N MN HC 2

NHN XT CA GING VIN HNG DN

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Ngy

GVHD:ThS. V TH NG

Thng

Nm 2012

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 N MN HC 2

MC LC
NHN XT CA GING VIN HNG DN .................................................................. 1
I/ T VN ......................................................................................................................... 4
II/ GII THIU H THNG L P TRNG TRN THTRNG ...................................... 4
a.My p trng GTL -1000.......................................................................................................... 4
b.My p trng OXY GTL 240K ................................................................................................ 4
I/ PHN TCH BI TON V CC GII PHP .................................................................... 7
1. Chc nng ca ti: .............................................................................................................. 7
2. gii php la chn ti: ......................................................................................................... 7
4.L thuyt iu khin PID........................................................................................................ 15
5. Tm tt PID ........................................................................................................................... 19
CHNG III: THIT K PHN CNG H THNG ........................................................... 46
I/ CC MODULE TRONG H THNG ................................................................................. 46
1. Module iu khin ................................................................................................................. 46
2.Module ci t ........................................................................................................................ 46
3. Module hin th ...................................................................................................................... 46
4. Module cp nhit ................................................................................................................... 46
5. Module khi ngun................................................................................................................ 46
6. Module cm bin ................................................................................................................... 46

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LI NI U
Th k 21 m ra mt thi i mi , thi i khoa hc cng ngh i hi con
ngi lun lun khng ngng tm ti hc tp tin b .Vi s nhy vt ca khoa hc,
k thut in t l nghnh mi pht trin ch trong thi gian ngn n t c
nhng thnh tu to ln hu ht cc lnh vc khc nhau trong i sng x hi.Thit b
v cng ngh lun c i mi tin tin hin i gp phn nng cao cht lng
cng nh cc my mc ,thit b hot ng c hiu qu , an ton n nh . Ngy nay cc
b vi iu khin ang c ng dng ngy cng rng ri trong cc lnh vc k thut v
i sng x hi, c bit l trong k thut t ng ha v iu khin t xa.
Gi y vi nhu cu chuyn dng ha, ti u (thi gian ,khng gian ,gi thnh)
bo mt, tnh ch ng trong cng vicngy cng i hi kht khe.vic a ra cng
ngh mi trong lnh vc ch to mch in t p ng nhng nhu cu trn l hon
ton cp thit mang tnh thc t cao.
K thut vi iu khin hin nay rt pht trin, n c ng dng vo rt nhiu
lnh vc sn xut cng nghip, t ng ha, trong i sng v cn nhiu lnh vc khc
na. So vi k thut s th k thut vi iu khin nh gn hn rt nhiu do n c
tch hp li v c kh nng lp trnh c iu khin nn rt tin dng v c ng.
Vi tnh u vit ca vi iu khin th trong phm vi n nh ny, chng em ch dng
vdk iu khin v o nhit , ng thi cho hin th ln LCD.
n mn hc c thc hin bng cc kin thc hc ,mt s sch tham
kho v mt s ngun ti liu khc .Tuy nhin do thi gian v trnh c hn nn
chng em khng th trnh khi nhng thiu st. V vy rt mong c s gip ,
ng gp kin ca thy v cc bn nhm c th hon thnh n ca mnh mt
cch tt nht.
Chng em xin trn thnh cm n

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 N MN HC 2

CHNG I: PHN TCH H THNG

I/ T VN
Ngy nay do s pht trin ca khoa hc k thut ang tc ng n cc lnhvc,
c bit l lnh vc in t to ra bc nhy vt vt bc trong nhiu lnh vc ca
i sng x hi . Ngay c trong trng trt ,chn nui cng c p dng khoa hc
cng ngh t nng sut cao nht.L sinh vin ca nghnh t ng ha nhm mong
mun to ra mt h thng t ng p dng trong chn nui.
Chng em t bi ton vi mt l p trng gia cm. Ngi ta thng cho trng
p nhit c nh cho php. Tuy nhin nhit trong l lun thay i v ph thuc
vo nhit mi trng. V vy chng em mong mun c nghin cu thit k ra h
thng n nh nhit l p trng nhm t ng o v hin th nhit ca mi
trng mt thi im bt k trong khong t 0 n 255 C .V n nh khi nhit
ca mi trng khng nm trong mt khong nhit no m ta chn.
II/ GII THIU H THNG L P TRNG TRN THTRNG
1. Nguyn l hot ng ca cc my p trng trn th trng
Cc my p trng hot ng t ng 100% c iu khin bi mt module iu
khin chnh. Module ny nhn thng tin t module cm bin nhit , sau pht tn
hiu iu khin module cp nhit . ngoi ra my p trng cn c thm module t
nhit p trng, thi gian ptrng- Mt s my p trng sau :
a.My p trng GTL -1000
My p trng GTL -1000 :t ng hon ton 100% , cng xut ti a1000 trng,
o trng t ng (ch hn gi), phun m v nhit tu chnh t ng ng khi
qua con s quy nh
in p : 220V AC
Cng sut tiu th:10kw / 1 k p
Kt cu :
Phun m :Tu chnh , t ng ng ngt khi qu % quy nh
H thng cung cp nhit :Bng nhit halozen chuyn dng cho p trng
o Trng :T chn hn gi t 30 Pht - 120 Gi .
Nhit c iu khin t ng,n nh bng vi x l.
To m t ng
o trng t ng (c th tu chn thi gian o t 1 gi - 120 gi )
C th p theo ch a k(mi tun vo trng mt ln) hoc n k
b.My p trng OXY GTL 240K
L loi my p trng o trng bng kh- in p : 220V AC- Cng sut tiu
th: 2kw in / 1 k p- H thng cp nhit :in tr - Nhit c iu khin t
ng bng vi x l- T ng trn kh oxy- C th p theo ch a k , hoc n k.

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 N MN HC 2

Hnh 1: My p trng oxy GTL240K v mt s loi my p trng khc.

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PHN 2:NI DUNG

I/ PHN TCH BI TON V CC GII PHP
1. Chc nng ca ti:
o v hin th nhit ca mi trng mt thi im bt k trong khong t 0
n 255.
n nh khi nhit ca mi trng khng nm trong mt khong nhit no
m ta chn(sai s + - 2 c).
o nhit ca l p trng.
o nhit t 0 n 255 C.
C th ci t nhit theo yu cu
Lm vic vi in p 220v/50 HZ.
Dng sensor cm ng nhit.
Senser gi v tn hiu in p.
Khi nhit tng cao qu mt gii hn no th tt cp nhit
Khi nhit gim thp qu mt gii hn no th bt cp nhit
H thng lm vic c khi mt in li (c ngun d tr).
2. gii php la chn ti:
Cc tiu chun la chn b vi iu khinTiu chun u tin v trc ht trong
la chn mt b vi iu khin l n phi p ng nhu cu bi ton v mt cng sut
tinh ton,gi thnh v hiu qu.Trong khi phn tch cc nhu cu ca mt d n trn b
vi iu khin, chng ta phi bit trc ht l cc b vi iu khin no l 8 bit, 16 bit,32
bit c th p ng tt nht nhu cu tnh ton ca bi ton mt cch hiu qu nht.
a)Nhng tiu chun c a ra cn nhc l:
Tc : tc ln nht m b vi iu khin h tr l bao nhiu.
Kiu ng v:y l iu quan trng i vi yu cu v khng gian,kiu lp
gip v to mu th cho sn phm cui cng.
Cng sut tiu th: iu ny c bit khc khe vi nhng sn phm dng pin,c
quy.
Dung lng b nh rom v ram trn chip
Kh nng nng cp cho hiu sut cao hoc gim cng sut tiu th.
Gi thnh cho mt n v:iu ny quan trng quyt nh gi thnh cui cng
ca sn phm m mt b vi iu khin c s dng
b. La chn thit b:
Qua tm hiu, tham kho mt s ti liu trn internet, nhm chng em quyt
nh la chn b vi iu khin AT89C51, cm bin nhit DS18B20 bi n p ng
tt nht cc yu cu ca ti. C th l:
Cc thit b ny c sn trn th trng ,gi thnh r,m bo tin cy lm
vic, chnh xc, tnh lin tc khi lm vic, p ng c cng sut tnh
ton
C sn cc cng c pht trin phn mm chng hn nh trnh bin dch CCS.
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 N MN HC 2
Ngun cc b vi s l c sn nhiu v tin cy
II/ PHNG PHP IU KHIN CNG SUT B PHT NHIT BNG
PWM
PWM l ci g m sao n c ng dng nhiu trong iu khin. Ly in hnh
nht m chng ta thng hay gp l iu khin ng c v cc b bm xung p, iu
p... S dng PWM iu khin nhanh chm ca ng c hay cao hn na n cn c
dng iu khin n nh tc ng c. Ngoi lnh vc iu khin hay n nh ti
th PWM n cn tham gia v iu ch cc mch ngun nh l: boot, buck, nghch lu
1 pha v 3 pha...PWM chng ta cn gp nhiu trong thc t v cc mch in iu
khin. iu c bit l PWM chuyn dng iu khin cc phn t in t cng sut
c ng c tnh l tuyn tnh khi c sn 1 ngun 1 chiu c nh .Nh vy PWM n
c ng dng rt nhiu trong cc thit b in in t. iu m dn in in t d
dng nhn ra l PWM chnh nhn t m cc i Robocon s dng iu khin ng
c hay n nh tc ng c.
1.PWM
Trc khi tm hiu su chng ta hy tm hiu nh ngha ca PWM l g? Nh
vy Phng php iu ch PWM c tn ting anh l Pulse Width Modulation l
phng php iu chnh in p ra ti hay ni cch khc l phng php iu ch da
trn s thay i rng ca chui xung vung dm m s thay i in p ra.
Cc PWM khi bin i th c cng 1 tn s v khc nhau v rng ca sn
dng hay hoc l sn m

S nguyn l iu khin ti dng PWM

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 N MN HC 2

Trn l th dng xung khi iu khin bng PWM. Vi rng xung u ra

tng ng v c tnh bng %. Ty thch do chng ta iu khin.
2.Nguyn l ca PWM.
y l phng php c thc hin theo nguyn tc ng ngt ngun vi ti l
mt cch c chu k theo lut iu chnh thi gian ng ct. Phn t thc hin nhin v
trong mch cc van bn dn.
Xt hot ng ng ct ca mt van bn dn. Dng van ng ct bng Mosfet

Trn l th dng xung khi iu khin bng PWM. Vi rng xung u ra

tng ng v c tnh bng %. Ty thch do chng ta iu khin.
Gin xung
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 N MN HC 2

Trn l mch nguyn l iu khin ti bng PWM v gin xung ca chn iu

khin v dng in p u ra khi dng PWM.
* Nguyn l : Trong khong thi gian 0 - to ta cho van G m ton b in p
ngun Ud c a ra ti. Cn trong khong thi gian to - T cho van G kha, ct
ngun cung cp cho ti. V vy vi to thay i t 0 cho n T ta s cung cp ton b,
mt phn hay kha hon ton in p cung cp cho ti.
+ Cng thc tnh gi tr trung bnh ca in p ra ti :
Gi t1 l thi gian xung sn dng (kha m ) cn T l thi gian ca c sn m
v dng, Umax l in p ngun cung cp cho ti.
==> Ud = Umax.( t1/T) (V)
hay Ud = Umax.D
Vi D = t1/T l h s iu chnh v c tnh bng % tc l PWM
Nh vy ta nhn trn hnh th dng iu ch xung th ta c : in p trng bnh trn
ti s l:
+ Ud = 12.20% = 2.4V ( vi D = 20%)
+ Ud = 12.40% = 4.8V (Vi D = 40%)
+ Ud = 12.90% = 10.8V (Vi D = 90%)
3. Cc cch to ra c PWM iu khin
to c ra PWM th hin nay c hai cch thng dng : Bng phn cng v
bng phn mm. Trong phn cng c th to bng phng php so snh hay l t trc
tip t cc IC dao ng to xung vung nh : 555, LM556...Trong phn mn c to
bng cc chip c th lp trnh c. To bng phn mm th chnh xc cao hn l
to bng phn cng. Nn ngi ta hay s dng phn mm to PWM
a) To bng phng php so snh
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 N MN HC 2
to c bng phng php so snh th cn 2 iu kin sau y :
Tn hiu rng ca : Xc nh tn s ca PWM
Tn hiu ta l tn hiu xc nh mc cng sut iu ch (Tn hiu DC)
Xt s mch sau :

Vi tn s xc nh c l f = 1/(ln.C1.(R1+2R2) nn ch cn iu chnh R2 l
c th thay i rng xung d dng. Ngoi 555 ra cn rt nhiu cc IC to xung
vung khc
c. To xung vung bng phn mm.
y l cch ti u trong cc cch to c xung vung. Vi to bng phn
mm cho chnh xc cao v tn s v PWM. Vi li mch ca chng ta n gin i
rt nhiu. Xung ny c to da trn xung nhn ca CPU. Ly 1 on v d to PWM
trong con 8501 :

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 N MN HC 2

Trn l chng trnh to PWM n gin.

III/ Gii thiu iu khin PID

1.Gii thut iu khin PID
PID l cch vit tc ca cc t Propotional (t l), Integral (tch phn) v
Derivative (o hm). Tuy xut hin rt lu nhng n nay PID vn l gii thut iu
khin c dng nhiu nht trong cc ng dng iu khin t ng. gip bn c
ci hiu r hn bn cht ca gii thut PID ti s dng mt v d iu khin v tr ca
mt car (xe) trn ng thng. Gi s bn c mt xe ( chi...) c gn mt ng c
DC. ng c sinh ra mt lc y xe chy ti hoc lui trn mt ng thng nh
trong hnh bn di.

V d iu khin v tr xe trn ng thng

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Gi F l lc do ng c to ra iu khin xe. Ban u xe v tr A, nhim v t ra l
iu khin lc F (mt cch t ng) y xe n ng v tr O vi cc yu cu: chnh
xc (accurate), nhanh (fast response), n nh (small overshot).
Mt iu rt t nhin, nu v tr hin ti ca xe rt xa v tr mong mun (im O),
hay ni cch khc sai s(error) ln, chng ta cn tc ng lc F ln nhanh chng
a xe v O. Mt cch n gin cng thc ha tng ny l dng quan h tuyn
tnh: F=Kp*e (1)
Trong Kp l mt hng s dng no m chng ta gi l h s P (Propotional
gain), e l sai s cn iu khin tc khong cch t im O n v tr hin ti ca xe.
Mc tiu iu khin l a e tin v 0 cng nhanh cng tt. R rng nu Kp ln th F
cng s ln v xe rt nhanh chng tin v v tr O. Tuy nhin, lc F qu ln s gia tc
cho xe rt nhanh (nh lut II ca Newton: F=ma). Khi xe n v tr O (tc e=0), th
tuy lc F=0 (v F=Kp*e=F=Kp*0) nhng do qun tnh xe vn tip tc tin v bn phi
v lch im O v bn phi, sai s e li tr nn khc 0, gi tr sai s lc ny c gi
l overshot (vt qu). Lc ny, sai s e l s m, lc F li xut hin nhng vi chiu
ngc li ko xe v li im O. Nhng mt ln na, do Kp ln nn gi tr lc F
cng ln v c th ko xe lch v bn tri im O. Qu trnh c tip din, xe c mi
dao ng quanh im O. C trng hp xe dao ng cng ngy xng xa im O. B
iu khin lc ny c ni l khng n nh. Mt xut nhm gim overshot ca xe
l s dng mt thnh phn thng trong b iu khin. S rt l tng nu khi xe
ang xa im O, b iu khin sinh ra lc F ln nhng khi xe tin gn n im
O th thnh phn thng s gim tc xe li. Chng ta u bit khi mt vt dao ng
quanh 1 im th vt c vn tc cao nht tm dao ng (im O). Ni mt cch
khc, gn im O sai s e ca xe thay i nhanh nht (cn phn bit: e thay i
nhanh nht khng phi e ln nht). Mt khc, tc thay i ca e c th tnh bng
o hm ca bin ny theo thi gian. Nh vy, khi xe t A tin v gn O, o hm ca
sai s e tng gi tr nhng ngc chiu ca lc F (v e ang gim nhanh dn). Nu s
dng o hm lm thnh phn thng th c th gim c overshot ca xe. Thnh
phn thng ny chnh l thnh phn D (Derivative) trong b iu khin PID m
chng ta ang kho st. Thm thnh phn D ny vo b iu khin P hin ti, chng ta
thu c b iu khin PD nhu sau: F=Kp*e+Kd*(de/dt) (2)
Trong (de/dt) l vn tc thay i ca sai s e v Kd l mt hng s khng m gi
l h s D (Derivative gain).
S hin din ca thnh phn D lm gim overshot ca xe, khi xe tin gn v O, lc
F gm 2 thnh phn Kp*e > =0 (P) v Kd*(de/dt) <=0 (D). Trong mt s trng hp
thnh phn D c gi tr ln hn thnh phn P v lc F i chiu, thng xe li, vn
tc ca xe v th gim mnh gn im O. Mt vn ny sinh l nu thnh phn D
qu ln so vi thnh phn P hoc bn thn thnh phn P nh th khi xe tin gn im O
(cha tht s n O), xe c th dng hn, thnh phn D bng 0 (v sai s e khng thay
i na), lc F = Kp*e. Trong khi Kp v e lc ny u nh nn lc F cng nh v c
th khng thng c lc ma st tnh. Bn hy tng tng tnh hung bn dng sc
ca mnh y mt xe ti nng vi chc tn, tuy lc y tn ti nhng xe khng th
di chuyn. Nh th, xe s ng yn mi d sai s e vn cha bng 0. Sai s e trong
tnh hung ny gi l steady state error (tm dch l sai s trng thi tnh). trnh
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 N MN HC 2
steady state error, ngi ta thm vo b iu khin mt thnh phn c chc nng
cng dn sai s. Khi steady state error xy ra, 2 thnh phn P v D mt tc dng,
thnh phn iu khin mi s cng dn sai s theo thi gian v lm tng lc F theo
thi gian. n mt lc no , lc F ln thng ma st tnh v y xe tin tip v
im O. Thnh phn cng dn ny chnh l thnh phn I (Integral - tch phn) trong
b iu khin PID. V chng ta iu bit, tch phn mt i lng theo thi gian chnh
l tng ca i lng theo thi gian. B iu khin n thi im ny y l
PID:
F=Kp*e+Kd*(de/dt)+Ki*edt (3) (ch : edt l tch phn ca bin e theo t)
Nh vy, chc nng ca tng thnh phn trong b iu khin PID gi r.
Ty vo mc ch v i tng iu khin m b iu khin PID c th c
lt bt tr thnh b iu khin P, PI hoc PD. Cng vic chnh ca ngi
thit k b iu khin PID l chn cc h s Kp, Kd v Ki sao cho b iu
khin hot ng tt v n nh (qu trnh ny gi l PID gain tuning). y
khng phi l vic d dng v n ph thuc vo nhiu yu t. Theo kinh nghim
c bn khi chn cc h s cho PID nh sau:
Chn Kp trc: th b iu khin P vi i tng tht (hoc m phng), iu
chnh Kp sao cho thi gian p ng nhanh, chp nhn overshot nh.
Thm thnh phn D loi overshot, tng Kd t t, th nghim v chn gi tr
thch hp. Steady state error c th s xut hin.
Thm thnh phn I gim steady state error. Nn tng Ki t b n ln
gim steady state error ng thi khng cho overshot xut hin tr li.
2.B iu khin PID

S khi ca b iu khin PID

Mt b iu khin vi tch phn t l (b iu khin PID) l mt c ch phn
hi vng iu khin (b iu khin) tng qut c s dng rng ri trong cc h
thng iu khin cng nghip b iu khin PID c s dng ph bin nht trong
s cc b iu khin phn hi. Mt b iu khin PID tnh ton mt gi tr "sai s" l
hiu s gia gi tr o thng s bin i v gi tr t mong mun. B iu khin s
thc hin gim ti a sai s bng cch iu chnh gi tr iu khin u vo. Trong
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 N MN HC 2
trng hp khng c kin thc c bn v qu trnh, b iu khin PID l b iu khin
tt nht. Tuy nhin, t c kt qu tt nht, cc thng s PID s dng trong tnh
ton phi iu chnh theo tnh cht ca h thng-trong khi kiu iu khin l ging
nhau, cc thng s phi ph thuc vo c th ca h thng.
Gii thut tnh ton b iu khin PID bao gm 3 thng s ring bit, do i
khi n cn c gi l iu khin ba khu: cc gi tr t l, tch phn v o hm, vit
tt l P, I, v D. Gi tr t l xc nh tc ng ca sai s hin ti, gi tr tch phn xc
nh tc ng ca tng cc sai s qu kh, v gi tr vi phn xc nh tc ng ca tc
bin i sai s. Tng chp ca ba tc ng ny dng iu chnh qu trnh thng
qua mt phn t iu khin nh v tr ca van iu khin hay b ngun ca phn t gia
nhit. Nh vy, nhng gi tr ny c th lm sng t v quan h thi gian: P ph thuc
vo sai s hin ti, I ph thuc vo tch ly cc sai s qu kh, v D d on cc sai s
tng lai, da vo tc thay i hin ti.
Bng cch iu chnh 3 hng s trong gii thut ca b iu khin PID, b iu
khin c th dng trong nhng thit k c yu cu c bit. p ng ca b iu khin
c th c m t di dng nhy sai s ca b iu khin, gi tr m b iu khin
vt l im t v gi tr dao ng ca h thng. Lu l cng dng ca gii thut
PID trong iu khin khng m bo tnh ti u hoc n nh cho h thng.
Vi ng dng c th yu cu ch s dng mt hoc hai khu ty theo h thng.
iu ny t c bng cch thit t i li ca cc u ra khng mong mun v 0.
Mt b iu khin PID s c gi l b iu khin PI, PD, P hoc I nu vng mt cc
tc ng b khuyt . B iu khin PI kh ph bin, do p ng vi phn kh nhy i
vi cc nhiu o lng, tri li nu thiu gi tr tch phn c th khin h thng khng
t c gi tr mong mun.
Ch : Do s a dng ca lnh vc l thuyt v ng dng iu khin, nhiu qui
c t tn cho cc bin c lin quan cng c s dng.
4.L thuyt iu khin PID
S iu khin PID c t tn theo ba khu hiu chnh ca n, tng ca ba
khu ny to thnh bi cc bin iu khin (MV). Ta c:
trong
,
, v
l cc thnh phn u ra t ba khu ca b iu khin PID, c
xc nh nh di y.
a)Khu t l

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 N MN HC 2

th PV theo thi gian, ba gi tr Kp (Ki v Kd l hng s)

Khu t l (i khi cn c gi l li) lm thay i gi tr u ra, t l vi
gi tr sai s hin ti. p ng t l c th c iu chnh bng cch nhn sai
s vi mt hng s Kp, c gi l li t l.
Khu t l c cho bi:

trong

: tha s t l ca u ra

: li t l, thng s iu chnh
: sai s
: thi gian hay thi gian tc thi (hin ti)
li ca khu t l ln l do thay i ln u ra m sai s thay i nh. Nu
li ca khu t l qu cao, h thng s khng n nh (xem phn iu chnh
vng). Ngc li, li nh l do p ng u ra nh trong khi sai s u vo
ln, v lm cho b iu khin km nhy, hoc p ng chm. Nu li ca
khu t l qu thp, tc ng iu khin c th s qu b khi p ng vi cc
nhiu ca h thng.
Droop( trt)
Nu khng c nhiu, iu khin t l thun ty s khng xc lp ti gi tr mong
mun ca n, nhng n vn duy tr mt sai s n nh trng thi, l mt hm ca
li t l v li qu trnh. c bit, nu li qu trnh-trong khong thi gian di b
tri do thiu iu khin, nh vic lm mt mt l nung ti nhit phng-c k
hiu G v gi s sai s xp x l hng s, khi droop- trt xy ra khi li khng
vi sai s l tuyn tnh,
do
i ny bng tha s t l ca u ra,
Khi tha s t l, y vo thng s ti gi tr t, c b chnh xc bi
li qu trnh, n s ko thng s ra khi gi tr t. Nu li qu trnh gim, khi
lm lnh, th trng thi dng s nm di im t, ta gi l "droop- trt".
GVHD:ThS. V TH NG

Page 16

 N MN HC 2
Ch cc thnh phn dch chuyn (trung bnh di hn, thnh phn tn s khng)
ca li qu trnh mi tc ng ti trt-cc dao ng u hoc ngu nhin trn
hoc di thnh phn dch chuyn s b trit tiu. li qu trnh c th thay i theo
thi gian hoc theo cc thay i bn ngoi, v d nh nu nhit phng thay i, vic
lm lnh s nhanh hn hoc chm hn.
trt t l thun vi li qu trnh v t l nghch vi li t l, v l mt
khim khuyt khng th trnh c ca iu khin t l thun ty. trt c th
c gim bt bng cch thm mt tha s lch (cho im t trn gi tr mong
mun thc t), hoc sa i bng cch thm mt khu tch phn (trong b iu khin
PI hoc PID), s tnh ton lch thm vo mt cch hu hiu.
Bt chp trt, c l thuyt iu chnh ln thc t cng nghip ch ra rng khu t l
l cn thit trong vic tham gia vo qu trnh iu khin.
b)Khu tch phn

th PV theo thi gian, tng ng vi 3 gi tr Ki (Kp v Kd khng i)

Phn phi ca khu tch phn (i khi cn gi l reset) t l thun vi c bin sai s
ln qung thi gian xy ra sai s. Tng sai s tc thi theo thi gian (tch phn sai s)
cho ta tch ly b c hiu chnh trc . Tch ly sai s sau c nhn vi
li tch phn v cng vi tn hiu u ra ca b iu khin. Bin phn phi ca
khu tch phn trn tt c tc ng iu chnh c xc nh bi li tch phn,
.
Tha s tch phn c cho bi:

trong
: tha s tch phn ca u ra
: li tch phn, 1 thng s iu chnh
: sai s
: thi gian hoc thi gian tc thi (hin ti)
: mt bin tch phn trung gian
GVHD:ThS. V TH NG

Page 17

 N MN HC 2
Khu tch phn (khi cng thm khu t l) s tng tc chuyn ng ca qu trnh
ti im t v kh s d sai s n nh vi mt t l ch ph thuc vo b iu khin.
Tuy nhin, v khu tch phn l p ng ca sai s tch ly trong qu kh, n c th
khin gi tr hin ti vt l qua gi tr t (ngang qua im t v to ra mt lch
vi cc hng khc). tm hiu thm cc c im ca vic iu chnh li tch
phn v n ca b iu khin, xin xem phn iu chnh vng lp.
c)Khu vi phn

th PV theo thi gian, vi 3 gi tr Kd (Kp and Ki khng i)

Tc thay i ca sai s qua trnh c tnh ton bng cch xc nh dc
ca sai s theo thi gian (tc l o hm bc mt theo thi gian) v nhn tc ny
vi li t l
. Bin ca phn phi khu vi phn (i khi c gi l tc )
trn tt c cc hnh vi iu khin c gii hn bi li vi phn,
.
Tha s vi phn c cho bi:
trong
: tha s vi phn ca u ra
: li vi phn, mt thng s iu chnh
: Sai s
: thi gian hoc thi gian tc thi (hin ti)
Khu vi phn lm chm tc thay i ca u ra b iu khin v c tnh ny
l ang ch nht t ti im t ca b iu khin. T , iu khin vi phn
c s dng lm gim bin vt l c to ra bi thnh phn tch phn v tng
cng n nh ca b iu khin hn hp. Tuy nhin, php vi phn ca mt tn hiu
s khuch i nhiu v do khu ny s nhy hn i vi nhiu trong sai s, v c
th khin qu trnh tr nn khng n nh nu nhiu v li vi phn ln. Do
mt xp x ca b vi sai vi bng thng gii hn thng c s dng hn. Chng hn
nh mch b sm pha.

GVHD:ThS. V TH NG

Page 18

 N MN HC 2
5. Tm tt PID
Khu t l, tch phn, vi phn c cng li vi nhau tnh ton u ra ca b
iu khin PID. nh ngha rng
l u ra ca b iu khin, biu thc cui cng
ca gii thut PID l:

trong cc thng s iu chnh l:

li t l ( ):Gi tr cng ln th p ng cng nhanh do sai s cng ln,
b khu t l cng ln. Mt gi g li t l qu ln s dn n qu trnh mt
n nh v dao ng.
li tch phn ( ):Gi tr cng ln ko theo sai s n nh b kh cng
nhanh. i li l vt l cng ln: bt k sai s m no c tch phn trong
sut p ng qu phi c trit tiu tch phn bng sai s dng trc khi
tin ti trng thi n nh.
li vi phn ( ): Gi tr cng ln cng gim vt l, nhng li lm chm
p ng qu v c th dn n mt n nh do khuch i nhiu tn hiu
trong php vi phn sai s.
a)iu chnh vng lp
iu chnh mt vng iu khin l iu chnh cc thng s iu khin ca n
( li/di t l, li tch phn/reset, li vi phn/tc ) ti gi tr p ng iu
khin ti u. n nh (dao ng bin) l mt yu cu cn bn, nhng ngoi ra, cc
h thng khc nhau, c nhng hnh vi khc nhau, nhng ng dng khc nhau c
nhng yu cu khc nhau, v vi yu cu li mu thun vi nhau. Hn na, vi qu
trnh c mt mc phi tuyn no y khin cc thng s lm vic tt iu kin y
ti s khng lm vic khi qu trnh khi ng t khng ti; iu ny c th khc phc
bng chng trnh li (s dng cc thng s khc nhau cho nhng khu vc hot
ng khc nhau). Cc b iu khin PID thng cung cp cc iu khin c th chp
nhn c thm ch khng cn iu chnh, nhng kt qu ni chung c th c ci
thin bng cch iu chnh k lng, v kt qu c th khng chp nhn c nu iu
chnh km.
iu chnh PID l mt bi ton kh, ngay c khi ch c 3 thng s v v nguyn
tc l d miu t, bi v n phi tha mn cc tiu chun phc tp nm trong Nhng
hn ch ca iu khin PID. V vy c nhiu phng php khc nhau iu chnh
vng lp, v cc k thut phc tp hn l ti cho nhiu pht minh sng cht; phn
ny miu t vi phng php th cng truyn thng iu chnh vng lp.
b) n nh
Nu cc thng s ca b iu khin PID ( li ca khu t l, tch phn v vi
phn) c chn sai, u vo qu trnh iu khin c th mt n nh, v cc khc bit
u ra ca n, c hoc khng c dao ng, v c gii hn ch bi s bo ha hoc
t gy c kh. S khng n nh c gy ra bi s d tha li, nht l khi xut
hin tr ln.

GVHD:ThS. V TH NG

Page 19

 N MN HC 2
Ni chung, n nh ca p ng (ngc vi bt nh) phi tha mn v
qu trnh phi khng c dao ng v bt k s kt hp no gia cc iu khin qu
trnh v im t, mc d i khi n nh bin c th c chp nhn hoc yu cu.
c) Ti u ha hnh vi
Ti u ha hnh vi trong thay i qu trnh hoc thay i im t khc nhau
ty thuc vo ng dng.
Hai yu cu c bn l n nh (trit tiu nhiu-n nh ti mt im t cho
trc) v t hiu chnh lnh (thc hin cc thay i im t)-hai yu cu ty thuc
vo vic cc bin iu khin theo di gi tr mong mun c tt hay khng. Cc tiu
chun c bit v t hiu chnh lnh bo gm thi gian khi ng v thi gian xc lp.
Mt vi qu trnh phi ngn khng cho php cc bin qu trnh vt l qu im t
nu, th d, iu ny c th mt an ton. Cc qu trnh khc phi ti thiu ha nng
lng tiu hao khi tin ti mt im t mi.
d) Tng quan cc phng php
C nhiu phng php khc nhau iu chnh vng lp PID. Nhng phng
php hu hiu nht thng bao gm nhng trin khai ca vi dng m hnh x l, sau
chn P, I, v D da trn cc thng s ca m hnh ng hc. Cc phng php iu
chnh th cng tng i khng hiu qu lm, c bit nu vng lp c thi gian p
ng c tnh bng pht hoc lu hn.
La chn phng php thch hp s ph thuc phn ln vo vic c hay khng
vng lp c th iu chnh "offline", v p ng thi gian ca h thng. Nu h thng
c th thc hin offline, phng php iu chnh tt nht thng bao gm bt h thng
thay i u vo tng bc, tn hiu o lng u ra l mt hm thi gian, s dng
p ng ny xc nh cc thng s iu khin.
La chn phng php iu chnh
Phng
php

u im

Khuyt im

iu chnh Khng cn hiu bit v ton. Phng php Yu cu nhn vin c kinh
online.
nghim.
th cng
Ziegler
Nichols

lm ri lon qu trnh, mt
Phng php chng minh. Phng php
s th nghim v li, phi
online.
iu chnh nhiu ln

iu chnh chc chn. Phng php online

Cc cng
hoc offline. C th bao gm phn tch cc Gi c cao, v phi hun
c
phn
van v cm bin. Cho php m phng trc luyn.
mm
khi ti xung thc thi.
CohenCoon

x l cc m hnh tt.

GVHD:ThS. V TH NG

Yu cu kin thc ton

hc. Phng php offline.
Ch tt i vi cc qu
trnh bc mt.
Page 20

 N MN HC 2
-iu chnh th cng
Nu h thng phi duy tr trng thi online, mt phng php iu chnh l thit
t gi tr u tin ca
v
bng khng. Tng dn
cho n khi u ra ca
vng iu khin dao ng, sau
c th c t ti xp x mt na gi tr
n gi tr ph
p t c p ng "1/4 gi tr suy gim bin ". Sau tng
hp sao cho thi gian x l. Tuy nhin,
qu ln s gy mt n nh. Cui cng,
tng
, nu cn thit, cho n khi vng iu khin nhanh c th chp nhn c
nhanh chng ly li c gi tr t sau khi b nhiu. Tuy nhin,
qu ln s gy p
ng d v vt l.Mt iu chnh cp tc ca vng iu khin PID thng hi qu l
mt t khi tin ti im t nhanh chng; tuy nhin, vi h thng khng chp nhn xy
ra vt l, trong trng hp , ta cn mt h thng vng kn gim l, thit t mt gi
tr
nh hn mt na gi tr
gy ra dao ng.
Tc ng ca vic tng mt thng s c lp
Thng
s

Thi
gian Qu
khi ng

Thi
gian
Sai s n nh
xc lp

n nh

Gim

Tng

Thay i nh Gim

Gim cp

Gim

Tng

Tng

Gim ng k

Gim t

Gim
t

Gim t

V l thuyt khng Ci thin nu

tc ng
nh

Gim cp

-Phng php ZieglerNichols

Xem thm v ni dung ny ti Phng php ZieglerNichols.
Mt phng php iu chnh theo kinh nghim khc l phng php ZieglerNichols,
c a ra bi John G. Ziegler v Nathaniel B. Nichols vo nhng nm 1940. Ging
phng php trn, li
v
lc u c gn bng khng. li P c tng
cho n khi n tin ti li ti hn,
, u ra ca vng iu khin bt u dao
ng.
v thi gian giao ng c dng gn li nh sau:
Phng php ZieglerNichols
Dng iu khin
P
PI

PID
-Phn mm iu chnh PID
Hu ht cc ng dng cng nghip hin i khng cn iu chnh vng iu
khin s dng cc phng php tnh ton th cng nh trn na. Thay vo , phn
mm iu chnh PID v ti u ha vng lp c dng m bo kt qu chc chn.
Nhng gi phn mm ny s tp hp d liu, pht trin cc m hnh x l, v xut
GVHD:ThS. V TH NG

Page 21

 N MN HC 2
phng php iu chnh ti u. Vi gi phn mm thm ch cn c th pht trin vic
iu chnh bng cch thu thp d liu t cc thay i tham kho.
iu chnh PID bng ton hc to ra mt xung trong h thng, v sau s
dng p ng tn s ca h thng iu khin thit k cc gi tr ca vng iu khin
PID. Trong nhng vng lp c thi gian p ng ko di nhiu pht, nn chn iu
chnh bng ton hc, bi v vic th sai thc t c th ko di nhiu ngy tm im
n nh cho vng lp. Gi tr ti u th kh tm hn. Vi b iu khin s cn c chc
nng t iu chnh, trong nhng thay i rt nh ca im t cng c gi ti
qu trnh, cho php b iu khin t mnh tnh ton gi tr iu chnh ti u.
Cc dng iu chnh khc cng c dng ty theo tiu chun nh gi kt qu khc
nhau. Nhiu pht minh hin nay c nhng sn vo trong cc module phn mm
v phn cng iu chnh PID.
e) Cc ci tin i vi thut ton PID
Mt vn ph bin ca b PID l tng l Tch phn khi ng, ni xy ra thay i
im t ln (tc l thay i dng) v khu tch phn tch ly mt sai s ng k lc
tng (khi ng), v vy lm vt l v duy tr lin tc vic tng sai s tch ly b gin
on. C th khc phc iu ny bng cch:
Thit t gi tr tch phn ban u cho b iu khin ti gi tr mong mun
Tng im t vi dc thch hp
Khng cho php chc nng tch phn cho n khi PV i vo vng iu khin c
Gii hn khong thi gian vt qu sai s tch phn c tnh ton
Ngn khng cho khu tch phn tch ly trn hoc di bin xc nh trc
'ng bng' chc nng tch phn trong trng hp b nhiu
Nu mt vng PID c s dng iu khin nhit ca mt l nung in tr, h
thng n nh v sau ca l m v nhit thp lun vo l nung lm cho nhit
ri xung di im t. Chc nng tch phn ca b iu khin c xu hng b
sai s ny bng cch a ra mt sai s khc theo hng dng. iu ny c th trnh
c bng cch 'ng bng' chc nng tch phn sau khi m ca l thi gian cho
vng iu khin nung li l nung.
Thay chc nng tch phn bng mt phn da trn m hnh:Thng thi gian
p ng ca h thng c bit trc. Do rt tin li m phng thi gian p
ng ny vi mt m hnh v tnh ton vi thng s cha bit t p ng thc ca h
thng. Nu gi s h thng l mt l nung in th p ng ca hiu s gia nhit
l v nhit mi trng thay i lng in nng s tng t vi mt b lc
thng thp RC n gin c nhn bi mt h s t l cha bit. in nng thc t
cung cp cho l nung c lm tr bi mt b lc thng thp m phng p ng
ca nhit l nung v sau ly nhit thc tr i nhit mi trng ri chia cho
thnh phn in nng thng thp ny. Sau , kt qu trn s c n nh bi mt b
lc thng thp khc dn n vic tm ra h s t l. Vi vic tnh ton ny, ta c th
tnh ton lng in yu cu bi cch chi im t nhit tr i nhit mi trng
bi h s ny. Kt qu ny sau c th c dng thay th chc nng tch phn.
iu ny cn c th t c mt sai s iu khin bng '0' trong ch xc lp, bng
cch trnh tch phn khi ng v c th ci tin ng k tc ng iu khin so vi
mt b iu khin PID ti u. B iu khin dng ny lm vic rt chnh xc trong
GVHD:ThS. V TH NG

Page 22

 N MN HC 2
trng hp vng h, to ra tch phn khi ng vi mt hm tch phn. y l mt u
im, nu th d, nhit cp cho l nung b gim mt lc v h hng trong b nung,
hoc nu b iu khin c dng nh mt h thng tham vn cho nhn vin iu
khin, v ngi ny khng th a n v lm vic trong vng kn. Cng s rt hiu qu
nu b iu khin nm trong mt nhnh ca mt h thng iu khin phc tp m c
th tm thi khng lm vic.
Nhiu vng iu khin PID iu khin mt thit b c kh (th d nh van). Bo
dng c kh c th l ph tn v hao mn chnh lm cho iu khin km i di dng
ma st tnh hoc l di cht trong p ng c kh tn hiu u vo. Tc bo mn
c kh ty thuc phn ln vo s lm vic thng xuyn ca thit b. Nhng ni bo
mn c c bit ch , vng iu khin PID c th c mt di cht u ra gim
tn s hot ng ca (van) u ra. iu ny c th thc hin c bng cch bin i
b iu khin gi c n nh u ra nu thay i l nh (nm trong khong
di cht xc nh). Tn hiu u ra tnh ton phi loi b di cht trc khi u ra thc
t thay i.
Khu t l v khu vi phn c th to ra bin i d tha u ra khi mt h thng b
l thuc vo nc thay i tc thi tng sai s, nh mt thay i ln ca im t.
Trong trng hp ca khu vi phn, iu ny ty thuc vo vic o hm sai s, o
hm ny s rt ln nu nc thay i tc thi. Kt qu l, vi gii thut PID c thm
vo cc ci tin sau:
-o hm u ra:Trong trng hp b iu khin PID o lng o hm ca i
lng u ra, thay v o hm ca sai s. Tn hiu u ra lun lin tc (v n khng
bao gi c nc thay i). iu ny t hiu qu, o hm ca u ra phi cng kiu
vi o hm sai s.
-Dc ha im t: ci tin ny, im t c tng dn t gi tr c ti mt gi tr
d kin mi s dng mt hm tuyn tnh hoc o hm bc mt ca hm dc. trnh
s gin on xut hin trong mt thay i bc thang n.
-Trng ha im t: Trng ha im t s dng cc s khc nhau nhn vi sai s
ph thuc vo cc yu t ca b iu khin m n c dng vo. Sai s trong khu
tch phn phi l sai s iu khin thc trnh sai s iu khin trng thi xc lp.
iu ny tc ng n p ng im t ca b iu khin. Cc thng s ny khng
tc ng n p ng ca nhiu ti v nhiu o lng.
f) Cc hn ch ca iu khin PID
Trong khi cc b iu khin PID c th c dng cho nhiu bi ton iu
khin, v thng t kt qu nh m khng cn bt k ci tin hay thm ch iu
chnh no, chng c th rt yu trong vi ng dng, v thng khng cho ta iu khin
ti u. Kh khn c bn ca iu khin PID l n l mt h thng phn hi, vi cc
thng s khng i, v khng c tin tc trc tip v qu trnh, v do tt c kt qu
l phn ng v tha hip - trong khi iu khin PID l b iu khin tt nht m khng
cn m hnh iu khin, kt qu tt hn c th t c bng cch kt hp vi mt m
hnh iu khin.
Ci tin quan trng nht l kt hp iu khin nui-tin vi kin thc v h thng, v
s dng PID ch iu khin sai s. Thay vo , PID c th c ci tin bng
nhiu cch, nh thay i cc thng s (hoc l lp chng trnh li trong nhiu
GVHD:ThS. V TH NG

Page 23

 N MN HC 2
trng hp s dng khc nhau hoc ci tin thch nghi chng da trn kt qu), ci
tin o lng (tc ly mu cao hn, v chnh xc, v lc thng thp nu cn thit)
hoc ni tng nhiu b iu khin PID vi nhau.
Cc b iu khin PID, khi s dng c lp, c th cho kt qu xu khi li
vng PID buc phi gim v th h iu khin khng xy ra vt l, dao ng hoc
rung quanh gi tr im t iu khin. Chng cng kh khn khi xut hin phi tuyn,
c th cn bng s iu tit chng li p ng thi gian, khng phn ng li vic thay
i hnh vi iu khin (do , qu trnh thay i sau khi n c hm nng), v b tr
trong p ng vi cc nhiu ln.
Tuyn tnh
Mt vn khc xy ra i vi cc b iu khin PID l chng tuyn tnh,
v i xng tng phn. Do , kt qu ca cc b iu khin PID trong cc h phi
tuyn (nh h iu khin HVAC) th khc nhau. Th d, trong iu khin nhit , mt
trng hp s dng ph bin l nung nng ch ng (qua mt b nung) nhng lm
lnh b ng (ngng lm nng, nhng khng lm lnh) v vy ch c th loi tr qu
mt cch chm chp - khng th p xung cng bc. Trong trng hp ny b
iu khin PID c th c chuyn sang gim l, ngn cn hoc gim s vt l,
mc d iu ny lm gim hiu sut (n tng thi gian xc lp). .
Nhiu trong khu vi phn
Mt vn vi khu Vi phn l mt lng nh i lng o lng hoc x l
nhiu c th gy ra cc thay i ln u ra. Thng s rt cn thit khi lc cc i
lng o lng vi mt b lc thng thp loi tr cc thnh phn nhiu sng hi
bc cao. Tuy nhin, lc thng thp v iu khin vi phn c th loi tr ln nhau, v
vy gim nhiu bng cc linh kin l la chn tt hn. Nh vy, mt b lc trung v
phi tuyn c th c s dng, s gip ci tin hiu sut lc v kt qu thc t . Trong
vi trng hp, di vi phn c th b 'tt' trong nhiu h thng vi mt cht suy gim
iu khin. Khi b iu khin PID s ging nh mt b iu khin PI.
g) K hiu thay th v cc dng PID
- Dng PID l tng v tiu chun
B iu khin PID l b iu khin xut hin nhiu nht trong cng nghip, v b iu
khin thch hp nht iu chnh thut ton l dng chun. Trong dng ny, li
c dng trong khu
, v
,t c::

trong
l thi gian tch phn
l thi gian vi phn
Trong dng song song l tng, c trnh by trong phn l thuyt b iu khin

GVHD:ThS. V TH NG

Page 24

 N MN HC 2

cc thng s li c lin kt ti dng chun thng qua

v
. Dng song song ny, trong cc thng s c x l nh l cc li
n gin, l dng tng qu v linh hot nht. Tuy nhin, n cng l dng m cc thng
s c s lin quan vt l t nht v thng c dnh ring cho vic kho st l thuyt
ca b iu khin PID. Dng chun, mc d t phc tp hn v mt ton hc, nhng li
ph bin hn trong cng nghip.
- Dng Laplace ca b iu khin PID
i khi cch vit iu khin PID di dng bin i Laplace li rt thun tin:

Ta va c b iu khin PID c vit di dng Laplace v hm truyn ca h iu

khin khin cho vic xc nh hm truyn vng kn h thng mt cch d dng.
- Dng ni tip/tng h
Mt dng biu din khc ca b iu khin PID l dng ni tip, hay dng tng h

trong cc thng s quan h vi cc thng s ca dng chun qua

,
, and
vi
.
Dng ny v c bn bao gm b iu khin PD v PI ghp ni tip vi nhau, v
n gip cho cc b iu khin i u (analog) d dng xy dng hn. Khi cc b iu
khin i sau c s ha, nhiu k tha sau s dng dng tng h.
- Thc hin ri rc ha
Cc phn tch v thit k mt b iu khin PID k thut s trn mt Vi iu khin
(MCU) hoc thit b FPGA yu cu dng chun ca b iu khin PID phi c ri
rc ha . Vi phn bc mt c xc nh bng sai phn hu hn li. Khu tch phn
c ri rc ha, vi thi gian ly mu
,nh sau,

Khu vi phn c xc nh bi,

Do , mt gii thut vn tc cho vic thc thi b iu khin PID ri rc trn mt

MCU t c bng cch o hm
, s dng cc s xc nh t o hm bc mt
v o hm bc hai, tm ra
cui cng ta c:

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 N MN HC 2

IV.GII THIU V NGUYN TC HOT NG CA CC LINH KIN C

LIN QUAN N N.
1.AT 89Cxx
1.1
Khi nim v IC AT89C51
Vi iu khin l nhng vi mch in t tch hp (chip) m c th lp trnh
thc hin nhng nhim v mong mun. khc vi vi x l, cc vi iu khin ngoi chc
nng x l d liu, thut ton cn c tch hp nhng b chc nng c bit khc,
cc vi iu khin cn c c ng vo/ra nhn v xut d liu, cc b timer x l thi
gian, cc b trao i d liu theo 1 s chun giao tip, thm ch 1 s loi vi iu khin
cn c c b chuyn i AD, b iu khin ng c.
Vi iu khin AT89C51 tch hp c 4 kbyte b nh flash rom np v xa
bng in mt cch tin li v nhanh chng. C th cho php np xa hng ngn ln.
1.2
Chc nng ca IC AT89C51
1.2.1. S chn ca vi iu khin AT89C51:

Hnh 2 : s chn ca 89C51

1.2.2 Cc Port:
a. Port 0:
Port0 l port c 2 chc nng vi s th t chn 32-39.

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 N MN HC 2
Trong cc h thng iu khin n gin s dng b nh bn trong khng dng
b nh m bn ngoi th port0 c dng lm cc ng iu khin IO (input-output).
Trong cc h thng iu khin ln s dng b nh m rng bn ngoi th port 0
c chc nng l bus a ch v bus d liu AD7-AD0 (address: a ch, data: d liu).
b. Port 1:
Port 1 vi s th t chn 1-8. Port 1 ch c mt chc nng dng lm cc ng
iu khin xut nhp IO, port 1 khng c chc ngn khc.
c. Port 2:
Port 2 l port c chc nng vi s th t chn 21-28.
Trong cc h thng iu khin n gin s dng b nh bn trong khng dng
b nh m bn ngoi th port 2 c dng lm cc ng iu khin IO (inputoutput).
Trong cc h thng iu khin ln s dng b nh m rng bn ngoi th port 2
c chc nng l bus a ch cao A8-A15.

d. Port 3:
Port 3 l port c 2 chc nng vi s th t chn 10-17. Cc chn ca port ny
c nhiu chc nng, cc cng dng chuyn i c lin h vi cc c tnh c bit ca
89C51 nh bng:
Bit

tn

chc nng chuyn i

P3.0
P3.1
P3.2
P3.3
P3.4
P3.5
P3.6
P3.7

RxD
TxD
INT0\
INT1\
T0
T1
WR\
RD\

Ng vo nhn d liu ni tip

Ng xut d liu ni tip
Ng vo ngt cng th 0
Ng vo ngt cng th 1
Ng vo ca timer/counter th 0
Ng vo ca timer/counter th 1
Tn hiu iu khin ghi d liu ln b nh ngoi
Tn hiu iu khin c d liu t b nh ngoi

1.2.3 Cc ng tn hiu iu khin:

a. Ng tn hiu PSEN ( program store enable):

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 N MN HC 2
PSEN l tn hiu ng ra chn 29 c tc dng cho php c b nh chng
trnh m rng thng ni n chn OE ( output enable hoc RD) ca eprom cho php
c cc byte m lnh.
Khi c giao tip vi b nh bn ngoi th mi dng n PSEN, nu khng c
giao tip th PSEN b trng (PSEN mc thp trong thi gian iu khin 89C51 ly
lnh. Cc m lnh ca chng trnh c t eprom qua bus d liu v c cht vo
thanh ghi lnh bn trong 89C51 gii m lnh. Khi 89C51 thi hnh chng trnh
trong EPROM ni th PSEN mc logic 1).
b. Ng tn hiu iu khin ALE (address latch enable):
Khi vi iu khin 89C51 truy xut b nh bn ngoi, port 0 c chc ngng l
bus ti a ch v bus d liu [AD7-AD0] do phi tch cc ng d liu v a ch.
Tn hiu ra ALE chn th 30 dng lm tn hiu iu khin gii a hp cc ng
a ch v d liu khi kt ni chng vi IC cht.
Tn hiu ra chn ALE l 1 xung trong khong thi gian port 0 ng vai tr l
a ch thp nn vic cht a ch c thc hin mt cch hon ton t ng.
Cc xung tn hiu ALE c tc bng 1/6 ln tn s dao ng ca t thch anh
gn vo vi iu khin v c th dng tn hiu xung ng ra ALE lm xung clock cung
cp cho cc phn khc ca h thng.
Trong ch lp trnh cho b nh ni ca vi iu khin th chn ALE c
dng lm ng vo nhn xung lp trnh t bn ngoi lp trnh cho b nh flash rom
trong 89C51.
c. Ng tn hiu EA (external access):
Tn hiu vo EA chn 31 thng ni ln mc 1 hoc mc 0.
Nu ni EA ln mc logic 1 (+5V) th vi iu khin s thi hnh chng trnh t
b nh ni.
Nu ni EA vi mc logic 0 (0V) th vi iu khin s thi hnh chng trnh t
b nh ngoi.
d. Ng tn hiu RST (reset):
Ng vo RST chn 9 l ng vo reset ca 89C51. Khi cp in cho h thng
hoc khi nhn nt reset th mch s reset vi iu khin. khi reset th tn hiu reset phi
mc cao t nht l 2 chu k my, khi cc thanh ghi bn trong c np nhng gi
tr thch hp khi ng h thng.
Trng thi ca tt c cc thanh ghi trong 89C51 sau khi reset h thng c tm
tt nh sau:

Thanh ghi

ni dung

b m chng trnh PC
thanh ghi tch ly A
thanh ghi B
Thanh ghi trng thi PSW
Thanh ghi con tr SP

0000H
00H
00H
00H
07H

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DPTR
Port 0 n port 3
IP
IE
Cc thanh ghi nh thi
SCON SBUF
PCON (HMOS)
PCON (CMOS)

0000H
FFH
XXX0 0000 B
0X0X 0000B
00H
00H
00H
0XXX XXXXH
0XXX 0000 B

Thanh ghi quan trng nht l thanh ghi b m chng trnh PC=0000H sau khi
reset. Sau khi reset xong vi iu khin lun bt u thc hin chng trnh ti a ch
0000H ca b nh chng trnh nn cc chng trnh cho vi iu khin lun bt u
ti a ch 0000H.
Ni dung ca RAM trn chip khng b thay i bi tc ng ca ng vo reset.
e. Cc ng vo b giao ng Xtal1, Xtal2:
B dao ng c tch hp bn trong 89C51, khi s dng 89C51 ngi thit k
ch cn kt ni thm t thch anh v cc t khc. tn s t thch anh thng c s
dng ch0 89C51 l 12Mhz 24Mhz.
f. Chn 40 (Vcc) c ni ln ngun 5V, chn 20 GND ni mass
1.2. C s l thuyt:
Mun lp trnh cho ic vi iu khin no (hay c cc ic vi x l na), trc tin
Bn phi hiu r cc c tnh ca ic . Vi ic vi iu khin AT89C51 cng khng
ngoi l. Trong phn ny chng ta s vn tt v cu trc ni ti ca loi ic ny. Vi ic
AT89C51, chng ta cn bit 4 iu v n, l:
1.2.1. Cng dng cc chn ca IC.
Cc chn c bn nht l cc chn cng xut nhp d liu.

Hnh v cho thy, ic AT89C51 c 40 chn. Cc

a. Nhm chn c bn:
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 N MN HC 2
Gm c chn 20 ni masse v chn 40 ni vo ng ngun 5V. Chn 18, 19
gn thch anh nh tn cho mch dao ng, do mt lnh cn 12 phn on, nn tn
s xung nhp s l 1MHz hay chu k lnh s 1us. Chn s 9 dng lm chn reset, n
to ra tc dng reset vi mc volt cao. Chn 31 dng chn nh lm vic vi b nh
trong hay c vi b nh ngoi. Cc chn 29, 30 s dng khi chi ic AT89C51 lm vic
vi cc b nh ngoi.
b. Nhm cc chn dng lm cng xut nhp d liu:
IC AT89C51 c 4 cng, mi cng 8 bit, vy c 32 chn dng xut nhp bit.
Ngi ta dng tp tin nh ngha t tn cho cng v t tn cho cc chn ny.
l:
* Cc chn 39, 38, 37, 36, 35, 33, 32 c t tn l p0.0, p0.1, p0.2, p0.3,
p0.4, p0.5, p0.6, p0.7 v c 8 chn gm li gi l p0 (hay gi l cng port 0).
* Cc chn 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 c t tn l p1.0, p1.1, p1.2, p1.3, p1.4,
p1.5, p1.6, p1.7 v c 8 chn gm li gi l p1 (hay gi l cng port 1).
* Cc chn 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28 c t tn l p2.0, p2.1, p2.2,
p2.3, p2.4, p2.5, p2.6, p2.7 v c 8 chn gm li gi l p2 (hay gi l cng port 2).
* Cc chn 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 , 16, 17, 18 c t tn l p3.0, p3.1, p3.2,
p3.3, p3.4, p3.5, p3.6, p3.7 v c 8 chn gm li gi l p3 (hay gi l cng port 3).
Vi cc tn t nh vy, nn khi vit cc cu lnh, Bn c th dng trc tip
cc tn gi ny, nh vy cng rt tin. Bn cnh hnh trn l mt s mch in c
bn, khi Bn dng ic AT89C51 Bn c th rp theo s mch in ny. Cc chng
trnh iu khin ca Bn s phi thng qu 4 cng ny iu khin cc thit b, do
vic hiu r tc dng ca cc cng ny l rt quan trng.
1.2.2. cu trc cc khi chc nng bn trong hiu s vn hnh ca n

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 N MN HC 2

T s khi chc nng trn, Bn s thy cch vn hnh bn trong ca ic vi

iu khin AT89C51. Trong ic c khi x l php ton ALU, ALU kt hp vi thanh
ghi acc (cn gi l thanh a) v thanh b, y l khi ton thut quan trong ca ic. B ly
cu lnh ca chng trnh trong khi nh Flash chp hnh, cch chy chng trnh
theo thanh m PC v a ch th theo thanh ghi con tr dptr. B nh RAM trong c
cc thanh ghi c dng dng iu khin cc c phn ca ic. Ngoi ra l s iu hnh 4
cng p0, p1, p2, p3 dng xut nhp d liu dng bit. Cui cng l khi dao ng to
xung nhp theo thch anh gn thm t bn ngoi.
1.2.3. Tp lnh m ic hiu v chp hnh (Bng lit k cc cu lnh dng cho
AT89C51

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2. Cm bin nhit DS18B20:

a> Tng quan v DS18B20 v bus 1
dy:
DS18B20 l cm bin nhit sn
phm ca cng ty Dallas (M), y
cng l cng ty gp phn nhiu vo
vic cho ra i bus 1 dy v cc cm
bin 1 dy.
- Hnh dng cc cm bin c m t
nh hnh v,trong dng TO-92 vi
3 chn l dng thng gp v c
dng nhiu trong cc ng dng.Cn
dng v SOIC vi 8 chn c dng
o nhit b mt k c da ngi.

Hnh 2 : Hnh dng cm bin DS18B20

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 N MN HC 2
Cc c im k thut ca DS18B20 c th c k ra 1 cc tm tt nh sau:
- S dng giao din 1 dy nn ch cn 1 dy ra truyn tn hiu. phn gii o
nhit c th chn t 9-12 bit.
- Di o nhit t -55 125 C tng bc 0.5 C c th chnh xc ti 0.1 C
bng vic hiu chnh bng phn mm.
- Thch hp cho cc ng dng o lng a im v nhiu u o c th c ni trn
cng 1 bus, bus ny gi l bus 1 dy ( 1-wire) m khng cn thm linh kin bn ngoi.

Hnh 3: kt ni bus 1 dy.

- in p ngun nui c th thay i trong khong rng t 3.0 5.5 V v c th cp
ngun thng qua ng dn tn hiu ( ch cp ngun k sinh) khng cn dy dn
ngun nui. Dng tiu th ch ngh cc nh.
Thi gian ly mu v chuyn i thnh s tng i nhanh khng qu 750ms.
- u o nhit s DS18B20 a ra s liu biu th nhit di dng m nh
phn nn khng cn b chuyn t tn hin tng t sang s (ADC).
- Cc tn hiu c gi n v nhn v t DS18B20 trn giao din 1 dy nn ch cn 2
dy ,1 dy lm ng tn hiu v 1 dy lm t l kt ni vi iu khin n im
o.
- Mi cm bin c 1 m nh danh duy nht 64bit cha trong b nh Rom trn chip
c khc bng lazer trong qu trnh ch to vi mch, nn nhiu vi mch DS18B20
cng gn trn 1 bus 1- wire m khng c s nhm ln.c im ny lm cho vic lp
t nhiu cm bin nhit ti nhiu ni trn bus 1 dy vi chi ph thp.
Theo chun 1- wire chiu di ti a ca bus l 300m v khng gii hn s lng cm
bin gn vo bus.
b> Cm bin DS18B20:

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 N MN HC 2
Hnh 4: cm bin DS1820
- chn GND:chn ni t.
- chn DQ:chn trao i d liu, ng thi l chn cp ngun cho ton b hot ng
ca Ic nu s dng ch ngun k sinh. Khi kt ni vi vi iu khin th cn phi c
in tr ko ln khong 4.7k.
- chn Vcc: chn cp ngun.
Cu trc ca cm bin DS18B20:

Hnh 5: S khi cm bin DS18B20

T chc b nh:
- Mi IC DS1820 c mt m 64bit ring bit bao gm: 8bit Familly code, 48bits CRC
code c lu trong Rom.Cc gi tr ny gip phn bit gia cc IC vi nhau trn
cng 1 bus.Gi tr Familly code ca DS1820 l 28h v gi tr CRC l kt qu ca qu
trnh kim tra 56 bits trc .
- T chc b nh Scratchpad:
B nh DS1820 bao gm 9 thanh ghi 8bits:
Byte 0 v 1 lu gi tr nhit chuyn i.
Byte 2 v 3 lu gi tr ngng nhit . ( khng b mt khi mt in).
Byte 4 l thanh ghi cu hnh cho hot ng ca DS1820.
Byte 5,6 v 7 khng s dng.
Byte 8 l thanh ghi ch c lu gi tr CRC t byte 0 n byte 7.
Ba bc truy cp DS18B20:
Trao i d liu gia vi iu khin v DS1820 thng qua ba bc sau:
o Khi to:
Qu trnh khi to bao gm 1 xung reset do vi iu khin master gi n slave
DS1820, sau l xung presence t DS1820 gi n vi iu khin, ch ra s hin
din ca vi iu khin v DS1820 v qu trnh hot ng trao i d liu c th bt
u.
o Lnh iu khin ROM:

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 N MN HC 2
Cc lnh ny lm vic vi 64bits serial code ROM, lnh ny c pht ra sau
qu trnh khi to. Lnh cho php vi iu khin bit c bao nhiu thit b v thit b
loi g trn bus. C 5 lnh iu khin ROM:
- SEARCH ROM [F0h]
Khi h thng bt u hot ng, th vi iu khin s dng lnh ny kim tra
code ROM ca tt c cc thit b c trn bus cho php vi iu khin bit c s thit
b v loi ca thit b trn bus. Nu trn bus ch c 1 thit b th c th s dng lnh
Read_ROM thay cho lnh Search_ROM. Sau mi qu trnh Search_ROM th cn phi
quay li qu trnh khi to reset h thng.
- READ ROM [33h]
Lnh ny c s dng khi ch c 1 thit b trn bus. Lnh ny cho php vi iu
khin c 64bit ROM code ca thit b. Nu trn bus c nhiu thit b th lnh ny s
gy ra s xung t bus d liu gia cc thit b.
- MATCH ROM [55h]
Lnh ny theo sau bi 64 bit ROM code cho php vi iu khin nh a ch
thit b cn giao tip. Ch thit b c ROM code ph hp s tr li, cc thit b cn li
s i xung reset tip theo.
- SKIP ROM [CCh]
Lnh ny cho php vi iu khin gi ng thi n tt c cc thit b trn bus
m khng cn bt c thng tin no v ROM Code. V d, mun gi lnh Convert_T
n tt c cc thit b trn bus, th u tin ta gi lnh Skip_ROM sau tip theo l
gi lnh Convert_T. Tng t nh vy, nu theo sau lnh Skip_ROM l lnh
Read_Scratchpad th d liu trn DS1820 c c v, v lu rng lnh ny ch thc
hin c khi trn bus c 1 thit b, nu trn bus c nhiu thit b th s gy ra xung
t bus.
- ALARM SEARCH [ECh]
Lnh ny gn ging vi lnh Search_ROM, nhng lnh ny ch tc ng n
thit b m c alarm c bt ln s tr li. Lnh ny cho php xc nh cc thit b m
nhit o c vt qua ngng nhit , v sau khi lnh ny c thc thi th
vi iu khin phi lp li qu trnh khi to quay li bc 1.

Lnh iu khin DS1820:

Sau khi vi iu khin nh a ch thit b cn giao tip thng qua cc lnh
ROM, vi iu khin s gi cc lnh iu khin hot ng ca DS1820. Nhng lnh
ny cho php vi iu khin ghi v c d liu t b nh Scratchpad ca DS1820, bt
u qu trnh chuyn i nhit , v xc nh ch cp ngun.
- WRITE SCRATCHPAD (4Eh)
Lnh ny cho php ghi 2 byte d liu vo b nh nhp ca DS1820. Byte u
tin c ghi vo thanh ghi TH (byte 2 ca b nh nhp) cn byte th hai c ghi
vo thanh ghi TL (byte 3 ca b nh nhp). D liu truyn theo trnh t u tin l bit
c ngha thp nht ( LSB).
C hai byte ny phi c ghi trc khi thit b ch xut ra mt xung reset hoc khi c
d liu khc xut hin.
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 N MN HC 2
- READ SCRATCHPAD (BEh)
Lnh ny cho php thit b ch c ni dung b nh nhp. Qu trnh c bt
u t bit c ngha thp nht (LSB) ca byte 0 v tip tc cho n byte rh 9 (byte 8
- CRC). Thit b ch c th xut ra mt xung reset lm dng qu trnh c bt k
lc no nu nh ch c mt phn ca d liu trn b nh nhp cn c c.
- COPYSCRATCHPAD (48h)
Lnh ny copy ni dung ca hai thanh ghi TH v TL (byte 2 v byte 3) vo b
nh EEPROM. Nu cm bin c s dng trong ch cp ngun l bt u vic o.
- CONVERT T (44h)
Lnh ny khi ng mt qu trnh o v chuyn i gi tr nhit thnh s
(nh phn). Sau khi chuyn i gi tr kt qu o nhit c lu tr trn thanh ghi
nhit 2 byte trong b nh nhp Thi gian chuyn i khng qu 200 ms, trong thi
gian ang chuyn i nu thc hin lnh c th cc gi tr c ra u bng 0.
- READ POWER SUPPLY (B4h)
Mt lnh c tip sau lnh ny s cho bit DS1820 ang s dng ch cp
ngun nh th no, gi tr c c bng 0 nu cp ngun bng chnh ng dn d
liu v bng 1 nu cp ngun qua mt ng dn ring.
Nguyn l hot ng ca cm bin nhit DS18B20:
Bn trong DS18B20 c b chuyn gi tr nhit sang gi tr s v c lu
trong cc thanh ghi b nh cratchpad.
phn gii nhit o c th c cu hnh ch 9bits,
10bits,11bits,12bits. ch mc nh th DS18B20 hot ng phn gii 12bits.
bt u qu trnh c nhit v chuyn i t gi tr tng t sang gi tr
s th VDK gi lnh COVERT T [44h], sau khi chuyn i xong th gi gi tr nhit
c lu trong 2 thanh ghi nhit b nh cratchpad v IC tr v trng thi ngh.
Nhit c lu bn trong DS19B20 c tnh nhit Celcius.
Gi tr nhit lu trong b nh gm 2bytes- 16 bits: s m c lu di dng b 2.
bit cao nht l bit du (S) nu S=0 th gi tr nhit l dng v S=1 th gi tr nhit
l m
Nu cu hnh phn gii l 12bits th tt c cc bit u c s dng.
Nu phn gii 11bits th bit 0 khng c s dng.Tng t nu cu hnh l
10bits th bit 1,0 khng c s dng, nu cu hnh 9bits th bit 2,1,0 khng c s
dng.

Hnh 6: nh dng thanh ghi lu gi tr nhit .

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 N MN HC 2

Hnh 7: Gi tr nhit v gi tr c lu trong b nh.

Gi tr nhit sau khi c lu vo trong hai thanh ghi b nh s c so
snh vi 2 thanh ghi ngng nhit TH v TL. Cc gi tr nhit do ngi dng quy
nh v n s khng thay i khi mt in.
Nh vy ch c phn nguyn cc, cc bit t 11-4 ca gi tr nhit c so
snh vi 2 thanh ghi ngng.Nu gi tr nhit c v nh hn mc TL hoc ln hn
mc TH th c bo qu nhit s c bt ln, v n s thay i mi qu trnh c
nhit .VDK c th kim tra trng thi qu nhit bng lnh ALARM SEARCH [Ech].
D liu trong byte 2,3,4 c ghi thng qua lnh Write Scratchpad [4Eh] v d
liu c truyn n DS1820 vi bit LSB ca byte 2, sau khi ghi d liu c th c
c li thng qua lnh Read Scratchpad [BEh], v khi c Scratchpad th bit LSB ca
byte 0 s c gi i trc Tt c cc byte u c c, nhng ch ghi c byte
2,3 v 4. chuyn gi tr TH v TL t b nh vo EEPROM th cn gi lnh Copy
Scratchpad [48h] n DS1820. V d liu t EEPROM cng c th c chuyn vo
thanh ghi TH,TL thng qua lnh Recall E2 [B8h].
Time slot khi to, c, v ghi d liu xung DS1820
o Khi to:

Hnh 8 :time slot khi to DS1820

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o c v Vit time slot:

Hnh 9: time slot c v vit d liu xung DS1820

o Cc cch ghp ni Cm bin DS1820 vi Vi iu khin:
Ch s dng DS1820 bng cch cp ngun k sinh:

Hnh 10 : ch cp ngun k sinh cho DS1820

Ch cp ngun trc tip cho DS1820:

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Hnh 11 : ch cp ngun y cho DS1820

3. Tng quan v LCD:
a. Tng quan:
Trong nhng nm gn y LCD ang ngy cng c s dng rng ri thay th
dn cho cc n LED (cc n LED 7 on hay nhiu on). l v cc nguyn nhn
sau:
1. Cc LCD c gi thnh h.
2. Kh nng hin th cc s, cc k t v ho tt hn nhiu so vi cc n
LED(v cc n LED ch hin th c cc s v mt s k t).
3. Nh kt hp mt b iu khin lm ti vo LCD lm gii phng cho CPU
cng vic lm ti LCD. Trong khi n LED phi c lm ti bng CPU (hoc
bng cch no ) duy tr vic hin th d liu.
4. D dng lp trnh cho cc k t v ho.

Hnh 12 : hnh dng LCD

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b. M t cc chn ca LCD:

Hnh 12: M t chc nng cc chn ca LCD

Hnh 13: Bng m lnh ca LCD

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c.Gii thiu LCD 16 x
+Chn 1 c ni vi mch reset. Khi nhn SW1 th b vi iu khin s c khi
ng li t u.
+ Chn 13-14 c ni // vi thch anh 12Mhz. mch c nhim v to dao ng cho vi
iu khin.
+T chn RD2 v RD3 ln lt c ni vi RS, E ca LCD. C nhim v iu khin
hot ng ca LCD.
+RD4=>RD7 ln lt c ni vi u vo d liu t D4=> D7 ca LCD.C chc
nng iu khin hin th LCD theo nhit o c.
+Chn 2(VDD) ca LCD c ni vi ngun;chn VSS,VEE,RW c nivi mt.

Hnh14 : LCD 16x2 A. Nguyn tc hin th k t trn LCD

Mt chng trnh hin th k t trn LCD s i theo bn bc sau:1)Xa ton
b mn hnh.2)t ch hin th.3)t v tr con tr (ni bt u ca k t hin
th).4)Hin th k t.
+ Cc bc 3, 4 c th lp li nhiu ln nu cn hin th nhiu k t.
+ Mi khi thc hin ghi lnh hoc ghi d liu hin th ln LCD cn phikim tra c
trc ca chu k trc . V vy, cn phi ch ng phn phithi gian khi ra lnh
cho LCD( v d sau khi xa mn hnh sau khong 2ms mi ra lnh khc v thi gian
LCD xa mn hnh l 1,64ms).
+ Ch hin th mc nh s l hin th dch, v tr con tr mc nh s l u dng
th nht.
4.Thit b cp nhit
- cp nhit cho h thng ta c th s dng dy may so hoc bng n Halozen.
-m bo cp nhit ln theo yu cu ca h thng
-C kh nng thay i nhit d dng.
-Nh vy h thng l p c th s dng thit b cp nhit nh dy May so hoc bng
n Halozen.

GVHD:ThS. V TH NG

Page 44

 N MN HC 2

Hnh 15: Hnh nh dy May so v bng Halozen thc t

GVHD:ThS. V TH NG

Page 45

 N MN HC 2

CHNG III: THIT K PHN CNG H THNG

I/ CC MODULE TRONG H THNG
1. Module iu khin
L trung tm, l b no ca ton b h thng
- Module ny iu khin mi hot ng ca h thng
- u vo l dng in p nhn c t module cm bin.
- u ra l tn hiu dng s cho php ng, ngt module cpnhit (hoc c th l
dng tn hiu tng t).Module ny c vai tr c bit quan trng.
2.Module ci t
-Module ci t cho php ci t , iu chnh nhit t nht nh no .
-Module cho php tng ,gim nhit t bng cc phm bm
-Nhit sau khi ci t c c hin th ln module hinth.
3. Module hin th
- Module ny lm tng kh nng giao tip ca h thng vi ngi s dng.
- Mi thng tin v nhit c hin th cho ngi s dng quan st nh : nhit
t, nhit mi trng , thng bo
- Thng tin cn hin th c cp bi module iu khin hay l nhn tn hiu vo t
module iu khin.
4. Module cp nhit
- Module cp nhit to ra nhit cho h thng p trng.
- u vo ca module ny l in p.
- u ra ca module l nhit cp cho h thng.
- Module ny quyt nh cht lng sn phm.
5. Module khi ngun
-H thng mun hot ng c th phi c module ny, t cng ni ln vai tr
quan trng ca n.
-u vo ca module l in p.
-u ra ca module cng l in p cp cho ton b h thng hot ng.
6. Module cm bin
- Module ny quyt nh ti chnh xc ca h thng.H thng mun hot ng
chnh xc th thng tin ca module ny phi m bo chnh xc , t sai s.
- u vo ca module l nhit .
- u ra ca module l in p cp cho module iu khin
II/ S NGUYN L CA MCH IU KHIN NHIT .
Gm c 5 khi chnh:Khi ngun, khi vi s l, khi cm bin nhit , khi hin th
LCD, khi cng sut.

GVHD:ThS. V TH NG

Page 46

 N MN HC 2
VCC

U8

VCC
2
VDD 1
VSS
VEE

10K

4
RS 5
RW 6
EN

p2.5
p2.6
p2.7

14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7

16
15

K
A

D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D

B7
B6
B5
B4
B3
B2
B1
B0

LCD

R9

p 0 .0
p 0 .1
p 0 .2
p 0 .3
p 0 .4
p 0 .5
p 0 .6
p 0 .7

R10

VCC

VCC

R14

U7
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

p0.0
p0.1
p0.2
p0.3
p0.4
p0.5
p0.6
p0.7

39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32

SW1
P1.0
P1.1
P1.2
P1.3
P1.4
P1.5
P1.6
P1.7

SW2
SW_PB_SPST
SW3
SW_PB_SPST

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

C1

RST

30p
C2

P2.0/A8
P2.1/A9
P2.2/A10
P2.3/A11
P2.4/A12
P2.5/A13
P2.6/A14
P2.7/A15

P1.0/T2 P3.0/RXD
P1.1/T2-EX P3.1/TXD
P1.2
P3.2/INT0
P1.3
P3.3/INT1
P1.4
P3.4/T0
P1.5
P3.5/T1
P1.6
P3.6/WR
P1.7
P3.7/RD

19
18 XTAL1
XTAL2

VCC
SW_PB_SPST

P0.0/AD0
P0.1/AD1
P0.2/AD2
P0.3/AD3
P0.4/AD4
P0.5/AD5
P0.6/AD6
P0.7/AD7

21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28

p2.0
p2.1
p2.2
p2.3
p2.4
p2.5
p2.6
p2.7

VCC

P3.0
P3.1
P3.2
P3.3
P3.4
P3.5
P3.6
P3.7

R26

R17
J3

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

R27

J2
6

POWER_LED2

VCC
1
2
3

560

C7

2k2

Q3
TRIAC

R25
1k

C6

CON3

30
ALE/PROG 29
PSEN

31
9 EA/VPP
RST
AT89S52

VCC

Y1
VCC
ZTA

30p
47uF

C3

RST
U9 LM7805C

POWER_LED1
R15
4.7k
R16

1
2
1

CON2

VCC

12V

J1

IN OUT

C4
1000uF

3
C11C5
100uF

III.NGUYN TC HOT NG
Khi ngun c nhim v cung cp ngun 5v cho h thng, cung cp ngun
kch khi cng sut.
Khi vi s l c nhim v iu khin cng nh ly nhit t DS18b20 v v
a vo nhit o iu khin khi cng sut.
Khi cm bin nhit :C nhim v ly nhit t mi trng v chuyn t
tn hiu tng t o sang tn hiu s v chuyn qua vi iu khin qua chun 1
giy.
GVHD:ThS. V TH NG

1
2

U10
MOC3020

VCC

Page 47

CON2

 N MN HC 2
Khi hin th LCD: C nhim v hin th d liu t vi s l. Trong mch hin
thi nhit t DS18b20 v gi tr t trc.
Khi cng sut: C nhim v iu khin iu khin ng ngt in 220v AC.
CHNG IV: THIT K PHN MM H THNG.
I/CHNG TRNH
;xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
;chuong trinh dem xung ngoai su dung counter t0
;xung dem duoc dua den ngo vao t0
;xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
MAQUET EQU A
;LUU MA QUET
UP
BIT P1.1
DOWN
BIT P1.0
RELE
BIT P3.7
BIENDEM EQU R7
org 0000h
CALL
KHTAOLCD
CLR RELE
MOV BIENDEM,#35
CALL
HT_HANG1
CALL
HT_HANG2
setb p2.0
call delay1s
TD:
mov dptr,#maLCD
MAIN:
JNB UP,TANG
JNB DOWN,GIAM
call nhietdo1820
CALL
hextobcd
;chuyen so hex-bcd
CALL
giaima7doan
CALL
SOSANH
CALL
HIENTHI7
CALL
DELAY10MS
JMP MAIN
TANG:
;JNB
call
call
call

MODE,$
delay50ms
delay50ms
delay50ms

;CLR RELE
CALL
hextobcd
GVHD:ThS. V TH NG

;chuyen so hex-bcd
Page 48

 N MN HC 2
CALL
giaima7doan
CALL
HIENTHI7
INC BIENDEM
CJNE BIENDEM,#255,MAIN
MOV BIENDEM,#0
JMP MAIN
;XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
GIAM:
;JNB MODE,$
call delay50ms
call delay50ms
call delay50ms
;CLR RELE
CALL
hextobcd
;chuyen so hex-bcd
CALL
giaima7doan
CALL
HIENTHI7
DEC BIENDEM
CJNE BIENDEM,#-1,MAIN
MOV BIENDEM,#255
JMP MAIN
;XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
SOSANH:
MOV A,NHIETDO
SUBB A,BIENDEM
CJNE A,#2,$+3
JNC THOAT
clr
RELE
RET
THOAT:
MOV A,BIENDEM
SUBB A,NHIETDO
CJNE A,#2,$+3
JNC THOAT1
clr
RELE
RET
THOAT1:
setb RELE
RET
;xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
;chuyen so hex 1 byte thap tl0 sang so BCD
;xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
hextobcd: mov a,nhietdo
;chuyen byte thap sang A
GVHD:ThS. V TH NG

Page 49

 N MN HC 2
mov b,#10
div ab

;nap 10 vao B
;chia byte thap cho 10 lan thu 1

mov 37h,b

;cat BCD HANG don vi vao o nho

mov b,#10
div ab
mov 36h,b

;chia lan thu 2

;cat BCD HANG CHUC vao o nho

mov 35h,a

;cat BCD HANG TRAM vao o nho

mov a,BIENDEM
mov b,#10
div ab

;chuyen byte thap sang A

;nap 10 vao B
;chia byte thap cho 10 lan thu 1

37H

36H
35H

mov 34h,b
;cat BCD HANG don vi vao o nho 37H
mov b,#10
div ab
;chia lan thu 2
mov 33h,b
;cat BCD HANG CHUC vao o nho 36H
mov 32h,a
ret
;xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
;chuyen so bcd sang ma 7 doan de dkhien led sang
;xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
giaima7doan:
MOV A,37H
;lay ma bcd hang don vi
MOVC
A,@A+DPTR
;lay ma 7 doan dua vao A
MOV 27h,A
;cat vao o nho 27h
MOV A,36H
MOVC
A,@a+DPTR
MOV 26H,A

;lay ma bcd hang chuc

;lay ma 7 doan dua vao A
;cat vao o nho 21h

MOV A,35H
MOVC
a,@A+DPTR
MOV 25H,A

;lay ma bcd hang tram

;lay ma 7 doan dua vao A
;cat vao o nho 22h

MOV A,34H
MOVC
A,@A+DPTR
MOV 24h,A

;lay ma bcd hang don vi

;lay ma 7 doan dua vao A
;cat vao o nho 27h

MOV A,33H
MOVC
A,@a+DPTR

;lay ma bcd hang chuc

;lay ma 7 doan dua vao A

GVHD:ThS. V TH NG

Page 50

 N MN HC 2
MOV 23H,A

;cat vao o nho 21h

MOV A,32H
MOVC
a,@A+DPTR
MOV 22H,A
RET

;lay ma bcd hang tram

;lay ma 7 doan dua vao A
;cat vao o nho 22h

;xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
;CHUONG TRINH CON HIEN THI 2 LED
;xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
HIENTHI:
MOV A,#8DH
CALL
KTAO
MOV A,25H
MOV BYTEOUT,A
CALL
DATA_BYTE
MOV A,#8EH
CALL
KTAO
MOV A,26H
MOV BYTEOUT,A
CALL
DATA_BYTE
MOV A,#8FH
CALL
KTAO
MOV A,27H
MOV BYTEOUT,A
CALL
DATA_BYTE
MOV A,#0CDH
CALL
KTAO
MOV A,22H
MOV BYTEOUT,A
CALL
DATA_BYTE
MOV A,#0CEH
CALL
KTAO
MOV A,23H
MOV BYTEOUT,A
CALL
DATA_BYTE
MOV A,#0CFH
GVHD:ThS. V TH NG

Page 51

 N MN HC 2
CALL
KTAO
MOV A,24H
MOV BYTEOUT,A
CALL
DATA_BYTE
RET
;xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
$include(tv_18b20.asm)
$INCLUDE(TV_LCD20.ASM)
$INCLUDE(TV_DELAY.ASM)
;xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
;
Data bytes
;xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
DATAHANG1:
DB
'NHIET DO DO: ',099h
;MA 99H LA
MA KET THUC HET 1 HANG
DATAHANG2:
DB
'GIA TRI DAT: ',099h
DATAHANG3:
DATAHANG4:
MALCD: DB '0123456789'
End

GVHD:ThS. V TH NG

Page 52

 N MN HC 2
II/M PHNG

LCD1
LM016L

R5 R8 R9

29
30
31

1
1

p1.0 1
p1.12
P1.2 3
p1.3 4
p1.4 5
p1.5 6
p1.6 7
p1.7 8

RST

PSEN
ALE
EA

P1.0/T2
P1.1/T2EX
P1.2
P1.3
P1.4
P1.5
P1.6
P1.7

P2.0/A8
P2.1/A9
P2.2/A10
P2.3/A11
P2.4/A12
P2.5/A13
P2.6/A14
P2.7/A15
P3.0/RXD
P3.1/TXD
P3.2/INT0
P3.3/INT1
P3.4/T0
P3.5/T1
P3.6/WR
P3.7/RD

D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

P0.0
P0.1
P0.2

39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32

P0.0 4
P0.1 5
P0.2 6

XTAL2

P0.0/AD0
P0.1/AD1
P0.2/AD2
P0.3/AD3
P0.4/AD4
P0.5/AD5
P0.6/AD6
P0.7/AD7

1
2
3

18

XTAL1

VSS
VDD
VEE

U1
19

RS
RW
E

10k 10k 10k

21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

U2
P3.2
P3.3

3
2
1

VCC
DQ
GND

35.0

D1

DS18B20
P3.6
P3.7

LED-RED

AT89C52

GVHD:ThS. V TH NG

Page 53

 N MN HC 2

PHN III: NH GI V KT LUN

1. Kt qu thc hin n:
Linh kin d kim, tn t linh kin, mch nh gn, c th m rng iu khin
nhiu thit b.
Chng trnh iu khin x l nhanh, phn gii nhit cao (0.1 C) gip
tng chnh xc cho mch o nhit
2. Gii hn ca ti v hng pht trin ca ti:
Cha c giao tip t v hin th trn my tnh.
Hng pht trin ca ti: Ghp ni nhiu cm bin DS1820 trn BUS 1 dy
gim st nhit nhiu im khc nhau trn BUS.
3. Khng nh nhng kt qu t c trong ti nghin cu:
Trong n ny, chng em thc hin mch iu khin v o nhit l p
trng bng phng php m xung. Nh vy, mi khi iu khin bt k nhit
no t 0 dn 255 phi c mt thit b cm nhn nhit trong mch cng sut,
thit b ny gi l cm binnhit. Nhm m bo nhit c n nh trong l.
Tuy nhin, mi khu vc sn xut hay mi ca sn xut li yu cu vi nhit l
khc nhau v th phi c s linh hot trong vic chuyn i nhit . B phn chuyn
i trc quan nht l bn phm.
T y suy ra cc kt qu m ti ca nhm em thc hin c l:

iu khin v o nhit chnh xc v thay i vic ci t s m ban u mt

cch linh hot.
B phn hin th r rng.
Mch in khng phc tp.
m bo tt s an ton.
D s dng trong thc t.
Gi thnh r.
Cho php tng hiu sut lao ng.
m bo chnh xc..
Tn hao cng sut b, mch c th s dng pin hoc acquy.
Mch n gin d thc hin.
Mch iu khin v o nhit l p trng l ti thuc n, nghin cu v
thc hin tt nn gip sinh vin chng em lm quen vi cch hc t nghin cu , tinh
thn hc tp v lm vic theo nhm. Vi vic t nghin cu v thc hin mch iu
khin v o nhit , gip sinh vin vn dng cc kin thc hc v s hng dn
ca ging vin thc hin tt mch.

GVHD:ThS. V TH NG

Page 54

 N MN HC 2

TI LIU THAM KHO.

Gio trnh VI X L VI IU KHIN HKTCN THI NGUYN.
Trangweb: http://www.picvietnam.com.
www.dientuvienam.net
www.diendandien.com
www.hoiquandientu.com

GVHD:ThS. V TH NG

Page 55