn knh nc 2.5m), ni vi my bm nc 1/2hp. H thng ti nh git l h thng p sut thp nhm cung cp nc mt cch chm, chnh xc cho cy trng theo tng git. u im ca phng php ti ny l tit kim nc, khng b tht thot nc do ti tha, ti ra vng t khng c cy trng, hoc do bay hi (ch ~30% lng nc ti thng thng [22]). Phng php ny thch hp cung cp dinh dng cho cy trng theo cm, theo gc v c bit thch hp cho cy trng trn gi th. Trong h GH-300, ti nh git thc hin bng bin php n gin l dng p lc bn cha nc hoc dinh dng ni qua ng dn ti cc ng nh git c iu p [21] cm khm cy. h thng ti c iu khin t ng c th thay i ch ti theo quy trnh canh tc. - H thng chiu sng gm cc n, c iu khin chiu sng trong khong thi gian t trc vi mc ch kch thch cy trng.

4. Thit k h thng iu khin

Motor +Hp s

Chiu thun (ng)Chiu ngc (m) 4,15m

6m

Khoang rm 1 Khoang rm 2 Khoang rm 3 Khoang rm 4

Dy cp

Thanh ni dn rm Bnh xe dn cp Ru l qun

H. 5

H thng ko rm che

- Thit b phun sng: Vic phun sng cng lm bay ra cc ht nc, khi bay hi chng thu nhit mi trng v lm gim nhit khng kh v cho php b sung m trong nh. Thit b phun sng cho 1 nh GH-100 gm bm cao p (1hp, p sut cc i ti 50 Kg/cm2) v qua 14 u Pet/vi phun (bn knh phun ~11,25m, lu lng ~6cm3/s), b tr theo 2 dy, cao 2.5m, cch nhau 2m v hng ln trn. p sut u phun: 25-30Kg/cm2. Lu lng nc tnh c ~0,3m3/gi. - H thng qut i lu cho php gim s chnh lch nhit v m khng kh trong nh trng cy. H thng GH-300 s dng qut ngang cng nghip, thay v s dng qut hng trc chuyn dng c gi thnh cao. Cc qut i lu/o gi c t cch vch 1,4m, cao 3m, xp thnh 2 ct c hng qut ngc nhau to vng i lu. Tu iu kin mi trng trong nh mng v thi tit bn ngoi, thit b iu khin s iu khin ring r hoc kt hp cc cc thit b cng ngh m t trn (m mi, h thng lm mt, phun sng, qut i lu) iu ho nhit cho nh mng. Cc thit b phc v canh tc: - H thng ti ch ng cc loi [2, 3] c sn trn th trng. Trong nh GH-300 s dng 8 u ti trn

H thng iu khin vi phn cng c nh, cho php la chn, xc lp cc ch cng ngh ti u, mm do cho cy trng bng cch s dng cc phn mm tng ng. H thng iu khin cho GH-300 c xy dng trn PLC S7-200 (xem H.6), H thng l 1 mng ghp 3 trm GHC-100 theo mng PC-PPI, qua cp RS485/RS232 v trm chnh PLC-Main (S7-200, CPU-226). Trm chnh t ti nh 1, gi vai tr qun l mng v kt ni my tnh. My tinh t nh iu hnh ca Khu, xa nh trng cy GH300 ~ 300m. Thit b iu khin trong mi nh GHC-100 gm PLC-SIMATIC S7-200 CPU224, khi vo ra thng minh loi tng t EM235 (cha ADC 12 bit), khi vo ra loi s EM223 (4 In/4 Out) v khi iu khin ch th lu ng trn TD200. Nhim v ca phn ny l iu khin t ng cc qu trnh o c, x l v lu tr s liu, Li vo tng t gm 4 u o nhit (LM335, cho ra in th t l tuyn tnh vi nhit , 10mV/0K), 4 u o m (HIH-4030/31 cho ra in th t 0.8-3.8V ng vi m tng i t 0100%), t 4 gian trong 1 nh, cao 2m. Tn hiu logic l trng thi cc cng tc hnh trnh ng m mi v rm che sng (5 LS), tn hiu bo ma, nng v tc gi. B bo ma gm cm bin ma kiu cu in tr mc li vo tng ngng. Khi c ma, nc ma t lm gim tr cm bin, kch hot tng ngng, to l tn hiu bo ma. B bo nng s dng cm bin transistor quang. My o gi c thit k gm chong chng quay c trc gn vi b to m (Encoder loi ENB-360-3-2 ), cho ra 360 xung/vng. Li ra logic iu khin iu ho nhit trong nh mng (phi hp lm mt bng Cool Pad, m mi, thng gi, ko rm che nng, phun sng), iu khin m trong nh mng (phun sng), iu khin ti phun hoc bm dch v iu khin nh sng. Tu iu kin mi trng (nhit , nng, ma, gi,), CPU s iu khin ring hoc kt hp cc thit b ngoi vi (thng qua b iu khin cng sut trong DRIVE BOX-100).

VCCA-2011

Mo to r + H p s

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Hi ngh ton quc v iu khin v T ng ho - VCCA-2011

INPUT Analog - Nhit - m Digital GH-100/1 Bo ma Bo nng o gi LS Bo v Slg 4 +RLY Slg 1 1 1 5 1 GHC-100/1
TD-200 V2.0 CPU-224 EM-235EM-223

OUTPUT Digital Slg - ng m 1 mi 1 - Ko rm 1 - Qut o 1 - Cp dch - Ti phun - Ti - Chiu sng - Cnh bo - Bo v GH-100/2 INPUT Analog Digital OUTPUT Digital GHC-100/2
CPU-224 EM-235EM-223

GH-100/3
Mn che sng Phn nc quay m mi

INPUT Analog Digital OUTPUT Digital

GHC-100/3
CPU-224 EM-235EM-223

GHC-MAIN

MASTER CPU-226

RS232/RS485
PC

PC/PPI Cable

H. 6

Cu hnh h thng iu khin nh trng cy GH-300

Cc li ra t PLC c a ti t cng sut DBOX-1 iu khin cc iu khin cc motor, bm, qut, van , trong h thng. DBOX-1 c cng tc chn iu khin bng Tay hoc T ng. Cc h thng bo v nh phao cho cc bn nc, cc cng tc hnh trnh u s dng in th thp (24VDC) nhm bo m an ton khi s dng. Phn mm cho mi nh c ci t theo nhim v cng ngh tng ng. B cnh bo t nhp bng hng ngoi cho php cnh bo t nhp trc tip bng n ci v gi v CPU ghi nhn v x l. Chng trnh ghi trong CPU/PLC c vit trn Microwin 32. Trn H.7 trnh by gin chng trnh iu khin iu ho nhit . Khi gi mnh (Wd>Wo), h thc hin iu khin m rm. Khi c ma, h thc hin iu khin ng mi v m rm.

Khi tri khng ma, nhit trong nh ln hn T3 (TT3), thc hin iu khin chy h lm mt (bm nc v v qut ht lm mt), qut i lu (o gi). ng thi, nu m khng cao, h thc hin iu khin chy bm phun sng. Nu nhit hoc m trong 4 khoang nh lch nhau 10%, h qut i u s c iu khin vn hnh. Khi tri c nng v nhit trong nh ln hn T2 (T T2), h iu khin ng rm che trong khong thi gian gia tra. Chng trnh iu khin ti - cp dch dinh dng chiu sng kh n gin l t chc cc b nh thi (Timers) iu khin cho cc chc nng. Khi khi ng, thit b thc hin xc lp ng h thi gian thc (Clock). B nh thi gian Timer 1 iu khin van solenoid cp dch kiu ti nh git. B nh thi gian Timer 2 iu khin bm ti phun t trn. B nh thi gian Timer 3 iu khin cho h chiu sng.

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Hi ngh ton quc v iu khin v T ng ho - VCCA-2011

m bo an ton v phc v lu di cho h thng bm, qut lm mt v phun sng trong ch vn hnh c iu khin hot ng c 60 pht s ngh 15 pht v t chy li. Trn hnh H.8 gii thiu giao din mn hnh ca h thng iu khin. Trn mn hnh hin th thng s nhit - m cho 4 vng trong mi nh, cho php t cc gi tr cho iu khin nhit , m v cc trng thi hot ng ca cc thit b,
Bt u Khi to Clock Gi Y mnh ? N T gia tra N ? Y m Y cao ? N Chnh lch H-T >10% ? N

Y Run Qut o Q0.0

M rm

B tr thit b trong nh mng

Ma Y ? N Nng Y ? N

Run Q0.1 Qut ht lm m t Run Q0.2 Bm nc lm mt Q0.3 ng mi

Td>T2 ? N

T gia tra Y ? N

LS3

Td>T3 Y ? N

LS1 Q0.4 LS2 M mi Q0.5

LS5 ng rm

LS4 m khng cao ? N Y

M rm

Q0.6

Run Q0.7 Bm phun sng Q2.1

Khi lm mt/ Cool Pad

M che di

Q2.2 ng che di

H. 7

Gin chng trnh iu ho nhit

H iu khin t ng GH-300 trn PLC S7-200 H. 9 H thng nh trng cy GH-300

H. 8

Giao din mn hnh ca h thng iu khin.

5. Kt qu
Trn hnh H.9 gii thiu mt s hnh nh v GH-300. D liu o v kim sot h thng c lu tr thnh cc file Data trong my tnh, cho php lu tr cc kt qu o nhit - m (4 vng), tc gi v cc trng thi thit b cng ngh ti cc mc thi gian quy nh. Cc mc thi gian ly s liu c nhp vo mn hnh giao din. Kt qu trn H.10 l bng s liu o ngy 20-08-2010 cho nh GH-100/1 lu tr trong my tnh
D liu theo di vi kh hu trong nh GH-100/1 ngy 20-08-2010

H. 10

Trn H.11 l kt qu in hnh so snh hiu qu lm mt nh trng cy GH-100/1 ghi ngy 09-04-2010. Cc kt qu theo di nhit - m cho thy, trong ma kh, m thp (1520%) , nhit ban ngy

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Hi ngh ton quc v iu khin v T ng ho - VCCA-2011

ngoi tri cao (37580C), h thng nh trng cy GH300 cho php h nhit trong nh vi chnh lch ~ 12150C; cn trong ma ma, nhng ngy nng m khng cao (2540%), nhit ban ngy ngoi tri nng cao (37580C), h thng nh trng cy GH-300 cho php h nhit trong nh vi chnh lch ~8120C. Thi gian sau ma, m cao (6070%), h thng nh trng cy GH-300 cho php h nhit trong nh vi chnh lch ~ 570C. H thng c bn giao t u thng 6/2009 v chnh thc t thng 3/2010 Khu Nng nghip Cng Ngh cao (KNN CNC) Tp.HCM s dng.
60 58 56 54 52 50 48 46 44 42 40 38 36 34 32 30
8h 9h 10h 11h 12h 13h 14h 15h 8h30 9h30 10h30 11h30 12h30 13h30 14h30 15h30 16h 16h30

lun vic s dng nh mng c iu khin em li hiu qu ng k, cho php pht trin trng cc loi rau hoa trong nh mng c iu khin trong iu kin kh hu thnh ph H Ch Minh vi cc quy trnh trng trt v dinh dng th nghim thnh cng (Da l, da li v da chut, Hoa D yn tho) v khng nht thit phi s dng nh mng cng ngh trung bnh trng rau n l v hoa Thu hi ng. Mc d nng sut mt s loi cy c tng gp i, song vn cn km so vi nc ngoi (~gp bn), v vy vn dinh dng - ging cy trng vn cn c tip tc trin khai nghin cu.

Nhit ngoi tri nng Nhit trong nh 1 Nhit trong nh 2 c che rm Nhit trong nh 3 Nhit nh mng PE khng iu khin

Da li trng trong nh GH-300

H. 11 So snh hiu qu lm mt trong nh GH-100/1

Cc nghin cu v nng nghip-sinh hc do KNN CNC thc hin bao gm [22]: - Xc nh v th nghim ch dinh dng cho mt s loi cy nh da chut, da n tri (da li, kim c nng), rau (rau mung, ci xanh), hoa nn (d yn tho, thu hi ng). - Xc nh quy trnh cng ngh canh tc cc loi cy trng ni trn cho khu vc Tp.HCM. - Sn xut th nghim mt s loi rau v hoa nhit i trng trong nh mng xc nh hiu qu kinh t ca m hnh nh mng. Cc kt qu th nghim cho thy, ngoi vic hn ch nhim bnh cho cy, cc loi cy th nghim trng trong nh mng GH-300 u sinh trng tt, cho nng sut cao hn so vi i chng. Nng sut cc loi da tng gp i. Trn hnh H.12 gii thiu vi sn phm nng nghip trng ti GH-300.

Da chut trng trong nh GH-300

6. Kt lun
Vic nghin cu thit k nh mng khng phi l vn mi. Tuy nhin vic gii quyt v mt phng php lun cho ng dng trong iu kin nhng vng nng nng Vit Nam l cn thit v thit thc. Cng vi vic xc tin cc nghin cu nng-sinh hc v xc nh ch dinh dng, ti cho cc loi cy trng v thc nghim ko di sut nm (ma kh v ma ma) cho mt s loi rau n qu, n l v hoa nn trng trong nh mng GH-300 cho nhng kt qu tt so vi nh mng i chng. T , c th kt

D yn tho H. 12 Mt s cy trng trong nh GH-300

VCCA-2011

811

Hi ngh ton quc v iu khin v T ng ho - VCCA-2011

Kinh ph xy dng nh mng mc cng ngh trung bnh GH-300 ~ 1,8 triu /m2 (2010). gim bt kinh ph u t, c th lp mi bng vt liu mng PE (2 lp). i vi nh mng mc cng ngh trung bnh nc ta, khng cn thit phi p dng t ng ho ton b m ch nn t ng ho cho iu ho nhit (coolpad, phun sng), m, i lu. Cn nhng ch khc nh ko rm che, ti tiu, ng m vch hng, m mi c th lm bng tay. iu ny cho php gim kinh ph ti mc ~ 1,4 triu ng/m2 v ph hp vi thc t l hin trng trng trt ban ngy lun c ngi chm sc cy trng. [12] Jessica J. Prenger; Peter P. Ling: Greenhouse Condensation Control/ Improving Air Circulation, AEX-803-00. Ohio State University Fact Sheet, Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH 44691. [13] Buffington D.E., R.A.Bucklin, R.W.Henley and D.B.McConnell , Greenhouse Ventilation. [14] Evans M.R.: Greenhouse Management, Design & Construction, 2005. [15] Nguyn Ngc Lm; Nguyn Vn Uyn: Nh trng cy c iu khin t ng IGH-24, Ti liu thit k v bo co k thut, 2005. [16] Buchanan R.; Charles Hand: Greenhouse Equipment, Facilities shown are UGA & JCCHS Greenhouses, Georgia Agriculture Education Curriculum Office, June, 2002. [17] Netafim: Proposal for design, supply & supervision of Vegetables Greenhouse Project for HoChiMinh City Agriculture Hi-Tech Park, 2008. [18] S. William; J.Roberts: Glazing Materials, Structural Design, and Other Factors Affecting Light Transmission in Greenhouse. Bioresource Engineering Rutgers University. [19] Bi Hi; H Mnh Th; V Xun Hng: H thng iu ha khng kh v thng gi, NXB KHKT, 2001. [20] Castilla.N: Greenhouse Drip Irrigation management and Water Saving, C.I.D.A. Apartado 2027 18080 Granada-Spain. [21] Ng Tr Dng: Thit k h thng iu khin qu trnh ti nh git p dng trng cy trong nh li, nh knh, Tp ch Khoa hc k thut nng nghip,Vol 3. No 4. p. 321-326, 2005. [22] Nguyn Ngc Lm: Nghin cu, thit k, ch to v a vo ng dng nh mng polyethylen trng cy c iu khin t ng ph hp vi iu kin sinh thi Tp.HCM, Bo co khoa hc cng ngh ti nhnh m s KC.03.11-1/0610, 10-2010.

Ti liu tham kho

[1] Richel Greenhouses: The Standard of Innovation, Serres de France: Multispan Greenhouses, 2010. [2] Sundancesupply.com.: Framing Guide. [3] Netafim.com: Greenhouse Project, Strutures & Technology, 2010. [4] Duffie J.A.; and Beckman: 1980, Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes, Wiley, Newyork, [5] Thimijan R.W.; Heins (Photometric, Radiometric, and Quantum Light Units of Measure): A Review of Procedures for Inter Conversion. Hort Science, 18(6), 818-822. [6] Gerrit van Straten: Investment in Novel Closed Greenhouse Systems: the Watery design and other developments. Wageningen University Systems & Control Bornsesteeg 59-6708 PD Wageninger,The Netherlands. [7] Ting K.C.; G.A. Giacomelli: Availability of Solar Photosynthetically Active Radiation, Tran.ASAE, 30(5), 1452-1456 1987. [8] Godbey L.C.; T.E.Bond; H.F.Zornig: Transmission of Solar and Long-wavelength Energy by Materials used as Cover for Solar Collectors and Greenhouse. Trans.of ASAE, 22(5): 1137-1144, 1979. [9] Aldrich, R.A; J.W. Bartok: Jr. Greenhouse Engineering. NRAES-33. Northeast Regional Agricultural Engineering Service. Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. 14853, 1989. [10] Bucklin R.A.; J.D.Leary; D.B.McConnel; E.AG.Wilkerson: Fan and Pad Greenhouse Evaporative Colling System. Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Publication date, 2004. [11] Sapounas S.; C.Nikita-Martzopoulou; T.Bartzanas; C.Kitas: Aspect of CFD modeling of fan and pad evaporative cooling system in greenhouse. 2nd PALENC Conference and 28th AIVC Conference on Building low Energy Cooling and Advanced Ventilation Technologies in the 21st Century, Crete Island, Greece, September 2007.

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812