Hi ngh ton quc v iu khin v T ng ho - VCCA-2011

Loi b nhiu trong tn hiu in tim ECG bng phng php phn tch thnh phn c lp Removing Artefacts from the ECG using Independent Component Analysis
Vng Hong Nam, Trn Hoi Linh, Nguyn Quc Trung Trng HBK H Ni e-Mail: namvh-fet@mail.hut.edu.vn Tm tt
Trong bi bo ny, chng ti xut ng dng phng php Phn tch thnh phn c lp (Independent Component Analysis - ICA) nhm loi b nhiu trong tn hiu in tim ECG. Trong m hnh xut, chng ti s dng thut ton FastICA loi b nhiu trong tn hiu ECG ca mt chuyn o. Cc kt qu thc nghim m phng s c a ra minh ha cho hng nghin cu xut. tnh hm truyn t ca knh truyn. hnh ton hc ca bi ton tuyn tnh c xy dng nh sau: Nu gi s n

s1 n ,..., sN (n) l mt v c-t

bin ng u nhin, trong m i thnh phn ca v c-t c xem l mt ngun tn hiu g c ban u, v

x n

x1 n ,..., xN (n) l v c-t tn hiu thu ti cc

b cm bin c xc nh bi phng trnh:

Abstract
In this paper, application of Independent Component Analysis (ICA) in removing artefacts from the electrocardiagram (ECG) has been presented. In the proposed model, we use the FastICA algorithm for removing artefacts in a one-lead ECG signal. Computer simulation experiments are presented to illustrate the proposed approach.

x n

A s n

(1)

y, chng ta gi thit kch thc ca x n v

Ch vit tt
BSS ICA ECG IC Blind Source Separation Independent Component Analysis Electrocardiagram Independent Component

1. Phn m u
Tn hiu in tm ECG l mt trong nhng tn hiu y sinh c nghin cu rng ri v s dng cho vic chn on bnh trong cc phng khm. Tuy nhin tn hiu ECG li rt d b nh hng bi nhiu loi nhiu khc nhau trong qu trnh o v thu thp d liu. Nguyn nhn gy ra nhiu cho tn hiu gm c: (1) nhiu c do nh hng c ng ca ngi bnh (muscle noise); (2) nhiu do nh hng ca ngun in cung cp xoay chiu (AC interference); (3) hin tng tri tn hiu do mi trng tip xc gia in cc v da ngi bnh (baseline wander); (4) qu trnh chuyn i A/D. Do c th s dng tn hiu ECG trong chn on y t, c nhiu phng php lc tn hiu c p dng nhm loi b cc loi nhiu ny. Trong bi bo ny, chng ti s trnh by ng dng mt phng php mi l phn tch ngun m loi nhiu trong tn hiu in tm ECG. Phn tch ngun tn hiu m l bi ton c s dng ph bin cho mc ch nh gi cc ngun tn hiu ban u ch thng qua cc tn hiu thu c ti cc b cm bin u ra, m khng cn bit n c

s n l u bng N (s ngun bng s b cm bin). A l mt ma trn vung, kh o c gi l ma trn trn. Trong thc t, cc ng dng ca x l phn tch m trong l nh vc y t nh x l hnh nh I, tn hiu ECG, EEG, EG u l m hnh bi ton tuyn tnh 1 . Tuy nhin trong bi ton tuyn tnh, ma trn A l khng bit, v do chng ta s phi tm ra phng php xc nh cc tn hiu ban u. t trong nhng phng php gii quyt bi ton hiu qu nht c bit n l phng php phn tch cc thnh phn c lp ICA. Phng php ny da trn gi thit thc t l hu ht cc ngun tn hiu g c ban u u l c lp th ng k tng h . Vi gi thit ny, nhim v ca chng ta l phi xc nh mt ma trn vung W , c gi l ma trn tch, sao cho y n W x n l cc tn hiu ngun c khi phc. ng dng phng php /ICA loi b nhiu trong tn hiu in tm ECG c nghin cu trong mt s cng trnh tiu biu 2,3 . Tuy nhin trong cc cng trnh nghin cu ny, loi b c nhiu trong ECG, cc tc gi phi s dng tn hiu ECG ca nhiu knh chuyn o: He T. v cng s 2 s dng 3 knh chuyn o v G.Agrawal v cng s 3 s dng 12 knh chuyn o. Trong bi bo ny, chng ti xut mt phng php loi b nhiu ch s dng tn hiu ECG ca mt chuyn o. u im ni tri ca phng php s dng ICA so vi cc phng php lc nhiu trc y l vic loi b nhiu v n t c kt qu t t ngay c khi t s Tn hiu/Tp m rt thp. Cc kt qu thc nghim m phng s c a ra minh ha cho hng nghin cu xut.

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Hi ngh ton quc v iu khin v T ng ho - VCCA-2011 2. Phng php ICA

t phng php c ng dng nhiu gii quyt bi ton l phng php phn tch cc thnh phn c lp ICA c nh ngh a nh sau 1 : nh ngha v ICA: ICA ca mt vector bin ngu nhin l tm mt php bin i tuyn tnh y W x sao cho cc thnh phn y i i 3. T i u ho hm xp x negentropy. 3.1 Qu tr nh ti n l u trnh tin x l trong ICA gm hai bc: quy tm v tr ng ho. Quy tm: Ph p quy tm lm cho tn hiu d liu x c gi tr trung bnh bng 0:

1, N c lp tng h nht c th thng

xnew

E x

(3)

qua vic cc i ha cc hm o tnh c lp tng h (hm mc tiu) F y1 ,..., y N . nh ngh a trn c xem l nh ngh a tng qut nht khng cn c cc iu kin rng buc v d liu. hnh ICA tuyn tnh c bn i hi cc gi thit sau y 1 : Cc ngun tn hiu g c ban u c lp th ng k vi nhau. a trn trn A l ma trn vung (s lng tn hiu ngun v tn hiu trn bng nhau) kh nghch. T i a ch c mt ngun tn hiu g c c phn b Gauss. Vi cc gi thit trn, mc tiu ca phng php N ICA i vi mt vector ng u nhin x n l tm mt ma trn tch W sao cho tn hiu u ra

Tr ng ho ( hitening): tr ng ho vi mc ch lm cho d liu tr nn bt tng quan. Nu ma trn vector c cc vector thnh phn x i u tho mn iu kin phng sai bng 1 hay ma trn hip phng sai ng nht vi ma trn n v E x xT

I th ma trn vector x c

xem l tr ng . u trnh tr ng ho thc cht l mt ph p bin i tuyn tnh: z V x . Trong x l d liu cn lm tr ng, V l ma trn tr ng ho, z l d liu tr ng ho. u trnh c thc hin nh sau: Gi thit x A s c trung bnh bng 0 v

E s sT

I.

y n

y1 n ,..., y N (n)

c xc nh bi:

Tm D v E l cc ma trn tr ring v vector ring ca ma trn hip phng sai ca x thng qua s phn ly tr ring EVD, ta c:

y n

W x n

(2)

R xx

E x xT

E D ET

(4)

gm cc thnh phn c lp tng h vi nhau. hi y n c xem l cc tn hiu c khi phc. Mt s bt nh trong m hnh ICA tuyn tnh hng th xc nh li c chnh xc n ng lng ban u ca cc ngun tn hiu g c do c s n v A u khng bit nn m hnh ICA c th biu din nh sau: 1 1 x n A s n A ks n aA s n ... k a Do trong m hnh ICA ngi ta lun gi thit mi ngun tn hiu nguyn thu s j n u c n ng lng (phng sai) bng nhau v xc nh , tho mn :

Khi ma trn V tr ng ho:

R xx1/2
D
1/2

1/2

ET l ma trn
(5)

z
E z z
T

V x

ET x
V
T

V E x x D I
1/2

E D E

E D

1/2

(6)

Vi mt tn hiu tr ng ho z , nhim v c n li ca ICA l tm ra mt vector w sao cho y i wT z t gi tr phi Gaussian cc i di iu kin rng buc E y i2

E s 2j

1.

1.

hi y i s tng ng vi mt

hng th xc nh c ng th t ban u ca cc thnh phn c lp khi phn tch do th t v tr trong s n v A u khng bit nn khi i v tr cc hng trong s n v A th m hnh ICA tuyn tnh khng thay i.

ngun tn hiu ban u. Do ta c:

1 E y i2 E w T z zT w w wT w

wT E z zT

(7)

Nh vy qu trnh tr ng ho a vic gii bi

3. Thut ton FastICA

Thut ton FastICA c pht trin bi A.Hyvarinen [4,5]. Thut ton ny s dng tnh phi Gaussian o tnh c lp h tng. Thut ton gm 3 bc: 1. Tin x l d liu, 2. Xp x ho negentropy,

ton v iu kin rng buc n gin hn: w

1.

3.2 Xp ha Negentropy Negentropy c s dng nh mt hm o tnh c lp tng h trong thut ton FastICA. thuyt xc sut chng minh phn b Gauss c tnh ng u nhin nht (tng ng entropy ln nht) trong cc loi phn

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Hi ngh ton quc v iu khin v T ng ho - VCCA-2011

b xc sut. iu d n n vic s dng entropy nh l mt ph p o tnh Gauss (ho c phi Gauss) ca mt bin ng u nhin bt k. nh ngh a negentropy J ca mt bin vector x ng u nhin N chiu nh sau: 6. Nu thut ton cha hi t:
wk 1 , wk p p 1 e , tr li bc 3.

7. Gn p .

p 1 nu p

m tr li bc 2.

J (x)

H (xGauss ) H (x)

(8)

trong H l hm entropy, xGauss l mt vector ng u nhin N chiu c phn b Gauss, v c chung ma trn hip phng sai vi vector x . i vi mt bin ng u nhin phn b Gauss, negentropy lun bng 0 v vi tt c cc loi bin c n li (phi Gauss) negentropy lun c gi tr dng. Tuy nhin vn ch chng ta khng th tnh negentropy mt trc tip, m phi nh gi negentropy thng qua vic xp x ho. Hm negentropy c th c tnh xp x 4,5 nh sau:

4. ng dng ICA loi b nhiu trong tn hiu in tm

hiu x(n ) l tn hiu ECG ca mt chuyn o v gi t s l thi gian ly m u ca tn hiu. c th p dng c m hnh ICA, chng ta phi c nhiu tn hiu thu ti cc sensor khc nhau. T tn hiu ECG ca mt chuyn o, chng ta xy dng ma trn cc tn hiu thu trong m hnh ICA c kch thc M N nh sau:

x1 X x1 x1
trong xi
d

x2 x2 x2
d

xN xN xN
d

J (x)

E G(x)

E G ( )

(9)

(12)
M 1d M 1d M 1d

trong v l bin ng u nhin c phn b Gaussian chun (c trung bnh bng 0 v phng sai n v), l mt hm phi tuyn tnh khng ton phng. G Hm G c th c chn nh sau:

x it s . hi m hnh ICA c xy dng nh sau:

X B S

G1 (y )
G2 (y )

1 a1

log cosh a1 y , 1
exp y2 2

a1
y /4
4

2
(10)

(13)

G3

Tnh phi Gauss ca mt tn hiu s c o bng gi tr hm negentropy xp x . i ton phn tch ngun tin m c a v bi ton t i u: Tm vector w hm negentropy xp x :

trong S l mt ma trn kch thc M N gm cc thnh phn c lp, B l ma trn trn kch thc M M , X l ma trn cc tn hiu thu kch thc M N . hi M , d l cc tham s la chn nh gi kt qu loi b nhiu. Thut ton FastICA c s dng tm ra ma trn tch W sao cho S c lp (IC) tng h .

W X gm cc thnh phn

J ( wT z )

E G ( wT z )

E G( )

(11)
2

t gi tr cc i, vi iu kin rng buc: w

1.

3.3 Ti u hm negentropy Hyvarinen 4,5 a ra thut ton t i u hm negentropy dng phng php Newton, gi l FastICA. Thut ton FastICA i vi d liu tr ng ho c thc hin theo cc bc sau: 1. Chn m l s ngun tn hiu cn nh gi, gn p 1. 2. hi to ng u nhin gi tr vector n v w p tho
2

H. 1

(a) Tn hiu ECG bnh thng, (b ) Tn hiu c nhiu gin on, (c) Tn hiu c nhiu lin tc.

mn: w p

1
E z g wT z p
p 1

3. Gn w p

E g ( wT z ) w p p

4. Thc hin trc giao ho theo phng php GramSchmidt: w p 5. Gn w p

wp
j 1

wT w j p

wj

wp / wp

Da vo hnh dng sng, chng ta c th chia cc IC thnh 3 loi tn hiu: in tim - ECG, nhiu gin on (abrupt change) v nhiu lin tc (continuous noise). Hnh v 1 minh ha 3 loi tn hiu ny. T cc IC c c, chng ta s xc nh c thnh phn no l tn hiu ECG loi nhiu v thnh phn no l nhiu. Ty theo loi nhiu l lin tc ho c gin on, tiu chun kurtosis ho c phng sai s c s dng nh gi [2].

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Hi ngh ton quc v iu khin v T ng ho - VCCA-2011

nh gi cht lng loi b nhiu, chng ti s dng h s tng quan ch o r gia tn hiu ECG c loi b nhiu z n v tn hiu ECG g c khng nhiu s n . H s ny c nh ngh a nh sau [7]:

kurt kurt
d 1.

6,6775

tn

hiu

nhiu

0,01347 tng ng vi gi tr M

7 v

Tin hieu ECG da loai nhieu

sn

ms z n ss sz

mz

(14)

4 2 0

trong ms v ss l tr trung bnh v lch chun ca s n , mz v sz l tr trung bnh v lch chun ca z n . Gi tr r 1 phn nh s tng quan mnh, r 1 th hin s phn tng quan (anticorrelation) mnh v r 0 th hin s bt tng quan gia z n v s n . iu c ngh a khi gi tr r 1 th chng ta loi b c hon ton nhiu khi tn hiu ECG.

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Tin hieu nhieu

2 0 -2

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

H. 3

Tn hiu ECG loi b nhiu (trn) v tn hiu nhiu (di)

5. Kt qu thc nghim
Trong phn thc nghim, chng ti ng dng phng ICA loi b nhiu ca tn hiu ECG. Trong thut ton FastICA, chng ti s dng hm G1 . Tn hiu ECG c nhiu c to bi phn mm ECG YN 6 . Tn hiu nhiu cng c thm vo l nhiu Gauss c phn b chun vi tr trung bnh bng 0. Cc t s Tn hiu / Tp m (SNR) c chn thay i bng 10-dB, 5-dB v 2,5-dB. Cc hnh v minh ha trong phn thc nghim ny tng ng vi trng hp SNR= 5dB.
T in hieu ECG 0.5 0.4

Trn hnh v 3, tnh hiu ECG khi phc gn nh loi b c hon ton nhiu. Ngoi ra chng ta c th nhn thy do s bt nh v n ng lng trong m hnh ICA nn chng ta khng xc nh c li n ng lng ca tn hiu ECG g c. Trn hnh v tn hiu ECG v nhiu c cng mc n ng lng do trong thut ton ICA chng ta gi thit mi tn hiu g c u c n ng lng nh nhau. Tuy nhin, trong cc ng dng thc t ca , chng ta cng ch cn quan tm n vic xc nh li c hnh dng sng ca cc tn hiu g c v b qua vic xc nh li chnh xc bin ca cc tn hiu ny. Hnh v 4 minh ha m i lin h gia kt qu thc nghim (thng qua r ) khi tham s M thay i trong c 3 trng hp N bng 10- , 5- v 2,5-dB.

0.3

0.2

0.1

-0.1

-0.2 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

H. 2

Tn hiu ECG c nhiu (SNR=5dB)

1 0.995 0.99 10dB 5dB 2,5dB

Trong phn thc nghim, chng ti c nh tham s tr d 1 , v thay i tham s M tm kt qu loi nhiu t i u. Hnh 3 minh ha cho kt qu loi nhiu t t nht t c vi r 0,9972 khi M 7 . Trong thc nghim, do tn hiu nhiu l nhiu lin tc nn chng ti s dng tiu chun kurtosis phn loi tn hiu 2 . i vi mt tn hiu x , kurtosis c xc nh nh sau:

He so tuong quan cheo

0.985 0.98 0.975 0.97 0.965 0.96 0.955 0.95

Kurt x

E x4

3 E x2

(15)

10 M

11

12

13

14

15

Tn hiu phn b Gaussian s c kurtosis bng 0, iu c ngh a tn hiu nhiu lin tc s c gi tr kurtosis nh hn rt nhiu so vi tn hiu ECG. Trong cc IC thu c sau qu trnh ICA, tn hiu ECG loi nhiu tng ng vi IC c kurtosis ln nht v tn hiu nhiu s tng ng vi IC c kurtosis nh nht. Hnh v 3 l tn hiu ECG loi b nhiu

1 T kt qu thc nghim trong hnh 4, chng ta c th thy vic loi b nhiu v n t c kt qu t t ngay c khi t s Tn hiu/Tp m rt thp. iu c th c gii thch l do trong m hnh ICA, bn thn tn hiu nhiu cng c xem l mt ngun tn hiu g c v n ng lng (bin ) ban u ca cc ngun tn hiu g c u c gi thit l bng nhau.
H. 4

Mi lin h gia r v M khi d

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Hi ngh ton quc v iu khin v T ng ho - VCCA-2011

y cng l u im ni tri ca phng php s dng ICA so vi cc phng php lc nhiu tn hiu ECG trc y. Trn Hoi Linh sinh n m 1974 ti H Ni. Nhn bng Tin s v Tin s khoa hc chuyn ngnh K thut in ti Warsaw University of Technology ( a an) vo cc n m 2000 v 2005. c phong Ph Gio s vo n m 2007. Ni cng tc: mn thut o v Tin hc cng nghip, Vin in , Trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni. Hng nghin cu chnh: Nhn dng tn hiu ,nh gi cc h th ng phi tuyn, Fuzzy Logic. Nguyn Quc Trung sinh n m 1949 ti Nam nh. ng l PGS.TS chuyn ngnh in t - Vin thng, nguyn Trng hoa in t - Vin thng, Trng i hc ch hoa H Ni. Ni cng tc: mn thut thng tin, Vin in t - Vin thng, Trng i hc ch hoa H Ni. Hng nghin cu chnh: X l tn hiu v lc s .

6. Kt lun
Trong bi bo, chng ti a ra phng php s dng ICA loi b nhiu trong tn hiu ECG. tng c bn ca phng php ny l s chuyn i tn hiu ECG mt chuyn o thnh d liu nhiu chiu m nh m hnh ICA c p dng loi b nhiu. u im ni tri ca phng php ny l vic loi b nhiu v n t c kt qu t t ngay c khi t s Tn hiu/Tp m rt thp. t qu thc nghim m phng c a ra minh ha cho tnh hiu qu ca phng php xut. Hng pht trin tip theo, chng ti s nghin cu thm v mc phc tp ca phng php, cng nh kh n ng p dng vo h th ng nhng.

Ti liu tham kho

[1] Aapo Hyvarinen, Juha Karhunen, Erkkl Oja, Independent component analysis, John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2001. He Taigang et al, Application of independent component analysis in removing artefacts from the ECG, Neural Comput. & Appl., 2006, p. 105-116. G.Agrawal et al, Reduction of artifacts in 12channel ECG signals using FastICA algorithm, Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research, vol.67, 2008, p.43-48. Aapo Hyvarinen, Erkkl Oja.: Independent component analysis: Algorithms and Analysis, Neural Networks, vol. 13(4-5), 2000, p. 411-430 A.Hyvarien, Fast and robust fixed-point algorithms for independent component analysis, IEEE Trans. on Neural Networks, vol. 10(3), 1999, p. 626-634. http://physionet.org/physiotools/ecgsyn/ Gari Clifford et al, Advanced Methods and Tools for ECG data analysis, Artech House Publishers; 1 edition (September 30, 2006).

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6] [7]

Vng Hong Nam sinh n m 1980 ti H Ni. T t nghip ngnh in t - Vin thng, i hc ch hoa H Ni n m 2003. T t nghip Cao hc ngnh in t - Vin thng n m 2005 ti Trng i hc ch hoa H Ni. Ni cng tc: mn H th ng Vin thng, Vin in t - Vin thng, Trng i hc ch hoa H Ni. Hng nghin cu chnh: X l tn hiu y sinh hc, X l tn hiu m, Multimedia, Thng tuyn v tuyn.

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