ĐỒ ÁN TỐT NGHIỆP

Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 1 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

NHN XT CA GIO VIN HNG DN
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NHN XT CA GIO VIN PHN BIN
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CHNG I : TNG QUAN V K THUT SY
1.1 Khi nim qu trnh sy
1.1.1 Khi nim
1.1.2 Phn loi phng php sy
1.1.3 Mc ch ca qu trnh sy
1.1.4 Nhng bin i c bn ca qu trnh sy
1.1.4.1 Cc dng dch chuyn v th dch chuyn m trong vt keo
1.1.4.2 Cc dng dch chuyn v th dch chuyn m trong vt xp mao dn
1.1.4.3 Cc dng dch chuyn m trong vt keo xp mao dn
1.1.4.4 Dch chuyn m i lu trong vt liu sy
1.2 C cht thot m ra khi vt liu sy
1.2.1 Qua trnh khuch tn ngoi
1.2.2Qu trnh khuch tn ni
1.2.3 Mi quan h gia qu trnh khuch tn ngoi v qu trnh khuch tn ni
1.3 Cc giai on trong qu trnh sy
1.3.1 Giai on nung nng vt liu
1.3.2 Giai on sy ng tc
1.3.3 Giai on sy gim tc
1.4 Cc phng php v thit b sy
1.4.1 Cc phng php sy

1.4.2 Thit b sy
1.5 Tng quan v sy nhit thp
1.5.1 Gii thiu cc phng php sy lanh
1.5.2 Nguyn l lm vic ca h thng sy lnh
1.6 Cc thit b trong h thng sy lnh
1.7 Mt s kt qu nghin cu v sy lnh ca cc tc gi trong v ngoi nc
1.7.1 Cc tc gi trong nc
1.7.2 Cc tc gi nc ngoi
1.8 So snh phng php sy lnh vi phng php sy nng nh my
1.9 nh gi v kt lun
CHNG II : TM HIU V CNG NGH SY HNH L
2.1 Vt liu sy v tnh l ha ca vt liu sy
2.1.1 S cng ngh sy rau qu
2.1.2 nh hng ca qu trnh sy n cht lng sn phm
2.3 Cc c tnh ha l ca mt s rau qu giu vitamin ng dng phng php sy lnh
2.4 L thuyt sy rau qu
2.5 Mt s phng php sy rau qu
2.6 La chn phng php sy lnh theo hng nghin cu ca ti
CHNG III : KHO ST THC TRNG V LA CHN PHNG PHP
SY
3.1 Kho st my sy ti nh my

3.2 Nhim v thit k
3.3 Chn phng n thit k
3.4 Chon tc nhn sy v nng sut sy
CHNG IV : TNH TON THIT K M HNH MY SY LNH S DNG
BM NHIT
4.1 Gii thiu bi ton thit k v m hnh thit k
4.2 Xy dng quy trnh cng ngh sy hnh
4.2.1. Gii thiu vt liu sy
4.2.1. Xy dng quy trnh cng ngh sy Hnh
4.3 Xc nh cc thng s u vo ca vt liu
4.4 Tnh ton l thuyt ch sy hi lu hon ton
4.4.1 Xc inh cc im nt trn th sy
4.4.2 Tnh ton tc sy v thi gian sy
4.4.3 Tnh ton nhit qu trnh
4.5 Tnh ton l thuyt ch sy thi b tc nhn
4.5.1. Xc nh cc thng s im nt trn th sy
4.5.2. Tnh ton nhit qu trnh
4.6. Xc nh kch thc bung sy
4.7. Cn bng nhit cho qu trnh
4.8. Tnh ton qu trnh sy thc ch hi lu hon ton
4.9. Tnh ton qu trnh sy thc ch thi b tc nhn

4.10. Kt lun v ch sy
4.11. Tnh ton thit k v la chn thit b ph tr
4.11.1. Cc thng s nhit ca mi cht lnh
4.11.2. Tnh ton chu trnh bm nhit
4.11.3. Tnh ton thit k cc thit b trao i nhit
4.11.3.1. Dn ngng
4.11.3.2. Dn bay hi
4.11.4. Tnh chn my nn
4.11.5. Tnh chn ng ng dn mi cht
4.11.5.1. ng ng y
4.11.5.2. ng ng ht
4.11.6. Thit b hi nhit
4.11.7. Tnh ton tr lc v chn qut
4.12 Trang b t ng ha cho h thng sy
4.12.1 Trang b in iu khin cho HTS
4.12.2 Chc nng
4.12.3 H thng iu khin
CHNG V : SO SNH MT S CH TIU CA HNH SY LNH VI
HNH SY TI NH MY
5.1 ng cong sy v ng cong tc sy
5.2 Cht lng cm quan

5.3 Kim nghim hm lng Vitamin C
5.4 Kh nng ht nc phc hi tr li ca sn phm
5.5 S b hch ton gi thnh sn phm
CHNG VI : KT LUN V NGH
6.1 Kt lun
6.2 ngh
TI LIU THAM KHO


Li cm n
Hc tp l mt qu trnh lu di, mi giai on ng mt vai tr quan trng trong
vic hnh thnh nhn cch, o c ca mi con ngi. T nhng ngy bc chn vo
ging ng i hc cho n lc hon thnh lun vn ny, em nhn c s quan
tm ch dn v gip tn tnh ca cc thy c. Qua qu trnh thc hin lun vn tt
nghip em xin by t long bit n chn thnh n:
- Ban gim hiu trng i hc Nha Trang.
- Tp th ging vin Khoa Cng ngh Nhit Lnh trng i hc Nha Trang.
- Qu thy c tn tnh ch dy chng ti trong thi gian hc tp ti trng.
- c bit, em xin chn thnh cm n Th.s L Nh Chnh trc tip theo di,
tn tnh hng dn em trong thi gian thc hin ti.
Tuy nhin, do hn ch v thi gian thc hin, ti khng trnh khi nhng thiu
st. Mong nhn c s ch bo ca qu thy c v gp ca cc bn.

Nha Trang, thng 3, nm 2012
Sinh vin thc hin ti

Bi Vn Vnh


TRNG I HC NHA TRANG CNG HA X HI CH NGHA
VIT NAM
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh c Lp- T Do- Hnh Phc
NHIM V N TT NGHIP
H v tn: Bi Vn Vnh MSSV: 50132067
Ngnh: Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh Nin Kha: 2008-2012
Tn ti: Kho st v tnh thit s nhit tng si s hnh ut
hu nng sut 100g/.
I/ Thng tin thc hin ti:
1- S liu cho trc: M hnh sy lnh ca khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh Trng
i Hc Nha Trang v kho st thc t h thng sy nng ti Cng Ty thy
sn Bc liu ( KCN. Sui Du )
II/ Ni dung ti:
1- Tm hiu cng ngh sy lnh, phng php sy, cc thit b trong h thng sy
lnh.
2- Tm hiu k thut sy lnh trn mt s thc phm v rau qu trong nc v th
gii.
3- Trnh by cc kt qu nghin cu v sy lnh trong nc v th gii t trc
n nay.
4- La chn vt liu sy lnh, xy dng quy trnh cng ngh v x l vt liu
trc sy v sau sy lnh.
5- L thuyt v sy rau qu v thc phm.
6- Tnh ton thit k m hnh my sy lnh s dng bm nhit.
6.1 Gii quyt bi ton sy lnh l thuyt v sy thc theo ch thi b tc
nhn.
6.2 Gii quyt bi ton sy lnh l thuyt v sy thc theo ch hi lu hon
ton kh thi.

7- Tnh ton thit k v la chn cc thit b ph tr cho h thng sy.
8- Kho nghim m hnh my sy lnh xc nh li cc thng s k thut ca m
hnh.
9- Xc nh mt s yu t chnh nh hng n cht lng sn phm sy lnh
hai ch sy
10- So snh cht lng ca sy lnh v sy nng ti nh my
11- Kt lun rt ra t thc nghim.
12- Hiu qu kinh t
Xy dng gi thnh 1kg rau sy
13- Cc bn v thit k
III/ Ngy giao nhim v: 01/03/2012
IV/ Ngy hon thnh nhim v: 10/06/201

Nha Trang, thng 3 nm 2012
Gio vin hng dn

THS. L Nh Chnh


Li m u
Vit Nam l mt nc nhit i c nhiu iu kin pht trin ngnh trng trt
v ch bin rau qu. Tuy nhin, t l tn tht sau thu hoch l rt ln 25-30% [20].
Nguyn nhn chnh l do cng ngh ch bin v bo qun ca chng ta cn lc hu nn
lm cho rau qu ca Vit Nam c gi tr thp trong th trng trong nc cng nh
xut khu, iu ny nh hng trc tip n i sng ca ngi nng dn, v vy vic
nghin cu a ra cc quy trnh cng ngh cng nh ng dng trin khai chuyn giao
cc kt qu nghin cu, cc quy trnh cng ngh bo qun, ch bin rau qu, ng vai
tr ht sc quan trng trong chin lc pht trin ngnh rau qu.
Rau qu hin nay ch yu c s dng dng ti, nh bit rau qu l loi
sn phm c tnh thi v, thi gian thu hoch ngn, kh nng vn chuyn v bo qun
hn ch, trong khi k thut bo qun rau qu ti vn ch da vo cc kinh nghin c
truyn, mang tnh th cng chp v. Cng ngh sy ng dng trong ch bin rau qu
kh c tin hnh t kh lu nhng cho n nay vn bc l nhiu hn ch v cng
ngh cha khc phc c cht lng u ra ca sn phm, cha p ng c cc yu
cu v c tnh ha l, mi, mu, thnh phn dinh dng nn kh p ng cho nhu cu
tiu th v xut khu trong v ngoi nc. Vic u t nghin cu mt quy trnh cng
ngh mi gii quyt nhng vn ny l thc s cn thit. Cng ngh sy lnh c
xem l mt cng ngh mi, ra i t yu cu cp thit .
u im ca cng ngh sy lnh l c th xy dng c tng quy trnh cng
ngh sy hp l i vi tng loi rau, c, qu. Sn phm sy gi c nguyn mu sc,
mi v, hn ch ti a tht thot dinh dng (khong 5%) [20], t tiu chun v sinh an
ton thc phm ca Vit Nam v cc ch tiu k thut, cht lng sn phm tng
ng mt s nc khc trn th gii.
Vic pht trin cng ngh sy lnh c nhiu thnh tu. Tuy nhin, c mt
quy trnh cng ngh hon chnh, ti u vi cc thng s ph hp nht i hi chng ta
phi tin hnh nghin cu su rng hn. c s phn cng ti Kho st v tnh
thit k my sy bm nhit tng si sy hnh l xut khu nng sut 100kgm thc
hin da trn c s tm hiu nhng nguyn l chung nht ca cng ngh sy lnh t

c th xy dng nn quy trnh sy i vi tng loi rau qu khc nhau. gii quyt
nhng vn , ti nghin cu nhng ni dung chnh sau:
Tm hiu v cng ngh sy lnh, phng php sy v cc thit b trong h
thng sy lnh.
Tm hiu k thut sy lnh trn mt s loi rau qu giu vitamin, xy dng quy
trnh sy lnh i vi Hnh l ct nh.
Tnh ton thit k m hnh my sy lnh s dng bm nhit ch sy hi
lu hon ton v ch thi b tc nhn.
Tnh ton thit k my sy lnh v la chn cc thit b ph tr.
Thc nghim nghin cu trn m hnh thc t.
So snh hiu qu ca h thng sy lnh vi sy nng nh my.
Vi nhng c tnh u vit, cng ngh sy lnh ha hn s l mt cng ngh tin
tin, cho lnh vc sy thc phm giu vitamin, c th p dng rng ri vi quy m ln
p ng c v vn li ch kinh t v bo v mi trng.


CHNG I
TNG QUAN V K THUT SY
1.1 Khi ni qu trnh s
1.1.1 Khi ni
Sy l qu trnh tch m (hi nc v nc) ra khi VLS, trong VLS nhn
nng lng m t trong lng VLS dch chuyn ra b mt v i vo mi trng tc
nhn sy (TNS). Qu trnh sy l qu trnh truyn nhit, truyn cht xy ra ng thi.
Trong lng VLS l qu trnh dn nhit v khuch tn m hn hp. Trao i nhit - m
gia b mt VLS vi TNS l qu trnh trao i nhit v trao i m i lu lin hp.
Qu trnh bn trong VLS ch yu chu nh hng ca dng lin kt m vi ct kh ca
vt liu, qu trnh b mt VLS ch yu chu nh hng ca c cu trao i nhit m
v cc thng s ca TNS cng nh VLS.
1.1.2 Phn oi phng php s
Ngi ta phn bit 2 phng php sy :
- Sy t nhin : Sy bng khng kh khng dc t nng, phng php ny thi
gian sy di, kh iu chnh qu trnh v m cui ca vt liu cn kh ln
nht l nhng quc gia c kh hu nhit i nh nc ta.
- Sy nhn to : L qu trnh sy c s cp nhit t bn ngoi, ngha l phi dng
n tc nhn sy c gia nhit nh khi nng, khng kh nng hoc hi
1.1.3 Mc ch ca qu trnh s
Sy khng ch l qu trnh cng ngh, trong cc tnh cht cng ngh lun lun
thay i. Tnh cht cng ngh ca vt liu gm: tnh cht ho l, tnh cht c kt cu,
tnh cht sinh ho.
Qu trnh sy nhm tng cng mt s c tnh cng ngh phc v nhiu mc
ch khc nhau. Khi sy sn phm gm th nhm mc ch lm bn ca n tng ln
tip tc gia cng; sy ht ging th phi lm t l v kh nng ny mm cao ln; sy

nng sn thc phm th gi c hng v, mu sc, nguyn t vi lng m tng c
thi gian bo qun, gim c gi thnh vn chuyn, gim c th tch kho bo
qun.
1.1.4 Nhng in i c n ca qu trnh s
nghin cu v cng ngh sy, trc ht cn nghin cu v cc dng lin kt
m, cc dng dch chuyn m v th dch chuyn m trong VLS nhm hiu r c ch
dch chuyn m v nh hng phng php tc ng tng cng hoc hn ch dng
dch chuyn m phc v cc yu cu cng ngh. Theo dng lin kt m vi ct kh ca
vt, VLS chia thnh 3 nhm : vt keo, vt xp mao dn v vt keo xp mao dn.
1.1.4.1 Cc dng dch chun v th dch chun trong vt eo
Lin kt m trong vt keo l lc hp th v lc khuch tn thm thu.
Do , mt dng m lng j
2k
t l thun vi gradient p sut thm thu
tt
p V . Vi
cha m thng thng ca vt trng n gii hn, p sut thm thu
( trng n ) l hm ca cha m M. Do ta c :
( ) M a M M / p D p D j
0 k 2 tt 2 p tt 2 p k 2
V = V c c = V = (1.1)
Vt keo l vt c cu trc mao mch phn t qu trnh khng ng nhit dch chuyn
m lng dng mng c dng : gradient
t k M k j
0
t
m 2 o m 2 m 2
V + V = (1.2)
Dng m lng dch chuyn s bng :
( ) t k M k a j j j
0
t
m 2 o m 2 k 2 m 2 k 2 2
V + V + = + = (1.3)
Dch chuyn m dng hi c xc nh gn ng bi qu trnh khuch tn phn t.
Mt dng phn t j
1
t l nghc vi gradient ca ( ) T / p
1
. Vi p
1
l p sut ca hi
m. Trong qu trnh on nhit p
1
l hm ca cha m v nhit nn dng j
1
s
bng :

t a M a j
0
t
ct 1 0 ct 1 1
V V = (1.4)
Dng dch chuyn m tng ( lng v hi ) xc nh theo M V v t V trong vt keo s
bng :
t a M a j j j
0
t
mk 0 mk 2 1
V V = + = (1.5)
Trong :
m 2 k 2 ct 1 mk
k a a a + + = (1.6)
t
m 2
t
ct 1
t
mk
k a a + = (1.7)
1.1.4.2 Cc dng dch chun v th dch chun trong vt p ao dn
Dch chuyn lng mao dn (Khuch tn mao dn) trong vt xp mao dn, c cc
mch ln (r > 10
-5
), gn lin vi lin kt c l. Trong vt xp cu trc a mao mch ,
dng m lng t l thun vi gradient th mao dn

: V =

k j
md 2
(1.8)
Th mao dn trong trng hp ng nhit t l thun vi cha m M. Trong
iu kin khng ng nhit, dng m lng khch tn mao dn j
2md
c xc nh :
t a M a k j
0
t
md 2 0 md 2 md 2
V V = V =

(1.9)
a
2md
v
t
md 2
a l h s khch tn lng mao dn v h s khch tn nhit ca lng mao
dn. Ga tr ca chng ph thuc vo sc cng b mt, gc dnh t, nht ca lng ,
bn knh mao dn.
Khi m ca vt vt gi tr ht m cc i th trong cc mao mch ln ca vt
xp cha y nc , dch chuyn lng lc ny l do chnh lch th mao dn. Khc vi
trng hp thm lng mao dn xy ra do vt tip xc trc tip vi cht lng (do p sut
thy tnh), th mao dn l khng ng nht, lng lng c ht vo c gii hn v

lng khng th in y ton b vt do b hn ch bi phn ct kh ca vt. Th mao
dn vi phn t mao mch bng :
|
|
.
|
\
|
o
=
2 1 2
r
1
r
1 2
(1.10)
Nh vy iu kin c th dch chuyn lng mao dn, gn vi s bay hi v ngng t
lng, l s khc bit bn knh ca mao mch, r
1
= r
2
.
Vi s tn ti ca qu trnh bay hi, dch chuyn hi m trong cc mao mch ln
(r > 10
-5
), c xc nh theo quy lut khch tn phn t. Cn vi cc mao mch nh
qu trnh ny xy ra theo quy lut chy trn. Ngoi ra, vi qu trnh bay hi lng trong
vt xp, cn tn ti dch chuyn m i lu v m c gi l khch tn trt (hay l
khch tn thy ng). Khi dng hi tng ng vi p sut tng p=const s gm dng
khch tn phn t j
1pt
, dng khch tn i lu j
1dl
=
k 1
v . v dng chy trn j
1ct
. p sut
bay hi p
1
l hm ca cha m v nhit , p
1
=f(M,t). Vy nn, dng dch chuyn
m c th th hin bng quan h :

t a M a j j j j
0
t
md 1 0 md 1 ct 1 dl 1 pt 1 1
V V = + + = (1.11)
Vy dng m tng dch chuyn trong xp mao dn l :
t a M a j j j
0
t
Mmd 0 Mmd 2 1
V V = + = (1.12)
Trong :
Mmd
a v
t
Mmd
a l h s khch tn m v h s khch tn nhit ca m mao dn,
vi :

md 2 md 1 Mmd
a a a + = (1.13)

t
md 2
t
md 1
t
Mmd
a a a + = (1.14)
Ngoi ra, cn c dch chuyn m lng v hi do lc thm mao dn (c nghin cu
trong l thuyt thm). Gi thit dng thm lng v hi c lp nhau, c th vit :

i
i
i
i i i
p
) ( k
v j V
e
= = i=1,2 (1.15)
1.1.4.3 Cc dng dch chun trong vt eo p ao dn
Qa trnh dch chuyn m trong vt keo xp mao dn c xc nh bng cc
hin tng dch chuyn khc nhau v c phn tch trong vt keo v vt mao dn
trn.
Nu b qua nh hng ca lc trng trng th s chuyn m trong VLS do cc
lc nhit ng khc nhau v cc lc nhit ng ny u l hm ca cha m M v
nhit t, do chng c th biu din qua t , M V V .
Dch chuyn m qua vt keo xp mao dn c xc nh bng cng thc :
) t M ( a t a M a j
0 M 0
t
M 0 M
V o + V = V V =
(1.16)
Trong :
M
a v
t
M
a l h s khch tn v h s khch tn nhit ca m, o l h s
khch tn nhit tng i,
t
M M
a / a = o .

mk Mmd
mk k Mmd md
t
mk
t
Mmd
t
M
mk Mmd M
a a
a a
a a a
a a a
+
o + o
= o
+ =
+ =
(1.17)
Cc h s khch tn m a
M
v o l hm ca cha m v nhit . c
trng cho s thay i ca h s a
M
vi cha m khc nhau c xc nh theo dng
lin kt m v dng dch chuyn m (lng v hi). Vi vt xp mao dn in hnh , h
s a
M
tng khi cha m tng, v vi cha m ln thi h s a
M
khng i. Nu qu
trnh l dch chuyn m lng th h s a
M
s tng hoc khng i ph thuc vo ng
cong phn b hang xp theo ng knh. H s a
M
ca cc vt liu c xc nh bng
thc nghim di dng bng s hoc cng thc.

1.1.4.4 Dch chun i u trong vt iu s
Trong qu trnh sy cng cao, nu nhit ca vt liu sy ln hn 100
O
C
th phn p sut hi nc bo ha p
1
s ln hn p sut khng kh ca TNS. Khi ,
dng dch chuyn m do khch tn trong vt xp c thay th bi dng dch chuyn
m i lu.
Gradient p sut tng ) p (V xut hin khi nhit ca vt liu sy ln hn
100
O
C, tuy nhin nu qu trnh c thc hin bng vic t nng bn trong (v d sy
cao tn) th ) p (V xut hin ngay c khi nhit b hn 100
O
C
S tn ti ca ) p (V gy nn dng dch chuyn m i lu ca hn hp
kh hi trong mi trng xp , nn khi tnh dng nhit dch chuyn m ( lng, hi )
tng qut cn b sung dng dch chuyn ny. Mt dng hi dch chuyn bi dng
ny l :
p k p k v j
p 10 1 1
V = V = = (1.18)
Vi = /
1 10
l nng tng i ca hi nc , k
p
l h s dng nng phn t :
) d 1 /( kd k k
10 p
+ = = (1.19)
Vi d l dung m ca khng kh.
Dng m tn ti gradient p sut tng bng :
p k t a M a j
p 0
t
M 0 M
V V V = (1.20)
Biu thc (1.20) cha k n dch chuyn lng di tc dng ca lc trong trng v
gradient p sut thy tnh ( dng lng qua mi trng xp ). Cng ca dng dch
chuyn m thm i lu ln hn nhiu ln dng dch chuyn m di tc ng ca lc
mao dn v khch tn. Qa trnh ny thng c nghin cu c lp vi qu trnh dch
chuyn m trong VLS.

1.2 C cht thot ra hi vt iu s
Mun lm kh phi t nguyn liu trong mi trng khng kh m, nc
dch chuyn vo mi trng khng kh, c s chnh lch vt cht ( th vt cht ). Hot
ca nc trong nguyn liu phi m bo di hot ng ca vi sinh vt hot ng.
Khi lm kh xy ra qu trnh nc tch ra khi vt liu : nc t b mt nguyn
liu dch chuyn vo mi trng kh. y l iu kin kin quyt qu trnh lm kh
xy ra. Ngoi ra lm kh phi c qu trnh dch chuyn m t cc lp pha trong i ra
cc lp b mt. s dch chuyn m t trong ra ngoi hnh thnh khi m v nc t trung
tm nguyn liu dch chuyn ra b mt v lp xung quanh m bo m lp trung
tm bng cc lp xung quanh.
Qu trnh thot m ra khi vt liu trong qu trnh sy c chia lm 2 giai on:
1.2.1 Qua trnh khuch tn ngoi
L qu trnh dch chuyn m t lp b mt ca vt liu sy vo mi trng khng
kh xung quanh. ng lc ca qu trnh ny l do chnh lch p sut hi trn b mt ca
vt m v p sut ring phn hi nc trong mi trng khng kh.
Lng nc bay hi :
(
)
Hoc (
) (1.21)
Trong : P
s
: p sut ring phn hi nc trn b mt
P
h
: p sut ring phn khng kh
k : H s bay hi
F : Din tch b mt bay hi

: Gradient m

Lng bay hi trn mt n v din tch t l thun vi gradient chnh lch m
gia nguyn liu v mi trng xung quanh.
S chnh lch xy ra : nc t b mt dch chuyn vo mi trng xung quanh
lm m lp khng kh tng ln, ng thi lm lng m trn b mt VLS gim i.
Gradient m gim , qu trnh bay hi chm li. Nu m b mt cn bng
vi mi trng khng kh th qu trnh ngng bay hi, nhng m ca hai lp khng
kh k tip chnh lch nn hm m ca khng kh th nht khch tn sang lp th hai v
m t trong VLS khch tn sang lp khng kh th nht.
Gradient m ph thuc vo tnh cht ca mi trng lm kh : nhit , p
sut , s lun chuyn ca khng kh v ph thuc vo b mt nguyn liu : nhn,
hnh dng, kch thc b mt.
1.2.2 Qu trnh huch tn ni
L qu trnh dch chuyn m t lp bn trong ra lp b mt ca vt m. ng lc
ca qu trnh ny l do chnh lch nng m gia cc lp bn trong v cc lp b mt,
ngoi ra qu trnh khch tn ni cn xy ra do chnh lch nhit gia cc lp bn
trong v cc lp b mt.
(
) (1.22)
Trong : D : H s khch tn ni
F : Din tch khch tn

: Gradient m
H s khch tn ni (D) ph thuc ch yu v thnh phn, tnh cht nguyn liu,
gin tip ph thuc vo yu t mi trng.
Qua nghin cu ta thy rng m dch chuyn t ni c nhit cao n ni c
nhit thp. V vy, ty theo phng php sy v thit b sy m dng m dch chuyn

di tc dng ca nng m v dng m dch chuyn di tc dng ca nhit c
th cng chiu hoc ngc chiu vi nhau.
Nu hai dng m dch chuyn cng chiu vi nhau s lm thc y qu trnh
thot m , rt ngn thi gian sy. Nu 2 dng m dch chuyn ngc chiu nhau s km
hm s thot m, ko di thi gian sy.
1.2.3 Mi quan h gia qu trnh huch tn ngoi v qu trnh huch tn ni
Khch tn ni v khch tn ngoi c mi quan h cht ch vi nhau, qu trnh
khch tn ngoi l qu trnh khi u v quyt nh n giai on u ca qu trnh sy
v qu trnh khch tn ni l ng lc ca qu trnh khch tn ngoi. Tc l qu trnh
khch tn ngoi c tin hnh th qu trnh khch tn ni mi c tip tc v nh th
m ca nguyn liu mi c gim dn. Tuy nhin trong qu trnh sy ta phi lm
cho 2 qu trnh ny cn bng vi nhau, trnh trng hp khch tn ngoi ln hn qu
trnh khch tn ni. V khi s lm cho s bay hi trn b mt xy ra mnh lit lm
cho kh b mt, hn ch s thot m, khi xy ra hin tng phi khc phc bng
cch m ( sy gin on ) mc ch l thc y qu trnh khch tn ni.
1.3 Cc giai on trong qu trnh s
c im ca qu trnh sy i vi vt th c m tng i cao, nhit sy
v tc chuyn ng ca khng kh khng qu ln xy ra theo ba giai on l giai
on lm nng vt, giai on sy tc khng i, giai on tc sy gim dn. i
vi cc trng hp sy vi iu kin khc th qu trnh sy cng xy ra ba giai on
nhng cc giai on c th an xen kh phn bit hn.
1.3.1 Giai on nung nng vt iu
Giai on ny bt u t khi a vt vo bung sy tip xc vi khng kh nng
cho ti khi nhit vt t c bng nhit k c. Trong qu trnh sy ny ton b
vt c gia nhit. m lng trong vt c gia nhit cho n khi t c nhit si
ng vi phn p sut hi nc trong mi trng khng kh trong bung sy. Do c

lm nng nn m ca vt c gim cht t do bay hi m cn nhit ca vt th tng
dn cho n khi bng nhit k c. Tuy vy, s tng nhit trong qu trnh xy ra
khng u phn ngoi v phn trong vt. Vng trong vt t n nhit k c
chm hn. i vi vt d sy th giai on lm nng vt xy ra nhanh.
1.3.2 Giai on s ng tc
Kt thc giai on gia nhit, nhit vt bng nhit k c. Tip tc cung cp
nhit, m trong vt s ha hi cn nhit ca vt gi khng i nn nhit cung cp ch
lm ha hi nc. m s ha hi lp vt liu st b mt vt, m lng bn trong
vt s truyn ra ngoi b mt vt ha hi. Do nhit khng kh nng khng i,
nhit vt cng khng i nn chnh lch nhit gia vt v mi trng cng khng
i. iu ny lm cho tc gim ca cha m vt theo thi gian cng khng i,
c ngha l tc sy khng i.
Trong giai on ny bin thin ca cha m theo thi gian l tuyn tnh. m
c thot ra trong giai on ny l m t do. Khi m ca vt t n tr s ti hn
U
k
= U
cbmax
th giai on sy tc khng i chm dt. ng thi cng l chm dt
giai on thot m t do chuyn sang giai on sy tc gim.
1.3.3 Giai on s gi tc
Kt thc giai on sy tc khng i m t do bay hi ht, cn li trong vt
l m lin kt. Nng lng bay hi m lin kt ln hn m t do v cng tng ln khi
m ca vt cng nh. Do vy tc bay hi m trong giai on ny nh hn giai
on sy tc khng i c ngha l tc sy trong giai on ny nh hn v cng
gim i theo thi gian sy. Qu trnh sy cng tip din, m ca vt cng gim, tc
sy cng gim cho n khi m ca vt gim n bng m cn bng vi iu
kin mi trng khng kh m trong bung sy th qu trnh thot m ca vt ngng li,
c ngha tc sy bng khng.
1.4 Cc phng php v thit s

Sy c th c chia ra hai loi: sy t nhin v sy nhn to.
- Sy t nhin: qu trnh phi vt liu ngoi tri, khng c s dng thit b.
- Sy nhn to: cc phng php sy nhn to thc hin trong cc thit b sy.
C nhiu phng php sy nhn to khc nhau. Cn c vo phng php cung cp
nhit c th chia ra cc loi: sy i lu, sy bc x, sy tip xc, sy thng hoa, sy
bng in trng dng cao tn, sy in tr
1.4.1 Cc phng php s
1.4.1.1 Phi v s ng nng ng t tri
Sy bng cch phi nng (khng c s dng thit b sy) c s dng rng ri
nht trong ch bin nng sn
Trong cc phng php phc tp hn (sy bng nng lng mt tri), nng lng
mt tri c thu nhn gia nhit tc nhn sy hoc s dng nng lng mt tri sy
trc tip.
1.4.1.2 S i u
Nguyn l hot ng :
Khng kh nng hoc khi l c dng lm tc nhn sy c nhit , m, tc
ph hp, chuyn ng chy trm ln vt sy lm cho m trong vt sy bay hi ri i
theo tc nhn sy.
Khng kh c th chuyn ng cng chiu, ngc chiu hoc ct ngang dng
chuyn ng ca sn phm. Sy i lu c th thc hin theo m (gin on) hay lin
tc. Trn hnh v di l s nguyn l sy i lu bng khng kh nng.

1 Qut; 2 Caloriphe; 3 Bung sy
Hnh 1.1: S h thng sy i lu.
Sn phm sy c th ly ra khi bung sy theo m hoc lin tc tng ng vi
np vo. Caloriphe 2 t nng khng kh c th l loi caloriphe in, caloriphe hi
nc v.v...
Kt cu thc ca h thng rt a dng, ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh : ch
lm vic, dng vt sy, p sut lm vic, cch nung nng khng kh, chuyn ng ca
tc nhn sy, s lm vic, cu trc bung sy...
i vi qu trnh sy chi ph nng lng l yu t chnh nh hng n hiu qu
kinh t sn xut, v vy khi thit k, cn ch n cc bin php lm gim s tht thot
nhit, tit kim nng lng.
V d :
- Cch nhit bung sy v h thng ng dn.
- Tun hon kh thi qua bung sy
- S dng thit b trao i nhit thu hi nhit t khng kh thot ra un nng
khng kh hoc nguyn liu vo.
- S dng nhit trc tip t la t kh t nhin v t cc l t c c cu lm
gim nng kh oxit nit.
- Sy thnh nhiu giai on (v d: kt hp sy tng si vi sy thng hoc sy
phun kt hp vi sy tng si).
- C c trc nguyn liu lng n nng cht rn cao nht c th.

1.4.2 Thit s
1.4.2.1 M s thng qua
- Cu to: Gm thng hnh tr 1 t dc khong 6 8 so vi mt phng nm
ngang. C 2 vnh ai trt trn cc con ln ta 4 khi thng quay. Khong cch gia cc
con ln c th iu chnh c, thay i gc nghing ca thng. Thng quay c
nh lp cht trn thn thng, bnh rng 2 n khp vi bnh rng 3 ni vi mt thng
qua hp gim tc. Thng quay vi vn tc khong t 1 8 vng/pht. Bnh rng t ti
trng tm ca thng.
My sy thng quay lm vic p sut kh quyn. Tc nhn sy c th l khng
kh hay khi l. Thng th vt liu sy hay tc nhn sy chuyn ng cng chiu
trnh sy qu kh v tc nhn sy khi mang theo vt liu sy nhiu nh sy ngc
chiu. Vn tc ca khng kh hay khi l i trong thng khong 2 3 m/s.
Vt liu ut qua phu 10 ri vo thng u cao v c chuyn ng trong
thng nh nhng m chn 11. m chn va phn b u vt liu theo tit din thng,
va xo trn vt liu, va lm cho vt liu tip xc vi tc nhn sy tt hn. Vt liu
sy sau khi sy kh c a ra ca 6 nh vt ti 7 a ra ngoi. Cn khi l hay khng
kh thi ra c cho qua xyclon 8 gi li nhng ht vt liu b ko theo ri thi ra
ngoi tri qua ng khi. trnh cc kh thi chui qua cc khe h ca my sy, lm nh
hng n sc kho cng nhn, ngi ta t qut ht 5 b sung cho sc ht ca ng
khi v to p sut m trong my sy.
My sy thng quay c s dng rng ri trong cng nghip ho cht, thc phm
sy mt s ho cht, qung Pi-rt, phn m, ng cc ng
- u im:
+ Qa trnh sy u n v mnh lit, tip xc gia vt liu sy v tc nhn sy
tt.
+ Cng lm vic tnh theo lng m kh cao, c th ti 100 (kg/m
3
h)
+ Thit b cu to gn, chim mt bng nh.
- Nhc im: Vt liu d b v vn.

- Ch :
+ Nu sy bng khi l th dn khi l vo my bng ca 9.
+ ng knh thng quay thng c qui chun ( D = 1,2; 1,4; 1,6m t l gia
chiu di v ng knh thng khong : 3,5 7)

Hnh 1.2 : My sy thng quay
1.4.2.2 Thit s iu phun i (s phun)
a. Loi thp:
- Cu to: Gm c thp cao 5, nh thp c vi phun 3 c nh hoc quay. Dung
dch cha b 1 c nhit thch hp nh bm 2 bm ln nh thp v phun qua vi
thnh sng m.
- Sn phm ly ra y thp gin on hay lin tc.
- Thp c th cao n 60m.

Hnh 1.3: Thit b sy phun kiu thp.

em chan

. Loi thng:
- Cu to: Gm mt thng hnh tr 1 c y nn. Np trn c t mt 2 ni vi
u vi phun 3 c tc quay rt ln 2000 6000 vng/pht. Caloriphe si 4 t
nng khng kh. Sn phm thu hi xyclon 5, cn khng kh thi ra ngoi nh qut 6.

Hnh 1.4: Thit b sy phun kiu thng.
c. C ch ca qu trnh, cc phng php phun i v ng dng:
- C ch: Vic phun cht lng thnh bi m trong phng sy v qu trnh tin hnh
rt nhanh n mc cha kp t nng vt liu ln qu thi hn cho php th vt liu
kh. Sn phm thu c dng bt mn nn sau khng cn nghin tn na.
Cng sy tng t l thun vi s tng ca b mt tip xc gia VLS v TNS;
tc l ph thuc vo phn tn ca cht lng thnh bi.
Cc phng php phun bi:
+ Ly tm: Cho cht lng i vo mt da quay nhanh khong 2000 6000 v/pht,
c th phun huyn ph v cht lng nht thnh bi.
+ C kh: Nh vi phun, trong cht lng c y bng bm vi p lc 200 at.
- phun u v to tia nh, cc vi phun c c nhiu l nh vi ng knh 0,5
mm.
- Loi ny khng thun tin i vi dung dch huyn ph v cc dung dch nht.

+ Dng kh nn: Nh cc vi phun trong cht lng c y bng khng kh
nn vi p sut 2,5 6 at.
- Ch : Trong 3 loi trn, thng dng loi ly tm v n c hiu qu cao nht
nhng c nhc im l tiu hao nng lng nhiu nht.
- ng dng: My sy phun c dng sy cc dung dch nh : bt c ph, ca
cao, sa b,
1.4.2.3 Thit s tng si
- Cu to:

Hnh 1.5: Thit b sy tng si.
- Nguyn tc lm vic:
Qut 1 a khng kh vo trn vi khi l (hay khng kh + khi l) phng 2 ri
vo bn di phng sy 3, qua li phn phi 4 ri tin hnh sy vt liu.
Vt liu cho vo phu v nh vt ti 5 a vo pha trn bung sy. y chng
gp hn hp kh nng i t di ln v to thnh tng si. Vt liu kh c thi qua

tm chn 6 sang thng cha 7 ri ra ngoi. Cn nhng ht nh b dng kh cun theo s
c thu hi bi xyclon 8.
Tc nhn sy c th l khng kh, khi l hoc khng kh + khi l.
- u nhc im:
+ u im: Cng sy mnh lit, cho php sy nhit cao hn nhit cho
php v thi gian tip xc ngn. Hiu qu s dng nhit cao, c kh nng iu khin t
ng. Loi ny ang c s dng rng ri.
+ Nhc im: Khng sy c vt liu c m qu ln, cc to, d v.
+ Tr lc thu lc ln, thit b mau hao mn.
1.4.2.4 Mt s thit s hc
a. Thit s ng ng ti:
Gm mt phng hnh ch nht, trong c mt vi bng ti chuyn ng chm
nh cc tay quay. Cc bng ny ta trn cc con ln khi b vng xung, bng ny
lm bng si bng tm cao su, bng kim loi hay li kim loi v chuyn ng vi tc
khong 0,3 0.6 m/pht. Loi thit b ny c th dng sy rau qu, ng cc, than

- Cu to:

Hnh 1.6: Thit b sy bng bng ti.


b. Thit s ng h thi.

Hnh 1.7: Thit b sy bng kh thi.
- Dng sy vt liu dng ht nh hay tinh th.
- Vt liu vo my v c dng kh c tc 10 20 (m/s) cun theo ln ng
thng ng di t 10 20 (m/s). sau vo phng gim tc ri vo xyclon
thu hi sn phm.
- Thi gian sy rt ngn t 5 7 (s).
- u im: B mt tip xc kh ln, nn qu trnh sy rt mnh lit, thi gian sy
nhanh nn cho php sy nhit cao. Thit b cu to gn, n gin.
- Nhc im: Kh iu chnh qu trnh, tn nhiu nng lng.
c. S ng tia c .

Hnh 1.8: Thit b sy bng tia bc x.
- Nng lng bc x tia hng ngoi pht ra c th truyn cho vt liu mt lng
nhit ln v t c tc bay hi m cao hn so vi sy i lu v tip xc.
- Sy bc x thng dng sy b mt sn trong cng nghip ch to my, sy
hng dt, giy cht do, cc sn phm g, thc phm
d. S trc.
- C th gm mt hay hai trc. My sy c cng sy cao (c th 60 70
kg/m
2
h).
- Sy c cc vt liu nho, km bn vng nhit cao. Tit kim c nhin
liu v t mt nhit. Nhc im l m cui ca sn phm kh cao.
e. M s chn khng.
My sy lm vic chn khng c u im so vi my sy lm vic p sut kh
quyn l: sy c vt liu khng chu c nhit cao hay d b oxy ho, vt liu d
b bi hay vt liu thot ra dung mi qu cn thu hi v vt liu d n.


f. M s thng hoa:
Ngi ta sy vt liu trng thi ng bng trong mi trng chn khng cao 0,1
1 (mmHg). Mc ch l to s chnh lch nhit gia vt liu sy v ngun nhit
bn ngoi.
Ngi ta dng bm chn khng ht hi m v to chn khng. u im ca
loi my sy ny l sn phm thu c c cht lng cao. Vt liu sy khng b bin
cht, bo v vitamin nh lc ti.
g. Thit s iu thng ng:

Hnh 1.9: Thit b sy kiu thng ng.
- Gm mt thng hnh tr t c nh, bn trong c mt trc gn nhiu da quay v
khong cch gia cc da bng nhau. S lng da v tc quay ca da ph thuc vo
vo tnh cht ca vt liu v yu cu k thut. Trn thnh thng c gn nhng phu
hng vt liu. Qu trnh sy ngc chiu.
- Khng kh c qut chnh a qua caloriphe si ri vo thng sy t di ln.
Vt liu sy vo ca trn, ri xung da. Do da quay, vt liu vng ra thnh thng ri
li xung da di nh phu hng liu. C nh th, vt liu sy v tc nhn sy s tip

xc vi nhau khi ra khi my sy, vt liu kh t yu cu. Tc nhn sy c qut
ht ph a sang xyclon thu hi sn phm dng bi nh. thu hi trit sn
phm, ngi ta cho dng kh nng i vo thit b thu hi t trc khi ra ngoi.
- Vic b tr hai qut l cn thit m bo cho tc nhn sy thng c tr lc
v lu thng trong ton h thng.
- Thit b sy kiu thng ng tn t nng lng hn my sy thng quay v t
chim mt bng hn.
- Nhc im l vt liu d b v vn nhiu.
1.5 Tng quan v s nhit thp
1.5.1 Gii thiu cc phng php s anh
1.5.1.1 Lch s hnh thnh v pht trin ca nhit
Bm nhit c qu trnh pht trin lu di, bt u t khi Nicholas Carnot xut
nhng khi nim u tin. Mt dng nhit thng thng di chuyn t mt vng nng
n mt vng lnh, Carnot a ra lp lun rng mt thit b c th c s dng o
ngc qu trnh l bm nhit. u nhng nm 1850, Lord Kelvin pht trin cc l
thuyt v bm nhit bng lp lun, cc thit b lm lnh c th c s dng gia
nhit. Sn phm bm nhit u tin c bn vo nm 1952. T khi xy ra cuc khng
hong nng lng vo u thp k 70, bm nhit li bc vo mt bc tin nhy vt
mi. Hng lot bm nhit mi kch c cho cc ng dng khc nhau c nghin cu
ch to, hon thin v bn rng ri trn th trng. Ngy nay, bm nhit tr nn rt
quen thuc trong cc lnh vc iu ha khng kh, sy, ht m, un nc


Hnh 1.10 S nguyn l h thng bm nhit
1.5.1.2 Gii thiu cc phng php s nh
Trong phng php sy lnh, ngi ta ra chnh phn p sut hi nc gia
vt liu sy v tc nhn sy bng cch gim phn p sut trong tc nhn sy nh gim
lng cha m. phng php sy lnh, nhit b mt ngoi nh hn nhit bn
trong vt, ng thi do tip xc vi khng kh c m v phn p sut hi nc nh
nn lp b mt cng c phn p sut hi nc nh hn pha bn trong vt. Ni khc i,
y gradient nhit v gradient p sut c cng du nn gradient nhit khng km
hm qu trnh dch chuyn m nh khi sy nng m ngc li, n c tc dng tng
cng qu trnh dch chuyn m trong lng vt ra ngoi bay hi lm kh vt. Khi ,
m trong vt liu dch chuyn ra b mt v t b mt vo mi trng c th ln hn hay
nh hn nhit mi trng hoc cng c th nh hn 0
o
.
Qu trnh truyn nhit thc hin c thng qua s thay i pha lm vic ca mi
cht lnh. Mi cht lnh trong gin bay hi hp th nhit v bay hi nhit thp v
p sut thp. Khi hi mi cht lnh ngng t nhit cao, p sut cao ti dn ngng
t, n thi nhit p sut cao hn. Khi s dng trong qu trnh sy, h thng sy s
dng bm nhit lm lnh khng kh ca qu trnh n im bo ha, v sau ngng t
nc (kh m), do lm tng kh nng sy ca khng kh. Trong qu trnh ny ch

tun hon mc nhit thp (nhit hin v nhit n) t khng kh. Cu trc ca dn bay
hi v dn ngng t c b tr nh hnh v (hnh 1.11)

Hnh 1.11 Hai phng thc trao i nhit thng qua bung sy.

Hnh 1.12 S qu trnh sy theo hai phng thc trao i nhit

Trong trng hp th nht (hnh 1.11 a), my sy lnh hot ng va nh mt
my kh m va nh mt b gia nhit khng kh. Trong cch b tr th hai (hnh 1.11
b), dn bay hi c xen vo dng khng kh m trong khi khng kh sch li c a
ton b vo dn ngng t. Vic sp xp theo kiu ny, nhit n (cng vi mt lng ln

nhit hin) c hi lu bng cch kh m kh thi v truyn cho tc nhn sy qu trnh
thng qua dn ngng t. M hnh ny thch hp khi khng kh mi trng kh ( m
tng i thp), nhng n li khng kinh t, bi v dng kh thi tng t nh khng
kh bn trong. Trong c hai m hnh trn, kh thi t bung sy c th c hi lu li
i n dn bay hi ngha l khng kh c th tun hon ton b hay tng phn. Ta c
th qu trnh sy nh hnh 1.12 tng ng vi hai trng hp b tr trn hnh 1.11
1.5.2 Ngun vic ca h thng s nh
Khc vi phng php sy nng, trong phng php sy lnh, ngi ta to ra
chnh phn p sut hi nc gia vt liu sy v tc nhn sy bng cch gim phn p
sut trong tc nhn sy nh gim lng cha m. phng php sy lnh, nhit b
mt ngoi ca vt nh hn nhit bn trong vt, ng thi do tip xc vi khng kh
c m v phn p sut hi nc nh nn b mt cng c phn p sut hi nc nh
hn pha bn trong vt. Ni khc i, y gradient nhit v gradient p sut c cng
du nn gradient nhit khng km hm qu trnh dch chuyn m nh khi sy nng
m ngc li, n c tc dng tng cng qu trnh dch chuyn m trong lng vt ra
ngoi bay hi lm kh vt. Khi m trong vt liu dch chuyn ra b mt v t b
mt vo mi trng c th ln hn hoc nh hn nhit mi trng hoc cng c th
nh hn 0
o
C.

Hnh 1.13 S h thng sy lnh
1.6 Cc thit trong h thng s nh
Bm nhit l mt thit b dng bm mt dng nhit t mc nhit thp ln mc
nhit cao hn, ph hp vi nhu cu cp nhit. My lnh cng l mt loi bm nhit
v c chung mt nguyn l hot ng, cc thit b ca chng v c bn l ging nhau.
ch phn bit my lnh vi bm nhit mc ch s dng. My lnh gn vi vic s
dng ngun lnh thit b bay hi cn bm nhit gn vi vic s dng ngun nhit
thit b ngng t. Do s dng ngun nhit nn bm nhit hot ng cp nhit cao hn.
a) Mi cht v cp i cht
Mi cht v cp mi cht ca bm nhit c yu cu nh my lnh. Mt vi yu cu
c bit hn xut pht t nhit si v ngng t cao hn, gn ging nh ch nhit
cao ca iu ha khng kh, ngha l cho n nay ngi ta vn s dng cc loi mi
cht nh: R12, R22, R502 v MR cho my tuabin. Gn y ngi ta ch n vic s
dng cc mi cht mi cho bm nhit nhm nng cao nhit dn ngng nh: R22,
R113, R114, R12B1, R142


) M nn nh
Cng nh my nn lnh, my nn l b phn quan trng nht ca bm nhit. Tt c
cc dng my nn ca my lnh u c ng dng trong bm nhit. c bit quan
trng l my nn piston trt, my nn trc vt v my nn tuabin. Mt my nn bm
nhit cn phi chc chn, tui th cao, chy m v cn phi c hiu sut cao trong iu
kin thiu hoc ti.
c) Cc thit trao i nhit
Cc thit b trao i nhit c bn trong bm nhit l thit b bay hi v thit b
ngng t. My lnh hp th c thm thit b sinh hi v hp th. Ging nh my lnh,
thit b ngng t v bay hi ca bm nhit cng bao gm cc dng: ng chm, ng lng
ngc dng, ng ng v ng kiu tm. Cc phng php tnh ton cng ging nh cc
ch iu ho nhit .
d) Thit ph ca nhit
Tt c cc thit b ph ca bm nhit ging nh thit b ph ca my lnh. Xut pht
t yu cu nhit cao hn nn i hi v tin cy, cng ngh gia cng thit b cao
hn. y cng l vn t ra i vi du bi trn v m kn cc loi trong h thng.
Do bm nhit phi hot ng ch p sut v nhit gn st vi gii hn ti a
nn cc thit b t ng rt cn thit v phi hot ng vi tin cy cao phng nga
h hng cc thit b khi ch lm vic vt qu gii hn cho php. i vi van tit
lu, bm nhit c ch lm vic khc my lnh nn cng cn c van tit lu ph hp.
e) Thit ngoi vi ca nhit
Thit b ngoi vi ca bm nhit l nhng thit b h tr cho bm nhit ph hp vi
tng phng n s dng ca n. Thit b ngoi vi ca bm nhit gm mt s loi sau:
Cc phng n ng lc ca my nn nh: ng c in, ng c gas, ng c
diesel hoc ng c givv
Cc phng n s dng nhit thu dn ngng t. Nu l si m th c th s
dng dn ngng trc tip hoc gin tip qua mt vng tun hon cht ti nhit, c

th s dng sy, nu n, ht mMi phng n i hi nhng thit b h tr
khc nhau.
Cc phng n cp nhit cho dn bay hi. Trng hp s dng dn lnh ng
thi vi nng th pha dn bay hi c th l bung lnh hoc cht ti lnh. Ngoi ra
cng c th s dng dn bay hi t ngoi khng kh, dn bay hi s dng nc
ging l mi trng cp nhit. Cng c nhng phng n nh dn bay hi t
di nc, t di t hoc s dng nng lng mt tri.
Cc thit b iu khin, kim tra t ng s hot ng ca bm nhit v cc thit
b h tr. y l nhng thit b t ng iu khin cc thit b ph tr ngoi bm
nhit ph hp vi hot ng ca bm nhit
1.7 Mt s t qu nghin cu v s nh ca cc tc gi trong v ngoi nc
Vic s dng bm nhit trong cng nghip cng nh dn dng sy, si, ht
m, iu ha khng kh, c nghin cu v ng dng rt nhiu trn th gii. Sau
y l tng quan mt s cng trnh nghin cu :
1.7.1 Cc tc gi trong nc
Tc gi Phm Vn Ty v cc cng s tin hnh nghin cu v ng dng
thnh cng h thng bm nhit sy lnh ko Jelly, ko Chew, Caramel, ko Cng
ti cng ty bnh ko Hi H [19].
Nm 1997, 1998 cc tc gi thit k ln lt hai h thng lnh theo nguyn l bm
nhit nhit thp kiu mun. sy ko Jelly vi nng sut 1100 kg/ngy v 1400
kg/ngy hin nay vn cn c s dng cho phng sy lnh s 2 v s 3 Nh my thc
phm Vit Tr - Cng ty c phn bnh ko Hi H. Thng s nhit khng kh bung
sy 22-28
0
C, m 30-40%. S nguyn l h thng nh hnh 1.14

Hnh 1.14 S nguyn l h thng bm nhit kiu mun
Mt h thng my ht m h tr cho dy chuyn sn xut ko Caramem ca
Cng Ha Lin Bang c ci to t my iu ha khng kh c cho phn xng ko
caramem v h thng bm nhit ht m cng sut lnh 120.000 Btu/h s dng 4 my
lnh Trane TTK 530 cng sut mi my l 30.000 Btu/h hin nay ang s dng cho
phng bao gi ko cng thuc X nghip Cng ty CP Bnh ko Hi H c lp t
t nm 1999. Qua thc t s dng, thy rng ngoi u im r tin (gim khong 50%
vn u t) v tit kim nng lng (in nng tiu th gim gn 50%) so vi phng
n dng my ht m, cc h thng ht m v sy lnh ny hot ng n nh, lin tc v
gim chi ph bo dng. Tuy nhin, n cn c nhc im l cng knh, s dng nhiu
qut v ng c xen k, trong h thng nhiu bi bt nn phi bo dng ng c li
phi thc hin trong khng gian hp, kh thao tc.
khc phc nhng nhc im trn nm 2005 nhm tc gi thit k ch to
my sy lnh cho phng sy lnh s 1 theo nguyn l bm nhit kiu nguyn khi BK-
BSH18A. So vi cng ngh dng cc bm nhit kiu m un th BK-BSH18A c thit
b x l khng kh c ch to dng t hp gn c th t ngoi nh, trong nh hay
trong bung sy v tc khng kh c th thay i ph hp vi yu cu ca vt liu
sy khc nhau.

Vic s dng bm nhit nhit thp ht m v sy lnh c nhiu u im v
rt c kh nng ng dng rng ri trong iu kin kh hu nng m ph hp vi thc t
ti Vit Nam, mang li hiu qu kinh t - k thut ng k. Bm nhit sy lnh c bit
ph hp vi nhng sn phm cn gi trng thi, mu, mi, cht dinh dng v khng
cho php sy nhit cao, tc gi ln. Cc h thng ht m v c bit l cc h
thng sy lnh c cu trc lun thay i ph thuc vo c tnh ca vt liu sy, cu
trc ca dn lnh s dng, nn khng c mt cu trc chung cho tt c cc i tng
sy, tuy nhin vn c chung nguyn tc v phng php tnh ton thit k. Do , cn
phi tip tc nhng nghin cu c bn, y v cc qu trnh, cc gii hn k thut v
cc vn t ng iu chnh khng ch lin hon nhit v m ca tc nhn sy
cng nh ca vt liu sy.
1.7.2 Cc tc gi nc ngoi
Macio N. Kohayakawa v cc cng s [19] tin hnh nghin cu nh hng ca
cc yu t nh: vn tc gi V
ar
, chiu dy ca vt liu L n h s khuch tn qu trnh
sy D
ef
trong h thng sy xoi bng bm nhit. Mi cht lnh s dng trong h thng
l R22. H thng sy xoi s dng hai dn ngng trong gia nhit cho khng kh.
Nhit khng kh trong qu trnh th nghim thay i t 40
o
C n 56
o
C. Vn tc gi
thay i t 1,6 m/s n 4,4 m/s, chiu dy vt liu sy thay i t 5,8 mm n 14,2 mm.
Khi lng vt liu sy mi m l 300g, thi gian sy l 8h/m. Da vo cc quan h
l thuyt tnh ton h s khuch tn, s dng phng php quy hoch trc giao v kt
hp vi s liu thc nghim, cc tc gi xy dng c phng trnh hi qui xc
nh h s khuch tn D
ef
nh sau:
D
ef
=4,2625 - 0,61922.V
ar
+ 0,380538.V
ar
2
+ 1,012517.L 0,90343.V
ar
.L (1.23)
Phng trnh (1.23) cho thy rng nh hng ng thi ca hai thng s cng nh
mc nh hng ca chng n h s khuch tn D
ef
. y, nh hng ca tc
gi V
ar
l ln nht, sau n chiu dy ca vt liu sy. Phng trnh (1.23) cng cho
bit nh hng ln nhau gia hai thng s thng qua mi lin h cho nhau gia chng.
Tuy nhin, phng trnh ny khng cp n nh hng ca nhit , m sy mc
d nh hng ca chng l ln n h s khuch tn. iu ny cng c chnh tc gi

khng nh trong nghin cu ca mnh. Do vy, cn c nhng nghin cu nh gi v
nh hng ca cc yu t ny.
Phani K.Adapa, Greg J.Schoenau v Shahab Sokhansanj [19] tin hnh nghin
cu l thuyt v thc nghim qu trnh sy bng bm nhit i vi cc vt liu c bit.
Cc tc gi tin hnh thit lp cc quan h tnh ton l thuyt qu trnh sy lp mng.
Cc tc gi thit lp phng trnh cn bng nng lng, cn bng cht, truyn nhit
v truyn m gia vt liu v khng kh cho mt phn t th tch vt liu sy nh sau:
Phng trnh truyn m

( )
e
M
k M M
t
c
=
c
(1.24)
Trong :
M - m cn bng ca vt liu sy ti thi im t
M
e
- m cn bng ca vt liu sy, c xc nh bng thc nghim
t - thi gian sy, s
k - hng s sy [1/s], c xc nh nh sau: ( ) k=0,2865.exp 0,179.T
a
(1.25)
Gii phng trnh (1.24) ta xc nh c m ca vt liu khi sy ti thi im t nh
sau:

( )
0
0
. .
kt kt
e e
M M M M e e
= + (1.26)
Vi M
0
: m ca v liu sy ti thi im t
0
= 0
Phng trnh cn bng cht

.
p
a
G
W M
x G y
c c
=
c c
(1.27)
Vi: W - cha hi ca khng kh
x - chiu dy ca vt liu sy
G
p
- lu lng vt liu sy chuyn ng qua bng ti, kg/m.s
G
a
- lu lng khng kh chuyn ng qua bng ti, kg/m
2
.s
y - qung ng dch chuyn ca vt liu sy, m

Gii phng trnh (1.27), thu c cng thc xc nh s thay i ca cha hi W
theo chiu dy vt liu sy (gi thit tnh cht ca vt liu sy l ng u theo phng
dch chuyn y):

0
. .
P
a
G M
W W x
G y
c
=
c
(1.28)
Phng trnh cn bng nng lng

( ) ( ) ( )
( )
. . / .
. .
cv a pw a g
a
a pa pw
h G G W x T T
T
x
G C C W
+ c c
c
=
c
+
(1.29)
Trong : T
a
- nhit ca khng kh sy,
0
C
T
g
- nhit ca vt liu sy,
0
C
h
cv
- h s truyn nhit th tch, kJ/m
3
.ph.K
C
pa
- nhit dung ring ca khng kh kh, kJ/kgK
C
pw
- nhit dung ring ca hi nc, kJ/kgK
Gii phng trnh (1.29), xc nh c nhit khng kh ti u ra:

( )
( / ).
0
.
d a x
a g g a
T T a T T = +

Trong :

( )
. .
a pa pw
a G C C W = +

. .
cv a pw
W
d h G C
x
| |
|
\ .
c
= +
c

T
a0
- Nhit khng kh ti v tr ban u x
0
= 0,
0
C

)(
))(
)
) (1.30)
Trong : L
g
- nhit n ha hi ca nc trong vt liu sy, kJ/kg
C
pg
- nhit dung ring ca vt liu sy, kJ/kgK
C
pl
- nhit dung ring ca nc, kJ/kgK
Gii phng trnh (1.30) ta s tm c s thay i nhit ca vt liu sy :

((
)
(
(
)
) (1.31)
y:

( )
0
. . . ; . .
cv a g cv pw a a pl
W W
f h T G L g h C C G
x x
| |
|
\ .
c c
= = +
c c

( )
. .
p pg pl
h G C MC = +

1.8 So snh phng php s nh vi phng php s nng nh my
Sy l qu trnh tch nc v hi nc ra khi vt. Tuy nhin, sy l mt qu
trnh cng ngh i hi sau khi sy, vt liu phi m bo cht lng cao, tiu tn nng
lng t v chi ph vn hnh thp. C hai phng php sy:
a) Phng php s nng ti nh
Trong phng php sy nng, tc nhn sy v vt liu sy c t nng. Do tc nhn
sy c t nng nn m tng i gim dn n phn p sut hi nc P
am
trong
tc nhn sy gim. Mt khc do nhit ca vt liu sy tng ln nn mt hi trong
cc mao qun tng v phn p sut hi nc trn b mt vt cng tng theo cng thc:
=
o
r
p
p
= exp
)
`
r o
h
p
o 2

Trong P
r
- p sut trn b mt ct mao dn, N/m
2

P
o
- p sut trn b mt thong, N/m
2

- Sc cng b mt thong,N/m
2

h
- mt hi trn ct dch th trong ng mao dn, kg/m
3

0
- mt dch th, kg/m
3

Nh vy trong h thng sy nng c hai cch to ra chnh phn p sut hi
nc gia vt liu sy v mi trng:
Gim phn p sut ca hi nc trong tc nhn sy bng cch t nng.
Tng phn p sut hi nc trong vt liu sy.

Tm li, nh t nng c tc nhn sy v vt liu sy hoc ch t nng vt liu
sy m hiu s gia phn p sut hi nc trn b mt vt P
hb
v phn p sut hi nc
trong tc nhn sy P
h
tng ln dn n qu trnh dch chuyn m t trong lng vt liu
sy ra b mt v i vo mi trng.
H thng sy ti nh my l h thng sy i lu tc nhn sy nhn nhit t cc
thanh in tr v c qut thi qua vt liu sy.
u im ca phng php sy nng ti nh my
- Thi gian sy bng cc phng php sy nng ngn hn so vi phng php
sy lnh do c th iu chnh c nhit t 30
O
C 120
O
C
- Nng sut cao v chi ph ban u thp.
- Ngun nng lng s dng cho phng php sy nng c th l khi thi, hi
nc nng, hay cc ngun nhit t du m, than , rc thi,...cho n in
nng.
- Thi gian lm vic ca h thng cng rt cao.
Nhc im
- Ch sy c cc vt sy khng cn c cc yu cu c bit v nhit .
- Sn phm sy thng hay b bin mu v cht lng khng cao.
- V nh my dng in tr sy nn lng nhit ta ra l rt ln, qun tnh nhit
cao kh iu chnh nhit
- Chi ph in nng cao
- Sn phm sau khi sy cht lng khng ng u, xy ra tnh trng nguyn
liu b chy do qun tnh nhit ln cao.
) Phng php s nh
Trong phng php sy lnh, ngi ta to ra chnh p sut hi nc gia vt
liu sy v tc nhn sy bng cch gim phn p sut hi nc trong tc nhn sy P
h

nh gim cha m d. Mi quan h c th hin theo cng thc:
P
h
=
d
d B
+ 621 , 0
.


Trong B - p sut mi trng (p sut kh tri).
Khi , m trong vt liu dch chuyn ra b mt v t b mt vo mi trng c
th trn di nhit mi trng (t > 0
o
C) v cng c th nh hn 0
o
C.
c) So snh phng php s nh v phng php s nng

tin hnh so snh thc nghim phng php sy lnh vi phng php sy
nng, cc loi rau c thc phm v dc liu nh c rt, c ci, hnh l, da, mt, nhn,
mng ct, hnh ty, hn hp dch p gng v bt avicel, c sy th nghim vi
khong thng s nhit sy t = 25
0
C n 40
0
C, tc gi tng si =2,2 4 m/s .
Kt qu sn phm sau th nghim c cc c im v mu sc, mi v, hm lng cht
dinh dng v trng thi vt sy c bo ton hn hn cc cng ngh sy nng truyn
thng, ngay c khi so snh vi k thut sy hin i bng tia hng ngoi. iu chng
t nhng c im u vit ca cng ngh sy lnh trong vic ng dng sy nhng loi
rau qu giu vitamin, c gi tr dinh dng cao trong thc t [19].
Di y l bng so snh cc phng php sy khc nhau vi phng php sy
lnh s dng bm nhit nhit ca Vin Cng Ngh Thc Phm, s Cng Nghip H
Ni da trn cc tiu ch v cht lng sn phm, gi thnh sn phm, thi gian sy, chi
ph u t, chi ph vn hnh v bo v mi trng, phm vi ng dng, vv


Bng1-1 nh gi so snh cht lng sn phm sy bng bm nhit sy lnh
vi phng php sy nng truyn thng v sy hng ngoi
[Vin Cng Ngh Thc Phm, s Cng Nghip H Ni]
Th
t
Phng Php sy

Ch tiu so snh
Sy nng
Sy thng hoa
v chn khng
Sy lnh s dng
my ht m kt hp
my lnh
1
Cht lng sn phm (mu
sc, mi v, vitamin)
Km hn rt
nhiu
Tt hn Bng nhau
2 Gi thnh sn phm Thp hn t hn nhiu t hn
3 Thi gian sy Ngn hn Ngn hn Ln hn hoc bng
4 Chi ph u t ban u thp hn Cao hn Cao hn
5 Chi ph vn hnh, bo dng r hn t hn nhiu t hn
6
Kh nng iu chnh nhit
tc nhn sy theo yu cu
cng ngh
Kh hn Kh hn Kh hn
7 V sinh an ton thc phm km hn Tt hn Bng nhau
8 Bo v mi trng km hn Nh nhau Km hn
9 Phm vi ng dng Rng hn Hp hn Hp hn


1.9 nh gi v t un
a) So vi s nh s dng ht chun dng t hp nh
Sy lnh s dng bm nhit nhit thp t ra u th vt tri v chi ph u t
ban u, gim tiu hao in nng. Vi iu kin ca Vit Nam th nn dng phng
php sy lnh s dng bm nhit nhit thp. Trong thc t, mt s nh my nhp
dy chuyn cng ngh sy s dng my ht m chuyn dng kt hp vi my sy
khng t hiu qu v chuyn sang dng bm nhit nhit thp.
) So vi s thng hoa v s chn hng
Cht lng sn phm ca hai phng php ny thng tt hn sy lnh s dng
bm nhit nhit thp nhng cc ch tiu quan trong 2 v 5 li km hn nn ch p
dng hai phng php ny khi yu cu v cht lng sn phm cao (ch tiu 1, 7), cn
li nn s dng phng php sy lnh bng bm nhit nhit thp.
c) So snh vi s nng
Nhn chung, c mt s vt liu sy lnh khng c hiu qu nh sy g, cc loi
hoa qu c v dy th buc phi s dng sy nng. i vi cc vt liu cn li, nu vt
liu sy nhy cm vi nhit, d mt mu, d mt mi, cht dinh dng, gi thnh sn
phm c th trng chp nhn v thi gian sy khng i hi phi nhanh th nn sy
bng phng php sy lnh s dng bm nhit nhit thp.
Nh vy, phng php sy lnh bng bm nhit nhit thp t ra c hiu qu,
nht l i vi mt s sn phm c th (nhy cm vi nhit ) Do , ty vo tng
trng hp c th, xem xt cc ch tiu trong bng trn, ch tiu no l quan trng th
quyt nh phng php sy ph hp.
d) Kt un
u im ca cng ngh sy lnh c th xy dng c tng quy trnh cng ngh
sy hp l i vi tng loi rau, c, qu. Sau khi sy, nng sn, thc phm gi c
nguyn mu sc, mi v, thnh phn dinh dng tht thot khng ng k, t tiu

chun v sinh an ton thc phm ca Vit Nam v cc ch tiu k thut, cht lng sn
phm tng ng mt s nc khc trn th gii. Vit Nam l mt nc c kh hu
nng m, v th my sy lnh l cng ngh c bit ph hp vi cc loi nng sn, thc
phm, m bo c cht lng cng nh hm lng dinh dng, mu sc, mi v cho
sn phm. i vi cc sn phm nh c c rt, th l, hnh hay cc loi ko chocolate,
ko Caramen, Jelly... Mi trng ch bin nhng sn phm ny yu cu v nhit
khng c qu cao v m phi nh hn 45-50%. Tnh mi ca cng ngh ny l
qu trnh sy c thc hin nhit thp, to mi trng nhit cng chiu vi
mi trng m tng cng sy. Ngoi ra, cng ngh ny c nhiu u im k
thut khc nh: ht m nhng khng lm tng nhit mi trng nh my ht m
thng thng, sy kh c cc sn phm khng cho php lm kh trong mi trng
nhit cao.


CHNG II
TM HIU V CNG NGH SY HNH L
2.1 Vt iu s
Tt c cc sn phm u chu bin i trong qu trnh sy v bo qun sau .
Yu cu t ra i vi qu trnh sy l bo v ti mc tt nht cht lng, hn ch
nhng h hi trong qu trnh sy, bo qun ng thi nng cao hiu qu kinh t mt
cch ti u nht. Xt v c bn nhng thay i trong qu trnh sy c th chia ra :
- Nhng thay i l hc: st m, gy, v,
- Nhng thay i ha l: trng thi tnh cht ca nhng keo cao phn t b thay
i.
- Nhng thay i ha sinh: do s oxi ha ca cht bo, phn ng sm mu phi
enzim, phn ng enzim,
- Nhng thay i do vi sinh vt
Nhng thay i lm thay i cu trc mu sc mi v, gi tr dinh dng v c
nh hng n tnh hi nguyn ca sn phm sau khi sy. Cc phng php sy khc
nhau c nhng u im v nhc im trong qu trnh sy cc sn phm rau qu. Trong
, phng php sy nng p ng c cc yu cu v nng sut, thi gian sy nhng
li khng p ng tt cc i hi v cht lng sn phm. Ngc li, i vi cc sn
phm sy yu cu nhit thp i hi phi c quy trnh sy ph hp hn. Cng ngh
sy lnh l mt cng ngh mi c dng gii quyt cc vn khng th gii quyt
i vi cng ngh sy nng. T nghin cu thc nghim chng minh nhng u im
vt tri ca cng ngh sy lnh trong qu trnh xy dng quy trnh sy i vi cc loi
rau c qu c gi tr kinh t.


2.1.1 S cng ngh s rau qu
Rau qu (phi thch hp cho qu trnh sy)
Lm sch (kh, t)
La chn phn loi (theo kch thc)
Gt sa
Ct, thi (ty theo yu cu)
Chn, hp (ty theo yu cu)
X l ha hc (nu cn)

Ch Ch p
Sy Sy C c
Lm ngui Lm ngui C c
Sy
Phn loi Phn loi Phn loi
p bnh Nghin nh
ng gi ng gi ng gi
Sn phm Sn phm dng Sn phm
dng nguyn bn mng dng bt

Hnh 2.1 S cng ngh sy rau qu


2.1.2 nh hng ca qu trnh s n cht ng sn ph
a) nh hng n cu trc
Thay i v cu trc ca cc vt liu l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn quan trng
lm gim cht lng sn phm. Bn cht v mc ca cc bin php x l rau qu
trc khi sy u c nh hng n cu trc ca cc sn phm sau khi hi nguyn.
Nguyn nhn l do s h ha ca tinh bt, s kt tinh ca xenluloza v s hnh thnh
cc sc cng bn trong do khc bit v m cc v tr khc nhau. Kt qu la s to
thnh cc vt nt gy, cc t bo b nn p vn vo vnh vin, lm cho sn phm c b
ngoi b co ngt, nhn nheo. Trong qu trnh lm t tr li sn phm ht nc chm,
khng th ly li hnh dng nh ban u.
Cc sn phm khc nhau c s dao ng v mc co ngt v kh nng hp th
nc tr li. Sy nhanh nhit cao lm cho cu trc b thay i nhiu hn so vi sy
vi tc va phi nhit thp. Trong qu trnh sy, cc cht ha tan di chuyn theo
nc t bn trong ra b mt ngoi ca sn phm. Qu trnh bay hi lm c c cc cht
tan b mt, kt hp vi nhit khng kh (c bit khi sy tri cy, c, tht,) gy ra
cc phn ng l ha phc tp ca cc cht tan b mt ngoi nn lp v cng khng
thm c. Hin tng ny gi l hin tng cng v (case hardening), lm gim tc
sy v lm cho sn phm c b mt kh, nhng bn trong th m. V vy cn kim sot
nhit sy trnh chnh lch m qu cao gia bn trong v b mt sn phm. i
vi k thut sy lnh hon ton c th gii quyt c vn ny. H thng sy lnh c
nhit tng i thp cho nn qu trnh kh ca b mt vt liu s chm hn trong khi
m c ly ra nhiu bng s chnh lch phn p sut hi ngoi b mt v bn trong vt
liu sy.
) nh hng n i v
Nhit lm tht thot cc thnh phn d bay hi ra khi sn phm v vy phn
ln cc sn phm sy b gim mi v. Mc tht thot ph thuc vo nhit v
m ca vt liu sy, p sut hi nc v ha tan ca cc cht bay hi trong nc.
Nhng sn phm c gi tr kinh t cao nh vo c tnh mi v (nh gia v) cn c

sy nhit thp. Mt s sn phm c kt cu xp to iu kin cho oxi khng kh d
dng tip xc vi sn phm, gy ra cc phn ng oxi ha cht tan v cht bo trong qu
trnh bo qun lm thay i mi v ca sn phm.
Tc ca qu trnh gy h hng ph thuc vo nhit bo qun v hot
ca nc. Phn ln rau qu ch cha mt lng nh lipit. Tuy nhin, s oxi ha cc cht
bo khng no to ra cc hydroperoxit tham gia vo cc phn ng polime ha, phn ng
tch nc hoc oxi ha to thnh aldehit, Kenton v cc axit gy mi i thui kh
chu.
c) nh hng n u sc
C nhiu nguyn nhn gy ra s mt mu hay thay i mu trong sn phm sy,
nh l:
S thay i cc c trng b mt ca sn phm gy ra s thay i phn x nh
sng v mu sc.
Nhit v s oxi ha trong qu trnh sy gy ra nhng bin i ha hc i vi
carotenoit v clorophyl, cng nh hot ng ca enzim polyphenoloxidaza gy
nn s sm mu trong qu trnh bo qun cc sn phm rau qu.
C th ngn nga c nhng thay i ny bng cc phng php chn hp hoc
x l tri cy bng axit ascorbic hoc SO
2
.
d) nh hng n gi tr dinh dng
Cc s liu v s tht thot cc cht dinh dng ca cc tc gi thng khng
thng nht, c th do s khc bit ng k trong cc qu trnh chun b sy, nhit v
thi gian sy, cng nh iu kin bo qun. rau qu, tht thot dinh dng trong qu
trnh chun b thng vt xa qu trnh sy. V d, tht thot vitamin C trong qu trnh
chun b to sy (dng khi) l 8% do qu trnh ct gt, 62% do chn hp, 10% do qu
trnh nghin pu r v 5% do qu trnh sy.
Vitamin c ha tan trong nc khc nhau v khi qu trnh sy din ra, mt vi
loi (v d: vitamin B2 riboflavin) t trng thi bo ha v kt ta khi dung dch, nh
vy chng t b tn thng. Mt s khc, v d: axit ascorbic, ha tan ngay c khi m

ca sn phm h xung n mc rt thp, chng phn ng vi cc cht tan vi tc
cng lc cng cao hn trong qu trnh sy. Vitamin C cng rt nhy cm vi nhit v
oxy ha. V th trnh nhng tht thot ln cn sy trong thi gian ngn, nhit
thp, bo qun m thp v nng kh oxi thp. Thiamin (Vit B1) cng nhy cm
vi nhit, tuy nhin cc vitamin khc ha tan trong nc bn vi nhit v oxy ha hn
v tn tht qu trnh sy him khi vt qu 5-10%, ngoi tr tht thot do qu trnh
chn hp.
S tn tht cc vitamin c th hn ch ng k hoc ngn nga hon ton khi s
dng cc phng php sy nhanh v n ha (nh sy phun), c bit bng phng php
sy thng hoa i vi cc nguyn liu nghin nt, nguyn cht dng ct nh.
Cc cht dinh dng nh cht bo (v d: cc axit bo khng thay th c v
cc vitamin A, D, E, K) phn ln cha trong phn cht rn ca sn phm v chng
khng b c c trong khi sy. Tuy nhin nc l dung mi ca cc kim loi nng, l
nhng cht xc tc ca qu trnh oxy ha cc cht dinh dng khng no. Khi nc b
mt, cht xc tc tr nn hot ng hn v lm tng tc oxy ha. Cc vitamin tan
trong cht bo b bin i mt i khi tip xc vi peroxit c sinh ra do s oxy ha
cht bo. gim tht thot trong qu trnh bo qun ngi ta h thp nng oxy,
nhit bo qun v loi tr nh sang tip xc vi sn phm.
e) nh hng n s hi ngun sn ph (rehydration)
Sn phm sau khi sy khng th tr li tnh trng ban u khi lm t tr li. Sau
khi sy, t bo b mt p sut thm thu, tnh thm thu ca t bo b thay i, cc cht
tan di chuyn, polysacarit kt tinh v protein t bo b ng t, tt c gp phn vo s
thay i cu trc, lm tht thot cc cht d bay hi v y u l
Nhit trong qu trnh sy lm gim kh nng hydrat ha tinh bt v tnh n hi ca
thnh t bo, lm bin tnh protein, gim kh nng gi nc ca chng. Tc v mc
thm nc tr li c th c dng nh ch s nh gi cht lng sn phm sy.
Nhng sn phm sy trong nhng iu kin ti u, t h hi hn s thm t tr li
nhanh hn, hon ton hn.

2.2 Cc c tnh ha ca t s rau qu giu vitain ng dng phng php
s nh
Bt k mt loi nng sn phm no, trong thnh phn ca n u c cha cc
nhm hp cht hu c nh protein, gluxit, lipid, vitamin, axit hu c v cc cht
khong, cc sc t v.v vi t l khc nhau. Do mun bo qun tt tng loi sn
phm cn nghin cu k thnh phn ha hc v nhng bin i ca n di tc ng
ca cc nhn t bn ngoi. Thng thng trong thnh phn ca chng c cha nhng
hp cht sau:
a) Nc
Tuyt i a s nng sn phm u c cha mt lng nc nht nh, n thay
i ty theo hnh thi gii phu v trng thi keo a nc trong t bo sn phm. C
nhng loi cha nhiu nc nh rau qu ti cha 65-95% nc, ht lng thc cha
tng i t hn t 11-20%. Nhng nhn chung trong t bo cc loi nng sn phm u
c cha cc dng nc sau y: (theo phn loi ca vin s P.A Rebinde)
Nc lin kt ha hc
c c trng bng quan h nh lng rt chnh xc gia sn phm v nc.
y l loi lin kt rt bn vng. V d: Na
3
CO
3
.3H
2
O. Nu mun tch lng nc ny
phi bng cch em nung ln hoc bng cc tng tc ha hc khc.
Nc lin kt ha l
Kt hp vi vt liu khng theo mt t l nht nh. N bao gm c nc hp
th, nc thm thu, nc cu trc. Mun tch lng nc ny ra cn tiu hao mt nng
lng bin n thnh th hi. Dng nc ny km bn hn.
Loi ny kt hp vi sn phm khng theo mt lng nht nh, chnh l lng
nc t do trong sn phm y l dng km bn vng nht. N c chuyn dch trong
sn phm dng th lng. Mun tch ra phi bng cch sy kh nhit 105
o
C.
Hm lng nc trong sn phm cao hay thp c nh hng ln n cht lng
v kh nng bo qun ca chng. i vi nhng sn phm c hm lng nc cao, vic

bo qun kh khn hn v nc chnh l mt mi trng thun li vi sinh vt hot
ng, lm cho cht lng sn phm b gim xung
) Nhng hp cht c Nit v s in i trong qu trnh o qun
Protein l hp cht cha Nit ch yu trong nng sn phm v n l thnh phn
dinh dng ch yu ca nhng sn phm c ht. N c gi tr dinh dng cao. Cc loi
sn phm khc nhau, hm lng protein cha trong chng khc nhau. La cha 7-10%,
ng 10-12%, cao lng 10-13%, u H Lan 22-26%, u tng 36-42%, crt 2% cc
loi qu ch di 1% (Tt c tnh theo % trng lng cht kh).
Trong thnh phn protein c mt y cc nhm: albumin, prolamin, glutein,
globulin.
Trong albumin c cha cc axt amin khng thay th
Prolamin c nhiu trong cc cy ha tho, c bit thnh phn protein cha trong
ht ng th nhm ny ch yu chim ti 50% l zein ca ng.
Globulin c cha nhiu trong ht c du, ht cy h u nh u tng, protein
trong u tng. Protein trong u tng c 8 axit amin khng thay th.
Glutelin cng l protein c trng ca ht cy ha tho, c bt ngi ta ch ti
gluten ca la m.
rau qu hm lng protein rt t, ch chim khong 1-2%, thng ch yu
cc loi rau cao cp nh supl, crt, khoai ty tuy vy n c gi tr dinh dng rt
cao. Trong qu trnh bo qun, ni chung Nit tng s hu nh khng thay i hoc
thay i rt t, nhng Nit protein ha tan thay i kh nhiu, chng phn gii thnh cc
axit amin lm cho hm lng axit amin tng ln. Do lng Nit protein gim xung
v Nit phiprotein trong qu trnh ny cng tng ln mt cch r rt. Trong nhng cng
trnh nghin cu ca Gasiorowski v ht la m bo qun trng thi ti m trong cc
kho kn hon ton, ng pht hin thy s tng ln ca hm lng Nit phiprotein sau
15 tun l bo qun.


2.4 L thut s rau qu
2.4.1 Qu trnh trc hi s
Sy rau qu thng thng c thc hin 3 dng ch yu: dng nguyn (hoc
ming); dng bn mng v dng bt hoc nh tng. Tu theo dng sn phm, cng
ngh sy rau qu c s chung nh sau:
Rau qu ti sau khi ra sch c loi b phn khng tiu chun, c phn c
theo kch thc, lm sch, ct ming. Sau rau qu c chn (hp), x l ho cht.
Tip theo, cc hnh thc sn phm khc nhau c ch bin theo cc s khc nhau.
- Trong khi chn (hp), do tc dng ca nhit v m nn tnh cht ho l ca nguyn
liu b bin i c li cho s thot nc khi sy. ng thi vi sinh vt b tiu dit v
h thng enzim trong nguyn liu b mt hot tnh, hn ch ti a kh nng bin mu
trong khi sy rau qu v rt ngn thi gian sy. Ngoi ra qu trnh chn lm gim
ht m ca rau qu kh.
- Trong cng nghip sy rau qu, ngn nga qu trnh oxy ho lm bin mu rau
qu khi sy, ngi ta s dng cc cht chng oxy ho nh axit sunfur, axit ascobic,
axit xitric v cc mui natri ca axit Sunfur (nh sunfit, bisunfit, metabisunfit, ...)
x l ho cht cho rau qu trc khi sy.
2.4.2 . Cc u t nh hng n qu trnh s
Yu t nh hng nhiu n cht lng sn phm rau qu kh l nhit sy.
Nu nhit sn phm trong qu trnh sy cao hn 60
o
C th prtin b bin tnh. Nu
loi rau qu t thnh phn protin th nhit t nng sn phm c th ln n 80-90
o
C. Nu tip xc nhit trong thi gian ngn nh sy phun th nhit sy c th ln n
150
o
C. i vi sn phm khng chn nh chui, u th c th sy nhit cao, giai
on u 90-100
o
C, sau gim dn xung.
Qu trnh sy cn ph thuc vo tc tng nhit ca vt liu sy. Nu tc
tng nhit qu nhanh th b mt mt qu b rn li v ngn qu trnh thot m. Ngc
li, nu tc tng chm th cng thot m yu.


b) hng h
Mun nng cao kh nng ht m ca khng kh th phi gim m tng i
ca n xung. C 2 cch lm gim m tng i ca khng kh [19]
* Tng nhit khng kh bng cch dng calorife.
* Gim nhit khng kh bng cch dng my ht m.
Thng thng khi vo l sy, khng kh c m 10 - 13%. Nu m ca
khng kh qu thp s lm rau qu nt hoc to ra lp v kh trn b mt, lm nh
hng xu n qu trnh thot hi m tip theo. Nhng nu m qu cao s lm tc
sy gim. Khi ra khi l sy, khng kh mang theo hi m ca rau qu ti nn m
tng ln (thng thng khong 40 - 60%). Nu khng kh i ra c m qu thp th s
tn nng lng; ngc li, nu qu cao s d b ng sng, lm h hng sn phm
sy. Ngi ta iu chnh m ca khng kh ra bng cch iu chnh tc lu thng
ca n v lng rau qu ti cha trong l sy.
c) Lu thng ca hng h
Trong qu trnh sy, khng kh c th lu thng t nhin hoc cng bc. Trong
cc l sy, khng kh lu thng t nhin vi tc nh (nh hn 0,4m/s), do vy thi
gian sy thng ko di, lm cht lng sn phm sy khng cao. khc phc nhc
im ny, ngi ta phi dng qut thng gi cng bc vi tc trong khong 0,4 -
4,0 m/s trong cc thit b sy. Nu tc gi qu ln (trn 4,0 m/s) s gy tn tht nhit
lng.[20]
d) d ca p s
dy ca lp rau qu sy cng nh hng n qu trnh sy. Lp nguyn liu
cng mng th qu trnh sy cng nhanh v ng u, nhng nu qu mng s lm gim
nng sut ca l sy. Ngc li, nu qu dy th s lm gim s lu thng ca khng
kh, dn n sn phm b " m hi" do hi m ng li. Thng thng nn xp lp
hoa qu trn cc khay sy vi khi lng 5 8 kg/m
2
l ph hp.[20]


2.5 Mt s phng php s rau qu
a) Phng php s ng hng h
Cng vic ny c tin hnh bng cch tri rau qu ln cc loi b mt ngoi
tri nhn nh sang mt tri trc tip. Tuy nhin, sn phm c cht lng km do
kh kim sot c vn v sinh, iu chnh m, nhit v tc sy.
Ngi ta ch to my sy dung nng lng mt tri nhm khc phc nhng
nhc im trn. Thit b ny s dng mt c cu rt n gin c tc dng tng cng
nhit t mt tri v bo v sn phm.
Cn ch phn bit gia sy trc tip v sy gin tip bng nng lng mt tri.
i vi sy trc tip, sn phm c t di nh nng mt tri v kt qu l s thay
i v mu sc, thnh phm vitamin. i vi sy gin tip, nguyn liu ny c bo v
khi nh sng trc tip t mt tri. phng php ny, ngi ta s dng mt phng
ring thu nhn nhit lng t mt tri v ti , khng kh c cp nhit ri thi
qua phng cha sn phm.
My sy c hc dng nhin liu t nng khng k mt cch trc tip, thc
phm c sy bng kh t, hoc mt cch gin tip thc phm c sy bng khng
kh nng do kh t. Hai hnh thc ny u c kh nng kim sot tt hn so vi sy
bng mt tri v c th tin hnh c ngy ln m, khng ph thuc vo thi tit. Tuy
nhin, chi ph u t v vn hnh cho thit b ny kh cao. i vi cc sn phm
c la chn phn loi tt t nguyn liu ban u, cng on ra v x l cng quan
trng nh cng on sy.
) Phng php s t
Phng php ny tin hnh sy mt hoc hn hp nhiu loi rau qu ( c x
l bng dioxyt sunfua nhm hn ch mt mu v vi sinh vt pht trin) dng lt mng.
Loi ny thng c dng nh thc phm n nh, c th tng ngt bng cch b
sung ng vo nguyn liu ban u hoc thay i thnh phn nh thm hnh nhn,
da no hay bt gia v.


c) Phng php s sung
V d nh chui c sy trc nhm loi b lp ng dnh tip tc c
sy b sung. Vic ng gi v bo qun sn phm sy kh i hi nhiu yu cu. Sn
phm sau khi sy cn c bo qun trnh nh sng mt tri, m v nhit nhm
ngn nga s gim hng v v h hng. Ngi ta thng dng dng c cha bng
gm, thy tinh, kim loi hay nha cho ti khi chng c ng hp. Gii php r nht
l s dng ti mng mng PE vi iu kin phi c ghp mng bng. Ni bo qun
cn thong mt, trnh xa nh sng mt tri, cn trng v loi gm nhm. a s, sn
phm sy u n nh cht lng trong nhiu tun.
2.6 La chn phng php s nh theo hng nghin cu ca ti
T nhng c tnh u vit ca cng ngh sy lnh ta nhn thy rng cng ngh
ny c nhiu u im v hiu qu kinh t cao trong vic ng dng vo sy cc sn phm
rau qu c gi tr kinh t. Tuy nhin, t l thuyt n thc tin l mt qu trnh lm vic
lu di i hi qu trnh u t nghin cu t m. Cng ngh sy lnh c th gii quyt
hn ch ca cng ngh sy nng trong cc quy trnh sy rau qu. Tuy nhin, vic ng
dng cng ngh sy lnh i vi cc loi sn phm rau c khc nhau cn phi nghin
cu c lp, t xy dng nhng quy trnh cng ngh chun cho cc loi hoc cc
dng rau qu. T yu cu thc t , cn thit phi tnh ton thit k mt m hnh thc
t v kim tra thc nghim i vi cc quy trnh cng ngh. Ni dung thc hin
Chng IV: Tnh ton thit k m hnh my sy lnh s dng bm nhit s trnh by
r ni dung ny.


CHNG III
KHO ST THC TRNG V LA CHN PHNG PHP SY
3.1 Kho st s ti nh
L mt doanh nghip chuyn ch bin tm xut khu sang th trng cc nc
trong khu vc, nm 2007, trc tnh hnh nguyn liu tm ngy cng c nhiu bin
ng v mt gi c, Chi nhnh Cng ty c phn thy sn Bc Liu ti Khnh Ha
chuyn hng sang ch bin nng sn xut khu. Bc i ny khng ch mang v li
nhun hng nm ln n 9 triu USD cho cng ty, gip th trng tiu th hng ha n
nh m cn gip Cng ty d dng hn trong vic ch ng ngun nguyn liu phc v
sn xut v xut khu.
Trong xu th cnh tranh ca nn kinh t th trng, cng vi l vn b ng
v ngun nguyn liu thy sn, thng xuyn nh hng n hot ng sn xut ca
doanh nghip, nm 2007, Chi nhnh Cng ty c phn thy sn Bc Liu ti Khnh Ha
mnh dn th nghim xut khu nhng l hng nng sn u tin. Thi gian u,
doanh nghip sn xut song song va ch bin tm va ch bin c tm v u bp, sau
nhn thy li nhun t nhng mt hng nng sn, chi nhnh chuyn hn sang ch
bin rau qu xut khu. Hin nay, ngoi c tm v u bp, n v tng cng thm 3
mt hng rau qu khc l b ngi, t v hnh l. Cng vi mt hng nng sn l cc mt
hng kh, hin nay hnh l kh ang c xut khu vi s lng ln qua th trng
nht.
H thng sy ca nh my c u t ban u vi 12 bung sy mi bung c
cng sut 100kg/m, mi bung c din tch 4m
2

bn di c thit k cc mt sng
c cc l nh, vi 27 thanh in tr mi thanh c cng sut 6kW, lng in ta ra do
mi bung lm vic l rt ln. Hin nay my sy ti nh my ch phc v cho vic sy
hnh v mt s mt hng nng sn c nhu cu ca khch hng v lng in ta ra l rt
ln.


3.2 Nhi v thit
Bn cnh vic nghin cu iu tra ngun nguyn liu ca nh my cung cp
cho h thng sy , vic phn b nguyn liu trong nm , phng thc vn chuyn
nguyn liu v ngun tiu th. Ngoi ra vic xc nh vic ngun nng lng cung cp
cho h thng, cui cng ta xc nh sn lng cn sy trong nm. Trn c s ta xc
nh cng xut thit b sy theo sn phm G
2
, kg/h. Bc tip theo ta tin hnh nghin
cu cc thng s ch yu ca vt liu sy, yu cu v cht lng sn phm.
Da trn kt qu ta xc nh cng xut thit b sy G
2
, kg/h . m u ca
vt liu v m sau cng khi sy. Cui cng l cht lng ca sn phm v so snh
vi h thng sy ca nh my khi sy bng in tr.
3.3 Chn phng n thit
Qua qu trnh kho st ta la chn phng n thit k l sy vt liu bng bm
nhit vi thit k l h thng sy tng si : rt ph hp vi sy hnh, di tc dng ca
TNS vi thng s thch hp VLS lun trng thi bay l lng. Qa trnh sy lien tc s
cho hnh c kh v nh phn trn ca lp si d dng ly ra khi thit b sy
Trong h thng ny s truyn nhit v m gia tc nhn sy v vt liu sy l rt
tt nn trong cc h thng sy ln th sy tng si c cng xut ln , thi gian sy nhanh
v vt liu sy c cht lng rt u.
3.4 Chon tc nhn s v nng sut s
Tc nhn ca h thng sy phi m bo y cc yu cu v nhit , m,
iu kin v sinh Khng kh m y l tc nhn sy ph bin nht hin nay dng cho
hu ht cc loi sn phm v m bo v sinh cho sn phm.


CHNG IV
TNH TON THIT K M HNH MY SY LNH
S DNG BM NHIT
4.1 Gii thiu i ton thit v hnh thit
Cc loi rau qu rt nhy cm vi nhit cao, c bit l cc loi vitamin v
khong cht, nhit trn 60
0
C cc cht ny bt u phn hy, dn n lm gim gi
tr dinh dng cng nh gi thnh ca sn phm [20]. i vi cc phng php sy
nng, vic ly m t vt liu ch thc hin c bng vic t nng vt liu hoc tc
nhn sy ln n nhit cao, s khng p ng c cc yu cu v cht lng.
gii quyt vn ny, my sy lnh s dng bm nhit ra i, l phng php sy m
vic ly m t vt liu sy c thc hin bng cch to ra s chnh p gia tc nhn
sy v vt liu sy cho nn khng i hi phi gia nhit tc nhn sy ln nhit qu
cao. Cng cng nguyn l dch chuyn m t bn trong nhn ra ngoi b mt vt liu
sy nhng c th d dng nhn thy rng, i vi phng php sy nng tc nhn sy
nhit cao s lm kh b mt vt liu nhanh hn do s cn tr qu trnh dch
chuyn m. Hn na, cc vt liu sy khc nhau c cu trc t bo v thnh phn ha l
khc nhau, vic s dng phng php sy lnh chng ta c th xy dng quy trnh cng
ngh i vi cc loi rau qu khc nhau. Bi ton thit k m hnh my sy lnh s dng
bm nhit sy C rt c thc hin xc nh cc thng s qu trnh t thc nghim.
Nguyn l hot ng ca thit b
My sy lnh hot ng da trn nguyn l ca t sy, nhng tc nhn sy c
x l tch m trc khi vo bung sy. Nguyn tc tch m tc nhn sy bng cch s
dng dn lnh ca my lnh lm gim nhit ca tc nhn sy di nhit im
sng hi nc trong khng kh m ngng t thnh nc v c ly ra ngoi. Phn
tc nhn sy sau khi tch m c gia nhit li bi dn nng ca my lnh rii tip tc
a vo bung sy thc hin qu trnh sy.

Khng kh ngoi tri trng thi O (t
0,
0
) c a qua dn lnh. Khi my hot
ng mi cht lnh c my nn nn ln dn ngng t sau i qua van tit lu ri v
dn lnh trao i nhit vi khng kh ngoi tri c ht vo, qu trnh lm lnh lm
cho khng kh lnh tr nn bo ha nc ngng t thot ra ngoi, lc ny khng kh
ngoi tri c nhit l t
2
trng thi 2, sau tc nhn sy tip tc i qua dn nng,
nng nhit tc nhn ln n nhit t
3
trng thi 3. Tc nhn sy ny sau c
dn qua cc khay vt liu sy thc hin qu trnh sy tch m ng nhit. Qu trnh
sy sau tip tc vi lng tc nhn hi lu cha m vt liu sy.


Hnh 4.1 S nguyn l h thng v th qu trnh sy
4.2 X dng qu trnh cng ngh s hnh
4.2.1. Gii thiu vt iu s
Vng nguyn liu
Hnh l l loi gia v, khng th thiu trong cc ba n hng ngy, mc d vn
u t v cng lao ng cao hn cc loi rau gia v khc, nhng vn t hiu qu kinh t
cao.
Hnh thn tho, cy sng lu nm, c mi c bit. C 5-6 l, l hnh tr rng,
di 30-50 cm, pha gc l phnh to, trn u thun nhn. Hoa t mc trn ng hnh tr,
rng. Hoa t dng hnh xim, c ngn thnh hnh tn gi trng ta hnh cu. Qu nang,
trn. Hnh c trng khp ni, ch yu l lm gia v. ng thi hnh cng l mt v
thuc nam c dng cha nhiu loi bnh: thuc ho, tr m, li tiu, st trng...
Hnh l l loi rau mu c bit l hnh kh, gia v ny v ang c b con
cc tnh nh Hi Dng vng ng Bng Sng Hng v b con BSCL c bit l
tnh Vnh Long trng vi din tch kh ln. Nu nh trc y loi cy trng ny ch
sn xut ri rc mt vi ni, th nay c trng nhiu a phng. Thm ch cn
hnh thnh nhng vng chuyn canh ln.

Vi gi tr kinh t cao hin nay hnh ang c thu mua vi s lng ln dng
ph v nhu cu trong nc v xut khu ra cc th trng ln nh Trung Quc, i
Loan c bit l Nht vi s lng ln.
c im v thnh phn ha hc ca hnh
Hnh ta tn khoa hc l Allium fistilosum Linn, thuc h Liliaceae.
Hnh ta l mt loi c sng nhiu nm, cao khong 50cm, c mi c bit. Tp
hnh mu trng hoc hi nu nu, khng phnh ln. L gm 5 - 6 l, 3 cnh phi di,
hnh tr, phn trn, rng, di 30 - 50cm ng knh 4 8mm, pha gia phnh ln, u
thun nhn. Trc pht hoa cao bng l. Tn hnh cu, 1 2 l hoa, trng, mng. Phin
hoa trng, 5mm, c sc xanh, qu nang, hnh trn, ng knh chng 6mm. Ht hnh 3
cnh mu en.
Tinh du c mi c bit. Khng nh hnh ty v ti, thnh phn ha hc ca
hnh ta t c nghin cu su rng. Trong hnh ta c l c Alliin (allylcystein
sulfoxide) ging nh trong ti, nhng t hn. Alliin khi b thy gii bng iu t
alliinnase clora Allicin, acid pyruvic v amonia (xem thnh phn ha hc ca ti).
Allicin l mt cht khng an nh nn d b thy gii v phng thch allyl bisulfide, c
mi c bit.
4.2.2. X dng qu trnh cng ngh s Hnh
Chn nhng bi hnh tng i ng u, ng tui, sinh trng tt, khng b nhim
su bnh.
Ra sch v ro nc trc khi sy
Hnh sau khi ra c thi mng ty thuc vo yu cu ca khch hang sau tri
u trn khay sy m bo sao cho qu trnh trao i nhit i lu ti u nht.
Hnh cha nhiu vitamin v cht dinh dng nn khng th tin hnh sy nhit
cao. Thng thng khong nhit thch hp sy Hnh trong khong 40 - 60
0
C
[3].


Ta c s cng ngh sy c rt nh sau:
Hnh ti u vo ( m 92%)
Ra sch v ro nc
Phn loi hnh
Thi mng theo yu cu
Xp hnh vo thnh tng khay
Sy ( nhit 40-60
o
C) theo phng php sy lnh
n m yu cu (3 - 8%)
ng gi bo qun

Hnh 4.2. S cng ngh sy C rt
4.3 Xc nh cc thng s u vo ca vt iu
a) Thnh phn dinh dng ca vt iu s
Gi tr dinh dng v thnh phn ha hc trong 100g hnh l : Nng lng
32,1Kcal 1%, Carbohydrates 7,34g 6% , Protein 1,83g 3% , Tng s cht bo 0,3g 3% ,
Cht x 2,6g 7% . Vitamin : Folates 64 g 16% , Niacin 0.525 mg 3% , Pantothenic
acid 0.075 mg 1.5% , Pyridoxine 0.61 mg 5% , Riboflavin 0.080 mg 6% , Thiamin
0.055 mg 5% , Vitamin A 997 IU 33% , Vitamin C 18.8 mg 31%
Vitamin E 0.55 mg 4% , Vitamin K 207 g 172% . Electrolytes : Sodium 16 mg 1% ,
Potassium 276 mg 6% . Minerals : Calcium 72 mg 7 % , Copper 0.083 mg 9% , Iron
1.48 mg 18.5% , Magnesium 20 mg 5% , Manganese 0.160 mg 7% , Phosphorus 37 mg
5% , Selenium 0.6 g 1% , Zinc 0.39 mg 3.5% . Phyto-nutrients: Carotene- 598 g ,
Crypto-xanthin- 0 g, Lutein-zeaxanthin 1137 g.


) Xc nh ch thc vt iu
S dng thc kp c chnh xc l 0,05mm c thang o t 0,054100mm. Kch
thc ban u l kch thc ln nht ca cc lt hnh thi mng c kch thc 3 5 mm
c) Xc nh ca vt iu s
m l mt thng s k thut quan trng v lm c s cho qu trnh sy. Cn
c vo m u v cui m chng ti c th tnh c thi gian sy l thuyt cng
nh thi gian bo qun. m u ca hnh c xc nh bng phng php t sy
d) Phng php c nh u, i
Bng cch nh gi cm quan ca nhiu ngi v mu sc ca nguyn liu u
vo v sn phm.
e) La chn ch s
i vi rau qu ni chung cng nh Hnh ni ring nhit sy yu cu khng
qu cao. Thng thng i vi cc loi rau qu nhit sy khng qu 60
O
C, v nu
cao hn c th lm tn thng cc thnh phn vitamin, cht dinh dng v mu sc
trong sn phm dn n lm gim gi thnh sn phm. y ta tnh ton theo hai ch
sy khc nhau, mt l ch sy hi lu hon ton tc nhn sy v ch thi b tc
nhn sy.
4.4 Tnh ton thut ch s hi u hon ton
Mc ch tnh ton nhit ca qu trnh l xc nh tiu hao khng kh dng cho
qu trnh sy L, kg/h v tiu hao nhit Q, kJ/h. Trn c s tnh ton nhit xc nh cc
kch thc c bn ca thit b. ng thi qua vic thit lp cn bng nhit, cn bng
nng lng ca h thng s xc nh c hiu sut s dng nhit v hiu sut s dng
nng lng ca h thng cng nh tiu hao nhit ring ca bung sy v h thng.
My sy lnh da trn nguyn l ca t sy, nhng tc nhn sy c x l tch
m trc khi i vo bung sy. Nguyn tc tch m tc nhn sy dng dn lnh ca my
lnh lm gim nhit ca tc nhn sy di nhit im sng bc hi nc

trong khng kh m ngng t thnh nc v ly ra ngoi. Phn tc nhn sy sau khi tch
m c gia nhit li bi dn nng ca my lnh ri tip tc a vo bung sy thc
hin qu trnh sy.
C s ca phng php ny c thc hin bng cch gim m tng i
trong khng kh to ra s chnh lch p sut gia hi nc trong khng kh v hi
nc trong nng sn, thc phm. Bng cch ny m s tch ra khi nng sn, thc
phm, v i vo khng kh. Khi lm lnh khng kh trong thit b trao i nhit xung
thp hn nhit ng sng, hi bo ho m s ngng t v tch ra khi khng kh.
Khng kh sau i qua dn nng s sy kh vt liu.

Hnh 4-3. S nguyn l bm nhit s dng trong h thng sy lnh
Trng hp tc nhn sy hi lu hon ton Kiu sy hi lu hon ton s dng
Heat pump dryer, tc nhn sy sau kh i qua bung sy (trng thi 3 c qut
ht tr v theo ng ng hi lu, sau qua dn lnh gim nhit n nhit
t
4
(trng thi 4) v n nhit t
1
(trng thi 1), ti y lng nc ngng t

Hnh 4-4. th I-d ch sy hi lu hon
ton
s c dn ra ngoi. Tc nhn sy sau khi tch m tip tc i qua dn nng,
nng nhit ln t
2
(trng thi 2), ri i qua bung sy, thc hin qu trnh sy.
Qu trnh sy l thuyt c trnh by trn gin I-d nh sau:

1-2: Qu trnh gia nhit tc nhn sy n nhit sy. im (2) l trng thi
khng kh nng trc khi vo bung sy.
2-3: Qu trnh sy ng nhit, tc nhn sy c m thp c thi qua vt liu
sy s nhn m thot ra t vt liu v mang ra khi bung sy.
3-4: Qu trnh lm lnh tc nhn sy n nhit ng sng. im (3) l trng
thi khng kh sau khi i qua bung sy c hi lu hon ton, im (4) trng thi
khng kh trong thit b bay hi, lc bt u gim m.
4-1: Qu trnh tch m. im (1) l trng thi khng kh cui giai on tch m.
4.4.1 Xc inh cc i nt trn th s
a) i 0 (Mi trng n ngoi)
* Nhit t
0
= 26
0
C c chn theo nhit trung bnh ca khu vc Thnh Ph Nha
Trang. [Theo kt qu thc nghim chng 4]
* m tng i
0
= 81% [Theo kt qu thc nghim chng 4]
* Phn p sut hi bo ha ca nc

* (

*
* Dung m ca khng kh

(Ly gi tr P
a
= 0,993 bar)
* Entanpy ca khng kh m
I
0
= 1,0048.t
0
+ d
0
(2500 +1,842.t
0
)
= 1,0048.26 + 0,028(2500 + 1,842.26)= 97,465 kJ/kg.kk
* T cc thng s nhit v m khng kh ngoi tri, s dng th I-d ta xc
nh c t
s
=24
0
C (T im O (26
0
C, 81%) dng ng d= const ct ng
=100%, ta xc nh c t
s
)
b) i 1 : Trng thi hng h sau dn nh
* Nhit : t
1
= 8
0
C, theo [5]
* m tng i v tc nhn sy n dn lnh ngng t m nn tc nhn sy trng
thi bo ha nn chn
1
= 100%.
* Phn p sut bo ho
*
* Dung m ca khng kh

* Entanpi
Thay cc thng s ca im 1 vo cng thc ta c:
I
1
= 1,0048.t
1
+ d
1
(2500 +1,842.t
1
)
= 1,0048.8 + 0,00678.(2500 + 1,842.8) = 25,1 kJ/kgkk

c) i 2 : Tc nhn s c gia nhit (trng thi hng h sau dn nng)
* Nhit : t
2
= 40
0
C (Nhit ci t trong qu trnh sy)
* Phn p sut bo ho
* (

*
* Dung m
Do qu trnh 1-2 l qu trnh gia nhit tc nhn sy thng qua dn nng ca bm
nhit nn : d
1
= d
2
= 0,00678 kg/kgkk
* Entanpy :
I
2
= 1,0048.t
2
+ d
2
(2500 +1,842.t
2
)
= 1,0048.40 + 0,00678.(2500 + 1,842.40) = 57,64 kJ/kgkk
* m tng i
( )

d) i 3
V mt l thuyt qu trnh sy trong phng php sy lnh l qu trnh ng nhit,
t
2
=t
3
=40
0
C. Vi m u ra ca tc nhn sy sau khi ra khi bung sy chn =15 %.
* Phn p sut hi bo ha
* (

*
* Dung m:

* Entanpy
I
3
= 1,0048.t
3
+ d
3
(2500 +1,842.t
3
)
= 1,0048.40 + 0,011.(2500 + 1,842.40) = 68,5 kJ/kgkk

e) i 4
* m:
4
= 100%.

* Dung m: d
4
= d
3
= 0,011 kg/kgkk
* Phn p sut bo ho
P
b4
=
( )
4
4 4
a
P .d
0,621+d .
=
0,993.0,011
(0,621+0,011).1
= 0,0173 bar
* Nhit
t
4
=
b4
4026,42
-235,5
12-lnP
=
4026, 42
235,5
12 ln0, 0173
= 15,3
0
C
* Entanpi
I
4
= 1,0048.t
4
+ d
4
(2500 +1,842.t
4
)
= 1,004.15,3 + 0,011(2500 + 1,842.15,3) = 43,2 kJ/kgkk
4.4.2 Tnh ton tc s v thi gian s
Theo yu cu ca ti ta la chn vt liu sy l Hnh, Cc thng s vt l ca
Hnh.
- m u vo
1
=92% [Xc nh bng thc nghim chng 4]
- m cui
2
= 3% - 5%. y ta chn m trung bnh ca sn phm
2
= 4%.
[Xc nh bng thc nghim chng 4]
- Khi lng ring
[Ph lc 6 /3/]
Tc sy ng tc: S dng dng c o tc gi khi tin hnh thc nghim ta xc
nh c vn tc tc nhn sy trong bung sy v = 3,1 m/s. Vn tc tc nhn sy v
=3,1m/s < 5 m/s. Theo ti liu [1] ta c h s trao i nhit i lu:

Mt dng nhit [1]

m 1 1b b
J = (t -t )
Vi t
m
- nhit tc nhn sy, t
m
= 40
0
C
t
b
- nhit b mt vt liu

t
b
=t
= 27
0
C [Xc nh da vo th I-d]
( )
Hay 893880 kj/m

2
h
Cng bay hi m trn b mt vt liu

1b
2b
J
J =
r

r - nhit n ha hi (theo gi tr p sut) vi t
b
=27
0
C. Ta c: P=0,04517 bar.
Ta c: r = 2429 (kj/kg)

Tc sy ng tc [1]
2
0
100
b
J
U
R
=

Vi:
o
- khi lng ring ca Hnh,
o
=
n
=944 (kg/m
3
) [Ph lc 6 /3/]
R - phn na kch thc vt liu sy
Theo thc nghim kho st ly R=2 mm

Thi gian t nng vt liu [1]
2
0
0
F R
=
a

F
0
chun s Fure .
- Xc nh chun s Bio nh s tng quan gia s trao i nhit trn b mt v tnh
dn nhit ca n:

Vi: R - bn knh vt liu, m;

- h s dn nhit ca vt liu, =0,35 W/mK; [Ph lc 6 /3/]

q
o - h s trao i nhit i lu;
Theo ti liu [3]
( )

()
()

Vi: U
k
- tc dng kh, m/s;

k
- khi lng ring khng kh ti nhit sy, kg/m
3
;
R - bn knh vt liu xc nh t thc nghim, mm;
- Chun s nhit
T
u xc nh i lng t nng vt liu ti 1 im bt k:
T
u =
1
o
k
k
-
37,5-28
= =0,9
- 37,5-27
t
t

Vi: t
k
- nhit trung bnh ca tc nhn sy trong khng gian sy,
t
k
= t
m
=37,5
0
C;

o
u - nhit vt liu a vo thit b sy,
o
u = t
o
;
u
1
- nhit b mt bay hi ca vt liu, u
1
= t

;
Tra theo th hnh 5.11 [Ti liu 3] ta tm c h s
0
0, 6 F ~

a - h s dn nhit ca vt liu:
v
a
C
=
Trong : = 0,35 (w/m
2
K), = 944 (kg/m
3
), C
v
= 3,47 (kJ/kgK) [Ph lc 6 /3/]

Thi gian sy ng tc [1]
Theo cng thc thc nghim Egorov [1]
1/2
1 2 cb
100
=k +0,435.k .ln
100-
| |
|
\ .

Vi k
1
, k
2
- hng s thc nghim v c on nh trong nhng khong m cn
bng ht
cb
v m tng i khng kh . Vi m khng kh
0
= 81% nm trong
khong (80%< < 100%) ta c gi tr cc h s k
1
=4,5 v k
2
=30,5.
Ta c:

Vy thi gian sy ng tc
dk kx
1
-
=
U

*
d
m ban u cu vt liu
d
= 92%

*
kx
m ti hn ca vt liu m

Thi gian sy gim tc [1]
Vi
dk
= 1150 %
kx cb
2
2k cb
2 cb kx cb
-
2,3
= ln
U -
1 1
= + - =

Trong :

Tng thi gian sy:
=
0
+
1
+
2
= 0,022 + 22,9 +0,11 = 22,9 (h)
4.4.3 Tnh ton nhit qu trnh
a) Xc nh ng c hi
Lp vt liu sy liu c b tr nm trn cc khay sy bng kim loi sao cho dng
tc nhn sy c th d dng di qua b mt ca vt liu nhng ng thi phi m bo
cho qu trnh truyn nhit v truyn m ca tc nhn sy din ra thun li nht. Qua
thc t kho nghim khi tin hnh cc th nghim b tr vt liu trn 1 khay sy ta c
khi lng vt liu sy G
1
=100 kg/m

* Lng m bc hi trong mt m sy

* Khi lng sn phm sau khi sy
G
2
= G
1
-W = 10091,66 =8,34 (kg/m)
* Thi gian sy = 22,9 (h) theo kt qu tnh ton trn
* Lng m bay hi trong 1 gi

b) Lng hng h h cn thit a hi 1 g
0
3 2
1 1
l = = =237 kgkk/kg
a
d -d 0,011-0,00678

* Lu lng khng kh kh tun hon trong qu trnh sy
L
lt
= W.l
0
= 91,66.237 = 21723,42 kg
kk
/m
c) Nhit ng dn nng cung cp cho qu trnh s a hi 1 g
q
lt
=
2 1
3 2
I -I
d -d
=
57,64-25,1
0,011-0,00678
= 7711 kJ/kg
a

* Nhit lng dn nng cung cp sy 1 m
Q
lt
= W.q
lt
= 91,66.7711 = 706790,26 kJ
* Nng lng tiu hao cho qu trnh sy

* Lng m ngng t
A
d
lt
= d
3
d
2
= 0,011 0,00678 = 0,00422 kg
a

d) Lng nhit thu c t ngng t 1g
q
ll lt
= l
0
.(I
4
I
1
) = 237.(43,2 25,1) = 4289,7 J/kg
a


Hnh 4-5. th I-d ch sy thi b tc
nhn
* Lng nhit dn lnh thu c
Q
ll lt
= W.q
ll lt
= 91,66.4289,7 = 393193,9 kJ
* Cng sut dn lnh ca qu trnh sy

4.5 Tnh ton thut ch s thi tc nhn
Vi kiu sy khng hi lu, khng kh mi trng (trng thi 0; (t
0
,
0
)) c qut ht
qua dn lnh gim nhit n nhit t
1
(trng thi 1), v t
2
; ti y, lng nc
ngng t s c dn ra ngoi. Tc nhn sy sau khi tch m tip tc i qua bung sy,
thc hin qu trnh sy v thot ra ngoi (trng thi 4). Qu trnh sy l thuyt c
trnh by trn gin I-d nh sau:

0-1 : Qu trnh lm lnh tc nhn sy n nhit ng sng. im (0) l trng
thi khng kh iu kin mi trng, im (1) l trng thi khng kh trong thit
b bay hi, lc bt u gim m. Khng kh ngoi mi trng c ht vo dn
lnh kh m.

1-2: Qu trnh tch m. im (2) l trng thi khng kh cui giai on gim m
trc khi i vo dn nng gia nhit.
2- 3: Qu trnh gia nhit tc nhn sy n nhit sy. im (3) l trng thi khng
kh nng trc khi vo bung sy.
3-4: Qu trnh sy tc nhn sy c m thp c thi qua vt liu sy s nhn m
thot ra t vt liu v mang ra khi bung sy(qu trnh sy ng nhit). im (4)
l trng thi khng kh sau bung sy thi b ra mi trng.
4.5.1. Xc nh cc thng s i nt
a) i 0 (Trng thi hng h i trng): tng t ch hi u hon ton.
) i 1: Trng thi hng h trc u dn nh
Ta c d
1
= d
0
=0,028 kg/kgkk,
1
=100%.
( )

* Nhit

* Entanpi
I
1
= 1,0048.t
1
+ d
1
(2500 +1,842.t
1
)
= 1,004.30,3 + 0,028(2500 + 1,842.30,3) = 102 kJ/kgkk
c) i 2 : Trng thi hng h sau dn nh (sau hi h )
Ta c:
2
=100%, t
2
= 8
0
C
* Phn p sut bo ho
2
b2
4026,42 4026,42
exp 12- =exp 12- =0,01072 bar
235,5+t 235,5+8
P =
| |
| |
|
|
\ .
\ .


* Dung m ca khng kh
2 b2
2
2 b2 a
.P
1.0, 01072
d =0,621 0, 621 0, 00678 kg/kgkk
P - .P 0, 993-1.0, 01072
= =
* Entanpi : Thay cc thng s ca im 2 vo cng thc ta c
I
2
= 1,0048.t
2
+ d
2
(2500 +1,842.t)
= 1,0048.8 + 0,00678.(2500 + 1,842.8) = 25,1 kJ/kgkk
d) i 3 : Tc nhn s c gia nhit (trng thi hng h sau dn nng)
* Nhit : t
3
= 40
0
C
* Phn p sut bo ho
b3
3
4026,42 4026,42
P =exp 12- =exp 12- =0,0731 bar
235,5+t 235,5+40
| |
| |
|
|
|
\ .
\ .

* Dung m: Do qu trnh 2-3 l qu trnh gia nhit tc nhn sy thng qua dn nng
ca bm nhit nn : d
2
= d
3
= 0,00678 kg/kgkk
* Entanpy
I
3
= 1,0048.t
3
+ d
3
(2500 +1,842.t
3
)
= 1,0048.40 + 0,00678.(2500 + 1,842.40) = 57,64 kJ/kgkk
* m tng i
( )
a 3
3
3
b3
P .d
=
0,621+d .P

=
( )
0,993.0,00678
0,621+0,00678 .0,0731
= 0,147 = 14,7 %
e) i 4 : Trng thi tc nhn s thi ra ngoi
V mt l thuyt qu trnh sy trong phng php sy lnh l qu trnh ng nhit,
t
3
=t
4
=40
o
C. m ca kh tc nhn sy sau khi qua bung sy
4
=15%
4
b4
4026,42 4026,42
P =exp 12- =exp 12- =0,0731 bar
235,5+t 235,5+40
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

* Dung m :
2 b2
2
2 b2
.P
0,15.0,0731
d =0,621 =0,621 =0,011 kg/kgkk
P - .P 0,993-0,15.0,0731
a


* Entanpy
I
4
= 1,0048.t
4
+ d
4
(2500 +1,842.t
4
)
= 1,0048.40 + 0,011.(2500 + 1,842.40) = 68,5 kJ/kgkk
4.5.2 Xc nh nhit qu trnh

a) Lng c hi trn t s
* Lng m bc hi trong mt m sy

* Khi lng sn phm sau khi sy
G
2
= G
1
-W = 10091,66 =8,34 (kg/m)
* Thi gian sy = 22,9 (h) theo kt qu tnh ton trn
* Lng m bay hi trong 1 gi

) Lng hng h h cn thit a hi 1 g
4 3
0
1 1
l = = =237 kgkk/kg
a
d -d 0,011-0,00678

* Lu lng khng kh kh tun hon trong qu trnh sy
L
lt
= W.l
0
= 91,66.237 = 221723,42kg
kk
/m
c) Nhit ng dn nng cung cp cho qu trnh s a hi 1 g
q
lt
=
3 2
4 3
I -I
d -d
=
57,64-25,1
0,011-0,00678
= 7711 kJ/kg
a

Q
lt
= W.q
lt
= 91,66.7711 = 706790,26 kJ
* Cng sut dn nng qu trnh sy


* Lng m ngng t
A
d
lt
= d
1
d
2
= 0,028 0,00678 = 0,02122 kg
a

d) Lng nhit thu c t ngng t 1g
q
ll lt
= l
0
.(I
1
I
2
) = 237.(102 25,1) = 18225,3 J/kg
a
* Lng nhit dn lnh thu c:
Q
ll lt
= W.q
ll lt
= 91,66.18225,3 = 1670531 kJ
* Cng sut dn lnh qu trnh sy

4.6. Xc nh ch thc ung s
Cc kch thc c bn gm Chiu di L, chiu rng B, chiu cao H. Trong ,
chiu di L xc nh theo thi gian sy v nng sut sy. i vi thit b sy tng si
chiu cao xc nh theo yu cu duy tr ch sy ng u v tn dng c ti a
nhit ca mi cht.
Qua qu trnh kho st nh my ta c cc thng s ca bung sy nh sau :
LBH = 222(m
3
)
y cng l thng s ph hp vi yu cu ca qu trnh tnh toan :
L thuyt :
* Nng sut bung sy : G
1
= 100 kg/m
* Th tch hu dng : V
h
=
1
.
m V
G
K
, m
3

Trong :
m
- Khi lng ring ca vt liu sy,
m
= 944 kg/m
3
[Ph lc 6 /3/]
K
V
- H s in y. K
V
= (0,4 0,5) [3]. Ta chn K
V
= 0,5
Thay vo ta tnh c


* Th tch ton b bung sy: V = V
h
+ AV, m
3

Trong : AV - Th tch ca cc khong trng ca knh gi v cc khng gian t qut
v cc thit b sy, m
3
. Theo kinh nghim ta chn AV= (30 40%)V [3].
- Ta chn AV = 0,3.V = 0,3.0,21 = 0,064 m
3

- Vy th tch bung sy l: V = 0,274 m
3

Vi V tnh ton c, ta chn cc kch thc ca bung sy ph hp vi qu trnh o
c thc t : Di Rng Cao l :
LBH = 222 (m
3
)
4.7. Cn ng nhit cho qu trnh

Phng trnh cn bng nhit cho thit b sy:
Q + Q
bs
+ WC
n
t
m1
+ G
2
C
m
t
m1
+ LI
1
+ G
vc
.C
vc
t
m1
= G
2
C
m
t
m2
+ Q
5
+ LI
3
+ G
vc
.C
vc
.t
m2

Q + Q
bs
= L(I
3
I
1
) + G
2
C
m
(t
m2
t
m1
) + Q
5
WC
n
.t
m1
+

G
vc
.C
vc
.(t
m2
t
m1
)
Q + Q
bs
= Q
2
+ Q
m
+ Q
5
+ Q
1
+ Q
vc
(*)
Trong :
* Q - Nhit lng cung cp gia nhit tc nhn sy
* Q
bs
- Nhit lng b sung. Do khng dng thit b gia nhit cho khng kh sau
dn nng nn Q
bs
= 0
L, I
1
, d
1
G
cv.
C
vc
.t
m2
Q
5
G
2
.C
m
.t
m2
(G
2
C
n
+WC
m
).
t
m1
THIT B SY
Q Q
bs
L, I
3'
, d
3'
G
vc.
C
vc
.t
m1

* Q
1
= - WC
m
t
m1
- Nhit hu ch do m mang vo
* G
2
C
m
.(t
m2
t
m1
) = Q
m
- Nhit lng tn tht do vt liu sy mang ra
* Q
5
- Nhit tn
tht
ra mi trng theo kt cu bao che
* G
vc
.C
vc
.(
tm2
t
m1
) = Q
vc
- Nhit lng tn tht theo thit b vn chuyn
* Q
2
= L(I
3
I
1
) - Nhit tn tht do tc nhn sy
Chia 2 v (*) cho W v b qua Q
bs

Ta c: q = q
1
+ q
2
+ q
vc
+ q
5
+ q
m

M q = l(I
3
- I
1
) hay q = l(I
3
I
1
) = l(I
3
I
1
) + q
v
+q
5
C
n
t
m1

Hay q = l(I
3
I
1
) = C
n
t
m1
- ( q
vc
+ q
5
+ q
m
)

t C
n
t
m1
- (q
vc
+ q
5
+ q
m
) = A - Tn tht nhit lm bay hi 1 kg m.
Suy ra l(I
3
I
1
) = A hay I
3
= I
2
+ A/l
= nhit lng b sung nhit lng tn tht chung
a) Tnh nhit tn tht qua t cu ao che ra i trng
- Nhit bn ngoi bung sy: t
f2
= t
0
= 26
o
C
- Nhit bn trong bung sy: t
f1
= 40
o
C
- Bung sy c tng lm bng thp c chiu dy o =3 mm. Tra bng ph lc 2 [5], ta
c h s dn nhit = 46 W/mK
- Nhit tn tht ra mi trng c tnh theo cng thc Q
5
= K.F.At , (W)
Trong
* F - Din tch xung quanh ca bung sy, m
2
. Bung sy l hnh hp c cc thng
s: LBH = 222 (m
3
). Ta tnh tng din tch xung quanh ca bung sy: F =
2(L.B + L.H + B.H) = 2(2.2 + 2.2 + 2.2) = 24(m
2
)
5
3' 1
5 3' 1
( )
w w w w w
( )
vc vl
v
vc v vl
Q Q Q Q L
q I I tC
q l I I q q q tc
= = + + +
= + + +

* At - chnh nhit bn trong v bn
ngoi bung sy ,
0
C
At = t
f1
- t
f2
= 40 26 = 14
o
C
* K - H s truyn nhit , W/m
2
K;
K =
1
2 1
1 1

|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
o
o
o

o
1
, o
2
- h s to nhit t tc nhn sy n vch
trong bung sy v h s to nhit t vch ngoi
ti khng kh bn ngoi , W/m
2
K. xc nh
o
1
, o
2
ta dng phng php lp
Gi thit t
w1
= 39,1
o
C (nhit vch trong ca tng ), phng trnh cn bng nhit:
q = o
1
(t
f1
-t
w1
) =
o
(t
w1
-t
w2
) = o
2
(t
w2
- t
f2
)
Vi tc tc nhn sy trong bung sy = 3,1 m/s (tc khng kh < 5 m/s) nn
ta c: H s to nhit o
1
c xc nh theo cng thc kinh nghim [1].
o
1
= 6,15 + 4,17. e = 6,15 + 4,17.3,1 = 19,1 W/m
2
K
Vy mt dng nhit truyn qua
q = o
1
(t
f1
- t
w1
) = 19,1 (40 39,1 ) = 17,19 (W/m
2
)
Nhit vch ngoi tng c xc nh theo cng thc
t
w2
= t
w1
- q.
o
= 39,1 17,19.
0, 003
46
= 39,09
0
C
Nhit nh tnh:

Tra bng thng s khng kh vi t
m
= 33
0
C ta c cc thng s sau:
= 2,697.10
-2
W/m
2
K; = 16,29.10
-6
m
2
/s; Pr = 0,7
- Tiu chun Grashoft :
Gr =
3
2
g..t.l


( )

Ta c Gr.Pr = 0,7.7,5.10
8
= 5,3.10
8
thuc khong (2.10
7
1.10
13
)
=> Ta c: C = 0,135 ; n = 0,33
- Cng thc tnh Nusselt:
Nu = C
( )
n1
Gr.Pr = 0,135.( 5,3.10
8
)
0,33
= 102
- H s to nhit:

Suy ra q
= o
2
(t
w2
- t
f2
) = 1,37.(39,09 -26) = 18 W/m
2
- So snh q v q
:

| |
| |

Sai s ny rt nh nn cc kt qu tnh trn c th chp nhn c
Vy, h s truyn nhit: K =
1 2
1
1 1 o
o o
| |
|
|
|
+ +
|
\ .

Hay

- Nhit tn tht ra mi trng trong 1 giy l
Q
5
= 1,27.24.14 = 426,72 J/s
- Nhit tn tht ra mi trng trong qu trnh sy:
Q
5
= 426,72.22,9.3600 =35178795J =35178,795kJ

Vy

) Tn tht nhit do vt iu s ang i q
m
Q
m
= G
2
.C
m
(
2

1
), kJ
Trong : C
m
= 3,87 kJ/kgK - Nhit dung ring ca Hnh [Ph luc 6 /3/]
Nhit vt liu sy vo:
1
= t
0
= 27
o
C
Nhit vt liu sy ra:
2
= t
f1
=40
o
C
Vy nhit tn tht do vt liu sy mang i:
Q
m
= 8,34.3,87.(40 26) = 452 kJ
Suy ra:

c) Tn tht nhit nng ha s q
vc
Khay sy c lm bng nhm c b dy = o 3,5 mm. Ta c thng s ca nhm l: C
Al

= 0,86 kJ/kg;
Al
= 2700 kg/m
3
[Ph lc 2 /5/]. Vi din tch tnh ton, ta chn khay
sy c F = LB = 22 = 4 m
2
. S khay sy l n = 1 khay.
- Vy tng din tch khay sy
F
k
= F.n = 4.1 = 4 m
2

- Khi lng nhm lm khay sy
G
Al
= V.
Al
= F
k
..
Al
= 4.0,0035.2700 = 37,8 kg
- Nhit tn tht
Q
vc
= G
Al
.C
Al
(
2

1
) = 37,8.0,86.(4026) = 455 kJ
Vy

d) Nhit hu ch do mang vo q
1


Hnh 4-6. th I-d ch sy thc hi lu hon ton
q
1
= - C
n
.t
m1

Trong : C
n
- Nhit dung ring ca nc, C
n
= 4,18 kJ/kg
a
K
Vy: q
1
= - 4,18.26 = -108,68 kJ/kg
a
Ta c:

=108,68 (384 + 4,93 + 4,96) = -285,21 kJ/kg
a
; < 0

4.8. Tnh ton qu trnh s thc ch hi u hon ton
a) th s nh thc t theo ch hi u hon ton

im 0 - Trng thi khng kh ngoi tri.
im 1 - Trng thi khng kh sau dn lnh.
im 2 - Trng thi khng kh sau dn nng.
im 3- Trng thi khng kh sau thit b sy trong trng hp sy thc t.
im 4- Trng thi khng kh trong dn lnh trong trng hp sy thc t.
1-2: Qu trnh gia nhit trong dn nng.
2-3: Qu trnh sy thc t trong thit b sy (qu trnh sy ng nhit)
3-4-1: Qu trnh lm lnh khng kh v ngng t m trong dn lnh trong
trng hp sy thc t.

) Tnh ton qu trnh s thc t
Thng s ti cc im nt ca th
im 0, 1, 2
Thng s ti cc im 0, 1, 2 khng thay i so vi qu trnh sy l thuyt.
im 3
* Nhit : t
3
= t
3
= 40
0
C. cha m d
3
ca qu trnh sy thc
Da vo th qu trnh sy thc ta suy ra c
I
3
I
2
=
l
A
= A(d
3
d
2
)
I
2
= C
k
t
2
+ (2500 + 1,842t
2
)d
2

I
3
= C
k
t
3
+ (2500 + 1,842t
3
)d
3
I
2
I
3
= C
k
(t
2
t
3
) + (2500 + 1,842t
2
)d
2
(2500 + 1,842t
3
)d
3
Ta t - A = C
k
(t
2
t
3
) + (2500 + 1,842t
2
)d
2
- B = 2500 +1,842t
3

I
2
I
3
= A -Bd
3
= A(d
3
d
2
)
d
3
=
2
A+d
B-A

( ) ( )
( )

* Entanpi
I
3
= 57,64 + 285,21.(0,00847-0,00678) = 58,12 kJ/kg
kk
* m:
( )

im 4
* m:
4
= 100%.
* Dung m: d
4
= d
3
= 0,00847 kg/kg
kk


* Phn p sut bo ho: P
b4
=
( )
4'
4' 4'
a
P .d
0,621+d .

( )

Nhit

* Entanpi: Thay cc gi tr t
4
, d
4
vo cng thc ta c
I
4
= 1,004.13 + 0,00847(2500 + 1,842.11,3) = 34,4 kJ/kg
kk

c) Tnh ton nhit qu trnh s thc t
* Lng khng kh kh cn thit lm bay hi 1 kg m

* Lu lng khng kh tun hon trong qu trnh sy
L
tt
= W.l
tt
= 91,66.591,7 = 54236,6 kg/m
* Lu lng khng kh tun hon trong 1 giy

* Nhit lng dn nng cung cp cho qu trnh sy lm bay hi 1 kg m
q
tt
=
2 1
3' 2
I -I
d -d
=

Q
tt
= W.q
tt
= 91,66.19254,4= 1764861,7 kJ
* Nng sut nhit dn nng cung cp sy

* Lng m ngng t
A
d
tt
= d
3
d
2
= 0,00847 0,00678 = 0,00169 kg
a


Hnh 3-7. th I-d ch sy thc thi b tc nhn
* Lng nhit thu c t ngng t 1kg m
q
0 tt
= l
tt
.(I
4
I
1
) =591,7.(34,5 25,1) = 5562 kJ/kg
a

Q
0 tt
= W.q
ll tt
= 91,66.5562 =509811 kJ
* Nng sut lnh dn lnh cung cp lm lnh

4.9. Tnh ton qu trnh s thc ch thi tc nhn
a) th s nh thc t theo ch thi tc nhn

im 0 - Trng thi khng kh ngoi tri.
im 1 - Trng thi khng kh trc dn lnh.
im 2 - Trng thi khng kh sau lnh.
im 3 - Trng thi khng kh sau dn nng
im 4- Trng thi khng kh thi trong trng hp sy thc t.
2-3: Qu trnh gia nhit trong dn nng.
3-4: Qu trnh sy thc t trong thit b sy.

) Tnh ton qu trnh s thc t
Thng s ti cc im nt ca th
im 0, 1, 2,3
Thng s ti cc im 0, 1, 2 khng thay i so vi qu trnh sy l thuyt.

im 4
* Nhit : t
4
= t
4
= 40
0
C. cha m d
3
ca qu trnh sy thc
Da vo th qu trnh sy thc ta suy ra c
I
4
I
3
=
l
A
= A(d
4
d
3
)
I
3
= C
k
t
3
+ (2500 + 1,842t
3
)d
3
I
4
= C
k
t
4
+ (2500 + 1,842t
4
)d
4
I
3
I
4
= C
k
(t
3
t
4
) + ( 2500 + 1,842t
3
)d
3
(2500 + 1,842t
4
)d
4
Ta t - A = C
k
( t
3
t
4
) +(2500 + 1,842t
3
)d
3
- B = 2500 +1,842t
3

I
4
I
3
= A + Bd
3
= A( d
4
d
3
)
d
4
=
3
A+d
B-A

( ) ( )
( )

* Entanpi
I
4
= 57,64 + 285,21.(0,00847 - 0,00678) = 58,12 kJ/kg
kk
* m:
( )

c) Tnh ton nhit qu trnh s thc t
* Lng khng kh kh cn thit lm bay hi 1 kg m

* Lu lng khng kh tun hon trong qu trnh sy
L
tt
= W.l
tt
= 91,66.591,7 = 54235,2 kg/m
* Lu lng khng kh tun hon trong 1 giy

* Nhit lng dn nng cung cp cho qu trnh sy lm bay hi 1 kg m

Q
tt
= W.q
tt
= 91,66.19254,4= 1764861,7 kJ
* Nng sut nhit dn nng cung cp sy

* Lng m ngng t
A
d
tt
= d
1
d
2
= 0,0169 0,00678 = 0,01012 kg
a
* Lng nhit thu c t ngng t 1kg m
q
0 tt
= l
tt
.(I
1
I
2
) = 591,7.( 102 25,1) = 45501,7 kJ/kg
a
Q
0 tt
= W.q
ll tt
= 91,66. 45501,7 = 4170688,57 kJ
* Nng sut lnh dn lnh cung cp lm lnh

4.10. Kt un v qu trnh s thut hai ch s
Da vo bi ton l thuyt hai ch sy ta thy rng :
* V vn v sinh ca sn phm, ta thy rng c hai ch sy u m bo vn
v sinh an ton thc phm, nhng nu s dng ch sy thi b tc nhn chng ta phi
trang b thm vo h thng sy mt b lc lc khng kh mi trng trc khi i vo

bung sy. Do , vi h thng ny khng ch i hi thm phn chi ph u t m cn
i hi qu trnh bo tr thay th thng xuyn cc thit b lc.
* V mt kinh t qua kt qu tnh ton ta thy rng trong hai ch sy u c chung
nng sut gii nhit ca dn nng (Q
k
= 21,4kW) nhng v nng sut dn lnh kh m
tng th sy cho tc nhn ch sy hi lu hon ton t ra hiu qu hn
(Q
01
=6,19kW/h) so vi (Q
02
=50,6kW/h). N lm gim nng sut dn lnh do hi lu
hon ton tc nhn sy nn c th hi lu lun nhit hin ca tc nhn sy lm gim
nng sut lnh yu cu kh m so vi vic kh m khng kh ngoi mi trng. Ch
sy hi lu hon ton c th lm gim chi ph nng lng cho qu trnh sy. Do
ch sy hi lu ph hp vi nhng ni c nhit mi trng v m khng kh
tng i cao.
4.11. Tnh ton thit v a chn thit ph tr
4.11.1. Cc thng s nhit ca i cht nh
a) Nhit ngng t
Dn ngng ca bm nhit c nhim v gia nhit cho khng kh nn mi trng lm mt
dn ngng chnh l tc nhn sy.
Vi: t
w2
- l nhit khng kh ra khi dn ngng. Theo yu cu th t
w2
= 40
0
C

k
t - l hiu nhit ngng t yu cu
i vi dn ngng gii nhit bng gi,
k
t = (10 15
0
C).
Ta chn
k
t A = 10
0
C. Khi , nhit ngng t ca mi cht l:
t
k
= t
w2
+
k
t = 40 + 10 = 50
0
C
) Nhit a hi
Nhit si ca mi cht lnh c th ly nh sau:
t
0
= t
b
-
0
t
Vi: t
b
- nhit khng kh sau dn bay hi t
b
= 8
0
C

0
t - Hiu nhit ngng t yu cu. Hiu nhit ti u l
0
t = (8 13
0
C) .
Ta chn
0
t =8
0
C. Nh vy nhit si ca mi cht lnh l: t
0
= 88 = 0
0
C.
c) Nhit hi ht
m bo my nn khng ht phi lng ngi ta phi m bo hi ht vo my nn
nht thit phi l hi qu nhit.
t
h
= t
0
+
h
t
Vi mi cht R22, ta chn
h
t = 25
0
C. Vy nhit hi ht
t
h
= 0 + 25 = 25
0
C

4.11.2. Tnh ton chu trnh nhit
a) Chn chu trnh
Vi nhit bay hi t
0
v nhit ngng t t
k
chn, tra bng tnh cht nhit ng
ca R22 trng thi bo ha ta c p sut bay hi v ngng t tng ng l:
t
0
= 0
0
C p
0
= 4,983 bar
t
k
= 50
0
C p
k
= 19,395 bar
Nh vy, ta c t s nn:

k
0
p
=
p
=
19,395
4,893
= 3,96
Vi 3,96 12 t = < nn ta chn my nn 1 cp.Mt khc, mi cht lnh s dng y l
R22 nn ta chn s my nn lnh 1 cp dng thit b hi nhit.
) S , ngun vic

MN: My nn
TL: Tit Lu
BH: Bay hi
HN: Hi nhit
NT: Ngng t


Nguyn l lm vic
Hi mi cht sau khi ra khi thit b bay hi c a vo thit b hi nhit, nhn
nhit ng p ca lng cao p tr thnh hi qu nhit 1. Hi qu nhit ny c ht
v my nn v c nn on nhit trong my nn t p sut bay hi p
0
ln p sut
ngng t p
k
. Hi cao p 2 i vo thit b ngng t, nh nhit ng p cho tc nhn
sy, ngng t thnh lng si 3. Sau , lng cao p 3 i vo thit b hi nhit, nh
nhit ng p cho hi h p tr thnh lng cha si 3. Lng 3 i vo van tit lu
gim p sut xung p sut bay hi p
0
(im 4) ri i vo thit b bay hi nhn nhit
ca tc nhn sy va ra khi bung sy, ha hi ng p ng nhit thnh hi bo
ha m v chu trnh li tip tc.
c) X dng th v p ng c nh cc gi tr ti cc i nt
th
Cc qu trnh:
o 1-1 - Qu nhit hi mi cht trong thit b hi nhit
o 1-2 - Nn on nhit hi mi cht t p
0
n p
k

o 2-3 - Lm mt v ngng t ng p ng nhit trong thit bi ngng t

o 3-3 - Qu lnh lng cao p trong thit b hi nhit
o 3-4 - Qu trnh tit lu ng Entanpi
o 4-1 - Qu trnh bay hi ng p ng nhit trong thit b bay hi
d) Bng cc thng s ti cc i nt ca th
Tra bng cc tnh cht nhit ng ca R22 trng thi bo ha v bng cc tnh cht
nhit ng ca hi qu nhit R22 Ta c bng cc thng s nhit ng ca mi cht trn
th nh sau:

Bng 3-1 Thng s trng thi cc im nt
im Trng thi
P
bar
T
0
C
v.10
3

m
3
/kg
i
kJ/kg
S
kJ/kgK
1
1
2
3
3
4
Hi bo ha kh x=1
Hi qu nhit
Hi qu nhit
Lng si, x=0
Lng cha si
Hi bo ha m
4,893
4,893
19,395
19,395
19,395
4,893
0
25
97,4
50
36,5
0,5
46,98
54,41
15,71
0,8
-
14,1
405,27
423,53
462,85
263,3
245,0
245,0
1,751
1,817
1,817
1,208
1,152
1,165

Nhit im 3 c xc nh theo phng trnh cn bng nhit trong thit b hi
nhit vi gi thit b qua cc tn tht. Ta c:
i
3
i
3
= i
1
i
1
Hay i
3
= i
3
+ i
1
i
1
= 263,3 + 405,27 423,53 = 245 kJ/kg
T i
3
v p
3
ta c t
3
= 36,5
0
C
Nh vy qu lnh
ql
t = 50 36,5 = 13,5
0
C
e) Tnh ton chu trnh
Lu lng mi cht tun hon qua h thng
Lu lng mi cht tun hon c xc nh da vo nng sut lnh ca dn bay hi
Q
0
v cng sut nhit Q
k
ca dn ngng t. chng 3 ta tnh ton c (la chn

nng sut lnh ln nht theo ch sy thi b tc nhn) ta c: Q
0tt
= 50,5 kW; Q
ktt
=
21,4 kW.
Xem hiu sut ca dn nng v dn lnh bng nhau:
0 k
= = 0,7
- Vy cng sut dn ngng ca bm nhit: Q
k
=
kW
- Cng sut dn bay hi ca bm nhit: Q
0
=

Do mi cht tun hon trong bm nhit nn lu lng mi cht qua dn nng v dn
lnh bng nhau. Ta c:
Lu lng mi cht qua dn lnh:

Lu lng mi cht qua dn nng:

Ta thy lu lng mi cht qua dn nng v dn lnh theo tnh ton khng bng nhau.
Do m bo cng sut ca ton h thng th ta chn lu lng ln nht. Tc l:
G = max(G
0
, G
k
) = G
0
= 0,45 kg/s.
* Cng sut nhit
Q
k
= G(i
2
i
3
) = 0,45(462,85 263,3) = 89,8 kW
* Cng sut nhit s tha mt lng
Q
k
= Q
k
Q
k
= 89,8 30,5 = 59,3 kW
* Ph ti ca thit b hi nhit
Q
hn
= G.(i
1
i
1
) = 0,45.(423,53405,27) = 8,2 kW
* Cng tiu th ca my nn:
L = G(i
2
i
1
) = 0,45.(462,85 423,53) = 17,7 kW
* H s nhit ca bm nhit: Do s dng bm nhit nng lnh nn h s nhit ca
bm nhit c tnh theo cng thc:


4.11.3. Tnh ton thit cc thit trao i nhit
4.11.3.1. Dn ngng trong
a) Cng dng
Thit b ngng t ca bm nhit c cng dng gia nhit cho khng kh trc khi vo
bung sy t trng thi bo ha sau dn lnh n nhit v m yu cu trong qu
trnh sy. Vic s dng dn ngng ca bm nhit thay th cho thit b gia nhit s
lm gim chi ph in nng ca h thng, qua lm gim chi ph lp t v vn hnh
ca h thng sy dng bm nhit.
) Phng php thit dn ngng
Chn loi dn ngng
Ta chn loi dn ngng gii nhit bng khng kh i lu cng bc. Cu to gm
mt dn ng trao i nhit bng thp hoc ng ng c cnh nhm hoc st bn
ngoi, bc cnh nm trong khong 3 10 mm.
Chn ng cho dn ngng
Do mi cht l Freon R22 nn ta chn ng ng cnh nhm lm ng dn mi
cht trong dn ngng. Cc ng c cnh thng c thng s:
- ng: - ng knh trong d
tr
= 15 mm
- ng knh ngoi d
ng
= 18 mm
- Bc ng s
1
= s
2
= s = 34 mm
- Chiu di on ng l = 0,5 m
- Cnh trn: - Chiu dy
c
o = 0,3 mm
- Bc cnh s
c
= 3,5 mm
- ng knh cnh d
c
= 32 mm
Cc thng s cho trc

Cng sut ca dn ngng Q
k
= 30,5 kW
Nhit khng kh vo dn t
kk
= t
1
= 8
0
C
Nhit khng kh ra khi dn t
kk
= t
2
= 40
0
C
Nhit ngng t ca mi cht t
k
= 50
0
C
Lu lng mi cht qua dn ngng G = 0,45 kg/s
Lu lng khng kh qua dn G
kk
= 0,657 kg/s
Tc khng kh u vo ca dn e = 3,1 m/s
Tnh din tch trao i nhit [5]:
k k
k kf
Q Q
F= =
k.t q
, m
2

Trong : Q
k
- Ph ti nhit yu cu ca thit b ngng t, W;
k - H s truyn nhit, W/m
2
K;

k
t A - chnh nhit lgarit trung bnh,
0
K;
q
kf
Mt dng nhit, W/m
2
;
Tnh chnh nhit trung bnh
Khi tnh ton c th coi nhit trong thit b ngng t l khng i v bng t
k
.
chnh nhit trung bnh c tnh theo cng thc [5]:

max min
tb
max
min
t -t
t =
t
ln
t
,
0
C
Trong :

max
k kk'
=50-8=42 t -t t A =
0
C

k kk"
min
=50-40=10 t -t t A =
0
C
Ta tnh c
tb
t A = 22,3
0
C
Xc nh h s truyn nhit k
Do ng c chiu dy mng (d
2
/d
1
= 1,2 <1,4) nn qu trnh truyn nhit trong vch tr
c th coi l truyn nhit qua vch phng. Lc h s truyn nhit k c th tnh theo
cng thc [5] :

c
1 2
1
k=
1 1
+ +
.
, W/mK
Trong :
2 1
,o o - H s trao i nhit bn trong v ngoi ng trao i nhit, W/m
2
K

- H s dn nhit ca vt liu lm ng, W/mK. Tra bng ph lc 2 [Ti
liu 5] thng s vt l ca mt s cht rn ta c:
cu
= 389 W/mK.

- Chiu dy vch. y chiu dy vch tr c tnh theo cng thc:
=0,5(d
2
-d
1
) = 0,5(0,018-0,015) = 0,0015 m

c
- H s lm cnh. H s lm cnh c tnh theo cng thc:

( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
c c 2
c
1
n d -d 143 0,032 -0,018
=1+ =1+
2.d .l 2.0,015.0,5
= 7,67
n
c
- S cnh trn 1 ng: n
c
=
c
l 0,5
=
s 0,0035
= 143 cnh

Tnh h s trao i nhit bn ngoi
2
[5]
S cnh trn 1 ng: n
c
= 143 cnh
Chiu cao cnh: h =
c 2
d -d 32-18
=
2 2
= 7 mm
ng knh tng ng: d
E
=
1
1 1 c
0 2 c
c
1 1
0 c
F
F .d +F .
2.n
F +F

Trong :
1
0
F - Din tch phn khng cnh ca ng.

1
0
F = t .d
2
.n
c
.s
c
= 3,14.0,018.143.0,0035 = 0,0283 m
2

1
c
F - Din tch phn c cnh.

1
c
F = 2t
2 2
c 2
d -d
4
.n
c
=
2 2
2.3,14.(0,032 -0,018 ).143
4
= 0,157 m
2
Thay vo ta c: d
E
=
0,157
0,0283.0,018+0,157
2.143
0,0283+0,157
.
= 0,0226 m
Tc ti khe hp tnh theo cng thc

2
c 2
c 1 1
max
= m/s
0,018 2.0,007.0,0003
+
0,034 0,034.0,0035
3,1
= =7,1
d 2.h.
1-
1- +
s s .s
| | | |
| |
|
\ .
\ .

Nhit khng kh trung bnh
t
tb
= 0,5(t
kk
+ t
kk
) = 0,5(8 +40) = 24
0
C
Thng s vt l ca khng kh kh nhit 24
0
C ta c:

k
= 1,19 kg/m
3
; v = 15,436.10
-6
m
2
/s;
k
= 2,622.10
-2
W/mK
Ta c th tnh h s Re theo cng thc:
Re =
max E
.d
=
-6
7,1.0,0226
15,436.10
= 10,4.10
3
Khi h s Nu c tnh theo cng thc vi ng xp song song
Nu = 0,138.Re
0,63
= 46,8
H s to nhit ca cnh:
-2
k
c
E
Nu. 46,8.2,622.10
= =
d 0,0226
= 54,3 W/m2K
H s to nhit tng ng ca pha ng c cnh:
( )
1
c
c c 2 1
2
F
= +
F
,W/m2K
Trong : -
1
0
1
c
F 0,0283
= = =0,18
F 0,157

-
1
2
F =
1
c
F +
1
0
F = 0,0283 + 0,157 =0,1853 m
2

-
c
q = 0,95 : Hiu sut cnh.
Vy:
( )
2
0,157
=54,3 0,95+0,18
0,1853
= 52 W/m
2
K
Tnh h s trao i nhit bn trong
1

Vi hi R22 ngng trong ng nm ngang ta c th dng cng thc [5]

1
=1,2.
N
=1,2.0,728
3 2
0,25
ng
. .g.r
( )
.t.d
, W/m
2
K
Trong :

r = 154,03 kJ/kg - Nhit n ha hi ca mi cht;
=1085 kg/m
3
- Khi lng ring ca mi cht lng trong dn ngng;
= 714 W/mK - H s dn nhit ca mi cht lng trong dn ngng;
t A = t
k
t
w
- chnh nhit ngng t v vch ng,
0
K;
= 2,1.10
4
Ns/m
2
- nht ng lc hc mi cht lng trong bnh ngng;
g Gia tc trng trng. g = 9,81 m/s
2
;
Cc thng s trn c ly ti t
k
= 50
0
C. Gi thit t
w
= 48,3
0
C, ta tnh t
w
theo phng
php lp. Thay cc thng s vo cng thc trn ta c:

0,25
3 2
N 1
t
. .g.r
=1,2 =1,2.0,728.
. .d
| |
|
\ .

= 1,2.0,728.
0,25
2 3
4
9,81.1085 .714 .154,03
2,1.10 .1,7.0,018
| |
|
|
\ .
= 4922 W/m
2
K
Thay vo :
c 1 2
1
k =
1 1
+ +
.

k =
4922
1 0,0018 1
+
714 52.7,67
1
+
= 368,6 W/m
2
K
Khi : q = k.
tb
t = 368,6.22,3 =8220 W/m
2

q =
1
o (t
k
- t
w
) = 4922.1,7 = 8367,4 W/m
2

So snh q v q vi sai s cho php khng qu 5% ta c:

q-q' 8220-8367,4
= =
q 8220
= 0,0179 = 1,79% < 5%
Vy k = 368,6 W/m
2
K;
1
= 4922 W/m
2
K v t
w
= 48,3
0
C
Din tch trao i nhit bn trong [5]

Tnh cc thng s c th ca dn ngng
* S ng trong dn:

n=157,56 ta chn n =160 ng
Chn s ng trn mi hng l m = 16 ng ta s c s hng ng trong dn ngng
l: z = n/m = 10
* Kch thc ca dn
- Chiu rng dn: B = z.s
2
= 10.0,034 = 0,34 m
- Chiu cao dn: H = m.s
1
= 16.0,034 = 0,544 m
- Chiu di ca dn chn L = 0,5 m

4.11.3.1. Dn ngng ngoi
Vi cc h thng cng sut ln, mt h thng sy cn m bo rng c th hot
ng c nhiu chc nng khng ch c sy hnh v rt nhiu mt hng nng sn khc.
Cng vi n gin cho vic thay i nhit ca bung sy v tng kh nng trao
i nhit vi khng kh ta cn thm mt s chc nng ca h thng.
Dn ngng ngoi l mt thit b dng lm tng cc iu kin cn thit v ti u
ha h thng .
n gin cho vic tnh ton, lp t ta chn hai dn ngng ngoi l 2 my
iu ha c cng sut vi dn ngng trong vi cng sut lnh ca 2 dn lnh l 50,6 kW
tng ng vi tng cng sut lnh l 171000 Btu/h :
Cc thng s ca dn :
Model : FXMQ250MFV1
Cng sut dn lnh : 95000Btu/h
Kch thc : 470 1,380 1,100
Din tch : 0,65 m
2

Dn ngng ngoi c qut gii nhit vi cng sut 380W
4.11.3.3. Dn a hi
a) Cng dng:

Dn bay hi c tc dng nhn nhit ca khng kh chuyn ng bn ngoi dn
lm nhit khng kh gim xung di nhit ng sng tch mt phn m ca
khng kh trc khi vo dn bay hi ng thi ha hi mi cht chuyn ng bn trong
dn lnh t trng thi lng n trng thi hi bo ha.
) Thit dn a hi
Chn loi dn bay hi: Dn bay hi y c tc dng lm lnh khng kh nn ta
chn loi dn bay hi lm lnh khng kh i lu cng bc. Do lm lnh khng kh
n im sng nn dn bay hi c mng hng nc ngng di.
Chn ng cho dn bay hi: ph hp vi mi cht R22, ta chn ng ng cnh
nhm hnh vung lm ng dn mi cht trong dn. Thng s ca ng chn nh sau:
ng: - ng knh trong d
tr
= 15 mm
- ng knh ngoi d
ng
= 18 mm
- Bc ng s
1
= s
2
= s = 36 mm
- Chiu di on ng L = 0,5 m
Cnh: - Chiu dy
c
o = 0,35 mm.
- Bc cnh s
c
= 3,5 mm.
- Chiu di cnh l
c
= 34 mm
- ng knh tng ng ca cnh d
c
=
t
c
l . 4
= 43,31 mm
Thng s cho trc
Cng sut dn Q
0
= 72,3 kW
Nhit khng kh vo dn bay hi t
k0
= 35
0
C
Nhit khng kh ra khi dn t
k0
= 8
0
C
Nhit bay hi ca mi cht trong dn t
0
= 0
0
C
Lu lng khi lng mi cht trong dn lnh G = 0,45 kg/s
Lu lng khng kh qua dn lnh G
k
= 0,657 kg/s
Tc khng kh u vo dn lnh
0
e = 3,1 m/s
Tnh din tch trao i nhit [5]

0 0
0 0f
Q Q
F= =
k.t q
, m
2
Q
0
- Ph ti nhit yu cu ca thit b bay hi, W;
2
K;

0
t A - chnh nhit lgarit trung bnh, K;
q
0f
- Mt dng nhit, W/m
2
;
Tnh chnh nhit trung bnh
chnh nhit trung bnh c tnh theo cng thc

max min
tb
max
min
t -t
t =
t
ln
t
,
0
C
Trong :

k0' 0 max
t =t -t =35-0=35
0
C

0 min k0"
t =t -t =8-0=8
0
C
Thay vo cng thc ta c tnh c
tb
t = 18,3
0
C
Xc nh h s truyn nhit k : Do ng c chiu dy mng (d
2
/d
1
= 1,2 <1,4) nn
qu trnh truyn nhit trong vch tr c th coi l truyn nhit qua vch phng.
Lc h s truyn nhit k c th tnh theo cng thc:

c 1 2
1
k=
1 1
+ +
.
, W/mK
Trong :

2 1
2
K;
- H s dn nhit ca vt liu lm ng, W/mK. Tra bng ph lc 2 [Ti liu
5] thng s vt l ca mt s cht rn ta c:

cu
= 389 W/mK;
o - Chiu dy vch. y chiu dy vch tr c tnh theo cng thc

o = 0,5(d
2
d
1
) = 0,5(0,018 0,015) = 0,0015 m
S cnh trn 1 ng: n
c
=
c
l 0,5
=
s 0,004
= 125 cnh

c
h s lm cnh. H s lm cnh c tnh theo cng thc

( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
c c 2
c
1
n d -d 125 0,04331 -0,018
=1+ =1+
2.d .l 2.0,015.0,5
= 13,9
Tnh h s trao i nhit bn ngoi
2

S cnh trn 1 ng: n
c
= 125 cnh
Chiu cao cnh: h =
c
2
d -d
43,31-18
=
2 2
= 12,66 mm.
ng knh tng ng: d
E
=
1
0 2
1 1
0
c
1
1 c
c
c
F
F .d +F .
2.n
F +F

Trong :
*
1
0
F - Din tch phn khng cnh ca ng
1
0
F = t .d
2
.n
c
.s
c
= 3,14.0,018.125.0,0035 = 0,0247 m
2

*
1
c
F - Din tch phn c cnh
1
c
F = 2t
2 2
c 2
d -d
4
.n
c
=
2 2
2.3,14.(0,04331 -0,018 ).125
4
= 0,61 m
2

Thay vo cng thc trn ta c
d
E
=
0,61
0,0247.0,018+0,61.
2.125
0,0247+0,61
= 0,048 m
Tc ti khe hp tnh theo cng thc

max
c 2
c
1 1
3,1
0,018 2.0,01266.0,00035
1- +
0,036 0,036.0,004
= =
d
2.h.
1- +
s s .s
| | | |
|
|
| \ .
\ .
= 7,07 m/s
2

Nhit khng kh trung bnh
t
tb
= 0,5(t
kk
+ t
kk
) = 0,5(35 +8) = 21,5
0
C
Thng s vt l ca khng kh kh nhit 21,5
0
C ta c

k
= 1,199 kg/m
3
; v = 15,201.10
-6
m
2
/s;
k
= 2,602.10
-2
W/mK

Ta c th tnh h s Re theo cng thc
Re =
E max
.d
=
-6
7,07.0,048
15,201.10
= 22,3.10
3

Khi h s Nu c tnh theo cng thc vi ng xp song song
Nu = 0,138.Re
0,63
= 75,8
H s to nhit ca cnh:
E
k
-2
c
Nu. 75,8.2,602.10
= =
d 0,048
= 41,1 W/m
2
K
H s to nhit tng ng ca pha ng c cnh
( )
1
c
1
2
2 c c
F
= +
F
, W/m
2
K
Trong : -
1
0
1
c
F 0,0247
= = =0,0405
F 0,61

-
1
2
F =
1
c
F +
1
0
F = 0,0247 + 0,61 =0,6347 m
2

-
c
= 0,95 : Hiu sut cnh.
Vy: ( )
2
0,61
=41,1. 0,95+0,0405
0,6347
= 39,1 W/m
2
K
Tnh h s trao i nhit bn trong
1

0,5
2,5 1,5 l
1
tr
.
=A .
d
| |
|
\ .
, W/m
2
K
Trong : - Tc chuyn ng ca lng R22 trong h thng, m/s. Vi R22:
= 0,4 1 m/s. Ta chn = 0,5 m/s. [6];

l
- Khi lng ring cu R22 lng ti 0
0
C:
l
= 1,284.10
3
kg/m
3
;
A - Ti 0
0
C, ta chn A = 1,32 ;
u = t
w
t
0
;
d
tr
- ng knh trong ca ng, m;
Do t
w
cha bit nn ta tm
1
o phng php lp:
Gi s t
w
= 3,5
0
C, ta tnh c:

1
o = 1,32
2,5
.[3,5 -0]
1,5
.
0,5
3
-3
0,5.1,284.10
15.10
| |
|
\ .
= 2712 W/m
2
K

Thay vo
c
1 2
1
k=
1 1
+ +
.

k =
2712
1
1 0,0015 1
+ +
389 39,1.13,9
= 452 W/m
2
K
Khi : q = k.
tb
t A = 452.18,3 = 8271,6 W/m
2

q =
1
o (t
w
t
0
) = 2260.3,5 = 7910 W/m
2

So snh q v q vi sai s cho php khng qu 5% ta c:

8271, 6
q-q' 8271,6-7910
= =
q
= 0,0437 = 4,37% < 5%
Vy k = 452 W/m
2
K;
1
= 2712 W/m
2
K v t
w
= 3,5
0
C
Din tch trao i nhit bn trong

Tnh cc thng s c th ca dn bay hi
S ng trong dn:

n = 395,8 ta chn 396 ng
Chn s ng trn mi hng l m = 22 ng ta s c s hng ng trong dn bay
hi l: z = n/m =18.
Kch thc ca dn
- Chiu rng dn B = z.s
2
= 18.0,036 = 0,648 m
- Chiu cao dn H = m.s
1
= 22.0,036 = 0,792 m
- Chiu di ca dn chn L = 0,5 m
4.11.4. Tnh chn nn
Nhim v ca my nn lnh: My nn lnh l b phn quan trng nht ca cc h
thng lnh nn hi. My nn c nhim v:
* Lin tc ht hi sinh ra thit b bay hi.

* Duy tr p sut P
0
v nhit t
0
cn thit.
* Nn hi ln p sut cao tng ng vi mi trng lm mt, nc hoc khng
kh, y vo thit b ngng t.
* a lng qua van tit lu tr v thit b bay hi, thc hin qu trnh tun hon
kn ca mi cht lnh trong h thng gn lin vi vic thu hi nhit mi
trng lnh v thi nhit mi trng nng.
Chn loi my nn: Vi mi cht R22 ta chn loi my nn pittng na kn
a) Tnh ton chu trnh ch u cu
Nng sut khi lng thc t: G = 0,45 kg/s
Nng sut th tch thc t. Tra bng cc tnh cht nhit ng ca R22 trng thi
bo ho vi nhit hi ht l 0
0
C ta c v = v
0
= 46,98.10
-3
m
3
/kg.
V
tt
= G.v = 0,45.46,98.10
-3
= 0,02 m
3
/s
- T s nn:
k
0
p
=
p
=
19,395
4,983
= 3,89
- H s cp ca my nn:
tt
lt
V
=
V

H s cp ca my nn l t s gia th tch thc t V
tt
v th tch l thuyt V
lt
ca
my nn. H s cp v hiu sut ch th ph thuc vo t s nn, vi mi cht R22,
= 0,77.
- Th tch ht l thuyt
V
lt
= V
tt
/ = 0,02/0,77 = 0,026 m
3
/s
- Nng sut lnh ring khi lng
q
0
= i
1
i
4
= 405,27 245 = 160,27 kJ/kg
Nng sut lnh ring th tch
q
v
=
0
-3
1
q 160,27
=
v 46,98.10
= 3411,5 kJ/m
3

Th tch hi thc t ht vo xylanh
V= G.v
1
=0,45.54,41.10
-3
= 0,024 m
3
/s
H s ch th th tch

K 0 d 0 h
i
0 0
0
P +P P -P P -P
= -C -
P P P
| |
|
|
\ .

Chn :
* C = 0,05
*
h
P =
d
P =0,1 bar
*

H s tn tht khng thy c
0
w'
k
T
=
T
273+0
= =0,845
273+50

H s lu lng ca my nn

=
i
w
= 0,85.0,845=0,72

Th tch chuyn di ca pittong
h
V
V =

Cng sut on nhit
N
a
= G( i
2
i
1
) = 0,45.(462,53 - 423,53) = 17,55 kW
Hiu sut ch th:
w' 0 i
= +b.t =0,845+0,0025.0=0,845
(Vi R22 chn b= 0,0025)
Cng sut ch th

Cng sut ma st
N
m
=V
h
.P
m
.10
2
= 0,033 .0,5.10
2
=1,65 kW (Chn P
m
=0,5 bar)
Cng sut hiu dng
N
e
=N
i
+N
m
=20,76 + 1,65= 22,41 kW
Cng sut trn trc my nn truyn ng trc tip
N = N
e
= 22,41 kW

) Tnh ton nng sut nh tiu chun
Do cng sut lnh ca my nn ph thuc rt ln vo ch vn hnh nn ch
vn hnh khc so vi trong catalogue. chn my nn ph hp ta tin hnh quy i
nng sut lnh t ch vn hnh sang ch quy chun: Vi R22, ch tiu chun
l: t
0
= 15
0
C; t
qn
= 15
0
C; t
k
= 30
0
C; t
ql
= 25
0
C. Ta lp bng thng s trng thi ca cc
im nt trn th:

Bng 3-2 Thng s tiu chun ca cc im nt
im Trng thi
P
bar
t
0
C
v.10
3

m
3
/kg
i
kJ/kg
S
kJ/kgK
1
1
2
3
3
4
Hi bo ha kh x=1
Hi qu nhit
Hi qu nhit
Lng si, x=0
Lng cha si
Hi bo ha m
2,966
2,966
11,908
11,908
11,908
2,966
-15
15
85
30
25
-15
77,29
106,15
25,183
0,8515
-
-
698,38
719,7
759,315
536,51
515,19
515,19
1,7710
1,8448
1,8448
1,1248
-
-

Tnh ton ch tiu chun:
T s nn:
k
tc
0
p
=
p
=
11,908
2,966
= 4,015
H s cp: H s cp v hiu sut ch th ph thuc vo t s nn vi mi cht
R22 ta c
tc
= 0,76

Nng sut lnh ring khi lng tiu chun
q
0tc
= i
1
i
4
= 183,19 kJ/kg
Nng sut lnh ring th tch tiu chun
0tc
vtc -3
1
183,19
=2370
77,29.10
q
q = =
v
kJ/m
3

Nng sut lnh tiu chun

c) Tn tht nng ng v cng sut ng c
Cng nn on nhit
N
s
= G(i
2
i
1
) = 0,45(759,315 698,38) = 27,42 kW
Hiu sut ch th. Da vo t s nn t ta c
i
q = 0,86
Cng nn ch th

Cng sut hu ch: N
e
= N
i
+ N
ms

* Cng tiu tn thng lc ma st: N
ms
= p
ms
.V
tt

Vi my nn R22 ngc dng: p
ms
= 19 34 kPa. Ta chn p
ms
= 25 kPa.
N
ms
= 0,02.25 = 0,5 kW
N
e
= 31,9 + 0,5 = 32,4 kW
Cng sut in tiu th: N
el
=
e
td el
N

td
- Hiu sut truyn ng. Vi my nn na kn:
td
= 1

el
- Hiu sut ng c in
el
= (0,8 0,95). Chn
el
= 0,9
N
el
=

Cng sut ng c in lp t: N
dc
= (1,1 2,1).N
el


Chn: N
dc
= 1,1.N
el
= 1,1.36 = 39,6 kW
My nn pittong ca hng BITZER Semi hermetic Recips Series ta chn my nn
c thng s sau:
- K hiu: 6G-30.2-40P
- Cng sut dn lnh : 58,6 kW
- Cng sut dn nng : 79,1 kW
- in ngun: 380V/1Ph/50Hz
- Lu lng mi cht : 0,37 kg/s
4.11.5. Chn ng ng dn i cht
4.11.5.1. ng ng
* Lu lng th tch mi cht qua ng y
V
d
= G.v
2
= 0,45.15,71.10
-3
= 7,07.10
-3
m
3
/s
* Tc mi cht trong ng y.
Tc dng chy thch hp vi mi cht R22,
h
=(815) m/s. Ta chn
h
= 11 m/s
* ng knh trong ca ng

ng ng cho my lnh Fren ta chn loi ng c thng s:
- ng knh trong: d
td
= 38 mm
- ng knh ngoi: d
nd
= 40 mm
4.11.5.2. ng ng ht
* Lu lng th tch mi cht qua ng ht
V
d
= G.v
1
= 0,45.54,41.10
-3
= 0,024 m
3
/s
* Tc mi cht trong ng ht
Tc dng chy thch hp vi mi cht R22,
h
=(712) m/s. Ta chn
h
= 8 m/s
* ng knh trong ca ng

d
td
=
-3
d
d
4.V
4.1,08.10
=
. 3,14.8
= 0,06 m
ng ng cho my lnh Fren ta chn loi ng c thng s:
- ng knh trong: d
td
= 60 mm
- ng knh ngoi: d
nd
= 63 mm
4.11.6. Thit hi nhit
a) Cng dng
Thit b hi nhit c tc dng qu nhit hi ht v my nn trnh lt lng vo my
nn gy ra hin tng va p thy lc lm h hng thit b v qu lnh lng cao p
gim tn tht lnh do van tit lu.

) Cu to

c) Nguyn l
Lng cao p chy bn trong ng xon trao i nhit vi hi h p chy bn ngoi
ng lm cho hi h p t hi bo ho tr thnh hi qu nhit. Lng cao p nh nhit cho
hi h p v c qu lnh mt phn. ng tr kn 2 u c nhim v hng cho dng
hi i qua ng xon v lm tng tc dng hi tng cng hiu qu trao i nhit.
Bnh hi nhit c bc cch nhit.
* Thng s thit k
- Cng sut thit b hi nhit Q
hn
= 4,1 kW
1- ng vo hi hi h p
2- ng ra lng cao p
3- ng vo lng cao p
4- ng ra hi h p
5- ng xon
6- ng tr kn

- Nhit lng mi cht vo t
l
= t
3
= 50
0
C
- Nhit lng mi cht ra t
l
= t
3
= 36,5
0
C
- Nhit hi mi cht vo t
h
= t
1
= 0
0
C
- Nhit hi mi cht ra : t
h
= t
1
= 25
0
C
d) Tnh chn ng nh ng
Vi lng R22 chy trong ng, tc mi cht nm trong khong (0,4 1) m/s. Ta chn
e = 1 m/s.
Lu lng th tch ca lng chy trong ng
V = G.v
3
= 0,45.0,0008. =3,6.10
-4
m
3
/s
ng knh trong ca ng:

Theo kch thc tiu chun ca ng ng trong bng cc loi ng ng cho my
lnh Freon ta chn d
1
= 20 mm. Khi , ng knh ngoi l: d
2
= 22 mm.
ng knh ca vng xon: Chn D
x
= 80 mm
Chn khe h gia ng xon vi v thit b l =10mm. Khi , ng knh trong ca
v l: D
v
= D
x
+ d
2
+2. o = 80 + 22 + 2.10 = 122 mm
ng knh ca phn li qun ng ( d lp t ta ly khong h gia ng xon
v li qun l
l
o = 5mm). D
l
= D
x
-
l
o - d
2
= 80 2.5 22 = 68 mm
Tit din t do ca hi trong thit b hi nhit
F =
( )
2
2
2 2
v v 2
v l
D -2 -(D -2-2.d )
D -D
-
4 4

=
()
()

Lu lng th tch ca mi cht
V = G.v
1
= 0,45.46,98.10
-3
= 0,02m
3
/s
Tc hi mi cht trong thit b hi nhit


e) Tnh ton din tch trao i nhit
* Din tch trao i nhit c tnh t phng trnh truyn nhit

hn
tb
Q
F=
k.t
, m
2
Vi: Q
hn
- Ph ti ca thit b hi nhit. Q
hn
= 4,1 kW;
2
K;

tb
t A - chnh nhit lgarit trung bnh, K;
Trong thc t, nhit trong thit b ngng t gim t t
2
xung t
k
, gi nguyn t
k
trong
qu trnh ngng t nhng li gim khi qa lnh. Nhng khi tnh ton c th coi nhit
trong thit b ngng t l khng i v bng t
k
. chnh nhit trung bnh c tnh
theo cng thc:

max min
tb
max
min
t -t
t =
t
ln
t
,
0
C
Trong :
max
t - Hiu nhit ln nht:
max 1' 1
t =t -t =25-0=25
0
C

min
t - Hiu nhit b nht:
3 3' min
t =t -t =50-36,5=13,5
0
C
Thay vo cng thc ta c tnh c
tb
t =18,7
0
C
* Xc nh h s truyn nhit k
Do ng c chiu dy mng (d
2
/d
1
= 1,1 <1,4) nn qu trnh truyn nhit trong vch tr
c th coi l truyn nhit qua vch phng. H s truyn nhit k tnh theo cng thc:

1 2
1
k=
1 1
+ +
.
, W/mK
Vi
2 1
2
K;
- H s dn nhit ca vt liu lm ng, W/mK;
cu
= 389 W/mK [5];
o - Chiu dy vch. y chiu dy vch tr c tnh theo cng thc
o = 0,5(d
2
d
1
) = 0,5(0,022 0,020) = 0,001 m
* Xc nh h s to nhit
1


Nhit trung bnh ca mi cht lng: t
tb
= 0,5(t
3
+ t
3
) = 0,5(50 +36,5) = 43,25
0
C.
Tra bng ph lc 8 [5] tnh cht vt l trn ng bo ho ca R22 vi nhit 43,25
0
C ta c:
k
= 1117,4 kg/m
3
; = 2,16.10
-4
Ns/m
2
;
k
=7,53.10
-2
W/mK; Pr = 3,857.
Ta c th tnh h s Re theo cng thc sau:

Re =
1 1
.d .d .
=

=

Nh vy dng chy trong ng l chy tng (Re>1.10
4
). Khi h s Nu c tnh
theo cng thc: [5]
Nu = 0,021.Re
0,8
.Pr
0,43
.A.
1
.
R
c c
Trong : A - H s k n nh hng ca chiu dng nhit: A =
0,25
f
w
Pr
Pr
| |
|
\ .

Coi t
f
= t
w
nn A = 1

1
c - H s k n chiu di ng
1
c = 1;

R
c - H s k n nh hng khi un cong;

R
c = 1 +
= 4,2
Thay vo ta c:
Nu = 0,021.(8,3.10
5
)
0,8
.3,857
0,43
.1.1.4,2 = 8567
Vy:

* H s to nhit
2

Nu
f
=
s
0,65 0,33
f f
0,26.Re .Pr .A.
Vi:
A - H s k n nh hng chiu dng nhit: A =
25 , 0
Pr
Pr
|
|
.
|
\
|
w
f
.Coi t
f
= t
w
A = 1
s
c - H s k n nh hng ca bc ng. Coi chm ng c 2 dy ng song song v
bc ng s = R = 35 mm.

- Nhit trung bnh ca hi mi cht trong thit b
t
tb
= 0,5(t
1
+ t
1
) = 0,5(0 +25) = 12,5
0
C
Tra bng ph lc 8 [5] tnh cht vt l trn ng bo ho ca R22 nhit
t
tb
= 12,5
0
C:
k
= 1240 kg/m
3
; = 2,5.10
-4
Ns/m
2
;
k
= 9,13.10
-2
W/mK;
Pr = 3,3
- Ta c th tnh h s Re theo cng thc sau v
v = :
Re =
2 2
.d .d .
=

=

Thay vo ta c: Nu = 0,26.(872960)
0,65
.3,3
0,33
.1.1,07 = 3000
Vy:

Thay vo cng thc trn ta c h s truyn nhit

- Din tch trao i nhit

* Chiu di l ca ng xon: l =
tb
F
.d
, m
Trong : d
tb
= 0,5(d
1
+d
2
) = 0,5(20 + 22) = 21 mm
Thay vo ta c:

* Chiu di l
1
ca 1 vng xon: l
1
= t .D
x
= 3,14.0,08 = 0,2512 m

* S vng xon: n =
chn n = 4 vng
4.11.7. Tnh ton tr c v chn qut
a) Tnh ton ng ng dn tc nhn sy
Theo s b tr ca h thng, ta cn phi ch to h thng dn khng kh t qut vo
bung sy. Din tch mt ct c xc nh theo cng thc [3]:

V
F=
, m
2

Trong : - F : Din tch tit din ng ng dn, m
2

- V : Lu lng khng kh trong on ng, m
3
/s
- e : Tc khng kh trong ng, m/s

Chn e
la chn tc gi thch hp l mt bi ton kinh t k thut phc tp.
- Khi chn tc ln th ng knh ng nh, chi ph cho u t thp, tuy nhin tr
lc ca h thng ln v n do kh ng ca dng khng kh cao.
- Khi chn tc thp th ng knh ng ln, chi ph cho u t ln, kh khn cho
lp t nhng n gim. ph hp vi h thng ta chn tc gi trong knh dn
gi l 4 m/s.
Tnh lu lng khng kh: Trong chng 3 ta tnh ton c lu lng khng kh
tun hon trong 1 giy l G
kk
= 0,657 kg/s. Vi nhit trung bnh trong bung sy l
37,5
0
C, tra bng ph lc 3 [1] Thng s vt l ca khng kh kh ta c = 1,137
kg/m
3
. Khi ta c:

Vy:


- ng knh ng dn khng kh

Ta chn ng knh ng dn l d = 620 mm
Xc nh chiu di ng ng
Chiu di ton b ng ng l, m c xc nh da vo s b tr h thng. Theo
tnh ton s b th chiu di tng cng ng ng gi ca h thng t b x l khng
kh n ming thi vo bung sy khong l = 1,5 m.
* Tnh ton tr lc ca h thng

Hnh 4-8. S tnh ton kh ng trong h thng my sy

Tn tht p sut trn ng ng gi
- Tn tht ma st: Tn tht ma st c tnh theo cng thc:

2
ms
l .
P = .
d 2
, mmH
2
O
Trong : - H s tn tht ma st;
l - Chiu di ng. l = 1,5m;
d ng knh trong tng ng ca ng, d = 0,62m;

e - Tc khng kh trong ng. e = 4 m/s;
- Khi lng ring ca khng kh ti nhit 37,5
0
C; =1,137 kg/m
3
;
=16,72.10
-6
m
2
/s.[ph lc 3/1/]
Khi : Re =
.d e
v
=
=1,5.10
5

Vi ng tn mng b mt trong lng, tit din trn v Re>10
5
th:
= 0,0032 + 0,221.Re
-0,237
= 0,0032 + 0,221.[1,5.10
5
]
-0,237
= 0,013
Vy:

Tn tht cc b
cb
P A
- H thng ng ng gi gm c:
* 1 van iu chnh gi tit din hnh ch nht. D/D
0
= 0,9 v gc nghing u = 0
0

ta c = 0,19.

* 4 ct tit din hnh ch nht theo khung ca bung sy ta c = 1,37.
* Tr lc khi i qua khay ta c = 0,5.
- Tn tht cc b c tnh theo cng thc
( )

Vy tng tn tht trn ng ng gi:
AP
1
= AP
ms
+ AP
cb
= 0,35 + 56,12 = 56,47 mmH
2
O
c) Tn tht qua cc thit b ca h thng
- Tr lc ca thit b lc bi, bung x l khng kh, bung sy. Trong h thng ny do
mt bi khng nhiu nn ta chn thit b lc bi n gin l b lc bi kiu li.
Thit b lc bi kiu li th tr lc ca li lc nm trong khong 3040 Pa. Ta chn
tr lc ca li s dng trong h thng sy ny bng 35 Pa = 3,57 mmH
2
O
- Tr lc qua bung x l khng kh c tnh theo cng thc:

Ti y khng kh c x l s b nn ta chn
Vi e = 2,4 m/s ta c c tr lc qua bung x l khng kh l 1,64 mmH
2
O
Vy AP
2
= 5,21 mmH
2
O
Nh vy tng tn tht tr lc ca h thng l:
1 2
P=P +P = 61,68 mmH
2
O

Bng 4-3. Tn tht kh ng bn trong h thng sy
V tr Dng tn tht Tn tht (mmH
2
O)
1,3,4,6 Tr lc cc b trn cc co 90
0
49,9
2 Tr lc cc b khi i qua cc khay sy 4,55
5 Tr lc cc b khi i qua bung x l khng kh 1,64
7 Tr lc cc b khi i qua van iu chnh gi 1,73
8 Tn tht ma st khi i qua bung sy 0,35
9 Tr lc cc b khi i qua li lc 3,57
Tng tn tht tr lc ca h thng 61,68
d) Chn qut.
Ta c cng sut ca qut
9,81.V .
N= ;
1000.
tb
P
kW
q
A

Trong :
V
tb
- lu lng nhit trung bnh ca tc nhn sy, m
3
/h

P A - tng ct p qut phi thc hin, mmH
2
O
q
q - hiu sut ca qut, ) 6 , 0 4 , 0 ( =
q
q
Theo [1]. Chn q
q
=0,6

3
1,137 / kg m = - khi lng ring ca khng kh nhit
trung bnh TNS.
Thay s ta c:

Cng sut ng c: N
dc
= k.N= 0,9.0,74=0,666 kW (k=0,9 theo [1])
Qua qu trnh kho st ta c th la chn qut ti nh my vi
Cng sut ng c N : 1HP 0,75W
in ngun : 220v 380v


4.12 Trang t ng ha cho h thng s
Mc ch v ngha
Trong qu trnh vn hnh h thng sy, c nhiu cc thng s bin i do nhng
dng nhit khc nhau t bn ngoi hoc bn trong h thng v nhit ca sn phm
theo hng lot cc thng s ca ch lm vic thay i theo. Do h thng lm
vic n nh v an ton vi nhng bin c din ra trong sut qu trnh sy. Nhm m
bo s an ton v lm vic c hiu qu ca h thng. Cng vic iu chnh cc ch
lm vic ca h thng sy rt phc tp v gp nhiu kh khn. Do vy cn phi trang b
cc thit b iu chnh t ng thc hin cc cng vic iu chnh h thng my v
thit b lnh mt cch an ton, tin li v hiu qu. Ngoi ra h thng iu chnh t ng
cn bo ng kp thi v chnh xc cc s c c th xy ra trong qu trnh vn hnh nhm
bo v cho h thng lun lm vic ch cho php.
T ng ha qu trnh hot ng ca h thng c nhiu u im hn so vi iu
chnh bng tay v lun gi n nh, lin tc ch lm vic trong gii hn cho php,
thch ng vi tng giai on hot ng ca my trong sut qu trnh hot ng ca my.
iu ny ko theo hng lot cc u im khch nhau nh : m bo an ton cho h
thng, tng tin cy, tng tui th my, m bo cht lng ca sn phm cn sy,
gim tiu hao nng lng khng cn thit v quan trong hn c l n m bo tnh mng
ca con ngi trong qu trnh vn hnh.
Chnh v vy vic trang b in t ng ha cho my lnh l mt cng vic ht
sc quan trng v cn thit, n ph hp vi xu th pht trin ca x hi, ph hp vi
cng cuc cng nghip ha, hin i ha.


4.12.1 Trang in iu hin cho HTS

Hnh 4-1 :S cu to v nguyn l lm vic ca
m hnh thc nghim Bm nhit

4.12.2 Chc nng
Chc nng ht m
thc hin qu trnh ht m ta tin hnh m ca bung sy ra. Khng kh trong
phong c qut ht vo dn lnh , khng kh c lm lnh xung nhit ng sng
lm m trong khng kh ngng t thnh nc, bng tuyt c x xung khay hng
nc. Khng kh sau khi qua dn lnh c nhit thp v m ln s c qut ht qua
dn ngng. Ti y, khng kh c c t nong ng dung m lm tng nhit ,
gim m tng i v c y ra ngoi qua ca bung sy, thc hin qu trnh ht
m trong phng.
Chc nng lm lnh
thc hin qu trnh lm lnh, ta ch cn ct ngun in cho van in t. Lc
ny, ton b hi mi cht sau khi nn ch i qua dn ngng t ngoi. My tr thnh my
lm lnh.
Chc nng iu ha khng kh
Chc nng ny c thc hin khi ta thc hin ni thm ng gi vo dn ngng
ngoi, ct ngun cung cp in cho van in t. Bm nhit tr thnh my iu ha khng
kh v ma h.
m bo cho my sy lm vic an ton v hiu qu ta thit k thm mt h
thng iu khin t ng ha, lp t cng vi cc dng c o kim, khng ch.
4.12.3 H thng iu hin
Trnh t bt my

vn hnh h thng, u tin bt cng tc chuyn mch sang v tr ON v sau
n nt khi ng START (Hnh 4.2). Lc ny mch iu khin c cp in. Vic
duy tr ngun nui mch iu khin c thc hin bi tip im thng m DF5 ca
rle trung gian DF5. Cc rle trung gian DF3, DF4 c cp in nn cc tip im
thng m ca chng s trng thi ng cn rle trung gian DF2 cha c cp in
nn cc tip im thng ng vn gi nguyn trng thi. Rle thi gian TM1 c cp
in v sau khong thi gian t l 1 pht th tip im TM1 ng mch cp ngun cho
rle trung gian DF_comp. Ngay lp tc cng tc t K1 cng c cp ngun v cc tip
im K1 ng mch ng lc (Hnh 4.3), cp ngun cho ng c my nn hot ng.
iu khin thi gian chy my
Vic iu khin thi gian chy my c khng ch bi rle thi gian TM3. Sau
khong thi gian lm vic 1 ting th tip im thng ng TM3 ngt ngun cung cp
cho cng tc t K1, ct ngun cung cp cho ng c my nn, cn tip im thng m
TM3 th ng mch in cp ngun cho rle thi gian TM4. Sau khong thi gian t 3,5
pht, tip im thng ng TM4 s ngt ngun cung cp cho rle thi gian TM3, lm
cho cc tip im ca rle thi gian TM3 tr v trng thi ban u, tip im TM4 cng
tr v trng thi thng ng. ng c my nn c cung cp in tr li v rle thi
gian TM3 lp li chu trnh m thi gian ca n.
iu khin hot ng ca qut
Sau khi tip im thng m DF1 ng mch in cho cng tc t K2, tip im
t duy tr K2 ng. Lc ny hot ng ca qut khng cn ph thuc vo DF1 m ch
ph thuc vo hai tip im thng ng TM2 v DF2. Khi thc hin ch x bng,
tip im thng ng DF2 m ngt ngun cung cp in cho cng tc t K2. Khi tt
my tip im TM2 s ct ngun cung cp in cho cng tc t K2, qut dng.
Trnh t tt my

Khi n nt STOP, rle trung gian DF1 v DF_comp s b mt ngun cung cp
in, my nn s dng ngay lp tc. Do b mt ngun cung cp in nn tip im
thng ng K1 s ng mch v n sng. Tip im DF1 cng tr v trng thi
ng, rle thi gian TM2 c cp ngun. Sau khong thi gian t trc l 1 pht, tip
im TM2 s m, ngt ngun cung cp in cho cng tc t K2 v qut ngng chy.
iu khin ch x bng
Ch x bng c thc hin bi b iu khin nhit . Khi nhit khng kh
sau dn lnh l -5C, lp tc b iu khin nhit s ng kha K cp ngun cho rle
trung gian DF2. Cng tc t K3 c cp ngun ng mch in cho in tr x bng E.
iu khin van in t
Vic iu khin van in t c thc hin bi b iu khin nhit COSMO.
Khi nhit sau dn ngng trong thp di gi tr t, ngay lp tc b iu khin nhit
s ng kha K cp ngun cho van in t.
iu khin p sut ngng t
Vic iu khin p sut ngng t c thc hin thng qua b iu khin m.
Khi m khng kh gim xung di 10%, lp tc n s ng kha K cp ngun cho
rle trung gian DF4, n vng 2 sng. Tip im DF4 ct ngun cp in cho rle trung
gian DF_comp, my nn dng hot ng.
S c p sut thp
Khi xy ra s c p sut thp, tip im LP ca rle p sut thp s ct in cp
cho rle trung gian DF3, tip im DF3 tr v trng thi thng m. Rle trung gian
DF_comp b mt ngun cung cp nn my nn ngng chy.
S c p sut cao

Khi xy ra s c p sut cao, tip im HP ca rle p sut cao s ng mch
in, cp ngun cho rle trung gian DF6 v n RL2 sng. Tip im thng ng
DF6 s trng thi m ct ngun cp in cho DF_comp, my nn dng.

Hnh 4.2 S Mch in iu Khin H Thng
OCRRle nhit, SVVan in t, CompMy nn, TSB iu khin nhit , F
Qut, HS-B iu khin m, E-in tr x bng, LP-Rle p sut thp, DF-Rle
trung gian, HP-Rle p sut cao, TM-Rle thi gian, K-Cng tc t, RL-n ,YL-
n vng, GL-n xanh, Cos-Cng tc chuyn mch.

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CHNG V
SO SNH MT S CH TIU CA
HNH SY LNH VI HNH SY TI NH MY
5.1 ng cong s v ng cong tc s

Hnh 5.1 ng cong s ca hnh phng php s nh v s nng

Hnh 5.2 ng cong tc s ca hnh phng php s nh v s nng
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 2 4 6 8
M

(
%
)

THI GIAN (H)
SY LNH
SY NNG
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 20 40 60 80 100
T

(
%
/
H
)

M (%)
SY LNH
SY NNG

Qua hnh 5.1 v hnh 5.2 cho ta thy : tc sy mu sy lnh c u im cao
hn nhiu so vi tc sy ca mu sy nng. Do sy bng phng php sy lnh nn
khng kh c tch m to ra gradient m ln lm tng qu trnh khuch tn ngoi rt
ngn thi gian sy hn so vi sy nng ti nh my. i vi hnh sy nng do m
trong khng kh ln lm cho s chnh lch p sut hi nc bo ha trn b mt hnh vi
p sut ring phn trong khng kh b lm gim qu trnh khch tn ngoi, qu trnh
khch tn ni chm dn n ko di thi gian sy.
Xc nh ng tch ring SMER
Lng m tch ring c tnh theo cng thc :
(

Trong :

1
: m ban u ca vt liu sy, %

2
: m cui ca vt liu sy, %
G
1
: Khi lng ban u, kg
E : Tng in nng tiu hao, kWh
Ta c :
(
) (
(

)

5.2 Cht ng c quan

Ch tiu cm quan l ch tiu rt c coi trng i vi bt k mt sn phm thc
phm no, i vi sn phm kh th n tr nn c bit ch v thng c p dng
trong thc t sn xut bi n cho kt qu nhanh chng v phn nh tng i chnh xc
cht lng ca sn phm, thm ch k c m ca sn phm cng c nhn nh bng
phng php cm quan.
Tin hnh nh gi cht lng cm quan sau khi sy hnh bng phng php sy
lnh v hnh sy nng ti nh my theo tiu chun TCVN 3215 79 Ta thu c kt qu
sau :
Bng : So snh i cht ng c quan ca hnh h s phng php s
nh v s nong
Mu im cht lng cm quan
Sy nng 15.057
Sy lnh 18.512

Hnh 5.3 Biu din i CLCQ ca hnh h s nh v hnh h s nng


Qua th nh gi cm quan ta thy mu sy nng c im cht lng cm quan
thm hn so vi sy lnh . Do sy nng hm lng m cao, thi gian sy di qu trnh
kim sot qun tnh nhit km lm cho hnh d b bin tnh lm cho mu sc km, sn
phm khng ng u v mu sc , mi v, trang thi khng tt. Bn cnh th sn
phm ch sy lnh sy nhit thp nn khng lm mt mu sn phm , mi v
ti mi im cm quan cao
5.3 Ki nghi h ng Vitain C
Hm lng vitamin C l mt trong cc ch tiu quan trong nh gi cht lng
ca sn phm . c bit l sn phm sy kh hm lng vitamin C c th bit c
phng php sy nh hng nh th no n cht lng sn ph. Kt qu kim
nghim vitamin C ca mu sy lnh c th hin trong bng sau :
Bng : So snh h ng vitain C ca hnh s nh v hnh s nng
Mu sy Hm lng Vitaminc
Sy lnh 0.38
Sy nng 0.31

Hnh 5.4 Biu din h ng vitain C ca u s nh v s nng

T kt qu thc nghim Vitamin C ta thy mu sy ch sy lnh c hm
lng vitamin C cao hn mu sy nng . Do mu sy nng thi gian sy di v nhit
cao lm bin tnh hm lng vitamin C v gim thnh phn vitamin C. Cn mu sy
ch sy lnh do sy nhit thp, dn lnh ch tch m ca sn phm nn hm
lng vitamin C cao.
5.4 Kh nng ht nc phc hi tr i ca sn ph
Mt cng ngh sy, lm kh sn phm thc phm c coi l hiu qu th n phi
gim thiu c s bin dng , co rt ca sn phm. iu ny khng nhng lm cho sn
phm gim v mt cm quan m cn lm cho cc mao qun b teo li, khi chng ta em
nu chin sn phm th s gy cn tr vic nc t bn ngoi i vo sn phm do khi n
c cm gic cng xp, kh tiu hn. Mt khc, khi p dng nhng phng php lm kh
tin tin th s to ra c mt sn phm c trng thi rng xp, t lm bin dng sn
phm, khi n c cm gic mm mi v d dng tiu ha. Chnh v th m kh nng ht
nc tr li l mt ch tiu nh gi cht lng sn phm kh cng nh cng ngh lm
kh sn phm.

nghin cu kh nng ht nc tr li ca sn phm hnh kh c lm kh
bng phng php sy lnh v sy nng ta tin hnh nh sau :
Ly 5g mu va sy ch sy lnh v sy nng c m 5% sau cho hai
mu ny vo hai bnh thy tinh cha 250ml nc ct. Sau mt gi ng h th vt hnh
ln do nc, dng khn sch thm ht nc dnh t ln b mt , m cn trng
lng , c tip tc nh vy cho n khi thy khi lng ca hnh khng tng ln na th
dng li. Kt qu kim nghim c trnh by bng sau :
Bng : T ht nc phc hi ca hnh s nh v hnh s nng
Mu T l (%)
Sy lnh 50.7
Sy nng 40.6

Hnh 5.5 So snh t ht nc phc hi ca hnh s nh v hnh s nng

Qua kt qu xc nh t l ht nc phc hi ca hnh kh sy lnh v sy nng t
l ht nc ca phc hi ca mu sy lnh cao hn mu sy nng. Chng ta mu sy
ch sy lnh c trng thi rng xp, t lm bin dng sn phm hn mu sy nng.

iu ny c l gii nh sau : Khi sy, qu trnh khch tn ni ph hp vi qu
trnh khch tn ngoi, qu trnh lm kh n nh , m thot i li cc l mao qun gip
lm tng xp tng kh nng cha nc dng lin kt c hc, trong sn phm c tn
ti cc ht cao phn t khng tan trong nc v cc ht c khi lng nh tan trong nc.
Cc ht cao phn t ny s to ra cc nh trong mt mng li , bn trn c cha
cc ht c khi lng phn t nh hon tan , lp v cao phn t c tnh cht ca mt
mng bn thm v vy nc trong nh c duy tr bng lc thm thu. Trong cc ht
cao phn t th cc vitamin chim ch yu. Khi sy lnh th cc vitamin t b bin tnh to
nn mng li gm nhiu nh so vi sy nng nn kh nng thm thu nc tr li cao
hn.
Lng nc thm thu tr li c tnh theo cng thc :

Trong : W : t l ht nc ph hi
G
1
: Khi lng sn phm kh trc khi ngm vo nc
G
2
: Khi lng sn phm kh sau khi ngm vo nc
5.5 S hch ton gi thnh sn ph
5.5.1 Chi ph ngun iu, nhin iu
Cc thng s c:
* T l ti/kh = 12
* Nng sut sy : 8,34 kg/m
* Cng sut tng: 41 kW(My nn 39,6 kW v qut 0,66kW, chiu sng 0,74kW).
* Gi thnh in : 1000/hWh
* Gi thnh mt kg nguyn liu u vo 6000 /kg
Ta tnh c:

- Nng sut sy (kg/h) = Nng sut sy /thi gian sy mi m = 8,34/22,9 = 0,365
kg/h
- Chi ph nhin liu sy 1kg Hnh kh.
Chi nng lng (/kg) = Nng lng ng c (kWh)*gi nng lng(/kWh)/nng
sut sy (kg/h) = 41*1000/0,365 = 112328 /kg
5.5.2 Chi ph ao ng
* Tin nhn cng 1 ngi l: 140000 VN/1ngi
* S cng nhn phc v: 2 ngi chia lm 2 ca trn mt m sy
* Vy chi ph cho nhn cng l: 140000 x 2 =280000 VN/1m
* Chi ph lao ng cho mt kg thnh phm l: 280000/8,34= 33500 /kg
5.2.3 Chi hu hao
Gi s ta c th sy 24 gi mi ngy.
Nng sut sy mi ngy (kg) = Nng sut sy (kg/h)*24(h/ngy)
= 0,365.24 = 8,76 kg/ngy
Nng sut sy mi nm (kg) = s ngy sy mi nm* Nng sut sy mi ngy
(kg/ngy) = 365.8,76 = 3198 kg/nm
Vi cng sut lnh ca dn lnh l 50,6 kW tng ng vi cng sut lnh l
180000 Btu/h . Ta thit k vi h my c cng sut lnh 60KW c gi thnh 200.000.000

Tnh thm khon u t ban u xy dng hm sy v mua qut, Vy tng vn u
t cho ton b bung sy c tnh t l, tng u t = 250.000.000
Tui th ca h thng c th 20 nm. Do din tch t my sy khng nhiu nn b qua
khu hao nh xng.
Khu hao phn sy v ng c mi nm l:
Khu hao = tng u t / tui th
=250.000.000/20 = 12.500.000
=> Chi khu hao = khu hao mi nm/ Lng sy mi nm

= 12.500.000/3198= 3900 /kg
Bng 5-1. Tng hp cc thnh phn chi ph
Cc loi chi ph Thnh phn chi ph sy Chi ph ()
Chi ph c nh
Chi ph khu hao v sa cha 3900
Chi ph nguyn liu ti 6000
Chi ph vn hnh
Chi ph nng lng ng c 112328
Khng tnh n chi ph vn hnh 33500
Tng cng chi ph c 1kg Hnh sy kh (/kg)
156928

CHNG VI
KT LUN V NGH
6.1 Kt lun
Da trn cc kt qu tnh ton v thc nghim nghin cu qu trnh sy lnh rau qu
hai ch sy khc nhau trn m hnh my sy lnh ti Khoa Cng ngh Nhit Lnh
Trng i hc Nha Trang ta rt ra kt lun:
- Bc u xy dng c quy trnh cng ngh sy Hnh trn m hnh my sy lnh ca
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh, i hc Nha Trang, thng qua hai ch sy tin hnh
thc nghim.
- Xc nh c cc thng s qu trnh ca hai ch sy qua xc nh c u
nhc im ca mi ch , t xy dng c nhng quy trnh sy rau qu ring
bit.

- Vic s dng my sy lnh bm nhit sy cc loi vt liu i hi nhit thp, vi
cc yu cu kht khe v cht lng nh mu sc, mi v l rt kh thi. Vic xy dng
mt m hnh hon chnh c th ng dng vo qu trnh sn xut thc t.
- i vi my sy lnh vic xc nh nng sut lnh ca dn lnh ng vai tr ht sc
quan trng trong vic xc nh ch sy ti u ca thit b, chi ph u t, chi ph
vn hnh thit b.
6.2. ngh
- V thi gian thc hin ti hn ch nn vic tin hnh thc nghim m hnh vi cc
ch khc nhau v thng s vn tc tc nhn sy, cng nh cha tm c di nhit
sy ti u i vi cc vt liu, i hi phi nghin cu su hn xy dng nn m
hnh chun i vi nhiu vt liu sy khc nhau.
- Vic kt hp qu trnh sy lnh vi vic thu hi tinh du ca vt liu sy bay hi
ngng t dn lnh i vi mt s vt liu c nhiu tinh du cng cn c nghin c
pht trin.
- Cn phi ci tin my sy bm nhit c kh nng sy ph hp vi cc loi VLS khc
nhau tng kh nng lm vic ca my.
- Cn lp thm mch iu khin v mch bo v lm tng tnh t ng ha ca thit
b.
- Lp t thm b bin tn iu khin vn tc ca qut, qua c th iu khin ch
sy nhng vn tc khc nhau tm ra ch sy ti u.

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