Nhim v thit k

1. Nhim v thit k.
Thit k b UPS phn nghch lu vi cc thng s sau:
in p ngun 220V, 50Hz ( 10%)
Cng sut 15kVA
Thi gian lu in 10 pht.
2. Ni dung:
- Tnh ton la chn cc thit b mch ng lc (dng Transitor IGBT)
- Thit k s iu khin van nghch lu.
3. Cc bn v:
- S nguyn l mch ng lc v mch iu khin.
- Cc biu thi gian.










n mn hc in t cng sut
- 1 -

Ti liu tham kho

1. PGS. TS. Nguyn Trng Thun - iu khin logic v ng dng - Nh
xut bn Khoa hc K thut, H Ni 2000.
2. in t cng sut - Nguyn Bnh.
3. Vi mch v mch to sng - Tng Vn On.
4. Master Replacement Guide (ECG is ISO - 9002 register).
n mn hc in t cng sut
- 2 -
Chng i
Gii thiu v b ups

1. Gii thiu chung
Mt ngun in tt s m bo kh nng lm vic lin tc v c tin
cy cao c bit l i vi cc thit b, cc h tiu th in nhy cm nh: h
thng mng my tnh, cc i pht thanh, cc trm thng tin lin lc, h thng
chiu sng sn bay v cc h thng quan trng khc. i vi h thng nhy
cm v in ny, vic xy ra mt s c nh c th gy ra nhng thit hi ln
v chnh tr v kinh t.
H thng lu in chuyn i tnh c thit k cung cp cho cc
thit b nhy cm mt in p n nh, lin tc, thot khi nhng nhiu lon
ng in nh s gin on in th tc thi
H thng lu in vi d tr nng lng trong pin (c quy) s tip tc
cung cp nng lng in cho ti trong mt khong thi gian, khong thi
gian ny thng cho ngi dng thc hin nhng hnh ng cn thit v
trnh nhng hu qu xu i vi thit b. V vy ngy nay UPS c mt trong
tt c cc h thng in.
ii. phn loi h thng lu in
* Nguyn l hot ng ca thit b lu in.
UPS l mt thit b ngun, c ngun u vo c ni vi li in,
u ra ni vi thit b tiu th in. Bn trong UPS c mt b c quy dng
d tr nng lng. Khi c in li n cp in thng t in li cho thit
b. Khi mt in li n s a in t c quy ln. Mc ch l cho hot
ng ca thit b in khng b gin on.
Cc khu chc nng ca UPS.
- Chnh lu/np in
n mn hc in t cng sut
- 3 -
- Nghch lu
- c quy
Trong khun kh ti l Thit k phn nghch lu ca b UPS nn
em ch i su v phn ny.
Khi nghch lu: Cu to bi cc van in t (bng cc quy lut ng
m s to ra in p xoay chiu gn sin c tn s 50Hz) bin i ngun in
mt chu t c quy cung cp cho ti. UPS ny khi nghch lu c lp song
song vi li v khng tham gia vo bt k hot ng no khi li n nh.
Khi ngun xy ra s c mt in, th lc ny ti c ngt ra khi li
in v ni ti nghch lu bt u hot ng bin i in p mt chiu t c
quy sang xoay chiu cung cp cho ti.
iii. s cu trc ngun lu in d phng
Trong n ny nhim v thit k mt ngun cp in d phng hot
ng ch ch c kh nng cung cp mt cng sut thit k l 15kVA
m bo n nh dng in p trong thi gian gin on cp in khi
ngun in li b mt, in p ny l mc in p bnh thng ca mng
in 220V/50Hz dao ng 10%. Thi gian cp in c th duy tr c
trong khong 10 15 pht l khong thi gian cn thit khi ng my
pht d phng.
1. c quy.
L ni tch tr nng lng in mt chiu cung cp ngun cho b
nghch lu khi mt ngun in li. Tham gia cp in ca b nghch lu do
dung lng ca c quy quyt nh.
2. B nghch lu.
Bin i in p mt chiu ly t ngun c quy thnh in p xoay
chiu 1 pha. B nghch lu c u song song vi li v ch hot ng khi
ngun vo chnh c s c.
n mn hc in t cng sut
- 4 -
3. B iu khin nghch lu.
C nhim v iu khin thi gian dn dng ca cc van trn b nghch
lu to ra din p xoay chiu c n nh cao cp cho ph ti.
4. Kho chuyn mch.
C chc nng ng hoc ct chuyn ch lm vic ca h thng
cung cp in p t ngun in li sang ngun in d phng lu in v
ngc li.
n mn hc in t cng sut
- 5 -
Chng ii
Thit k mch lc ca b lu in

i. thit k mch lc ca b nghch lu
I.1. La chn s nghch lu.
Trong cc b ngun lu in nghch lu thc hin chc nng chnh l
ly in t c quy cho thit b khi mt in ngun.
Ngi ta thng s dng mt trong hai b nghch lu l:
+ Nghch lu ngun dng
+ Nghch lu ngun p.
Trong khun kh ti l thit k b nghch lu ngun p v phn
mch lc dng transistor IGBT nn chng ta s i su v phn ny.
Ngy nay, trong cc b lu in ngun ta thng s dng cc van bn
dn trong s nghch lu l transistor IGBT, bi n c nhiu tnh u vit
nh tc chuyn mch nhanh. Cng sut iu khin yu cu rt nh. Vic
s dng cc transistor IGBT lm n gin ng k vic thit k cc b bin
i v lm cho kch thc ca h thng iu khin ngy cng thu nh.
T yu cu ca ti ta chn s nghch lu l s nghch lu
mt pha ngun p dng transistor IGBT. Vi s ny ta c th nng cao
c cht lng in p u ra ca b nghch lu bng phng php iu
bin rng xung va iu khin c in p ra v vn gim nh c
nh hng ca sng hi.
n mn hc in t cng sut
- 6 -
I.2. S nghch lu 1 pha ngun p dng transistor IGBT.


II.1.3. Tnh chn van cho b nghch lu.
B nghch lu c thit k cung cp cho ti c cng sut ti a l
1,5kVA. Gi s hiu sut ca b nghch lu l 0,80 th cng sut vo b
nghch lu l.

3
1
S 15.10
S VA 18750VA
0,80 0,80
= = =
Gi tr dng in phng ca c quy l:
(Do in p t c quy ti ta chn 240V)
( )
1
p ng
S 18750vA
I I 78,5 A
E 240vA
= = =
Dng in trung bnh qua van b nghch lu l:

tbv t
1
I I sin tdt 51
2
t
0
= 2 e ~
t
}

T1d1
T4d4 T3d3
T2d2
U
Ph ti
n mn hc in t cng sut
- 7 -
in p mi van phi chu:
( )
CE
U E 240 V = =
Chn h s an ton v dng cho van l: k
1
= 1,4
H s an ton v in p cho van l: k
u
= ,12
Khi dng in trung bnh qua van ln nht l:
I
vmax
= I
tbv
. 1,4 = 51 (A) x 1,4 = 71,4 (A)
in p t ln van ln nht l:
U
CE
=U
CE
. 1,2 = 240 . 1,2 = 288 (V)
Chn van transistor IGBT loi k hiu ECG3328 ca PHILIPS ch to
c thng s nh sau:
I
cmax
U
CEbh
U
CEmax
u
GEmax
U
CE
t
on
t
off
I
GE

80A 6V 400v
20V
80ns 400ns 1mA

Tnh chn diod cho b nghch lu.
Diod m cho b nghch lu phi chu c in p ngc bng gi tr
in p ln nht t ln mi van. Dng in m diot chu c cng bng
dng in ln nht chy qua van do U
ngmax
= 144V
Cn c vo cc thng s ca van ta chn loi diot l loi ECG6064 do
PHILIPS ch to c thng s nh sau:
I
tb
U
ngmax AU
85A 400V 0,7V

n mn hc in t cng sut
- 8 -
Chng iv
Thit k mch iu khin nghch lu.

i. gii thiu nguyn tc iu bin rng xung
in p xoay chiu c to ra t b nghch lu l in p khng c
dng hnh sin nh mong mun m ch c dng gn hnh sin ch nht hoc gn
nh ch nht c cha rt nhiu trng thi lm nh hng n cht lng in
p u ra cp cho ti.
iu mong mun l lm th no va iu chnh c in p ra m
vn gim nh c s hu ca cc sng hi bc thp.
lm c iu c rt nhiu bin php thc hin nh: s dng b
lc LC. Nh vy, trng lng v gi thnh ca thit b bin tn s cao. V
vy, phng php iu bin rng xung PWM Pulse Width Modulation
c th p ng c yu cu trn hiu qu nht.
iu bin rng xung c nguyn l c bn sau:
To mt sng dng hnh sin U
m
c gi l sng iu bin (xung mu)
c tn s ln hn nhiu tn s sng iu bin thng l bi ba (t 1 10Khz).
Dng mt khu so snh 2 tn hiu U
m
v U
p
, t cc giao im ca 2
sng ny ta xc nh c khong tc ng ca xung iu khin thyristor
hoc transistor cng sut (gc chuyn mch). Nu sng tam gic c tn s
cng ln th mn ca in p u ra cng cao, cht lng m bo bi theo
yu cu ca ph ti.
- iu bin rng xung n cc.
in p trn ti l mt chui xung, rng khc nhau, c tr s 0 v E

n mn hc in t cng sut
- 9 -
- iu bin rng xung lng cc.
in p ra trn ti l mt chui xung, rng khc nhau, c tr s E.
T s gia bin sng iu bin v bin sng mang, k hiu l M
c gi l h s iu bin.
Khi ta iu chnh ln Am cng chnh l iu chnh rng xung.
Khi M = 1 th in p ra ti c bin l ln nht v mun gim nh in p
ra th ta gim nh Am.
I.1. iu ch rng xung n cc 1 pha.
Transistor T
1
c kch m bi xung chm, trong na chu k dng
ca sng iu bin U
p
, cn transistor T
4
trong na chu k am ca U
v
.
Dng ti i, chm pha so vi in p ti U, trong khong U v i khc
du, dng ti ngun e qua 2 dit.
Trong khong U = 0, th dng ti chy qua mt transistor ca nhnh
ny v mt it ca nhnh khc, ti b ngn mch, dng in ngun i
s
= 0.
Sng hi trong in p ti. Nu chuyn gc to sang 0, in p ti
U l mt hm chu k l. Khai trin Fourier ca n ch cha cc thnh phn
sng sin.
Bin ca sng hi c tnh theo cng thc.

( )
m
0
2
U E sin d
t
= o u u
t
}

Khi n = 1 th
n mn hc in t cng sut
- 10 -
| |
2 4 5 4 2
m
1 3 5 3 1
m
2m
2E
U sin d sin d sin d sin d sin d
4E
U cos 1 cos 2 cos 3 cos 4 cos 5
U 0
o o to to to
o o o to to
(
= u u + u u + u u + u u + u u
(
t

= o o + o o + o
t
=
} } } } }
Khi n = 3.
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) 3 3 3 2
3 2 3
3m
3 1 3 3 3 3 1
2E
U sin .d sin .d sin .d sin .d sin .d
2
to5 to4 to
o o4
o o3 o6 to3 to
(
= O O+ O O+ O O+ O O+ O O (
t
(

} } } } }

| |
3m
4E
U cos3 1 cos3 cos3 cos3 cos3
3
= o o2 + o3 o4 + o5
t

Bin sng hi c dng tng qut nh sau:

( )
k
i 1cosn 1
m
1
4E
U 1
n
o
=
t

Trong : n = 1, 3, 5
o
i
l gc chuyn trng thi, i bin thin t 1 n k
o
k
l gc chuyn trng thi cui cng trc t/2
Nh vy, i vi iu bin rng xung n cc, in p ti khng
cha cc sng hi bc 3, 5 v 7 cn phi c.

( )
( )
( )
i 1
3m
1....k
i 1
5m
1....k
i 1
7m
1....k
4E
U 1 cos3 1 0
3
4E
U 1 cos5 1 0
4E
U 1 cos7 1 0

= o =
t
= o =
5t
= o =
7t

* iu bin rng xung lng cc.
T s iu bin M > 1, cc transistor c iu khin tng cp T
1
, T
3

v T
2
, T
4
. Ngun E lun lun c ni vi ti, thng qua hoc T
1
, T
3
v T
2
,
n mn hc in t cng sut
- 11 -
T
4
. Do in p gm 1 chui xung, rng khc nhau, khng c nhng
khong u = 0.
* Sng hi trong in p ti.
Nu chuyn gc to sang 0, d thy rng in p ti c dng hm
chu k l, ch cha cc thnh phn sin.
| |
2 4 5 4 2
m
1 3 5 3 1
m
2m
2E
U sin d sin d sin d sin d sin d
4E
U 1 2cos 1 2cos 2
U 0
o o to to to
o o o to to
(
= u. u + u. u + u. u + u. u + u. u
(
t

= o + o
t
=
} } } } }

| |
3m
4E
U 1 2cos3 1 2cos 2
3
= o + o
t

Biu thc tng qut ca bin sng hi ca iu bin rng xung
lng cc.
( )
i 1
nm
1...k
4E
U 1 2 1 cosn i
n
(
= o
(
t

Khi u bt u bng mt xung dng

( )
i 1
nm
1...k
4E
U 1 2 1 cosn i
n
(
= + o
(
t

Khi u bt u bng mt xung m

i vi trng hp ang xt, mun loi tr sng hi bc 3 v 5 cn
phi c:
1 2cos3 1 2cos3 2 0
1 2cos5 1 2cos5 2 0
o + o =
o + o =

Bng phng php tnh gn ng tm c
0 0
1 2
23 616, 33 3 o = o = nh
vy, in p ra ch cha sng c bn v cc sng hi bc cao 7, 9, 11 c th
xem
nm
4E
U sin t
n
= e
t

n mn hc in t cng sut
- 12 -

Um
Ur
0
2
t
t
0
t
0
t
0
t
0
D2 t1 D1 t2 D2 t1 D2 t1 t2 D1 t2
D3 t3 D3 t4 D4 t3 t2 D4 t3 D3 t4
n mn hc in t cng sut
- 13 -
1.2. S khi v chc nng cc khi trong h thng iu khin nghch
lu mt pha theo nguyn tc iu khin PWM.
Mch iu khin gm nhng khi chnh nh sau:
- Khi 1: Khi to in p gn hnh sin U
m
(tn s 50Hz)
Chc nng ca khi ny l to in p hnh sin mt pha c tn s 50Hz
v bin c th iu chnh c (gi l sng iu bin) a ti u vo
ca b so snh.
- Khi 2: Khi to in p tam gic
C nhim v to mt sng tam gic c bin ln hn (thng l bi
3) tn s ca sng iu bin a ti b so snh cng vi sng iu bin.
- Khi 3: Khi so snh.
Thc hin vic so snh 2 tn hiu sng iu bin v sng mang, ti cc
giao im ca 2 sng mang ny ta xc nh c thi im pht xung iu
khin m cc transistor IGBT trn mch lc.
- Khi 4: Khi khuch i xung.
m bo cho transistor lm vic ch bo ho th ta phi a
dng iu khin vo cc B c 10%, dng qua transistor nn b khuch i
xung c chc nng khuch i tn hiu iu khin m bo cho vic m
cc transistor mt cch chc chn.
- Khi 4: Khi ngun
To mt ngun nui n nh v cng sut cung cp cho mch iu
khin.
n mn hc in t cng sut
- 14 -
I.3. Tnh ton v chn linh kin cho mch iu khin.
I.3.1. Mch to in p hnh sin cho mt pha tn s 50Hz.
S dng mch dao ng cu vin


u
Rf
K 1 3
Ra
= + =
in tr Rf v Ra l nhit in tr sao cho 2,9 < Ku
max
< 3,1
Chn R
a
= 10KO ta c R
f
= 30 KO
Ly R = R
1
= R
2
= 10KO th
f
0
= 1/6,28C
1
. 1000 = 50Hz C
H
= 0,3F
Dng khuch i thut ton A 741 vi ngun cung cp 15V
U
ra
= U
bh
= 80% Vcc = 12V
-
+
RF
R1
Ra
C1
C2
R2
6
U1
+VC
7
4
-VC
3
2
C1 = C2 = C
R1 = R2 = R
Rf = 3Ra
F0 = 1/2pi RC
n mn hc in t cng sut
- 15 -
I.3.2. Mch to in p tam gic tn s cao (xung rng ca)


Cc thng s c chn nh trn s
Chn IC1 v IC2 l A 741 trong IC1 c ni thnh mch dao
ng t phc hi to ra dng sng rng ca trn t C1 v sng vung ng ra
chan 6 ca IC2 (mc theo kiu khuch i khng o c h s khuch i K =
1) n c tc dng nh mch m gia sng trn t C1 v mch ti bn ngoi.
Hot ng ca mch nh sau:
T C1 c np in theo hm m v pha in p dng ng ra ca
IC1 qua R1 RV6 cho n khi t in p kch khi (xc nh bi phn p
R2-R3). Lc ny ng ra ca OMRAMP chuyn xung trng thi mc thp
ca t C1 phng in v phi in p m ca IC1 qua R1 RV6 cho n khi
t n in p kch khi ln th 2 (cng xc nh bi phn p R2 R3) lm
ng ra ca OP chuyn trng thi ban u v chu k li c lp li.
4
2
7
3
+
-
+9V
6
-9V
741
RV2
10k out
IC2
4
-9V
741
IC1
7
2
3
+
-
6
+9V
15k
R3
100k
R2
R1
10k
100k
RV6
C1
22n
0
n mn hc in t cng sut
- 16 -
Thay i tr s bin tr RV6 ta c th hiu chnh c tn s ra mong
mun (800Hz n 8000Hz).
I.3.3. Mch so snh: (U
m
v U
p
)


B so snh tn hiu gia rng ca v xung hnh sin, ch ny
khuch i thut ton lm vic ch bo ho. Ta chn khuch i thut
ton A741 vi ngun cung cp 15V.
Khi ta c: U = V
+
- V
Khi V
+
> V th U
ra
= + U
SAT

Khi V
+
< V th U
ra
= -U
SAT

Vi U
SAT
l in p ca IC, vi U
SAT
= 80%U ngun cp cho IC. Xung
u ra ca mch so snh l xung ch nht vi cc rng khc nhau.
Chn khuch i thut ton A741 lm mch so snh, c cc thng s.
V
cc
= 12V I
ra
= 25mA
Chn U
m
= U
p
= 12V hay t s iu bin bng l mt th in p trn ti
t max.
4
-V
7
2
3
+
-
+V
6
U3
LM7131
Ura
10k
R1 Um
Up
R2 10k
n mn hc in t cng sut
- 17 -
1.3.4. Mch khuch i xung.


Nguyn l hot ng:
Tn hiu in p u ra sau b so snh l dng xung vung vi bin
xung l U
S
c a vo u vo ca mch khuch i xung l U
s
c
a vo u vo ca mch khuch i xung qua ph t quang. Tu theo cch
mc u vo phto quang m ta cho xung dng hoc xung m qua. Khi
ph t m th s c s st p trn R
1
v R
4
m transitor Q v c dng chy
qua R
3
v R
4
. St p trn R
4
chnh l in p m cho T.
Chn thit b cho mch khuch i xung.
+ Ph t quang chn loi EGC 3081 c cc thng s:
- u ra kiu NPN transitor.
- in p cch ly: 6000V.
- Cng sut tiu tn: Pht trin = 250mW.
- Dng chuyn mch u vo 60mA
- Dng Collector u ra 100mA
U s
R a
R b
FT
R 1
R 2
+E 2
R 4
R 3
R 6
R 5
C 2
Q
Ti
C 1
T
n mn hc in t cng sut
- 18 -
- in p u vo thun: 3V.
+ St p trn R
B
= 3V, vi U
S
= 12V.
Chn R
B
= 150O.
R
A
=
( )
12 3 .150
450
3

= O
+ Chn transistor Q c tn s lm vic cao, kho, m chc chn. Ta
chn loi EGC397 c cc thng s:
in p chu ng:

CB
CE
BE
Cmax
0max
U = 350V
U 300V
U 6V
I 1A
P 10W
=
=
=
=

in p m cho transistor Q nh nht l 0,6V m chc chn ta chn
U
BE
= 1,5V. Nh vy st p trn R
1
l 1,5V.
Chn R
1
= 1,5 KO
R
2
= 100 KO
+ Chn T l loi EGC3328 c in p m t vo cc G U
Gemax
= 6V
m cho T m chc chn ta chn U
m
= 2V.
Chn R
3
= 100 KO
R
2
= 2 KO
Nh vy in p st p trn R
4
~ 2,2V c phn p qua R
5
v R
6
t
vo cc G ca T.
R
5
hn ch dng I
G
ca T chn = 100O nh vy nu chn U
GE
= 2V
th
n mn hc in t cng sut
- 19 -

( )
6
2
R 1000 1K
2,2 2
100
= = O = O

T C1, C2 m bo cho hng s thi gian tc ng nhanh ca Q v T .
Chn C
1
= C
2
= 102p.
I.3.5. Khi ngun nui mch iu khin.
V mch iu khin v mch lc c cch ly bi photo quang nhng
v in p cp cho mch lc l in p 1 chiu. V vy ta c th ly 1 phn
in p trn c quy cp mch lc cp cho mch iu khin in p mch
iu khin l 15V v vy ta chn c quy 12V v c cp qua IC7815 v
7915. Mch cp nh sau:


in p u vo IC n p nh nht l 18V do st p trn R
1
v R
2

s l 24 18 = 6V.
Dng tiu th ton b mch iu khin ~ 500mA.
m bo in p lun n nh 15V th ta chn dng cc i I
dkmax

= 1A.

1 2
6
R R 6
1
= = = O
2 x 12v 2 x 12v
R1
7815
+15V
R2
-15V
7915
+ - + -
n mn hc in t cng sut
- 20 -


FT 1
R 4 R 6
R
3
R
5
Ti
+E 1
R 2
R
1
Q 1
T
1
T 4
R 8
R 9
FT 2
R
12
R
10
R 11
T 2
R 7
Q 2
T
3
+E 2
FT 3
R 16 R 18
+E 2
Q 3
R
15
R 14
R
17
R
13
R
24
R
22
FT
4

R 21
R 23
R 20
Q
4
R
19
+E
3
R B
R
A
R S
+Ed = 120V
a b
-Ed = 0V
n mn hc in t cng sut
- 21 -
Nguyn l hot ng ca s .
in p sau b so snh l U
s
dng xung vung c cc tnh i du.
Khi U
s
< 0 lm FT
1
v FT
3
m lm Q
1
v Q
3
m cp p vo chn G T
1
v T
3

lm T
1
v T
3
m dn dng chy t +E
2
(120V) qua T
1
, qua ti, qua T
3
v E
2

(0V). Trn ti ta c dng chy t a b.
Khi U
s
> 0 th FT
2
v FT
4
m in p U
BE
Q
2
v Q
4
thp lm Q
2
v
Q
4
m cp p vo chn G T
2
v T
4
lm T
2
v T
4
m dn dng chy t +E
2

(120V) qua T
4
qua ti, qua T
2
v -E
2
. Trn ti c dng chy t b a nh vy
trn ti nhn c dng in o chiu lin tc.
n mn hc in t cng sut
- 22 -

IC MPC 3842: iu ch rng xung. u ra IC l dng xung vung
c rng thay i, c a vo cc G ca MOSFET K2545.
MOSTET K2545 lm vic ngt m theo xung iu khin lm dng qua
s cp bin p xung thay i gy ra cm ng song bn th cp BAX. Cui
cng bn th cp BAX tat thu c cc mc in p khc nhau ph thuc vo
s vng dy ca cun th cp.
y in p th cp v s cp c csach ly hon ton, cc ngun bn
th cp cng ring bit khng ph thuc nhau.
+15V
-15V
_
+
-
+
-
+
E 1
E 2
E 3
+Ed
240V
BAX
R S
MDC
3842
+Ed
-Ed
S
G
K2545
D
U ht
n mn hc in t cng sut
- 23 -
Chng iii
La chn c quy.

i. gii thiu v c quy.
c quy l thit b quan trng trong b ngun d phng UPS c chc
nng d tr nng lng in lm vic da trn nguyn l in ho hoc, c
quy sn xut ra cn phi m bo c cc tnh nng v in nh sau:
Sut in ng ln, t thay i khi phng hay np in
c quy phi lm vic thun nghch ngha l hiu sut nng lng cao
Dung lng cho mt n v trng lng v mt n v th tch phi ln
Qu trnh t phng in nh
Tui th s dng cao.
c quy c rt nhiu loi khc nhau: c quy axit hoc c quy kim
song thch hp dng UPS cng sut ln vn l c quy ch axit do c gi thnh
h.
Cu to c bn ca c quy ch axit gm cc bn cc dng lm bng
oxit ch (Pb
2
O) v bn cc m lm bng ch (Pb) c nhng trong dung dch
axit. tng din tch trao i gia cc bn cc m, cc bn cc m c ci
rng lc vi cc bn cc dng. Mi bnh c quy gm mt bn cc m v
dng ni trn c gi l mt n nguyn hay gi l mt ngn. Mi c quy
ch axit cho in p h mch l 2,1V. Dung lng v dng in cho php ca
mi ngn c quy ph thuc vo din tch v hp cht cc bn cc. Dung dc
in mi axit H
2
O vi t trng l D =1,2 1,3 g/cm
3
.
Khi np v phng in ti cc bn cc xy ra cc phn ng thun
nghch nh sau:
n mn hc in t cng sut
- 24 -
Ti cc bn cc m:




Ti cc bn cc dng




Qu trnh phng in xy ra khi cc bn cc dng v m khc nhau v
thnh phn ho hc c nhng trong dung dch axit sunfuric tham gia v kt
thc khi thnh phn ho hc ca hai bn cc ging nhau. Axit sunfuric tham
gia vo phn ng lm cho dung dch in mi dn dn, cc phn ng ho hc
yu dn v c quy mt dn kh nng phng in.
Qu trnh np in nh mt dng in cng bc vo c quy lm cho
phn ng xy ra theo chiu ngc li vi qu trnh phng in. Kt qu l cc
cc m v cc dng c hot ho v mang cc thnh phn ho hc khc
nhau, cc ion
2
4
SO

kt hp vi 2H
+
lm cho nng dung dch in mi tng
ln dung lng ca c quy li c khi phc, ngi ta ni c quy c np
no.
Dung lng ca c quy c tnh bng ampe gi (Ah) xc nh dng
phng in c th trong mt khong thi gian phng in cho trc mt
nhit v ch phng in nht nh.
Phng in
Np in
Pb + SO
4
PbSO
4
+ 2e
Phng in
Np in
PbO
2
+ 4H
+
+SO
-
4
+ 2e
-
PbSO
4
+ 2H
2
O
n mn hc in t cng sut
- 25 -
Dung lng ca c quy ph thuc vo ch phng in. Di ch
phng in su (hay phng in chm), dng in nh, thi gian phng
in di th dung lng c quy ln. Khi phng in vi dng in ln, thi
gian phng in ngn (thi gian phng in nng) th dung lng c quy
gim.
Nhit c nh hng trc tip n dung lng ca c quy, dung
lng ca c quy thp khi nhit thp bi khi cc phn ng ho hc xy
ra chm hn. Xong nhit t nh hng n ch phng in su hay
cn gi l ch phng in chm.
Tui th ca c quy c tnh theo s chu k phng np. Tui th
ca c quy tng trong ch phng in nhanh v gim i trong ch phng
in chm v cc hot cht trong ch phng in chm c s dng trit
hn. Thng tui th ca c quy khong t 500 2000 chu k ty thuc
vo ch phng in v cch bo qun.
Trong qu trnh phng in, in p ca c quy thay i, khng nn
c quy phng in in p thp hn 1,8V/1 n nguyn.
Qu trnh np in th in p ca c quy cng thay i theo quy lut
nht nh. Cui qu trnh np in p lm vic ca n, ngng trn in p
np in c chn mc sinh kh va trn vo dung dch in mi v
lm gim s ng lp trn b mt in cc. Ngng di ca in p phng
in phi m bo dung lng s dng l ln nht nhng vn gi c tui
th c quy theo yu cu.
i vi ngng trn ca in p np in ca c quy ch axit l:
Ch d phng in nng: 2,6 + 2,54V/ngn c quy.
Ch d phng in su: 2,6 + 2,65V/ngn c quy.
i vi ngng di ca in p phng in ca c quy ch axit l:
Ch d phng in nng: 1,9 V/ngn c quy.
n mn hc in t cng sut
- 26 -
Ch d phng in su: 1,7V/ngn c quy.
La chn c quy v cch ghp ni
Ngun c quy c tnh ton cung cp in p 1 chiu l 240V trong
thi gian khong 10 pht. Trn th trng hin nay c quy dng cho UPS ph
bin l cc loi 12/20Ah v 6V/7Ah c in p 240V cn phi ni tip cc
c quy c in p b vi nhau.
S lng c quy cung cp mt in p 240V l khong 10 bnh
loi 12V/20Ah. Cc c quy c u ni tip vi nhau.

n mn hc in t cng sut
- 27 -

3
-V
4
+
LM7131
+V
2
7
-
6
U3
R1 10k
3
C2
R2
-15V
R4
4
+
R1
C1
+15V
RF
7
2
-
U10
6
1k
LM741
Um
Up
R2 10k
3
-9V
22n
C1
+
4
741
+9V
IC1
-
2
7
6
RV6
100k
10k
R1
0
3
-9V
15k
R3
R2
100k
4
741
+
10k out
RV2
IC2
+9V
2
7
-
6
n mn hc in t cng sut
- 28 -
Kt lun

Sau khong thi gian nghin cu, tm hiu v thit k, n nay n
ca em c hon thnh. Ni dung ca n ny nu ln c hai vn
chnh sau:
+ Nghin cu tm hiu v b ngun d phng.
+ Thit k b ngun d phng 15kVA (phn nghch lu).
Tuy nhin do trnh cn hn ch, khong thi gian lm n ngn b
phn thit k ch l nhng khu c bn ca b ngun d phng. Do c
tnh kh thi trong thc t cn phi nghin cu thm v b ngun d phng
t a ra c phng n ti u.