b gio dc v o to

t i li u
b i dn g g i o v i n
i m i p p d h v k t g
M n H a hc

h ni thng 10 nm 2009

phng php gii mt s bi tp ha hc

c ni dung nh lng
1.

Phng php p dng s bo ton khi lng, s mol nguyn t

C s
Trong cc qu trnh ho hc th :
Tng khi lng ca cc cht trc phn ng lun bng
tng khi lng ca cc cht sau phn ng :
m(tr c phn ng) = m(sau phn ng)

Tng s mol nguyn t ca nguyn t A trc phn ng

lun bng tng s mol nguyn t ca nguyn t A sau
phn ng.
nA(tr c phn ng) = nA(sau phn ng)

Cch p dng
Khi gii bi tp trc nghim ta nn lp s tm tt cc
phn ng, ri p dng nhng s bo ton trn tm ra cc
i lng khc nh : s mol, khi lng cc cht trong s phn
ng th bi ton s c gii nhanh hn.
Bi tp minh ha
Bi 1. Ngi ta cho t t lung kh CO i qua mt ng s ng
5,44 g hn hp A gm FeO, Fe3O4, Fe2O3, CuO nung nng, kt
thc phn ng thu c hn hp cht rn B v hn hp kh C.
Sc hn hp kh C vo dung dch nc vi trong d thy c 9 g
kt ta v kh D bay ra. Khi lng cht rn B thu c l
A. 3g
B. 4g
C. 5g
D.
3,4g
Li gii
S phn ng:
FeO
CO

CO2

Fe2O3

Fe3O4
CuO
+ Ca(OH)2

to

0,09
Theo nh lut BTKL th mCO

A + CO2

CaCO3 + H2O
9
= 0,09(mol)
100
+ mA = mB + mCO2

0,09.28 + 5,44 = mB + 0,09.44 m = 4g

Bi 2. Nung nng m g hn hp X gm ACO3 v BCO3 thu c m g
hn hp rn Y v 4,48 lt kh CO2. Nung nng Y n khi lng khng i thu thm c kh CO2 v hn hp rn Z. Cho
ton b kh CO2 thu c khi nung Y qua dung dch NaOH d,
sau cho dung dch BaCl2 d vo dung dch trn th thu c 19,7 g kt ta. Mt khc cho CO d qua hn hp Z nung
nng thu c 18,4 g hn hp Q v 4,48 lt kh CO2 (ktc) . m
c gi tr l
A. 34,8 g
B. 25,7g
C. 44,1g
D. 19,8g
Li gii
S phn ng nhit phn :
ACO3
(1)
Y + CO2
BCO3
Y

t0

NaOH

Z + CO2

(2)

BaCl

2 BaCO
CO2 CO23
3

19,7
= 0,1(mol)
197

0,1

CO + Z
Q + CO2
Bn cht ca s (3) l :
CO + O(trong Z)
CO2
4,48
= 0,2(mol)
m(trong Z) =
22,4
mZ = mQ + mO = 18,4 + 0,2.16 = 21,6(gam)

(3)

mY = mZ + mCO2 = 21,6 + 0,1.44 = 26(gam)

mX = mY + mCO2 = 26 + 0,2.44 = 34,8(gam)
Bi 3. Ho tan hon ton hn hp gm 0,2 mol FeO, 0,3 mol
Fe2O3, 0,4 mol Fe3O4 vo dung dch HNO3 2M va , thu c dung dch mui v 5,6 lt kh hn hp kh NO v N2O4
(ktc) c t khi so vi H2 l 33,6. Th tch dung dch HNO3
tham gia phn ng l
A. 3,6 lt
B. 2,4 lt
C. 3,2 lt
D. 4,8 lt

Li gii
S phn ng :
(FeO;
Fe2O3; Fe3O4) + HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + (NO ; N2O4) +
H2O

t nNO = x(mol) ; nN2O4 = y(mol)

5,6

x+y = 22,4 =0,25 x = 0,1mol

Ta c h

30x
+
92y
y = 0,15mol

= 33,6
2(x + y)
p dng s bo ton nguyn t Fe tnh s mol Fe(NO 3)3 :
nFe(Fe(NO3)3 = nFe(FeO,Fe2O3,Fe3O4)
nFe(NO3)3 = nFeO + 2nFe2O3 + 3nFe3O4 = 0,2 + 2.0,3+ 3.0,4 = 2mol
p dng s bo ton nguyn t N :
nN(HNO3) = nN(Fe(NO3)3+ NO+ N2O4) nHNO3 = 3.2 + 0,1 + 2.0,15 = 6,4mol

6,4
= 3,2lt
2
Bi 4. Ha tan hon ton hn hp gm 0,12 mol FeS2 v a mol
Cu2S vo dung dch HNO3 (va ), thu c dung dch X
(ch cha 2 mui sunfat) v mt kh duy nht l NO. Gi tr
ca a l
A. 0,12 mol
B. 0,04 mol C. 0,075 mol D. 0,06 mol
Vy VHNO3 =

Li gii

S phn ng :
FeS2
Fe2(SO4)3
+ HNO3
+
NO

Cu2S
CuSO4
p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t Fe, Cu, S
Fe2(SO4)3
FeS2
0,12
0,06
CuSO4
Cu2S
a
2a
nS(FeS2) + nS(Cu2S) = nS(Fe2(SO4)3) + nS(CuSO4)
2nFeS2 + nCu2S = 3nFe2(SO4)3 + nCuSO4
2.0,12 + a = 3.0,06 + 2a a = 0,06 mol

H2O

Bi 5. Kh hon ton m g hn hp CuO, Fe3O4 bng kh CO

nhit cao, thu c hn hp kim loi v kh CO2. Sc kh
CO2 vo dung dch Ca(OH)2 thu c 20 g kt ta v dung
dch A, lc b kt ta, cho Ba(OH)2 d vo dung dch A thu c 89,1 g kt ta na. Nu dng H2 kh hon ton m g hn
hp trn th cn bao nhiu lt kh H2 (ktc) ?
A. 16,46 lt
B. 19,72 lt
C. 17,92 lt
D. 16,45 lt
Li gii
S phn ng :
CuO
Cu
to
+ CO
Fe + CO2
Fe3O4
(1)
Cho CO2 vo dung dch Ca(OH)2 th
20
CaCO3
= 0,2(mol)
100
Ca(OH)2 Z
CO2

(2)
]
Ba(OH)2
Ca(HCO3)2
CaCO3 + BaCO3
x

100x + 197x = 89,1 x = 0,3(mol)

p dng s bo ton nguyn t C
nC(CO) = nC(CO2) = nC(CaCO3) + nC(BaCO3)
nCO2 = nCaCO3 + nBaCO3 = (0,2 + 0,3) + 0,3 = 0,8(mol)
Bn cht cc phn ng xy ra trong (1) l :
CO + O(oxit)
CO2
0,8
0,8
0,8
Nu dng H2 kh m g hn hp CuO, Fe3O4 th bn cht cc
phn ng l
H2
+ O(oxit)

H2O
Tng s mol nguyn t oxi trong hai qu trnh ny bng
nhau nn
nH2 = nO = 0,8(mol) VH2(ktc) = 0,8.22,4 = 17,92 (lit)
Bi tp vn dng

Bi 1. tc dng ht 5,44 g hn hp CuO, FeO, Fe2O3 v Fe3O4

cn dng va 90ml dung dch HCl 1M. Mt khc, nu kh
hon ton 5,44 g hn hp trn bng kh CO nhit cao
th khi lng st thu c l
A. 3,20g
B. 4,72 g
C. 2,11 g
D. 3,08 g
Bi 2. Cho hn hp gm : FeO (0,01 mol), Fe2O3 (0,02 mol), Fe3O4
(0,03 mol) tan va ht trong dung dch HNO3 thu c dung
dch cha mt mui v 0,448 lt kh N2O4 (ktc). Khi lng
mui v s mol HNO3 tham gia phn ng l
A. 32,8 g ; 0,4 mol
B. 33,88 g ; 0,46 mol
C. 33,88 g ; 0,06 mol
D. 33,28 g ; 0,46 mol
Bi 3. Cho 1,1 g hn hp Fe, Al phn ng vi dung dch HCl thu
c dung dch X, cht rn Y v kh Z, ho tan ht Y
cn s mol H2SO4 (long) bng 2 ln s mol HCl trn, thu
c dung dch T v kh Z. Tng th tch kh Z (ktc) sinh
ra trong c hai phn ng trn l 0,896 lt. Tng khi lng
mui sinh ra trong hai trng hp trn l
A. 2,92 g
B. 2,67 g
C. 3,36 g
D. 1,06 g
Bi 4. Ho tan hon ton 3,72g hn hp 2 kim loi A, B trong dung
dch HCl d thy to ra 1,344 lt kh H2 (ktc). C cn dung
dch sau phn ng thu c mui khan c khi lng l
A. 7,12g
B. 7,98g
C. 3,42g
D. 6,12g
Bi 5. Cho hn hp A gm 0,1 mol Cu, 0,2 mol Ag phn ng ht vi
V lt dung dch HNO3 1M thu c dung dch X v hn hp Y
gm 2 kh NO, NO2 ( nNO = nNO2 = 0,1mol ). V c gi tr l
A. 1 lt
B. 0,6 lt
C. 1,5 lt
D. 2 lt
Bi 6. t chy m g hp cht A (CnHn1ONa) vi mt lng va l
6,272 lt O2 (ktc) thu c 2,12 g Na2CO3 v hn hp X cha
CO2, H2O. Nu cho hn hp X qua bnh ng H2SO4 c th
khi lng bnh tng 1,8 g. Vy m c gi tr l
A. 6,46
B. 4,64
C. 4,46
D. 6,44
Bi 7. Thu phn hon ton 1 este n chc A cn va
100ml NaOH 1M thu c ancol etylic v mui ca axit hu c
B. Phn hu hon ton B thu c 5,6 lt kh CO2 (ktc), 4,5
g H2O v m g Na2CO3. Cng thc cu to ca A l
A. C2H5COOC2H5
B. CH3COOC3H7
C. C3H7COOC2H5
D. C3H7COOCH3

Bi 8. Cho 13,8g hn hp gm ancol etylic v glixerol tc dng va

vi Na thu c 4,48 lt H2 (ktc) v dung dch mui. C
cn dung dch mui, khi lng cht rn thu c l
A. 22,6 g
B. 22,4 g
C. 34,2 g
D.
25,0 g
Bi 9.un 13,8 g hn hp 3 ancol no, n chc vi H2SO4 c
1400C thu c 11,1g hn hp cc ete c s mol bng nhau.
Tnh s mol mi ete.
A. 0,025 mol
B. 0,1
mol
C. 0,15 mol
D. 0,2 mol
Bi 10. t chy hon ton mt cht hu c A cha 1 nguyn t
oxi thu c hn hp sn phm B. Cho B i qua dung dch
Ca(OH)2 d thy c 15 g kt ta v khi lng dung dch gim
4,8 g. CTPT ca A l
A : CH4O
B : C2H6O
C : C3H8O
D : C4H10O
2.

Phng php tng gim khi lng

C s
Khi mt nguyn t hay nhm nguyn t X trong cht tham
gia phn ng (gi l cht u) c thay th bng mt nguyn
t hay nhm nguyn t Y to ra cht mi (cht cui), th s
chnh lch khi lng gia cht u v cht cui chnh bng
hiu khi lng ca hai nhm nguyn t X v Y (|XY|).
Th d : CaCO3
CaSO4
Ta thy th s chnh lch khi lng gia hai mui CaCO3 v
CaSO4 :
M = (40 + 96) (40 + 60) = 36g/ mol ng bng s chnh lch
khi lng ca hai anion CO32 (60g) v SO24 (96 g):
M = 96 60 = 36g/ mol .
Cch p dng
Khi mt cht thay anion c bng anion mi sinh ra cht
mi th s chnh lch khi lng gia cht c v cht mi
chnh l s chnh lch khi lng ca anion c v anion mi.
Khi mt cht thay cation c bng cation mi sinh ra cht
mi th s chnh lch khi lng gia cht c v cht mi
chnh l s chnh lch khi lng ca cation c v cation mi.

Bi tp minh ho
Bi 1. Cho 41,2 g hn hp X gm Na2CO3, K2CO3 v mui cacbonat
ca kim loi ho tr 2 tc dng vi dung dch H2SO4 d. Kt
thc phn ng thu c hn hp Y gm ba mui sunfat v 8,96
lt kh CO2 (ktc). Khi lng ca Y l
A. 58,6 g
B. 55,6 g
C. 45,0 g
D. 48,5 g
Li gii
S phn ng :
Na2CO3
Na2SO4
K 2CO3

H2SO4

K 2SO4

H2 O

+ CO2

MCO3
MSO4
1 mol X chuyn thnh 1 mol Y th tng khi lng l
M = 96 60 = 36(g/ mol)
Theo
nh
lut
bo
ton
nguyn
t
C
:
n 2 = nCO2 = 0,4(mol) khi lng Y ln hn khi lng ca X l
CO3
0,4.36 = 14,4 (g)
Vy mY = 41,2 + 14,4 =55,6 (g)
Bi 2. Cho 84,6 g hn hp A gm BaCl2 v CaCl2 vo 1 lt hn
hp Na2CO3 0,3M v (NH4)2CO3 0,8 M. Sau khi cc phn ng
kt thc ta thu c 79,1 g kt ta A v dung dch B. Phn
trm khi lng BaCl2 v CaCl2 trong A ln lt l
A. 70,15% ; 29,25%
B. 60,25% ; 39,75%
C. 73,75%; 26,25%
D. 75,50% ; 24,50%
Li gii
t nBaCl2 = x(mol); nCaCl 2 = y(mol)
NaCl
BaCl2
Na2CO3
BaCO3
+
+

NH4Cl
CaCl2
(NH4)2CO3
CaCO3
C 2 mol Cl mt i (71 g) c 1 mol mui CO32 thm vo (60
g)

chnh lch (gim) khi lng ca 1 mol mui l M = 71

60 =11(g)
gim khi lng mui : m = 84,6 79,1 = 5,5 (g)

Vy s mol mui clorua bng s mol mui cacbonat phn ng

5,5
= 0,5(mol)
=
11
M s mol CO32 (theo gi thit) = 0,3 + 0,8 = 1,1 (mol) >
0,5 mol (phn ng). Vy mui cacbonat phn ng d.
x +y =0,5 (1)
x = 0,3mol

208x + 111y = 84,6 (2)

y = 0,2mol
0,3.208

.100% = 73,75%
%mBaCl2 =
84.6

%mCaCl = 100 73,75 = 26,25%

2
Bi 3. Hn hp A gm 10 g MgCO3, CaCO3 v BaCO3 c ho tan
bng HCl d thu c dung dch B v kh C. C cn dung dch
B c 14,4 g mui khan. Sc kh C vo dung dch c cha
0,3 mol Ca(OH)2 thu c s g kt ta l
A. 10g
B. 20g
C. 30g
D. 40g
Li gii
CO32 + 2H+
CO2 + H2O
p dng phng php tng gim khi lng khi chuyn CO32
thnh

Cl

ta
tnh
c
s
14,4 10
n 2 = nCO2 =
= 0,4(mol)
CO3
11
CaCO3 + H2O
CO2 + Ca(OH)2
0,4
0,3
0,3
CO2 + H2O + CaCO3
Ca(HCO3)2
0,1
0,1
mCaCO3 = 0,2.100 = 20g

mol

Bi 4. Nhng mt thanh kim loi A (ho tr II) vo dung dch

CuSO4. Sau phn ng khi lng thanh kim loi A gim 0,12g.
Mt khc cng thanh kim loi A c nhng vo dung dch
AgNO3 d th kt thc phn ng khi lng thanh tng 0,26g.
Bit s mol A tham gia hai phn ng bng nhau. Kim loi A l
A. Zn
B. Mg
C. Cd
D. Fe
Li gii
Phng trnh phn ng :
A2+ + Cu
A + Cu2+ d

a
a
+
2+
A + 2Ag
A + 2Ag d
a
2a
Khi lng thanh kim loi tng = mA mCu = 0,12g
a.MA 64a = 0,12 MA.a = 64a + 0,12
(1)
Mt khc khi lng thanh kim loi gim = mAg + mA = 0,26 g
2a.108 MA.a = 0,26 MA.a = 2a.108 0,26
(2)
x = 2,5.103 mol MA =

64.2,5.103 + 0,12
2,5.103

= 112(g/ mol)

Cht X l Cd.
Bi 5. C 2 dung dch FeCl2 v CuSO4 c cng nng mol.
Nhng thanh kim loi vo M (nhm IIA) vo V lt dung dch
FeCl2, kt thc phn ng khi lng thanh kim loi tng 16g.
Nhng cng thanh kim loi y vo V lt dung dch CuSO4 kt
thc phn ng khi lng thanh kim tng 20g. Gi thit cc
phn ng xy ra hon ton v kim loi thot ra bm ht vo
M. Kim loi M l
A. Zn
B. Mg
C. Cd
D. Fe
Li gii
Cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra :
M2+ + Fe
M + Fe2+
x
x
x
2+
2+

M + Cu
M + Cu
x
x
x
Theo gi thit cc phn ng u xy ra hon ton nn cc
ion Fe2+ vCu2+ phn ng ht nFe2+ = nCu2+ = x(mol)
Khi lng thanh kim loi tng (1) l : m = mFe mM = 16g
56x MM.x = 16 M.x = 56x 16
Khi lng

thanh kim loi tng (2) l : m = mCu mM = 20 g

64x M.x = 20 M.x = 64x 20
M = 24. Vy kim loi M l Mg.

Bi tp vn dng
10

Bi 1. Cho 20 g hn hp X gm hai axit cacboxylic no, n chc

tc dng va vi dung dch Na2CO3 thu c V lt kh CO2
(ktc) v dung dch mui. C cn dung dch thu c 28,8 g
mui. Gi tr ca V l
A. 3,36 lt
B. 4,48 lt
C. 2,24 lt
D. 6,72 lt
Bi 2. Cho 5,5 g hn hp 2 ancol n chc l ng ng k
tip nhau tc dng va vi Na kim loi to ra 8,8 g cht
rn v V lt kh H2(ktc). Cng thc ca 2 ancol l
A. CH3OH v C2H5OH.
B. C2H5OH v C3H7OH.
C. C3H7OH v C4H9OH.
D. C2H3OH v C3H5OH.
Bi 3. Thy phn 0,01mol este ca 1 ancol a chc vi 1 axit
n chc tiu tn ht 1,2g NaOH. Mt khc khi thy phn
4,36g este th tiu tn ht 2,4g NaOH v thu c 4,92g
mui. Cng thc ca este l
A. (CH3COO)3C3H5
B. (C2H3COO)3C3H5
C. C3H5(COOCH3)3
D. C3H5(COOC2H3)3
Bi 4. Thc hin phn ng este ho gia axit axetic (d) v hn
hp gm 7,52 g 3 ancol k tip nhau trong cng mt dy ng
ng. Sau phn ng thu c 15,92 g 3 este. Gi s hiu
sut phn ng l 100%. CTPT ca ba ancol l
A. CH3OH;C2H5OH;C3H5OH
B. C2H5OH;C3H5OH;C4H7OH
C. C3H5OH;C4H7OH;C5H9OH
D. C3H7OH;C4H9OH;C5H11OH
Bi 5. Ha tan hon ton 20,85 g hn hp X gm NaCl v NaI vo
nc c dung dch A. Sc kh Cl2 d vo dung dch A. Kt thc
th nghim, c cn dung dch thu c 11,7 g mui khan. Khi
lng NaCl c trong X l
A. 5,85 g
B. 7,55 g
C. 2,95 g
D.
5,10 g
Bi 6. Cho kh CO qua ng s cha 15,2g hn hp cht rn CuO
v FeO nung nng. Sau mt thi gian thu c hn hp kh B
v 13,6g cht rn C. Cho hn hp kh B hp th hon ton
vo dung dch Ca(OH)2 d thy c kt ta. Lc ly kt ta v
sy kh ri cn th khi lng kt ta thu c l
A. 12g
B. 11g
C. 10g
D. 9 g
Bi 7. Nhng thanh kim loi M (ha tr II) vo dung dch CuSO4,
sau mt thi gian ly thanh kim loi ra thy khi lng gim
0,1%. Mt khc cng nhng thanh kim loi trn vo dung

11

dch AgNO3. Sau mt thi gian thy khi lng tng 7,55%.
Bit s mol CuSO4 v AgNO3 tham gia phn ng hai trng
hp nh nhau. Kim loi M l
A. Zn
B. Mg
C. Ni
D. Ca
Bi 8. Ha tan 3,23 g hn hp mui CuCl2 v Cu(NO3)2 vo nc thu
c dung dch X. Nhng thanh Mg vo dung dch X cho n
khi mt mu xanh ca dung dch, ly thanh Mg ra cn li,
thy tng thm 0,8 g. C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c
m g mui khan. Gi tr m l
A. 3,08
B. 4,03
C. 2,48
D. 2,84
Bi 9. Cho 16,2 g hn hp este ca ancol metylic v hai axit
cacboxlic no, n chc tc dng va vi dung dch NaOH
1M thu c dung dch A. C cn dung dch A thu c 17,8 g
hn hp hai mui khan, th tch dung dch NaOH 1 M dng
l
A. 0,2 lt
B. 0,3 lt
C. 0,4 lt
D. 0,5 lt
Bi 10. un nng 3,188 g este ca glixerol vi ba axit cacboxylic
no, n chc mch h X, Y, Z (X, Y l ng phn ca nhau
v k tip vi Z) vi dung dch NaOH d, phn ng kt thc
thu c 3,468 g hn hp mui. Cng thc phn t ca cc axit
l
A. C2H4O2 v C3H6O2
B. C3H6O2 v C4H8O2
C. C4H8O2 v C5H10O2
D. C3H4O2 v C4H8O2

12

Phng php s dng quy tc thng bng in tch, thng

bng s mol electron
C s
Trong phn ng oxi ha kh th tng s mol e m cc cht
kh cho i bng tng s mol e m cc cht oxi ho thu vo :

13

 necho = nenhn

Nu bi ton c nhiu cht oxi ho v nhiu cht kh tham

gia trong s phn ng, hoc qu trnh phn ng phi i
qua nhiu giai on th p dng phng php ny gii s
rt nhanh v kt qu thu c chnh xc.
Cc bc p dng quy tc thng bng s mol electron nh sau :
Phi xc nh c t cc cht ban u tham gia phn ng
n cc cht sn phm c bao nhiu cht cho electron v s
mol tng cht, c bao nhiu cht nhn electron v s mol
tng cht (c th phi t n s).
Vit cc qu trnh cho electron tnh tng s mol e m
cc cht kh cho i ( n e cho ).
Vit cc qu trnh nhn electron tnh tng s mol e
m cc oxi ho nhn vo ( nenhn ).
p dng nh lut bo ton electron :
necho = nenhn

i vi nhng h trung ho in
Nu trong h tn ti ng thi cc ht mang in th ta
lun c tng s mol in tch dng n t(+) bng tng s

n t() :
n t(+) = n t()

mol in tch m

Vi nt = s mol ion s n v in tch ca ion .

Bi tp minh ho
Bi 1. Ho tan ht 7,5 g hn hp Al v Mg trong HNO3 long thu c dung dch A gm 2 mui v 3,36 lt ( ktc) hn hp 2 kh
NO v N2O, khi lng ca hn hp kh l 5,2 g. Khi lng ca Al,
Mg trong hn hp ln lt l
A. 3,5g v 4,0g.
B. 2,1g v 5,4g.
C. 2,7g v 4,8g.
D. 4g v 3,5g.
Li gii
t nNO = a(mol) ; nN2O = b(mol)
3,36

= 0,15 a = 0,1mol
a + b =

22,4

b = 0,2mol
30a+ 44b = 5,2

S phn ng :

14

NO
Al(NO3)3
Al
+ HNO3
+
+ H2O

N2O
Mg
Mg(NO3)2
Cc cht cho electron : Al : x (mol) ; Mg : y (mol)
3+
Al0
+ 3e
Al
x
3x
necho = 3x + 2y
(mol)

2+
Mg0
Mg + 2e
y
2y
Cht nhn electron l HNO3 c hai qu trnh nhn e :
N+5 + 3e
N+2
(NO)

0,3
0,1 0,1
nenhn = 0,7 (mol)

N+5 + 4e
N+
(N2O)

0,4
0,1 0,05
p dng quy tc thng bng s mol electron ta c : 3x + 2y
= 0,7 (1)
Phng trnh khi lng :
27x + 24y =
7,5 (2)
mAl = 2,7g
x = 0,1(mol)

Gii h (1, 2)
y = 0,2(mol)
mMg = 4,8g
Bi 2. Ha tan hon ton hn hp gm 0,06 mol FeS2 v x mol
Cu2S vo axit HNO3 (va ) thu c dung dch A (ch cha
hai mui sunfat) v kh duy nht NO. Gi tr ca x l
A. 0,04
B. 0,06
C. 0,12
D. 0,03
Li gii
FeS2
Fe3+ + 2SO24
0,06

0,06

0,12

Cu2S
2Cu2+ + SO24
a

2a

Theo quy tc thng bng in tch n t(+) = n t()

3.0,06 + 2.2a = 2.0,12 + 2.a a= 0,03(mol)
Bi 3. m g Fe ngoi khng kh mt thi gian nn b g (gi s
g st ch ton l oxit st) cn nng 10 g. Lng g st

15

trn lm mt mu hon ton 200 ml dung dch KMnO4 0,5M

trong dung dch H2SO4 d. m c gi tr l
A. 17,2g
B. 9,8g
C. 9,0g
D. 15,0g
Li gii
S phn ng :

Fe +O2
FeOa + KMnO4 +H2 SO4
Fe2 (SO4 3)

MnSO
+
4

H
+2 O

m
(mol)
56
Fe
Fe3+ + 3e
m
m
m
necho = 3.
3
56
56
56
10 m
Cht nhn electron O :
(mol) v KMnO4 : 0,1 (mol)
16
O
+
2e
O2

10 m
10 m
2
16
16
Mn+7 + 5e
Mn+2
0,1
0,5
10 m
ne nhn = 2.
+ 0,5
16
p dng quy tc thng bng s mol electron :
10 m
m
2.
+ 0,5 = 3. m = 9,8(g)
16
56
Bi 4. Cho lung kh H2 i qua ng s ng m g oxit Fe2O3
nhit cao mt thi gian, ngi ta thu c 6,72 g hn hp
A gm 4 cht rn khc nhau. em ho tan hon ton hn
hp ny vo dung dch HNO3 d thy to thnh 0,448 lt kh
B ktc (duy nht) c t khi so vi hiro l 15 th m c
gi tr l
A. 7,5 g
B. 7,2 g
C. 8,0 g
D. 8,4 g
Li gii
S
:
+ HNO3 Fe(NO ) + NO + H O
Fe2O3 + H2
H2O + A
3 3
2

Cht cho electron : Fe :

Xt c qu trnh th : Fe+3
Fe+3 hnh nh khng c s
cho v nhn e.

16

Cht cho electron : H2

H2

O(oxit) H2O )

m 6,72
(mol) ( do
16

m 6,72 m 6,72
16
16
+

2H
H2
+
2e
m 6,72
m 6,72
2
= necho
16
16
Cht nhn electron : HNO3, kh B l NO.
N+5 + 3e
N+2
(NO )

0,06
0,02
0,02 nenhn = 0,06
m 6,72

= 0,06 m = 7,2g
8
Bi 5. Trn 60g bt Fe vi 30g bt lu hunh ri un nng (trong
iu kin khng c khng kh) thu c cht rn X. Ho tan
X bng dung dch axit H2SO4 long, d c dung dch B v kh
C. t chy C cn V lt O2 (ktc). Cc phn ng xy ra hon
ton th V c gi tr l
A. 39,2 lt
B. 32,928 lt
C. 32,29 lt
D.
38,292 lt
Li gii
S :
H
Fe to Fe
H2SO4
+ O2 H2O

FeSO4 + 2

H
S
S
FeS
2
SO2
Xt c qu trnh phn ng th Fe v S cho electron, cn O2
nhn electron.
60
30
(mol) ; S :
(mol)
Cht cho electron :Fe :
56
32
Fe
Fe2+ + 2e

60
60
2
56
56
+4
S

S (SO2) + 4e
30
30
4
32
32
Cht nhn electron : gi s mol O2 l x mol.

17

O2
x

4e
2O2
4x

p dng quy tc thng bng s mol electron : 4 x =

60
30
.2 + .4
56
32

330
330
= 33 (lt)
mol VO2 = 22,4
224
224
Bi 6: t chy hon ton 7,2 gam kim loi M (c ho tr hai khng
i trong hp cht) trong hn hp kh Cl2 v O2. Sau phn ng thu
c 23,0 gam cht rn v th tch hn hp kh phn ng l 5,6
lt ( dktc). Xc nh Kim loi M
Gii ra x =

Li gii
Khi lng hn hp kh = 23 7,2 = 15,8 (g) M = 15,8 : 0,25
= 63,2
Cl2 = 71

31,2
t l s mol

63,2
O 2 = 32

7,8

Cl 2 31, 2 4 0, 2
=
= =
O2
7,8 1 0, 05

M M+n + ne
Cl2 + 2e 2Cl
x
nx
0,2
0,4
Theo quy tc thng bng s mol e:
nx = 0,4 + 0,2 = 0,6 M =

O2 + 4e 2O 2
0,05 0,2

7, 2
n = 12n vi n = 2 th M
0, 6

= 24 l Mg
Bi tp vn dng
Bi 1. Dung dch X c cha 5 ion : Cu2+, Ba2+ , Ca2+ v 0,1mol Cl
v 0,2mol NO3 . Thm dn V lt dung dch K2CO3 1M vo
dung dch X n khi c kt ta cc i. V c gi tr l
A. 150ml
B. 300ml
C. 200ml
D. 250ml
Bi 2. Cho 0,04 mol Fe; 0,02 mol Al tc dng vi 100 ml dung dch
X cha AgNO3 v Cu(NO3)2 thu c dung dch Y v 5,84 g
cht rn D gm 3 kim loi. Cho D tc dng vi dung dch HCl
d c 0,448 lt hiro (ktc). Nng mol cc mui AgNO3
v Cu(NO3)2 trong X ln lt l

18

A. 0,4M; 0,2M
B. 0,2M; 0,4M
C. 0,4M; 0,6M D. 0,2M;
0,3M
Bi 3. Ho tan m g hn hp A gm Fe v kim loi R (c ho tr
khng i) trong dung dch HCl d th thu c 1,008 lt kh
(ktc) v dung dch cha 4,575g mui khan. Cng lng hn
hp trn ha tan trong dung dch cha hn hp HNO3 c v
H2SO4 nhit thch hp th thu c 0,063 mol kh NO2
v 0,021 mol kh SO2. Kim loi R l
A. Mg
B. Al
C. Ca
D.
Zn
Bi 4. 10,08 g bt st trong khng kh sau mt thi gian thu
c hn hp A c khi lng m g gm Fe, FeO, Fe3O4, Fe2O3. Cho
A tc dng hon ton vi dung dch HNO3 thy gii phng ra
2,24 lt kh NO duy nht ( iu kin tiu chun). Khi lng
m ca hn hp A l
A. 11 g
B. 12g
C. 13g
D. 14g
Bi 5. Nung nng 5,6 g bt st trong bnh ng O2 thu c 7,36
g hn hp X gm Fe, Fe2O3 v Fe3O4. Cho X tan hon ton
trong dung dch HNO3 thu c V lt (ktc) hn hp kh Y gm
NO v N2O4, t khi hi ca Y so vi H2 l 25,33. V c gi tr
l
A. 22,4 lt
B. 0,672 lt
C. 0,372 lt
D. 1,12 lt
Bi 6. Hn hp X gm FeS2 v MS c s mol nh nhau (M l kim loi
ha tr II). Cho 6,51g X tc dng hon ton vi lng d dung
dch HNO3 un nng, thu c dung dch Y (ch cha mui
sunfat) v 13,216 lt (ktc) hn hp kh Z gm NO v NO2 c
khi lng 26,34g. Kim loi M l
A. Mg
B. Zn
C. Mn
D. Cu
Bi 7. Cho m g hn hp ba kim loi Al, Fe, Cu tan hon ton trong
dung dch HNO3 thu c V lt hn hp kh D (ktc) gm NO2
(gi thit tn ti NO2 ktc) v NO (khng sinh mui
NH4NO3). T khi hi ca D so vi hiro bng 18,2. Tng s
g mui khan to thnh theo m v V l
V
V
V
V
A. m +
B. m
C. 2m +
D. m +
22,4
22,4
22,4
7,75

19

4.

Phng php ng cho trong bi ton trn ln hai dung

dch hoc hn hp hai kh
C s
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng trong qu trnh trn ln
cc dung dch ca cng mt cht tan, ta lun c :
Khi lng dung dch thu c bng tng khi lng ca cc
dung dch thnh phn.
Khi lng cht tan thu c cng bng tng khi lng cht
tan c trong tng dung dch thnh phn .
Phm vi p dng
Pha long hay c cn dung dch
Pha trn cc dung dch ca cng mt cht, cng loi nng
Pha trn cc kh
Khi trn ln 2 dung dch c nng khc nhau hay cho thm
cht tan nguyn cht vo dung dch cha cht tan , hoc
qu trnh c cn dung dch. tnh c nng dung dch
trng thi cui ta c th gii bng phng php bo ton
khi lng, tuy nhin ta nn dng phng php ng cho th
gii bi ton s nhanh hn.
Sau y gii thiu mt s s hay c s dng :
Nu trn dung dch 1 c khi lng l m1(g) v nng C1%
vi dung dch 2 c khi lng m2(g) v nng C2% (gi s
C1 < C2) thu c dung dch mi c nng C% (vi C1 < C <
C2) ta s dng s :
C2 C

m1 (g)......... C1

m1 C2 C
=
m2 C C1

Ch :m (g).........C
C C
1
2
2
Ta coi H2O c C% = 0.
Ta coi cht tan nguyn cht c C = 100%.
Nu trn dung dch 1 c th tch V1 (lt) v nng CM(1)
vi dung dch 2 c th tch V2 (lt) v nng CM(2) (gi s
CM(1) < CM(2)) ta thu c dung dch mi c nng CM (vi
CM(1) < C < CM(2)) ta s dng s sau :
CM ( 2) CM

V1 (lit)...... CM (1)

CM
V2 (lit)...... CM ( 2)

CM CM (1)

20

V1 CM (2) CM
=
V2 CM CM (1)

Nu trn mt th tch V1 (lt) kh A c phn t khi MA vi

mt th tch kh B c phn t khi MB (gi s MA < MB) ta
thu c hn hp kh c phn t khi trung bnh l M (vi MA
< M < MB) ta s dng s sau :
MB

V1 (lit)...... MA

n1 V1
=
n2 V2

MB M
M MA

M
MA

V2 (lit)...... MB

Bi ton minh ho
Bi 1. Cn cho s g H2O vo 100 g dung dch H2SO4 90% c
dung dch H2SO4 50% l
A.m
90 g
C. 60 g
D. 70 g
0 B. 80 g
Li gii
40
m 40
=
m = 80(gam)
100 50

50
100

90
50

Bi 2. Lm bay hi 500 ml dung dch cht A 20% (D = 1,2 g/ml)

ch cn 300 g dung dch. Nng % ca dung dch ny
l
A. 30%
B. 40%
C. 50%
D. 60%
Li gii
mdung
(g)
dch A=: 600
600
dd = 500.1,2
y l20
bi
ton
c
cn
nn s :
-x
x

600H O:x
=2
x = 40% 300
300 x x20- 20

21

Bi 3. Trn V1 ml dung dch NaOH (d = 1,26 g/ml) vi V2 ml dung

dch NaOH
(d = 1,06 g/ml) thu c 1lt dung dch NaOH
(d = 1,16 g/ml). Gi tr V1, V2 ln lt l
A. V1 = V2 = 500
B. V1 = 400, V2 = 600
C. V1V= 600, V21,26
= 400
D. V1 = 700, V2 = 300
1
Li gii
0,1
1,16

V1 0,1
=
V1 = V2 = 500ml
V2 0,1

V
1,06
0,1
2
Bi 4. Mt
hn hp 104 lt (ktc) gm H2 v CO c t khi hi
i vi metan bng 1,5 th VH2 v VCO trong hn hp l
A. 16 lt v 88 lt.
B. 88 lt v 16 lt.
V
H
2
C.1 14 lt
D. 10 lt v 94 lt.
2 v 90 lt.
Li
gii
4
24
V2

CO 28

V1 2
V1 = 16lt
=

V2 11
V2 = 88lt

22
Bi 5. Cho 6,12g Mg tc dng vi dung dch HNO3 thu c dung
dch X ch c mt mui v hn hp kh Y gm NO v N2O c
t khi hi i vi hiro bng 16,75. Th tch NO v N2O (
ktc) thu c ln lt l
A. 2,24 lt v 6,72 lt.
B. 2,016 lt v 0,672
lt.
C. 0,672 lt v 2,016 lt.
D. 1,972 lt v 0,448
lt.
Li gii
2+
Qu trnh cho electron :
Mg
Mg + 2e
0,225
0,51
+5
+2
Qu trnh nhn electron :
N
+ 3e
N (NO)
V1 NO 30
3x
x
10,5
+5
+
N
+ 4e
N (N2O)
8y
2y
y
33,5
V2 N2O

44

3,5

22

Bi

Bi

Bi

Bi

Bi

Bi

VN2O
VNO

1 x
=
3 y

3x + 8y = 0,51 x = 0,09

3x y = 0
y = 0,03
Bi tp vn dng
1. Trn hai th tch metan vi mt th tch hirocacbon X
thu c hn hp kh (ktc) c t khi so vi H2 bng 15. Cng
thc phn t ca X l
A. C2H6
B. C3H8
C. C4H10
D. C5H12
2. Cho hn hp X gm 2 este c CTPT l C4H8O2 v C3H6O2 tc
dng vi NaOH d thu c 6,14g hn hp 2 mui v 3,68g ancol
B duy nht c t khi so vi oxi l 1,4375. S g ca C4H8O2 v
C3H6O2 trong A ln lt l
A. 3,6g v 2,74g.
B. 3,74g v 2,6g.
C. 6,24g v 3,7g.
D. 4,4g v 2,22g.
3. T 1 tn qung hematit (A) iu ch c 400kg st. T 1
tn qung manhetit (B) iu ch c 500kg st. c 1
tn qung hn hp m t 1 tn qung hn hp ny iu ch
c 460kg st th phi trn 2 qung A. B vi t l v khi lng l
A. 2 : 3
B. 3 : 5
C. 3 : 4
D. 1 : 3
4. Mt hn hp kh X gm SO2 v O2 c t khi so vi metan
bng 3. Thm V lt O2 vo 20 lt hn hp X thu c hn hp Y
c t khi so vi metan bng 2,5. Gi tr ca V l
A. 20
B. 30
C. 5
D. 10
5. S ml H2O cn thm vo 1 lt dung dch HCl 2M thu c dung dch mi c nng 0,8M l
A. 1,5 lt
B. 2 lt
C. 2,5 lt
D. 3 lt
6. Trn 1 lt dung dch KCl C1 M (dung dch A) vi 2 lt dung
dch KCl C2 M (dung dch B) c 3 lt dung dch KCl (dung
dch C). Cho dung dch C tc dng va vi dung dch
AgNO3 thu c 86,1 g kt ta. Nu C1 = 4C2 th C1 c gi tr
l
A. 1 M
B. 1,2 M
C. 1,4 M
D.1,5 M

23

Bi 7. T khi hi ca hn hp kh C3H8 v C4H10 i vi hiro l

25,5. Thnh phn % th tch ca hn hp l
A. 50% ; 50%.
B. 25% ; 75%.
C. 45% ; 55%.
5.

D. 20% ; 80%.

Phng php dng phng trnh ion rt gn

C s
Bn cht ca cc phn ng trao i xy ra trong dung dch
cht in li l phn ng ca cc ion vi nhau to ra cht
kt ta, bay hi hay cht in li yu,...
Cch p dng
Khi cho dung dch hn hp (X) phn ng vi dung dch hn hp
(Y) thay v vic vit nhiu phng trnh phn ng gia cc
phn t ta vit cc phng trnh dng ion rt gn. Sau y
l mt s s minh ha :
HCl
NaOH

Cho s : H2SO4 +

hn hp 6 mui

Ba(OH)2
HNO
3

+ H2O
Bn cht l :
H+(axit) + OH(baz) H2O
v
Ba 2+ + SO24 BaSO4
Khi mi trng trung tnh th :

n H+ (axit)

n OH (baz)

Na2CO3
BaCl 2

Cho s (NH4)2CO3 +
CaCl 2
K CO
2 3
Ca2+ + CO 2
CaCO3
3
Bn cht l :
BaCO3
Ba2+ + CO32
Fe
HCl

Hn hp mui + H2
Cho s : Mg +
H2SO4(l)
Zn

24

 Fe

Bn cht l Mg +
Al

H+

Hn hp mui + H2

Bi tp minh ha
Bi 1. Cho dung dch X cha ng thi 2 axit H2SO4 1M v HCl
2M vo 200ml dung dch Y cha NaOH 1,5 M v KOH 1M. Khi
mi trng dung dch trung tnh th th tch dung dch X
cn l
A. 120 ml
B. 125 ml
C. 200 ml
D. 150 ml
Li gii
Bn cht cc phn ng trn l H+ + OH H2O

nH = V.(2.1+ 2) = 4V (mol)
nOH = 0,2.(1,5+ 1) = 0,5(mol)
+

Khi mi trng trung tnh : 4V = 0,5 V= 125 ml

Bi 2. Cho 100ml dung dch A cha ng thi 2 axit HCl 1M v
HNO3 2M vo 200ml dung dch B cha NaOH 0,8 M v KOH x
M thu c dung dch C. Bit rng trung ho 100ml dung
dch C cn 60ml dung dch HCl 1M. x c gi tr l
A. 1,2M
B. 2,2M
C. 3,3M
D. 2,5M
Li gii
C 3 axit phn ng vi 2 baz. Bn cht cc phn ng l
H+ + OH H2O
60.500
nH+ = 0,1(1+ 2) + 100.1000.1= 0,6(mol)
nOH = 0,2(0,8+ x)(mol)

Mi trng trung tnh: 0,6 = 0,2(0,8+x) x = 2,2M.

Bi 3. Trn 100ml dung dch X gm KHCO3 1M v K2CO3 1M vi
100ml dung dch Y gm NaHCO3 1M v Na2CO3 1M thu c
dung dch Z. Nh t t 100ml dung dch T gm H2SO4 2M v
HCl 1M vo dung dch Z thu c V lt CO2 (ktc). Gi tr ca
V l
A. 2,24 lt
B. 8,96 lt
C. 6,72 lt
D. 4,48 lt
Li gii
Bn cht ca cc phn ng gia cc cht trong T v Z l :

25

CO32 + 2H+
HCO3
HCO3 + H+
H2O + CO2
Khi cho dung dch X vo Y thu c dung dch Z c
HCO3 0,2 (mol) v CO32 0,2 (mol).
nH+ (ddT) = nHCl + 2nH2SO4 = 0,5(mol)
Nh t t dung dch T vo dung dch Z, phn ng xy ra
theo th t :
CO32 + H+
HCO3
0,2

0,2

Tng s mol

0,2

nHCO

= 0,2 + 0,2 = 0,4(mol)

nH+ (cnl i) = 0,5 0,2 = 0,3(mol) < nHCO = 0,4(mol)

3

H+ (d )

= 0,5 0,2 = 0,3 < n

HCO3

= 0,2 + 0,2 = 0,4(mol)

HCO3 + H+
CO2 + H2O
0,3

0,3

0,3

Bi 4. Tnh th tch dung dch cha HCl 0,5M v H2SO4 0,75M

cn thit ho tan hon ton 23,2g Fe3O4.
A. 200 ml
B. 300 ml
C. 350 ml
D. 400 ml
Li gii
Bn cht phn ng gia hai axit v Fe3O4 l :
2+
3+
Fe3O4 + 8H+
Fe + 2Fe + 4H2O.
0,1
0,8
Gi th tch dung dch l V : 0,5V + 2V.0,75 = 0,8 V =
400 ml
Bi 5. Cho 2 kim loi Fe, Mg tc dng vi 200ml dung dch A gm
HCl 0,1M,
H2SO4 0,2M thu c dung dch B v kh C. Cho t t
dung dch D gm NaOH 0,3M, KOH 0,1M vo B tc dng va
vi cc cht trong B th th tch dung dch D cn dng l
A. 0,15 lt.
B. 0,25 lt.
C. 0,35 lt.
D. 0,45 lt.
Li gii

26

Fe2+

Fe
+ H+

H2

H+

Fe(OH)2
+

OH
H2O

Mg
Mg2+
Mg(OH)2
Quy tc thng bng in tch :
n(+) trong B = nH+ trong A = nOH trong D.
Dung dch trung tnh khi :
nH+ = nOH 0,2(0,1+ 0,2.2) = V(0,3+ 0,1) V =0,25(lt)
Bi tp vn dng
Bi 1. tc dng va vi 0,96g hiroxit ca 2 kim loi kim
hai chu k lin tip trong bng tun hon, phi dng 20ml
dung dch HCl 0,4M v H2SO4 0,3M. Cc kim loi kim l
A. Na, K
B. Li, Na
C. K, Rb
D. Na, Rb
Bi 2. Ha tan hn hp hai kim loi Ba v Na (dng ht rt nh) vo
nc thu c dung dch A v 672 ml kh (ktc). Nh t t dung
dch FeCl3 vo dung dch A cho n d, lc kt ta, ra sch, sy
kh v nung n khi lng khng i thu c m g cht rn. Gi
tr m l
A. 3,2 g
B. 6,4
g
C. 1,6 g
D. 4,8 g
Bi 3. Cho 4,64g hn hp A gm FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4 (
nFeO : nFe2O3 = 1: 1) ho tan hon ton trong V lt dung dch
H2SO4 0,2M v HCl 0,6M. V c gi tr l
A. 1,60 lt
B. 1,22 lt
C. 1,90 lt
D. 1,56 lt
Bi 4. Hn hp cht rn X gm Fe, Fe2O3, Fe3O4 v FeO (c s mol
bng nhau l 0,1 mol). Ha tan ht X vo dung dch Y gm
HCl v H2SO4 long (d), thu c dung dch Z v 1,12 lt kh
H2 (ktc). Nh t t dung dch Cu(NO3)2 0,5M vo dung dch
Z cho ti khi ngng kh NO thot ra th dng li. Th tch
dung dch Cu(NO3)2 dng l
A. 158,3 ml.
B. 140,0 ml.
C. 100,0 ml D.
160,5 ml.
Bi 5. Cho 12,15 g bt Al vo 100 ml dung dch hn hp NaNO3
1,5M v NaOH 3M, khuy u cho n khi ngng kh thot
ra th dng li. Th tch kh thot ra ktc l

27

A. 5,04 lt
B. 7,56 lt
C. 6,72 lt
D. 4,48 lt
Bi 6. Cho 6,4 g Cu tc dng vi 60 ml dung dch hn hp gm
HNO3 2M v H2SO4 1M, thu c V lt kh NO duy nht (ktc),
phn ng xy ra hon ton. Gi tr ca V l
A. 0,672
B. 0,896
C. 1,344
D.
2,24
Bi 7. Dung dch A th tch 200ml cha ng thi hai mui
MgCl2 0,4M v Cu(NO3)2 0,2M. Dung dch B cha ng thi
KOH 0,16M v Ba(OH)2 0,02M. Th tch dung dch B cn
lm kt ta ht hai ion Mg2+, Cu2+ l
A. 1 lt
B. 1,2 lt
C. 1,5 lt
D. 1,7 lt
Bi 8. Cho 3,75g hn hp A gm Mg v Al vo 250 ml dung dch X
cha axit HCl 1M v H2SO4 0,5M, c dung dch B v 3,92 lt
H2 (ktc). Thnh phn % khi lng Mg, Al trong A l
A. 65% ; 35%.
B. 64% ; 36%.
B. 55% ; 45%.
D. 50% ; 50%.
Bi 9. Cho hn hp A gm Mg v Al vo 500 ml dung dch X cha
axit HCl 1M v H2SO4 0,5M, c dung dch B v 3,92 lt H2
(ktc). Th tch dung dch C gm NaOH 0,2M v Ba(OH)2
0,1M cn phn ng ht vi cc cht trong B l
A. 0,125 lt
B. 1,112 lt
C. 1,875 lt
D. 1,235 lt
Bi 10. Cho m g hn hp Mg, Al vo 250 ml dung dch X cha hn
hp axit HCl 1 M v axit H2SO4 0,5 M, thu c 5,32 lt H2 ( ktc)
v dung dch Y
(coi th tch dung dch khng i). Dung
dch Y c pH l
A. 7
B. 1
C. 2
D. 6
6. Phng php gii cc bi ton cc i - cc tiu
Cch tm khong gii hn ca mui : Hn hp kim loi (A, B) tc
dng vi hn hp axit (HNO3 v H2SO4) to ra hn hp mui
sunfat v mui nitrat.
+) Do 1 mol SO24 (nng 96 gam) tng ng vi 2 mol NO3
(nng 124 gam). Vi cng mt hn hp kim loi nu to mui
nitrat th khi lng s nng hn mui sunfat. Khi lng mui
cc i khi hn hp ch to ra mui nitrat v cc tiu khi hn
hp ch to mui sunfat. Vy khi lng thc t l

28

mui SO24

< mthc t < m

mui NO-3

+) Do 1 mol ion kim loi A+ (nng MA g) tng ng vi 1 mol B+

(nng MB). Nu MA < MB th mui ca A nh hn mui ca B
(cng gc axit). Khi lng mui cc i khi hn hp ch to ra
mui B v cc tiu khi hn hp ch to mui A. Vy khi lng
thc t l
mmui A < mthc t < mmui B
Bi tp minh ha
Bi 1. Ha tan 1,02 gam Al2O3 vo 300 ml dung dch H2SO4 0,2M
ta thu c dung dch A. Rt tip vo A 200ml dung dch
NaOH th thu c mt kt ta, em nung n khi lng
khng i th c 0,51 gam cht rn. Coi th tch dung
dch thay i khng ng k. Nng mol ca dung dch
NaOH ban u l
A. 0,55M ; 0,65M
B. 0,65M ; 0,75M
C. 0,45M ; 0,7M
D. 0,85M ; 1,5M
Li gii
nAl2O3 = 0,01mol ; nH2SO4 = 0,06mol
Al 2O3 + 3H2SO4
Al 2(SO4)3 + 3H2O
H2SO4(d ) = 0,06 0,03 = 0,03mol
Dung dch A
Al2(SO4)3 : 0,01mol
H+ + OH
H2O
0,06 0,06
TH1 : NaOH ch kt ta mt phn Al3+.
Al3+ + 3OH
Al(OH)3
Al 2O3
0,01

0,01

0,005

0,09
= 0,45M
0,2
TH2 : NaOH ch kt ta ht Al3+ v ho tan mt
phn kt ta ny
nNaOH = 0,06 + 0,03 = 0,09(mol) CM(NaOH) =

29

Al3+ + 3OH
Al(OH)3
0,02

0,06

0,02

Al(OH)3 + OH
[Al(OH)4]
0,01

0,01
to

2Al(OH)3 Al 2O3 + H2O

0,51
= 0,005
102
0,14
nNaOH = 0,14 mol CM =
= 0,7M
0,2

0,01

Bi 2: Cho 200ml dung dch AlCl3 tc dng vi 400 ml dung dch

NaOH 2M ta thu c mt kt ta em nung nng n khi lng khng i th thu c 5,1gam cht rn.
a) Nng mol ca dung dch AlCl3 l
A. 0,155M
B. 1,125M
C. 0,175M
D. 1,185M
b) Lc tch kt ta thu c dung dch nc lc. Cho dung dch
nc lc tc dng vi dung dch HCl 1M. Th tch dung dch
HCl kt ta thu c ln nht l
A. 62,5 ml
B. 25,5 ml
C. 35,0 ml
D. 45,0 ml
Li gii
nNaOH = 0,4.2 = 0,8mol
to

Al3+ + 3OH
Al(OH)3 Al2O3
0,1

0,3

0,1

0,05

a) TH1 : Al3+ cha b kt ta ht nAl3+ = 0,1mol CM =

0,1
= 0,5
0,2

TH2 : Al3+ b kt ta ht, OH- d

Al3+ +
a

3OH
Al(OH)3
3a

Al(OH)3 + OH
[Al(OH)4]
a 0,1

a 0,1

OH = 4a 0,1= 0,8 a = 0,225mol = nAl3+ CM =

30

0,225
= 1,125M
0,2

b) Dung dch nc lc nNa[Al(OH)4] = 0,125mol

Na[Al(OH)4] + HCl
Al(OH)3 + NaCl + H2O
0,125

0,125

0,125

0,125
= 0,062lit = 62,5ml
2
Bi 3. Chia 3,64 gam hn hp (A) gm 3 kim loi Fe, Al, Mg ( dng
bt mn) thnh hai phn bng nhau. Ho tan ht phn th
nht trong dung dch HCl va thu c 1,568 lt H2 v
dung dch (A). Cho phn th hai vo dung dch NaOH 0,5 M
(ly d), thu c dung dch (B) v cht rn C. Cho C phn ng
vi dung dch HNO3 un nng thu c 2,016 l kh NO2 ktc
(khng c mui amoni) v dung dch (D).
a) Khi lng Al trong hn hp A l
A. 1,08g
B. 1,28g
C. 0,28g
D. 1,18g
b) Khi lng mui nitrat to thnh trong dung dch (D) l
A. 6,68g
B. 5,68g
C. 4,28g
D. 3,18g
c) Th tch dung dch NaOH 0,5 M cn phi cho vo dung
dch A kt ta thu c l cc i v cc tiu ln lt l
A. 200ml v 300ml
B. 280 ml v 320 ml
C. 320 ml v 280 ml
D. 250 ml v 350 ml
Li gii
Gi nAl = xmol;nFe = ymol;nMg = zmol trong 1/2 hn hp A
Ta c 27x + 56y + 24z = 1,82 (I)
S phn ng vi HCl :
Fe
Fe2+
CM(HCl) =

Al

+ H+

Al3+

+ H2

Mg
Mg2+
3x + 2y + 2z = 0,14 (II)
Phn 2 tc dng vi dung dch NaOH
Al + NaOH + 3H2O
Na[Al(OH)4] +

3
H2
2

S phn ng ca C vi HNO3 :
Fe
Mg

HNO3

Fe3+
Mg2+

3y + 2z = 0,09 (III)

31

NO2 + H2O

Gii h (I), (II), (III) ta c x = 0,02 mol ; y = 0,01 mol ; z =0,03

mol
mAl = 0,02.2.27 = 1,08gam

a. mFe = 0,02.56 = 1,12gam

m = 1,44gam
Mg
b.
mmui
= mFe, Mg+ mNO3
=
0,01.56+0,03.24
+
(0,01.3+0,03.2)62 = 6,68 gam
Al3+ : 0,02mol

2+
c. Dung dch A gm Fe :0,01mol
2+
Mg :0,03mol
kt ta thu c cc i khi ton b ba kim loi b kt ta
va ht :
Al3+ + 3OH
Al(OH)3
0,02

0,06

Fe2+ + 2OH
Fe(OH)2
0,01

0,02

Mg2+ + 2OH
Mg(OH)2
0,03

0,06

nOH = 0,06+ 0,06+ 0,02= 0,14mol VNaOH =

0,14
= 0,28lit = 280ml
0,5

Kt ta cc tiu khi Al(OH)3 b tan ht :

Al(OH)3 + NaOH
Na[Al(OH)4]
0,02

0,02

0,16
= 0,32lit = 320ml
0,5
Bi 4. Ho tan hon ton 11,9 g hn hp 2 kim loi Al v Zn vo
dung dch HNO3 2M (va ) thu c dung dch A v 3,64
lt hn hp 2 cht kh N2O v NO ( ktc) c khi lng 5,75
gam.
a) Thnh phn phn trm ca Al v Zn c trong hn hp l
A. 30,00% ; 70,00%
B. 43,38% ; 54,62%
C. 35,00% ; 65,00%
D. 54,62% ; 43,38%

nOH = 0,14+ 0,02= 0,16mol VNaOH =

32

b) Th tch NH3 (ktc) cho vo dung dch A kt ta ln

nht, nh nht l
A. 17,92 lt v 26,88 lt
B. 15,52 lt v
25,68 lt
C. 13,96 lt v 27,24 lt
D. 12,52 lt v 15,68
lt
Li gii
Gi nN2O = xmol ; nNO = ymol . Ta c
x + y = 0,1625
x = 0,0625mol

44a+ 30b = 5,75 y = 0,1mol

t nAl = amol ; nZn = bmol 27a + 65b = 11,9 (I)
Al(NO3)3
N2O
Al
+ HNO3
+ H2O
Zn(NO ) +
Zn
NO
3 2
Dng phng php bo ton electron ta c :
Cc qu trnh cho e :
Al
Al3+ + 3e
a
3a
2+

necho = 3x + 2y

Zn
Zn + 2e
b
2b
Cc qu trnh nhn e :
N +5 + 4e
N+
0,5

0,125

N2O
0,0625

nenhn = 0,8
N +5 + 3e
N +2 NO
0,3
0,1
0,1
Ta c : 3x + 2y = 0,8 (II)
Gii h (I), (II) thu c :
m = 0,2.27 = 5,4g %Al = 43,38%
x = 0,2mol
Al
a)
y = 0,1mol
mZn = 6,5g %Zn= 54,62%
Al3+ :0,2mol
b) Dung dch A gm 2+
Cc phn ng
Zn :0,1mol

Kt ta thu c cc i khi Al3+ ,Zn2+ b kt ta va ht :

33

Al3+ + 3NH3 + 3H2O

Al(OH)3 + 3NH+4
0,2

0,6

Zn2+ + 2NH3 + 2H2O

Zn(OH)2 + 2NH4+
0,1
0,2
VNH3 = 0,8.22,4 = 17,92lit
Kt ta thu c cc tiu khi Zn(OH)2 b ho tan ht
Zn(OH)2 + 4NH3
[Zn(NH3)4](OH)2
VNH3 = 1,2.22,4= 26,88lit
Bi tp vn dng
Bi 1. Ho tan hon ton 0,81 g Al vo dung dch NaOH va
thu c dung dch mui A v kh H2. Th tch dung dch HCl
0,1 M kt ta thu c cc i v cc tiu ln lt l
A. 0,3 lt v 1,5 lt
B. 0,3 lt v 1,2 lt
C. 0,5 lt v 1,5 lt
D. 0,2 lt v 1,6 lt
Bi 2. Cho 100 ml dung dch A gm MgCl2 0,3M; AlCl3 0,5M; HCl
0,50M. Thm t t V lt dung dch X gm NaOH 0,2M v
Ba(OH)2 0,1M vo dung dch A thu c kt ta Y. lng kt
ta Y ln nht ri nh nht th V ln lt nhn cc gi tr l
A. 1,75 lt v2,24 lt
B. 0,65 lt v
0,775 lt
C. 0,75 lt v 0,25 lt
D. 1,50 lt v 1,75
lt
Bi 3. Ho tan hon ton m g Zn vo lng va 300ml HCl 1M
thu c dung dch A v kh H2. Th tch dung dch NaOH
0,01 M vo dung dch A thu c 7,425 g kt ta cc i ri
cc tiu ln lt l
A. 150 ml v 200 ml
B. 250 ml v 500 ml
C. 150 ml v 750 ml
D. 250 ml v 750 ml
Bi 4. Nu ho tan hon ton 28,1g hn hp MgCO3 v BaCO3 c
thnh phn thay i trong cha a% MgCO3 bng dung
dch HCl v cho tt c kh thot ra hp th ht vo dung
dch cha 0,2 mol Ca(OH)2 th thu c kt ta D. lng kt
ta D nhiu nht v t nht th a c gi tr ln lt l
A. 29,89% v 100,00%
B.
30,00%
v
100,00%

34

C. 29,89% v 60,00%
D. 39,89% v 79,89%
Bi 5. Ho tan 15,3 g BaO vo nc c dung dch A. Cho 12,3
gam hn hp CaCO3 v MgCO3 (c thnh phn thay i) ho
tan ht vo dung dch HCl d th thu c kh B. Nu cho kh
B hp th ht vo dung dch A th sau phn ng khi lng
kt ta to thnh trong khong
A. 10,638(g) < mBaCO3 < 15,169(g)
B. 12,680(g) < mBaCO3 < 15,690(g)
C. 10,000(g) < mBaCO3 < 15,000(g)
D. 15,638(g) < mBaCO3 < 25,169(g)
Bi 6. Thm t t dung dch cha HCl 1M vo dung dch c cha
3,82
gam
hn
hp
mui
Na2CO3
v
K2CO3
(
nNa2CO3 : nK 2CO3 = 1:2) thu c dung dch X v kh Y. th
tch kh Y thu c c gi tr cc tiu, cc i th th tch
dung dch HCl 1M ln lt l
A. 30 ml ; 40 ml
B. 40 ml ; 70 ml
C. 30 ml ; 60 ml
D. 40 ml ; 60 ml
n
:
n
=
1:1
Bi 7. Ho tan 1,29 gam Zn, Cu (c Zn Cu
) vo dung dch
cha HNO3 v H2SO4 (c, nng) thu c hn hp kh gm
NO2 v kh SO2. Nu t l kh NO2 v kh SO2 thay i th
khi lng mui khan thu c trong khong
A. 3,20(gam) < mmui < 3,70(gam)
B. 3,21(gam) < mmui < 3,77(gam)
C. 4,20(gam) < mmui < 6,70(gam)
D. 3,00(gam) < mmui < 4,50(gam)
Bi 8. Ho tan 0,89 gam Zn, Mg vo dung dch cha HCl v
H2SO4 thu c 0,448 lt kh H2 (ktc). Nu thay i t l s
mol hai axit th khi lng mui khan thu c trong khong
A. 2,31(g) < mmui < 2,81(g)
B. 3,21(gam) < mmui < 3,77(gam)
C. 2,20(gam) < mmui < 3,70(gam)
D. 3,21(gam) < mmui < 3,59(gam)
Bi 9. Cho 18,2 gam hn hp X gm hai kim loi Al v Cu vo 100
ml dung dch B cha H2SO4 12M v HNO3 2M un nng, thu

35

7.

c dung dch Y v 8,96 lt hn hp kh (ktc) T gm NO v

SO2. T khi ca T so vi H2 l 23,5. Thay i t l s mol
ca hai axit th khi lng mui khan thu c nm trong
khong
A. 23,1(g) < mmui < 28,1(g)
B. 32,1(gam) < mmui < 37,7(gam)
C. 37,4(gam) < mmui < 43(gam)
D. 30,1(gam) < mmui < 35,9(gam)
Phng php s dng cc tr s trung bnh
C s

Nu c mt hn hp nhiu cht cng tc dng vi mt cht

khc (m cc phng trnh phn ng cng loi, cng hiu sut,
sn phm phn ng tng t nhau) ta c th thay hn hp ny
bng mt cht tng ng.
Gi s c hn hp gm cc cht A, B, C,... (cha C, H, O), c
th thay bng cht tng ng CxHyOz : M vi:
Khi lng phn t trung bnh M :
m
n .M + nB .M B + ... + nK .M K
M = hh = A A
nhh
nA + nB + ...nK
( nA, nB, nK : c th l s mol, th tch hay % s mol,...)
Lun lun c: M A < M < M K
S nguyn t cacbon trung bnh x :
x .n + x2.nB + ... + xK .nK
x= 1 A
(Vi x1 < x < xK)
nA + nB + ... + nK
(x1, x2, x3,.. l s nguyn t C ca A, B, C,...)
S nguyn t hiro trung bnh y :
y .n + y2.nB + ... + yK .nK
y= 1 A
(Vi y1 < y < yK)
nA + nB + ... + nK
(y1, y2, y3,.. l s nguyn t H ca A, B, C,...)
Cc gi tr trung bnh khc nh s nguyn t oxi trung bnh,
phn t khi ca gc hirocacbon trung bnh, s nhm
chc trung bnh,... cch thit lp tng t.

36

Phm vi p dng
Dng gii nhanh cc loi bi hu c, v c nh: bi tp xc
nh cng thc phn t ca cht ho hc, tnh th tch,
tnh s mol hay tnh % s mol, % th tch vi cc cht kh,...
Bi tp minh ha
Bi 1. t chy mt hn hp X gm 2 hirocacbon A, B k tip
nhau trong dy ng ng thu c 96,8g CO2 v 57,6g H2O.
Cng thc phn t ca A, B v thnh phn % mi cht trong
hn hp X l
A. CH4, C2H6
B. C2H6, C3H8
C. C3H8, C4H10
D. C2H4, C3H6
Li gii
96,8
57,6
nCO2 =
= 2,2(mol) ; nH2O =
= 3,2(mol)
44
18
nCO2 < nH 2O A, B thuc d y
ng

ng ankan.
Gi n l s nguyn t C trung bnh ca hn hp ( n n m 4
), khi thay A, B bng 1 cht duy nht CnH2n+2 c s mol =
(a+b) mol.
3n + 1
CnH2n+2 +
O2 nCO2 + (n + 1)H2O
(1)
2
2,2
3,2
n n+ 1
=
n = 2,2. Vy: n = 1 n = 2,2 m = 2
2,2 3,2
Vy : hai hirocacbon l C2H6 v C3H8
2
3 - 2,2
C2H6 0,8
=
Theo quy tc ng cho: 2,2

80% v 20%
C3H8 0,2
3
2,2 - 2
Bi 2. t chy ht 0,5mol hn hp X gm 2 hirocacbon mch h
A, B thuc cng dy ng ng (phn t khi hn km
nhau 28vC) cn 40,32 lt O2 to ra 26,88 lt CO2. Tm cng
thc phn t ca A, B.
Li gii
40,32
26,88
nO2 p =
= 1,8(mol) ; nCO2 =
= 1,2(mol)
22.4
22,4

37

Theo s bo ton nguyn t O:

nO(O2p ) = nO(CO2) + nO(H2O) nO(H 2O) = 2.1,8 2.1,2
nO(H2O) = 1,2(mol)
Ta c: nH2O = nO(H2O) = 1,2(mol) = nCO2 A,B thuc anken
Gi n l s nguyn t C trung bnh ca hn hp ( n n m),
khi thay A, B bng 1 cht duy nht CnH2n c:
CnH2n +
0,5

3n
O2
nCO2 + nH2O
2
1,2

1,2
= 2,4 n n m 4 n = 2 A : C2H4 ; m = 4 B: C4H8
0,5
Bi 3. Hn hp kh A ( ktc) gm 2 anken. t chy 7 th
tch A cn 31 th tch kh O2 ( cng iu kin nhit v
p sut). Trong A, anken cha nhiu C hn, chim khong
4050% th tch hn hp. Cng thc phn t ca 2 anken l
A. C2H4 ; C3H6 B. C2H4 ; C4H8
C. C2H4 ; C5H10
D.
C3H6 ; C4H8
Li gii
Gi n l s nguyn t C trung bnh ca hn hp (2 < n 4)
CTPTTB ca A l CnH2n .
n=

3n
to
O 2
nCO +2 nH O
2
2
31VO 2

CnH2n +
7VA

3n
1 3n
2.31
.V
= 2,95
t s : 1V = 2
=
n=
7 2.31
21
7V 31V
1 anken c s nguyn t C l 2 l C2H4 olefin cn li
c s nguyn t C l 3 hoc 4
Gi x l %V ca CnH2n ; (1x) l %V ca C2H4 (phn trm th
tch chnh l % v s mol trong cng iu kin).
Theo s bo ton nguyn t C :

38

0,95
(1)
m 2
M 0,4<x < 0,5 Thay vo (1) 3,9 < m< 4,375 m = 4 C4H8
Bi 4. Mt hn hp X gm 2 hirocacbon A, B thuc cng 1 dy
ng ng u l kh ktc, cn 20,16 lt O2 t
chy ht X v phn ng to 7,2g H2O. Khi cho lng hn hp X
trn tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3 / NH3 d thu c 62,7g kt
ta. CTCT ca A, B l
A. C2H2 ; C3H4 B. C2H2 ; C4H6
C. C3H4 ; C4H6 D. C2H2 ; C5H8
Li gii
20,16
7,2
nO2 =
= 0,9(mol) ; nH2O =
= 0,4(mol)
22,4
18
p dng s bo ton nguyn t O : nO(O2) = nO(CO2) + nO(H2O)
n = mx + 2(1-x) = 2,95 x(m-2) + 2 = 2,95 x =

nO(CO2) = 1,8 0,4 = 1,4(mol)

nCO2 = 0,7mol nCO2 > nH2O ankin
A : CnH2n2 : a(mol)

CTTB : CnH2n2 (a+ b) mol

B : CmH2m2 : b(mol)
3n 1
CnH2n2 +
O2
nCO2 + (n 1)H2O
2
0,7
0,4
nCO2 0,7
=
= 2,33 ( 2 n < n < m 4 )
Ta c:
n=
(a+ b) 0,3
n = 2 A : C2H2 HC CH
Gi

m = 3 B :C3H4 CH3 C CH

m = 4 B : C H CH3 CH2 C CH

4 6

CH3 C C CH3

Xt C2H2 v C3H4 :
a+ b = 0,3mol
2a+ 3b
= 2,33 2a+ 3b = 0,7
n =
a+ b
2a+ 3b = 0,7 a = 0,2

gii h
a+ b = 0,3
b = 0,1

39

Phn ng vi AgNO3 NH3

CH CH + 2[Ag(NH3)2]OH AgC CAg +2H2O + 4NH3
0,2
0,2
CH3 C CH + [Ag(NH3)2]OH CH3 C CAg + H2O + 2NH3
0,1
0,1
m= 0,2.240 + 0,1.147 = 62,7g = m (gt)
Cch lm tng t vi hai trng hp cn li, kt qu thu c la
khng ph hp.
Vy A l C2H2 v Bl C3H4.
Bi 5. Tch nc hon ton 10,6 g hn hp hai ancol thu c hn hp
A gm 2 olefin l ng ng k tip nhau. Cho hn hp A (
ktc) qua bnh ng dung dch brom d, ngi ta thy khi lng ca bnh tng thm 7g. Cng thc phn t ca 2 olefin l
A. C2H4 v C3H6
B. C3H6 v C4H8
C. C4H8 v C5H10
D. C5H10 v C6H12
Li gii
t cng thc chung ca hai ancol no n chc, mch h l
ng ng k tip l CnH2n+1OH .
H2SO4
+ Br2
CnH2n+1OH
CnH2n

o
170 C

CnH2nBr2

CnH2n . Th M = 18
Khi chuyn : CnH2n+1OH
3,6
m = 10,6 7 = 3,6(g) nhh =
= 0,2(mol)
18
7
M=
= 35 M1 < 35 < M2 ; m M1, M2 l ng ng
0,2
k tip.
M1 = 28 C2H4
M2 = 42 C3H6
Bi tp vn dng
Bi 1. A, B l 2 ancol no, n chc k tip nhau trong dy ng
ng. Cho 3,9g hn hp tc dng ht vi Na thu c 1,12 lt
H2(ktc). Cng thc phn t ca 2 ancol l
A. CH3OH, C2H5OH
B. C2H5OH, C3H7OH
C. C3H7OH, C4H9OH
D. C4H9OH, C5H11OH
Bi 2. t chy hon ton 0,03 mol hn hp X gm 1 axit
cacboxylic n chc A v 1 ancol no B, u mch h vi O2 th
thu c 1,12 lt kh CO2 (ktc) v
1,08 g H2O. Bit A, B hn

40

km nhau 1 nguyn t cacbon trong phn t. Cng thc cu to

ca A, B ln lt l
A. C2H5COOH , C3H5(OH)3
B. HCOOH , C2H5OH
C. C2H5COOH , C3H7OH
D. C2H3COOH , C3H6(OH)3
Bi 3. Hn hp 3 ancol n chc A, B, C c tng s mol l 0,08
v khi lng l
3,387. xc nh CTPT ca A, B, C, bit rng B
v C c cng s nguyn t
cacbon v khng phn ng vi AgNO3/
5
NH3, s mol A bng
tng s mol
ca B v C. Cng thc cu
3
to ca A, B, C ln lt l
A. CH3OH ; C3H5OH; C3H7OH
B. C2H5OH ; C3H5OH; C3H7OH
C. C2H5OH ; C4H9OH; C4 H9OH
D. CH3OH ; C4H9OH; C4H9OH
Bi 4. t chy hon ton a g hn hp 2 ancol no, n chc mch
h lin tip trong dy ng ng thu c 3,584 lt CO2
ktc v 3,96g H2O. CTPT ca cc ancol l
A. CH3OH; C2H5OH
B. C2H5OH; C3H7OH
C. C3H7OH; C4H9OH
D. C4H9OH; C5H11OH
Bi 5. t chy hon ton 0,56 lt hn hp X gm hai hirocacbon
c cng s nguyn t cacbon, thu c mH2O = 1,9125 gam,
mCO2 = 4,4gam. Trong X khng c cht no cha qu 1 lin kt
pi. Cng thc ca hai hirocacbon l
A. C2H4; C2H6 B. C3H6 ; C3H8 C. C4H8 ; C4H10

D.

C5H10

C5H12
Bi 6. t chy hon ton 0,672 lt hn hp A gm hai kh
hirocacbon (ktc) c cng s nguyn t cacbon, thu c
2,64g CO2 v 1,26 g H2O. Mt khc khi cho A qua dung dch
[Ag(NH3)2]OH ng trong ng nghim thy c kt ta bm
vo ng nghim. Cng thc phn t cc cht trong A l
A. C2H2 ; C2H4 B. C2H2 ; C2H6
C. C3H4 ; C3H8
D. C2H2 ;
C3H4
Bi 7. Mt hn hp hi ca 3 ancol n chc A, B, C v 13,44 g
kh O2 c cha trong mt bnh kn dung tch 16 lt p
sut 0,92 atm, 109,2oC. t chy hon ton hn hp, sn
phm thu c mH2O = 3,78g ; mCO2 =6,16g
. Bit rng B v C c
cng s nguyn t cacbon v u khng phn ng vi dung

41

5
tng s mol ca B v C.
3
Cng thc cu to ca A, B, C ln lt l
A. CH3OH; C3H5OH ; C3H7OH
B. CH3OH; C2H5OH ; C3H7OH
C. C2H5OH; C3H5OH ; C3H7OH
D. CH3OH; C3H5OH ; C4H9OH
8. t chy hon ton 0,896 lt hn hp kh X (ktc) gm hai
hirocacbon A, B thu c 1,12 lt kh CO2 (ktc) v 1,26 g
H2O. Cng thc phn t ca A, B l
A. C2H2 ; C2H4
B. CH4 ; C2H4 C. CH4; C2H6 D. CH4; C2H2
9. t chy hon ton 3,24g hn hp X gm hai cht hu c A,
B trong A hn B mt nguyn t cacbon (MA <MB), thu c
H2O v 9,24g CO2. Bit t khi hi ca X so vi H2 l 13,5.
Cng thc ca A v B ln lt l
A. C2H4O ; C3H6O
B. CH2O ; C2H2
C. CH4O ; C2H6O
D. C2H4O ; C3H8O
10. t chy hon ton 2,6 g hn hp cht A gm mui natri
ca 2 axit cacboxylic no n chc k tip nhau trong dy
ng ng thu c 1,59 g Na2CO3 v hn hp kh B (CO2,
H2O). Cng thc phn t ca 2 mui trong hn hp A v khi
lng hn hp B ln lt l
A. CH3COONa ; C2H5COONa ; 3,40g.
B. C2H5COONa ; C3H7COONa ; 3,41g.
C. CH3COONa ; C2H5COONa ; 4,31g.
D. C4H9COONa ; C3H7COONa ; 3,40g.
11. Chia 15,6 g hn hp gm ancol etylic v mt ng ng
thnh hai phn bng nhau. Phn I tc dng ht vi Na thu c
2,24 lt H2 (ktc). Phn II un nng vi 30 g axit axetic (xc
tc H2SO4). Bit hiu sut cc phn ng este ha u bng
80%. Tng khi lng este thu c l
A. 16,20 g
B. 12,96 g
C. 19,26 g
D.
12,60 g
dch AgNO3/ NH3, s mol A bng

Bi

Bi

Bi

Bi

8.

Mt s phng php khc khi gii bi tp ho hc

1. Phng php suy lun tng ng

V d: Cho m gam hn hp Fe v 3 oxit FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4 tc dng
vi kh H2 thu c 11,2 gam kim loi Fe v 1,8 gam H2O. Nu cho

42

hn hp trn tc dng vi HNO3 th thu c bao nhiu lt kh NO2

(ktc)
Gii:
Phng trnh phn ng:
FeO + H2 Fe + H2O
Fe3O4 + 4H2 3Fe + 4 H2O
Fe2O3 + 3H2 2Fe + 3 H2O
Fe + 6HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + 3NO2 +3H2O
FeO + 4HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO2 + 2H2O
Fe3O4 +10 HNO3 3Fe(NO3)3 + NO2 + 5H2O
Fe2O3 + 6 HNO3 2 Fe(NO3)3 + 3H2O
S phn ng
FeO

+H2
+ HNO3
Fe
+
H2O
NO2
Fe3O4
Fe O
2 3
(11,2 gam)
(1,8 gam)
Th t li vn theo cch nh sau:
Cho 11,2 gam Fe tc dng vi 1,8 gam H2O thu c hn hp gm
Fe v cc oxit ca n. Cho hn hp ny tc dng vi HNO 3 th thu
c bao nhiu lt NO2 iu kin tiu chun.
FeO

+
H
O
(
1
,
8
gam
)
+ HNO3
Fe 2 Fe3O4
NO2
Fe O
2 3
(11,2 gam)
* p dng phng php bo ton e
Cht kh
Cht oxi ho
3+
Fe
Fe
+
H2O
+ 2e H2 +
23e
O
0,2
0,1
0,2

+
0,6
NO 3 + e + 4H NO2 + 2H2O
a
a
ta c: 0,6 = 0,2 + a a = 0,4 mol VNO 2 = 8,96 lt
2. Phng php t n s ph
V d: Cho 18,5 gam hn hp Z gm Fe, Fe3O4 tc dng vi 200
ml dung dch HNO3long un nng v khuy u. Sau khi phn

43

ng xy ra hon ton thu c 2,24 lt kh NO duy nht (ktc),

dung dch Z1 v cn li 1,46 gam kim loi.
1. Vit cc phng trnh ha hc cho cc phn ng xy ra.
2. Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch HNO3.
Gii:
t cng thc chung ca Fe (tham gia phn ng) v Fe3O4 trong
hn hp l FexOy, s mol l a, ta c:
56ax + 16ay = 18,5-1,46 =
17,04
(1)
+5
N + 3e N+2(trong NO)
0,3
0,1
FexOy xFe+2 + yO-2 + (2x -2y)e
a
(2x -2y)a
2ax 2ay = 0,3 (2)
Gii h hai phng trnh (1), (2): ax = 0,27; ay = 0,12
nFe = nFe ( NO3 )2 = ax nn nHNO3 = 0,27 2+ 0,1= 0,64(mol)
C HNO3 =

0,64
= 3,2 M
0,2

44