ENB375: Structural Engineering 2

4 hours/week (3hours lectures and 1 hour ( tutorial) and 12 Credit Points Pre-requisites: ENB270 Lecturing and Tutoring Staff
Mahen Mahendran S. Kesawan, V. Jatheeshan - PhD students steel structures Dr S. Gunalan, Dr P. Keerthan

ENB375: Structural Engineering 2

Rationale and Topics Behaviour and Limit states design of STEEL STRUCTURES (mainly elements such as ties, columns and beams) Structural mechanics theories and applications

ENB375: Structural Engineering 2

Teaching approach g pp Lectures - 3hrs/week Tutorials 1 hr/week Formative Assessments - 2 Summative Assessments
Problem Solving Tasks 25% Analysis and Design Projects 25% Final examination 50%

ENB375: Structural Engineering 2

To pass this subject, you need a

grade of 4 in your Summative Assessments.

How do We do it?
We have excellent resource materials see Blackboard I must do my best, and will! Will you do the same? Set specific goals based on your strengths and weaknesses eaknesses Attendance; Regular work; Use all the available resources (including us); Give us regular feedback and communicate always

ENB375: Structural Engineering 2 Contents Recommended Books and Notes Australian Steel Institute (ASI) Student Membership
www.steel.org.au

STEEL
One of the very efficient civil y engineering materials; it enables sustainable construction Steel has high strength and stiffness with low self-weight, good ductility, ll d tilit allows easy and f t d faster fabrication and erection and is relatively cheap.

3-D Steel Structures

Made of
One-dimensional elements
Ties, Columns, Beams and Beam-columns, Torsion members

Two-dimensional elements
Frames, Plates ,

Connections
Welds, Bolts, Screws, Pins, Rivets, Clinches

Design based on independent behaviour

Engineering Design Process

Structural engineer must have a good understanding of the following: Structural Design Principles Behaviour of Structures Structural Analysis Detail Design Fire and corrosion protection required Properties of Construction Materials and Methods of Construction

Engineering Design Process

Investigation g Conceptual Design Core activity Preliminary Design Core activity Final Design Core activity Documentation Tendering Construction

Engineering Design
Structural Engineer must work with Architects Service engineers Contractors To produce the best solution (constructable, adequate strength, serviceable, functional, aesthetics, environment, economical)

Design Process
Understanding the problem and clients g p requirements Trial solution Improving the trial solution g Determining the member sizes and details Design task 30-40% overall cost

Design Methods
Computation using Standards and Codes of Practice
Most Common

This Unit
Deals with the analysis and design tasks of individual members and simple structures Includes evaluation of relevant loads, appropriate idealisation of structures (both members and connections), use of appropriate methods of analyses and analyses, design of members (safe and costefficient)

Testing of Prototypes

Building Code of Australia (BCA)

Designers are usually required to deisgn in i accordance with statutory/regulatory d ith t t t / l t guidelines. In Australia, designs are typically regulated by the BCA Designs are said to have been Deemed to Comply Comply with the BCA if they are in accordance with the relevant Australian Standards.

Standards and Codes of Practice

Minimum Criteria for structural adequacy to t enable safe and efficient d i bl f d ffi i t design Loads/Actions, analysis methods, limits, etc Building Code of Australia AS1170 Parts 1 to 4 (Action codes) AS4100 AS4600 AS2327 (Design Codes) AS4100, AS4600, AS3678, AS3679, AS1163, AS1554, AS1252, AS1111 (Material quality codes)

Standard Steel Sections

Hot-rolled Sections: UB, UC, PFC/TFC, , , , EA/UA Standard Welded Sections in the form of 3-plate I-sections: WB, WC Cold-formed structural steel hollow sections: CHS, SHS, RHS

Standard Steel Sections

Structural Steel Sections

Tensile Stress-Strain Curves

(a) 750 Grade 400 (b) 750 600

Important Terms

0.012

?
Grade 350 Grade 250

600

450

450

350

250 300 yielding strain hardening

300

150

150

Elastic limit Elastic range Youngs modulus of elasticity (E) * Yield stress fy (or 0.2% proof stress) *** Ultimate tensile strength fu * Strain hardening d fracture (D tilit ) St i h d i and f t (Ductility)

Stress Mpa

Stress Mpa
0.3

0.1

0.2

0 0.006 0.002 (0.2%)

Strain

Strain

Steels are alloys of iron with small quantities of carbon, manganese, chromium, vanadium, copper,.: CARBON EQUIVALENT

*** Most important & Used in all design actions

Yield Stress
Is it the same in compression ? What happens in shear?

Steel Properties
Assumed the same for all steel grades Modulus of elasticity E = 200,000 MPa Shear modulus G = 80,000 MPa Poissons ratio = 0.25 Density = 7850 kg/m3 Coefficient of thermal expansion 11.7 x 10-6/C. Properties at elevated temperatures??

Shear yielding

Effect of Fire on Yield Strength

1.2
Eqs. (1)-(4)

Effect of Fire on Youngs Modulus

1.2 Eqs. (6)-(8) 1 0.42(G550) 0.6(G550) 0.95(G550) 0.6 1.2(G500)

1
G550

Eq. Eq (5) 0.42(G550)

G300

0.8
fy,T/fy,2
0

0.8
0.6(G550)

0.6

0.95(G550) 1.2(G500)

0.4 04
0.4(G300)

0.4

0.4(G300) 0.6(G300) 1.0(G300)

0.2

0.2
0.6(G300) 1.0(G300)

0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

Temp.(C)

900

Material Quality Standards

All structural steels are required to comply with appropriate standards: Structural steel hot-rolled plates, floor plates and slabs : AS3678 Structural steel hot-rolled bars and sections and welded sections : AS3679 Parts 1 and 2 S Structural steel h ll sections: AS1163 l l hollow i Structural and pressure vessel steel (quenched and tempered plates): AS3597

Steel Grades
G250, G300, G350, G450 etc Mi i Minimum ( t measured) strength properties fy, fu (not d) t th ti
Table 2.1 of AS4100 ASI Design Capacity Tables Onesteel Product Data www.onesteel.com

fy varies with both grade and thickness whereas fu depends only on grade d d l d fy depends on chemical composition, method of manufacture and amount of working

Design Codes
Steel structures code AS4100 specifies the minimum requirements for Design, Fabrication, Erection and Modification of Steelwork in structures (buildings, wharves and cranes); also to roadway, railway and pedestrian bridges together with our bridge codes Based on Limit States design Method.

Design Codes
AS4100 excludes the following Steel elements less than 3 mm thick Steel elements with design yield stress fy exceeding 450 MPa Cold-formed members except the tubular sections (RHS, SHS and CHS) complying with AS1163 use AS 4600 Cold-formed steel code Cold formed Composite steel-concrete members use AS2327, the composite structures code Unidentified steels use fy = 170, fu = 300 MPa

Design Actions (Loads)

Dead Load G (Permanent action) AS1170.1 AS1170 1 Live Load Q (Imposed Action) AS1170.1 AS1170.2 Wind Load / Action (Wu) Earthquake Load/Action Feq AS1170.4 Temperature Induced Loads T Construction Loads C Other (Snow, .)
Why do we use the term Actions now?

Load Factors
To allow for overload possibility a Load Factor is used with each load. For G: 1.2, 0.9 For Q: 1.5, 0.0 For Wu: 1.0 Static structures?? Dynamic loads (wind and earthquake actions = Use Static load equivalents

Design Action Effects S*

Factored loads are used to obtain design action effects S* from the analysis of S structural system, ie. beam, frame, etc. Axial Forces N* Bending Moment M* V Shear Forces V* Deflections

Limit States Design Method

Structures must remain stable, safe and serviceable under all design loads and combinations d i th i d i lif bi ti during their design life Strength Limit State (what is it???) Serviceability Limit State Stability Limit State Fatigue Limit State Fire Limit State Brittle Fracture Limit State Not an allowable/permissible stress method (single factor used to allow for all unknowns)

Load Combinations for Strength Limit State

Nominal loads x Load factors 1.35 G 1.2 G + 1.5 Q * 1.2 G + 1.5 l Q 1.2 G + Wu + c Q * - common combinations 0.9 G + Wu* G + Eu + c Q ( th (earthquake action) k ti ) 1.2 G + Su + c Q (snow action) First 4 load combinations are for downward load while the fifth one for upward load

Strength Limit State Design Requirement Design Action Effect Ed* Design Capacity Rd = R
where R is the nominal design capacity from AS4100 and is a capacity reduction factor depending on the type of member and design action effect (Table 3.4 in AS4100) to allow for under-strength Ed* - Tension (N*), compression (N*) and moment (M*) from structural analysis based on factored loads to allow for over-loading

Capacity Reduction Factor

Allows for understrength due to V i bilit of material strength Variability f t i l t th Accuracy of calculated design action effects Deterioration due to corrosion etc. Q y p Quality of workmanship Extent of damage and loss of life resulting from failure

Capacity Reduction Factor

Does not Allow for understrength due to

Human Error
Relies on competent structural engineers from QUT Quality assurance procedures in the design offices and construction sites

Capacity Reduction Factor

Allows for under-strength = 0 9 f members 0.9 for b = 0.8 for bolted connections = 0.6 for GP welds; = 0 8 for SP welds 0.8 R = Ultimate design capacity from AS 4100

Serviceability Limit State

Deflection Vibration Bolt slip Corrosion These are checked against acceptable limit values under appropriate load combinations. For example, calculated acceptable, and typically for beams, deflection limit is span/250.

Serviceability Limit State

Short-term effects Long-term effects G s Q 1 Q Ws Es where th short t h the h t term ( s) and l ( d long t term ( 1) ( factors are given in Table 4.1 of AS 1170.0.

Limit State Design

This does not mean elimination of failure. failure
It means the failure is unlikely to occur, ie. the risk of failure during the structures intended life time is very low, ie. Probability is 2 x 10-7 (compare with car travel 3.6 x 10-4, Swimming 2 x 10-5)

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Fatigue Limit State

Load fluctuations (ex. Wind) Fatigue cracks and fracture Structural failures at stresses well below yield levels Fatigue damage is repairable Welded joints Minimise stress concentrations Fatigue life versus Stress range curves

Fire Limit State

Prevent premature collapse & fire spread Passive approach (just protecting) versus Active approach Open car parks no fire protection is needed Fire load versus Fire performance should be assessed and then protection provided Fire resistance level versus Period of structural adequacy method

Brittle Fracture Limit State

Occurs suddenly in the tensile stress regions at low temperature Can occur at low stress levels (25% of fy) Use steel with adequate notch toughness Limit max steel thickness for a given steel g grade depending on the lowest service p g temperature (notch-ductile temperature range)

Brittle Fracture Limit State

Cold water sinks Titanic or is it really iceberg?? y g
USS Ponaganaset broke into two while at a dockside in Boston : Reasons: cold day and tiny crack in welding Below the Nil-ductility transition temperature, steel breaks in a brittle manner!!

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Design Process
Step 1: Decide on the structural layout for the building Step 2: Determine the design loads and their design load combinations with appropriate load factors Step 3: Structural analysis to determine the design action effects such as maximum bending moment M*, axial tension or compression force N* and shear force V*

Design Process
Step 4: For the chosen member, determine the design capacity = capacity reduction factor x nominal capacity R based on AS4100 rules Step 5: If Design Action Effect M* or N* or V * Design Capacity R, then design is ok. Otherwise choose another member size and repeat the process Step 6: Produce design drawings: They should include the following: design data and details

Design Aids
Mahens Notes ( ) AS4100 (1998) or HB2.2 AS1170 Parts 1 and 2 or HB2.2 ASI Design Capacity Tables www.steel.org.au OneSteel Section Data Handbook -www.onesteel.com/productsdb/products.asp Gorenc et al.s T G l Text B k Book Bradford et al.s Worked Examples Book

Summary
Design process Design by calculation or testing Design standards (loading, design and material quality) Various steel grades and sections (Grade 300, 350, 400--;UB/UC, WB/WC, PFC, EA, RHS----) Important parameters: E, fy, fu E Scope of AS4100 (t3mm, fy450MPa, not for cold-formed steel sections except RHS, SHS, CHS and composite sections)

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Summary
Limit states design Design loads/actions G, Q, Wu Factored load combinations to allow for overloading, 1.2G+1.5Q, 0.9G+ Wu Design actions S* (N*, V*, M*) Design capacity R (Nominal capacity = R) Strength L S Ed R L.S. Serviceability L.S Stability L.S. Have you got your books and notes?

Some Questions?
Why 1.2 for G and 1.5 for Q? Why c <1 when all 3 loads act together? Why 0.9G? 0 9G? Why Wu has no load factor? What will be the load factor for Q in 2020? If the building is not in the earthquake zone, do you consider 1.2G+1.6Feq + cQ? Why is different? Which code do you use for the following cases? t=3 fy=400; t=2 fy=400; t=5 fy=550; Can load factors be applied to design action effects (M*) or only for actions?

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