MC LC

Phn m u
1. C s phng php lun 2. ngha ca hc tp mn hc 3. L do chn ti 4.i tng nghin cu 5.Phng php nghin cu 6.Phm vi nghin cu

Phn ni dung
A. NG LI XY DNG, BO V CHNH QUYN V KHNG CHIN CHNG THC DN PHP XM LC(1945-1954)
Chng 1: C s l lun 1. Hon cnh lch s ca ng li 1.1. ng li xy dng v bo v chnh quyn Cch mng (1945 - 1946) 1.2 ng li khng chin chng thc dn Php 2. Ch trng ca ng Chng 2: Thc trng 1. Qu trnh hnh thnh v ni dung ch trng ca ng 2. ly v d mt trn nh minh ha( a s liu hnh nh , phn tch..) 3. kt qu, ngha 4. Nguyn nhn thng li 5. Bi hc kinh nghim Chng 3. Kt lun kin ngh

B.NG LI KHNG CHIN CHNG M, CU NC THNG NHT T QUC (1954-1975)

Chng 1. C s l lun 1. Giai on (1954-1964) 1.1 Hon cnh lch s 2.1 ch trng, ng li ca ng 2. Giai on (1965-1975) 1.1 Hon cnh lch s 2.1 Ch trng , ng li ca ng Chng 2: Thc trng 1. Giai on (1954-1964) 1.1 Qu trnh hnh thnh , ni dung , ngha ca ng li 1.2 Nu trn nh tiu biu th hin r ng li ca ng 2. Giai on (1965-1975) 2.1 Qu trnh hnh thnh, ni dung, ngha ca ng li 2.2 Nu trn nh tiu biu th hin r ng li ca ng 3. Kt qu, ngha lch s, nguyn nhn thng li 4. Bi hc kinh nghim Chng 3 . Kt lun kin ngh

Phn Kt

Phn m u
1. C s phng php lun Th gii quan, phng php lun ca ch ngha Mc-Lnin v t tng H Ch Minh. 2. ngha ca hc tp mn hc a) Trang b cho sinh vin nhng hiu bit c bn v ng li ca ng trong thi k cch mng dn tc, dn ch nhn dn v trong thi k xy dng ch ngha x hi. b) Bi dng cho sinh vin nim tin vo s lnh o ca ng theo mc tiu, l tng ca ng, nng cao thc trch nhim ca sinh vin trc nhng nhim v trng i ca t nc. c) Gip sinh vin vn dng kin thc chuyn ngnh ch ng, tch cc trong gii quyt nhng vn kinh t, chnh tr, vn ho, x hi theo ng li, chnh sch ca ng 3. L do chn ti: Chng I. Dn tc vit nam c mt truyn thng lch s v vang v dng nc v gi nc dn tc ta tri qua 1000 nm b gic phng bc h v phi tri qua hn 30 nm khng chin chng thc dn php v quc m xm lc , v t c kt qu v vang nh ngy hm nay chng ta phi hy sinh nhiu th trong d c c mu v nc mt ca ng bo v tc ta v t c thnh tu nh th khng th khng nhc n ng li lnh o ng n ca ng ta trong hai cuc khng chin chng php v m ng chnh l ngi i biu trung thnh cho nhng li ch sng cn cho c dn tc Vit nam, mt ng c ng li chnh tr, ng li qun s c lp, t ch v sng to. chnh v l m nhm 10 chng em xin chn ti ng li khng chin chng thc dn php v quc m xm lc 1945-1975 vi mong mun l c hiu thm v truyn thng lch s v vang ca dn tc v hn na mun gp mt phn nh ca mnh nhm truyn t li nhng truyn thng li cho cc bn tr cc bn hiu thm v ng v dn tc Vit nam mnh gp mt hnh trang cho cc ban sinh vin c vng tin bc vo i vi t ho v ng v t nc Vit nam. 4. i tng nghin cu 5. Phng php nghin cu Phng php nghin cu ch yu l phng php lch s v phng php lgic, ngoi ra c s kt hp cc phng php khc nh phn tch, tng hp, so snh, quy np v din dch, c th ho v tru tng ha... thch hp vi tng ni dung ca mn hc 6. Phm vi nghin cu: ng li khng chin ca ng trong hai cuc khng chin chng php v chng mi t 1945-1975

Chng II. Ni dung

Chng III. NG LI XY DNG, BO V CHNH QUYN V KHNG CHIN CHNG THC DN PHP XM LC(1945-1954)

Chng IV.

Chng 1:

C S L Lun

1. Hon cnh lch s ca ng li xy dng v bo v chnh quyn cch mng (1945 1946) Chng V. -Hon cnh Vit Nam sau cch mng Thng Tm Chng VI. Thun li:

Vi thng li ca cch mng Thng Tm, nc Vit Nam dn ch Cng ho ra i, ng ta tr thnh ng lnh o chnh quyn trong c nc. - Nhn dn ta c truyn thng yu nc, truyn thng u tranh kin cng bt khut chng ngoi xm. Truyn thng cng c pht huy khi nhn dn ta thc s tr thnh ngi lm ch t nc, thc s c hng thnh qu do cch mng em li, nn c quyt tm cao trong vic xy dng v bo v ch mi. - Sau chin tranh th gii th II, ch ngha x hi tr thnh mt h thng th gii, phong tro gii phng dn tc pht trin tr thnh mt dng thc cch mng; phong tro dn ch v ho bnh cng ang vn ln mnh m. V c bn v lu di th tnh hnh y c li cho cch mng Vit Nam. Chng VII. Kh khn: Chng VIII. Chnh quyn Nh nc va ra i cn non tr cha c cng c vng chc. Lc lng v trang cch mng ang trong thi k hnh thnh, cc cng c bo lc khc cha c xy dng. Chng IX. -V kinh t :nn kinh t nc ta b kit qu sau nhiu nm chin tranh.Ti chnh, kho bc ch cn 1,2 triu ng ng Dng (mt na rch nt), ngn hng ng Dng vn ang nm trong tay t bn Php. Bn cnh , bn Tng Gii Thch mang tin quan kim v quc t sang tiu Vit Nam gy ri lon th trng. Chng X. -V vn ho: 95% dn s m ch, cc t nn x hi m ch c li cn nng n. - V chnh tr: Chng XI. + min Bc (t v tuyn 16 Nng tr ra): Gn 20 vn qun Tng l lt vo min Bc. Sau lng chng l bn Vit Quc, Vit Cch vi m mu th tiu chnh quyn cch mng, a bn tay sai lp chnh quyn b nhn v thc hin chnh sch cp bc nhn dn Vit Nam. Chng XII. + Min Nam (t v tuyn 16 tr vo): Trn mt vn qun Anh cng mn ting l vo tc v kh ca Nht, nhng k thc l chng m ng cho thc dn Php cp li nc ta. Ngy 23/9/1945 di s ym tr ca 2 s on thit gip Anh, Php n sng tn cng Si Gn, chnh thc xm lc nc ta ln th 2. Chng XIII. Trn t nc ta lc ny cn c khong 6 vn qun Nht ang ch lnh gii gip nhng mt s qun Nht thc hin lnh ca qun Anh, cm sng vi qun Anh, dn ng cho qun Php m rng vng chim ng min Nam. Cha bao gi, cng mt lc cch mng Vit Nam phi i ph vi nhiu k th nh thi im ny. Chng c th mu thun vi nhau v li ch kinh t nhng u thng nht vi nhau trong m mu chng cng sn, th tiu chnh quyn cch mng, xo b thnh qu m cuc CMT8 va ginh c. Chng XIV. Hon cnh lch s ca ng li khng chin chng thc dn php - Thng 11/1946, qun Php m cuc tn cng chim ng c thnh ph Hi Phng v th x Lng Sn, b ln Nng v gy nhiu cuc khiu khch, tn st ng bo ta ph Yn Ninh - Hng Bn (H Ni). ng thi Php gi ti hu th cho chnh ph ta, i phi tc ht v kh ca t v H Ni, i kim sot an ninh trt t Th . - Trc tnh hnh , t ngy 13 n ngy 22/12/1946 Ban thng v trung ng ng ta hp ti Vn Phc, H ng di s ch tr ca Ch tch H Ch Minh hoch nh ch trng i ph. Hi ngh c phi vin i gp pha Php m phn, song khng c kt qu. Hi ngh cho rng kh nng ho hon khng cn. Ho hon na s dn n ho mt nc, nhn dn s tr li cuc i n l. Do , hi ngh quyt nh h quyt tm pht ng cuc khng chin trong c nc v ch ng tin cng trc khi thc dn Php thc -

hin mn kch o chnh qun s H Ni. Mnh lnh khng chin c pht i. Vo lc 20h ngy 19/12/1946, tt c cc chin trng trong c nc ng lot n sng. Rng sng ngy 20/12/1946, li ku gi ton quc khng chin ca H Ch Minh c pht i trn i ting ni Vit Nam. Chng XV. Thun li ca nhn dn ta bc vo cuc khng chin chng thc dn Php xm lc l: cuc chin tranh ca ta l cuc chin tranh chnh ngha bo v nn c lp t do ca dn tc, ta c s chun b cn thit v mi mt, nn v lu di, ta s c kh nng nh thng qun xm lc. Chng XVI. Kh khn ca ta l: Tng quan lc lng qun s yu hn ch. Ta b bao vy bn pha, cha c nc no cng nhn, gip . Cn qun Php li c v kh ti tn, chim ng c hai nc Lo, Campuchia v mt s ni Nam B Vit Nam, c qun i ng chn trong cc thnh th ln Min Bc. Chng XVII. 3.Ch trng ca ng i vi ch trng xy dng v bo v chnh quyn cch mng(1945-1946) Chng XVIII. .Ch trng khng chin kin quc ca ng Chng XIX. Tnh hnh kh khn trn t ra trc mt ng v nhn dn ta nhng nhim v nng n v cp bch. Chng ta va phi xy dng v cng c chnh quyn cch mng cc cp, va phi khi phc kinh t, gii quyt nn i, nn tht hc, va phi u tranh vi cc th lc th ch bo v chnh quyn cch mng v khng nh v th ca nc Vit Nam dn ch cng ho. - Ni dung ch trng: a. + Mc tiu ca cch mng Vit Nam lc ny vn l dn tc gii phng. b. + Khu hiu lc ny l Dn tc trn ht. T quc trn ht c. + V xc nh k th: k th chnh ca ta lc ny l thc dn Php xm lc phi tp trung ngn la u tranh vo chng. d. + V nhim v: c 4 nhim v ch yu v cp bch cn khn trng thc hin l: cng c chnh quyn, chng thc dn Php xm lc, bi tr ni phn, ci thin i sng cho nhn dn. ng ch trng kin tr nguyn tc thm bn bt th, thc hin khu hiu Hoa - Vit thn thin i vi qun i Tng Gii Thch v c lp v chnh tr, nhn nhng v kinh t i vi Php. Chng XX. Tm li: Nhng ch trng trn y ca Ban chp hnh trung ng ng c nu trong bn ch th "Khng chin kin quc" ra ngy 25/11/1945 gii quyt kp thi nhng vn quan trng v ch o chin lc v sch lc cch mng trong tnh th mi v cng phc tp v kh khn ca nc Vit Nam dn ch cng ho va mi khai sinh. Chng XXI. Khng chin v kin quc l t tng chin lc ca ng, ca Ch tch H Ch Minh nhm pht huy sc mnh on kt dn tc, quyt tm y mnh khng chin chng thc dn Php, bo v v xy dng ch mi. Chng XXII. 3.2 Ch trng ca ng i vi ng li khng chin chng thc dn php Chng XXIII. 3.2.1 Qu trnh hnh thnh ch trng ng li ca ng Chng XXIV. Ngay t u cuc khng chin, ng ta m ng u l ch tch H Ch Minh vch ra ng 1i khng chin ch o mi mt khng chin ca qun v dn ta. ng 1i c xut pht t nhng vn kin chnh sau y: - Li ku gi ton quc khng chin ca ch tch H Ch Minh (19/12/1946) - Ban chi th Ton dn khng chin ca Ban thng v trung ng ng (22/12/1946). -Tc phm Khng chin nht nh thng li ca Trng Chinh 1947. T nhng vn kin y dn dn hnh thnh ng 1i khng chin ca ta. ng 1i 1: Khng chin ton dn, ton din, trng k, v t lc cnh sinh. ng 1i ny th hin tnh cht ca cuc khng chin ca nhn ta 1: - Cuc khng chin ca ta l mt cuc chin tranh cch mng chnh ngha, chng li mt

cuc chn tranh phi ngha ca thc dn Php. - Cuc khng chin ca nhn dn ta nhm mc ch: Ginh c 1p v thng nht T Quc, bo v chnh quyn dn ch nhn dn. - Trong cuc khng chin ny, dn tc Vit Nam va u tranh t cu mnh, va u tranh cho ha bnh th gii.Cuc khng chin chng Php ca nhn dn Vit Nam do cn l mt cuc chin tranh tin b v t do, c 1p, v dn ch ha bnh. 3.2.2 Ni dung ng li khng chin chng php Chng XXV. + Mc ch khng chin: l tip tc s nghip cch mng thng Tm, nh thc dn Php xm lc, hon thnh gii phng dn tc, ginh c lp v thng nht tht s cho T quc. Chng XXVI. + Tnh cht khng chin: Cuc khng chin ca ta l chin tranh nhn dn, chin tranh chnh ngha. V vy, cuc khng chin ca ta c tnh cht dn tc gii phng v dn ch mi. Chng XXVII. + Chnh sch khng chin: "Lin hip vi dn tc Php, chng phn ng thc dn Php. on kt vi Min - Lo v cc dn tc yu chung t do, ho bnh. on kt cht ch ton dn, thc hin ton dn khng chin ...phi t cp, t tc v mi mt". Chng XXVIII. + Nhim v khng chin: 1. nh ui thc dn Php xm lc ginh c lp v thng nht tht s cho dn tc. 2. Trong qu trnh khng chin khng th khng thc hin nhng ci cch dn ch, tin hnh tng bc chnh sch rung t ca ng nhm bi dng sc dn, cng c khi lin minh cng nng, phn ho c lp k th. 3. Khng ch u tranh cho ta m cn bo v ho bnh th gii. Chng XXIX. Phng chm tin hnh khng chin: tin hnh cuc chin tranh nhn dn, thc hin khng chin ton dn, ton din, lu di, da vo sc mnh l chnh. Chng XXX. Khng chin ton dn: L ton dn nh gic, ly lc lng v trang, c ba th qun lm nng ct "Bt k n ng, n b khng chia tn gio, ng phi, dn tc, bt k ngi gi, ngi tr. H l ngi Vit Nam ng ln nh thc dn Php", thc hin mi ngi dn l mt chin s, mi lng xm l mt pho i. Chng XXXI. Khng chin ton din: nh ch v mi mt chnh tr, qun s, kinh t, vn ho, ngoi giao. Trong :

Chng XXXII. Khng chin v chnh tr: Thc hin on kt ton dn, tng cng xy dng ng, chnh quyn, cc on th nhn dn; on kt vi Min, Lo v cc dn tc yu chung t do, ho bnh.

Chng XXXIII. Khng chin v qun s: Thc hin v trang ton dn, xy dng lc lng v trang nhn dn, tiu dit ch, gii phng nhn dn v t ai, thc hin du kch chin tin ln vn ng chin, nh chnh quy, l "trit dng du kch, vn ng chin. Bo ton thc lc, khng chin lu di.... va nh va v trang thm, va nh va o to thm cn b".

Chng XXXIV. Khng chin v kinh t: Ph hoi kinh t ch nh ng giao thng, cu, cng, xy dng kinh t t cung t cp, tp trung pht trin nng nghip, th cng

nghip, thng nghip v cng nghip quc phng theo nguyn tc: Va khng chin va xy dng t nc. Chng XXXV. Khng chin v vn ho: Xo b vn ho thc dn, phong kin, xy dng nn vn ho dn ch mi theo ba nguyn tc: dn tc, khoa hc, i chng. Chng XXXVI. Khng chin v ngoi giao: Thc hin thm bn bt th, biu dng thc lc. "Lin hip vi dn tc Php, chng phn ng thc dn php", sn sng m phn nu Php cng nhn Vit Nam c lp. Chng XXXVII. Khng chin lu di: L chng m mu nh nhanh, thng nhanh ca Php, c thi gian cng c, xy dng lc lng, nhm chuyn ho tng quan lc lng t ch ta yu hn ch n ch ta mnh hn ch, nh thng ch. Chng XXXVIII. Khng chin da sc mnh l chnh, trc ht phi c lp v ng li chnh tr, ch ng xy dng v pht trin thc lc ca cuc khng chin, ng thi coi trng vin tr quc t. Chng XXXIX. Trin vng khng chin: Mc d lu di, gian kh, kh khn, song nht nh thng li. Chng XL. ng li khng chin ca ng vi nhng ni dung c bn nh trn l ng n v sng to, va k tha c kinh nghim ca t tin, ng vi cc nguyn l v chin tranh cch mng ca ch ngha Mc - Lnin, va ph hp vi hon cnh t nc lc by gi. ng li khng chin ca ng c cng b sm c tc dng a cuc khng chin tng bc i ti thng li v vang. Chng XLI. Thc hin ng li khng chin ca ng, t nm 1947 n nm 1950, ng ta ch o cuc chin u giam chn ch trong cc th, cng c cc vng t do ln, nh bi cuc hnh qun ln ca ch ln Vit Bc; lnh o y mnh xy dng hu phng, tm cch chng ph th on "ly chin tranh nui chin tranh, dng ngi Vit nh ngi Vit" ca thc dn Php. Thng li ca chin dch Bin gii cui nm 1950 ging mt n nng n vo ch xm lc ca ch, qun ta ginh c quyn ch ng chin lc trn chin trng chnh Bc B. - u nm 1951, trc tnh hnh th gii v cch mng ng Dng c nhiu chuyn bin mi. Nc ta c cc nc x hi ch ngha cng nhn v t quan h ngoi giao. Cuc khng chin ca nhn dn ba nc ng Dng ginh c nhng thng li quan trng. Song li dng tnh th kh khn ca thc dn Php, quc M can thip trc tip vo cuc chin tranh ng Dng. iu kin lch s t ra yu cu b sung v hon chnh ng li cch mng, a cuc chin tranh n thng li. - Thng 2/1951, ng cng sn ng Dng hp i hi i biu ln th II ti Chim Ho - Tuyn Quang. i hi nht tr tn thnh Bo co chnh tr ca Ban chp hnh Trung ng do Ch tch H Ch Minh trnh by v ra Ngh quyt tch ng cng sn ng Dng thnh ba ng cch mng lnh o cuc khng chin ca ba dn tc i n thng li. Vit Nam, ng ra hot ng cng khai ly tn l ng lao ng Vit Nam. Bo co hon thnh gii phng dn tc, pht trin dn ch nhn dn, tin ti ch ngha x hi do Tng B th Trng Chinh trnh by ti i hi ca ng lao ng Vit Nam k tha v pht trin ng li cch mng trong cng lnh chnh tr u tin ca ng thnh ng li cch mng dn tc dn ch nhn

dn. ng li c phn nh trong chnh cng ca ng lao ng Vit Nam. Chng XLII. Ni dung ca Chnh cng ng lao ng Vit Nam. Chng XLIII. + Tnh cht x hi Vit Nam c ba tnh cht: Dn ch nhn dn mt phn thuc a na phong kin. Ba tnh cht ang u tranh ln nhau, nhng mu thun ch yu lc ny l mu thun gia tnh cht dn ch nhn dn v tnh cht thuc a. Mu thun ang c gii quyt trong qu trnh khng chin ca dn tc Vit Nam chng thc dn Php v can thip M. Chng XLIV. + i tng cch mng Vit Nam c hai i tng: Chng XLV. i tng chnh l ch ngha quc xm lc c th lc ny l quc Php v bn can thip M. Chng XLVI. i tng ph hin nay l phong kin, c th l phong kin phn ng. Chng XLVII. + Nhim v cch mng: Chng XLVIII. nh ui bn quc xm lc, ginh c lp v thng nht tht s cho dn tc. Chng XLIX. Xo b nhng di tch phong kin v na phong kin, lm cho ngi cy c rung. Chng L. Pht trin ch dn ch nhn dn gy c s cho ch ngha x hi. Chng LI. Ba nhim v khng kht vi nhau. Song nhim v chnh trc mt l hon thnh gii phng dn tc. Chng LII. + ng lc ca cch mng gm: Cng nhn, nng dn, tiu t sn, t sn dn tc. Ngoi ra cn c nhng thn s (a ch) yu nc v tin b. Nhng giai cp, tng lp v phn t hp li thnh nhn dn, m nn tng l cng nng, lao ng tr c. Giai cp cng nhn l giai cp lnh o cch mng. Chng LIII. + Sp xp loi hnh cch mng: ng ta cn c vo 3 loi hnh cch mng ca Lnin (cch mng gii phng dn tc, cch mng t sn kiu mi v cch mng v sn) gi cch mng Vit Nam l cch mng dn tc, dn ch, nhn dn. ng ch Trng Chinh gii thch: Chng LIV. Gi l cch mng dn tc v n nh quc ginh c lp cho dn tc. Chng LV. Gi l cch mng dn ch v n nh giai cp phong kin ginh li rung t cho nng dn. Chng LVI. Gi l cch mng nhn dn v n do nhn dn tin hnh cuc cch mng y. Chng LVII. y l s b sung v pht trin l lun cch mng ca ng ta vo hc thuyt Mc- Lnin m cng lao to ln thuc v ng ch Trng Chinh. Chng LVIII. + Phng hng tin ln ca cch mng dn tc, dn ch, nhn dn: Cch mng dn tc dn ch nhn dn nht nh s tin ln ch ngha x hi. y l mt qu trnh lu di v i th tri qua ba giai on: Chng LIX. Giai on th nht, nhim v ch yu l hon thnh gii phng dn tc. Chng LX. Giai on th hai, nhim v ch yu l xo b nhng di tch phong kin v na phong kin, thc hin trit ngi cy c rung, pht trin k ngh, hon chnh ch dn ch nhn dn. Chng LXI. Giai on th ba, nhim v ch yu l xy dng c s cho ch ngha x hi, tin ln thc hin ch ngha x hi Chng LXII. Ba giai on y khng tch ri nhau, m mt thit lin h, xen k vi nhau. Chng LXIII. + Giai cp lnh o v mc tiu ca ng: "Ngi lnh o cch mng l giai cp cng nhn. ng lao ng Vit Nam l ng ca giai cp cng nhn v ca nhn dn lao ng Vit Nam. Mc ch ca ng l pht trin ch dn ch nhn dn,

tin ln ch x hi ch ngha Vit Nam, thc hin t do, hnh phc cho giai cp cng nhn, nhn dn lao ng v tt c cc dn tc a s, thiu s Vit Nam. Chng LXIV. + Chnh sch ca ng: c 15 chnh sch ln nhm pht trin ch dn ch nhn dn, gy mm mng cho ch ngha x hi v y mnh khng chin n thng li. Chng LXV. + Quan h quc t: Vit Nam ng v phe ho bnh v dn ch, phi tranh th s gip ca cc nc x hi ch ngha v nhn dn th gii, ca Trung Quc, Lin X, thc hin on kt Vit - Trung - X v on kt Vit - Min - Lo. - ng li, chnh sch ca ng ta c b sung, pht trin qua cc hi ngh trung ng tip theo. Chng LXVI. + Ti HN trung ng ln th nht (3 - 1951), ng ta nhn mnh ch trng phi tng cng hn na cng tc ch o chin tranh, cng c v gia cng qun i ch lc, cng c b i a phng v dn qun du kch; gia cng vic lnh o kinh t ti chnh, thc hin vic khuyn khch, gip t sn dn tc kinh doanh v gi vn ca t nhn pht trin cng thng nghip, tch cc tham gia phong tro bo v ho bnh th gii, cng c ng v t tng, chnh tr, t chc. Chng LXVII. + Ngh quyt HNT ln th hai (hp t 27/9/1951 n ngy 5/10/1951), nu ln ch trng y mnh cuc khng chin trn c s thc hin tt ba nhim v ln l: Ra sc tiu dit sinh lc ch, tin ti ginh u th qun s. Ra sc ph m mu thm c ca ch l ly chin tranh nui chin tranh, dng ngi Vit nh ngi Vit. y mnh khng chin vng tm b chim, cng c v pht trin sc khng chin on kt. Chng LXVIII. + Ti HNT ln th t (thng 1 - 1953) vn cch mng rung t c ng tp trung nghin cu, kim im v ra ch trng thc hin trit gim t, chun b tin ti ci cch rung t. Hi ngh cho rng, mun khng chin hon ton thng li, dn ch nhn dn tht th thc hin, th phi thit thc nng cao quyn li kinh t v chnh tr ca nng dn, phi chia rung t cho nng dn. Chng LXIX. + HNT ln th nm (11 - 1953), ng quyt nh pht ng qun chng trit gim t v tin hnh ci cch rung t trong khng chin. Chng LXX. Chng 2 thc trng I. GII THIU S V CUC KHNG CHIN Chng LXXI. Lc lng
Chng LXXII. Theo Qun Quc gia Php: Vit Nam: phng Ty: Chng LXXIII. Theo 190.000 150.000 125.000 75.000 250.000 Theo 80.000 1.000.000 230.000 qun du qun qun lnh cc dn Vit chnh kch chnh chnh phng chnh qun Ty: quy khu qun Nam: quy (1947) quy quy

Cc ng minh thuc a ng Dng: 55.000 Theo Vit Nam: 100.000 (1946) 239.000 (1950)

-1.000.000 du kch (1946) 120.000 qun chnh quy

-3.000.000 du kch (1950) Chng LXXIV. 166.000

2.000.000+ du kch (1953)

Chng LXXV.
Chng LXXVI. Chng LXXVII. 1. Dng Chng LXXIX. Chng LXXX. 1. Chng LXXXI. Chng LXXXII. Chng LXXXIII. Chng LXXXIV. Chng LXXXV. Chng LXXXVI. Nam K quc Quc gia Vit Nam Vng quc Lo Vng quc Campuchia Anh n thuc Anh Nht Bn MAAG Lin hip Php Php Chng LXXXVII. Chng LXXXVIII. Chng LXXXIX. Chng XC. Chng XCI. Chng XCII. Chng XCIII. Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ho Qun i Nhn dn Vit Nam Pathet Lo Mt trn Lo Issara Chnh ph khng chin Lo Khmer Issarak Chnh ph khng chin Campuchia

Qun on Vin ng Php Lin bang ng

Chng LXXVIII.

Qun i Quc gia Vit Nam

Chng XCIV. Chng XCV. Thi gian Chng XCVII. Chng XCVI. 1954 19 thng 12 nm 1946 1 thng 8 nm ng Dng thuc Php, phn ln ti

a im Chng XCVIII. Vit Nam Ch huy

Chng XCIX.
Chng C. (1945-46) Jean-tienne Roger Marcel-Maurice Jean de Lattre Raoul Chng CII. Chng CIII. Qun Theo

Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque Chng CI. V Valluy Blaizot Carpentier de Tassigny Salan (1946-48) (1948-49) (1949-50) (1950-51) (1952-53) Souphanouvong phng Php:
[1]

H Nguyn Hong Vn Phm Trng

Ch Nguyn Ch Vn Tin Vn

Minh Gip Thanh Thi Dng ng Chinh

Henri Navarre (1953-54)

Ty: Chng CV. 190.000 125.000 75.000 250.000 Theo

Theo lnh cc dn Vit qun du qun du qun

phng chnh qun

Ty: quy khu qun[4] Nam:

Cc ng minh thuc a ng Dng: 55.000 Quc gia Vit Nam: 150.000 Chng CIV. Theo Vit Nam: 100.000 (1946) 239.000 (1950)

80.000 -1.000.000 120.000 1.000.000 230.000

chnh kch chnh kch chnh

quy (1946) quy (1947) quy

-3.000.000 du kch (1950) Chng CVI. 166.000 qun chnh quy 2.000.000+ du kch (1953)

Chng CVII. II. CC GIAI ON CHNG PHP Chng CVIII. Cm c: bao gm gian on va nh va m trc 19/12/1946 n ht Chin dch Vit Bc. Thi ny c cuc Nam B Khng Chin, cm c min Nam, min Trung, Hip nh s b Vit-Php 6/3/1946 v Tm c VitPhp 14/9/1946 H Ni 1946, n lc vn hi ha bnh, di tn ln chin khu. Cui cng l nh bi Php trong Chin dch Vit Bc. Chng CIX. Phng ng: sau chin dch Vit Bc n ht Chin dch Bin Gii. C cc chin dch ln: Chin dch ng Bc, Chin dch Cao-Bc-Lng, Chin dch Bin Gii. Chng CX. phn cng: Chin dch Trung Du (thng 12-1950), Chin dch ng Bng (thng 5-1951), Phng tuyn Taxinhi,Chin dch Hong Hoa Thm, Chin dch Ty Bc (14/10 1/12/1952), Chin dch Ha Bnh 1952, Chin dch Thng Lo (8/4 3/5/1953), K hoch Nava, Chin cc ng Xun 1953-1954, Chin dch in Bin Ph (13/3 7/5/1954), Hip nh Ginev, chm dt chin tranh, lp li ho bnh ng Dng Chng CXI. CC QU TRNH CA CUC KHNG CHIN CHNG PHP Chng CXII. Th thng phong ca Php v cc c gng thng lng ca Vit Minh 1. Hng ng Li ku gi ton quc khng chin, cc lc lng v trang ca Vit Minh n sng chng Php ti nhiu khu vc thnh th trn c nc: H Ni, Nam nh, ng s 5, Vinh, Hu, Nng..., hon thnh nhim v bao vy km chn v tiu dit qun Php, to thi gian cn thit qun ch lc tn v cc cn c nng thn v cc c quan, cng xng di chuyn ln vng chin khu. Chin s c lit nht din ra ti H Ni (Xem Trn H Ni 1946). Ti y, qun Php phi chin u ginh git tng con ph v phi chu thng vong ln, khong 100 lnh Php c coi l b git, 45 cng dn Chu u thit mng, 200 ngi mt tch[18]Trong mt hon cnh chin u v cng kh khn v chnh lch v v kh, sau 57 ngy m chin u ngoan cng trong lng thnh ph, n m 17 thng 2 nm 1947 Trung on Th mi rt ra khi ni thnh.[19] a s nhn dn H Ni v vng ven cng b thnh ph vt sng Hng tn c ln pha Bc, to th "vn khng nh trng". 2. H Ch Minh vn cha b cuc trong vic tm kim mt gii php ha bnh. Ngay ngy u tin ca cuc chin, Vit Minh ri truyn n trn ng ph H Ni thng bo vi "nhn dn Php" rng chnh ph Vit Nam sn lng tn ti ha bnh trong Lin hip Php, rng chin tranh n ra l do "bn thc dn phn cch mng tm cch chia r v gy chin", rng ch cn Php cng nhn c lp v thng nht ca Vit Nam th thi hp tc v hiu bit ln nhau gia hai dn tc s c lp tc khi phc. Ngy hm sau, i Vit Minh bt u nh k pht cc li ku gi ti m phn. Ngy 23 thng 12, H Ch Minh vit th cho Marius Moutet, B trng B cc lnh th thuc a, v tng Henri Leclerc, ngh mt cuc hp gia i din c hai bn. Mt vi ngy sau, ng chnh thc ngh ngng bn v t chc mt cuc hi ngh ha bnh mi ti Paris trong khun kh Hip nh s b hi thng 3. Nhng tt c u khng em li kt qu g, ngi Php mun c phn ng qun s

3.

4.

5.

6.

mnh trc khi tnh n chuyn m phn. Emile Bollaert, Cao y Php mi c b nhim t thng 3 nm 1947, c tng Leclerc khuyn "m phn bng mi gi". Nhng ngi thn cn ng nh Pierre Messmer v Paul Mus cng thin v chiu hng i thoi. Nhng c hn 1.000 binh s Php cht hoc mt tch, v cng ng ngi Php ng Dng phn i kch lit vic thng lng vi Vit Minh. Ngy 23 thng 4, qua B trng ngoi giao Vit Nam Hong Minh Gim, H Ch tch li gi thng ip ti Bollaert ngh ngng bn lp tc v m phn. T tin vo u th qun s, Bollaert p li bng mt lot cc iu kin i Vit Minh h v kh trc khi khi phc ha bnh. H Ch Minh t chi thng cc yu cu ny khi Paul Mus n chin khu Vit Bc gp ng truyn t thng ip trn. Ma h nm 1947, lc lng ch lc ca Vit Minh c khong 60.000 ngi, cha k t v v du kch a phng. V kh thiu, ch yu l do t to v ly c ca Php. Yu v ha lc nhng c ng v c h tr ln ca nhn dn, cc tiu on Vit Minh ngy cng c kh nng trnh cc trn cn ca Php v tn cng i phng li nhng ni mnh la chn. Qun ch lc chnh quy ca Vit Minh t chc nh qun i phng Ty, nhng tha k nhiu kinh nghim chin tranh c truyn ca Vit Nam. Vit Minh t chc du kch l nhng chin s bn qun s, na b mt na cng khai, sng ti nh, va lm rung va chin u trong lng ch. Cuc chin tranh du kch ti ng bng gy kh khn ln cho Php. mi ni, Vit Minh vn t do i li, tuyn qun, thu thu. C nhng hi t (chnh quyn lng x thn Php) c lp ra che mt Php nhng hnh ng theo Vit Minh. Dn chng gnh thc go t vng do Php chim ng i np thu cho Vit Minh. Cc i du kch c thnh lp khp cc vng b chim quy ri qun Php, Php phi phn ln qun ch lc gi ng bng Bc B. Mc d l vng do Php kim sot, nhng thc cht ng bng mu m ng dn vn l ngun cung cp nhn lc, hng ha v lng thc ln nht cho Vit Minh. Thng li duy nht ca Php trong ma h ny l v chnh tr, khi sch lc h khc ca tng Nguyn Bnh [cn dn ngun], tng ch huy Vit Minh ti Nam B, lm nhiu ngi Vit Nam B xa lnh [cn dn ngun] v y lnh o ca cc phi Ha Ho, Cao i v pha Php. Hon thnh vic nh rng ra vng ng bng, Php quyt nh tin cng ln Vit Bc sm kt thc chin tranh. Ngy 7 thng 10 nm 1947, Chin dch La, cuc tn cng vo chin khu Vit Bc, bt u. Qun Php tin nhanh v mau chng nh v c nhng ni ng cc c quan u no ca i phng, nhng H Ch Minh v chnh ph ca ng i thot, lc lng v trang ca Vit Minh lng l ln vo rng ri quay ra nh qun Php ti nhng ni m h chn. Tuy Php khng t c mc ch tiu dit cn c Vit Bc, nhng h ct c ng s 4 v kim sot bin gii Vit Trung ti Cao Bng, c lp Vit Minh vi th gii bn ngoi.

2. Php sa ly v gii php Bo i Chng CXIII. Sau chin dch La, xung t lng xung. Thiu phng tin tip tc cc chin dch tn cng, qun Php ch gii hn trong cc hot ng va phi ng bng. Nhng cng ti ng bng, Vit Minh t chc cc i du kch hot ng bn cng khai, sng ti nh, va lm rung va chin u, thc hin cc hot ng quy ri qun Php.

Cc cn b Vit Minh vn i li tuyn qun, thu thu trong vng Php kim sot. Nhng vng ny vn tip tc l ni cung cp mt s loi nhu yu phm nh thuc men, lng thc, vi vc... cho Vit Minh. Ti cc chin khu, Vit Minh cng c cn c, t chc t sn xut lng thc v v kh c th t tn ti lu di.

Chng CXIV. Chng CXV. Chng CXVI. Qun Php bt gi mt ngi tnh nghi l Vit Minh Chng CXVII. Ti ng bng sng Hng, cc i du kch c thnh lp khp cc vng b chim quy ri qun Php. Cui chin tranh, du kch cm gi phn ln qun Php trong vng ng bng. Mi chuyn hng ca Php t Hi Phng v H Ni phi t thnh on ln, nhiu xe tng v lnh bo v mi i thot. Cc ng b b o bi ngn cn xe c gii, ng st bc ht gang thp lm v kh. Chng CXVIII. min Trung Vit Nam, Vit Minh xy dng c mt vng gii phng ko di t Hi An n Mi i Lnh, gn nh ngn i t nc. min Nam, qun Php tnh th tt hn do lc lng Vit Minh y xa v lin lc rt kh khn vi lc lng min Bc. Lc lng ca tng Nguyn Bnh b y vo vng m ly v rng ni, h cn gp s chng i ca cc nhm dn tc ch ngh khc ca ngi Vit. Chng CXIX. Php bt u tm cch xy dng mt chnh quyn bn x ngi Vit lm i trng vi Vit Minh, v thuyt phc M vin tr kinh t v qun s Php c th tip tc ng chn ti ng Dn. Ngy 8 thng 3 nm 1949, Tng thng Php Vincent Auriol v Cu hong Bo i k Hip c Elyse, thnh lp Quc gia Vit Nam trong khi Lin hip Php, ng u l Quc trng Bo i. Tuy nhin, chnh quyn Quc gia Vit Nam non tr rt yu t do cc quyn quan trng v qun s, ti chnh v ngoi giao u do ngi Php nm gi v quyn hnh cao nht trn thc t l Cao y Php. Qun i Quc gia Vit Nam c thnh lp nhng c hun luyn km v khng c s quan ch huy cp cao ngi Vit[21]. Php ch n gin l a nhng ngi lnh mi tuyn m c vo cc qun on vin chinh ca chnh Php, ti , ngi ch huy l cc s quan Php.

Chng CXX. 3. Chin tranh y mnh - Vit Minh phn cng Chng CXXI. Nm 1950, Chin tranh ng Dng c s thay i quan trng, chuyn sang mt giai on mi. V pha Php, chin tranh vo th sa ly tuy h dng n 40-45% ngn sch qun s v 10% ngn sch quc gia. Vi s n ra ca Chin tranh Triu Tin vo thng 6 nm 1950, M thay i thi v Chin tranh ng Dng, coi Triu Tin v Vit Nam l hai chin trng ph thuc ln nhau trong cuc chin ca phng Ty chng li ch ngha cng sn, tng thng M Truman tuyn b s vin tr qun s trc tip cho cc n lc ca Php ti ng Dng. Pha bn kia, nm 1949 Trung Quc, ng Cng sn ginh c quyn lc trn ton quc, h nhanh chng cng nhn v thit lp quan h ngoi giao vi chnh ph Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha. Chng CXXII. Thnh cng ca Vit Minh trong Chin dch Bin gii Thu ng 1950 ph c th b c lp ca cn c a Vit Bc, khai thng di bin gii Vit - Trung t Cao Bng ti Vnh Bc B m u cu tip nhn vin tr. Vit Minh bt u chuyn sang th ch ng tn cng.

Chng CXXIII. Chng CXXIV. Chng CXXV. Bc s Php chm sc cho 1 binh s Vit Minh b thng Chng CXXVI. Khng cn hy vng tin cng hay bao vy chin khu Vit Bc, Php t chc Phng tuyn Taxinhi bo v vng ng bng. T khi chuyn sang ch ng tin cng, cc chin dch lin tip ca Vit Minh, Chin dch Trung Du, Chin dch Hong Hoa Thm, Chin dch H Nam Ninh, Chin dch Ho Bnh, Chin dch Ty Bc, Chin dch Thng Lo bc v Phng tuyn Taxinhi khi ng bng, buc Php duy tr mt lc lng ln bn trong bo v vng ng bng Bc B Chng CXXVII. Nm 1951, Vit Minh bt u thc hin cc trn chin quy m ln theo kiu kinh in. Nhng h phi chu thit hi ln, cc chin dch Hong Hoa Thm v H Nam Ninh b tht bi trc qun Php do tng de Lattre de Tassigny ch huy. Trn Ha Bnh m de Lattre m vo thng 11 nm 1951 tr thnh "ci xay tht" i vi c hai bn. Khi trn nh kt thc vo thng 2 nm 1952, Vit Minh chu thng vong ln, nhng h hc c cch i ph vi chin thut v v kh ca Php, v h thm nhp c su hn vo trong vng cung phng th ca Php. Chng CXXVIII. Cui nm 1952, Vit Minh nh sang vng ni pha Ty Bc Vit Nam ri vt sang lnh th Lo. Ch huy mi ca Php, tng Raoul Salan c gng chn ng cuc tn cng ny bng cch nh vo cc tuyn hu cn ca Vit Minh, nhng khng c kt qu. n thng 12, qun Vit Minh vn chim gi vng bin gii Vit-Lo trong khi qun Php quay tr li bn trong tuyn phng th mnh bo v ng bng sng Hng. min Trung, Vit Minh t c nhng thnh cng quan trng. Vng kim sot ca Php Ty Nguyn b thu hp li ch cn vi vng ven bin hp quanh Hu, Nng, v Nha Trang. Nhng khu vc duy nht m Php cn c thnh cng l Nam K v Campuchia. Chng CXXIX. Ma xun nm 1953, Vit Minh t chc mt lc lng ln nh sang Lo vi s h tr ca Pathet Lo. Qun Php thnh cng trong vic ngn khng Vit Minh chim c Cnh ng Chum v n thng 4 th chn c Vit Minh. Ma ma n buc Vit Minh phi quay tr li cn c. Chng CXXX. cc vng khc, Vit Minh tn cng phi hp ng b t Nam B, Khu 5, Ty Nguyn, Trung Lo, H Lo, Bc B, buc Php phn tn x l khi qun c ng. Vit Minh tin nh Ty Bc, Php khng cn lc lng c ng ng cu, hnh thnh Chin cuc ng Xun 1953-1954.

Chng CXXXI. .4 K hoch Navarre v trn in Bin Ph Chng CXXXII. Nm 1950, Chin tranh ng Dng c s thay i quan trng, chuyn sang mt giai on mi. V pha Php, chin tranh vo th sa ly tuy h dng n 40-45% ngn sch qun s v 10% ngn sch quc gia. Vi s n ra ca Chin tranh Triu Tin vo thng 6 nm 1950, M thay i thi v Chin tranh ng Dng, coi Triu Tin v Vit Nam l hai chin trng ph thuc ln nhau trong cuc chin ca phng Ty chng li ch ngha cng sn, tng thng M Truman tuyn b s vin tr

qun s trc tip cho cc n lc ca Php ti ng Dng[22]. Pha bn kia, nm 1949 Trung Quc, ng Cng sn ginh c quyn lc trn ton quc, h nhanh chng cng nhn v thit lp quan h ngoi giao vi chnh ph Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha. Chng CXXXIII. Thnh cng ca Vit Minh trong Chin dch Bin gii Thu ng 1950 ph c th b c lp ca cn c a Vit Bc, khai thng di bin gii Vit - Trung t Cao Bng ti Vnh Bc B m u cu tip nhn vin tr. Vit Minh bt u chuyn sang th ch ng tn cng. Chng CXXXIV. V d v trn nh H Ni 60 ngay1 m 1. Tuy nhin, Chnh ph Php vn c d tm h Vit Nam. Bit r m mu , ng v Chnh ph ta c nhng ch trng v bin php chun b khng chin. H Ni c giao nhim v l khi chin tranh bng n phi nhanh chng ginh th ch ng, chin u giam chn ch mt thi gian hu phng hon thnh cng vic chun b v t chc khng chin. Phng chm l tiu dit, tiu hao sinh lc ch, ng thi gi gn v pht trin lc lng khng chin lu di. K hoch ca ta l xy dng th trn chin tranh nhn dn; ch ng ngay t u tin cng lm ri lon th trn ca ch; sau mt b phn lc lng tr li thnh mt khu c th gia thnh ph, km chn ch bn trong; cn i b phn lc lng dn ra cht cc ca , to th bao vy nhiu tng, nhiu lp nh ch bn ngoi. Hai b phn y da vo nhau m chin u, lm cho ch trong ngoi u b nh khng th tp trung lc lng mau chng nh rng ra. Ni thnh c chia l ba lin khu, Lin khu I l ni qun ta cht li gia thnh ph, cn Lin khu II v III cng 5 khu ngoi thnh l ni qun ta xy dng vnh ai bao vy ch. Pha Php, bn thc dn phn ng xc tin ph hoi Hip nh s b v ri c Tm c m Ch tch H Ch Minh k vi Chnh ph Php ngy 14-9-1946 ti Paris. Chng y mnh nhng hot ng qun s ln chim i n thn tnh ton b Vit Nam. Ngy 20-11-1946, chng nh chim thnh ph Hi Phng v th x Bc Ninh, ng thi cho hng nghn qun b ln Nng. H Ni, chng tng qun tri php ln ti 6.500 tn c trang b v kh y , hin i, ng 45 c im then cht trong thnh ph. Hng nghn Php kiu cng c trang b v kh, t chc thnh nhng tc chin nm nhng ng ph quan trng. Ngy 11-12-1946, chng t Nh thng tin B H. Ngy 10-12, chng t mn ph cng s t v nhiu ni. Ngy 16-12, chng x sng vo cng an ta ang lm nhim v gi trt t. Ngy 17-12, chng tin cng t v, tn st nhn dn ph Yn Ninh. Ngy 18-12, chng a ti hu th i tc v kh t v, chim S cng an H Ni, nm quyn kim sot thnh ph. Chng khc t ngh thng lng do ta a ra. Chng cng khai i tc b ch quyn ca ta, bt ta phi u hng, quyt cp nc ta mt ln na. Chng xo b hon ton mi hip nh. Kh nng ho bnh khng cn na. bo v T quc, di s lnh o ca ng, nhn dn H Ni cng vi nhn dn c nc ng dy khng chin chng thc dn Php. 20 gi 00 ngy 19-12-1946, qun dn H Ni n sng, m u cuc khng chin ton quc chng thc dn Php xm lc.

Tt c cc v tr ca ch thnh ph u b tin cng, nhiu tc chin ca chng b tiu dit, nh Nh my n B H, Nh my in, Nh my nc Yn Phu, rp chiu bng Majestic ch b ging mt n bt ng, th trn b o ln, phi lng tng i ph khp ni. Sau , ch phn kch li, nh chim nhng u mi giao thng ng thi tin nh cc tr s c quan quan trng ca ta: Bc B ph, S Bu in, U ban hnh chnh H Ni, B quc phng. u qun Php cng vp phi sc chin u dai dng, quyt lit ca qun dn ta v b tn tht nng n. ngng cung ca Php nh lm ch thnh ph trong 24 gi hon ton tht bi. T ngy 21-12, qun dn Lin khu I tr li thnh mt cht thp gia lng ch, thu ht gi chn chng. Trong khi , cc lc lng ca ta Lin khu II da vo ngoi thnh, to ra mt vnh ai vy hm ch, phi hp tc chin vi Lin khu I, trong v ngoi cng nh. ch b kt gia, lng tng i ph. Ta c iu kin ko di thi gian, giam chn v tiu hao ch. Sau khi k hoch chin tranh chp nhong tht bi, Php phi tp trung qun ch hng tiu dit lc lng ta ni thnh, sau mi nh ra ngoi thnh. Chng m lin tip cc cuc tin cng vo Hng Da, ch Hm, L Ln, Hng Bng, i C Vit, Cu Dn, pha Nam khu ng Kinh ngha thc vo cui thng 12; ng thi c nh ng s 5 vin binh t Hi Phng ln. Qun i ta thc hin khu hiu mi ngi dn l mt ngi lnh, mi nh l mt pho i, mi ph l mt chin tuyn, pht huy nhiu sng kin nh ch, vi mi th v kh c trong tay, bm ch m nh vi tinh thn Sng cht vi Th . Tnh n 29-12-1946, H Ni din ra 47 trn nh c lit cc khu ph ni thnh. Khng tiu dit c lc lng ca ta ni thnh, Php chuyn lc lng tp trung nh ngoi thnh c lp lc lng trong ni thnh. T 30-12 n 6-1-1947 ch m lin tip 6 t tin cng nh chim vnh ai cc ca t L Ln n Cu Dn, ng t Kim Lin, Kim M, Ngc H, Thu Khu, Yn Ph. Ta chn nh quyt lit, ginh i git li tng tc t vnh ai, ng thi nh mnh Lin khu I. Trong khi la chin tranh, lc lng ca ta c rn luyn v trng thnh. Ngy 6-11947, Trung on Lin khu I Trung on Th c thnh lp. Tip , Trung on 48 (thng 7-1947 c Quc hi t tn l Trung on Thng Long) cng c thnh lp Lin khu II, III. Ngy 13-1-1947, i quyt t ca Trung on Th lm l tuyn th trc khi bc vo cuc chin u mi. T ngy 15-1, sau khi c vin binh t Hi Phng, ch tip tc m nhng cuc tin cng mi trn ng vng cung Vnh Tuy, ng t Trung Hin, ng t Vng, Bch Mai, ng t S, Cu Giy n 25-1, chng kim sot c vng cung bao quanh thnh ph. Qun ta lui ra ngoi thnh sau khi gy cho ch nhiu tn tht. T ngy 6-2, gic Php m t tng cng kch vo Lin khu I. Qun ta chin u ngoan cng, lin tc b gy nhiu t tn cng ca ch vo nh X-va, Trng Ke; ginh git vi ch tng cn nh, tng gc ph. m 17-2-1947, sau khi hon thnh vic giam chn ch, chin s Lin khu I rt ra ngoi an ton.

Sau 60 ngy chin u ngoan cng (t 19-12-1946 n 17-2-1947), qun v dn H Ni tiu dit hn 2000 tn ch, ph hu hng chc xe c gii, bo ton c lc lng khng chin lu di. Qun dn H Ni hon thnh xut sc nhim v c Trung ng giao ph. Phong tro u tranh trong H Ni b tm chim Sau khi Trung on Th rt ra ngoi, H Ni tm thi b Php chim ng. Chng mt mt t chc b my cai tr, mt khc b sung qun s, ng nhiu v tr, cn qut nng ra ngoi thnh. Trong tnh hnh , ng b H Ni gy dng v pht trin c s ng, c s qun chng, t chc lc lng chnh tr v v trang, pht ng chin tranh du kch, ph t tr gian, ph k hoch lp phng tuyn ca ch. Nhiu trn nh ca du kch gy ting vang nh Xun La, C Nhu, Nam D T gia nm 1949, ng b H Ni y mnh xy dng lc lng, bin H Ni hu phng ca ch thnh mt chin trng. Cn b qun s v cng an c a nhiu vo thnh ph. u nm 1950, pht ng mt chin dch xy dng lc lng v trang ni thnh. Phi hp vi chin trng chnh, m 18-1-1950, mt n v b i tin cng sn bay Bch Mai, ph 25 my bay, t 60 vn lt xng, dit mt s s quan,binh lnh ch. Sau tht bi nng n bin gii pha Bc, thu ng nm 1950, Php thc hin k hoch tatxinhi, tp trung lc lng phng ng ng bng Bc B, trong H Ni l ci cht quan trng nht. V vy ch tng cng phng th H Ni. Trn a bn ni ngoi thnh ken dy thm n bt. ng thi ch quyt ph ht cc c s khng chin trong thnh ph, bnh ch ngoi thnh cng c v m rng ngu quyn, ngu qun. V pha ta, do H Ni nm su trong vng ch kim sot, ng b chuyn hng hot ng, kt hp u tranh chnh tr, kinh t vi u tranh v trang; kt hp hot ng hp php, na hp php vi hot ng b mt. Nh , mc d tp trung lc lng mnh, dng nhiu th on tn bo, ch vn khng ph c phong tro khng chin H Ni. n mng 3 rng sng ngy 4-3-1954, mt n v v trang ca ta tp kch sn bay Gia Lm, ph hu 18 my bay vn ti v kho xng, gy nhiu kh khn cho ch trong vic tip t cho in Bin Ph. Nhiu hot ng qun s phi hp cht ch vi qun i ta in Bin Ph v c v mnh m nhn dn Th y mng khng chin. V phong tro qun chng, bt chp mi hnh ng n p, mua chuc, li ko, nhn dn H Ni vn hng v khng chin u tranh vi ch theo iu kin v kh nng ca mnh (c s lnh o ca ng b thnh ph). Sau khi hc sinh Trn Vn n Si Gn b ch git hi, ngy 9-1-1950, hc sinh, dinh vin H Ni lp tc bi kho, tang t tnh on kt u tranh vi hc sinh sinh vin Si Gn Ch Ln. Cuc u tranh ca hc sinh c ng o cc tng lp nhn dn ng h, lm chn ng d lun. T thng 4-1950, H Ni lin tip n ra nhng cuc u tranh ca hc sinh, chng vn ho n dch; ca tiu thng ch ng Xun i b thu thng v, gim thu ch ngi; ca cng nhn giao thng i tng lng, chng dn th Trong nm 1952, phong tro u tranh ginh quyn li hng ngy pht trin. Qun chng u tranh chng gi sinh hot t , chng thu; chng bt thanh nin i lnh; i tng lng, khng lm thm gi, khng c pht v v c; khng i phu p ng, xy bt; khng vo bo an, hng dng Thng 1-1953, nhn dn u tranh chng cuc bu c Hi ng thnh ph b nhn v Hi ng hng chnh cc x; i b phn c tri khng i b phiu. Thng 5-1953,

qun chng n cc tri lnh Ngc H, L c, Sinh T i chng con, anh em v tuyn truyn thanh nin b bt lnh b v nh. Cng vi cuc u tranh ca cng nhn i tng lng, cuc u tranh ca tiu thng cc ch i gim thu ko di t thng 5 n thng 8 nm 1953. Ni bt trong thi gian ny l phong tro chng bt lnh. Thanh nin hc sinh chng ch trng qun s ho trong hc ng; hc sinh cc trng Minh Tn, Ty Sn, Khai Thnh, Chu Vn An, cc trng i hc Vn khoa, S phm bi kho chng hc qun s. Phong tro u tranh chng vn ho n dch cng c nhng chuyn bin mi. Ngy 232-1954, trong Hi ngh gio dc ton quc ca b nhn, hp H Ni, i biu ca gio vin v hc sinh yu cu dng ting Vit bc i hc, chng hc nhi s Ngy 10/03, nhn dp k nim Hai B Trng, ph n t chc ni chuyn Nh Ht Ln, cng khai ly kin ngh chng tru lc ho thanh nin. Thc hin ch trng ca Thnh u, hng ng bn kin ngh i lp li ho bnh ca tr thc Si Gn, ngy 12/04/1954, mt s tr thc tiu biu H Ni k bn kin ngh cc bn tham chin thng lng chm dt chin tranh, lp li ho bnh. Cuc vn ng k kin ngh ho bnh cng c pht ng trong cc tng lp nhn dn v pht trin nhanh chng. n thng 6/1954, cuc vn ng thu ht c hng vn ch k. Phong tro u tranh ca nhn dn H Ni, u tranh kinh t, vn ho kt hp vi u tranh chnh tr v nhng hot ng qun s tin cng qun th ngay so huyt ca chng v ginh c thng li to (a) Cui nm 1946, sau mt thi gian ha hon tm thi, thc dn Php bt u t ra khiu khch chnh ph Vit Nam dn ch cng ha mt cch khng che y. Chng cp chnh quyn Hi Phng, Lng Sn. Ngy 17 thng 12 nm 1946 chng gy ra v thm st ti ph Hng Bn, ngy 18/12/1946 l v thm st ti ph Yn Ninh. S nhn nhn ca chnh ph v nhn dn ta trc hng lot nhng v n sng v c ca qun Php cng lm chng thm hung hng hn. n cao tro l ngy 18, 19 thng 12 nm 1946, chng gi ti hu th cho chnh ph ta i gii tn lc lng bo v th v giao quyn kim sot th cho chng. Trc tnh hnh , chng ta khng th nhn nhng thm c na. ng 20 gi ngy 19-121946, theo li ku gi ca ch tch H Ch Minh, ton quc bc vo cuc khng chng thc dn Php xm lc. Trc , ngy 12/12/1946 ng nhn nh v a ra Ch th ton dn khng chin. Nhng t tng v ni dung c bn c ng ch Trng Chinh pht trin y trong tc phm "Khng chin nht nh thng li" vo cui nm 1947. Tp hp 3 tc phm ny gi l ng li khng chin chng thc dn Php. Ba vn kin trn ch ra nhng t tng c bn t nn mng cho ng li khng chin v tr thnh nhng quan im c bn v ng li khng chin ca ng. ng li c i hi i biu ton quc ln th II ca ng (2-1951) khng nh l hon ton ng n Chng CXXXV. KT QU CA CUC KHNG CHIN CHNG PH P Chng CXXXVI. u thng 1 nm 1947, thnh lp Trung on Th vi lc lng l chin s v t v H Ni, trung on ny v sau l nng ct ca S on Qun tin phong 308, ch huy Vng Tha V. S on c mnh danh l s on thp, c cc s gia v cc nh nghin cu ti Vit Nam cng nh quc t coi l mt trong nhng s on xut sc nht trn th gii. (Xem Phillip Davidson, Vietnam at war,) Theo cng s M O'Sullivan, ngi Vit Nam chin u vi mt s "ngoan cng v dng cm cha tng thy", gi li hnh nh binh lnh Nht trong i chin th gii ln th hai[

Chng CXXXVII. Vi lc lng chnh lch, v kh th s, thiu thn, phi chng li lc lng tinh nhu c v trang hin i ca Php, cm chn v tiu hao qun Php trong gn 2 thng l mt k cng ng khch l cho qun i non tr ca Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha. Cc lc lng Quyt t Vit Nam thc hin chin thut chin tranh th cm chn qun Php, to thi gian chnh quyn Vit Nam rt ra v t chc cuc chin tranh lu di, lm tht bi m mu nh nhanh thng nhanh ca qun Php, to iu kin sau ny chnh quyn Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha ginh thng li quyt nh cui cng ti trn in Bin Ph. Chng CXXXVIII. V pha Php, chim c H Ni vi tn tht tng i nh (chng vi trm thng vong trn tng s chng 110.000 qun Php c mt ti ng Dng vo u nm 1947) cng l mt chin thng. Qun Php tin tng sau khi chim c H Ni, h s c th d dng v nhanh chng bnh nh c ton b Vit Nam, nhng cuc chin ko di 9 nm, kt thc ti chin trng in Bin Ph vi tht bi hon ton ca ngi Php. Trong cuc chin tranh ng Dng ln th nht ny, thng vong ca Php l 140.992, trong c 75.867 cht v mt tch, 65.125 b thng; cc qun i ng minh ng Dng chu thng vong 31.716 ngi, trong c 18.714 cht v mt tch, 13.002 b thng. S thit mng ca Vit Minh c c tnh khong gp 3 ln tng s thit mng ca Php v ng minh. Khong 25.000 dn thng Vit Nam b thit mng. Chng CXXXIX. Cuc chin gp phn lm nc Php suy sp v phn ha. Cc chnh ph hiu chin b lt lin tip. Php chi ph 3.000 t quan, tng ng 7 t USD (trung bnh 1 t quan/ngy). Chnh ph Php thay i 20 ln, trung bnh mi chnh ph ch tn ti 7 thng (c chnh ph ch tn ti trong 7 ngy). 7 ln cao u Php b triu hi, 8 tng ch huy qun i Php k tip nhau b thua trn. Chng CXL. Theo kt qu ca hip nh Geneva, Qun i Nhn dn Vit Nam, lc lng va ginh c thng li quan trng trn chin trng, tp kt v min Bc. Lc lng Quc gia Vit Nam trc thuc Lin Hip Php, v c nhng ngi mong mun c lp cho Vit Nam nhng bc b l lun u tranh giai cp v chuyn chnh v sn ca nhng ngi cng sn qun i Php tp kt v min Nam. Trn 1 triu ngi dn t min Bc di c vo Nam (trong c khong 800.000 ngi Cng gio, chim khong 2/3 s ngi Cng gio min Bc), v 140.000 ngi (a s l cn b khng chin ca Vit Minh) t min Nam tp kt ra Bc.

Chng CXLI. Chng CXLII. Chng CXLIII. Ngi di c vo Nam theo chng trnh Passage to Freedom (Con ng n T Do) (8.1954) Chng CXLIV. Ngy 10 thng 10 nm 1954, qun Php chnh thc rt khi H Ni, Qun i Nhn dn Vit Nam vo tip qun th . Thi k ha bnh ti min Bc Vit Nam bt u. min Nam, qun i Php dn dn rt i v trao quyn lc cho chnh quyn Quc gia Vit Nam. Chng CXLV. Tuy nhin, hip nh Geneva khng em li c ha bnh cho ng Dng. Tng tuyn c thng nht Vit Nam khng c chnh quyn Quc gia Vit Nam thc hin (vi ci c a ra l chnh quyn ny khng tham gia k kt hip nh). Vit

Nam b chia ct thm 20 nm na vi chin tranh tip tc n ra trn ton ng Dng vi s tham gia ca M thay th cho Php. Cuc chin mi c quy m v sc tn ph ln hn nhiu. Chng CXLVI. Trn phm vi th gii, s kt thc ca Chin tranh ng Dng cng nh du s sp ca ch thuc a trn ton th gii. Chng bao lu sau , cc thuc a c ca Php nh Algrie, Tunisia v Maroc cng theo gng Vit Nam ni dy. Chng CXLVII. VI. NHN X T NH GI V CUC KHNG CHIN CHNG PHP 1. Xc nh i tng, mc ch v tnh cht ca cuc khng chin. Chng CXLVIII. Trong cc vn kin nu trn, ng ta ch r i tng, nhim v v mc ch ca cuc khng chin; "k th chnh l bn thc dn phn ng Php ang dng v kh cp li nc ta". Xc nh chnh xc i tng ch yu ca cuc khng chin l vn chin lc cc k quan trng, nhm tp trung mi nhn tiu dit chng, on kt mi lc lng trong nc, tranh th s gip ngoi nc c lp k th. Tnh cht ca cuc khng chin l mt cuc cch mng gii phng dn tc nhng mang tnh cht dn ch mi. Vn dn tc vn l hng u nhng bn cnh c vn dn ch. Mc ch ca cuc khng chin l ginh c lp, t do, thng nht tht s, hon thnh nhim v gii phng dn tc v xy dng ch dn ch nhn dn.

Chng CXLIX. Qun trit mc ch, tnh cht ca cuc khng chin, ng ta ra ng li khng chin, chin tranh chng thc dn Php xm lc l ng li khng chin ton dn, ton din, lu di, da vo sc mnh l chnh; l ng li tin hnh chin tranh nhn dn ph hp vi iu kin v hon cnh nc ta. Chng CL. 2. Ni dung c bn ca ng li khng chin: a) Khng chin ton dn: Chng CLI. Trong ng li chin tranh nhn dn ca ng, iu ct li v c bn nht l chin lc ton dn khng chin. nh thng nhng i qun xm lc ln ca ch ngha quc, ng ta da vo sc mnh ca ton dn, pht huy sc mnh ca khi on kt dn tc. Vi chin lc ton dn khng chin, ng t chc c nc thnh mt mt trn, to nn th trn "c nc nh gic". iu kin ch yu quyt nh thng li ca cuc khng chin l huy ng cho c sc mnh ton dn. Trong "Li ku gi ton quc khng chin", ch tch HCM ku gi: "Bt k n ng, n b, bt k ngi gi, ngi tr, khng chia tn gio, ng phi dn tc. H l ngi Vit Nam th phi ng ln nh thc dn Php cu t quc. Ai c sng dng sng, ai c gm dng gm, khng c gm th dng cuc, thung, gy gc. Ai cng phi ra sc chng thc dn Php cu nc". Chng CLII. + Li ku gi ton quc khng chin ca Ch tch HCM khng ch ng vin, c v cho ton dn. Cc giai cp, cc tng lp x hi, cc nhn s yu nc trong khi on kt dn tc u cng gp sc ngi, sc ca cho khng chin. Chng CLIII. + ng ta ch r nhim v cp bch trc mt ca cuc khng chin l nh ui thc dn Php xm lc, ginh c lp v thng nht tht s. ng ta sm xc nh c mc tiu chnh tr ng n. l iu c bn nht, l iu kin i n thc hin ton dn khng chin. Do , trong khng chin, ng ta bit t chc ng vin cc tng lp nhn dn ng ln nh gic. ng pht ng ton dn tham gia khng chin bng nhiu bin php a dng, phong ph v ph hp, lm cho ton dn thy r mc ch khng chin, t xc nh trch nhim phi ng ln git gic cu nc cu nh. ng thi, trong qu trnh khng chin, ng cn chm lo thc hnh nhng ci cch

dn ch, gii quyt tng bc vn rung t, nhm bi dng sc dn; nhn dn hng hi, phn khi, t nguyn ng gp ngy cng nhiu cho khng chin. b) Khng chin ton din: Chng CLIV. pht huy sc mnh tng hp ca cuc khng chin, ng ch trng khng chin ton din. Khng chin ton dn gn lin vi khng chin ton din. Khng chin ton dn, ton din l nt c sc ca chin tranh nhn dn, c mi quan h gn b cht ch. Chng CLV. + Thc dn Php tin hnh chin tranh tng lc, nh ph ta trn tt c cc mt: chnh tr, qun s, kinh t, vn ha, ngoi giao. nh bi chin tranh tng lc ca ch ta phi nh chng trn tt c cc mt , to thnh sc mnh tng hp, tin cng ton din k ch. Chng CLVI. + V chnh tr: ng ta nhn mnh vn xy dng khi ton dn on kt. Trong sut cuc khng chin, ng ta ra sc cng c khi lin minh cng, nng v tr thc, khng ngng m rng mt trn on kt dn tc. ng c bit chm lo cng c v xy dng nh nc dn ch cng ha, thng xuyn kin ton b my khng chin t trung ng n a phng, kin quyt trn p bn phn cch mng v y mnh u tranh chnh tr c thnh th v nng thn. Chng CLVII. + V qun s: ng chm lo v trang ton dn, xy dng lc lng v trang nhn dn, xc nh nh lu di lm phng chm chin lc, qun trit t tng tch cc tin cng, kt hp nh ch c bng chin tranh du kch v chin tranh chnh quy, c bng qun s, chnh tr v binh vn. Phi xy dng cho c ba th qun lm nng ct cho ton dn nh gic. Tin cng ch c ba vng chin lc: nng thn, th v min ni. Chng CLVIII. + V kinh t, ta va phi ph kinh t ch, va xy dng kinh t ca ta, gim tc, ci cch rung t, xy dng nn kinh t ca ta trong thi chin. ng lnh o nhn dn ta vt ln mi kh khn, xy dng nn kinh t t ch, bo m nhu cu ca khng chin. Kt hp cht ch nhim v khng chin vi kin quc. Chng CLIX. + V vn ha: ta va chng li vn ha n dch ca ch, va xy dng nn vn ha mi ba nguyn tc: dn tc, khoa hc v i chng. Chng CLX. + V ngoi giao: u tranh trn mt trn ngoi giao, m rng quan h quc t nhm tranh th thm nhiu bu bn, lm cho nhn dn th gii k c nhn dn Php hiu v ng h cuc khn chin ca nhn dn ta. Chng CLXI. Vi ng li khng chin ton dn, ton din, ta to c sc mnh tng hp nh thng thc dn Php xm lc v cng chnh trong lng cuc khng chin, ch dn ch nhn dn c xy dng v cng c. c) Khng chin lu di v da vo sc mnh l chnh: Chng CLXII. Nc ta va ginh c lp, trn th gii cha c quc gia no cng nhn nn c lp ca Vit Nam. Chng ta ang b bao vy bn pha. Do , khi tin hnh cuc khng chin, chng ta khng th trng ch s gip no t bn ngoi, m chng ta phi t lc cnh sinh. Chng CLXIII. Trong cc vn kin ni trn, ng ta cng ch ra rng phng chm ca cuc khng chin l: khng chin lu di v da vo sc mnh l chnh. y cng chnh l quy lut tt yu ca chin tranh nhn dn do iu kin so snh lc lng gia ta v ch quy nh. ng ta ch r: ch mnh ca ch l qun s, ch yu ca ch l chnh tr. "ch mnh v ngn, ta mnh v gc". Chin lc ca ch l nh nhanh, thng nhanh. Ta dng chin lc nh lu di tiu dit ch. Chng CLXIV. Tm li, di s lnh o ca ng, nhn dn ta ginh c thng li trong cuc khng chin chng thc dn Php xm lc. S lnh o ca ng th hin ng li khng chin ng n: c lp, t ch v sng to. ng li l s kt tinh nhng nguyn l ph bin ca ch ngha Mac-Lnin v cch mng bo lc, v chin tranh

nhn dn c vn dng sng to vo iu kin c th ca nc ta. ng li khng chin tri qua thc tin chin u c pht trin v hon chnh, l nguyn nhn a cuc khng chin n thng li hon ton. Chng CLXV. V II. Kt Qu, Ngha Chng CLXVI. A 1 . Kt qu ca vic thc hin ng li Chng CLXVII. V chnh tr: ng ra hot ng cng khai c iu kin kin ton t chc, tng cng s lnh o i vi cuc khng chin. B my chnh quyn nm cp c cng c. Mt trn Lin hip quc dn Vit Nam (Lin Vit) c thnh lp. Khi i on kt ton dn pht trin ln mt bc mi. Chnh sch rung t c trin khai, tng bc thc hin khu hiu ngi cy c rung. Chng CLXVIII. V qun s: n cui nm 1952, lc lng ch lc c su i on b binh, mt i on cng binh - pho binh. Thng li cc chin dch Trung Du. ng 18, H Nam Ninh, Ho Bnh, Ty Bc, Thng Lo... tiu dit c nhiu sinh lc ch, gii phng nhiu vng t ai v dn c, m rng vng gii phng ca Vit Nam v cho cch mng Lo.... Chin thng in Bin Ph ngy 7/5/1954 c ghi vo lch s dn tc ta nh mt Bch ng mt Chi Lng hay mt ng a trong th k XX v i vo lch s th gii nh mt chin cng hin hch, bo hiu s thng li ca nhn dn cc dn tc b p bc, s sp ca ch ngha thc dn. Chng CLXIX. V ngoi giao: Vi phng chm kt hp u tranh chnh tr, qun s v ngoi giao, khi bit tin Php c nh m phn, thng lng vi ta, ngy 27-121953, Ban B th ra Thng t nu r: "lp trng ca nhn dn Vit Nam l kin quyt khng chin n thng li cui cng. Song nhn dn v Chnh ph ta cng tn thnh thng lng nhm mc ch gii quyt ho bnh vn Vit Nam". Ngy 8-5-1954, Hi ngh quc t v chm dt chin tranh ng Dng chnh thc khai mc Ginev (Thu S). Ngy 20-7-1954, cc vn bn ca Hip ngh Ginev v chm dt chin tranh, lp li ho bnh ng Dng c k kt, cuc khng chin chng thc dn Php xm lc ca qun dn ta kt thc thng li. Chng CLXX. 4. Nguyn Nhn Thng Li Chng CLXXI. Thng li ca cuc khng chin chng thc dn Php v can thip M l kt qu tng hp ca nhiu nguyn nhn, trong ni bt l: - C s lnh o vng vng ca ng vi ng li khng chin ng n huy ng c sc mnh ton dn nh gic; c s on kt chin u ca ton dn tp hp trong mt trn dn tc thng nht rng ri - Mt trn Lin Vit, c xy dng trn nn tng khi lin minh cng nng v tr thc vng chc. - C lc lng v trang gm ba th qun do ng ta trc tip lnh o ngy cng vng mnh, chin u dng cm, mu lc, ti tr, l lc lng quyt nh tiu dit ch trn chin trng, bp ch xm lc ca ch, gii phng t ai ca T quc. - C chnh quyn dn ch nhn dn, ca dn, do dn v v dn c gi vng, cng c v ln mnh, lm cng c sc bn t chc ton dn khng chin v xy dng ch mi. - C s lin minh on kt chin u keo sn gia ba dn tc Vit Nam, Lo, Campuchia cng chng mt k th chung; ng thi c s ng h, gip to ln ca Trung Quc, Lin X, cc nc x hi ch ngha, cc dn tc yu chung ho bnh trn th gii, k c nhn dn tin b Php. Chng CLXXII. a2. ngha lch s Chng CLXXIII. i vi nc ta, vic ra v thc hin thng li ng li khng chin, xy dng ch dn ch nhn dn lm tht bi cuc chin tranh xm lc ca thc dn Php c quc M gip sc mc cao, buc chng phi cng nhn c lp, ch quyn, ton vn lnh th ca cc nc ng Dng; lm tht bi m mu m rng v ko di chin tranh ca quc M, kt thc chin tranh lp li ho bnh ng Dng; gii phng hon ton min Bc, to iu kin min Bc tin ln ch ngha x

hi lm cn c a, hu thun cho cuc u tranh min Nam; tng thm nim t ho dn tc cho nhn dn ta v nng cao uy tn ca Vit Nam trn trng quc t. Chng CLXXIV. i vi quc t, thng li c v mnh m phong tro gii phng dn tc trn th gii, m rng a bn, tng thm lc lng cho ch ngha x hi v cch mng th gii; cng vi nhn dn Lo v Campuchia p tan ch thng tr ca ch ngha thc dn c trn th gii, trc ht l h thng thuc a ca thc phn Php. Chng CLXXV. nh gi v ngha lch s ca cuc khng chin chng thc dn Php xm lc, H Ch Minh ni: "Ln u tin trong lch s, mt nc thuc a nh yu nh thng mt nc thc dn hng mnh. l mt thng li v vang ca nhn dn Vit Nam, ng thi cng l mt thng li ca cc lc lng ho bnh, dn ch v x hi ch ngha trn th gii". Chng CLXXVI. Bi Hc Kinh Nghim Chng CLXXVII. Tri qua qu trnh lnh o, t chc cuc khng chin kin quc, ng ta tch lu c nhiu kinh nghim quan trng. Chng CLXXVIII. Th nht, ra ng li ng n v qun trit su rng ng li cho ton ng, ton qun, ton dn thc hin, l ng li chin tranh nhn dn, khng chin ton dn, ton din, lu di da vo sc mnh l chnh. Chng CLXXIX. Th hai, kt hp cht ch, ng n nhim v chng quc vi nhim v chng phong kin v xy dng ch dn ch nhn dn, gy mm mng cho ch ngha x hi, trong nhim v tp trung hng u l chng quc, gii phng dn tc, bo v chnh quyn cch mng. Chng CLXXX. Th ba, thc hin phng chm va khng chin va xy dng ch mi, xy dng hu phng ngy cng vng mnh c tim lc mi mt p ng yu cu ngy cng cao ca cuc khng chin. Chng CLXXXI. Th t, qun trit t tng chin lc khng chin gian kh v lu di, ng thi tch cc, ch ng ra v thc hin phng thc tin hnh chin tranh v ngh thut qun s sng to, kt hp u tranh qun s vi u tranh ngoi giao, a khng chin n thng li. Chng CLXXXII. Th nm, tng cng cng tc xy dng ng, nng cao sc chin u v hiu lc lnh o ca ng trong chin tranh.

Chng CLXXXIII. NG LI KHNG CHIN CHNG M, CU NC THNG NHT T QUC (1954-1975) Chng CLXXXIV. Chng 1. C s l lun
I. ng li khng chin chng M, cu nc, thng nht t quc (1954 - 1975) 1. Giai on 1954 - 1964 a. Bi cnh lch s ca cch mng Vit Nam sau thng 7/1954 Chng CLXXXV. Sau Hip nh Ginev, cch mng Vit Nam va c nhng thun li mi, va ng trc nhiu kh khn, phc tp. - Thun li: H thng x hi ch ngha tip tc ln mnh c v kinh t, qun s, khoa hc - k thut, nht l ca Lin X; phong tro gii phng dn tc tip tc pht trin Chu , Chu Phi v khu vc M La Tinh, phong tro ho bnh dn ch ln cao cc nc t bn; min Bc hon ton c gii phng, lm cn c a chung cho c nc; th v lc ca cch mng ln mnh hn sau chn nm khng chin; c ch c lp thng nht T quc ca nhn dn t Bc ch Nam. - Kh khn: quc M c tim lc kinh t, qun s hng mnh, m mu lm b ch th gii vi cc chin lc ton cu phn cch mng; th gii bc vo thi k chin tranh lnh, chy ua v trang gia hai

phe x hi ch ngha v t bn ch ngha; xut hin s bt ng trong h thng x hi ch ngha, nht l gia Lin X v Trung Quc; t nc ta b chia lm hai min, kinh t min Bc ngho nn, lc hu, min Nam tr thnh thuc a kiu mi ca M v quc M tr thnh k th trc tip ca nhn dn ta. Chng CLXXXVI. ng lnh o ng thi hai chin lc cch mng hai min khc nhau l c im ln nht ca cch mng Vit Nam sau thng 7/1954. c im bao trm v cc thun li kh khn nu trn l c s ng ta phn tch, hoch nh ng li chin lc chung cho cch mng Vit Nam trong giai on mi. Chng CLXXXVII. b. Qu trnh hnh thnh, ni dung v ngha ca ng li Chng CLXXXVIII. b1. Qu trnh hnh thnh v ni dung ng li - Thng 9/1954 b chnh tr ra ngh quyt v tnh hnh mi, nhim v mi v chnh sch mi ca ng. Ngh quyt ch ra nhng c im ch yu ca tnh hnh trong lc cch mng Vit Nam bc vo mt giai on mi l: t chin tranh chuyn sang ho bnh; nc nh tm chia lm hai min; t nng thn chuyn vo thnh th; t phn tn chuyn n tp trung. - Ti HNT ln th by (3/1955) v ln th tm (8/1955) trung ng ng nhn nh: mun chng quc M v tay sai, cng c ho bnh, thc hin thng nht hon thnh c lp v dn ch, iu ct li l phi ra sc cng c min Bc, ng thi gi vng v y mnh cuc u tranh ca nhn dn min Nam. - Thng 12/1957, ti HNT ln th 13, ng li tin hnh ng thi hai chin lc cch mng c xc nh: "Mc tiu v nhim v cch mng ca ton ng, ton dn ta hin nay l: cng c min Bc, a min Bc tin dn ln ch ngha x hi. Tip tc u tranh thc hin thng nht nc nh trn c s c lp v dn ch bng phng php ho bnh. - Thng 1/1959 HNT ln th 15 hp bn v cch mng min Nam. Sau nhiu ln hp v tho lun, Ban chp hnh trung ng ra ngh quyt v cch mng min Nam. Chng CLXXXIX. Ni dung HNT 15. Chng CXC. + Hi ngh xc nh tnh cht x hi min Nam sau 1954 l x hi thuc a kiu mi v na phong kin. Chng CXCI. + Mu thun c bn ca x hi min Nam l mu thun gia nhn dn ta min Nam vi quc M xm lc v tay sai ca chng. Mu thun gia nhn dn min Nam m ch yu l nng dn vi a ch phong kin. Trong hai mu thun trn, th mu thun ch yu min Nam l mu thun gia nhn dn ta min Nam vi quc m xm lc cng tp on thng tr Ng nh Dim - tay sai ca quc M, i din cho bn a ch phong kin v t sn mi bn thn M phn ng nht. Chng CXCII. + Nhim v chin lc ca cch mng Vit Nam: Chng CXCIII. Cch mng x hi ch ngha min Bc. Chng CXCIV. Cch mng dn tc dn ch nhn dn min Nam. Chng CXCV. Hai nhim v chin lc tuy tnh cht khc nhau, nhng quan h hu c vi nhau nhm phng hng chung l gi vng ho bnh, thc hin thng nht nc nh, to iu kin thun li a c nc Vit Nam tin ln ch ngha x hi. Chng CXCVI. + Nhim v c bn ca cch mng min Nam l: on kt ton dn, kin quyt u tranh chng quc M xm lc, nh tp on thng tr c ti Ng nh Dim, thnh lp mt chnh quyn lin hip dn tc dn ch min Nam, thc hin c lp dn tc v cc quyn t do dn ch, ci thin i sng nhn dn, gi vng ho bnh, thc hin thng nht nc nh trn c s c lp v dn ch, tch cc gp phn bo v ho bnh ng Nam v trn th gii. Chng CXCVII. + Con ng pht trin c bn ca cch mng min Nam l khi ngha ginh chnh quyn v tay nhn dn. l con ng ly sc mnh ca qun chng, da

vo lc lng chnh tr ca qun chng l ch yu, kt hp vi lc lng v trang nh quyn thng tr ca quc v phong kin, dng ln chnh quyn thng tr ca quc v phong kin, dng ln chnh quyn cch mng ca nhn dn. Chng CXCVIII. + Phng php cch mng: Cn c sch lc li dng mu thun trong hng ng k th phn ho cao quc M v tay sai ca chng. S dng, kt hp nhng hnh thc u tranh hp php, na hp php, phi hp cht ch phong tro th vi phong tro nng thn v vng cn c. Cn kin quyt gi vng ng li ho bnh thng nht nc nh. ng thi hi ngh d bo quc M l tn quc hiu chin nht cho nn trong bt k iu kin no, cuc khi ngha ca nhn dn min Nam c kh nng chuyn thnh cuc u tranh v trang trng k v thng li nht nh thuc v ta. Chng CXCIX. + V mt trn: Hi ngh ch trng cn c mt trn dn tc thng nht ring min Nam c tnh cht, nhim v v thnh phn thch hp nhm tp hp tt c cc lc lng chng quc v tay sai. Chng CC. + V vai tr ca ng b min Nam: Hi ngh ch r s tn ti v trng thnh ca ng b min Nam di ch c ti pht xt l mt yu t quyt nh thng li phong tro cch mng min Nam. Phi cng c ng vng mnh v chnh tr, t tng, t chc, cao cng tc b mt, trit kh nng hot ng hp php v na hp php che du lc lng phng s xm nhp ph hoi ca bn gin ip v nhng phn t u hng, phn bi chui vo ph hoi ng. Chng CCI. Ngh quyt hi Ngh ln th 15 c ngha lch s to ln, chng nhng m ng cho cch mng min Nam tin ln, m cn th hin r bn lnh c lp t ch, sng to ca ng ta trong nhng nm thng kh khn ca cch mng. Chng CCII. Qu trnh ra v ch o thc hin cc ngh quyt, ch trng ni trn chnh l qu trnh hnh thnh ng li chin lc chung cho cch mng c nc, c hon chnh ti i hi ln th III ca ng. - i hi i biu ton quc ln th III (9-1960) ti H Ni xc nh: Chng CCIII. + Nhim v chung: "Tng cng on kt ton dn, kin quyt u tranh gi vng ho bnh, y mnh cch mng x hi ch ngha min Bc, ng thi y mnh cch mng dn tc dn ch nhn dn min Nam, thc hin thng nht nc nh trn c s c lp v dn ch, xy dng mt nc Vit Nam ho bnh, thng nht, c lp, dn ch v giu mnh, thit thc gp phn tng cng phe x hi ch ngha v bo v ho bnh ng Nam v th gii". Chng CCIV. + Nhim v chin lc: Cch mng Vit Nam trong giai on hin ti c hai nhim v chin lc: Chng CCV. Mt l, tin hnh cch mng x hi ch ngha min Bc. Chng CCVI. Hai l, gii phng min Nam khi ch thng tr ca quc M v bn tay sai, thc hin thng nht nc nh, hon thnh c lp v dn ch trong c nc. Chng CCVII. + Mc tiu chin lc: "Nhim v cch mng min Bc v nhim v cch mng min Nam thuc hai chin lc khc nhau, mi nhim v nhm gii quyt yu cu c th ca mi min trong hon cnh nc nh tm b chia ct. Hai nhim v li nhm gii quyt mu thun chung ca c nc gia nhn dn ta vi quc M v bn tay sai ca chng, thc hin mc tiu chung trc mt l ho bnh thng nht T quc". Chng CCVIII. + Mi quan h ca cch mng hai min: Do cng thc hin mt mc tiu chung nn "Hai nhim v chin lc y c quan h mt thit vi nhau v c tc dng thc y ln nhau". Chng CCIX. + V tr, tc dng: Chng CCX. Cch mng x hi ch ngha min Bc c nhim v xy dng tim lc v bo v cn c a ca c nc, hu thun cho cch mng min Nam, chun b cho c nc i ln ch ngha x hi v sau, nn gi vai tr quyt nh nht i vi s pht trin ca ton b cch mng Vit Nam v i vi s nghip thng nht c nc. Chng CCXI. Cch mng dn tc dn ch nhn dn min Nam gi vai tr quyt nh trc tip i vi s nghip gii phng min Nam khi ch thng tr ca quc M v b l tay sai, thc hin ho bnh thng nht nc nh, hon thnh cch mng dn tc dn ch nhn dn trong c nc.

Chng CCXII. + Con ng thng nht t nc: Trong khi tin hnh ng thi hai chin lc cch mng, ng kin tr con ng ho bnh thng nht theo tinh thn Hip ngh Ginev, sn sng thc hin hip thng tng tuyn c ho bnh thng nht Vit Nam, v l con ng trnh c s hao tn xng mu cho dn tc ta v ph hp vi xu hng chung ca th gii. "Nhng chng ta phi lun lun nng cao cnh gic, sn sng i ph vi mi tnh th. Nu quc M v bn tay sai ca chng liu lnh gy ra chin tranh hng xm lc min Bc, th nhn dn c nc ta s kin quyt ng dy nh bi chng, hon thnh c lp v thng nht T quc". Chng CCXIII. + Trin vng ca cch mng Vit Nam: Cuc u tranh nhm thc hin thng nht nc nh l mt qu trnh u tranh cch mng gay go, gian kh, phc tp v lu di chng quc M v b l tay sai ca chng min Nam. Thng li cui cng nht nh thuc v nhn dn ta, Nam Bc nht nh sum hp mt nh, c nc s i ln ch ngha x hi. Chng CCXIV. b2. ngha ca ng li Chng CCXV. ng li tin hnh ng thi v kt hp cht ch hai chin lc cch mng do i hi ln th III ca ng ra c ngha l lun v thc tin ht sc to ln. - ng li th hin t tng chin lc ca ng: ging cao ngn c c lp dn tc v ch ngha x hi, va ph hp vi min Bc va ph hp vi min Nam, va ph hp vi c nc Vit Nam v ph hp vi tnh hnh quc t, nn huy ng v kt hp c sc mnh ca hu phng v tin tuyn, sc mnh c nc v sc mnh ca ba dng thc cch mng trn th gii, tranh th c s ng tnh gip ca c Lin X v Trung Quc. Do to ra c sc mnh tng hp dn tc ta sc nh thng quc M xm lc, gii phng min Nam, thng nht t nc. - t trong bi cnh Vit Nam v quc t lc by gi, ng li chung ca cch mng Vit Nam th hin tinh thn c lp, t ch v sng to ca ng ta trong vic gii quyt nhng vn khng c tin l lch s, va ng vi thc tin Vit Nam, va ph hp vi li ch ca nhn loi v xu th ca thi i. - ng li chin lc chung cho c nc v ng li cch mng mi min l c s ng ch o qun dn ta phn u ginh c nhng thnh tu to ln trong xy dng ch ngha x hi min Bc v u tranh thng li chng cc chin lc chin tranh ca quc M v tay sai min Nam. Chng CCXVI. 2. Giai on 1965 - 1975 a. Bi cnh lch s Chng CCXVII. T u nm 1965, cu vn nguy c sp ca ch Si Gn v s ph sn ca chin lc "Chin tranh c bit", quc M o t a qun M v qun cc nc ch hu vo min Nam, tin hnh cuc "Chin tranh cc b" vi quy m ln; ng thi dng khng qun, hi qun tin hnh cuc chin tranh ph hoi i vi min Bc. Trc tnh hnh , ng ta quyt nh pht ng cuc khng chin chng M, cu nc trn phm vi ton quc. - Thun li: khi bc vo cuc khng chin chng M, cu nc, cch mng th gii ang th tin cng. min Bc, k hoch 5 nm ln th nht t v vt cc mc tiu v kinh t, vn ho. S chi vin sc ngi, sc ca ca min Bc cho cch mng min Nam c y mnh c theo ng b v ng bin. Chng CCXVIII. min Nam, vt qua nhng kh khn trong nhng nm 1961 - 1962, t nm 1963, cuc u tranh ca qun dn ta c bc pht trin mi. Ba cng c ca "Chin tranh c bit" (ngy qun, ngy quyn, p chin lc v th) u b qun dn ta tn cng lin tc. n u nm 1965, chin lc "Chin tranh c bit" ca quc M c trin khai n mc cao nht c bn b ph sn. - Kh khn: S bt ng gia Lin X v Trung Quc cng tr nn

gay gt v khng c li cho cch mng Vit Nam. Vic quc M m cuc "Chin tranh cc b", t a qun i vin chinh M v cc nc ch hu vo trc tip xm lc min Nam lm cho tng quan lc lng tr nn bt li cho ta. Chng CCXIX. Tnh hnh t ra yu cu mi cho ng ta trong vic xc nh quyt tm v ra ng li khng chin chng M, cu nc nhm nh thng gic M xm lc, gii phng min Nam, thng nht T quc. Chng CCXX. b. Qu trnh hnh thnh, ni dung v ngha ca ng li Chng CCXXI. b1. Qu trnh hnh thnh v ni dung ng li Chng CCXXII. Khi quc M tin hnh chin lc "Chin tranh c bit" min Nam, cc hi ngh ca B Chnh tr u nm 1961 v u nm 1962 nu ch trng gi vng v pht trin th tin cng m ta ginh c sau cuc "ng khi" nm 1960, a cch mng min Nam t khi ngha tng phn pht trin thnh chin tranh cch mng trn quy m ton min. B Chnh tr ch trng kt hp khi ngha ca qun chng vi chin tranh cch mng, gi vng v y mnh u tranh chnh tr, ng thi pht trin u tranh v trang nhanh ln mt bc mi, ngang tm vi u tranh chnh tr. Thc hnh kt hp u tranh qun s v u tranh chnh tr song song, y mnh nh ch bng ba mi gip cng: qun s, chnh tr, binh vn. Vn dng phng chm u tranh ph hp vi c im tng vng chin lc: rng ni, ng bng, thnh th. - Hi ngh Trung ng ng ln th chn (thng 11 - 1963), ngoi vic xc nh ng n quan im quc t, hng hot ng i ngoi vo vic kt hp sc mnh dn tc vi sc mnh thi i nh M v thng M, cn quyt nh nhiu vn quan trng v cch mng min Nam. Hi ngh tip tc khng nh u tranh chnh tr, u tranh v trang i i, c hai u c vai tr quyt nh c bn, ng thi nhn mnh yu cu mi ca u tranh v trang. i vi min Bc, Hi ngh tip tc xc nh trch nhim l cn c a, hu phng i vi cch mng min Nam, ng thi nng cao cnh gic, trin khai mi mt sn sng i ph vi m mu nh ph ca ch. - Trc hnh ng gy "Chin tranh cc b" min Nam, tin hnh chin tranh ph hoi ra min Bc ca quc M, Hi ngh Trung ng ln th 11 (thng 3 - 1965) v ln th 12 (thng 12 - 1965) tp trung nh gi tnh hnh v ra ng li khng chin chng M, cu nc trn c nc. Chng CCXXIII. + V nhn nh tnh hnh v ch trng chin lc: Trung ng ng cho rng cuc "Chin tranh cc b" m M ang tin hnh min Nam vn l mt cuc chin tranh xm lc thc dn mi, buc phi thc thi trong th thua, th tht bi v b ng, cho nn n cha ng y mu thun v chin lc. T s phn tch v nhn nh , trung ng ng quyt nh pht ng cuc khng chin chng M cu nc trong ton quc, coi chng M cu nc l nhim v thing ling ca c dn tc t Nam ch Bc. Chng CCXXIV. + Quyt tm v mc tiu chin lc: Nu cao khu hiu "Quyt tm nh thng gic M xm lc", "kin quyt nh bi cuc chin tranh xm lc ca quc M trong bt k tnh hung no, bo v min Bc, gii phng min Nam, hon thnh cch mng dn tc dn ch nhn dn trong c nc, tin ti thc hin ho bnh thng nht nc nh". Chng CCXXV. + Phng chm ch o chin lc: Tip tc v y mnh cuc chin tranh nhn dn chng chin tranh ph hoi ca M min Bc, thc hin khng chin lu di, da vo sc mnh l chnh, cng nh cng mnh v c gng n mc cao, tp trung lc lng ca c hai min m nhng cuc tin cng ln, tranh th thi c ginh thng li quyt nh trong thi gian tng i ngn trn chin trng min Nam. Chng CCXXVI. + T tng ch o v phng chm u tranh min Nam: Gi vng v pht trin th tin cng, kin quyt tin cng v lin tc tin cng. "Tip tc kin tr phng chm u tranh qun s kt hp vi u tranh chnh tr, trit vn dng ba mi

gip cng", nh ch trn c ba vng chin lc. Trong giai on hin nay, u tranh qun s c tc dng quyt nh trc tip v gi mt v tr ngy cng quan trng. Chng CCXXVII. +T tng ch o i vi min Bc: Chuyn hng xy dng kinh t, bo m tip tc xy dng min Bc vng mnh v kinh t v quc phng trong iu kin c chin tranh, tin hnh cuc chin tranh nhn dn chng chin tranh ph hoi ca quc M bo v vng chc min Bc x hi ch ngha, ng vin sc ngi sc ca mc cao nht chi vin cho cuc chin tranh gii phng min Nam, ng thi tch cc chun b phng nh bi ch trong trng hp chng liu lnh m rng "Chin tranh cc b" ra c nc. Chng CCXXVIII. + Nhim v v mi quan h gia cuc chin u hai min: Trong cuc chin tranh chng M ca nhn dn c nc, min Nam l tin tuyn ln, min Bc l hu phng ln. Bo v min Bc l nhim v ca c nc, v min Bc x hi ch ngha l hu phng vng chc trong cuc chin tranh chng M. Phi nh bi cuc chin tranh ph hoi ca quc M min Bc v ra sc tng cng lc lng min Bc v mi mt nhm m bo chi vin c lc cho min Nam cng nh cng mnh. Hai nhim v trn y khng tch ri nhau, m mt thit gn b nhau. Khu hiu chung ca nhn dn c nc lc ny l "Tt c nh thng gic M xm lc". Chng CCXXIX. b2. ngha ca ng li Chng CCXXX. ng li khng chin chng M, cu nc ca ng c ra ti cc Hi ngh Trung ng ln th 11 v 12 c ngha ht sc quan trng: - Th hin quyt tm nh M v thng M, tinh thn cch mng tin cng, tinh thn c lp t ch, s kin tr mc tiu gii phng min Nam, thng nht T quc, phn nh ng n ch, nguyn vng chung ca ton ng, ton qun, ton dn ta. - Th hin t tng nm vng, ging cao ngn c c lp dn tc v ch ngha x hi, tip tc tin hnh ng thi v kt hp cht ch hai chin lc cch mng trong hon cnh c nc c chin tranh mc khc nhau, ph hp vi thc t t nc v bi cnh quc t. - l ng li chin tranh nhn dn, ton dn, ton din, lu di, da vo sc mnh l chnh c pht trin trong hon cnh mi, to nn sc mnh mi dn tc ta sc nh thng gic M xm lc.

Chng CCXXXI.

Chng 2 thc trng

I. GII THIU S V CUC KHNG CHIN CH NG M

Chng CCXXXII. Lc lng Chng CCXXXIII. thi gian Chng CCXXXIV. tham chin Chng CCXXXV. a im Chng CCXXXVI. ch huy II.

CC GIAI ON CU CUC KHNG CHIN 1. Giai on 1 (7.1954-12.1960): Thi k gi gn lc lng chuyn sang khi ngha tng phn - phong tro ng Khi Chng CCXXXVII. . Min Bc ra sc cng c, xy dng theo hng XHCN lm cn c a vng chc cho cch mng c nc; min Nam t u tranh chnh tr tin ln kt hp u tranh chnh tr vi u tranh v trang v khi ngha tng phn, nh bi cuc chin tranh mt pha ca M. Thi hnh Hip nh Geneve, LLVT ta rt ra min Bc tp kt. Trong khi qun ngu tay sai rt vo min Nam. Vi m mu chia ct lu di VN, bin min Nam VN thnh thuc

a kiu mi v cn c qun s ca M, t nm 1955, quc M xy dng cho chnh quyn Ng nh Dim mt i pho binh, thit gip ch lc cng 54.000 qun a phng di s iu khin trc tip ca M thng qua gn 700 c vn qun s. M v chnh quyn Ng nh Dim do M dng ln ra sc ph hoi hip nh Ginev 1954 v Vit Nam, thc hin chnh sch t cng, dit cng, nh ph in cung, git hi, giam cm hn na triu cn b, ng vin, qun chng yu nc, n p d man phong tro u tranh ca nhn dn i thi hnh hip nh Ginev v thc hin tng tuyn c t do thng nht t nc cng chnh quyn dn sinh, dn ch (xem v thm st Ngn Sn-Ch Thnh, 7.9.1954; v thm st Ph Li, 1.12.1958). Ch trong 4 nm (19551958), 9/10 cn b ng vin b bt git, t y, nhiu huyn khng cn c s ng. Cch mng min Nam phi chu nhng tn tht nng n v lm vo tnh th rt him ngho. Trc hnh ng khng b in cung ca M - Dim, thi gian u chng ta cha c bin php c th chng cuc chin tranh mt pha ca ch, dn dn ng vin v qun chng cch mng t thy phi v trang chng li k th, nu khng cch mng s b tiu dit. Thc hin ch trng u tranh chnh tr c v trang t v, nhn dn min nam tng bc khi phc, pht trin cc i v trang, y mnh hot ng v trang tuyn truyn, dit c, ph t, t chc nhng trn phc kch nh, chng cn, bo v cn c. Nhiu ni tm li v kh ta chn giu khi i tp kt, xy dng cc i v trang tuyn truyn, t v (Vnh Long, Cn Th). T nm 1957, hot ng v trang tng ln phi hp cng u tranh chnh tr. Mt s n v v trang cch mng tp kch, phc kch ch, bo v cn c. Sang nm 1958, phong tro pht trin hn, c trn tin cng qun l Du Ting cch Si Gn 70km, nh thit hi nng 2 tiu on ch, dit 200 tn, lm ch qun l; trn tp kch vo tr s phi on c vn M (MAAG) Bin Ha, dit nhiu tn M... K tha, pht trin cc ngh quyt Trung ng, B Chnh tr, X y Nam B v cng Cch mng min Nam ca ng ch L Dun, thng 1/1959, Hi ngh ln th XV Ban chp hnh Trung ng ng xc nh: con ng pht trin c bn ca cch mng Vit Nam min Nam l khi ngha ginh chnh quyn v tay nhn dn. Theo tnh hnh c th v yu cu hin nay ca cch mng th con ng l ly sc mnh ca qun chng nhn dn, da vo lc lng chnh tr ca qun chng l ch yu, kt hp vi lc lng v trang nh chnh quyn thng tr ca quc v phong kin, dng ln chnh quyn cch mng ca nhn dn. Hi ngh cn d on, v quc M l quc hiu chin nht nn cuc khi ngha ca nhn dn c th chuyn thnh chin tranh trng k gia ta v ch. Ngay sau khi Hi ngh, Trung ng ng, Chnh ph cho lp on vn ti qun s Trng Sn (on 559), bt u chi vin ngi v v kh cho min Nam. (a) Ngh quyt 15 ca ng p ng yu cu bc thit ca cch mng min Nam, m ng cho cch mng tin ln. Di nh sng ngh quyt Hi ngh Trung ng XV (1.1959), nm 1959-60 cc cuc khi ngha tng phn lin tip n ra vng ni min Trung v ng bng Nam B, ginh quyn lm ch v tay nhn dn hng nghn x, p, y ch vo th b ng, khng hong (xem ni dy Vnh Thnh, 6.2-4.1959; ni dy Bc i, 7.2-4.1959; khi ngha Tr Bng, 8.1959, ng khi Bn Tre, 17.120.4.1960 ). Cui nm 1959-u nm 1960, mt phong tro ng Khi ni dy khi ngha dit bn t ip c n, gii tn chnh quyn c s, dit n, ph ch km kp ca ch n ra rng khp cc tnh Nam B v vng rng ni Trung Trung B, nhn dn ginh c quyn lm ch. c bit, trn tin cng Tua Hai (Ty Bc th x Ty Ninh 7km) rng sng ngy 21/1/1960, LLVT ta tiu dit 500 tn, bt gio dc 500 tn khc, thu hng

ngn sng. y l mt trong nhng trn nh tiu dit ln u tin ca lc lng v trang min Nam. Phong tro ng Khi nh du bc pht trin nhy vt ca cch mng min Nam, t th gi gn lc lng chuyn sang th tin cng, t hnh thc u tranh chnh tr l chnh c lc lng v trang h tr, chuyn sang kt hp u tranh chnh tr v u tranh qun s, t u tranh qun s tng bc ln ngang hng u tranh chnh tr. T cao tro ng khi ca nhn dn, LLVT cch mng min Nam pht trin nhanh chng; Mt trn Dn tc Gii phng Min Nam (MTDTGPMN) ra i (20.11.1960). T min Bc, tuyn vn ti chin lc vo min Nam bng ng b, ng bin hnh thnh v pht trin. Cch mng min Nam t th gi gn lc lng chuyn sang th tin cng. (b) 2.Giai on 2 (1.1961-6.1965): Cch mng min Nam t khi ngha tng phn pht trin thnh chin tranh cch mng, nh bi chin lc "Chin tranh c bit" ca M. Thng li ca phong tro ng Khi lm tht bi cuc chin chin tranh mt pha ca Eisenhower, y chnh quyn Ng nh Dim vo thi k khng hong trin min. Trc nguy c sp ca chnh quyn tay sai, M phi i ph bng chin lc chin tranh c bit, ra sc cng c v pht trin Q Si Gn, tng cng vin tr, c vn v lc lng ym tr ca M; m cc cuc hnh qun cn qut, gom dn, lp p chin lc theo k hoch Stanley-Taylor. Chnh quyn Kennedy cng b hc thuyt chin tranh mi: Chin lc Chin tranh c bit v chn min Nam Vit Nam lm ni th im. Ni dung ch yu ca Chin tranh c bit l: cng c ngy quyn, tng cng kh nng chin u ca ngy qun bng ch huy, trang b v kh, ym tr k thut M, tng cng ph hoi min Bc, chng min Nam thm nhp, bnh nh dn dn vo p chin lc thc hin tt nc bt c, c lp, i n tiu dit cch mng min Nam. Ngy quyn, ngy qun v p chin lc c coi l xng sng ca Chin tranh c bit. Trn thng li, cch mng min Nam tip tc y mnh u tranh v trang v u tranh chnh tr, a dn u tranh v trang ln ngang hng vi u tranh chnh tr, ginh v gi th ch ng, xy dng lc lng mi mt, cng c m rng cn c a, ph chng trnh bnh nh ca M-Dim, y cch mng ln mt bc mi. Ngy 16/2/1962, MTDTGPMN ra i c v ng vin nhn dn min Nam bc vo giai on cch mng mi. Cch mng min Nam t khi ngha tng phn pht trin thnh chin tranh cch mng, kt hp u tranh v trang vi u tranh chnh tr, nh ch bng 3 mi gip cng, trn 3 vng chin lc; y mnh chin tranh du kch tiu hao, tiu dit ch, nh bi cc chin thut trc thng vn, thit xa vn ca M v Q Si Gn, h tr cho nhn dn u tranh chng cn qut v ph p chin lc. Trong nm 1962, qun dn min Nam kt hp u tranh chnh tr v qun s nh bi hng lot cuc hnh qun cn qut la dn vo p chin lc. Nhiu trn lc lng v trang ta tin

cng cc cn c ch, dit hng trm tn. Chng trnh bnh nh 18 thng ca M-Dim tht bi. Thng 1/1963, trn p Bc (2.1.1963), ch dng 2.000 qun, c my bay, tu chin, pho binh phi hp do 51 c vn M ch huy vi chin thut tn k trc thng vn, thit xa vn cn qut vo p Bc (Cai Ly, M Tho). Lc lng ta ch c mt tiu on tng cng, bng 1/10 lc lng ch nhng nh bi qun ch, dit 450 tn. Chin thng p Bc quy m khng ln nhng c ngha bo hiu s ph sn ca Chin lc "Chin tranh c bit". c s chi vin ngy cng ln ca min Bc, Qun Gii phng Min Nam VN (QGPMN VN) pht trin ln mnh, t tc chin du kch tin ln tc chin tp trung, m cc chin dch tin cng ln nhm tiu dit mt b phn quan trng qun ngy: + Chin dch Bnh Gi (2.12.1964-3.1.1965, B Ra, Long Khnh) l chin dch u tin phi hp ch lc min Nam, ch lc qun khu v LLVT a phng tin cng ch, loi khi vng chin u trn 1.700 ch. + Chin dch Ba Gia (28.5-20.7.1965, Qung Ngi) loi khi vng chin u trn 2.000 ch, bn ri 18 my bay, h tr nhn dn 29 x thuc 6 huyn tnh Qung Ngi ni dy lm ch. + Chin dch ng Xoi (10.5-22.7.1965, Bnh Phc), tiu dit nhiu tiu on, chin on Q Si Gn, dit gn 4.500 ch, bn ri 34 my bay, gp phn cng vi cao tro u tranh chnh tr, ni dy ca nhn dn nh bi chin lc chin tranh c bit ca M. Nhng thng li qun s ln chng t s trng thnh ca lc lng v trang cch mng min Nam, sc nh bi hon ton qun ngy d c s ch huy, h tr ca qun M. n gia nm 1965, chin lc Chin tranh c bit ca M ngy sp . min Bc, ngy 4/8/1964, M dng ln s kin vnh Bc B loan bo tu chin M b Hi qun Vit Nam tn cng hi phn quc t ngoi khi vnh Bc B, ly c ngy 5/8/1964, gy ra cuc chin tranh ph hoi bng khng qun, hi qun i vi min Bc nc ta. Khi M gy ra s kin Vnh Bc B (8.1964) v dng khng qun nh ph mt s ni, qun v dn ta nh thng ngay t trn u (xem trn chin u phng khng 5.8.1964) v kin quyt nh tr hot ng ph hoi tip theo ca khng qun M (t 2.1965). 3.Giai on 3 (7.1965-12.1968): Pht trin th tin cng chin lc, nh bi chin lc "Chin tranh cc b" min Nam v chin tranh ph hoi ln 1 (7.2.1965-1.11.1968) ca M min Bc. (c) Chin lc ton cu phn ng linh hot ca Kennedy ra 3 hnh thc chin tranh: c bit, cc b, tng lc. Sau tht bi ca chin lc "Chin

tranh c bit", M b ng chuyn sang tin hnh chin lc "Chin tranh cc b" hng nhanh chng kt thc chin tranh, cuc Chin tranh cc b l loi hnh chin tranh xm lc thc dn mi, nhng s dng mc hn ch qun M cng vi qun ch hu trong khu vc v qun ngy, trong qun M gi vai tr tc chin ch yu trn chin trng. Mc tiu Chin tranh cc b min Nam l nhanh chng to ra u th binh lc, ha lc tm dit ch lc ta, ginh li th ch ng trn chin trng, m rng v cng c vng kim sot, ginh li dn; ng thi gy chin tranh ph hoi min Bc, ngn chn s chi vin t min Bc vo min Nam, ph hoi s nghip xy dng min Bc, lm lung lay ch gii phng min Nam ca ng ta v nhn dn ta. T gia nm 1965, M t a qun chin u vo min Nam (t 184.300 ln 536.000 qun (cui nm 1968), lc cao nht ti 542.000), cng vi qun cc nc ph thuc M (57.800 qun, lc cao nht ti 70.300) v Q Si Gn (650.000 qun, lc cao nht gn 1 triu) hp thnh 2 lc lng chin lc vi nhng phng tin chin tranh hin i nht (tr v kh nguyn t); lin tc m 2 cuc phn cng chin lc ma kh 1965-66 v 1966-67 vi tm dit c quan u no khng chin v mt b phn ch lc QGPMN VN. Qun v dn min Nam gi vng v pht trin th tin cng, qun dn min Nam cng quyt tm nh M v thng M. Sau Sau trn Ni Thnh m u nh M, trn Vn Tng (Bnh Sn, Qung Ngi) thng 8/1965, ta y li cuc hnh qun ca qun M, dit 900 tn chng t qun ta c kh nng dit qun M. Sau , mt phong tro Tm M m nh, tm Ngy m dit dng cao khp min Nam. T nhng trn u thng M (trn Ni Thnh, 26.5.1965; trn Vn Tng, 18-19.8.1965; trn t Cuc, 8.11.1965 ), tin ln m cc chin dch tin cng v phn cng (chin dch Ply Me, 19.10-26.11.1965; chin dch Bu Bng-Du Ting, 12-27.11.1965; chin dch Ty Sn Tnh, 20.220.4.1966; chin dch Sa Thy, 18.10-6.12.1966; chin dch nh bi cuc hnh qun Junction City (Gianxn Xiti), 22.2-15.4.1967; chin dch c T I, 3-22.11.1967) lm tht bi mt bc quan trng chin lc chin tranh cc b ca M. Hai cuc phn cng chin lc ma kh 1965-1966 v 1966-1967 ca M vi trn 1.000 cuc hnh qun ln nh nh vo cc vng gii phng ca ta, ln nht l cuc hnh qun Junction City b tht bi. Trn ton min Nam, qun dn ta loi khi vng chin u trn 15 vn qun ch, trong c 68.200 tn M. Phong tro u tranh chnh tr vng ch chim, nht l cc thnh ph ln dng ln mnh m lm mt n nh ch M-Ngy. Chin lc Chin tranh cc b b tht bi mt bc quan trng. Nm vng thi c c li, m 30, rng ngy 31/1/1968, qun dn ta m Cuc tng tin cng v ni dy Tt Mu Thn ng lot tin cng ch 4 thnh ph, 37 th x, hng trm th trn trn ton min Nam gy cho ch thit hi ln v khng hong tinh thn; vy hm, tin cng qun M trong chin dch ng 9-Khe Sanh (20.1-15.7.1968, t Ca Vit n bin gii Vit-Lo), ginh thng li ln, bi thm mt n nng vo qun MNgy, to bc ngot quyt nh ca cuc Khng chin chng M.

Qun dn min Bc quyt tm va nh thng M va m bo sn xut v i sng, va tch cc chi vin cho min Nam. n cui nm 1968, qun dn min Bc bn ri, bn chy 3.234 my bay, dit v bt sng hng nghn gic li M, bn chm, bn chy 143 tu chin, tu bit kch M-Ngy, nh bi chin tranh ph hoi ln 1 bng khng qun v hi qun ca M. B tht bi nng n VN, trc ln sng phn i chin tranh xm lc Vit Nam trn th gii v ngay trong nc M ngy cng mnh m, ngy 1.11.1968, chnh ph M buc phi tuyn b chm dt nm bom bn ph min Bc v phi ngi vo bn thng lng Hi ngh Paris (19681973). Chin tranh cc b ca M b ph sn. (d) 4.Giai on 4 (1.1969-1.1973): nh bi chin lc Vit Nam ho chin tranh v chin tranh ph hoi ln 2 (6.4.1972-15.1.1973) ca M min Bc, buc M phi k hip nh Paris 1973 v Vit Nam, rt ht qun M v nc. (e) Chin lc chin tranh cc b b ph sn, Nixon chuyn sang thc hin chin lc "VN ho chin tranh", ra sc pht trin v hin i ho Q Si Gn tng bc thay th qun M rt dn v nc; y mnh bnh nh min Nam VN v m rng chin tranh ra ton bn o ng Dng. Sau cuc o chnh lt chnh quyn Sihanouk (xem o chnh Lon NonSyriach Matc, 18.3.1970), M v Q Si Gn m cuc tin cng xm lc Campuchia nhm ct t hnh lang vn chuyn chin lc Bc-Nam ca VN. QGPMNVN phi hp vi LLVT cch mng Campuchia t chc cc chin dch phn cng nh bi cc cuc tin cng ln ca ch (xem chin dch ng Bc Campuchia, 29.4-30.6.1970; chin dch ng Bc Campuchia, 4.2-31.5.1971; chin dch ng 6, 27.10-4.12.1971), m rng vng gii phng ca cch mng Campuchia trn 5 tnh. u 1971, Q Si Gn c s ym tr, chi vin ho lc ca M v s phi hp ca Q phi hu Lo m cuc hnh qun Lam Sn 719 nh ra ng 9-Nam Lo, nhm ct t hnh lang vn chuyn chin lc BcNam ca ta, chia ct 3 nc ng Dng. QGPMN VN phi hp vi LLVT cch mng Lo m chin dch phn cng, nh bi hon ton cuc hnh qun ca ch (xem chin dch ng 9-Nam Lo, 30.1-23.3.1971). Pht huy quyn ch ng tin cng, t 3.1972, ta m cuc tin cng chin lc vo h thng phng ng ca ch trn 3 hng, gm cc chin dch: chin dch Tr Thin (30.3-27.6.1972); chin dch Bc Ty Nguyn 30.35.6.1972 v chin dch Nguyn Hu 1.4.1972-19.1.1973; tip , m cc chin dch tin cng tng hp nh ph bnh nh ng bng Khu 5, Khu 8 (xem chin dch Bc Bnh nh, 9.4-3.5.1972; chin dch ng bng sng Cu Long, 10.6-10.9.1972); phi hp vi LLVT cch mng Lo m chin dch tin cng gii phng Cnh ng Chum v nh bi cc cuc phn kch, ln chim ca ch (xem chin dch Cnh ng Chum-Mng Si, 18.12.1971-6.4.1972; chin dch phng ng Cnh ng Chum-Xing Khong, 21.5-15.11.1972) Trc tht bi nng n ca Q Si Gn, M cho khng qun v hi qun tr li nh ph c lit min Nam v tin hnh chin tranh ph hoi ln

th hai i vi min Bc. Cuc tp kch ng khng chin lc bng my bay B-52 ca M vo H Ni, Hi Phng cui 12.1972 (chin dch Linebacker II) b p tan (xem chin dch phng khng H Ni-Hi Phng, 18-29.12.1972) v l mt in Bin Ph trn khng i vi quc M, buc M phi k hip nh Paris v Vit Nam (27/1/1973), rt ht qun M v qun cc nc ph thuc M ra khi min Nam VN, cam kt tn trng c lp ch quyn thng nht ton vn lnh th ca VN. Chin lc Vit Nam ha chin tranh tht bi. Chng CCXXXVIII. 5.Giai on 5 (12.1973-30.4.1975): to th, to lc v thc hnh cuc tng tin cng v ni dy Xun 1975, gii phng hon ton min Nam kt thc thng li cuc Khng chin chng M. Tuy rt ht qun i, nhng M vn li 2 vn c vn qun s i lt dn s, li v kh, trang b chin tranh v tip tc vin tr qun s cho chnh quyn Nguyn Vn Thiu. Qun ngy ln n 1.100.000 tn v ra sc ln chim ph hoi Hip nh Paris. Qun dn min Nam kin quyt nh bi cc cuc hnh qun trn ngp lnh th ca ch, c nc khn trng to th, to lc tin ln gii phng hon ton min Nam. c M tip sc, chnh quyn Si Gn ra sc ph hoi hip nh Paris, lin tip m cc cuc hnh qun cn qut, cc chin dch trn ngp lnh th. Qun v dn ta nh bi cc cuc tin cng ln chim ca ch, khn trng to th, to lc, m rng vng gii phng. Thng li ca chin dch ng 14-Phc Long (13.12.1974-6.1.1975) t c s cho hi ngh B Chnh tr hp cui nm 1974, u 1975 thng qua k hoch chin lc gii phng min Nam (1975-76), quyt nh nm vng thi c chin lc, m cuc tng tin cng v ni dy Xun 1975 vi 3 n tin cng chin lc. Chng CCXXXIX. n th nht: Chin dch Ty Nguyn (t ngy 4-24/3/1975). T cui nm 1974, qun ta b mt dn th trn chin dch Ty Nguyn, ly Bun Ma Thut lm trn then cht m mn. Ngy 4/3, qun ta tin cng ct ng 19, 21 ni Ty Nguyn vi ng bng khu V. Ngy 9/3, nh chim c Lp-Ni La, c lp hon ton Bun Ma Thut. Chng CCXL. Chin dch Ty Nguyn m mn bng trn Bun Ma Thut (1011.3.1975). Ngy 10/3, 4 cnh qun ta tin cng Bun Ma Thut. Sau 2 ngy chin u, qun ta tiu dit hon ton qun ch y, lm ch th x. ch iu qun phn kch b qun ta dit gn. Nm bt ca ch rt chy khi Ty Nguyn, ta b tr nh chn v truy kch tiu dit v lm tan r Qun on 2-Qun khu 2 ca ch, gii phng ton b Ty Nguyn v cc tnh Nam Trung B. Chng CCXLI. n th hai: Chin dch Tr Thin-Hu (5-26.3.1975) v chin dch Nng (28-29.3.1975) cng vi hot ng tin cng v ni dy ca qun v dn Khu 5 gii phng cc tnh Qung Tr, Tha Thin, Qung Nam, Qung Tn, Qung Ngi v 2 thnh ph Hu, Nng, loi khi chin u Qun on 1-Qun khu 1 ca ch. Va nh ch rt chy khi Ty Nguyn, ngy 21/3, qun ta thc su bao vy Hu. Ngy 26/3, qun ta tiu dit v lm tan r lc lng ch Hu, thnh ph Hu v ton tnh Tha Thin c gii phng. Qun ta tip tc tn cng Nng, phi hp vi qun chng ni dy. Ngy 29/3, Nng c gii phng. Chng CCXLII. n th ba: Chin dch H Ch Minh (26-30.4.1975). Ngy 14/4/1975, B Chnh tr Trung ng ng quyt nh chin dch tin cng vo Si Gn gii phng hon ton min Nam mang tn Chin dch H Ch Minh. Sau khi chc thng v p tan tuyn phng th vng ngoi Si Gn-Gia nh ca ch, ngy 26/4, 5 cnh qun ta tin vo Si Gn; sng 30.4, thc su nh chim cc mc tiu ch yu trong ni , 10 gi 45 pht, ngy 30/4, xe tng ta tin vo Dinh c Lp, tng thng ngy quyn Dng Vn Minh tuyn b u hng khng iu kin; kt hp vi ni dy ca nhn dn, tiu dit v lm tan r Qun on 3-Qun khu 3 ca ch, gii phng Si Gn-Gia nh, buc chnh quyn Si Gn phi u hng v iu kin, Chin dch H Ch Minh ton thng. ng thi pht trin tin cng v ni dy tiu dit, bt v lm tan r

ton b lc lng Qun on 4-Qun khu 4 ca ch, gii phng cc tnh ng bng sng Cu Long v cc hi o do Q Si Gn ng gi, kt thc ton thng cuc Khng chin chng M. Chng CCXLIII. Cuc khng chin chng M thng li hon ton. Nhn dn VN nh thng cuc chin tranh xm lc thc dn mi vi quy m ln quy m ln nht, di ngy nht, c lit nht t sau Chin tranh Th gii th hai. y cng l cuc chin bi cha tng c trong lch s 200 nm ca nc M. Xm lc VN, M qua nm i tng thng, huy ng 6 triu lt binh s M, chi ph 352 t USD, nm xung VN 7.850.000t bom, hng chc triu lt cht c dit cy, s dng nhng loi v kh, k thut mi nht (ch tr v kh ht nhn), nhng chu tht bi cha tng c trong lch s nc M. Cuc khng chin chng M, cu nc hon thnh thng li s nghip u tranh gii phng dn tc ko di hn 100 nm, m ra mt k nguyn mi ca lch s dn tc - c nc VN hon ton c lp, thng nht v i ln CNXH; ng thi to iu kin cho cch mng Lo v cch mng Campuchia ginh thng li quyt nh, gp phn to ln vo cuc u tranh ca nhn dn th gii v ho bnh, c lp dn tc, dn ch v tin b x hi. Chng CCXLIV. LY CHIN DCH H CH MINH LM V D Chng CCXLV. NH N X T NH GI KHNG CHIN CHNG M 1954 -1975 Chng CCXLVI. Cuc chin u ca nhn dn Vit Nam gii phng Min Nam khi s xm lc ca quc M, hon thnh cch mng dn tc dn ch nhn dn trn c nc. Tri qua nm giai on: giai on 1 (7.1954 - 12.1960); giai on 2 (1.1961 - 6. 1965); giai on 3 (7.1965 - 12.1968); giai on 4 (1.1969 - 1.1973); giai on 5 (12.1973 30.4.1975). quc M v chnh quyn Ng nh Dim ph hoi Hip nh Ginev v ng Dng 1954, bin Min Nam thnh thuc a v cn c qun s ca M, c tuyt hip thng gia hai Min Bc - Nam v tng tuyn c thng nht t nc; khng b, n p nhng ngi yu nc v cch mng, tin hnh cuc chin tranh n phng chng li nhn dn Min Nam Vit Nam v ph hoi Min Bc. Phong tro u tranh i M - Dim phi thi hnh hip nh Ginev chng n p, khng b ni ln khp ni. Cao tro lan rng thnh nhng cuc khi ngha tng phn Khu V cng nh Nam B, gii phng c 1.353/2.627 x vi s dn hn 5,5 triu, lm tht bi vic thc hin ch ngha thc dn kiu mi ca M. Ngy 20.12.1960, Mt trn Dn tc Gii phng Min Nam Vit Nam c thnh lp. Chng CCXLVII. Trc nguy c sp ca h thng ngu quyn, quc M phi i ph bng th on pht ng "chin tranh c bit", nng s qun t 1.077 c vn v nhn vin k thut qun s (1960) ln 10.962 (1962). Cc cuc khi ngha tng phn pht trin thnh cuc chin tranh cch mng, kt hp cht ch gia u tranh v trang v u tranh chnh tr trn c ba vng chin lc, c bit sau khi thng nht cc lc lng v trang thnh Qun gii phng Min Nam Vit Nam (15.12.1961). Phong tro u tranh chnh tr ca qun chng ngy cng pht trin c nng thn v th. Nhiu cuc bi cng, biu tnh, bi kho, tun hnh n ra Si Gn, Gia nh, Nng, Hu. p chin lc ca i phng b ph v tng mng. Nhiu chin thut mi ca M v qun i Si Gn nh: "Trc thng vn", "Thit xa vn", "Phng hong v mi"... b nh bi. Tc chin ca Qun gii phng c y mnh [x. Chin dch Bnh Gi (2.12.19643.1.1965)]. Vng gii phng c m rng. Mt trn Dn tc Gii phng c cng c v pht trin nhanh chng, tr thnh ngi i din chn chnh cho nhn dn Min Nam Vit Nam. Nhn dn Vit Nam trn c hai min t nc on kt, nh bi chin lc "Chin tranh c bit" ca M. Sau tht bi ca "Chin tranh c bit", M chuyn sang

chin lc "Chin tranh cc b", t a qun vo Min Nam hng nhanh chng kt thc chin tranh [thng 12.1965 a tng s qun M ln 184.314; thng 11.1966 - 389 nghn, thng 12.1967 - 480 nghn v cho n lc cao nht (27.3.1969) qun s M Min Nam Vit Nam ln ti 625.866; qun cc nc ch hu 72 nghn v trn 1 triu qun Si Gn]. Qun M vo v thc hin "p chin lc" gy cho ta nhiu thit hi, kh khn, vng gii phng b thu hp. Nhng vi tinh thn quyt chin quyt thng, chu ng gian kh, qun dn ta on kt chin u. Nhng trn u dit M ca Qun gii phng Min Nam: trn Ni Thnh 26.5.1965 (Qung Nam), trn Vn Tng 18-20.8.1965 (Qung Ngi), chin dch Plyme (Ty Nguyn), chin dch Bu Bng - Du Ting (Nam B). ng Xun 1965 - 66, cuc phn cng chin lc th nht ca M b nh bi. ng Xun 1966 - 67, cuc phn cng chin lc th hai cng b p tan. u 1968, qun v dn Min Nam m cuc Tng tin cng v ni dy vo m 30 rng sng 31.1.1968 (tc mng mt Tt Mu Thn), nh vo 6 thnh ph, 44 th x, hng trm qun l v cn c qun s i phng. Min Bc ra sc chi vin cho Min Nam, nh bi cuc chin tranh ph hoi bng khng qun v hi qun ca quc M. Trc tht bi nng n, ngy 1.11.1968, M buc phi tuyn b chm dt nm bom Min Bc v mi hnh ng chin tranh khc chng nc Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ho, chu hp Hi ngh bn bn Pari. Chin lc "Chin tranh cc b" ca quc M b ph sn. M phi xung thang chin tranh chuyn sang thc hin chin lc "Vit Nam ho chin tranh" v m rng chin tranh ra ton ci ng Dng. Sau khi lt chnh quyn Xihanuc (18.3. 1970) Cmpuchia, M huy ng 10 vn qun (5 vn qun M v 5 vn qun ca chnh quyn Si Gn) ngy 30.4.1970 vt qua bin gii Vit Nam - Cmpuchia xm lc Cmpuchia. Qun Gii phng Min Nam phi hp vi qun cch mng Cmpuchia lm cho i phng thit hi nng n. Ngy 30.6.1970, M buc phi rt qun. Vng gii phng v cn c cch mng Cmpuchia c m rng trn 5 tnh. Thng 2.1971, i phng m cuc Hnh qun Lam Sn 719, cuc hnh qun th nghim ca chin lc "Vit Nam ho chin tranh", dng qun i Si Gn c qun M ng pha sau h tr nh ra ng 9 - Nam Lo, hng ct t con ng chi vin Bc - Nam. Sau 43 ngy chin u, Qun gii phng Min Nam nh bi cuc hnh qun ny. u 1972, Qun gii phng Min Nam m cuc tin cng chin lc bng cc chin dch tin cng quy m ln, hip ng binh chng, tin cng su vo h thng phng ng ca i phng trn vo nhng hng chin lc quan trng: Tr Thin, Bc Ty Nguyn, min ng Nam B, ng bng Khu V v Khu VIII (Nam B). Kt qu, p tan h thng phng ng chin lc ca ch, nhiu vng t ai rng ln c gii phng; Lc Ninh sau 1972 tr thnh "th " ca Chnh ph Cch mng lm thi Cng ho Min Nam Vit Nam. Min Bc, trong 12 ngy m cui thng 12.1972, qun v dn Min Bc nh thng cuc tp kch chin

lc ng khng bng my bay B52 vo H Ni, Hi Phng - bc leo thang cao nht trong cuc chin tranh ph hoi bng khng qun v hi qun ln th hai ca M. Chin lc "Vit Nam ho chin tranh" b tht bi v c bn, buc M phi k Hip nh Pari, rt ht qun M v qun cc nc ra khi Min Nam Vit Nam, cng nhn c lp, ch quyn thng nht v ton vn lnh th ca Vit Nam. Chng CCXLVIII. Pht huy nhng thng li ginh c, qun v dn Vit Nam nh bi cuc tin cng ln chim ca i phng, ng vin lc lng c nc ra sc to th, to lc, to thi c, chun b mi mt cho cuc Tng tin cng v ni dy lch s xun 1975. Thng 3.1975, khi thi c ln xut hin, qun v dn Min Nam kp thi m cuc Tng tin cng v ni dy gm ba n tin cng chin lc. n tin cng chin lc th nht (4 - 24.3.1975): tin cng gii phng Bun Ma Thut v ton b Ty Nguyn [x. Chin dch Ty Nguyn (4.3-3.4.1975)]. n tin cng chin lc th hai (5 29.3.1975): gii phng cc tnh Qung Tr, Tha Thin - Hu, Qung Nam - Nng v hai thnh ph ln l Hu v Nng. n tin cng chin lc th ba (9 - 30.4.1975) kt thc bng Chin dch H Ch Minh lch s, trn quyt chin chin lc cui cng ca cuc Khng chin chng M [x. Chin dch H Ch Minh (26-30.4.1975)], gii phng cc tnh cc Nam Trung B, min ng Nam B, gii phng Si Gn - Gia nh v ton b vng ng bng sng Cu Long, gii phng ht cc o (tr Hong Sa), kt thc cuc Khng chin chng M ca Vit Nam, ng thi to iu kin cho cch mng Cmpuchia v cch mng Lo ginh thng li quyt nh. T 5.1975, vi thng li v i ca Khng chin chng M, m ra mt giai on lch s mi - c nc hon ton c lp, thng nht v i ln ch ngha x hi. Chng CCXLIX. VI. Kt qu, ngha lch s, nguyn nhn thng li v bi hc kinh nghim a. Kt qu v ngha lch s Chng CCL. a1. Kt qu - min Bc, thc hin ng li, ch trng ca ng, sau 21 nm n lc phn u, cng cuc xy dng ch ngha x hi t c nhng thnh tu ng t ho. Mt ch x hi mi, ch x hi ch ngha bc u c hnh thnh. D chin tranh c lit, b tn tht nng n v vt cht, thit hi ln v ngi, song khng c nn i, dch bnh v s ri lon x hi. Vn ho, x hi, y t, gio dc khng nhng c duy tr m cn c s pht trin mnh. Sn xut nng nghip pht trin, cng nghip a phng c tng cng. Chng CCLI. Qun dn min Bc nh thng cuc chin tranh ph hoi ca quc M, in hnh l trn "in Bin Ph trn khng" trn bu tri H Ni, Hi Phng t 18 n 30/12/1972 (bn ri 81 my bay M, c 34 B52, bt 43 gic li M). Chng CCLII. Min Bc khng ch chia la vi cc chin trng m cn hon thnh xut sc vai tr cn c a ca cch mng c nc v nhim v hu phng ln i vi chin trng min Nam. - min Nam, vi s lnh o, ch o ng n ca ng, qun ta vt ln mi gian kh hy sinh, bn b v anh dng chin u, ln lt nh bi cc chin lc chin tranh xm lc ca quc M. Trong giai on 1954 - 1960 nh bi "Chin tranh n phng" ca M - Ngy, a cch mng t th gi gn lc lng sang th tin cng, giai on 1961 - 1965 gi vng v pht trin th tin cng, nh bi chin lc "Chin tranh t bit" ca M, giai on 1965 - 1968 nh bi chin lc "chin tranh cc b" ca M v ch hu, buc M phi xung thang chin tranh, chp nhn ngi vo bn m phn

vi ta ti Pari; giai on 1969 - 1975 nh bi chin lc "Vit Nam ho chin tranh" ca M v tay sai m nh cao l i thng Ma Xun 1975 vi Chin dch H Ch Minh lch s, p tan ton b chnh quyn ch, buc chng phi tuyn b u hng v iu kin, gii phng hon ton min Nam. Chng CCLIII. a2. ngha lch s - ngha lch s i vi nc ta l kt thc thng li 21 nm chin u chng quc M xm lc, 30 nm chin tranh cch mng gii phng dn tc , chm dt hn mt th k chng ch ngha thc dn kiu c v ch ngha thc dn kiu mi, gii phng min Nam, a li c lp, thng nht, ton vn lnh th t nc; hon thnh cuc cch mng dn tc dn ch trn phm vi c nc, m ra k nguyn mi cho dn tc ta, k nguyn c nc ho bnh, thng nht, cng chung mt nhim v chin lc, i ln ch ngha x hi; tng thm sc mnh vt cht, tinh thn, th v lc cho cch mng v dn tc Vit Nam, li nim t ho su sc v nhng kinh nghim qu cho s nghip dng nc v gi nc giai on sau; gp phn quan trng vo vic nng cao uy tn ca ng v dn tc Vit Nam trn trng quc t. - ngha i vi cch mng th gii l p tan cuc phn kch ln nht ca ch ngha quc vo ch ngha x hi v cch mng th gii k t sau cuc Chin tranh th gii ln th hai, bo v vng chc tin n pha ng Nam ca ch ngha x hi; lm ph sn cc chin lc chin tranh xm lc ca quc m, gy tn tht to ln v tc ng su sc n ni tnh nc M trc mt v lu di; gp phn lm suy yu ch ngha quc, ph v mt phng tuyn quan trng ca chng khu vc ng Nam , m ra s sp khng th trnh khi ca ch ngha thc dn mi, c v mnh m phong tro u tranh v mc tiu c lp dn tc, dn ch t do v ho bnh pht trin ca nhn dn th gii. Chng CCLIV. nh gi thng li lch s ca s nghip chng M, cu nc, Bo co chnh tr ti i hi i biu ton quc ln th IV ca ng (thng 12/1976) khng nh: "Nm thng s tri qua, nhng thng li ca nhn dn ta trong s nghip khng chin chng M, cu nc mi mi c ghi vo lch s dn tc nh mt trong nhng trang chi li nht, mt biu tng sng ngi v s ton thng ca ch ngha anh hng cch mng v tr tu con ngi, v i vo lch s th gii nh mt chin cng v i ca th k XX, mt s kin c tm quan trng quc t to ln v c tnh thi i su sc". Chng CCLV. b. Nguyn nhn thng li v bi hc kinh nghim Chng CCLVI. b1.Nguyn nhn thng li Chng CCLVII. Thng li ca s nghip chng M, cu nc l kt qu tng hp ca nhiu nguyn nhn, trong quan trng nht l: - S lnh o ng n ca ng Cng sn Vit Nam, ngi i biu trung thnh cho nhng li ch sng cn ca c dn tc Vit Nam, mt ng c ng li chnh tr, ng li qun s c lp, t ch, sng to. - Cuc chin u y gian kh hy sinh ca nhn dn v qun i c nc, c bit l ca cn b, chin s v hng chc triu ng bo yu nc min Nam ngy m i mt vi qun th, xng ng vi danh hiu "Thnh ng T quc". - Cng cuc xy dng v bo v hu phng min Bc x hi ch ngha ca ng bo v chin s min Bc, mt hu phng va chin u va xy dng, hon thnh xut sc ngha v ca hu phng ln, ht lng ht sc chi vin cho tin tuyn ln min Nam nh thng gic M xm lc.

Tnh on kt chin u ca nhn dn ba nc Vit Nam, Lo, Campuchia v s ng h, s gip to ln ca cc nc x hi ch ngha anh em, s ng h nhit tnh ca chnh ph v nhn dn tin b trn ton th gii k c nhn dn tin b M. Chng CCLVIII. b2. Bi hc kinh nghim Chng CCLIX. Thng li ca cuc khng chin chng M, cu nc li cho ng ta nhiu bi hc kinh nghim c gi tr l lun v thc tin su sc. Chng CCLX. Mt l, ra v thc hin ng li ging cao ngn c c lp dn tc v ch ngha x hi nhm huy ng sc mnh ton dn nh M, c nc nh M. ng li th hin ch v nguyn vng thit tha ca nhn dn min Bc, nhn dn min Nam, ca c dn tc Vit Nam, ph hp vi cc tro lu ca cch mng th gii, nn ng vin n mc cao nht lc lng ca ton dn tc, kt hp sc mnh ca tin tuyn ln vi hu phng ln, kt hp sc mnh ca nhn dn ta vi sc mnh ca thi i, to nn sc mnh tng hp chin u v chin thng gic M xm lc. Chng CCLXI. Hai l, tin tng vo sc mnh ca dn tc, kin nh t tng chin lc tin cng, quyt nh v quyt thng quc M xm lc. T tng l mt nhn t ht sc quan trng hoch nh ng n ng li, ch trng, bin php nh M, nhn t a cuc chin u ca dn tc ta i ti thng li. Chng CCLXII. Ba l, thc hin chin tranh nhn dn, tm ra phng php u tranh ng n, sng to. chng li k ch xm lc hng mnh, phi thc hin chin tranh nhn dn. ng thi phi ch trng tng kt thc tin tm ra phng php u tranh, phng php chin u ng n, linh hot, sng to. Chng CCLXIII. Bn l, trn c s ng li, ch trng chin lc chung ng n phi c cng tc t chc thc hin gii, nng ng, sng to ca cc cp b ng trong qun i, ca cc ngnh, cc a phng, thc hin phng chm ginh thng li tng bc i n thng li hon ton. Chng CCLXIV. Nm l, phi ht sc coi trng cng tc xy dng ng, xy dng lc lng cch mng c hu phng v tin tuyn; phi thc hin lin minh ba nc ng Dng v tranh th ti a s ng tnh, ng h ngy cng to ln ca cc nc x hi ch ngha, ca nhn dn v chnh ph cc nc yu chung ho bnh v cng l trn th gii. -

Chng CCLXV.

C .KT LUN V KIN NGH I. KT LUN

- Nhng nm 1945-1946, ng v Ch tch H Ch Minh lnh o ton dn vt qua mun vn kh khn, thch thc nng n, chng th trong, gic ngoi, va khng chin va kin quc. - Chng ta xy dng v cng c vng chc chnh quyn nhn dn, bu c Quc hi (6/1/1946), xy dng Hin php dn ch u tin (9/11/1946); va chng gic i, gic dt, va chng gic ngoi xm, t chc khng chin chng thc dn Php Nam B v Nam Trung B vi s ng h v chi vin ca c nc; kin quyt trn p cc th lc phn cch mng, bo v chnh quyn v thnh qu ca Cch mng Thng Tm; thc hnh sch lc khn kho, lc th ha hon vi Tng nh thc dn Php, lc th ha hon vi Php ui Tng, thc hin s nhn nhng c nguyn tc v trit li dng mu thun ca k th, a cch mng vt qua nhng th thch him ngho. -Thng 12/1946, trc d tm xm lc nc ta mt ln na ca thc dn Php, ng v Ch tch H Ch Minh pht ng ton quc khng chin vi quyt tm: Chng ta th hy sinh tt c ch nht nh khng chu mt nc, nht nh khng chu lm n l. -Vi ng li khng chin ton dn, ton din, trng k khng chin, va khng chin, va kin quc, da vo sc mnh l chnh, ng thi tranh th s ng tnh v ng

h ca b bn quc t, ng ta lnh o nhn dn ta ln lt nh bi cc k hoch chin tranh ca thc dn Php, lp nn nhng chin cng hin hch nh: chin thng Vit Bc 1947, chin thng Bin gii nm 1950, chin thng Ho Bnh nm 1951-1952 v Ty Bc nm 1952, chin thng ng Xun nm 1953-1954 v nh cao l chin thng lch s in Bin Ph ngy 7/5/1954. -Cng vi mt trn qun s, ng chm lo tng cng sc mnh chnh tr, pht trin kinh t, vn ho, gio dc, tng cng bi dng sc dn, pht trin sc mnh v mi mt ca cuc khng chin, tng cng cc hot ng i ngoi. -Hip nh Ginev nm 1954 c k kt chm dt s thng tr ca thc dn Php nc ta, m u s sp ca ch ngha thc dn c trn th gii, gii phng hon ton min Bc, a min Bc tin ln theo con ng x hi ch ngha, lm hu phng vng chc cho cuc u tranh gii phng min Nam, thng nht t nc. -Ht chn thc dn Php, quc M ra sc ph hoi Hip nh Ginev, bin min Nam thnh thuc a kiu mi v cn c qun s ca chng. Mt ln na, dn tc ta li phi ng u vi ch ngha thc dn mi ca quc M. ng ta lnh o ton dn nu cao quyt tm nh M, thc hin ng li chin tranh nhn dn c nng ln tm cao khoa hc v ngh thut. -ng ta lnh o nhn dn ta ln lt nh bi cc chin lc chin tranh tn bo ca quc M : Chin lc thc hin ch ngha thc dn mi in hnh (1954-1960), chin lc chin tranh c bit (1961-1964), chin lc chin tranh cc b v cuc chin tranh ph hoi min Bc ln th nht (1964-1968), chin lc Vit Nam ho chin tranh v cuc chin tranh ph hoi min Bc ln th hai (1968-1975). -Vi chin thng in Bin Ph trn khng thng 12 nm 1972 v i thng ma Xun nm 1975 m nh cao l chin dch H Ch Minh lch s, chng ta ginh ton thng, kt thc 30 nm chin tranh gii phng dn tc, gii phng hon ton min Nam, thng nht T quc, a c nc tin theo con ng x hi ch ngha. -V tm vc v ngha ca cuc khng chin chng M cu nc, i hi ln th IV ca ng (12/1976) nu r : Thng li ca nhn dn ta trong cuc khng chin chng M cu nc l mt trong nhng trang chi li nht ca lch s dn tc v l mt s kin c tm quan trng quc t to ln v c tnh cht thi i su sc.

II)KIN NGH
-Trn c s , Hi ngh ch r ng li xy dng nn kinh t x hi ch ngha nc ta l: u tin pht trin cng nghip nng mt cch hp l trn c s pht trin nng nghip v cng nghip nh, kt hp ng n cng nghip v nng nghip; xy dng kinh t trung ng, ng thi pht trin kinh t a phng; kt hp kinh t vi quc phng -ng thi, Ban Chp hnh Trung ng cn ch r nhim v c th ca ng v Nh nc ta trong giai on mi trn cc lnh vc: an ninh, quc phng, cng tc i ngoi. +Mt l, chn chnh v ci tin t chc lao ng cc x nghip cng nghip v giao thng vn ti, cng trng, nng trng nhm s dng hp l sc lao ng, pht huy cng sut ca thit b v tng nng sut lao ng. +Hai l, s dng cc ngun ti nguyn, vt t, thit b, tin vn mt cch c hiu qu nht, tit kim nht. +Ba l, phn u nng cao cht lng sn phm. +Bn l, cng c v hon thin mt bc quan h sn xut x hi ch ngha.

+Nm l, ra sc ci tin qun l kinh t, qun l x hi, a nhanh cng tc qun l nh nc vo nn np. +Su l, y mnh cng tc xy dng ng v nng cao nng lc lnh o ca ng theo Ngh quyt Hi ngh ln th 23 ca Trung ng. Kin dquyt lm ng cng tc cn b theo Ngh quyt 225 ca B Chnh tr. Ban Chp hnh Trung ng nhn mnh cn nm vng phng hng ch yu sau y trong xy dng ch ngha x hi: kt hp cht ch ci to v xy dng trong c qu trnh cch mng v trn cc mt: chnh tr, kinh t, k thut, vn ho, t tng, trong phm vi ton x hi v tng n v; phi pht trin kinh t quc doanh, nm chc cc mch mu kinh t, pht huy vai tr ch o ca kinh t quc doanh trong nn kinh t quc dn. ng thi, Hi ngh cng xc nh: pht huy mt tch cc v hn ch n mc thp nht mt tiu cc trong mt nn kinh t c nhiu thnh phn, s ch o v qun l ca Nh nc phi rt sc bn, nm vng k hoch ho, ng thi kho vn dng cc mi quan h hng ho, tin t thc y sn xut pht trin. - hon thnh nhng nhim v mi m v phc tp ca cch mng nc ta trong giai on mi, Hi ngh nhn mnh: Vn quyt nh l cn b, Xy dng mt i ng cn b ca ng v Nh nc on kt nht tr, ng vng trn lp trng ca giai cp cng nhn, tuyt i trung thnh vi T quc, vi ch ngha x hi, c nng lc thc hin cc nhim v chnh tr ca ng, bo m tng cng vai tr lnh o ca ng v pht huy sc mnh ca Nh nc chuyn chnh v sn.
c lp dn tc v ch ngha x hi va l mc tiu va l ng lc ca cch mng Vit Nam, c ng xc nh ngay t ngy mi ra i. Bc vo giai on chng M, cu nc, ng trc m mu xm lc min Nam v chia ct t nc ta ca quc M v b l tay sai, ng ta ra ng li tin hnh ng thi hai chin lc cch mng: cch mng dn tc dn ch nhn dn min Nam v cch mng x hi ch ngha min Bc, hng vo mc tiu chung ch yu trc mt ca cch mng c nc l nh thng gic M xm lc, gii phng min Nam, ha bnh thng nht nc nh a c nc tin ln ch ngha x hi. ng li ca ng th hin ch v nguyn vng thit tha ca c dn tc Vit Nam, ng vin n mc cao nht lc lng hng hu ca nhn dn c nc, kt hp tin tuyn ln vi hu phng ln, kt hp sc mnh ca nhn dn ta vi sc mnh ca thi i to nn sc mnh tng hp chin u v chin thng gic M xm lc. Hai l, ng tm ra c phng php u tranh cch mng ng n, sng to. l phng php s dng bo lc cch mng tng hp bao gm: lc lng chnh tr qun chng kt hp vi lc lng v trang nhn dn, bt u khi ngha tng phn nng thn v t khi ngha pht trin thnh chin tranh cch mng, kt hp cht ch u tranh qun s vi u tranh chnh tr, v n mt giai on no th kt hp cht ch u tranh qun s, u tranh chnh tr vi u tranh ngoi giao; kt hp khi ngha qun chng vi chin tranh cch mng, kt hp ni dy vi tin cng, tin cng vi ni dy; nh ch trn c ba vng: rng ni, nng thn ng bng v th, nh ch bng ba mi gip cng: qun s, chnh tr v binh vn, kt hp ba th qun: b i ch lc, b i a phng vi chin tranh ca cc binh on ch lc, kt hp nh ln, nh va v nh nh, thc hin lm ch tiu dit ch, tiu dit ch lm ch; nm vng phng chm chin lc nh lu di, ng thi bit to thi c m nhng cuc tin cng chin lc lm thay i cc din chin tranh, tin ln thc hin tng tin cng v ni dy ng lot, bp qun ch, ginh thng li cui cng. Trong cuc khng chin chng M, cu nc, ng ta k tha ti nh gic y mu lc ca t tin, ng thi pht huy kinh nghim phong ph ca cuc Cch mng Thng Tm v cuc khng chin chng Php. Di s lnh o ca ng, nhn dn ta nh gic M bng mi phng tin v v kh c trong tay, t v kh th s n v kh hin i, nh gic vi kh th c nc ln ng, ton qun ra trn. l ng li chin tranh nhn dn c pht trin n mt nh cao mi. Tt c nhng hnh thc, phng php u tranh trn y l mt th thng nht, c quan h hu c vi nhau, to thnh chin lc tng hp v ngh thut qun s ca chin tranh cch mng Vit Nam. Ba l, s ch o chin lc ng n ca Trung ng ng v cng tc t chc chin u ti gii ca ng qua cc cp b ng v cc cp ch huy qun i. Trong qu trnh lnh o cch mng min Nam v chin tranh chng M, cu nc, Trung ng ng ta lun lun theo di m mu ca ch, nh gi ng so snh lc lng, ra nhng ch trng ch o chnh xc, sc bn, linh hot, kp thi, nhm nh bi tng bc m mu v hnh ng ca ch, to iu kin tin ln ginh thng li cui cng. Song, ng trc mt cuc chin tranh m quc M va nh, va thm d, va th nghim cc chin lc, chin thut, mt cuc chin tranh leo thang tng bc khng c tin l trong lch s, th vic tm hiu v ch v v ta l c mt qu trnh. Phi thng qua thc t chin u vi nhng din bin c th trong cuc sc trn chin trng m nhn thc ca ta ngy cng su sc, r rng hn. Mt trong nhng bi hc v ch o chin lc m ng ta rt ra c l trn c s phng hng chin lc ng, hy lm i ri thc tin s cho php ta hiu r s vt hn na1. Bn l, ng ta ht sc coi trng cng tc xy dng ng, xy dng lc lng cch mng min Nam v t chc xy dng lc lng chin u trong c nc.

Lc lng cch mng l cc ng b min Nam c ti luyn thnh cc b tham mu dy dn trn tin tuyn ln, l khi lin minh cng - nng c ng dy cng xy p trong sut qu trnh cch mng dn tc dn ch, l i qun chnh tr qun chng v lc lng v trang nhn dn, hai lc lng c bn hng hu trong chin tranh cch mng, l Mt trn Dn tc gii phng min Nam Vit Nam cng vi Chnh ph Cch mng lm thi Cng ho min Nam Vit Nam ng vin, tp hp ngy cng rng ri, ng o cc tng lp nhn dn, khng phn bit giai cp, tn gio, dn tc vo cuc khng chin, cu nc; ng thi tranh th c s ng tnh ng h ngy cng to ln ca nhn dn v chnh ph nhiu nc yu ha bnh v cng l trn th gii. hng

minh thng li ca cuc khng chin chng M l thng li ca hai chin lc CM Chng minh thng li ca cuc khng chin chng M l thng li ca hai chin lc cch mng
Nm 1958 thc dn Php bt u xm lc Vit nam. Cui th k XIX Php p t ch cai tr trc tip ng thi vn duy tr ch phong kin lm ch da cho s thng tr ca chng. Vit nam t mt nc phong kin c lp tr thnh mt nc thuc a na phong kin. Chnh sch thng tr v chnh tr, n dich v vn ha cng vi cc chng trnh khai thc thuc a lm cho s mu thun gia dn tc vit nam, cc tng lp nhn dn lao ng nc ta vi thc dn Php pht trin gay gt. Cc phong tro yu nc chng thc dn Php lin tc n ra trn c nc. S tht bi ca phong tro Cn vng chm dt thi k u tranh chng xm lc theo h t tng phong kin. Phong tro nng dn ca c Hong Hoa Thm v phong tro yu nc theo t tng dn ch t sn ca c Phan bi Chu, Phan chu Trinh din ra si ni nhng cui cng cng tht bi. Trong lc cc phong tro cu nc b tc, nm 1911 ngi thanh nin yu nc Nguyn i Quc(lc i hc tn l Nguyn tt Thnh) ri t quc ra i tm ng cu nc gii phng dn tc. Sau khi i nghin cu, tm hiu cc cuc u tranh ca nhiu dn tc b p bc trn th gii, tm hiu x hi t bn, ngi tr li Php. Nguyn i Quc c c bn "S tho ln th nht nhng lun cng v cc vn dn tc v thuc a" ca Lnin v tm thy trong t tng ca Lnin con ng gii phng ng n v trit cho dn tc Vit nam. Con ng cu nc m Ngi khng nh l gii phng dn tc vi gii phng x hi, gii phng giai cp v con ngi. Nm 1930 , di s ch tr ca lnh t Nguyn i Quc ng cng sn Vit nam ra i. Ch ngha Mc-Lnin kt hp vi phong tro cng nhn v phong tro yu nc ng cng sn Vit nam ra i l sn phm u tin, l hin thn quan trng nht ca s kt hp c lp dn tc vi ch ngha x hi. Cng lnh u tin ca ng xc nh r mc tiu chin lc ca cch mng l " ch trng lm t sn dn quyn cch mng v th a cch mng i ti x hi Cng sn". Di s lnh o ti tnh ca ng v H ch tch tng khi ngha thng tm thnh cng v nc Vit nam dn ch cng ha ra i. Theo tha thun ti Hi ngh Pt am pha nam v tuyn 16, qun i thc dn Anh ko vo vi danh nghi l gii gip qun Nht. Thc dn Php da vo qun Anh vi s hu thun ca M tr li xm lc ng dng. Ngy 19 thng 12 nm 1946 thay mt ng v Chnh ph, H ch tch ra li ku gi ton

quc khng chin. Hng ng li ku gi khng chin nhn dn Vit nam nht t ng ln. Sau 9 nm khng chin anh dng nhn dn ta lm nn mt in bin chn ng a cu. Hip nh Geneve v lp li ha bnh ng dng c k kt, kt thc thng li v vang ca cuc khng chin chng thc dn Php ca nhn dn ta. Sau Hip nh Ginev 1954, t nc ta tm thi chia lm hai min. Min bc c hon ton gii phng, nhn dn bt tay vo khi phc kinh t, vn ha, xy dng ch ngha x hi. Min Nam tip tc s nghip cch mng dn tc dn ch nhn dn hon thnh gii phng dn tc thng nht t quc. min Bc, tin hnh khi phc kinh t trng tm l kinh t nng nghip, ng thi tin hnh ci cch rung t, xa b quan h bc lt phong kin, em li quyn lm ch cho nng dn nng thn. Sau khi thu oc nhng kt qu quan trng trong khi phc kinh t, Hi ngh trung ng ln th 14 vch ra k hoch 3 nm ci to x hi ch ngha v pht trin kinh t vn ha. Nhng nm 1958-1960, nn kinh t min Bc c nhng chuyn bin ng k, vn ha, gio dc, y t c pht trin, lm thay i mt bc din mo min Bc. min Nam, ng lnh o nhn dn u tranh i chnh quyn Si gn thi hnh nghim chnh Hip nh Ginev v gi gn lc lng trc s khng b tn bo ca k th. Trn c s tng kt thc tin min Nam ng ch L Dun son tho " cng cch mng min Nam". Thng 1/1959 BCHTW ra ngh quyt 15 khng nh con ng pht trin c bn ca cch mng vit nam min Nam l khi ngha ginh chnh quyn v tay nhn dn. Nm 1960, i hi i biu ton quc ln III ca ng hon chnh ng li cch mng Vit nam. Nhim v c bn ca cch mng min Nam l gii phng min Nam khi ch thng tr ca quc v phong kin, thc hin c lp dn tc v ngi cy c rung, gp phn xy dng mt nc Vit nam ha bnh, thng nht c lp, dn ch v giu mnh. Min bc bt tay vo vic thc hin k hoch 5 nm ln th nht. Trong 5 nm t 1961-1965 min bc t c nhiu thnh tu quan trng: quan h sn xut mi tip tc c cng c, c s vt cht c tng cng, bc u c s tm ti ci tin cung cch lm n qua cc cuc vn ng "ba xy, ba chng" v ci tin qun l hp tc x, ci tin k thut. gio dc, vn ha, y t pht trin mnh m. min Nam, ch trng ca ng l nng dn mc u tranh v trang. Di ngn c on kt cu nc ca Mt trn dn tc gii phng min Nam do ng lnh o, phong tro cch mng min Nam c gi vng v pht trin mnh m, nh bi chin lc "chin tranh c bit" ca quc M. Trc s ph sn ca chin tranh c bit buc quc M phi chuyn sang " chin tranh cc b" min Nam v gy chin tranh ph hoi ra min Bc. Ch tch HCM ku gi ng bo v chin s c nc nu cao ch quyt tm nh thng gic M xm lc vi tinh thn :"Khng c g qu hn c lp t do". Vi cuc tng tn cng v ni dy tt Mu thn 1968 buc M xung thang chin tranh, chm dt nm bom min Bc,

chp nhn ngi vo bn m phn Paris, tuyn b "phi M ha" chin tranh. Cui nm 1968, min Bc tin hnh khc phc hu qu chin tranh ph hoi ca quc M, khi phc v pht trin mt bc nn kinh t quc dn n nh i sng nhn dn v chi vin cho min Nam. Sau tng tin cng nm 1968, cch mng min Nam tip tc m cc cuc tin cng qun s to th cho m phn Paris. Thng li trong vic bo v min Bc trc cuc chin tranh ph hoi bng khng qun ln th hai ca M v c bit l chin thng trong trn in bin Ph trn khng trong 12 ngy m cui nm 1972, buc quc M phi k Hip nh Paris v chm dt chin tranh lp li ha bnh Vit nam vo ngy 27/1/1973. Sau Hip nh Paris, min Bc tin hnh khi phc kinh t nhm m bo i sng ca nhn dn min Bc v chi vin c hiu qu v sc ngi, sc ca cho cch mng min Nam. min Nam, qun v dn tip tc s dng bo lc cch mng, gi vng th tin cng, y ch Si gn vo th b ng lng tng. Cuc tng tin cng ni dy ma xun 1975 c m u bng chin thng Bun ma thuc v kt thc bng chin dich H ch Minh lch s. Ngy 30/4/1975 Si gn c gii phng. Cuc khng chin chng M cu nc thng li, kt thc 30 nm chin tranh gii phng dn tc, chm dt vnh vin ch thng tr ko di hn mt th k ca ch ngha thc dn trn t nc ta, hon thnh cuc cch mng dn tc dn ch nhn dn trn c nc, bo v v pht trin nhng thnh tu ca cch mng XHCN min Bc, hon thnh thng nht t nc. l thng li ca s kt hp ti tnh ca ng trong vic lnh o thc hin hai chin lc cch mng c lp dn tc v ch ngha x hi m Cng lnh cch mng u tin ca ng xc nh. c bit giai on 1954-1975 l giai on m cch mng Vit nam ang ng trc tnh th th thch gay go cha tng c. t nc tm thi chia lm hai min vi hai ch chnh tr khc nhau. K th trc tip ca c lp dn tc v ch ngha x hi l quc M v tay sai. y khng ch l k th ca nhn dn Vit nam m cn l k th ca nhn dn th gii. Cuc chin u trong tnh th so snh lc lng chnh lch nhau qu xa ny khng ai hnh dung ni Vit nam dm trc tip ng u v chin thng. y l cuc sc gia c lp dn tc v ch ngha x hi vi ch ngha quc hin i, l cuc sc c quan h cht ch n i sng chnh tr ton th gii trong iu kin c s tc ng tiu cc ca ch ngha c hi, ch ngha xt li trong phong tro cng sn quc t. Kin tr mc tiu c lp dn tc v ch ngha x hi, kin tr kt hp ch ngha yu nc Vit nam vi ch ngha Mc-Lnin, vt ln sc p ca tt c nhng quan im sai lm v phn ng, pht huy nng lc t duy c lp v sng to, ng ta xc nh thnh cng ng li chung ca cch mng c nc, cch mng ca mi min. Tuy xc nh chin lc cch mng ca mi min khc nhau, nhng min no cng bao gm hai mc tiu c lp dn tc v ch ngha x hi kt hp vi nhau.

 min Nam mc tiu c lp dn tc c th hin trc tip v nng bng, mc tiu ch ngha x hi cng l nh hng, l l tng nhng khng thun ty dng t tng, chnh tr nh giai on cch mng trc. V c min bc x hi ch ngha tc ng trc tip vi ton b sc mnh vt cht v tinh thn ang c to ra. Cho nn min Nam chin u cn bo v ch XHCN min Bc. Sc mnh ca min Nam l sc mnh kt hp c lp dn tc v ch ngha x hi ca c nc, sc mnh y ln hn nhiu so vi thi k chng Php. min Bc mc tiu CNXH tr thnh trc tip t nm 1954, mc tiu c lp dn tc c t ra di dng va chin u bo v min Bc, va dc sc chi vin min Nam. S kt hp cc mc tiu ny l ng lc ln thc y min Bc xy dng CNXH. Trn ton b quc gia dn tc th chng M cu nc l nhim v hng u, mc tiu c lp dn tc l bc xc, mc tiu ch ngha x hi va l hin thc min Bc, nhng trc ht l phc v s nghip gii phng dn tc. Cch mng hai min phi ng thi y mnh v quan h khng kht vi nhau, trong v tr mi min c xc nh l phng thc kt hp c lp dn tc vi ch ngha x hi sinh ng nht ca thi i. Mc tiu cch mng Vit nam l ha bnh, thng nht c lp dn ch v ch ngha x hi hon ton ph hp vi mc tiu ca thi i l ha bnh c lp dn tc v tin b x hi. V vy, cuc khng chin ca nhn dn Vit nam chng quc M xm lc v tay sai khng ch v li ch ca dn tc mnh, m cn gp phn tch cc bo v ha bnh trn th gii. Vit nam tr thnh lng tm ca thi i, ngn c u ca nhn o v chnh ngha. Yu t giai cp, dn tc, quc t lc ny kt hp vi nhau cht ch, phong ph, nng ln trnh v quy m mi. Nh , Vit nam c sc mnh nh thng tn quc khng l to nn huyn thoi ca th k XX. Thng li ca thi k ny th hin r nhn thc v thc hin mc tiu c lp dn tc v ch ngha x hi, gii quyt quan h dn tc v giai cp ca ng ta nng ln nc thang mi. Kin tr kt hp c lp dn tc v ch ngha x hi trong iu kin phc tp v cc k kh khn, ng ta gii quyt thnh cng trn tt c cc lnh vc ca cch mng Vit nam, t nhn thc l lun, t tng n xc nh ng li chnh tr v t chc thc hin ng li. C th ni y l thi k trng thnh vt bc ca ng ta trong bo v v pht trin l lun cch mng. im ta ca s nhy vt y l lun gi vng mc tiu c lp dn tc v ch ngha x hi. V vy, ngh quyt i hi i biu ton quc ln IV khng nh" Thng li ca cuc khng chin chng M cu nc l thng li ca hai chin lc cch mng c tin hnh ng thi v kt hp cht ch vi nhau". y khng ch l bi hc kinh nghim cho thi k chng M cu nc giai on 1954 - 1975 m bi hc kinh nghim ny vn cn c gi tr trong cng cuc i mi ca cch mng Vit nam hin nay.