W IND E NGINEERING VOLUME 34, N O .

2, 2010

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The Potential of Integrating Wind Power with Offshore Oil and Gas Platforms
Wei He, Gunnar Jacobsen, Tiit Anderson, Freydar Olsen and Tor D. Hanson
Statoil ASA, Bergen, Norway

Magnus Korps, Trond Toftevaag, Jarle Eek, Kjetil Uhlen and Emil Johansson
SINTEF Energy Research, Norway Email: weih@statoil.com

ABSTRACT
Offshore wind technology has developed rapidly and an offshore wind farm has the potential to power nearby offshore platforms in the future. This paper presents a case study of integrating a 20 MW wind farm which addressed the theoretical challenges of integrating large wind turbines into a stand-alone oil and gas platform grid. Firstly, the operational benefits of the 20 MW wind power integration were quantitatively assessed with regard to the fuel gas consumption and CO2 /NOx emissions reduction. Secondly, the electrical grid stability after integration of the 20 MW wind power was tested by nine dynamic simulations that included: motor starts, loss of one gas turbine, loss of all wind turbines and wind speed fluctuations. Thirdly, the maximum amount of the wind power available for integration was identified by simulating critical operational conditions and comparing these to the governing standards. Integration of an offshore wind farm to an oil and gas platform is theoretically possible, but has not been proven by this study and many other operational and economic factors should be included in future feasibility studies.

Keywords: Integration of wind power, oil and gas offshore platforms, fuel gas consumption, CO2/NOx emissions reduction, electrical grid stability, maximum amount of wind power integration.

1. INTRODUCTION
In the last 10 years, offshore wind technology has developed rapidly. In shallow water sites, fixed-bottom wind turbines are used commercially. In deeper water sites, the floating wind turbine concept has started a full-scale trial. A 2.3 MW floating wind turbine has been in operation in deep water from September 2009 and the real operation results are better than the expectations based on the model tests [3]. Thus, an offshore wind farm has the potential to utilize the excellent wind resource nearby offshore platforms in the future. Comparing the other alternatives to reduce airborne emissions from offshore platforms, integration of the offshore wind farm does not require significant space and weight increase of the platforms. Most oil and gas platforms at Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS) are in the water depth of hundred meters to several hundreds meters and the distances to the shore are in the range from several ten kilometres to hundreds kilometres. The wind resource near offshore platforms is often excellent due to the higher average wind speed and lower turbulence intensity and wind shear compared to most onshore wind farm sites. The average wind speed is often in the range of 9 11 m/s near the offshore platforms on NCS.

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An offshore oil and gas platform often consists of many energy consuming facilities including drilling, accommodation, processing, exporting, and injection. The current energy consumption at a platform on NCS is often in the range from 10 MW to several hundreds of MW. The NCS is mature petroleum province and the energy consumption per produced unit will grow. Global energy resources are becoming less and less accessible. New offshore oil and gas platforms will be placed deeper and further out at sea. The energy consumption per produced unit at such a new platform might be many times higher than the energy consumption at a current platform on NCS. As stocks of the conventional lighter crudes decline, heavy oil will becomes an increasingly important energy source. However, there will be higher energy consumption to recover heavier oil. Offshore platforms are facing increasingly tougher challenges to operate in an environmentally acceptable manner. The power supply to a few offshore platforms comes from electrical cable from an onshore electrical grid or from a nearby platform. However, most platforms generate their own electrical power by gas turbines. The gas turbines are also used to directly drive compressors and pumps. These gas turbines generate about 80% of the total CO2 and NOx emissions from offshore installations [1]. Norwegian government has applied a CO2 tax over the last decade. The CO2 tax has encouraged many companies to reduce their CO2 emissions from their platforms. Statoils Sleipner project successfully injected 1 million tonnes of compressed CO2 annually since 1996 [2]. However, Sleipner solution needs CO2 capture, injection, storage and monitoring. The CO2 capture and injection usually demand new equipment installation or upgrading the existing facility on platform. Many gas and oil platforms at NCS are at tail production or at the life extension period. It is generally very difficult to add any new equipment on the existing platforms due to the space and the weight limitations. The study results will be an important input into testing the future feasibility of utilizing wind power as a supplement power source for offshore oil and gas platforms.

2. STUDY OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY

This paper presents the case of connecting four 5 MW wind turbines to a stand-alone offshore platform electrical grid shown in Figure 1 and aims at following three objectives: To estimate the long term operation benefits of wind power integration in terms of fuel savings, and CO2 / NOx emissions reduction. To determine the electrical grid stability due to the integration of four 5 MW wind power generator units. To identify the maximum amount of wind power possible to integrate to the standalone electrical grid on the offshore platform. This paper used the following methods: The potential fuel gas saving and CO2 / NOx emission reductions due to wind power integration were analysed using a simulation model. The inputs were a series of wind speeds and power consumptions on the platform over time. The simulated fuel gas consumption and CO2 emissions were compared to the real data from an offshore platform. The electrical grid stability was analyzed by nine dynamic simulation cases in four categories: motor starts, loss of production of one gas turbine, loss of production of all wind turbines and wind power fluctuations. A dynamic simulation model was developed and implemented in SIMPOW [4]. The simulated frequency and voltage

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Figure 1: Connection of four 5 MW wind turbines to a stand-alone offshore platform electrical grid.

variations under both stationary and transient conditions were compared with the NORSOK standard [5] for power quality requirements on offshore installations. Three additional simulations were run to determine the maximum amount of wind power possible to integrate into the platform. The technical limit is defined by the load level, the NORSOK standard of the frequency and voltage variations, and the wind-power strategy during platform operations.

3. DESCRIPTION OF THE STAND-ALONE POWER-GENERATION SYSTEM

In this case study the electrical power to the oil and gas platform is initially supplied by two gas turbines, with a third turbine as a backup. The two gas turbines are of the same type with 23 MW rated capacity. Under normal operating conditions, the two gas turbines share the load equally. The gas turbines which directly drive the gas compressors are not connected to the electrical grid and are not included in this case study. The efficiency curve of the gas turbine is illustrated in Figure 2. The fuel efficiency of the 23 MW gas turbine decreases at low loads and the fuel consumption at idle is about 20% of the fuel consumption at full power. There is no definitive minimum power requirement for the turbines, but it is recommended to avoid loading below 45 MW for longer periods due to increased mechanical wear. The power consumption over the year varies typically between 20 MW and 35 MW. The consumption is fairly constant, but can change quickly due to different motor start ups and shut downs. Load measurements during three days, that represent days with low, high and average consumption, are shown in Figure 3. This paper evaluates the potential benefits of connecting four offshore wind turbines with 5 MW capacity each to the electrical grid of the oil and gas platform. The three-bladed 5 MW floating turbine used in this study is based on the Hywind design [3]. The turbine rotor diameter is 126 meters and the hub height above the water line is 83 meters. Hywind is designed for water depths ranging from 120 to 700 meters [3]. The wind conditions near the oil platform are at average wind speeds typically in the range of 1011 m/s at turbine hub height. For the short-term and long-term simulations, a oneyear wind speed measurement with 20 minutes resolution in Figure 5 is used.

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40 35 Fuel efficiency (%) 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 5 10 15 Gas power (MW ) 20 25

Figure 2: Efficiency curve of the three gas turbines.

35 Power consumption (MW)

30 Max Min Avg 25

20

500 Time (min)

1000

1500

Figure 3: Power consumption over three representative days.

40 Power output (MW) 2000 4000 6000 Time (hour) 8000

5 4 3 2 1 0

Wind speed (m/s)

30

20

10

2000 4000 6000 Duration (hours)

8000

Figure 4: 20 minutes average wind speed and calculated duration curve for the wind power.

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40 Power (MW) 30 20 10 0 Load Wind

50

100

150 200 Day of year

250

300

350

30 Load wind (MW) 20 10

0 50 100 150 200 Day of year 250 300 350

Figure 5: Upper: Time-series for load and wind power from 20 MW capacity. Lower: Net load (loadwind power). The demand time-series is a combination of the daily averages and the daily minute-data.

4. SIMULATIONS OF FUEL SAVING AND CO2 / NOX EMISSION REDUCTIONS 4.1. Operation Strategy
The basic operational strategy is that the wind turbines supply the power load. Then there are two options for running the gas turbines: Share the remaining load (load wind power) equally. Allow one of the gas turbines to be shut down. The second gas turbine is shut down at time step if the following operation conditions is satisfied:
rated margin Pwind (t ) + Pgas > max Pload (t , ,t + t gas , start ) + Pwind t gas ,start

rated where Pwind (t) is the wind power output at time step t and Pgas is the rated power

output of the gas turbine. Pload (t , ,t + t gas , start ) is a time-series of the forecasted load from time step t to time step t +tgas,start , where t gas,start is the start up time of the gas turbine.
margin Pwind is a margin that is added to the load in order to account for possible short-term wind

power reduction.

4.2. Three Daily Cases

The power system operation was simulated for the three daily cases and the summary of the simulation results is presented in this section. Three daily cases were simulated with and without 20 MW of wind power generation available. When simulating the case with 20 MW of wind power generation, both the operational strategies of using both gas turbines together or allowing one stop/start gas

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Table 1: The simulated fuel consumption and emissions from the three daily cases Reduction Due Simulation Results to Wind Power Operation Wind Fuel CO2 NOx Fuel CO2 NOx Cases Strategy (MW) (ksm3)* (Tonnes) (Tonns) (ksm3) (Tonnes) (Tonns) 0 216 475 3.2 High load Equal load 20 140 307 2.1 76 168 1.1 Start/stop 20 120 264 1.8 96 211 1.4 0 160 353 2.4 Low load Equal load 20 100 220 1.5 60 133 0.9 Start/stop 20 60 133 0.9 100 220 1.5 0 192 423 2.9 Average Equal load 20 117 257 1.8 75 166 1.1 load Start/stop 20 94 208 1.4 98 215 1.5
* Volume

at standard condition: 1 atmosphere and 15C.

Table 2: The fuel gas saving and emissions reduction from the three daily cases Fuel Gas Saving, ksm3/Day CO2 Reduction, Tonnes/Day NOx Reduction, Tonnes/Day 60 100 133 220 0.9 1.5
turbine are used. The simulated fuel consumption and CO2 / NOx emissions for the three daily cases, and the reduction due to the wind power integration are given in Table 1. Accordingly, the fuel saving and emission reductions from the low, average and high daily load cases are listed in Table 2.

4.3. Yearly Case

The yearly case is based on the real load data. A time-series for yearly power demand was constructed by combining actual measured daily loads for one year and it is shown in Figure 5. The yearly case was simulated with and without an integrated 20 MW wind power generator. The simulated fuel consumption and CO2 / NOx emissions for the yearly case and the reduction due to wind power are given in Table 3. The simulation results show that the integration of a 20 MW wind farm to an offshore platform would achieve approximately a 40% reduction in fuel gas and CO2/NOx emissions when one gas turbine can be started and stopped. The yearly case would result in an annual reduction of 53,790 tonnes of CO 2 and 366 tonnes of NOx. The simulation results also show that the gas turbine start/stop operating strategy would result in a further annual reduction of 6 Msm3 of fuel gas, 14,070 tonnes of CO2 and 96 tonnes of NOx. This further reduction is due to the gas turbine efficiency increase from 25.6% to 30.1%. The penalty is that the second gas turbine must be switched off and started 543 times during the year, and 1.5 times a day. Further study is needed to assess the possible mechanical degradation and life-span reduction of the gas turbine due to the additional motor start and stops. A simple validation was made in this study. The simulated fuel gas consumption and CO2 emissions were compared with the real fuel gas consumption and the measured CO2 emissions from the platform. The simulated fuel gas consumption and CO2 emissions agree with the real platforms operation data.

4.4. Estimated Future Fuel Gas Saving and Emission Reduction

The estimated fuel gas saving and CO2 / NOx emission reduction from year 2009 to 2020 are given in Table 4.

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Table 3: The simulated fuel consumption and emissions from the yearly case Reduction Due Simulation Results to Wind Power Operation Wind Fuel CO2 NOx Fuel CO2 NOx Cases Strategy (MW) (Msm3) (Tonnes) (Tonns) (Msm3) (Tonnes) (Tonns) 0 61 134100 914 Load: Equal load 20 43 94380 644 18 39720 270 30.6 MW Start/stop 20 37 80310 548 24 53790 366

Table 4: Estimated future gas saving and CO2 / NOx emission reduction Fuel Saving CO2 Reduction NOx Reduction Year Mill. Sm3 K Tonnes Tonnes 2009 24.2 53.3 363.3 2010 24.5 53.8 367.0 2011 24.7 54.4 370.6 2012 25.9 54.8 373.9 2013 25.1 55.3 377.1 2014 26.5 58.4 398.2 2015 26.3 57.9 394.8 2016 26.1 57.3 390.9 2017 25.8 56.7 386.8 2018 25.4 56.0 381.5 2019 25.1 55.2 376.6 2020 24.7 54.4 370.6 Average 25.3 55.6 379.3

Table 4 shows that the estimated average CO2 emission reduction annually is 55.6 ktonnes. In order to reach 1 million CO2 emission reduction annually, 80 units of 5 MW wind turbines must be deployed near the selected platform. Comparing with the Sleipner project of 1 million CO2 injection annually, it results in NOx emission reductions as well.

4.5. Two Proposed Future Steps to Increase Wind Power Capacity

The wind power capacity can be increased significantly with some additional actions. Two proposed steps to increase wind power load are as follows. The platform is connected to three nearby platforms by an electrical sub-sea cable. The direct gas turbine driven compressors are replaced by electrical motors.

In the first scenario, by connecting the study platform to three nearby platforms via sub sea cables, it would be possible to increase the wind power capacity to at least 85 MW, using a conservative approach to determine the maximum possible amount of wind power generation. This could potentially lead to yearly CO2 reduction of 160000 tonnes and NOx reduction of 1200 tonnes. In the secondly scenario, when the direct driven gas turbines are replaced by electrical motors, the electrical load on the platform will increase and more wind power could be integrated to the platform. Electricity storage has not been studied here. The first reason is that most oil and gas platforms usually have a lot of spare power generation capacity. Typically the electricity load is half of the power generation capacity. The second reason is that most platforms have no possibility to add electricity storage equipment due to the space and weight limitation of the platform.

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5. ELECTRICAL GRID STABILITY SIMULATIONS 5.1. Dynamic Cases

The second objective of this paper is to study the dynamic impact of integrating 20 MW of wind power into the electrical power system. A dynamic simulation model was developed and implemented in SIMPOW [4]. The wind turbines are to be installed via cables, transformers and converters to the electrical grid on the platform. All cables and lines for the electrical installation are modelled as impedances. The cables for the wind turbine installation are implemented as PI-equivalents. The model of wind energy conversion unit in SIMPOW includes the following properties as shown in Figure 6: A turbine aerodynamic nonlinear model based on power-coefficient characteristic curves, with the speed governed by the pitch angel control of the rotor blades. A synchronous generator with a full power converter interface to the grid.

The electrical grid stability was evaluated as to whether the system was destabilised after a set of worst-case disturbances, to see if the voltage and frequency variations where within acceptable limits. In this paper, NORSOK standard is applied. The disturbances defined in this study are: Motor starts Loss of production of one gas turbine Loss of production of all wind turbines Wind power fluctuations

The nine selected dynamic cases are listed in Table 5.

5.2. Simulation Results

The section gives the frequency and voltage variations for the nine simulation cases. The load scenario of 35 MW was simulated and the simulated frequency and voltage variations under both stationary and transient conditions are compared to NORSOK standard.

Synchronous machine

Gear

Control Stator power converter

Figure 6: Wind turbine unit in SIMPOW simulation model.

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Table 5: Nine dynamic simulation cases Disturbances Operation Modes A: Online start of one large induction motor A1: 1 gas turbine A2: 1 gas turbine + 2 wind turbine: 10 MW B: Loss of one gas turbine production B1: 2 gas turbine + 2 wind turbine: 10 MW B2: 2 gas turbine + 4 wind turbine: 20 MW C: Loss of all wind turbines C1: 1 gas turbine + 2 wind turbine: 10 MW C2: 2 gas turbine + 4 wind turbine: 10 MW C3: 2 gas turbine + 4 wind turbine: 10 MW D: Wind fluctuations A2: 1 gas turbine + 4 wind turbine: 10 MW A2: 2 gas turbine + 4 wind turbine: 10 MW

1.02 1 Frequency [p.u.] 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.92 0.9 0 10 20 30 40 Time [s] 50 60
Case A1 Case A2

1.02 1 Frequency [p.u.] 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.92 0.9 0 10 20 30 40 Time [s] 50 60
Case B1 Case B2

1.02 1 Frequency [p.u.] 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.92 0.9 0 5 10 15 20 Time [s]

Case C1 Case C2 Case C3

1.02 1 Frequency [p.u.] 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.92

Case D1 Case D2

25

30

0.9

50

100 Time [s]

150

200

Figure 7: Frequency variations under transient conditions for the 9 simulation cases.

The simulation results in Figures 7 and 8 can be listed as follows. The motor start resulted in a frequency variation of +0.5% to 1.5% and the voltage variation was +13% to 18%. The added wind power improves the transient performance of the system. The main reason is that the connected conventional generator is de-loaded by the amount of wind power produced. The loss of one gas turbine resulted in a frequency variation of 3% with the final deviation of 1% and the voltage variation was 4% with a final deviation of 0.5%. The loss of all wind turbine power resulted in a frequency variation of 7.3% and the voltage variation was 1.7% to 5.3% under transient conditions.

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1.15 1.1 Voltage [p.u.] 1.05 1 0.95 0.9 0.85 0.8 5 10 15 20 Time [s]

Case A1 Case A2

1.15 1.1 Voltage [p.u.] 1.05 1 0.95 0.9 0.85

Case B1 Case B2

25

30

0.8

10

15 20 Time [s]

25

30

1.15 1.1 Voltage [p.u.] 1.05 1 0.95 0.9 0.85 0.8 5 10 15 20 Time [s]

Case C1 Case C2 Case C3

1.15 1.1 Voltage [p.u.] 1.05 1 0.95 0.9 0.85

Case D1 Case D2

25

30

0.8

50

100 Time [s]

150

200

Figure 8: Voltage variations under transient conditions for the 9 simulation cases.

Table 6: The largest deviations of frequency and voltage ( f and V) in nine simulation cases Case A1: Direct online start of large motor f = 5.1%, V = 18% Case C3: Loss of all wind turbines f = 7.3%, V = 2%

Table 7: The largest of frequency and voltage deviations ( f and V) during loss of all wind turbines C1: 1 gas turbine + 2 wind turbine: 10MW, load: 19 MW f = 4.5 %, V = 1.5% C2: 2 gas turbine + 4 wind turbine: 20MW, load: 35 MW f = 4.6 %, V = 1.5% C1: 1 gas turbine + 4 wind turbine: 20MW, load: 25 MW f = 7.3%*, V = 1.7%
*NORSOK frequency transient requirement: 5%.

The wind fluctuations resulted in frequency variation of 1% and voltage variations of 0.05%. Thus, the variations of voltage and frequency due to wind fluctuations are much smaller than the three worse-case scenarios above. The largest deviations in frequency and voltage are observed in Cases A1 and C3 listed in Table 6. In Case A1, the added wind power improved the transient performance. In Case C3, the loss of all wind turbines became critical when the amount of wind power integration is increased. The frequency and voltage deviations during loss of all wind turbines are given in Table 7. This worst-case scenario will be used to identify the maximum amount of wind power available for integration to the stand-alone electrical grid on the offshore platform in the following section.

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5. IDENTIFYING THE MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF WIND POWER FOR INTEGRATION

The crucial factors determining maximum wind power load for integration include the following factors. Electrical grid characteristics include both grid structure and the equipment power generation characteristics. Load level. Operation requirements. In this study, both user defined requirements and NORSOK standard with regard to the frequency and voltage variations are considered. Power generation strategy. Economic feasibility.

In this section, the maximum wind power during loss of all wind power was quantitatively assessed with regard to NORSOK standard of frequency and voltage variations. When the load is 35 MW, two gas turbines should be in operation and the maximum wind power able to be integrated is estimated to be between 20 MW to 25 MW in order to remain within the frequency and the voltage variation of the NORSOK standard and to be able to cope with the loss of all wind power. When the load is 19 MW, one gas turbine should be in operation and the maximum amount of wind power able to be integrated is estimated to be between 20 MW to 25 MW in order to

Load Case N1: 35 MW

Table 8: Case N1 to determine the potential maximum wind power Operation Mode Results Limits of Wind Power Case N1: 2 gas turbines at Frequency & voltage < 35 MW zero power output. variations > NORSOK 35 MW wind power specification

1.02
Case N1 Case N1

1 Frequency [p.u.] 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.92 0.9 0 10 20 30 Time [s] 40 50 Voltage [p.u.]

1.15 1.1 1.05 1 0.95 0.9 0.85 0.8 0 10 20 30 Time [s] 40 50

Figure 9: Frequency and voltage variations in Case N1.

Table 9: Cases to determine the potential maximum wind power at load 35 MW Limits of Load Operation Mode Results Wind Power 35 MW Case N2: 2 GT in operation Frequency & voltage variations 25 MW wind power > NORSOK specification < 25 MW 35 MW Case C2: 2 GT in operation Frequency & voltage within 20 MW wind power NORSOK specification > 20 MW

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1.02
Case N2 Case N2

1 Frequency [p.u.] 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.92 0.9 0 10 20 30 Time [s] 40 50 Voltage [p.u.]

1.15 1.1 1.05 1 0.95 0.9 0.85 0.8 0 10 20 30 Time [s] 40 50

Figure 10: Frequency and voltage variations in Case N2.

Table 10: Cases to determine the potential maximum wind power at load 19 MW Load Operation Mode Results Limits of Wind Power 19 MW Case N3: 1 GT in operation F & V > NORSOK < 15 MW 15 MW wind power requirements 19 MW Case C1: 1 GT in operation F & V < NORSOK > 10 MW 10 MW wind power requirements

1.02
Case N3 Case N3

1 Frequency [p.u.] 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.92 0.9 0 10 20 30 Time [s] 40 50 Voltage [p.u.]

1.15 1.1 1.05 1 0.95 0.9 0.85 0.8 0 10 20 30 Time [s] 40 50

Figure 11: Frequency and voltage variations in Case N3.

remain within the frequency and the voltage variation of the NORSOK standards and be able to cope with the loss of all wind power. In conclusion, the simulation cases showed that maximum amount of wind power able to be integrated into the platform is very sensitive to the power generation strategy. When the base load is 35 MW, two gas turbines should be in operation and the estimated maximum amount of wind power able to be integrated is between 20 MW to 25 MW in order to remain within the frequency and the voltage variation of the NORSOK standard and able to cope with the loss of all wind power. When the load is 19 MW, only one gas turbine should be in operation and the estimated maximum amount of wind power able to be integrated into the platform would be between 10 MW to 15 MW. Note that the power generation strategy to stop one gas turbine in order to achieve the maximum fuel saving and CO2 / NOx emission reduction conflicts with the strategy to have two gas turbines in operation in order to achieve electrical grid stability.

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6. CONCLUSIONS
There is abundant local wind power near the real offshore platform that this paper used as a case study. This study simulated that a 20 MW wind capacity operating in parallel with three gas turbines at an operating platform would result in significant fuel gas consumption and CO2 /NOx emission reductions, especially when allowing for intermittent operation of the gas turbines. The wind power capacity could be further increased with two proposed future scenarios: firstly, the platform could be connected to three nearby platforms by an electrical sub-sea cable, and secondly the gas turbine driven compressors could be replaced by electrical motors. The electrical grid stability after integration of a 20 MW wind power generator was tested by nine dynamic simulations including four disturbances; 1) motor starts; 2) loss of one gas turbine; 3) loss of all wind turbines and 4) wind speed fluctuations. The variations of frequency and voltage due to wind fluctuations are much smaller than the first three disturbances. The added wind power reduces the voltage and frequency variations during a motor start. The loss of all wind power became critical when the amount of wind power integration is increased and this scenario was used to identify the maximum amount for the wind power able to be integrated to the stand-alone electrical grid at the offshore platform. Finally, this study is only a theoretical case study and has not demonstrated the feasibility of integrating wind power into an offshore platform. Further operational and economic work is needed to design a workable technical solution to integrate a wind power farm to an offshore platform. Future feasibility studies must consider more than just the voltage and frequency variations.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors gratefully acknowledge Statoils new idea and offshore wind programs. The authors thank Finn G. Nielsen and Jim Daniels for suggestions to this paper.

REFERENCES
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. OLF, Offshoe renewable power for O & G Installation, feasibility study, October 2005. StatoilHydro, R&D project CO2 value chain, Carbone Dioxide, Capture, transport and storage. StatoilHydro, Hywind by StatoilHydro, The worlds firs full scale floating wind turbine, Printed June 2009. SINTEF, SIMPOW program manual, 2006. NORSOK Standard E-001, electrical systems, Edition 5th, July 2007. OLF, The Norwegian oil industry association, 2007 Environmental Report, 2007.