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DICTIONARY
OF
ENGLISH ETYMOLOGY.
BY
HENSLEIGH WEDGWOOD,
LATE FELLOW OF CHE. COLL. CAM.
M.
A.
VOLUME
I.
(A-D.)
GEOEGE
P.
MARSH.
NEW YORK:
SHELDON AND COMPANY, PUBLISHERS
BOSTON: GOULD AND LINCOLN.
1862.
Vl
Entered according
to
Act of Congress,
by
New
York.
RIVERSIDE, CAMBRIDGE:
STEREOTYPED AND PRINTED BY
II.
O.
IIOUGUTON.
PREFACE
TO THE
The views and aims of the learned author of the Dictionary of English Etymology are fully set forth in the Introduction, and it is here necessary only to say that the principal object of the work is to illustrate and enforce the
theory that language
this
is
imitative in
its
origin
For
purpose, a large
articulations
compared with
sounds,
interjec-
tional
evidently
of
natural
and
are
traced
these
directly, or
in other
tongues, to
interjections
ably sustained
The general proposition has been more by Mr. Wedgwood than by any earlier English or perhaps for-
many
etymologies
first
are
new
to
But the author has not confined himself wholly to probable and presumptive derivations, and he has introduced many carefully traced historical etymologies, which, though not the most conspicuous, are
by no means the
least
is
but the correction of perhaps half a dozen errors of the press and the transfer
of the
articles
alphabet.
My
a
in
list
of which
brackets
M.
My
way
of ancient
to
have contributed
imposed upon
to
me
as well
by
necessity as
by
choice.
"I want ny
al
a studier,"
iv
PREFACE.
no reference
labor, I
my
But though the want of special facilities has much by no means suppose that this want has proved a disIt has
advantage to
rethrashing
my
work.
driven
me
to
many
exceptions, of
my own
collecting, are, I
more important
English words, than anything I could have gleaned from the excerpts and
references
lexicographers.
or not at
all
resorted to
by students of English
ety-
many
seem
to
me
myself the
toil
of
many weeks
it is
of miscellaneous
and
sometimes
new
exemplifications of im-
my
of philological
knowledge in
for
this
country,
investigation
is
of a
likely to
whom
this
edition
is
geniously conducted.
my
selection of authors to be
read in
American
modem
European languages,
ature, for I
am
human
The proportion of
annotated
is
the
appear to
me
and
in
many
cases
where
his
mand my
them.
assent I
I certainly
am not prepared with evidence to sustain me in disputing do not believe that " the Icelandic harki, the throat," derived
barking, is
PREFACE.
and
its
harlc,
a boat, or that
hlade,
the
hlady leaf,
derivations
seem
to
me
a naked dissent in such cases, and have generally refrained from animadversion
when
to offer.
GEORGE
Burlington^
P.
MARSH.
WORDS DISCUSSED
IN EDITOR'S NOTES.
Abet.
Abide, Abie.
Able.
Abolish.
Astre, Cat.,
under Disaster.
At.
Atone.
Abridge, Abbreviate.
Abut.
2.
Auburn. Aumere, under Alms. Avanie, Orient., under Average. Avaria or Averia, Sp. and Cat., under Average. Average. Avis, Aviser, Fr., under Advice.
Awe.
Awning.
Baggage. Bait, under Abet. Bake. Balcony and Barbican.
Icel.,
Addo,
Lat.,
under Add.
Admiral.
under Awe.
Balise, Fr.,
under Buoy.
Balk.
Ballast.
Again.
Agate.
Agld, Cat., under Acorn.
Bandon,
Banish.
a, Fr.,
under Abandon.
Ague.
Baranda,
Barnacles.
Sp.,
under Balluster.
Aim.
Air, Eir.
Aisle.
Barrack.
Barragan.
Alcove.
Alight.
Allodial.
Barrow.
Barter.
Bastard.
Allow.
Alloy.
Always.
Bonfire.
Amber.
Ambergris, under Amber. Andiron. Anneal.
Antefn, AS., under Anthem.
Bed-ridden.
Beer, Fr., under Abash.
Bell.
Anthem.
Apricot Arquebuss.
Arrant.
Arsenal.
Artillery.
Assoil.
Beseem.
Bet. Bet, go
!
Bight or Bought.
I.
VOL.
WORDS DISCUSSED
Bind.
Bless.
IN EDITOR'S NOTES.
Chaloir, Fr., under Care.
vu
Boreas.
Cheese.
Chives.
Church.
Clinker-built,
'
Boss.
Bosse, Fr., under Boss.
Bottle.
under Cling.
Cloak.
Clover,
Bottom.
Boute-feu, Fr., under Abet.
Boute-selle, Fr.,
Coach.
Cob.
under Abet.
CochineaL
Bran.
Commodore.
Cool.
Couch.
Courage or Corage.
Court.
Coward.
Crab.
Brood.
Broth.
p. 8.
Bulwark.
Bundt, Bunt, Dan. and Sw., under Bind.
Cushion.
Bum,
Burr. Buss.
a brook.
Dag. Danger. Day, year and, under Day. Dazzle, under Daze. Demijohn.
Descry.
Devil, under Deuce.
Butcher.
Butt.
Dida,
Do.
Cat.,
under Dairy.
Bylaw.
Bylta, Icel., under Butt.
Down.
Drukne, Dan., under Drink. Dub. Duck. Dun. Dungeon.
Ebahir, Fr., under Abash.
Cable.
Calibre.
Calk.
Calliper,
under CaUbre.
Ebaucher, Fr., under Balk.
Camlet.
Canoe.
Caraffe, Fr., under Carboy.
Carboy.
Carouse.
Cart.
under Cheese.
Carve.
Cattle,
under Chattels.
Ceiling.
vii
under Carouse.
Quilt,
under Counterpane.
under At.
Santo, Mindanaian, under Assemble.
Seel,
under Ceiling.
KXc'ttto),
under Clever.
Maim, under
Cablish.
Minnaz
vi6, Icel.,
under Buss.
Introd. p. 12.
It.,
p. 12.
Ma,
Umbrage,
Abet
p. 10.
under Cheese.
INTRODUCTION.
The
inquiry must sometimes occur even to those not
engaged in the study of language, by what steps does such and such a word come to have the meaning in which it is actually found, what is the earliest source to which it can be traced, and what are the cogspecially
very similar nature. The first germ of science begins to quicken when the question is suggested. What is the reason of some resemblance or contrast, or of some action observed among the phenomena of nature ? The
imagination proposes some kind of machinery adequate, according to the notions of the time, to account for the
oiu"
own
or in related languages.
The answer
what we look
phenomena
in question,
is
apt
etymology of a language. But if we are asked to recommend a book of reference in EngUsh etymology, we find it hard to point out a work to which resort may be had, with a reasonable expectation of meeting with rehable information on the subject.
In process of time the theory found either insufficient to satisfy the inquiries of a more cultivated age, or absolutely inconsistent with undeniable experience. Recourse is again had to the old
lieved as historical truth.
is
The
new
the Etymologicums of Skinner and Junius, would inevitably have required a review of their labours, if they
had been guided by far more correct views of the development of language, than those of which the authors have given proof in the works above cited, acute and learned men as they both of them were. In later times the subject of EngUsh etymology has for the most part been treated as a subordinate department in the dictionaries of the language, and the choice would now lie between the elaborate works published within the limits of the present generation by Todd, Richardson, and Webster. The labour of compiling a
dictionary single-handed can leave so
original speculation, that
to the authors of such a
little leisure for
meet the improved condition of intellectual cultivation. But when once the principle of testing a theory by comparison with actual experience has been admitted, no system can long be left standing which has not a better foundation than the ingenuity with which it accounts for the particular group of phenomena for which it was
originally invented.
At
last
is
struck.
power
is
phenomena
founda-
Thus a
solid
we ought
for
found to trace the results through endless ramifications. Geology affords an example of a science in which the final stage has been attained in the most recent period.
It
is
more than a judicious selection among the suggestions afforded by the current philology of the period. Little more than this is aimed at in the etymologies of Todd, whose information was besides of a somewhat limited range. The great value
of Richardson consists in his store of quotations, which
work
own
now
in action
on
the surface of the earth, to which they look for an account of the phenomena faUing within the domain of
their science, viz. the interior condition of the stratified
In his
is often led very wild by his belief Tooke, whose formula he applies at every turn, as the great master-key of the language. Few works indeed have been so effective in imparting interest to
own
etymologies he
still
where an arbitrary
in
Home
accepted as the basis of scientific explanation. supposed that all language is developed from roots
I,
the
first
direction of
my
endowed with distinct and oflen very abstract meaning, but incapable of being actually used in speech, until properly clothed in gramor skeletons of articulate sound,
of inquiry.
But Tooke's
is
knowledge, and it is hardly too much to say that there not a sound etymology in the work.
And this theory of roots takes the place of the elementary powers which form the basis of other The etymologist, who succeeds in tracing a sciences.
matical forms.
root, is as well satisfied with the account he has rendered of his problem, as the astronomer who traces an irregularity in the orbit of a comet
word to a Sanscrit
The aim
VOL.
I.
of true science
it
is
of learning, and
INTRODUCTION.
to the attraction of a planet, witliin whose influence
it
its last
revolution.
Now
in
what
have existed, If it be suggested that they were implanted by Nature in the mind of man, as some pebple have supposed that the bones of mammoths were created, at the same stroke with the other materials of the strata in which they are buried we can only say that it is directly opposed to anything we observe in infants of the present day. But if it be said that no one supposes that the roots, as such, ever had independent existence that they are merely fictions of the grammarians to indicate the core of a group of related words having similar significations, in which sense the term will always be used in the present work or if they are regarded as the remains of some former condition of language, then they cease to afford a solid resting-place, and the origin of the roots themselves becomes as fit an object of inquiry, as of the words in actual use Nor wiU the curiosity of a rational at the present day. inquirer be satisfied until he meets with a principle adequate to give rise to the use of language in a being with a mental constitution, such as he is conscious of in himself, or observes in the course of development in the infants growing up around him. Now one such principle at least is universally admitted under the name of Onomatopoeia, when a word is made to imitate or represent a sound characteristic of the object it is intended to designate, as Bang, Crack, Purr, Whizz, Hum. In uncivilised languages the consciousness of the imitative character of certain words is sometimes demonstrated by their composition with verbs like say, or do, to signify making a noise Uke that represented by the word in question. Thus in Galla from djeda, to Bay, or goda, to make or do, are formed cacak djeda (to say cacak), to crack, tirr- or trrr-djeda, to chirp, dadadagoda (to make dadadd), to beat, to make a noise, djam dj'am goda, to smack or make a sound with the Ups in Tutschek. And the same eating, as swine, to champ. mode of speech may be observed even in English.
possible that roots could
; ;
time-worn particle, of whose origin in a sensible image guess. To slam the door is a colloquial expression in which the verb seems as if it might
we cannot form a
have been suggested yesterday by its appropriateness to express that kind of noise, but the word is used in a much wider sense by the Laplanders, with a special application to this very instance of slamming the door and what countless ages must have elapsed since their ancestors and ours parted from a common stock A little examination shows that the principle of imitation has a wider range than we are at first incUned to suppose. In some words the imitative character is so strongly marked, that it will be admitted by every one as soon as the question is raised. In others, though not consciously recognised, it heightens the power of expression, and gives much of that vividness of imagery which we admire in the poetry of Spenser and Gawaine Douglas. In others, again, the power of direct representation is wholly gone, and the imitative origin can only be shown by a detailed examination of the mode in which the meaning of the word has been developed. It will be our aim to trace the operation of the principle through the foregoing classes, and to show that it is adequate to the expression of ideas the most opposed to all apparent connexion with sound of any kind. It may be thought that we are so far removed from the origin of speech, that it must be as impossible to meet with an opportunity of observing language in the course of fonnation, as it appeared to our ancestors to obtain personal experience of the powers by which the surface of the earth has been reduced to its present form. But in the case of the infant learning to speak we are able to study the process by which an understanding in the first stage of development acquires the The nurse imitates the lowing of an ox, use of names. or bleating of a sheep, by the syllables moo or baa, which
!
and thus he readily admits the compounds moocow or baa-lamb as the name of the animal whose cry is
voice
;
"
The name
of the dog,
sylla-
Come fluttering down like a young rook, cry squab, And take you up with your brains beaten into your
B. and F.
language bow-wow,
is
composed of the
Women
Here
rook thrown down from its nest upon the ground, whence a young rook is called a squab. But though the origin of a certain number of words
in the direct imitation of sounds
it
is
a recognised
fact,
yet
has been considered as quite an exceptional case, and there is a constant tendency in the progress of cultiva-
must have been named on this principle. In the absence of means of communication by a common language, a person desirous of raising in the mind of another the thought of an animal, such as a lion or an ass, characterised by a distinctive cry, would certainly resort to an imitation of the roar or the bray
guage), a sheep.
so,
And
of course,
tion, to
regard the words, whose imitative character is most clearly marked, as a sort of illegitimate pretenders
to the dignity of language.
In
is
many way
is
kinds of wild
in
which they
We
Hence
the designation
words like
Jizz,
of birds especially on
tliis
principle
very common.
The
is
is
universally recognised.
The
which appear to derive their significance from the mysterious source of universal speech. The discredit, however, into which words of this description have fallen, is a prejudice resting on no solid foundation. There is no reason for supposing them less ancient than the most
names
in different
European
identity,
with considerable variety in the particular consonants by which the sound is represented E. peewit, Sc. peeweip, tuquheit, teewhoap
;
kievit,
G.
klebitz,
INTRODUCTION.
Sw.
Jcovipa.
XI
hiccup, shriek, scream, snore, sneeze, wheeze,
screech-owl,
The Lat. ululare, to howl, and ulula, a show the imitative character of the name,
are hardly conscious in the E. owl.
Kil.),
holla,
titter,
whoop.
imitative character of the last of these, representshrill
of which
we
is
The
as in
The
cough,
Lat. turtur
ing a sharp
sound,
is
tur,
Dutch by the equivalent kor in korren, to coo or croo, as was formerly written. It will be observed that it makes little diiference in the imitation of natural sounds
whether we make use of a p,
ferent
t,
or
k, as
seen in the
dif-
and in Goth, vopjan apphed to the crowing of a cock (Mark xiv. 68), while it is a good deal obscured in the sense of calling, in which vopjan is commonly used. The original force of the word is preserved in AS. wop, outcry, lamentation, whence wepan, to weep, properly to
lament, to utter the high-pitched tones of one in pain or grief, ultimately to shed tears, with a loss of all conscious
reference to audible accompaniment.
usual in that language, the initial
cry, to call,
modes of representing the cry of the peewit above cited. For this reason it may commonly be taken as presumptive evidence of a short descent from an imitative origin,
In
is
Icel.,
as
is
when we
lost,
giving op,
keek, E. peep.
cy^
(ops),
The connexion
a crow
;
of the
name
is apparent in the NE. crouk, a crow, krakr, a raven Du. kraeyen, to caw or croak, kraeye, a crow Lith. kraukti, to croak, krauklys, a crow. In like manner the syllable caw, with which we imitate the voice of the rook or daw, gives
the voice, as Lat. vox from vocare, the counterpart of Goth, vopjan, with the very common interchange of the
sounds of p and k. So also the Hebrew kol, the voice, from an equivalent of the Gr. mTieu, and E. call. A very numerous class of words, of which the imitative nature
rise to the
made by
less
the
AS. ceo, E. chough. Examples of names given on the same principle in modern times are the American whip-poor-will, a species
(Kil.),
a greater or
degree
itseF,
of hardness or resonance, then the colhsion or fracture the instrmnent by which the noise is produced, the
a species of sloth. And probably the name of the Hottentot is another example
airai,
consequences of the action, or generally any phenomenon that may be vividly associated in our mind with the
noise fundamentally represented
tion.
by the word
whine
in ques-
of the same
The
first colonists
of the Cape of
For example
clap
frac-as (Fr.)
Good Hope could not fail to be struck with the click which forms so marked a feature of the Caffre tongues, which to a stranger would sound like a constant repetition of the syllables hot and tot. Hence the natives would be named by their Dutch masters Hott-en-tots. Du. en and.*
rap
tap
clash
flash
bump
thump
knap
snap
trap
flap
plash
splash
dump
plump
boom
The
imitative
origin
more
obvious than the application of the principle to the animals themselves. No one doubts that the cackling of
geese, clucking of hens, gobbling of turkeys, quacking of
whap
swap
slap
hum
di'um
burr
whirr
surr-a (Sw.) to
bang
clang
hum
ducks, twittering of swallows, chirping of sparrows or crickets, cooing or crooing of doves, bumping of the bittern, hooting of the owl, croaking of the raven,
clack
crack
twang
ding
ring
cawing
of rooks, chattering of jays or magpies, neighing or whinnying of a horse, barking, yelping, snarling, growling of a
dog, grunting of a hog, bleating of sheep or goats, or purring of a cat, are intended in the
imitations of the sounds
tion.
first
knack smack
buzz
hiss
mewing
instance as
din
mentioned by
made by
(IH. 307) as imitating the sound given by certain objects in falling, whirling, snatching, breaking, as
Grimm
In close connexion with the foregoing are the names of various inarticulate utterances of our own which may
witsch, husch,klapps,
moan,
the sound
groan, laugh, cough (originally pronounced with a guttural, as Du. kuch, cough, lachen, lachachen, to laugh
of milking), &c.
* Dampier, Voyages, I. 536, edition of 1703, gives the following account of the origin of the name Hottentot.
Tlie natural inhabitants of the Cape are the Hodmodods, as they are commonly called, which is a corruption of the word Hottentot; for this is the name by which they call to one another, either in their dances, or
few examples may be given, showing as well the general recognition of the imitative principle in words of the foregoing class, as the mode in which their meaning
is
image.
The Bremisch Worterbuch explains klapp as a direct " He kreeg enen an imitation of the sound of a blow. de oren, klapp, segde dat " He caught it on the ears,
clap
said
it.
He
M.
again.
INTRODUCTION.
of a blow.
" Klapps
it.
falls
daar kreeg he enen." Smack is then applied to a flap, or with a sudden blow, a draw-bridge.
! !
horse
char,
is
expressed
by the Fr.
hennir,
It. nitrire,
Sp. rin-
Klappe
Enes
To
clap
is
used in
To
clap on a
word that
when
it
one up in prison. G. Knack, an indeclinable imitates the sound that a hard body makes breaks suddenly, in which also knucks is usual.
Sw. vrena, vrenska, Du. runniken, ginniken, brieschen, words in which it is difficult to see a gluupse of resemblance, although we can hardly doubt that they all take their rise in an attempt at direct representation of the same sound. There is so great a difference between the mechanism by which the
relinchar,
G. wiehern,
Kiittner.
broken.
Knack, da war es entzwey," there, 'tis " Es that einen Knack," it gave a crack. Niisse
In the E. knock the reference
is less
"
the
in
human
voice, as to allow
propriety,
blow
vividly
felt.
G. klatsch, a
klitsch-klatsch, pitsch-patsch,
thwick-thwack.
which the imitation may be made with nearly equal and stiU more so in the case of inorganic sounds. The resemblance, therefore, between the words employed in cognate languages will often be of a very
general kind, consisting in the syllabic structure of the
Kiittner.*
Galla
to
hilbila
bilbil,
bilbil-goda,
class, &c.
mo-
make
beam, gUsten.
ples
Tutschek.
and
2.
to glitter,
as that
produced by the
collision or
In the
first
last
of these exam-
we may
observe in the
the sound, by which a language, so remote from our own, imitates a clear ringing sound, with the English bell, Icel.
hialla,
is
sound
place
In the second
is represented by monosyllables ending in the tenues p, t, k, as rap, clap, crack ; rat-tattat, for the knocking at a door a deader or hoUower sound arising from bodies of a softer nature, by the medials b, d, g, as dab, thud, dag ; rub-a-dub-dub, for the beating of a drum, represented in French by the sylla;
way
in
which a
bles ran-tan-plan.
less
resonance are
organ o( hearing,
seen in the Fin.
kilia,
a ringing sound, a
brilliant light
sh, z,f,
It.
The
articulation
Fr.
siffler.
employed in the first instance to represent a tremulous sound in Pol. szemrac, Bohem. ssemrati, to rustle, murmur, E. simmer, to sound Uke water about to boil, is transferred to the appearance of tremulous light in G. schimmern, E. shimmer. Other examples of the same transference of signification from phenomena of sound to those of sight may be seen in the body of the work under Bright. It must not, however, be supposed that words will always preserve any cognizable resemblance to each other because they are originally imitations of
the same natural sound.
explosion of a gun, which the English boy imitates in the exclamation " Bang-fire,"
is
Hung, fuv-ni,
Hung, fuvola, a
fife.
pending on the
tion, are
a sound of
o,
which are pronounced with a more open mouth and fuller voice, while notes of a high pitch are sounded with the thinner vowel i, into which the highest notes of the voice are necessarily moulded. We speak of the
clanking of chains or of armour, using clink to express
The
by smaller
the blow of a
hammer on a
you
so
all this
&c.
bell
represented in French by
Pouf!
The neighing
of a
And
That
I shall clinken
I shall
merry a
waken
compagnie.
* Holland, in his translation of Pliny, attempts a distinction between two imitative words, the exact correspondence of which to the difference indicated by his
original
Chaucer. Gray.
i
may
be doubted.
The open vowel in roar, blare, mne of sound in the cry of hons
noises uttered
L.
I.
49, says:
fit
autem aquilonius Typhon, nee nivalis aut nive jaeente Quod si simul rupit nubem, exarsitque, et ignera habuit, non postea concepit, fiilmen est. Distat a Prestere, quo flamma ab igni. Hie late funditur flatu, illud conglobatur Impetu. Vortex autem remeando distat a turbine, quomodo striEcnephias.
dor Sifragore.
Non
by small
and the
like.
by
Kiittner.
"
Knack
from the North, ne yet any Ecnephias with snow, or while snow lieth on the ground. This tempestuous wind, if when it brake the cloud, burned light withall, hauing
No Typhon commeth
sound which a hard body yields when it breaks sudKnick expresses a finer, but Knuck a rougher, denly. sound of the same kind." The distinction in the Bremisch Wbrterbuch is that knaks represents a loud ringing sound knicks, the noise of something breaking that
;
is
when a
place.
an
owne before, and catched it not aflerward, it is verie lightning and differeth from Prester, as the flame from a cole of fire. Againe, Prester spreadeth broad with a flash and blast; the other gathereth round with forcible violence. Typhon moreouer or Vortex, diflTereth from Turben in flying backe: and as much as a crash from a craclce. M.
fire
of the
when a joint
holds
relation
INTRODUCTION.
the hands,
scissors,
clip,
xin
lips
;
click,
Zulu nambeta,
;
smack the
lips,
to
have a
taste, to relish)
Indian,
The change
of vowel from
tom-tom, a drum.
a to i is then used to express a Ughter kind of action, without special reference to any difference in musical
pitch in the noise produced in the two cases,
A more
single
continued action
and
is
finally
method of representing repeated or add to the syllable, expressing a element of the action, a second syllable composed
artificial
is
to
/,
on which
organ of action.
in
The sound
to tread.
of the footfall
imitated
repetition
trapp-trapp-trapp,
from
the voice can dwell for a length of time with more or less sensible vibration, in order to represent the effect on the ear,
when
merged
greater emphasis
the foot
in a continuous whirr.
In the pattering of
rain, express-
distinctly heard.
To
trip,
is
ing the falling of a rapid succession of drops on a sonorous surface, the first syllable pat is an imitation of the
fall
and quick step. So from stap, another imitation of the same sound preserved in the Du. stappen, to step, we have in EngUsh the intensitive stamp, and in Du. the diminutive stippen, to prick, whence the E. stipple,, to
The effect of the -with a succession of dots. change of vowel in expressing diminution in the size of the organ of action is seen in top, nab, knob, an obtuse summit or projection, tip, nib, nipple, a thin and pointed
mark
murmuring sound of the shower, when the attention is not directed to the individual taps of which the complex sound is made up. In like manner, to clatter is to do anything accompanied by a succession of claps or noises that might be imitated by the syllable clap or clat ; to
crackle, to
bubble, guggle, to
to rattle, dabble,
one.
mu-
lay, lie ;
and
may be
thought fan-
yet
it
appears to
me
strictly in
accordance with
other instinctive devices for expressing similar modificaIt has been observed by others that the perfect which indicates a complete and finished act, should naturally be expressed by a more original form of the verb than the present, which indicates a continuation of action; and as all modifications of thought must ultimately be expressed by some analogy in sound, I would compare the present with a vibratory sound, the continuous beats of which are less and less distinguishable to
tions.
tense,
be imitated individually by rat, dab, bub, gug. After the invention of such a mode of representing continuous sound, it would speedily be transferred to other cases of repeated or continuous action, giving rise to the commonest English form of the frequentative verb. Thus we have draggle, to continue dragging, grapple, to make a succession of grabs or gripes. The same effect is often produced by a final I alone, which, as Ihre remarks under gncella, has something ringing (aliquid tinnult) in it. Thus to squeak is to utter a sharp cry of momentary
duration
;
same
nature
G. wehe
Fr. miauler,
by the
syllable miau, to
mew
and the E.
principle.
Here
may be
the fuller
is extended far beyond the and we find a terminating I as well as forms el and er used as the symbol of con-
Then
as
sound gradually rises in tone with increasing rapidity of vibration, the change from a to i, wliich represents a rise in musical pitch, would offer a natural type of the step from the separate beat of the perfect to the uniform hum representing the continued action of the present. The simplest mode of expressing continuance of action would undoubtedly be by actual repetition of the syllable representing a single beat of the vibration, or momentary element of the action in question. Thus we have rat-a-tat-tat, rub-a-dub-dub, for continued noises, of which the individual elements are represented by rat-tat,
tinued action with the instrument or object indicated in the body of the word. Thus to kneel is to rest on the
knees
;
to prowl,
is
to
go about seeking
sig-
for prey.
When
and
er
(still
employed as
the symbols of continued action) serve to indicate the instrument or agent, as AS. rynel, a runner, bydel, a bidder,
The
of the agent
is
murmur, tintin (in tintinabuluni), represent noises the momentary effect of which upon the ear is imitated by the syllables tur, mur, tin.
rub-dub.
turtur,
The Latin
E. crawl, which
may
above mentioned, as
is
The
t
frequentative termination
I
is
sometimes formed on a
The formation of words on such a principle is particularly common in unciviUsed languages, and the natural
course seems to be to get rid of the repetition in the progress of cultivation. may cite Susu (Western
instead of an
or
r,
cliquetis,
additional syllable
We
Africa), bang-bang, to
drive
nail,
nim-nim, to taste
this
sound indicated by the radical syllable, and therefore mode of expressing continuance would in the first
INTRODUCTION.
instance be applicable, only
was of a hard character, such as we have seen articulated with a p, t, or k. But in Latin the syllable it is the regular constituent of a frequentative verb, as Z or r
in
EngUsh.
next to consider an important class of words founded on imitation of sounds by wliich our bodily and mental affections, as those of pain, cold, terror, disgust, The cry &c., are more or less instinctively expressed. to which we are impelled by a sharp pain is well represented by the G. ach, our ah, oh. Hence the OG. achen
to utter cries of pain, Gr. axog, pain, grief,
We have
Then as things of an extraordinary size have a tendency to excite awe and terror, to make us ug or houge at them, the term huge is used to signify the utmost degree To hug is another derivative from the of magnitude. same fundamental image, expressing the bodily action induced by great cold, shrugging up the shoulders and pressing the folded arms against the breast then with a
;
The verb
to
its
origin
In
schuck
tance.
and the E.
is one of the interjections of cold cited by Grimm, and the insertion or omission of the r is of little Impor-
ache. A deeper seated groan, arising more from mental than bodily suffering, is represented by the Lat. vcb, vah, G. wehe, AS. wa, from whence our woe, wail.
Compare Fr.
irut,
G.
trotz,
Interjections of con-
tempt, with E.
tut, tush.
The
and
Its rise
and terror on the human frame closely resemble each other. They both check the action of the heart and depress the vital powers. The shoulders are shrugged forward, and the arms and closed hands pressed against the chest, while the muscles of the face and jaw are kept rigid. The deep guttural sound
effects of cold
The
Now
in defending ourselves
stinctively Impelled to
by the
Interjections
!
faugh
foil
!
fie
Lith.
is
imitated
Faugh
EngUsh by the interjection ugh, expressive of cold or whence the Scotch and OE. ug, to feel abhorat,
have known a charnel-house smell sweeter If emperour's flesh have this savour, what will mine do Beaumont and Fletcher. When I am rotten ?
I
!
rence
to nauseate.
Foh
one
may
Shakespeare.
The
drum and trumpet's tout Delight young swankies that are stout;
rattling
What
Is
his
Interjection ffi is used as a substantive In the sense of loathing, whence ffiaid, loathsome ; ffieiddra,
The Welsh
musick
Jamieson.
loathsomeness, disdain.
From
In a passage of Hardyng, cited at the same place, it is said that the abbess of Coldlnghame, having cut off her own nose and lips for the purpose of striking the Danish ravishers with horror,
her sisters to do the same. To make their foes to houge so with the sight. And so they did, afore the enemies came Eche-on their nose and over-lip full right
all
G. pfui, rise the Lat. putere, Fr. puer, to stink, Lat. pwIcel. fuki, stink, fuinn, putrid, tris, stinking, rotten
;
"
by
Jah
fuls ist,"
(Ulph. Joh.
1cg\. fullsa,
this
time he stinketh.
Hence
counselled
off anon,
to
hateful, disgusting,
fulsome.
The
expression
Is
whence
Cut
sight.
G.feind, an enemy, ^. fend, foe, feud. The gratification of the appetite for food
liest
is
the ear-
what
original source if
and the gestures by which he Indicates his inchnation on this occasion are taken In after-life as the type of acceptance or refusal in
option of acceptance or rejection
general.
Ugh
In the Sc. ugsome,
of the root
ugly.
is
When
the infant
is
preserved, which
much
softened
down
in
and when he Is satisfied he moves his head from side to side. In order to withdraw his mouth from the nipple. Hence nodding or bending the head forward is universally used as the symbol of acceptance,
seize the breast,
silence of the
nycht
my sprete made
sare aghast.*
D. V.
refusal.
The
may
probably be
* The
suspect,
origin.
It is singular that these expressive words and their numerous derivatives and compounds should liave disappeared from the Danish and Swedish, though still preserved in some of the Scandinavian provincial dialects, and ai)parently even in the modem Italian, in a slightly modi-
fied sense.
An
ama
The Englishman detests (shudders at) his own climate, etc. The primary meaning of uygia is given in the dictionaries
and thus the Italian avere uggia may possibly, by have given rise to the French and English phrases, donner or prendre de I'ombrage, to give or take umbrage. But whatever may be the etymology of uggia when used in the sense of shade, I am strongly inclined to believe that in the expression avere uggia, its origin is the same as We may perthat of the words referred to in the text. haps consider shade as a secondary meaning of uggia, for when, in hot climates, we pass from the sun to the shade of trees, we experience a shiver, and the term properly expressive of the effect may have been transferred to the
as shade,
translation,
cause.
M.
INTRODUCTION.
explained on the same principle, from representing the
XV
the same puff of air through the nose and lips which exis produced in sneezing, the act of sometimes taken as a type of contempt, and we speak of a thing as not to be sneezed at, not worthy of contempt. Hence may be explained the agreement
sound made through the clenched teeth, in sign of a resolution not to open the mouth for the reception of offered food. The act of rejection is expressed in a
presses dissatisfaction
sneezing
is
more
lively
manner by an
imitation of spitting, as if in
of
many words
terjections.
by smacking with the lips, as if in the endeavour to make the most of an agreeable taste. In Leichardt's Australia we are furnished with examples of both these modes of expression among tribes in
the lowest stage of civilisation, given as a simple state-
articulation
may compare pshaw with kishoo, the by which a sneeze is commonly imitated in
We
English
trut
tush with
W.
tisio,
to sneeze
with Lap.
trusset,
ptrot,
and
ment of
"
fact,
The Manuel
takes as
first
des Pecch^s,
when
al
treating of pride,
example him
that
Ayens hys
is
unbuxom
by
spitting,
and uttering
pooh
And
" prout
1.
3016.
p. 189.
to
with our
own
interjection
which
merely a rep-
his sovereign.
resentation of the act of spitting in sign of contemptuous rejection. " Puh puh fi fi interjection of one
! !
who
"
is
vole)."
an interjection of contempt or defiance (Grimm), is formed trofzig, arrogant, so from prut ! arises prout, or as we now write it, proud,,
trotz! originally
As from G.
and
bullocks,
The
effect of
and particularly our kangaroo-dog. They expressed their admiration by a peculiar smacking or clacking with their mouth or lips." Leichardt, p. 336.
from sudden
arising
The production
smack or clack
taste
is
by
and
arises
from the
fact, that
the organ of
distributed over
is
saw a smith stand with his hammer thus The whilst his iron did on his anvil cool,
I
K. John.
!
the sensation
only appreciated in full intensity at the the two branches of the organ are brought into contact, and again separated. Hence AS. smaec, G. ffeschmack, Pol. smak, taste, savour Du. smaeckiick,
tailor's
is
news.
moment when
The
tition
interjection of
wonder then
ha
;
of the syllable
ha
mechanically uttered
!
Gr.
(jajiai
papce
In the Finnish
languages the
go,
initial s is lost, giving rise to Esthon. magmakko, taste; maggus, makke, Fin. makia, sweet,
well-tasting, maiskia, to
smack the
lips
m^iskis, a smack,
In like manner the Gr. ylvKvg, Lat. dulcis (for dlucis), sweet, may be explained from the second of the forms above mentioned, clack, or
click,
Zulu hahaza, Fr. e-ha-hir, a-haur-hir (Roquecry ba to set agape, to astonish. Hecart in his Rouchi Dictionary (the dialect of Lille) explains Ba ! an interjection expressing doubt, and adds
to cause to
!
shown
also in
W.
gwefus-glec, a
smack of the
lips
Spurrell,
sweet taste
is
and with slight modification in E. lick. A one which makes one lick one's chops.
word is pretty generally used with some modifications to express astonishment. In the same dialect babaie, celui qui regarde la bouche beante,
his belief that the
a staring booby.
The
The
is
shape under different circumstances of anger, defiance, or contempt, is a whiff of breath through the nostrils, or
protruded
lips.
;
Hence
modern beer, to open the mouth, to gape, then abayer, attendre quelqu'un to be intent upon anything avec empressement, inhiare loquenti. Lacombe. Hence
haer, baier,
;
contempt
with
the
OE.
displeasure.
remain.
Sharp breaths of anger puffed Her fairy nostrils out. Tennyson.
The
bee,
insertion of a
c?
It.
To
huff,
which
showing one's displeasure, giving one a sharp answer. The endeavour to represent the sound of a sniff or hlvrt of contempt or anger has
in the sense of
commonly used
upon, to wait, corresponding to the E. bide, abide (as shown in the body of the work), as O. Fr. haer to E.
The same change of vowel takes place in ahie or aby. the Lat. hio as compared with the Gr. ;tawj to gape. The
interjections
given rise to
feelings, pish,
of such
pshaw,
tut, tush,
OE.
ptrot (scornful
word
hush, stands on a
hist,
whist,
They are
Pr.
man
Cot.), G. trotz.
tut,
not the instinctive expressions of bodily or mental affecbut are to be understood by the
ellipse of
a puff or breath.
Lewis.
the
W.
twt
a negative.
Sc. toot, to
blow a Jam. As
The
tarily
INTRODUCTJON.
by the
syllables
st,
hist, whist,
mut, milk, mu, &c., and the fact of total silence is expressed by saying that not even a sound of such a nar
ture was heard. mistar
Csiv
;
mus ;
Gr.
ni chistar ni
ypv-
It.
nonfar
//v^eiv fiijde
Dan. muk or gny (=Gr. ypv), the slightest sound; han gav Ferikke en muk, not the sUghtest sound escaped him. rall. The author of Piers Plowman, speaking of the avarice of the monks, says that you may sooner
Lat. ne mutire quidem, to be totally silent.
found available, whether it tended to illustrate the formation of a word, or the application of a sensible image to the expression of a moral conception. I have as a rule omitted words of classical derivation, whether immediate or through the French, unless sufficiently disguised in form to require explanation, or in
cases
modified during
it
where the meaning of the word has been greatly its residence in a foreign soil, or where seemed desirable to point out relations not commonly
recognised
hills
mom
of their mouths
till
by our classical scholars. It is difficult to draw such a line very accurately, and doubtless words of classic origin will occasionally have slipped in where it
exception.
It has been usual in the introduction to works of the present description to give a table of the consonantal
Mum is
let
still.
Then with
;
zitto,
hushed, silent
to hush.
citire,
to
changes met with in tracing a root through the related But it seems to me that there is not an adequate advantage in such a provision. If it be confined
languages.
to a statement of the consonants which
Fl.
;
to whish,
Jam.
may
it
occasional-
might jus-
Nor
Lat her yelp on, be you as calm 's a mouse, lat your whisht be heard into the house.
is
represented
by the
any other, and if it took into account the conditions under which certain changes are found, it would draw to too great a length. Etymology is like other sciences. You cannot at once
letter into almost
change of any
be
who has never attended to the subject, and the kind of change compatible with identity in the root of a word must be practically learned in the course of experience. The
carry conviction in a given derivation to one
best preparation will be found in an accurate analysis
After thus tracing the expression of ideas like endurance or continuance, and even of silence itself, to an imitative root, we need not doubt the possibility of expressing any other idea on the same principle. A derivation then in the following pages will only be considered as having reached its utmost limit when it is traced to an imitative root. In the great majority of instances we
are forced to stop far short of
if
this,
The usual classification of the consonants arranges them on a double principle, viz. first, according to the part of the vocal organs by the action of wliich the modification is
th,
produced, as
labials, p, h, f,
dentals,
t,
d,
n ; and gutturals,
and must be
satisfied
cording to
we
cess
have been attained. One important consequence of the foregoing theory of the formation of language must not be overlooked that it accounts for those striking coincidences which are occasionally found in the most remote languages, irrespective of the question whether the common forms of speech are the lingering remnants of a common ancestry. The most barbarous nations are often extremely good mimics, and it would not be surprising if their imitations of natural sounds often agreed with our own. I have accordingly made use of every source which I have
fication
LabiaU
PH
TH
or
DeutaU
D G
Gutturals
K
as has frequently
Germ. CH.
But
ellipsis of the negative, in phrases expressive of extends to words whose imitative etymology is not so obvious and familiar. Thus, Paul Louis Courier says, in Reponse aux Anonymes, No. 2
this,
* The
analogies of the very kind which constitutes the principle of the arrangement.
z to
s,
;
and
silence,
tenuis
Lui rendant grec pour grec, si je I'accusais 6.'Ani$me, que r^il ? Mot. II serait ^tonn^.
is
U) p, and that sh ph to p, or th to t, as shown by the mode of spelhng what are in truth sim-
related to h as
ple sounds.
from the ML. muttum, a sound or whisper, (from Lat. mutire,) to which our
mot, Italian motto, is derived
is a correlative. See Ducange under muttum. May not the Latin mutus and its derivatives be the adjectival form of the same word, with the loss of a privative 1 M.
The French
The whole
sounds
is,
mutter
more
clearly
INTRODUCTION.
Spirant.
xvu
rant.
letter
The
clear
B
P
Labial
thick
clear
PH
or
W
NG
at the moment immediately preceding the exertion by which B is pronounced, and so with respect to and D, and G,
NG
K
Germ.
G CH
Gael.
Guttural
thick
clear
GH
H
N
L
CH.
and TH, and Hence may be explained the common phenomeI believe, true of
as the nasalisation of a consonant,
is
D
DH,
non known
when
the
Dental
thick
clear
corresponding hquid
inserted in a
word before a
radiAa/3,
TH
in thick
TH in this
Z
R
Y, Germ. J
Palatal
On
thick
SH
tlie
ZH, Fr. J
is frequently strengthened by the addition of the corresponding sonant, as the vulgar gownd for gown, E.
The
ian, is
natural order of
i,
vowels pronounced as in
of which
i
Ital-
e, a,
a (in
call), o, u,
at one
end and
The
difference
as intimated by the names, is that the latter are pronounced by the full tone of the voice, while in the former the same articulation is used with a breathing only. Both of these columns have been comprised under the name of explosives, as foimed by the voice or breath being forced through a passage suddenly opened in some
swamp, G. schwamm, &c. I have not been able to come to a clear understanding as to the nature of the organic action which produces what I have called the clear or thick classes of consonants, but the general conviction, that the change from
clear to thick
tion, is
is
effected
by a
wi'itten
by the addition of an
to the corresponding
clear one.
With
the
moment
is
of articulation.
present work
may be
expected to run,
many
I
circumas
The
we advance, and from such an estimate as make I hope to complete it in two more
am
able to
volumes.
VOL.
I.
24
TABLE
OF
AS.
Bav.
Anglo Saxon.
Bavarian.
Schm.
Schmeller.
Bayerisches Wbrterbuch.
1827.
Bohem
Bret.
Bohemian.
Palkovitsch.
Bohm.-Deutsch-Lat. Worterbuch.
Diet. Celto-Bretonne.
1820.
Breton.
Legon.
Cat.
Legonidec.
Catalan.
1821.
Esteve.
Cat. Diet.
1803.
Dan.
Molb.
Prov. Dan.
Danish.
Molbech.
Ferrall
Dansk Ordbog.
1833.
Diet.
and Repp.
Dan. Eng.
1845.
Provincial Danish.
Molbech.
1841.
Du.
Kil.
Dutch.
Kilian.
1605.
Bigl.
Halma. Diet. Flamand Fran9. 1729. Pere Marin. Diet. Holl. Fran9. 1730.
E.
English.
OE.
Prov. E.
Old Enghsh.
Provincial English.
Bailey's
B.
F.Q.
'
1787.
Hal.
and provincial words. 1852. Plowman. Promptorium Parvulorum, by Albert Way. Camden Society.
Richardson's English Diet.
R.R.
Esthon
Fin.
Roman
de
la Rose.
Esthonian.
HCipel's Esthnische Sprachlehre.
1818.
Finnish.
Renval.
Fr.
Cot.
Finnish Lexicon.
1826.
French.
Cotgrave.
Beronie.
Diet. Castr.
French-Eng. Diet.
Diet,
1650.
Couzinie.
1850.
Lang.
Languedocian.
Diet.
1785.
Vocabulaire de Bern.
Pat de Brai
Frifl.
Diet,
Frisian.
1852.
G.
OHG.
Kuttn.
Diet.
1805.
1859.
TABLE OF CONTRACTIONS.
Gael
Gaelic.
Macleod.
8.
1839. 1825.
Armstrong.
Gris.
Do.
4.
Grisons.
Carisch.
Hung.
Hungarian.
1854. Farkas. Hung. Germ. Diet. Dankovsky. Magyaricas Linguae Lexieon. 1838. Icelandic or Old Norse. Lexicon Islandicum a Gudmundo Andreaa (G. Anderson). Biorn Haldorsen. Icel. Lex. 1814.
Italian.
Icel.
Anders, or
Gudm.
1683.
Hald.
It.
Fl.
Florio.
Altieri.
It. It.
Diet.
1680.
Lang. Lap.
Lat.
Languedoc. Lapland.
Latin.
1726.
Lex. Lapponicum.
1 780.
Ducange.
Carpentier.
1681.
Diefenbach.
Lithuanian.
1857.
Lith.
Nesselman.
Piedm.
PI.
Piedmontese.
Zalle, Diet.
Piedm.
D.
Piatt Deutsch.
Low German
Brem. Worterb.
Pol.
Bremisch-Niedersachsisches Worterb.
Polish.
Behr.
Polish-English Diet.
1849.
Port, or Ptg.
Portuguese.
Roquete.
Vieyra.
1845.
Prov.
Provencal.
Eayn.
Rouchi.
Russ.
Sc.
Raynouard.
Hecart.
Russian.
Diet. Prov.
1836.
1852.
Lowland
Jam. D. V.
Scotch.
1808.
Sp.
Newmann and
Serv.
1831.
1828.
Stephanson.
Lex. Serbico-Germ.-Lat.
1818.
Sw.
Swedish.
Widegren.
Nordforss.
Swab.
Swiss.
Swabian.
Schmid.
Stalder.
Schweitzerisches Idioticon.
Sw. Rom.
Vocab. de Vaud,
Venet.
~-
Swiss Romance.
The French
patois of Switzerland.
Humbert.
Vocabulaire Genevois.
1852.
Lausanne.
1842.
1821.
W.
Walach
I.
"
Welsh.
Walachian or Daco-Roman.
Isser.
Lex.
Wal.
Grands.
8. 8.
Walloon.
Grandgagnage.
Langue Wallonne.
1845.
Same
sense.
is commonly the remnant AS. on, in, on, among, as aback, AS. on-baec away, AS. on-wseg alike, AS. on-hc. In the obsolete adown it represents the AS. of, of or from AS. of-dune, literally, from a height,
A, as a prefix to nouns,
the absolute
command
have
of the
to subdue, rule,
And he
Unto
nocht
his,
whatever he
be.
Bruce
i.
244.
it
OHG.
G.
to
er,
implying a
The hardy Bruce ane ost abandoivnyt Twenty thousand he rewUyt be force and wit Upon the Scottis his men for to reskew.
Wallace
x. 317.
Thus G. erwachen,
a state of sleep
;
to
awake,
is
wake up from
up from a
to arise, to get
ii.
And wndretuk his man to be. And him and his on mony wyss He abandownyt till his servise. Bruce
iii.
130.
recumbent posture.
AbSLft,
See Grimm,
818.
hind.
AS. ceftan, he-ceftan, hceftan, after, beHence on-bceftan, abaft. The word seems
survives at the present day.
his
He
his
that dredeth
God wol do
diligence to plese
all his
God hy
for
to do.
Parson's Tale.
might well
Thus we
and
baft.
connyng
abandoned character," to which the accident of language has attached the notion of one enslaved to vice, might in itself with equal propriety have been
used to signify devotion to good.
Abandon. Immediately from Fr. abandonner, and that from the noun bandon (also adopted in English, but now obsolete), command, orders, dominion. The word Ban is common to all the languages of the Teutonic stock in the sense of proclamation, announcement, remaining with us in the
is
command
tirely
by the same
act be enit
was an
mand
Banns of Marriage. Passing into the Romance tongues, this word became hando in Italian and Spanish, an edict or proclamation, bandon in French, in the same sense, and secondarily in that of command, orders, dominionpower
restricted application to
:
might come
modem
tion.
come
to
Alangst the land of Eoss he roars, And all obeyed at his handown, Even frae the north to suthren shores.
Battle of
of a castle.
Neccham.
The
in Jamieson.
abandonly, so
adverbial expressions at abandon, bandonly, common in the " Bruce " and " Wal-
Harlaw
Than Wallace said, Thou spekis of mychty thing. Era worthi Bruce had resavit his crown, I thoucht have maid Ingland at his bandown, So wttrely it suld beyn at his will. What plesyt him, to sauff the king or spill.
Wallace.
a son bandon, a bandon, may be explained, at his own will and pleasure, at his
lace " like the O. Fr.
own
tons
impulse,
uncontroUedly, impetuously,
deter-
minedly.
chevaliers
ecuyers
118.
et
prirent
terre."
[There
under
is
Hence
VOL.
to
I.
embandon or abandon
is
to bring
18
ABASH. ABBOT.
cy of which is to manifest opening of the mouth.
itself
nique du Roi Guillaume d'Angleterre, published by Michel, Chr. Anglo-Normandes, III. 123
:
by an involuntary
Et
serjant en lor
maison prisent
i
In himself was
A bandon quanqu'il
To
Abasllt
trovercnt,
M.]
fear,
tedious
pomp which
waits
On
princes,
when
Of horses led, and grooms besmeared with gold. Dazzles the crowd, and sets them all agape. Milton.
of wonder,
shame, or admiration, but restricted in modern times shame. Abash is an adoption of tlie
Fr. esbahir, as sounded in the greater
number
of
In order
to
Grandg. See Abide, abaw or astonish. [The connection in sense between beer and esbahir is well shown by a passage in the Dit de Guillaume d'Angleterre, Michel, Chroniques A.-N. HI. 191
Lors vint
Oil la bource
celle part^e
esbawi,
Enghsh
fered
it
was natural
by which the inflections diffrom each other, and the verb was written in
*
le roi
;
*
6^e,
from ravir, polir, fournir. Many English verbs of a similar derivation were
une
aigle descendre,
Lors
le roy,
sans atendre,
Fu
to drink,
Chau-
453
I go aboute the stretes of a
I BETRATSSHE (Lydgate).
In the water anon was sene His nose, his mouth, his eyen sliene, And he thereof was all abashed, His owne shadow had him betrashed For well he wened the forme to see Of a childe of full grete beauti. 11.
towne or
cytie.
Je
tracasse,
yet taken in
comen
use.
M.]
prim. corg.
This verbe
is
nat
To AbatCi
11.
Wall, abate,
to overthrow,
faire tomber,
to pull
Grandg.
to
It. abbattere,
In the original
down,
make
abbattere la vela,
abbattersi, to light
;
upon, to
hit,
D'ung
abbattersi in
una
terra, to
On
abaish
well as burnish
I
saw the rose when I was nigh, was thereon a goodly sight For such another as I gesse Aforne ne was, ne more vermeille, I was abawid for merveille. E. R. 3646.
It
In the original
Moult
Yield you
m'esbahis de la merveille.
madame en
obeish,
Custom, which has rendered obsolete betrash and has exercised her authority in like manner
origin of esbahir itself
is to
Hence the OE. law take possession of an estate. term abatement, which is the act of one who intrudes into the possession of lands void by the death of the former possessor, and not yet taken up by the lawful heir; and the party who thus pounces upon the inheritance is called an abator. See Beat, Bate. Abbot, Abbey, Abbess. More correctly written abbat, from Lat. abbas, abbatis, and that from Syrian abba, father. The word was occasionally written abba in Latin, it was a title of respect formerly given to monks in general, and it must have been during the time that it had this extended signification t^t it gave rise to the Lat. abbatia, an abbey, or society of abbots or monks. Epiphanius, speaking of the Holy places, says, exei 6e avrrj
ij
The
be found in the
xi^^C kui xi^^ KE?lia, it contains a thousand Ducange. In promonks and a thousand cells. cess of time we meet with protestations from St.
ajSadai
ing of the
BaJi
I
lips.
Hence
Lat. Babce!
;
Jerome and others against the arrogance of assuming the title of Father, and either from feelings of
such a nature, or possibly from the analogy between a community of monks and a private family.
ABELE. ABET.
the
19
name of Abbot
fined to the
der his
or Father was ultimately conhead of the house, while the monks uncontrol were called Brothers.
Abele.
The white
poplar.
Pol. Ualo-drzew,
lit-
have the vowel sound of ou instead of the thinner e, as in the cry of encouragement to dogs, abouto ! used in the South of France. The senses of kindling, making up, and mending
a
fire,
from
bialo, white.
supplying
it
with
fuel,
To
ter,
Abet, Bait, Bete. Directly from O. Fr. abetto incite, animate, and that from the cry, het!
fire
the signification
ex-
tended to embrace the sense of repairing, mending, in general. Sc. "To beit a mister," to supply a
want.
fortune.
He bade me what
That
"
To
remedy
one's mis-
and say, Go bett With Hay go bett Hay go bett Hay go bett Now shall we liave game and sport enow. Eraser's Common-place Book of Richard Hilles. Mag. Aug. 1858.
I should let slip
!
From
was
beit,
pasture.
The herd of hartes founden is anon, With hey go bet pricke there, let gon,
!
pastum agere pecus, whence a pasture, grazing g& i bete, to graze ; beta boskap, to graze cattle, to feed cattle. In like
Sw.
bete,
;
let
gon.
1.
Dyces Skelton,
169.
manner
the
Hung,
haitani, to di'ive,
when
applied
them comes to
to pasture.
form of Ahouto
a cry made to dogs, clapping the hands, to excite them against each other, whence
!
and figuratively
to excite to
brought to
bait
anger.
Diet. Castraise.
This exclamation seems to have been of very general use, as it has given rise also to Icel. beita, G. baizen, E. bait, to hunt with hawk or dog,
properly, to set on the animal to attack another.
Icel. beiti hauki,
cito, emitto.
Sw. beta pd vagen, to give your cattle food, to on the way. Icel. Jia-beit, hrossa-beit, cattlefood, horse-food. In English the sense was formerly extended to the taking of food in general.
in-
On many
a sorry meal
now may
she
bait.
Chaucer.
Hald.
a hound his hert to light. bestis when thai to brode went.
made
to
comprehend the
act of urging
is
on
not
liis
e. to set
to
brandish a sword.
To
bait
bull, to set
dogs on a bull.
Et si defaut soit trove en le pain del pestour de la citee a primer foithe soit traie sur une claie de la Guyhalle jesques a soun hostielle parmy les grauntz rues ou il purront pluis de gentz estre aboteez (where they can best be baited by the people) et parmy les plus grauntz ordes rues, ove le faux pain al son cool. Liber Albus. 265.
In the sense of baiting a hook the accidental resemblance of bait and bite has led etymologists on a wrong scent. The object for which a bait is
used
is to
naturally expressed by a
word
So in Dan.
to course
hidse en hare,
So from G. reitzen, to stir up, irritate, provoke, is formed reitz, an and the E. irritation, incitement, bait (KUttner) entice, to allure, is a mere adoption of the Fr. atsignifying incitement, instigation.
;
a hare.
is
up, kindle.
The word
is
not found in
[The derivation of
is
He
is to
source,
He
is
is to
Bede
one of the least satisfactory of Wedgwood's I am not aware of any evidence that bet ! or rather go bet ! was ever used
conjectural etymologies.
as a
in Junius.
And
used in the closely analogous sense of kindling a fire by blowing it up. Prov. and OE. to bete or beet the fire, to keep up the fire
betan itself
and
by supplying
dere focum.
ignem,
it
with
fuel.
text and by Dyce, Skelton, II. 169, to which may be added those referred to by Halliwell and another on p. 58 of the biographical and bibliographical
notices prefixed to the reprint of the
Book
of St.
Kil.
anbuten, to
boutefeu,
Albans,
is
by no means
folio d,
iii,
clear.
It is not
an incendiary, where
it
we
given in
last-mentioned work,
20
ABET.
to "
which are in French, nor in the V^nerie of Jacques du Fouilloux, and therefore, notwithstanding the 0. Fr. abetter, a word certainly of comparatively rare occurrence, it may be presumed not to have been commonly enough employed in either France or England to have given rise to so many words as
are here referred to
it.
and mending a
meaning,
is
blowing up," and then to " kindling, making up, fire, supplying it with fuel," &c.,
them
all.
The French
bouter
generally,
and I have no
The Anglo-Saxon
fuel,
is,
adverb
better, or the
noun
hot,
reparation, or
The Swedish
hota, to
mend
the
or
and feu. Bouter is employed in a variety of and among others as the popular equivalent of our put, the Danish putte, to which also the ItalIn Carpentier's ian buttare frequently corresponds. additions to Ducange, under Carpentarii rubei,
senses,
fire,
we
fu fu
b(mts de-
boeten stands
The
Icelandic bceta, to
mend
or repair,
is
might be
bot, reparation, and the adverb betr, and the Swedish and Danish bota and bode are regularly derived from bceta. In the O. Frisic, the verb corresponding to bceta approximates very nearly to the English better. Thus, Asega-Buch, " Sa betere hini mith twifaldere bote:" He 1. II shall better, or repair [the wrong] to him with double
:
examples to the same purpose is used in other compounds, where the etymology proposed in the text is wholly
later
cited.
Hundreds of
Bouter
by accommoda-
boot-and-saddle.
Ward,
in his
Animadversions of
Warre, writes it properly boute-seUe, and says this " point of warre " means " to clappe on the saddles."
reparation.
The
Dutch.
tion,
connection between
beter, better,
and
bate,
considering
is
very widely
equally obvious
in
the
languages of Europe.
We
1836, V. 5862-7
can hardly doubt that the Danish putte, the English put, the French bouter, the Spanish botar, and
the Tuscan buttare are identical, and the very fre-
doe hi overal Sochte, ende geen haet en vernam, Aen eenen craen dat lii doe quara, Die enen langen lials had, ende bee Dien bat hi dat hi sijn gebrec Beterde, hi scut hem wel lonen, etc.
lesten,
Ten
quent occurrence of
:
this
word
in the
provincial
it
origi-
am
it
any
out.
So
ties
:
Odder
mi lunme de wiinden de
ic
im gebeteret hebbe,
in Spanish throw down, wdth violence, and thus it would seem to correspond to butt, But in English and in Danish it rather q. v. post. implies moderate action, as it does also in Piedsignification
more common
and
Italian is to throw, or
montese.
Zall^,
Disionari
Piemonteis, gives, as
And
ich
in
another text
its
vmme dy wunden dy
c.
ym gebessirt
habe, etc.
41, 2.
And
in the P.
Frederic II.
The resemblance
is
So dar wol dem Kock nodigen will. Filer tho boten, und tho spysen buten rechter Tidt, de betere davor 10 Marck
throw down,
to these
dem
Konige,
etc.
probably accidental, as those Scand. verbs are no doubt connected with the root at huga, to
words,
Romance words.
Beita, in the sense of food and of bait,
All these words, then, are almost certainly radically connected with our adjective and adverb better,
old
and properly referable to the same primitive source. Hence, to derive a class of words signifying to repair, generally,
and
it is
stimulate, to
aim
at, to
first
wind
in navigation,
&c., &c., is
an
allied
word,
ABET. ABIDE.
though
its
it
21
#
is
difficult to reconcile
Sor^s
very numerous
significations
Comment
short, the
Ibid. xxix.
tion.
whole of
I see no ground for supposing that the resemblance between bait and hite is an " accidental " one.
and
linguistically as
improbable as would be
The
ite,
Icelandic hita, to bite, makes heit as its preterand the corresponding Swedish bita has het in
German
horen, and
the imperfect.
The vowel-change
is
in neither case
and encourage
a speaker.
It is
The
origin, and, as I
titio,
a firebrand, which
is
generally
attiser cited
It
much more probably derivative than radmay be a hasty, and therefore shortened,
bite,
pronunciation of
the
title, has an obvious resemblance to the Arabic and Turkish dtesh, fire, and the AS. getihtan, to set dogs on the game, used in
borrowed from the French, it is, not improbably, an elliptical expression for some French phrase containing the
lated word.
See Boot.
M.]
may be a
re-
word
most
bete,
and, in
fact,
by Carpentier, Ducange, voc. Romance form of ad bestias incitare. In some of the phrases cited by Halliwell and Dyce, go bet does not appear to be used in a sense analogous to that of incitement, and in those where it has that force, bet is not the emphatic word, if we may judge by comparing it with the French corresponding cry, which is va avant Du Fouilloux, 37, 40. Hence it would seem that go is the word of incitement, and bet a mere adverb,
abbeter, as is hinted
is,
abettum,
likely, the
See Abide. Abide and AUe (like guide and guy, Prov. guidar and guiar, It. gridare, and Fr. crier) are essentially the same verb under different forms, of which abide has descended to us from our Saxon ancestors, while abie has come to us tlirough the medium of the French. To begin with abie, we have seen under Abash that the sound made by the involuntary opening of the mouth under the influence of astonishment or similar affection was imitated by the syllable Ba, whence in 0. Fr. baer, mod. Fr. beer, to open the mouth, to gape.
Abeyance.
To Abide.
Abie.
If Wedgwood's etymology
carried
is
sound,
it
:
might be
Quant
much
further.
For example
when we
Corant sens
geule ba^e.
Raynouard.
fig-
we
necessarily wait
The verbs
and
are convertible,
and not
to
in
an
object.
R. R. 1043.
Bavarian dialect of the present day. Hence wait is derived from go bet ! Further, languages which have not the true semi-consonantal w, often substitute the hard
All busy werin her to serve For that they would her love deserve.
g for it, or employ an intermediate sound for both. Thus the Irish General Wall became in Spanish America General
Pour
le
En ta pensee
In Chaucer
R. R. 2469.
Gual ; huevo (uevo) is not unfrequently printed guevo by ignorant printers, in Spanish books, and on the other hand, Guayaquil is pronounced by the
Chilians
almost
Wayaquil.
The French
guerre,
The
addition of an initial a
makes no
alteration
same words
in the sense,
and abayer
is
explained by Lacombe,
lie in wait, is the same and both are derived, from go bet Indeed, in N. French the verb guetter is spelled with w, and thus identified with wait.
Consequently, guetter, to
as wait,
word
The
saw a smith stand with his hammer thus, whilst his iron did on the anvil cool,
Cil trois
Rcnier.
Ch. Ang.-Norra.
fll
waitierent le nuit
de Noel
le
conte k
le
Haie-
Witli open
mouth swallowing a
tailor's
III. xv.
news. K. John.
22
ABIDE.
gives us the verb to
le-
Thus
in
many
and with
still
less
The
Luke
38,
"And
all
iii.
she
that
11,
all
he was gaping at the tailor's news. The action of a person thus absorbed in external observation being so suspended, the verb abie which expresses his atti-
work remained
in abeyance, while
spake of him to
Jerusalem."
all that
2 Pet.
"What manner
of persons ought ye to be in
tude
is
coming of God."
In Wickliff, "What manner be in holi livings abiding and highing unto the coming of the day of our Lord." From the notion of waiting till something happens the next step was to that of enduring or sufto
i.
e. to
remain or abide.
patience perforce, he
But
must
abie
on him
lay.
F. Q.
"At
his
Certes (quoth she) that is that these wicked shrewes be more bhssful that alien the torments tlmt they have de-
Jeremiah
x. 10.
The
This Eolus no where abode Till he was come to Fames feet. Chaucer, House of Fame.
exactly parallel.
and the syllables of inflection the root is strengthened by a final d (' the d being in ancient Latin the regular stop-gap of the hiatus.' Quart. Rev. No. 148), and thus gives rise to It. badare, Prov. and Cat. badar, to open the mouth. Badare, hippiVotare, oscitare. Gloss. Isid. Bader, ouvrir.
same argument
English abide,
cab. de Berri.
The Prov.
gola badada,
It.
bocca
badata, occupy the place of the Fr. gueule bee, bouche beante.
In
modem
Italian, Prov.,
is
of gaping or yawning
and their Gotliic cognates, does not seem to rest on a solid foundation. In the Northern languages, d is not employed as a " stop-gap," and there is in some of them even a tendency to drop it where it is radical. The Old-Northern bida, to abide, for example, passes in Danish into bie, and in popular pronunciation the Danish lade is articulated la'e, ride, rPe, &c. The Gothic element in Spanish has affected the pronunciation of the d in that language, and in some of the provincial dialects this consonant has become almost inaudible, in others wholly suppressed, in the participial terminations in -ado and -ido, as
well as in other parts of speech of the like endings.
the root
ba-
is
identifiable with
historically
much more
probable that
it
amuse
de
Alti-
astonished.
In the same way the word attend, which with us expresses the direction of the mind to a particular object, is used in Fr. attendre in the sense of simply waiting, remaining till something
is
a Danish than a French word, and inasmuch as the verb is written with d, 6, or t, in the oldest forms in which it or any cognate word occurs in the McESO-Gothic, Anglo-Saxon, and Icelandic, we can
hardly doubt that the consonant
in the Persian dbad, abode,
is
radical, as
it is
done.
From
tan
;
It.
badare
we
endure
O. G. bitan, arbi-
which is, in all likelihood, a parallel form from the same primitive root. If all these words are, as Wedgwood supposes, derived from the syllable ba, an imitation of the " sound made by the involuntary opening of the
AS.
cisely
the same
way
it is
and
In
as
OE.
ei,
Moeso-Gothic
thing was
abide than
it is
much more strongly felt in the word now, when the signification is near-
Anglo-Saxon i, bidan. The Moesoand Anglo-Saxon pronunciation of ei and t indeed uncertain, but there is no reason to sup-
ABIE.
pose tliat it resembled that of the vowel uttered in the " involuntary opening of the mouth," and we
must, upon the whole, conclude that the derivation of abide and
tional
hfl,
ABLE.
Now
abie,
29
from Fr. abayer,
may
frequently be
same manner.
abie.
Who
dies the
its
F. Q.
is
historical evidence.
M.]
It is not surprising then that abie from abicgan and abie from abaier, being thus found identical
AbiC) 3.
founded with
Fundamentally
it, is
distinct
from ahie in
the sense above explained, although sometimes conthe verb abie, properly abuy, and
from AS. abicgan, abycgan, to reto pay the penand the alty, suffer the consequences of anything simple buy, or bie, was often used in the same sense.
ahigg, abidge,
deem,
to
have been confounded together. But the confusion has been carried one step further, for abide, being wholly synonymous with the abie of French extraction, has sometimes been used as if synonymous with the other abie, in the sense of paying the penalty.
If
it
it.
me
failed here,
She
R. R.
!
How
Milton, P. L.
Jul. Caesar.
Algate this selie maide is slaine alas Alas to dere abought she her beaute.
!
Disparage not the faith thou dost not know, Lest to thy peril thou abide it dear. Mids. N. Dr.
Doctor's Tale.
[Abuye
is
still
O Gloteny fulfilled of ctirsidnesse O the cause first of our confusion O original of our damnacion
!
to
be regarded Thus,
p.
abow or bow.
that to
Till Christ
had
102:
;
To
see
how
fre,
Abought was
cursid vilonie
Pardoner's Tale.
And, on
p.
476
Thou slough my brother Morgan At the mete fuU right As I am a doughti man
His death thou
bist
In thuike sulue wounde, an other him smot tho. M.] That he abuyde is face adoun, etc.
(buyest) tonight.
Sir Tristrem.
AblCt
like,
have-
For whoso hardy hand on her doth lay It derely shall abie, and death for handsel pay.
Spenser, F. Q.
at hand), convenient,
adapted
Fr. habile,
fit
thing he undertakes or is
to
put unto.
at
for anyIt.
Cotgr.
And when
And
abile ;
Prov.
abilh.
threte,
It
a series of quo-
swore by St Amyas that he should ahigg With strokes hard and sore even upon the rigg. Prol. Merch. 2nd Tale.
Lat. habilis
til
Eve
P. P.
by possession of
proper
offices.
sufficient active
power,
To
buy
it
dear, seems to
sort
Chaucer.
hem
to her
Boeth.
without
In the
original,
done of werre Betwixtin hem of Troie, and Grekis ofte. For some day boughtin they of Troie it dere
thingis fellin as they
The
And
The
It will
efte the
his
That if God willing to schevte his wrathe, and to mako power knowne, hath sufFeridVn grete pacience vessels
folke of Troie.
Wickliff in Richardson.
it.
how
To
is to
render him
chase-money of a thing passes into that of simply suffering, in which the word is used in the following
passages.
Divers persons in the House of Commons were attainted, legal nor habilitate to serve in Parliament,
O
If he
The
come
must
i.
Bacon
in Richardson.
into the
it.
abye for
Boucher.
it.
The
habiller
Fr. habiller
is to
qualify for
du chanvre, de
la volaille, to dress
e.
must
suffer for
draw
fowls, to render
them
fit
for
24
Uliments are whatever
is
ABOARD. ABRAID.
required to qualify for
any
special purpose, as
habiliments of
war
and
Sw. ala
is
made
occupation
of any kind being simply clothing, the Fr. habillement has become appropriated to that special signification.
showing that the Latin alere, to nourish, is a shoot from the same root. In the same way Sw. fdda signifies to beget, and also tB rear, to
feed, to fatten,
not prepared to deny the historical descent of the English aUe from the Lat. kahilis, through the Fr. habile ; but it should be remembered that dhal is
[I
am
al,
ol,
brood,
or
oil,
Goth, alan,
el,
to rear, edu-
The
root
signifying
life, is
extant
found, though rarely, in Anglo-Saxon, in the sense of abiUty or strength. Ahal itself might be sup-
probably a cognate
we have oM
or
ajl,
in the
and the noun ajli, all of which, with modified forms and significations, are still extant in modem Swedish and Danish. The Moeso-Gothic abrs, strong, powerful, seems to
same
root.
M.]
Lat.
ahominor
to deprecate the
it is
God
avert.
Thence
English able
gin,
is
Romance
ori-
estation
and abhorrence.
though the fact, that the adj. able, which is not found in AS., occurs in O. Fr., indicates the latter as the immediate source of the English word.
Car le droit estat d'innocerice Ressamble proprement la table
Blanche, polie, qui recevoir sans nul contraire Ce qu'on y veut peindre ou portraire. G. de Machault, Eemede de Fortune, in
est able
hoven,
AS. ufan, he-ufan, hufan, ahufan, Du. OE. ahowen, Sc. ahoon, above, on high. In Barbour's Bruce we find both abowyne and ahow, as
Above.
About.
AS.
utan, outward,
without, be-utan,
Sandras, Etude
siu-
Chaucer, 294.
M.]
Sometimes the two parts of the word are divided by the subject to which it relates, or the particle he is separated from the preposition and joined to the
preceding verb.
Aboardi
ship.
For on
a board, the side of a ship. Innan bords, within the ship, on board ; at kasta fyri hord, to throw overboard. Abolish. Fr. aholir, from Lat. aholeo, to erase or annul. The neuter form aholesco, to wear away,
Icel. hord,
Ymh hancred
vtan,
Caedmon.
or ahraid,
to
grow out of
use, to perish,
it
Ethiopia.
shows that the force of the radical syllable ol is PI. D. af-olen, af-oolden, to become worthless through age. De Mann olet ganz
af, the
Abraid.
solete, is
Abray.
AS.
out.
To ahray
now
ob-
common
man
dwindles away.
The
primitive idea
seems that of begetting or giving birth to, kindhng. O. Sw. ala, to beget or give birth to children, and also, as AS. celan, to light a fire ; the analogy between life and the progress of ignition being one of
constant occurrence.
let
away, draw
Tha
of slaepe onbrcegd
Sunu Lamehes.
capillos, to
to feed the
The
flame.
we speak
(see Bray),
and the verb to kindle is used both in the sense of lighting a fire, and of giving birth to a litter of
young.
of
den motion, to
The appUcation
fire is
bum
up (adolescunt ignibus
and
while the
The Miller is a perlous man he seide And if that he out of his sleep abreide He might done us both a villonie. Beve's Where fearless I to sleep did down me lay,
But whenas
I did out of sleep abrai/.
Tale.
explains soholes
in-d-oles, that
disposition.
.
is
Troilus near out of his wit abreid sore with visage pale of hue. Chaucer, Test. Cress.
ABRIDGE. ABUT.
short.
25
to shorten, or
cut
and wide, and hence arbitrarily applied in the ex* pression going abroad to going beyond the limits of
one's
own
But
country.
direct
it (the rose) ne was so sprede on brede, That men within might know the sede. R. R.
from the latter language. Abreger itself, notwithstanding the plausible quotation from Chaucer given below, is not from G.
abbrechen,
AS.
abrcecan, but
v and
into
Abscess. Fr. abscez, a course of ill humours running out of their veins and natural places into the empty spaces between the muscles. Cotgr.
ill
humours
to
one
Littleton,
from abscedere,
to re-
in
would be abbreujar, leading immediately to Fr. abreger ; and other cases may be pointed out of similar change in passing from Lat. to the Romance languages. Lat. levis becomes
to abbreviare
sponding
To Absorb.
made
I
noise
of the
form of alleviar and alleujar, whence the Fr. alleger, which passed into English under the form allegge, common in Chaucer and his conin the double
temporaries, so that here also we had the double form allegge and alleviate, precisely corresponding to abridge and abbreviate. In like manner from
Lat. gravis, Prov. greu, heavy, hard, severe
getat, gravity, leaving
;
Abstract.
E. draw, drag.
greu-
a verb agreujar
to
be supagredge,
a summary of the important matter drawn out and presented in a sepaabstract of a deed
is
The
OE.
rate
form,
in
the same
is
way
that the
essentially
Parson's Tale.
No doubt if we had not so complete a pedigree from brevis, the idea of breaking off would suggest a very plausible derivation from G. abbrechen, to break off; kurz abbrechen, to cut short, Kuttncr.
to the important part of material substance drawn out and separated from the useless mass.
synonymous
extract
arbitrarily applied
his
;
"And when
tale
this olde
man wende
begonne
to enforce his
by
for to abregge."
Chaucer,
Thus
:
words
doth contain that large Which died in Geoffrey and the hand of Time Shall draw this brief into as huge a volume. K. John.
Meliba3us.
An
objects
;
Ausias March.
Non veu
De Amor,
b.
Edition of 1555.
and the conception of a any particular mode of exhibition, is an abstract idea. To Abut. Probably not a mere adoption of Fr. aboutir in the same sense, but direct from the verb
considered, apart from
to butt, to strike
ed in actual existence
etc.
metaphor
is felt
M.]
is
and
else-
Abroach.
pierce.
to place
For on
set a
To
it
tun abroach
and
so
Whose high upreared and abutting fronts The narrow perilous ocean parts asunder.
Ahittals or boundaries are translated capita in
in condition to
draw
Right as
He
Wallon
ahroki,
mettre en perce.
Grandg.
4
Homern
a butting ox
Ihre
See Broach.
goat
Lander
stossen
Abroad.
VOL.
I.
On
So
in
26
to thrust, to butt as
ACCEDE. ACE.
a goat
;
stota til
sammans,
is
to
A charm
The which can heUn
thee of thine axesse
all
meet together,
to ahit.
The
in
If thou do forthwith
2,
1315.
It happith oftin so
That one
ill
fare
Et
la prairie
grand et belle
batait.
Au
by Chaucer
pied de ce tertre
R. R. translated
By
gode counsaile can kepe his frend therefro. Tro. and Cress. 1, 627.
The meadowis
Beet right
Accomplice. Fr. complice, Lat. complex, bound up with, united with one in a project, but always in a bad sense.
Accomplisll.
Fr. accomplir, Lat. complere, to
accorder,
fill
Again
up,
fulfil,
complete. Fr.
to
Lea cheveux eut blonds et si longs Qu'ils lui batoient aux talons.
Accord.
agree.
Formed
in
Her
tresses yellow
down they
analogy to the Lat. concordare, discordare, fi'om concors, discors, and consequently from cor, the heart, and not chorda, the string of a musical instrument.
Diez.
cordere,
See Butt.
[Tlie participial adverb hatant
is
cordre,
synonymous with G. gonnen, to consent heartily with what falls to another Wallon, keure, voir de bon gre qu'un ^venement arrive a quelqu'un, qu'une chose ait lieu
;
from the
Roman
de la Rose
mesheure, missgonnen.
Quant Joab
ner, eissid fors
ner.
vit qu'il
Li
ne pout le rei cummoveir vers Abe enveiad ses messages tut batant apres Ab-
Grandgagnage.
To
a
side.
Accost.
Fr. coste,
rib, coste,
now
a side
coste-d-coste, side
by
Here,
means immediately,
close
Hence
upon
the heels.
greet.
A reckoning, statement of
From
the
expenses
raphy of aboutir, which, if not a misprint, suggests a different possible etymology of that word. He writes, p. 3 of the Parisian reprint of 1853
Accoutre.
La
terre de
Norumberge, laquelle
I'isle
abortit
au golphe de Gamas,
an
act of
some which in
de Canada.
The Mid. Lat. abuttare, abbutare, which occurs in a charter of Henry I. cited by Ducange from Dugdale, abotare, and buttare, for which he refers to Dugdale, Madox, and Kennett, appear to be of English origin, for no Continental authority is adduced for either of them. But the use of abuttare, which, according to Ducange, is always applied to the narrow ends, not the long sides, of parcels of land, and the examples he cites under that word, and under butum and butta, show almost conclusively that abuttare is immediately derived from the Fr. bout, end, or from some older form of the same word. M.]
change of vestments church service would afford a striking and familiar example. Now the person who had charge of the vestments
catholic countries the frequent
at appointed periods of the
in a catholic church,
tos sacrarii,
was the
sacristan
in Lat. cus-
trix,
when
Ludwig.
cura vel custodium tempU vasa sacrorum. St. Isidore in
vela
Ad
custodem
sacrarii pertinet
vestesque sacrce, ac
Ducange.
The
to
original
Accede.
proach.
Access. Accessory,
go or come
to, to
Lat.
arrive
acceat,
perform the office of sacristan to a vest him with the habiliments of his
other occupation.
after-
dere, accessum, to
ap-
To
any one,
sory,
to assent to, to
approve
of.
Hence
acces-
an aider or abetter in a crime. Fr. acces from accessus, a fit or sudden attack of
axesse, pi. axes,
still
pre-
Accrue. Fr. accroitre, accru, from Lat. crescere, grow. Thence accrue, a growth, increase, Cotgr. and E. accrue, to be in the condition of a growth, to be added to something as what naturally grows
to
Halli-
out of
it.
Ace.
Fr. as,
It. asso,
the face
ACHE. ADAW.
number one on cards or
which
signifies
27
Middelnederlandsche Taal
dice,
from Lat.
as, assis,
a single one.
Diez.
etymology of Diez,
Ache.
term
is
Aehf
the natural
!
expression of pain.
Freude,
My
woe
is
your joy.
Achen, to
The
Gr.
pain, grief, is
formed on the same principle. To Achieve. Prov. cap, Fr. chef, head, and thence the end of anything de chief en chief, from end to end ; venir a chef, to gain one's end, to accomplish Prov. acabar, Fr. achever, to bring to a
; ;
and shows how the related Netherlandish aconiscieren, O. Fr. aconoysser, descend from the Latin accognoscere, the participial form of which, accognitus, is the origin of the later Latin accognitare, whence accointer and E. acquaint. M.] To Acquit. From Lat. quietus, at rest, was formed Fr. quitte, whence acquitter, to set at rest with respect to some impending claim or accusation. See Quit, Quite. [In 0. Dutch quite is used much as our acquitted:
Acme.
Doe
:
Gr.
miiri,
a point
of any quality.
Eeinaert quite was gelaten, "Was hi blide utermaten. Reinaert de Vos, Willems,
v. 2553.
M.]
culti-
Acorn. AS. cecem, ceceren, accem ; Icel. dkarn ; Dan. ageren ; Du. aker ; G. ecker, eichel ; Goth.
akran,
fruit.
Acre.
Gr.
aypog ; Lat.
ager
Goth, akrs,
The
last
of the
an early accommodation to the notion of oak-corn, a derivation hardly compatible with the other Teutonic and Scandinavian forms, or with the more
general signification of Goth, akran, notwithstanding Grimm's quotation of Cajus,
Glandis appellatione omnis finictus continetur.
G. acker, a field of cultivated land; thence a measure of land, so much as may be ploughed in a day. To Adaw. Two words of distinct meaning and origin are here confounded:
vated land, corn-land.
1st,
dawn, OE.
from AS. dagian, dcegian, to become day, to daw, to dawn, adaw or adawn,
to
to
Grimm
is
fruit,
to
have been
wake out of sleep or out of a swoon. " I adawe or adawne as the day doth in the morning whan " I adawe the Sonne draweth towards his rising." one out of a swounde," "to dawe from swouning, to dawne or get life in one that is fallen in a
swoune."
Palsgrave in Halliwell.
of 1810,
&
The Catalan
and glan,
Upon
a thing, ne seen
parfitly
a not being
radical,
TU that he
be adawed veraily.
Chaucer.
of.
we
In
fact,
As
makes grans
in
M.]
0. Fr. accointer, Prov. accoin;
To Acquaint.
dar, to
thing,
the bright sun what time his fiery train Towards the western brim begins to draw, Gins to abate the brightness of his beame And fervour of his flames somewhat adawe.
make known
it
;
O. Fr.
coint,
informed of a
Little
F. Q. v. ch.
9.
having
cognitus, accord-
ing to Diez
which it must be doubtful whether the Romance word comes from a Lat. original, or from a corresponding Teutonic root. The G. has kund (from kennen, to know), known, manifest kund machen, to make known, in precisely the same sense with the Prov. coindar, the d of which seems better to agree with the G. word than with the Lat. cognitus ; G. kundig, having knowledge of a thing. [The derivation of acquaint from kund, kund
;
So spake the bold brere with great disdain. him answered the oak again. But yielded with shame and grief adawed, Shep. That of a weed he was overcrawed.
Cal.
In order to understand the step from adoucir to adaw, it must be observed that several of the Burgundian dialects (from whence much of our English is derived) regularly change the sound of the French Thus the ordinary Walloon has s or ch to an h.
kinohe, while the
to
machen, does not account for the prefix, and, as suggested by an able writer in the Atlantic Monthly
for August, 1860, the
know, from cognoscere, It. conoscere. Wallon, bouhe ; Wallon, lahe, for dialect of Aix, busch, a farthing. The lache, a leash, sahon for saison, bihe for Mse. same peculiarity characterises the dialect of Gruyere
in
Roman
28
ADD. ADMIRAL.
Hence E. adaw,
a pool that receives the draining of a dunghill. "the urine of cows adla or ala, mingere, of cows, as in E. to stale, of horses. [The Anglo-Saxon has the noun adl, disease, wasting sickness, and the adjective adl, sick, corrupt, putrid. M.]
pool,
as
being in
Thus
reddere, to
put back
Address.
in the right
Fr. adresser.
[The change of the a of the radical into the e of the compounds of the verb dare is probably to be ascribed to the peculiarly sti'ong accent which it was necessary to throw upon the first syllables of the This compounds in order to distinguish them. would naturally have the effect of substituting the obscure for the open vowel, and the orthography M.] was then conformed to the pronunciation.
directus, directiare,
Diez,
It.
one
Al-
way
to.
Adept.
chymists
who have
whom
Bailey.
Hence an
adept, a proficient in
;
any
art.
Adder.
PI.
A poisonous
The
snake.
AS.
AS.
cettr, cettern
To Adjourn.
cite
adjoumer, to
to appoint
D. adder ; Bav.
alter, ader,
adern.
Icel. eitr-orm,
atter,
from
eitr,
venom
day
day.
a business, to put
off to
another
(see Atter-cop).
were it not that a name difiering only by an initial n (which is added or lost with equal facihty), with a derivation of its own, is still more widely current, with which however Diebe perfectly
satisfactory,
To Adjnst.
to agree
Fr. adjuster, to
make
even, to
make
Adjntant.
One
of the officers
who
assists the
commander
It.
keeping the accounts of a regiment. Lat. adjutare, frequentative from adjuvare, to assist
in
Gael, nathair
W.
neidr
;
nadr ;
OHG.
natra, nadra
aiutante,
an
assistant
camp.
nally
noedre,
Admiral. From the Arabic amir, a lord made known by the crusaders as the
fleet.
origi-
title
of
me
se
For
nedres
ne other wormes ne
mow
ther be noght.
p. 43.
Mande-
In eo conflicto (i. e. the battle of Antioch in the first crusade) occisus est Cassiani magni regis Antiochiaj Alius
et
duodecim Admiraldi
we now
call
newt, or the
modem
cum
suis
;
et
apron
OE. napron.
It
which of the two forms is preserved. The forms with an initial n are commonly referred to a root signifying to pierce or cut, the origin of Goth, nethla, OHG. nddal, Bret, nadox, E. needle, and are connected with W. naddu, and with G. schneiden, to cut. Perhaps the Isl. notra, to shiver, to lacerate, whence notru-gras, a nettle, may be a more probable oi-igin. There is little doubt that the Icel. eitr, AS. atter, venom, matter, is from OHG.
eiten, to
quos Admiraldos vocant, reges sunt qui provinciis regionum Ducange. prsesimt.
So that aslayne and adreynt twelve princes were ded That me clupeth amyrayls. R.. G. 402.
No
to the origin
of
syllable
ad
or al
cases,
is
al
amir.
In many
however, the
article is placed
bum.
Prov. E.
to earn, to thrive.
To Addle.
I addle
my
Where
[Addle
add, but
no more.
Tusser in do.
emir al moslemin, emir al mummenim, commander of the faithful, emir al omrah, so emir al kub, lord of lords, titles of the Caliph emir al helam. D'Herbelot. It is more probable, then, that the final al of admiral is the Arabic article, and the ad or al in admiral, almirante, a mere
after the noun, as in
;
corruption of the
first
is allied to
no doubt originally from the Arabic amir, but the languages of Western Europe seem to have taken the word from the Byzantine Greek
[Admiral
is
prove land,
produce by cultivation.
filth,
M.]
in
it.
afiTjpcuoc,
which, as well as
afrnpag,
Halliwell;
Addle.
Liquid
ings of
Theophanes Isaums, or
who
flour-
rotten, as
an addle egg.
An
addle-
ADROIT.
Sophocles, Byzantine Glosunder the word. Afiijpcuoc would readily pass into the Mid. Lat. amiralius, the Italian ammiraglio, and the Old Catalan
sary,
ADVISE.
ter,
29
We
Fr. avancer, to To Advance. Advantag:e. push forwards, from Fr. avant. It. avanti, before, forwards Lat. ah ante. Advantage, something that puts one forwards, gain, profit.
;
and
erroneous.
which is lemin, and means not the (emir), but of the (moslems). In short, it is a genitive plural. In the other examples cited from D'Herbelot, the article
ceding noun, precisely as the in the English phrase
article al is sometimes post-posIn the phrase emir al moslemin, indeclinable, syntactically belongs to mos-
Lat. advenire, to come happen adventus, arrival E. advent, the coming of our Lord upon earth. O. Fr. advenir, to happen, and thence aventure, a happening, chance, accident, a sense preserved in E. peradventure, perhaps. The word was specially applied to events, as made the subject of poetical or romantic narration, and so passed into the Teutonic and
Adventlire.
Advent.
;
to, to
arrive, to
Peter
the Great.
The
initial al in
rise to
G. abenteuer,
a mere
S\v. cefwentyr,
OE.
aunter, a daring
corruption of the
it is
first syllable
cle al,
a romantic story. The "Aunters of Arthur at Tamwathelan," is the title of an old E. romance. For the extraordinary derivations that have been
suggested, see Ihre in v. cefwentyr.
and this is confirmed by the fact that in Old Spanish ^nd Catalan the word emir is frequently written mir,
the
In
many
however,
it is
and amiramuglemin
occurrence.
It
is
is
of hy no means unfrequent
Advice. The Lat. visum, from viVisum mihi gave rise to It. viso, O. Fr. vis. fuit, it seemed to me, would be rendered in O. It. fu viso a me, O. Fr. ce nUest vis. Diez. In the Roman
To Advise.
deri,
de la Rose, advis
rrCestoit, it
is
advis
seemed
to
me
it
seemed
macy
ways
the kings assume the style of admiral, but alas an honorary title conferred
to you.
Hence
OE.
avise, view,
by the Romish
sentiment,
opinion.
Church.
consideration.
Thus the address of the letters of credence given by King James II. of Aragon to his ambassador to the King of Granada, in 1301, runs thus:
Al muy honrado ^ muy noble Alamir Don Mahomat Abenna9ar, Rey de Granada h de Malaga, y Amiramu(;lemin : de Nos Don Jacme, por la gracia de Dios, Eey de Aragon etc. e de la Santa Iglesia de Roma Senyalero, Almirante, h Capitan General, etc. Capmany, Mem. Hist. IV.
The
'
erchbishope of Walys seide ys avyse, he seide, ' gef ther is any mon so wys That beste red can thereof rede, Merlin that is.* R. G. 144.
Sire,'
To be
to
have notice of
to
be informed of
it.
Of werre and
R. Brunne.
p. 30.
acceptation of the
De Nos en
term at the present day, is to communicate our views to another, to give him our opinion for the purpose
of guiding his conduct, and advice
given.
is
the opinion so
It.
avvisare,
was used
in
The
collection of
Capmany
contains
many
other
which occur in the Chronicle of the Morea published by Bouchon, were probably taken from the Romance forms, which had already acquired the termination in al. M.] Adroit. Fr. adroit, handsome, nimble, ready,
aixipahag,
25.
Avise
is
He
apt or
Cotgr.
fit
looked back and her avizing well "Weened as he said that by her outward grace
That
fairest
Diet.
Rom.
From
droit, right, as
opposed to
adestre,
left,
as is
from dex-
Britomart with sharp avizeful eye Beheld the lovely face of Arthygall.
F. Q.
so
[The
phi-ase rrCest avis,
it
ADULATION. AFFORD.
seems
it is
to
me,
is
hardly
itself.
As
it
was part of
the duty of the guardian or protector to act as patronus, or to plead the cause of the church in suits
at law, the
living, the
The formula
s'amsera,
is
Le
roi
every lawyer, as an exemplification of the sense of acting advisedly, and with a deliberation involving a delay which amounts to a
famihar
present day.
negative.
M.]
Adze.
Ant.
AS. Vocab.
in Nat.
derivation
lari, to
Adnlatioilt Lat. advlari, to fawn, to flatter. is suggested from ad and aula, a hall, adustand waiting like a dog in the hall.
Lat. advocare, to call on or
To
Affeer.
From
whence
offerer, or
a price
Advocate.
one
summon
upon.
From
to
some
definite object, as
pression
affere
some one
in a cause.
OE.
ex-
Hence
the person
who
who
was
for
called patrontis.
who conducted a
process
any one
in
modern language, an
advocate, at-
torney, &c.
AdvowSOn.
From
Ducange.
As
wliich
were always required from the parties in a would seem that ecclesiastical persons must always have required the service of an advocate in
suit, it
To
Affile,
OE.
Fr. affier.
It.
afflare, to sharpen,
to bring to
a thread.
For well he wist whan that song was songe He must preche and well ajile his tong To wihne silver as he right well coude, Therefore he sung the merrier and loude.
;
we
find
from the authorities cited by Ducange, that positive enactment was repeatedly made by councils and princes, that bishops, abbots, and churches should have good advocates or defenders for the pui*pose
of looking after their temporal interests, defending
their property from rapine
Chaucer.
See Burnish.
To
AflFord.
From
forum was applied in M. Lat. to market price, resenting them in courts of law. In the decline of whence Prov. for, Fr. feur, a certain price or rate. the empire, when defence from violence was more The second of these forms gave rise to the Fr. afnecessary than legal skill, these advocates were nat- feurer, and OE. affeer, as the former one to the Fr. urally selected among the rich and powerful, who afforer, to set a price on a thing, to fix a rate at
alone
which
it
may
be
sold.
magne himself is the advocatus of the Roman church. " Quem postea Romani elegerunt sibi advocatum
Sancti Petri contra leges Langobardorum."
Car.
Vita
Mag.
protection of the church naturally
The
it
offisring
it
where you
will find
all,
To
for
affored a thing
the price
it,
Law
language of Eng-
to deem it worth be willing to give such a price or to part with it at the same. In a passage
would thus be
affiared, to
from Shakespeare,
also quoted
by Richardson,
it is
AFFRAY. AGAIN.
Parolles.
*
31
my
Spanish sword.'
so,'
i.
We
e.
we
Cent
cannot
you
mologique.
and two meanings, worth, ondi foruniy feur, may have become confounded in the form and signification of this word, as written and understood in the seventeenth century, but in any case, avorthi, employed by Pecock in the precise sense of afford, can hardly be from afforer
[It is possible that
two
roots,
preserved
to noise and violence was word passed into English, and an affray or a fray was used to express a disturb-
distinct reference
when
the
Thus
in the
calls
Forwhi grete
as
lordis
han
lasse
hem
skin,
an
in worldli nedis aboute her londis than lasse lordis han, for
affray
miche as greet
lordis
mowe
And when
with her costis officers vnder hem forto attende to alle the worldly nedis of her londis, &c.
Tho in the white that stode under the tree They felt nothing of all the great affray,
That they
in grene without
Eepressor, 306.
had in ybe.
For thei hadden possessiouns, wher of thei myghten miche more avorthi into almes than thei that hadden Util.
Eepressor, 336.
To affray was to produce the effect of a crash or sudden noise, and was used even in cases where terror formed no part of the effect, as awakening one
out of a sleep or out of a swoon.
may
avorthi to
haue
may
ynough, &c.
Repressor, 877.
Me met thus
And
in
haue wors
Lest that for lengthe which this present book schulde * * * the mo of the comoun peple myghten the
avorthi in cost of
book.
Repressor, 562.
mony
forto gete
hem
this present
looked forthe, for I was waked With small foules a grete hepe. That had afraide me out of my sleepe. Through noise and swetenese of her song. Chaucer, Dreame.
The
of so
s.
v. avorthi, sug; to
be
was out of my swowne affraide Whereof I sigh my wittes straide Aod gan to clepe them home again. Gower
I
in Rich.
much worth
used by Wiclif."
the imitative root, frag, representing a crash, whence Lat. fragor, and Fr.
real derivation
is
The
Immediately from
;
fray.
Thence
Fr. effrayer, to scare, appal, dismay, aiFright effroi, terror, astonishment, amazement ; frayeur, fright,
terror, scaring, horror.
a In the
original signification of
G. schrecken
;
Cotgr.
esfreidar,
to cry, crack,
noise
then to
have led
terrify.
to refer the
word
to Lat, frigidus.
To
Affront.
The Prov.
he says, like Lat. frigus, or gelu, is properly shuddering effrayer, to cause to shudBut the rf is an exceedingly moveable letter, der.
freior,
;
meet face
counter, insult.
and is so easily inserted between vowels that it is by no means safe to rely upon the Prov. forms. Nor could the notion of causing to shudder have arisen in this manner. Whatever may have been the original meaning of frigus, the adjective frigidus, from whence the Prov. verb must have proceeded, if it really belonged to this root, had simply the signification of cold, and esfreidar would be to cool, an image far too tame to represent the violent agitaNor does the derivation tion imphed in effrayer. from frigidus give any account of the earlier sense of Fr. effroi, or of the actual meaning o^ fray, afFaire effroi, in O. Fr., is to make an fray, in E. " Toutefois ne fit oncques outcry, to give an alarm. jusqu'a ce que tons les siens eussent gagn^ la effroi
muraille, puis
s' eerie
Goth. Afar, after, behind aftar, aftaro, After. behind aftana, from behind aftuma, aftumist, last,
; ; ;
hindmost.
AS.
ceft,
behind
;
latter
most.
According to Grimm, the final tar is the comparative termination, and the root is simply af,
the equivalent of Gr. ano,
of,
from.
Compare
after
AS.
;
A^ain.
AS. ongean,
;
gean-
gean-cyme, an encounter
to-geanet,,
;
towards, against.
gena, to meet
;
O. Sw. gen, igen, opposite, again genom, through Bret, gin, opposite
;
ann
wrong
side
gin-ouch-gin,
horriblement."
Rabelais.
directly opposite,
32
AGATE. AGISTMENT.
should have the same meaning
cefn, the back, as the relations
W.
kein-e-kein,
commonly expressed by means of the The Bret, has also in precisely the same sense as gin-ouch;
Prov. esfreidar, to affray, a modification rendered more easy by the resemblance of the parallel forms edat, eded.
in this case the
in consequence
To
turn again,
time,
is to
a second
tition,
whence again
forms of
used
to signify
repe-
meaning of the word was set a-gazing on an object of astonishment and horror.
The French exclaimed the devil was in arms, army stood agazed on liim. H.
repeated action.
earliest
this radical in
[The
a second
dialects.
both the
vi.
which the
modern
The
origin of the
Thus we have
the
OHG.
gagan, gagen,
while the mod-
to the feelings
gegin
oppress the
tion,
word is in reality to be traced awe and horror which are apt to mind when deprived of external distracof
to
etc. prep.,
make
solitude
Danish giennem, igiennem, den gienneste vei. Hence seems that the g^s are probably both radical, and the theory that one of them is reduplicative is a
it
Here
Shep. Cal.
Now
gin, of
appears in
the E. waste, desolate, uncultivated, void, It. under the shape of guasto, and in Fr.
later form,
and there
an inseparable intensive particle gin or ginn, which may possibly be another form of the same root, used in the sense of the German durch und
durch, durchaus,
etc.,
under that of gaster, gdter, to lay waste, to destroy. G. vmst, waste, wild, desert Du. wuest, woest, vas;
squalidus, deformis
desolatio.
is
no proof.
de
li
Kil.
Thus we are
In a deed of
gift of certain
Appendix
Normant,
p.
used in
M.]
then as loneliness and darkness (which by rendering the loneliness more complete), impress the mind with feelings of indefinite horror,
emptiness
acts
A^ate.
derives this
who
the night,
word from an
Loud
Jamieson.
ment of Pliny, Nat. Hist. XXXVII. 10, that it took its name from the river Achates in Sicily, in whose bed fine agates were found, is the most probable etymology, as the ancient classical nations were
He
Glanville in
Jam.
much
by geo-
ghostly,
graphical designations.
modern
Italian
[The
Scottish gousty
is
doubtless
allied
to
the
fig-
M.]
Danish gusten,
or
Thus Paludan-
Age.
edat
;
From
Hvad
Hfly
esteit
de grant eded.
Kings
2. 22.
Natl
Ki durerat a
A(S, life, age.
is
Chanson de Roland
The
Eng-
lish gust,
erroneously
it
sea-breeze.
am
inclined to
may
be
a subsequent corruption of eage, eaige (from ae-tas by the addition of the termination age to the true radical ), by the inorganic insertion of a d, as in
M.]
From
;
Lat. jacere, to
giste,
lie,
the Fr.
whence
a lodging, place to
AGLET. AIR.
down in giste (Tune lievre, Hence agister, to give lodging
lie
;
83
sickenesse
axes
to take in cattle
profit of
[Fr.]
and
is
jieure,
list
\Yv.'\ Jieure ;
in the
to feed
cattle
in
an axes.
Aglet.
string
The
tag of a point,
i.
e.
of the lace or
merly
by which different parts of dress were fortied up or fastened together. Hence any
irvpeToc: in Matth. viii. 14, 15, by Greek x instead of x or gu. And Jesus cam in to Peters hous, and saw his moother in law laid down and sick of y axess, and he touched her
Cheke
hi y
left
her, etc.
See Access.
M.]
Fr. aide du camp.
It.
Aid. Lat. adjuvare, adjutum ; adjutare, to help. Prov. adjudar, ajudar, aidar, Fr. aider, to help.
drawing it through the eyelet holes E. point, applied to the lace itself.
then
Aidecamp.
campo, an
officer
ajutante di
Ago.
the
ple
;
Agone.
y,
appointed to
assist the
general in
OE.
;
G.
ge,
Here the initial a stands for the augment of the past particigone away, passed
military service.
To
Ail.
AS.
by
Lye, whence
egle,
the beard
For
in swiche cas
wimmen have
swiche sorrwe
of corn (Essex).
AS.
Whan
hem
ago.
agh, shameful.
Knight's Tale.
To Aim.
to fix at
Go and loke well to that stone Tyll the third day be agone. Halliwell.
Prov. estimar, to
reckon
Agog. Excited with expectation, jigging with excitement, ready to start in pursuit of an object of desire. Literally on the jog, or on the start, from
gog,
adestimar, adesmar, azesmar, aesmar, to calculate, to prepare ; " son colp azesmat," he has
;
calculated or
aimed
his
Diez Li
"
esmar,
chevaesmer,
mire.
"
He
is all
agog
to go."
Baker.
See
de
s'ost
Rom. de Rou
He
reckons the
;
To
Six precious souls, and all agog, dash through thick and thin.
Jno. Gilpin.
level at.
Cotgr.
To Agredge.
Abridge.
To
aggravate.
Chaucer.
It.
To Agree.
ble, are
From
It.
[The following passage from D'Esclot, cap. clxiii., well illustrates the change of meaning from cestimo Speaking of the shooting of a French to aim. knight, who was lying sick in a church, by a Saracen archer, through a small aperture, he says
formed
Fr. gre,
will, pleasure,
favour
and thence
agra-
el Serray,
li
to
agree.
See
Grant.
Ague.
attacks,
fever.
A fever coming in periodical fits or sharp from Fr. aigu, sharp, jievre aigue, acute
E asma que nol erras. E no trobava nengu lloch, sino aquella fenella que no havia pus de hun dit e mig de ample. E * * * aparella be sa ballesta, e asma lo malalt, * * * E quant lo Serray lo hac be asmat, va desparar la bona ballesta, etc.
qu'ell
per hon
poria
Here, the
stance,
first
it
is
used in the
third
in-
a remarkable fact that the Lepchas, when suffering from protracted cold, take fever and ague in sharp attacks. Hooker, Himalayan Journal.
It is
in
M.]
the
Air.
eether,
air,
ai'&rjp,
Vos destrenha
Si
'1
costats.
as the
sky,
non qu'une
ficATe aigue
W.
awyr.
by Old
dif-
The confinement
restriction,
to periodical fever is
a modern
to
from the tendency of language constantly become more specific in its application.
For Richard lay so sore seke. On knees prayden the Crystene host Through hys grace and hys vertue He turnyd out of his agu. R. Goer de Lion. 3045.
ferent word.
the
side,
AS.
we
have the Provencal air, haughtiness, insolence, indignation, the Old French air, of the same mean-
VOL.
I.
34
ing, dire, valiant, spirited,
AISLE.
and
s'direr,
ALCOVE.
Ende vonden de dore
akerre staende.
to
be
irri-
tated
Wallewein. 9368.
:
li
sires avoit,
Pas de
si
grant air la
dame ne grevoient
Dit de Guil. d'Angl. 202.
in
Akimbo.
from
;
It.
Comma
schimhiccio,
;
and out
sedere
Si \x^s-alre besoigne
Ne
fu,
were
II.
Dues de Norm.
21421.
gibbo, crookedly,
Errant vint k sa huche celui qui s'alra, Le pan en a trait hors, a I'enfant I'a get<J, Et jure que jamais nul bien ne li fera. Dit de Guil. d'Angl. 199.
Alarm.
call to
Alarum.
Florio.
It.
aW
arme, to arms
the
Also the Spanish airado, angry, indignant, of all which latter words the Latin ira is probably the
root.
This said, he nms down with as great a noise and shouting as he could, crying a/' arme, help, help, citizens, the castle is taken by the enemy, come away to defence.
Holland's
Eir, in a passage from Robert of Gloucester referred to in Coleridge's Glossarial Index under air,
is
Phny
in Richardson.
more probably
allied to
Hence, E. alarum, a rousing signal of martial music, a surprise Fr. allarmer, to give an alarum unto to rouse or affright by an alarum Cotgr. and
;
For as this schippes with gret eir come toward londe In Temse, as thei al the world ne schulde hem at stonde.
Eob. of G.
p. 51.
The
Alas.
die coninc wart al erre,
hiet Isingrine vaen.
From
Lat.
lassus,
Prov.
las,
wearied,
las !
wretched.
v. 2834.
Hence
the exclamations,
La^ ! Ai
Helas
Ah
!
wretched
farai
?
me
Alas
Las
que
!
cum
sui trahitz.
Wretch
what
shall I do, as I
am
betrayed
Ibid. V. 6630.
M.]
a
AislCi
The
side divisions of
Kaynouard.
has lasted.
on either side of the higher nave. wing, from Lat. axilla, ala.
Ah
nez, the nostrils
By
du
les ailes
Cotgr.
Las ! tant en
ai puis soupird,
[There
aisle is that
no doubt that the true etymology of given in the text, but the word, from
as
significance,
alley,
Et doit estre la^se clamee Quant ele aime sans estre amde.
R. R.
xvf^^i^
Alchemy.
als into gold.
The
was
Mid. Gr.
Suidas.
and hence, in modem Latin, insula and ambulatorium have been used for aisle. See the examples in the Glossary of Architecture, s. v. aisle. M.] small flat island in a river, for eyot, from Aiti eye, an island. Ajar. On char, on the turn, half open, from AS.
and
Diez.
eyelids,
more
gross,
ceorran, to turn.
To
alcoholise, to
Like as ane bull dois rummesing and rare When he eschapis hurt on the altare, And charris by the ax with his neck wyeht Gif one the forehede the dynt hittis not richt. D. V. 46,
I
Bailey.
Alcove. Sp. alcoba, a place in a room railed off to hold a bed of state ; hence a hollow recess in a wall to hold a bed, side-board, &c. ; Arab, al-gobbah,
15.
vault, tent.
Diez.
Ane
schot
Persavit the
wyndo imschet ane litel on char mornyng bla wan and har I closyt and drew inwart in hy
[Cabrera thinks the Spanish alcoba a native word Arabized by the Moors, the root being the Lat. cuhile.
name
24.
Santa Rosa gives cova as the Portuguese which the Arabs call
Strom, Sondmors Beski-ivelse,
I. c. x.,
mazmorra.
says:
Stalder.
ALDER. ALIGHT.
Til den ene Siden af Eog-Stuen, og under eet Tag med den, bygges altid en saa kaldet Kofve eller Senge-Kammer.
35
is
Here
is
hofve
is
by no means likely to have been taken fx-om the Arabic. See Cove. The word was used in Anglo-Saxon also at a period when it could not have been borrowed from the Arabs, for in Archbp. Alfric's Vocabulary, Nat.
Ant.
bur."
upon a tree on a branch, offers itself steadily to our view, like an object suddenly displayed by a ray of light falling upon it. Hence to alight, AS. alihtan, to light on anything,
Conversely, a bird
it
said to light
when
and consequently
to de-
A simiby
say-
metaphor obtains
it
in
New
M.]
Du.
I.
p.
25,
we
ing
air; Prov. E.
aller,
makes a
light.
Alder.
erle ;
AS.
els;
owler ; G. elkr,
Lat.
Sw. al ; Pol.
olsza, olszyna ;
" Well me and Hougong go look out for duck, aye, aye. Bel make a Ught duck." Which rendered into EngUsh
alnus.
would
be,
"We
don't see
any duck"
[don't light
on any.]
Aldennan.
AS.
an Hundredes
;
elder, a
Mrs. Meredith.
ealdor,
[The cases
in
ealdor-Mscop, an
prsefectus,
which the Saxon verb alihtan, to and we must look to the cogits
archbishop
princeps.
ealdor-man,
a magistrate,
;
etymology.
In
all
noun
light,
lumen, and
Ale.
alus,
AS.
eale,
from an equivalent of Gael. 61, to drink Bohem. piwo, beer, from pitt, to drink.
Alert.
Lat. erigere, erectus,
It.
as
and
in
some of
actly, though, in
ergere, to raise
;
up
erta,
;
hill
erto, straight,
erect
up
star
Verta, aUerta, to
literally, to
Hence
alert,
on one's guard,
nimble.
In
this place the prince finding his rutters [routiers] alert
vowel or consonantal elements of the radical. The resemblance between the Saxon verbs alihtan, to illuminate, and alihtan, to alight, appears to be accidental, and the words nearest corresponding to them in the Teutonic and Scandinavian languages are evidently derived from different roots. The most obvious explanation of alight would be
either the that
with the advice of his valiant brother, Sir Roger he sent his trumpets to the Duke of Parma.
(as the Italians say),
we
lighten
is
Again, there
To Alegge.
Alembic.
Lembic.
From
the
See Allay.
still.
It.
; it
lamUcco,
does not
a connection between the notion of thus lightening that upon which a weight rests, and lifting the
itself, and hence the German den Anker and the Danish at lette Anheren, to lighten, for to lift, the anchor. In these cases, no one doubts that the verbs are respectively from the adjectives leicht and let, both of which signify levis, and have no relation to the root light, lumen. The verb alight, as an intransitive, has no precise etymological correlative in the Gothic dialects, but the Danes
weight
Diez.
lichten,
N. E. gates, ways Icel. gata, a path, Sw. gata, way, street. All ways, at
Algates.
;
all
events, in one
Algates
way
or another.
by
sleight or
by violence
all
my
dispence.
Friar's Tale.
say,
Always
lifted
jeg loftede hende af Sadelen, I lettede hende af Sadelen, I lighted her from the saddle. In this latindifferently,
gates, in
such a manner.
Algebra.
The
science of calculation
is also
by symbols.
from our English alight from the saddle, only in the substitution of a transiter case, the phrase differs
dislocated or broken limbs, said to be from Arab, algabr, the putting together of broken things, though
ive) verb,
To
Alight.
Light.
is
Diez.
is
an intransitive (perhaps originally reflectand in changing the grammatical subject So with respect to the Dutch of the proposition. " iemand uit den zadel ligten," to lift one out of the
tive for
To
light on
a thing
to
it
come upon it suddenly, like a ray of light striking upon some reflecting object, and making it conspicuous amid the surrounding shadow.
I hope by this time the Lord may have blessed you to have light upon some of their ships. Carlyle's Cromwell,
cognate with
is
no question that
ligten is from the adjective ligt, levis, rather than from the noun licht, lumen, or its corresponding adLigten is used in many other phrases where jective.
its
2, 384.
origin
is
86
ALL.
ALLEDGE.
Thomalin why sitten we soe As weren overwent with woe Upon so faire a morrowe, The joyous time now nigheth
ten" to lighten or discharge a ship, " iemand de beurs Kgten," to lighten one's purse, " den hoed lig-
fast
That
the bird alights or lights upon a tree, "
it
When
stops
tion
And
its flight."
The
Shepherd's Calendar.
and
vious, but
landic, in
we find an analogous expression in Icewhich the verb at letta, from lettr, levis, is
Thus
in Njala, ed. 1772, p. 61
In the same way the Swed. has wiidret logger sig warken Idgger sig, the wind is laid ; the pain abates.
So
wind was
laid.
employed.
Ok lettu
enn
|)eir
komu i
Flidtshh'3
by your art, my dearest father, you have Put the wild waters in this roar, alay them.
Tempest.
and did not lighten (cease or intermit) their travel This use of the word till tliey came to Fliotshlid.
is
So
&c.
The
The
may
be to
gan
in the
modern
from Fr.
come suddenly upon it, as the bird does to the branch on which it lights when it ceases its flight, but it must be admitted that the analogy is not very clear. M.]
aUeger,
It. alleggiare,
coming round
so exactly to
it is
impossible
sometimes
Lat.
leu
;
to
All.
Goth. aUs
Icel. allr
I,
AS.
eaU.
Notwith-
word should be
levis, light,
easy, gentle,
becomes
;
in Prov.
whence
leviar, leujar, to
assuage
alleviar, al-
aye, ever.
leujar,
and
same way that from brevis, abbreviare, are formed Prov. breu, abreujar, Fr. abbreger, OE.
ly in the
extended
ject.
The
abregge, to abridge.
e m'leujes
ma dolor.
ma
douleur.
always confined
continuance in time, as
Ihre.
"
dis-
me
Urar hornet war swa The aurox horn was as fagurt som gull saei." fair as if it were all gold. So ce-lius, all-bright AS. celc, each, <B-tid, modern Sw. all-tid, all time.
tinctly pointed out
by
Rayn.
Per Dieu cdeujatz m'aquest fays For God's sake lighten me tliis burden.
!
So
in Italian,
is
probably
ce-lic,
ever-like,
all
of a predicate to
the
members of a
In
Fate limosina et dir messi accio che s'cUkggino inostri martiri. that our torments
may be
assuaged, or allayed.
a repetition of the element signifying continuance. But every and all express fundamentally the same Every one indicates all the individuals of a idea. every man and all men are the same thing. series The Gr. 6^, whole, appears to spring from a totally
;
She (Old Age) wepeth the time that she hath wasted
And
That but afome her she may see In the future some small socoiu'e,
To
leggin
R. R.
R. R.
different conception.
Alkalit
Arab,
of ashes.
Diez.
all
those
It would have brought my life again, For certes evenly I dare well saine The sight only and the savour
Aleggid
much
of
my
languor.
To Allay, formerly written aUegge, as to say was formerly to segge. Two distinct words are confounded in the modern aUay, the
first
In the
original,
voir sans plus, et I'oudeur
of which
I,
Le
Si m'cd^geoient
ma douleur.
Fr. Alleguer, to alleadge, to pro-
from
AS.
To AUedge.
of.
tranquillise.
Speaking of
Wm.
Chron. says,
Eallan folce behet eallan tha imrihte to aleggenne, the on
his brothor
Cotg.
allegare, to
timan wasran
translated in R. of Gloucester,
depute or commission one, to send a message, to so" Petit a me Rabonius et amicos licit by message.
allegat."
this,
He
Rabonius asks of
folc
me and
it
sends friends
to signify,
To alegge all luther lawes that yholde were before And better make than were suththe he was ybore.
(to
Hence
came
to
ALLEGIANCE. ALLOW.
gument.
the
37
;
From
icet
recta
odals-madr,
word came
England and
dominus
dorsen.
allodialis, stride
primus occupans.
Hal-
France.
Justinus which that hated his foUe
Dan. Sw.
lers,
odel,
a patrimonial estate.
still
The landed
called udalIcel. odal
Answered anon
And for he wold liis longe tale abrege He wolde non auctoritie allege. Merchant's
Thei woll a
leggen also
The
Tale.
it,
Nolite judicare
from Lat. aUegare, spelt and same manner as allegge (the modern allay), from AS. alecgan, and there is so little difference in meaning between laying down, and bringing forward reasons, that the Latin and Saxon dei'ivatives were sometimes confounded.
find alledge,
in the
Here we
abandoned goods, at leggia fyrer odal, to abandon a thing, to leave it to be taken by the first occupier. If Mid. Lat. alodis, alodum is identical with the Icel. word, it exhibits
is
pronounced
a singular transposition of syllables. Ihre would account for allodium from the compound " alldha
odhol," mentioned in the Gothic laws,
an
ancient
And
Pull
See Ihre
in v.
eke
this noble
duke
aleyde
another skill, and seide Gower in Rich. She had well deserved wrecke.
many
Od.
[Ihre supposes the root of odel to be od, aud, or
6d, primarily
meaning
is
possession,
and
this is con-
Here
aleyde
is
a prescriptive
in
title
acquired by
Allegiance.
See Liege.
It
was
also the
To
ter, to
Alleviate.
go.
See Allay.
highest
title
known
Scandinavian jurisprudence,
Alley.
Alligator.
The American
;
crocodile,
from the
Lat. lacerta.
In Hawkins'
gartoes.
voyage he speaks of these under the name of alaLagarto das Indias, the cayman or South
alligator.
and the domain of the crown was said to be held by it. Examples of its use in this latter sense will be found in Harallds Saga ens Harfagra, c. vi., in the Heimskringla, and in the Saga Olafa Tiyggvasonar, c. 13, 97. M.] To Allow. Two words seem here confounded
American
1.
to praise,
and
2.
from
locare,
Allodial.
to place, to let.
Blackstone.
puted, and
From
The
much
it
dis-
Hence
lauzar,
little
light has
by
ap-
The word
prove, to recommend.
"
aleu,
Laudo
igitur ut
conjugem,"
"
I recommend.
"
general sense
possession.
riae,
is
that of
an
hoc
est,
gavensi."
" Meaj prajdium possessionis hereditaalodum nostrum qui est in pago Andi" Alaudum. Charta an. 839, in Due.
suade you.
Ducange.
li
we
Et
il
dis-
Et
leur
demanda que
il
looient a faire, et
loerent tons
li
que
descendist."
"
Et
il li
dirent que je
meum
in die
sive hjeredltatem
quam
mens
Joinville in
Raynouard.
In the same
way
in
nuptiarum mearum." " Paternas ha^reditati, quam nostrates alodium vel patrimonium vocant, " Haec It is often opposed to a fief. sese contulit." quae de allodiis sive praediis in autem fuerunt ea
English
This
Pirst
an es" Habemus vineje agripennum tate free of duties. unum allodialiter immunem, hoc est ab omni census " Reddit ea terra et vicai'iae redhibitione liberum." 2 den. census cum ante semper alodium fuisset."
It
is
tjiken for
And And
the sum of what I would have ye weigh, whether ye allow my wlaole devise, think it good for me, for them, for you, if ye Uke it and allow it well Perrex and Porrex in Richardson.
is
Especially laus was applied to the approbation given by a feudal lord to the alienation of a fee depending upon him, and to the fine he received for
A. D. 1078.
It
permission
Icel. odal,
to
alienate.
"
Hoc donum
Adam
came
Due.
laudaint
which
tarium
used in
much
;
From
to
praidium hereditarium
;
concessit
et laudavit
terras et feuda
38
ALLOY. ALOFT.
fidelitatem et servitlum."
suam
Due.
it be of the same colour that the fyre is. Thenne take him out, and lete hym kele and ye shall fynde him well alayd for to fyle. Thenne rayse the berde wyth your knyfe, and make the poynt sharpe. Thenne alaye hym agayn. JuUana Berners, h. III. (1).
money
"
special purpose.
And
his
Capgrave has alay in an uncommon sense, derived no doubt from the debasement and supposed corruption of coin
2 Kings.
this sense,
;
by the admixture of
into a
inferior metal
Thei
to
to
went
In
however,
allow
is
chamber al be her one, and the Saraand than took oute a knyf alayed with
twies.
or purpose
It.
Chronicle,
p. 162.
To
lure.
Allnre.
Ally.
To tempt by
" Le
rantes
pour sa rente
vassal, ains a
son fonds encore qu'elles n'apparticnnent a son ceux qui ont allonges les distes bestes. Cou-
To
tie
alligare,
tnme de Normandie
in
Raynouard.
To
allow in rekeninge
allocacio.
Pr.
alloco.
Almanac.
explanation
is
Allowance
Almond.
Fr. amande,
lou, amello.
Gr.
anvydaki]
;
Grandg. Again, as the senses of Lat. laudare and allocare coalesced in Fr. allouer and E. aUow, the confusion seems to have been carried back into the contemporary Latin, where allocare is used in the sense of approve or admit; essonium allocabile, an admissible excuse.
migddle, mandule
It.
Alms.
poor.
Almenry. Aumry.
eTieefioawv,
[The overruling of a
by
in law-Latin
expressed
it
of G. almosen,
almose, Sc.
AS.
celmesse,
celmes,
OE.
almesse,
allowed.
allocatur,
is
not
Alloy.
The
mixed with
the law
is
From
aloi.
Lat.
lex,
money
Unusquisque denarius cudatur et fiat ad legem undecim denarioDucange. In the mining language of rum." Spain the term is applied to the proportion of silFr. hi,
"
awmous, alms ; and into the Romance under the form of Prov. almosna, Fr. aumosne, aumone. Hence the Fr. aumonier, E. almoner, awmnere, an officer whose duty it is to dispense alms, and almonry, aumry, the place where the alms are given, from the last of which again it seems that the old form awmbrere, an almoner, must have been
derived.
Pr. Pm.
When aumry
is
used with
ref-
" The extraction for week was 750 cargos of clean ore, average from nine to ten marks per monton, with an
the
ley
Times, Jan.
to
in-
a cupboard.
2,
57.
cially applied to
From
metal
was applied
the base
in v. Ambre, Ammery, Halliwell. Aumry. Ambry, a pantry. Then as an aumry or receptacle for broken victuals would
broken
victuals.
Bailey,
[Warkworth,
loy,
Kynge Eduarde chaunged the coyne of Englonde, by whiche he hade grete getynge for he made of ane olde noble a ryall, the which was commaundyde to goo for x. s nevere the latter the same ryoUe was put vlii d. of aley, and so weyed viii d. more by delaynge ; and smote hym Warkworth, Chronicle, p. 4. in to a newe prynte.
; ;
seems to have led to were a contraction of almonry, from which, as far as sound is concerned, it might very well have arisen. And vice versa, almonry was sometimes used in the sense of armarium, almarium, a cupif it
office where the was dispensed, the association the use of aumry or ambry, as
per
Almonarium, cdmorietum, ahneriola, a cupset up broken victuals to be distribBailey. See Ambry. uted as alms to the poor. [The root here discussed is evidently the source of aumere or awmere, a purse, used by Chaucer and
board.
board or safe to
Te
shall
ALOFT. AMATE.
coin usually given to beggars.
terb. V.
39
to be sounded madness keeps aloof, we would bring him on to some confession
Kosegarten,
Wor-
Ambare, Anbare, says this word is used in Livonia in the sense of " speicher, vorrathshaus,
find
him forward
crafty
When
Of
AlpinCi mountains
Europe.
tain.
r-
Hamlet.
etc.,"
and remarks
Russian source.
Alofti
M.]
up
that
Hupel
refers the
word
to a
On
the
loft,
in the air.
G.
OE.
lift,
air,
the sky.
Of the nature of things found in lofty from the Alps, the highest mountains in Gael. Alp, a height, an eminence, a moun;
must distinguish along, AS. andlang, G. entlang, entlangs, langs, Sw. cendalangs, It. limgo, Fr. le long de, through the length of, from along, in the sense of causation, when some consequence is
Alon^.
We
Altar.
The
fire-place
on which
sacrifices
were
made
to the gods.
eldr, fire,
cer?i,
and
ar, or
;
am, a hearth
AS. em,
a place
as Lat. lueerna,
All
tills
is
long
of you.
Mid. N. Dream.
making,
Tale.
of a light.
To
it
Alter.
To make something
alter,
Some Some
said said
was it was
is
the other.
So G.
Canon Yeoman's
is
originally
an adjective
to change.
Always.
way,
for the
;
AS.
whole
jeden
The
number
AS.
gelang,
to
owing
in
put, once
consequence
"
sin,
from gelingen,
happen, to succeed.
It
Mir gelang
that I
Notker.
men bedon
me
evil to
would be my own lord, not thy servant, me was along of this, that, fcc.
that
scoldi
Quad
Up
to
Thar
Manno
It is with
HeUand,
that
is
33, 44.
Almighty God
is
the happening of
help
that,
life is
to
every man. It
along of Almighty
is
Stc.
AS.
"
aet
the
it
our
along
that
that
God
neka mig," three journeys, for thrice, shalt thou deny me, and in Luke xviii. 12, "jag fastar tva Kilian resor i veckone," I fast twice a week. ascribes to reyse, a journey, the sense of " mael, vice, vicem," and gives as exemplifications, " Een, twee, M.] dry, reysen, semel, bis, ter." Amalgam. A pasty mixture of mercury and another metal, from Gr. fialayim, an emollient, probably a poultice, and that from fialaaau, to soften.
Diez.
along of thee,
it is
Amanuensis.
of thee that
gelang waere,"
was,
that that
we
live.
hwom of whom
it
we
was
happened
so.
,"
from
servus
After all, the expression long of or along of may be simply the equivalent of Fr. selon, which is derived, not, as Diez suggests, from confusion with Lat. secundum, but from long and the particle si, se, ce,
so,
To Amate.
Upon
To
young
here, this.
Trop
miex
cortoisie
make
It.
fade,
160.
slay.
They did better curtesy to each along of what they had, according to what they had.
Alooft
to
To
loof or
luff"
in nautical language
is is
But when I came out of swooning And had my wit and my feehng, I was all mate and wende full wele
Aloof, then,
to the
Of
full
grete dele.
Tl.
to the
windward of
wind-
R. 1737.
ward has it in her choice either to sail away or to bear down upon the leeward vessel, aloof has come
to signify out of danger, in safety from, out of reach of.
In the original Je fus moult vain. Derived by Diez from the expression
at chess,
checTc-mate,
40
relationships to be explained
AMAY. AMBER.
from so restricted a
foolish
;
ambagt, a handicraft
Icel
ambagts-mann, an artisan.
source.
Gr.
fiarnv,
in vain,
;
ftaTcuog,
Lat. fat-
um,
insipid, foolish
fatisco, to
grow
faint or
weary
To Amay. Amaze.
;
grieve
to discourage,
;
shortness of
It.
smagare,
breath.
dispirit
des-
Amber,
alambre.
it.
MHG.
amber,
mayar
se, to
Prov.
or
Gr.
TfksKTpov
OG. glees,
its
according to Tacitus
;
bemstein, from
inflammable nature
Beryn was
was
full
woo,
and
all
amayide.
tec.
He
ought that Beryn coud ethir speke er pray myght in no wyse pass, full sore he gan to may.
Ibid. 1685.
IH. 247, that in one of the North-Frisic amber is still called by its ancient name, In Anglo-Saxon, it was called glcer, sap,
Icel. riif,
is
;
Vo-
by
the
the soft
g and z
readily interchangIt.
E. prison;
cugino, E.
cousin, &c.
The Scandinaseems to stand quite alone, and has become obsolete even in Sweden, where bernsten is used instead. In OG. agstein, from a confusion with gagat, jet, and with agat, agate, was sometimes used for amber. See Grimm, Worterb. v. Agstein.
smilting, Nat. Ant. I. 34, 38, 288.
There
is
is
Compare
Ambassador.
or ministry
;
OHG.
amhaht, a minister
;
word always means ambergris, as amber also generally does in the European literature of the Middle Ages. The common Persian name for amber is karuba, or harba, from hah, straw, and rubudan, to
carry
off,
ampahtan,
to minister
Mod. G. ampt,
referring of course to
its
property of at-
employment, office. In Middle Lat. amhascia, ambaxia, or ambactia, was used for business, and particularly applied to
the business of another person, or message commit-
This name the Orientals introduced into Spain, and carabe is found in many old Spanish authors, as well as in French and
tracting light substances.
and hence the modern sense of embassy, It. ambaseiata, as the message sent by a ruling power to the government of another state ambassador, the person who carries such a message. " Quicunque asinum alienum extra domini voluntatem praesumpserit, aut per unum diem aut per
ted to another,
Sal. In another bascia fuerit edition, " Si in jussione Regis fuerit occupatus." Ambasciari, to convey a message. " Et ambasci-
occupatus." Lex
in his
some more Northern writers. The oldest example of the use of amber by a European writer appears to be that cited by Sophocles, Byzantine Glossary, from Constantinus Porphyrogenitus. Ducange, under ambar, ambra, and amhrum, cites several examples, in some of which the word has evidently the modem meaning; in others, e. g. from Johan. de Janua, and from the
Hist. Transl. S. Sebastiani,
as
evidently that of
ambergris.
Jacques de Vitry, A.D. 1240, cited by Laborde, Notice des Emaux, Glossaire, uses amber
the
Hincmar. in Due. The word ambactus is said by Festus to be Gallic " ambacttis apud Ennium lingua Gallica servus ap; peUatur " and Caesar, speaking of the equites in Gaul, says, " circum se ambactos, clientesque habent."
modern sense, as does also Joinville, but A.D. 1298, also quoted by Laborde, The same author gives in the sense of ambergris. an extract from the Comptes royaux of 1391, in which express mention is made of ambre griz, and this is the earliest example I have met of that
in
Marco
Polo,
form.
thir-
Hence Grimm
explains the
word from
bak,
as Jaegers, supporters, persons standing at one's back, as henchman, a person standing at one's haunch or
side.
teenth century, p. 51, the animal origin which is ascribed to amber, and the description of its sensible
is
and medicinal
properties,
show
that ambergris
The
is
preserved in Du.
AMBER. AMERCEMENT.
mentioned as one of the odoriferartificial clay which was prepared for Queen Romaguia to tread. Like examples might be cited by scores, and in fact, so exclusively
is
41
spermaceti, referring
where alambre
cinal
is
ambar
Although, then, spermaceti has been used as a medicine, the sperma ceti of the old materia medica
is
Portuguese Academy, published in 1793, no other meaning is given to that word, though alambre is
defined
ty or parmacetie, 1
Henry IV.
i.
3,
must probably be
The word
for
by the common English meaning of amber. is used in German and in Danish only ambergris, bernstein and rav being employed in
name
of amber.
wolilrie-
John Hawkins, Voyage, (Hak. Soc.) 73 " The fynnes are also esteemed for many and sundry uses as is his spawne for divers purposes this we corruptly
in spite of the authority of Sir
But
who
says,
Grimm
defines
call parmacittie,
of the
Latine spermaceti,"
it is
dem
bernstein
when
it
is
so universally
known
resin.
that ambergris
is
in
commentators are right in summarily disposing of this word as a corruption of spermaceti, for the dropping of the s before another consonant is very uncommon in the Anglicizing of foreign words, and besides, Shakespeare's learned contemporary, Minshew, in his Guide into the Tongues, 1617, defines ^armacefie, confectio optima
stiU not certain that the
civitate
Thus
in the
Sanitatis,
is
usitata.
M.]
Parmce
k ducibus Parmce
called
sideboard or
ambra
citro (ceti),
whale-amber.
as late as the
Skin-
Purchas,
passages.
II.
examples of which may be found in 772, 836, 1546, and in many other
not be-
lete.
Fr. armoire, a cupboard. Sp. armario, almario, G. aimer, a cupboard. Mid. Lat. armaria, almaria, a chest or cupboard, especially for keeping books, whence armarius, the monk in charge of the books
of a monastery.
"
from the bottom of the sea, and more or less hardened by air and sun, and this imaginary community of origin led to
saurum
libris
Purpuram optimam de almaria tollens " " theet almarium cum ejus pertinentiis, videlicet
name
the ascription of the same See Gorop. Becanus, Gotodanica, Sir T. Browne, Vulgar Errors, c. xxvi. 686, 687 When the animal origin of ambergris was generto both.
;
ally recognized,
name sperma
ceti was now applied both to ambergris and to the oleaginous or sebaceous secretion taken from the head of the spermaceti whale. Kosegarten quotes this passage from Der Garde der Suntheit, cap. 40
:
Due. " Bibliotheca, sive armaecclesia;." Gloss. ^Ifr. rium vel archivum, bochord." The word was very variously written in English. " Almoriolum Pictorial Vocab. in an almery," National Antiquities. And as the term was often applied to a cupboard used for keeping broken meat, of which alms would mainly consist, it seems to have contracted a fallacious reference to the word
the ofiice
fit
walrath,
(sperma
Diez, is a which arms were kept, " armarium, reposiGloss. Lindenbr. torium armorum."
original meaning, according to
The
chest in
The
title
Magceti,
Ambush.
wood, thicket
shelter,
;
From
It.
It.
bosco,
Prov.
bosc,
a bush,
De
spermate
quod Ambra
id
est
dicitur et ejus medicinis, and he quotes Platearius as asserting that " ambra sit sperma ceti,
then to
an ambush.
balenae,"
it
Amenable.
duct.
Easy
to
opinion, that
is
See Demean.
Magnus and
his authorities
meant
Amercement.
court
:
Amerciament.
A pecuniary
ambergris.
III.,
certain,
differs from a fine, which is a punishment and determined by some statute. Bailey.
VOL.
I.
42
In Law Latin, poni in misericordid was thus to be placed at the mercy of the court; etre mis a merci, or ctre amercie, to be amerced, and misericordia was used for any arbitrary exaction.
Concedimus etiam eisdem abbati et monachis et eorum Buccessoribus quod sint quieti de omnibus misericordiis in
perpetuum.
swete and wel beloved spouse dere. There is a counscil, and ye wol it here.
Which
Charter Edw.
I.
in
Due.
And I were
Et inde coram eo
diis et
Due.
buy
my
life
for
an
for if.
When
court,
it
the
mercy of the
I pray
him make
thee, Launce,
was the business of affeerors appointed for that purpose to fix the amount of the amercement.
See Affeer.
and if thou
seest
my
boy bid
haste.
But and
if that
Amonnt. From mont, hill, and vol, valley, the French formed amont and aval, upwards and downwards respectively, whence monter, to mount, to rise Hence up, and avaler, to send down, to swallow. amount is the sum total to which a number of charges rise up when added together.
Amnlett worn about
Lat.
Nay, an thou
then I
am
Ben Jonson
In the same sense the O. Swed. cen
if
while
om
actly to our
an
if,
om, formerly
if.
still,
representative of E.
in the sense of and,
The Sw.
yet.
Ihre.
charm
on,
against evil.
It is extremely difiicult to guess at the sensible image which lies at the root of the obscure significa-
tions expressed
by the
it
particles
and conjunctions,
;
occupy the thoughts, to entertain, give cheerful Formerly also used as the simple muse, occupation.
to
but in the
seems that both sense and form might well be taken from the E. even, in the sense of continuous, unbroken, level.
present instance
Here I put my pen into the inkhorn and fell into a strong and deep amusement, revolving in my mind with great perFleetwood in plexity the amazing change of our affairs.
Kichardson.
The poetical contraction of even into e'en shows how such a root might give rise to such forms as Icel. enn, 0. Swed. cen, Dan. end. With respect to meaning, we still use even as a conjunction in cases
closely corresponding to the
See
is
to
Muse.
Swed.
cen,
An.
The
which
end.
cen-nu translated
and Dan. by
It is the
same
AS.
ence in pronunciation has arisen from the slighter accent being laid upon the word when used as an
article
Ihre, etiamnum, even now, i. e. without a sensible break between the event in question and now ; eendock, quamvis, even though, or although ; cen, yet,
still,
continuously
"
he
So
in
there.
So
in Danish,
om
is still
there,"
dette
the numeral
Dan. een, one, en, a, an. And. There is no radical distinction beAn. tween an and and ; which are accidental modifica-
is
unan.
was not unfrequent to make we now employ and, the sense of an or if.
it
happen ; end ikke, ne quidem, end nu, even now. Wlien one proposition is made conditional on another, the two are practically put upon the same level, and thus the conditionality may fairly be expressed by even conAnalysing in this point of tracted into cen or an. view the sentence above quoted.
even
if
that should
;
Nay, an thou
dalliest,
then I
am
thy
foe,
it must be interpreted, Nay, understand these propositions as equally certain, thou dalliest here, I am
He nomc with hym of Engelond god knygt naony one An myd grete poer and muche folc thuderwarde wende
anon,
thy
to
foe.
It
prove a
fact or no,
depends upon you whether the first is but the second proposition has
to give to
the
the
So that he sone come bysyde hys fone echon, An bylevede hym there al nygt, and al hys ost also, An thogte anon amorwe strong batayle do. R. G. 319.
former.
It will subsequently
conjunction */
is
Secondly,
and
for if or an.
On
by
side,
ANCHOR. ANGER.
or on a level with each other,
treated in the
43
may
together, to
be used to exbe
;
same manner, to form a single whole and thus it is that the same word, which implies conditionality when circumstances show the uncertainty of the first clause, may become a copulative
more
The
Icelandic arinn,
fire,
arne,
arnested, Prov.
Dan.
when
such a signification.
Anchor.
There can
be no doubt that
which gives rise to oyKog, axKuv, an elbow, recess, corner aymg, a valley Lat. angulus, an a swelling oyKTj, oyKivog, a hook angle, uncus, a hook, crooked, and E. hooh, hang,
; ; ; ; ;
from the root signifying hook, the Gr. ayKvlog, curved, crooked
seems a possible root for the first syllable, and we may suppose iron to be the latter element, however disguised by the old orthogi-aphy, and thus the word would correspond exactly to the Flemish hrand-ijser The form andogs, fire-dogs, given in composition. by Halliwell under andiron, gives some support to
this suggestion.
It is
an interesting
trade in introducing foreign terms, that andiron occurs in the commercial regulations of Catalonia.
In
Unco
alliget anchora
morsu.
Virg.
Anchoret. A hermit. Gr. avaxupvrv^, one who has retired from the world from avaxupeu, to re;
tire.
Anchovy.
Fr. anchois,
;
It.
Drets de Cathalunya, 1635, folio 14, we under the head of Obra feta de ferro o de acer, among many other words strange to the Peninsular (pickaxes), ganiuets de tallar dialects, picasses (knives), loces (locks), streps (stirrups), and endetols dels
find,
whence might
rins,
Sicil.
the
cavalls de foe, all of which are explained by commerce between England and the port of Barcelona. Though not exactly in place, it may
Ancient.
fore,
It.
anzi,
be-
ancient, belong-
given by Alfric,
is
confirmed as to the
Ancle.
AS.
ancleow,
G.
enkel.
Probably a
the same root
bending of the arm ; It. anca, the haunch, or bending of the hip OHG. ancha,
;
Bav. anke (genick), the bending of the neck. And. See An.
member
of the word.
is
Stirrup, or
one of
fire.
its
Continental cognates,
much more
prob-
Andiron.
wood
AS.
brand-isen, brand-iron.
But
this could
into andiron.
other etymologists.
Anent.
M.] Anenst. In
;
face
of,
respecting.
AS.
grand chenet de cuisine. Diet. Wallon. The Flemish wend-ijser probably exhibits the true origin,
Fr. landier,
from wenden,
to turn
wend-ijser, hrand-ijser,
Kil.,
e.
verutentum
Cathol-
foran ongean, over against, oppoThe word anent, howsite, in front, Sc. foreanent. ever, does not seem to come directly from the AS. ongean. It shows at least a northern influence from the Isl. giegnt, Sw. gent, opposite, gent ofwer, over against. Hence on gent, anent, and with the s, so commonly added to prepositions (comp. ante,
ongean, opposite
before,
togeanes,
&c.),
anentis.
In modern Engli.-h the term has been transferred to the moveable fire-irons. [There can be no doubt that the Mid. Lat. andena,
etc.,
^'Anentis
God."
men,
it
is
impossible,
Wicliff.
Hence Anenst,
from
Anger.
Formerly used
English andiron are the same word, the Mid. Lat. forms being the oldest of all. The early orthography
of andiron, as given in the Glossary of Architecture,
torment, grievance.
'
levy t fre
well the propyrte,
andime, aundhyryns, hawndymes, hawndirynz, andyorones, does not suggest the word iron as an element in the compound, and wend-ijser would hardly be Latinized andena. Indeed, none of the etymol-
i.
235.
have had.
K. R.
44
In the
original,
ANGLE. ANNEAL.
amel, or glaze
fus puis moult grev^.
whereof
of lead.
Par qui je
Cotgr.
is
Then
as
it
From
pression was transferred to the feelings of resentment naturally aroused in the mind of the person aggrieved. In the same way, the word harm signifies injury, damage, in English, and resentment,
was converted by a
addition
neller.
Sherwood.
less brittle,
To
enamel, esmailler,
Afterwards the term was transferred to the tempering of glass in an enamelling furnace. [The only proper meaning of anneal is, to temper glass or metal by slow cooling, so as to render
it
The idea of injury is very often expressed by the image of pressure, as in the word oppress, or the Fr. grever, to bear heavy on one. Now the root ang is very widely spread in the sense of compression, tightness. G. eng, compressed, strait, narrow
;
and Bailey's definition, and Fuller's use, of the word are erroneous, because there is no process by which coloring matter can be made to " go quite through " glass, except by mixing it with the
silex, potash, lead,
&;c.,
an-
narrow
Annealing, mistakenly
or
whence
;
ayxi
presso),
overlaying
amelling,
it
is
analogous to enit
near
ayx(r9ai,
to
be grieved
ayxovrj,
what causes
for glazing
pain or
grief.
developed in the
trouble
Both physical and metaphorical senses are well Icel. ; angr, narrow, a nook or
;
ANEBL a
[Fr.]
Je plomme,
angra, to torment, to
Hence
To An^le.
AS.
roede,
To
fish
;
Du. anghel-snoer, anghela fishing-line, fishing-rod ; anghelen, to angle. Chaucer has angle-hooh, showing that the proper meaning of the word angle was then lost, and by a
angel, a fish-hook
founded with enamel, as black enamel might, for a similar reason, with niello, and there is much confusion in the use of all these terms in the history of
art.
further confusion
rod.
it
to the
and metals, and of enamelling them, or coating them with easily fusible materials, as well as of
glass
niello,
whence
It.
heat, for
See Anger.
To Anneal.
that the colour
It is
A staining and
may
baking of
it.
go quite through
glass, so
be popularly transferred
Bailey.
much
In the example cited by Richardson from Gower, aneU seems rather to mean glazed than tempered,
Fuller's Wortliies
oncelan,
cBlan, to
is
lost
to support
Wedgwood's
theory,
its
of Kent, in Richardson.
Commonly
kindle, set
referred to
fire, light
AS.
up
;
ancelan,
to
on
is
from
burn.
a very unusual source for the desigterm was derived from Mid. Lat. nigellum, a kind of black
silver.
to every seems most probable that the common derivation from AS. I see no reason to doubt ancelan is the true one.
more
niello,
It.
the Pr.
Pm. means
enamel on gold or
To ornament
to
in
this
manner became
loosely to
eral.
which seems
enamelling in gen-
in the
Latin of the
en-
Neller,^ to varnish,
word would have .been gi^en. This is confirmed by the fact that this process is not known by a name cognate with enamel or with niello to any of the Continental nations, who would certainly have been quite as likely as the English to borrow a designation for it from The French term for anneal, to temthat source. per, is recuire, the German, anlassen, which, it may
definition of the
ANNOY. ANTICK.
be observed, has some resemblance
is
45
;
to anneal.
It
Pro v.
enicei,
enoi.
The
ascribed to
m'es en
oi,"
amor mihi
est in odio
enois.
then, taking
given by
all
German
dictionaries,
general
enois as a noun,
amors m^es
In the 0. Venet.
;
and
special.
Theophilus,
fusible colors,
who
treats of painting
on glass with
a inodio,"
this
under the name of pictura in vitro, and of niello, which he calls nigellum, employs no word cognate with anneal or enamel, and he styles
the annealing furnace clibanus
refrigerii.
" a te inodio,"
equivalent a tua
unaltered
to the It.
piu
ti
sono a noja
The-
dative
Rois.
Livre
des
The
otherwise that of Kilian would have been satisfactory enough, from nood, need, compulsion, necessitas, labor, difficultas
;
example of the Latinized anamelatus, enamelled, given by Ducange is from a document in Rymer, of the year 1429, but the word occurs in a list of relics dated A.D. 1372, in the App. to
oldest
The
aigre pati
743.
Smith's edition of Bede's Eccl. Hist. pp. 741, 742, Enamel is found in Chaucer and anneal,
;
esse
Anon
ever
anelid
7,
tyil,
intermissione
11,
where the
bakun
tijl,
the Vulgate,
murus
and the
Kir-
modei'n version,
the
corresponding
Hebrew
In
fired,
and cannot,
its
:
and swerian, Goth, svaran, to swear. Icel. svara, to answer, to engage for. It is remarkable that the Latin expression for answer is formed in exactly the same way from a verb spondere, signifying to engage for, to assure. The simpler idea
sition,
The
couplet in the
Roman
de la Rose
of speaking in return
is
distinctly expressed
by the
cur-
AS. andwyrd,
R. R. 10G7.
synonymous andswar.
insect, contracted
sister,
translated
by Chaucer
Ant. emmet ;
amita.
The well-known
like
aunt,
a parent's
And And
Anthem.
choirs
A divine song
or
choruses.
Bailey.
antiphonia
0wvj?,
Here, certainly, the poet would have used annealed, had that been then understood to be the English
equivalent of neelee, instead of employing a com-
Gr.
avTKpuveia,
;
from
avTi opposite,
and
voice.
Fr. antienne
AS.
antefn,
whence anthem,
as
from
AS.
stefn,
E. stem.
mon word
of
for enamelled.
list
EnameUez
is
used in an
is
[In the
Anglo-French
as a native
AS. antefn, if the word is to be considered compound of an and starfn or stefen, stefen
to
avTL-
Henry
to
V., printed
by Hunter
in his Historical
thus
appear
in
have been contemporaneously employed England at an early date, and probably the true
between them, though
writers,
is
not easily
accounted
of the
antefn
distinction
sometimes
lost
sight of
by non-professional
is
from ante,
who
Laborde, Notice
At
turies
des
Emaux
exposes dans
p.
les Galeries
du Mus^e du
the recognized
models
of imitation
were
Louvre, IL
numerous examples of the use of both words and sometimes of the confusion of them, and it is noticealjle that in
legacy of
Roman
civilisation.
tion of the
term antique
to
namentation, while
individual
M.]
Wedgwood,
actually
wrought in mod-
To Annoy.
over much.
odio,
it
It.
present day.
Cotgr.
From
est
mihi in
is
hateful to me.
Hence
palays before the gate was builded a work engrayled with anticke workes, God of wine called Bacchus birUng the wine, which
46
by the conduits
ANTLER. APPOINT.
in the earth ran to the people plenteously Hall's Chronicles in with red, white, and claret wine. Kichardson.
Apansii^e.
Lat. panis,
bread,
whence Prov.
;
panar, apanar,
to nourish, to
support
Fr. apa-
Apart.
rate.
Apartment.
At
Apartment, something
set aside for
a suite of
finally ap-
rooms
plied to
made sundry
antikes
is
and devices.
Ape.
a certain
effect
monkey
in general
latterly
But
aiming
as
it
easier to produce
To
ape, to imitate
by monstrous and
at the beautiful
the sculptures
by by
Appal.
it
from the imitative habits of monkeys. Wholly unconnected with pale, to which
which our medieval buildings were adorned, executed by such stone-masons as were to be had, were chiefly of the former class, and an antick came to
signify a grotesque figure such as
is
often referred.
To
deaden, to take
the like.
away or
we
see on
the
An
which
is
man who
Some
doth or lately did overlook Lincoln College. Surely the architect intended it no further than for an ordinary anticke. Fuller in Richardson.
Now
And among
his
should be received.
Eeliquiae Wottonianae in
and
we
call
it,
other of his famous deeds, he revived and faith of Christ, that in some places of
sore appalled.
ditto.
kingdom was
Fabian in R.
Hence
fit,
Apparel.
From
M.
parecchio,
like.
apparecchi-
it all
antickes
preparation, habiliments.
Diez.
to suit.
Appareil,
Spencer.
seiden of the
To dance
the antichs
is
explained by Bailey to
Wiclif in Richardson.
E.
dress, the
Temple
that
it
was
dance after an odd and ridiculous manner, or in a ridiculous dress, like a jack-pudding. To go antiquely, in Shakespear, to go in strange disguises.
In modern language antic
gestures, such as
is
Eke
is.
Parson's Tale.
Then
if
word was
applied to extravagant
those
To Appeal.
to call
call,
masques.
Antler. Fr. andouiUers, the branches of a stag's horns ; but projierly andouiller is the first branch
or brow-antler, sur andouiller the second.
on one for a special pui-pose, to call for judgment, to call on one for his defence, i. e. to accuse
As
the
eepl,
Isl.
apal,
W.
brow-antlcr projects forward the word has been derived from ante, before, but the explanation has not
To Appoint.
The
been
satisfactorily
made
out.
the
is
;
or-
Formerly written anvilt or anvild ; AS. anjilt ; PI. D. ambolt ; Du. aenheld, ambeld, a block to hammer on percutere, viUan Gloss. Pezron Otfried. JUlist, verberas. So Lat. incus, incudis, from in and cudere, to strike G. amboss ; OHG. anapoz, from an and bossen, to strike. Any. AS. eenig, from an, one, and iff, a termination equivalent to Goth, eigs, from eigan, to have. Thus from gabe, a gift, wealth, gabeigs, one having wealth, rich. In like manner, any is that which partakes of the nature of one, a small quantity, a few, some one, one at the least.
Anvil.
;
one
in.
Cotgr.
Nouv.
son
;
A poind,
;
aptly, in
habiller
tunity for
prendre son a poind, to take his fittest opporquand il fut a poinct, when the pi-oper
time came.
Hence appoind,
fitting,
fitness,
opportunity, a
;
mind
and ap-
pronounce
fitting), to deter-
make a
to assign or grant
over unto.
Cotgi'.
APPRAISE. ARBITER.
To AppraiSCt
value
on.
47
borrowed the name of a native fruit from the Romans, and apricot, supposed to be from the Latin
prcecox, because the fruit ripened earUer than the
Cotgr.
To
common peach, with which it was confounded, is probably a case of accommodation from the Oriental
harkuk.
commendaLat.
s.
v. npatKOKcov.
Apprehend.
Apprentice. Apprise.
to take the
M.]
Apron.
of the
called
clothes,
and metaphorically
stand, to learn.
meaning,
to
under-
nappem,
napron.
Still
make a
thing known.
napkin
To Approach.
whence M.
Approbation.
nounce good.
Naperon is explained by Hecart, a small cloth put upon the table-cloth during dinner, to preserve it from stains, and taken away before dessert. Diet. Rouchi.
nappe.
Roquefort.
is
the
diminutive.
Naperon, grande
deem
good, pro-
Cotgr.
in
And therewith to wepe She made, and with her napron feir and white ywash She wyped soft bir eyen for teris that she outlasb.
Chaucer, Beryn. Prol. 31.
Hence an Approver
law
is
The
an
initial
is
very
say
to
don in consideration of
his principal.
This
frere,
whether the consonant has been lost or added. Thus we have nauger and auger, newt and ewte, or eji, nawl and awl, nompire and umpire, and the
Had alway
same phenomenon
languages.
;
is
common
in other
European
Tbat tellitb bim all the secre they knew, For their acquaintance was not come of new
Tbey werin
Apricot.
Triar's Tale.
Arbiter.
Lat. arbiter
Arbitrate.
is
Formerly apricoek, which is nearer They were considered by the Romans a kind of peach, and were called pr<zcoqua, or prcecocia, from their ripening earUer than the
the true derivation.
from whence that of an umpire or judge is supposed to be derived, as a witness specially called in for the purpose of determining the question under
trial.
But there
is
no recognized derivation
in
ordinary peach.
Maturescunt aestate prcecocia intra triginta annos reperta primo denariis singuUs venimdata. Pliny, N. H. xv.
Latin which would account for either of these significations. The true explanation seems afforded
et
11.
in
an uninformed
lots in
lot, is
some shape or
other.
Nunc
sumus.
is
taken in the sense of an oracle, and sortilegus a soothsayer, one who gives oracles, or answers
They were
ladius
also called
describes
the
questions
is
by the
casting of lots
and
this doubtless
species of peach.
short,
lot,
shortdr, a soothsayer.
Now
Armenians,
in
Gr.
TzpaiKOKia,
Arab. Barkokon.
TVpaLKOKKtlOV.
(iepiKOKKta,
we know from Pliny, N. H. 1. was introduced into Italy in the time of that writer, and there is no doubt that it came to Rome from Armenia. It is now called harkuk in Persian, and the same name is given to a species of plum by the Arabs. These nations would not have
[The
c.
apricot, as
XV.
12,
upon which the cunning man of the present most frequently consulted is the finding of lost property, and a dispute upon such a subject among a barbarous people would naturally be referred to one who was supposed to have supernatuThus the lotsman ral means of knowing the truth. or soothsayer would naturally be called in as arbiter
points
day
is
or dooms-man.
Now we
arpa-mies, (mies
;
ter, hariolus
to
48
divine
ARBOUR. ARMS.
arrant cheat, erz-bosewicht, an arrant rogue, erzwucherer, an arrant usurer.
or
notorious,
arwata, conjicio, auguror, aestimo, arbitror ; arwaaja, arbiter in re censenda ; arwelo, arbitrium, arwaus, conjectura, aestimatio opinio, conjectura arbitraria. It will be observed in how large a pro;
So
in E. arch, arrant
&,c.
an arch-rogue,
arch-traitor,
Bailey.
portion of these cases the Lat. arbiter and its derivatives are used in explanation of the Fin. words
Arcbt
boy.
Sly, mischievous.
;
mischievous, petulant
Du.
ArbonTi
From OE.
herbere,
cul-
versutus.
enfant,
erg,
Biglotton.
ruse.
arrig,
tivation of herbs,
trick.
un petit Dan.
det
which commonly occupied the most conspicuous situation in the garden ; and thus the etymological reference to herbs being no longer apparent, the spelling was probably accommodated to the
shelter
most wretched
is
stuff.
probably the
has arisen.
by
me
brought
made, and the charge was felt that could be said of a man.
y wrought, Wliich that benchid was, and with turfls Freshly tumid The liegge also that yedin in compas And closid in all the grene herbere,
right plesaunt herbir wel
To a
new
Memento, Dux Ferdulfe, quod me esse inertem et inutilem dixeris, et viUgari verbo Ai-ga vocaveris. Paul Wamefrid.
Si quis alium
set
And
As
It
is
sliapin
was
this
clamaverit.
a pretty
parloiu*.
Archives.
he,
Gr.
apxetov,
The
term would thus appear to be connected with apxuv, a ruler, apx^i, government, rule (principatus), and
not with apxatog, ancient.
From
apxecov
was formed
in
stokke.
That
it
mne groweth. P.
and hence
is
mod-
P.
2.
331.
applied to the
The word is still used in its ancient meaning at Shrewsbury, where the different guilds have separate
little
Area.
pleasure-gardens with
its
their
summer-
own
an open field outside the town, and over the gate of one of these gardens is written " Shoemakers' Ai*bour."
This lady walked outright
into a fine close arbor
:
Applied in modern E. to the narrow yard between the under-ground part of a house and the ground in
front.
Arm.
till
it
was of
it
trees
man.
lence of eye-sight.
Anus.
Army.
As
it is
Lat. arma,
W.
arf, Gael,
arm,
a weapon.
of offence,
the same
the
arm
itself is
the natural
Arch<
of a circle, anything
Lat.
sense of weapon
may be
simply an application of
to
W.
gwyrek,
word
as the designation
Umb.
apxetv,
Archi
first.
From
beginning,
to
be
From
Apxi'
was used
In G., under by analogy to the high dignities of the empire, and thus joined with words not derived from Greek; erz-herzog,
version, as in arch-bishop, arch-angel.
a naval expedition, while the Fr. armee, and our army, which is derived from it, are applied only to
forces,
arch-duke
erz-Pfalz, the palatinate of the Rhine ; ; Erz-kammerer, arch-chamberlain, &c. It was then used to express eminence in evil, acquiring the sense of E. arrant; ^rz-betriiger, an
at Safalie
Wlianne they were wonne, and in the grete see In many a noble arme had he be.
Prol. Knight's Tale.
ARQUEBUSS. ARRAY.
ArquebllSS.
It.
4^
German
triiger,
inflection en.
an arrant rogue.
Brem. Worterb.
yr,
JtJen
commonly derived from implement of analogous effect before the invention of fire-arms, and huso, pierced, hollow. But Diez has well observed how incongruous an expression a hollow bow or pierced bow would be, and the true derivation is the Du. haech-huyse, haeck-husse, properly a gun fired from a rest, from haeck, the hook or forked rest on which
supposed etymology.
arco, a bow, as the only
it is
[It is
by no means
any conprobably
which occurs both as a noun and as an adjective, and in numerous derivatives and compounds. The radical notion seems
Swedish
to
wild, irreg-
ular action.
bilchse,
a fire-arm.
yr
i hufvudet,
became harque buss, and in It. In archibuso or arcobugia. as if from arco, a bow. Scotch it was called a hagbut of croche ; Fr. arqueJamie son. bus a croc. [The etymology of arquebuss from arco and bvso was first proposed by Polydore Vergil in 1. 11. c. 11,
From
also,
:
a flash of lightning.
"
So,
Sa
talar
ban \ feberyra"
Thus he speaks
Axel.
in feverish delirium.
Tegner's
ant appears
The form arwe, in Kyng Alisaunder, favors the supposition of the derivation of this
of his treatise
tion of
De Rerum
Inventoribus, the
first edi-
which appeared in 1499. The suggestion of Minshew, that the name was taken from the curved form of the breech has been adopted by some
military writers, but the derivation in the text
is
terminating in a guttural.
to
The ending
be due
to
the
we read
to stand
:
" Frensche
it
men am
is
arwe, and
most probable, although the usual description of the old hackbut does not seem to apply to the word as used by Arnold von Harff, A.D. 1496-99, p. 10.
feynte."
In the Glossary,
"
ought
ical
is
Frensche
men
ar
narwer
If
This
so, it
Dae bij stont eyne runde lade oflf tzwen stercken raderen, dar in geladen waeren vierindtzwentzich kuefferen haichenbussen die man vmb moecht keren, so dat man ahnail moecht
drij
well founded,
M.]
The most
is
as
an
In the Latin of the Middle Ages, rationes was the term for the pleadings in a suit
rationes exercere, or
tere or
To Arraign.
intensive of coward.
This probably
is
the primary
ad
mit-
M.l
It.
;
To Array.
furnish a house
Arredare una
casa, to
e.
one
to account, to require
uno
him
like
In to plead, to place him under accusation. manner was formed derationare, to clear one
O. Fr. arfit
Arrant.
used in
"
Mere, downright, thorough, but only a bad sense, as an arrant fool, thief, knave.
unmixed.
out.
An
erraunt usurer."
urig, pure,
P. P.
;
The
simple verb
is
is
pre-
served to us in the
reida,
the fundamental
Stalder.
;
sound
uine
cious
;
airknitha, genuineness
AS.
eorcnan-stan
Swiss,
"
Icel. iarkna-steinn,
stone.
uren,
urig,
thoroughly bad,
abandoned.
Es
to
ist
uriges wetter,"
when
it
[From App.
all
Eng.
edition.]
meaning of which seems to be to push forwards, to Thus, hann reidir nu sverdit, he wields a lay out. sword hann reidir fram mat, he brings out food hann reidir nufeit, he brings forwards money, pays down money hann reidir til rumit, he prepares the he carries hay bed hann reidir hey a hestinom on a horse. Skipin reiddi at landi, the ship was borne to land hann reidir sig uppd Gud, he rests
;
; ; ;
upon God.
arrange.
Sw. reda,
G. arg, bad of its kind, great, exaggerated ; ein arger Schelm, an arch rogue. AS. earg, timid, evil, wretched
Index.
;
Reda
ett
OE.
arwe, arrant.
reda
is
til
middagen,
to
prepare red
Coleridge,
Gloss.
Now thou
And
seist
he
is
the beste
Alisaunder. 3340.
Low
7
knyght
way.
Jamieson.
to
The
termination ant
I.
The meaning of the Lat. paro, paratus, seems to have been developed on an analogous plan. The
VOL.
50
ARREST. ARTILLERY.
If the etymology proposed by Diez
one,
it
is
the true
be to lay
out, to
push forwards.
;
Thus separo
is to
is
word
instead of d, and
as dar senaxih
it
side by side preparo, to lay them out beforehand and the It. parare, to ward off. See Curry. [K apparel (see that word) and its Continental related words are derived from par, there would be the same argument for referring the verb paro to the same root, and the word separo, which means to disjoin, to unmatch, finds a more satisfactory explanation in this etymology than in the primary M.] meaning ascribed by Wedgwood to paro.
more
so that no such
compound
is
In Turkish,
is
always written and pronounced tersane or ters khane ; the Egyptian Arabs use the same form, and Delia
Valle, Let. IV.
s.
9,
says
Dicono anche
per arsenate.
ters
To
stand
Arrest.
still.
it
It.
one
examples of the use of the word, a place of work," but a shed, a covered ship-house, or collection of ship-houses. Thus,
In the
earliest
signifies not "
in
Mid. Lat. adripare, to come to ArrivCi then generalised, It. shore, from ripa, bank, shore
To
xxxvi.
ses darasanes, axi
en Valencia,
Diez.
com en
a cubert.
Arrow.
aurva, an arrow
or-var-
And
in
nar, missiles, probably from their whirring through the air ; " orvarnar flugo hvinandi yfir haufut theim,"
Columbus, Navarrete,
first
voyage of
Saga
Hallo una almadia d canoa * * varada debajo de una atarazana 6 ramada hecha de madera y cubierta de grandes
hojas de palma por manera que ni el sol ni el agua le podian hacer dano.
a grouse, or gorcock,
his flight.
Sw. hurra,
Hence,
tion
For the derivation from the whirring sound of its flight compare \i.freecia, an arrow, with Yr.frissement (Tun
arrow.
would seem that an arsenal was origiand protecof vessels and munitions of war, and not a place
it
trait,
flying
Cot.
It.
by Delia Valle
arzana, darsena, tarzana, a dockSp.
is
M.]
Arsenal.
Art.
effect
skill,
The
work.
Diez.
From
contrivance, cunning.
atelier,
magasin.
Roquefort.
O. Fr. arsenac
Arab, dar-senaah,
Ai't
and
part,
when a person
conservationem in locum perdictum conservatur navigium, Arsena vulgariter appellatur. Sanutus in Due.
Oportet ad
illius (navigii)
monly
nor part.
From
nor partaker.
Venet. artidoco ; Sp. alcachofa Artichoke. Diez. Arab, al-charschufa ; It. carciofa.
[The
certainly plausible,
linguists are
ental.
now agreed
word
as Ori-
Article.
joint,
Moorish proper names by the Spaniards, Arabic words which have become generally naturalized in Europe are commonly found in Spanish in forms nearest to
In
spite of the strange corruptions of
a separate element or member of anything, an instant of time, a single member of a sentence, formerly applied to any part of speech, as turn, est,
quisque (Forcellini), but ultimately confined to the
particles the
effect of
which
is
to desig-
The
is
show
some
by Cabrera to have been introduced from Venice k fines del siglo XVI.," but daragana occurs many times in Aragonese documents of the fourteenth century published by Capmany, arazana in one of the thirteenth century, and Ducange says that aparivah)Q was applied to the "armamentarium Constantinopolitanum, longe antequam Turei Constantinopolim pervenissent,"
one individual, and not to the kind at large. Separated into distinct members; Articulate. specially applied to the speech of man.
Artillery.
ars,
We
find in
and the derivative artijicium, applied in general to the implement with which anything is done, and specially to the implements of war, on the same principle that the Gr. (ivx^^vri, the equivalent of the Lat. ars, gave rise to the word machina, a
ARTILLERY. ASKANCE.
machine, and on which the word engine from the Lat. ingenium, a contrivance.
statute of the year
is
51
prata,
derived
Nom
nem
nem
dinheiros,
nem
joyas,
Thus a
1352 enacts
sit
M.l
is
em
lugar de
ausa venari in nemoribus connulla persona subpoena perdendi seu instrumenta cum Ducange. venatio quibus
Quod
ASt
that as
The comparison
sulum
artes,
fleret
praedicta.
G.
also, als,
als,
alse,
Due.
ars seems to have been formed the Fr. verb
artiller, in the
Schmeller.
Fris.
Also,
sic,
omnino,
fine as
taliter,
Kilian.
" alsa
grate
bote alsa" G.
Fris.
" alsoe graet als," " alsoe graet ende alsoe lytich als,"
as great
as.
sense
we
find artiliaria,
and as small as
atelier,
a workshop
eligantur
Quod
cial!
duo
cum
offi-
Scliyr
Edward
;
that
had
sic
valour
rum.
ad visitandum omnes
Stat.
panno-
A. D. 1360,
is
in
Due.
Was dede and Jlione Stewart alsua, And Jhone the Sowllis als with tha And othyr als of thar company.
Bruce,
xii.
The word
in general
795.
by Rymer.
Decem et oeto discos argenti, unum calicem argenteum, unum parvum tintinnabulum pro missa, &c., et omnes alias
artiliarias sibi
competentes.
artillerie, is
day wald nocht His cot armour but Gib Harper, That men held als withoutyn per Off his estate, had on that day All hale Schir Edwardis array.
that
;
Edward
ta
ArtiUement,
given by Roquefort in
i.
Bruce,
e.
xii.
782.
whom men
in
sta-
tion.
instru-
cum aliis artiliariis et Tres bombardae grossae mentis, de quibus erant onerati innumerabiles carri. A. D. 1482, in Due.
MS.
A statute of
stood
Edward
est
11.
ist," such a In expressions like as great as, where two as correspond to each other, the Germans render the first by so, the second by als ;
So
German, "
is.
one as he
Schmeller.
by
artillery in that
day
sit
in
OE.
as.
the
first
als,
the sec-
ond
Item ordinatum
quod
unus
artillator
qui faciat
To Weris
Jonathan in the Book of Samuel has done with his bow and arrows, it is said, " And Jonathan
When
gave
and
said.
Go
carry
Of all that grete tresoure that ever he biwan Als bare was his towere as Job the powere man.
E. Brunne.
them
is this
But
more
this is
less
passage
having
waeren mit kameren gar ordentlich
probably only because the second as, emphasis upon it than the first, bore
Dae
zogen
contraction, just as
we have
vmb dese
but
as
is
ren-
artalarey geloseirt.
dered by
artzierer,
hogenschiitze,
it
alsoe,
the second by
is
als.
In other cases
als,
The Glossary
as fire-arms
defines
may mean
G.
as
;
G.
= G. so
lange
as long
;
Fris.
weapon.
been suggested, and not without plausibility, is derived from the Italian artiglio,
It has
Ash.
2.
1.
The
tree.
that artillery
Eshei-
beast of prey.
To Ask.
schen.
AS.
acsian, ascian,
G.
Askance.
Askaunt.
may be
illustrated
52
with
It.
ASKEW. ASSEMBLE.
scarso
;
Assassin.
;
Hashish
is
the
Du.
schaers,
;
a razor
Schorrs
afcheren,
to
shave close
schaers,
close,
stingy, hardly.
The fundamental
idea
is
that of
so
;
surface,
it
and
movthen
as opposed to striking
direct
want.
;
It.
schiancio,
athwart, across,
walk by
side.
Florio.
by going Perhaps
bescans,
use among the Hence Arab " Haschischin," a name given to the members of a sect in Syria who wound themselves up by doses of hashish to perform at all risk the orders of their Lord, known as the Sheik, or Old Man of the Mountain. As the murder of his enemies would be the most dreaded of these behests, the name of Assassin was given to one commissioned to perform a murder assassination, a murder performed by one lying in wait for
name hemp in
of an intoxicat-
from canto, a
larity.
is
Piedm.
hescant,
per
Diez.
De
Sacy.
Mem.
de
way
It.
as
It.
cambiare to can-
To Assay. Lat. exigere, to examine, to prove by examination " annulis ferreis ad certum pondus exactis pro nummo utuntur," iron rings proved of a
;
Thus
certain weight.
Caisar.
exagium
solidi,
a proof
shilling.
aschinciare, to go
awry
E. to scamp
(to
his work, to do it in
an
insufficient, superficial
scamp man-
De ponderibus quoque, ut fraus penitus amputetur, a nobis agantur exagia (proof specimens) quffi sine fraude
debent custodiri.
when
ure
Halre-
Due.
liwell),
the
;
It.
saggio, a proof,
To
this
modification
Celtic
must be
assaggiare, to prove,
ferred Gr.
aican^og,
crooked,
Icel.
cam, crooked,
try, taste,
shammr, short
oKaiag,
essay.
Mur.
whence Fr.
essayer, to try,
and E. assay,
Askew.
Awry.
left,
Gr.
To Assemble.
gether, at once,
is
The
tlie
hand Icel. skeifr, Dan. skiev, G. scheef. Perhaps related to shave, from the notion of skimming the surface (see Askance), and probably connected with Gr. amlrivog,
erly oblique, then
on the
left
widely spread in
together
to
From
assembler, to
flock together
unequal, oblique,
to scrape ?)
oKoTdog,
distorted,
(ohoITm, oKaXevu,
meet or
G.
schiel, oblique,
;
scMelen, to squint
;
Du.
schuins, oblique
E. squint
lique.
To
after, to
Aspire. Aspirate. Lat. aspirare, to pant pretend to, from spirare, to breathe. The
is
we have Goth. samana, sammath, AS. samod, together, i. e. to the same place ; te somne, together samnian, somnian ; Sw. sammla, samka, Dan. sande,
the Teutonic branch
;
of language
In
used for the strong breathing employed in pronouncing the letter h, thence called the aspirate, a term etymologically unconnected with
also
Lat. aspirare
OE.
asseinble
joining in battle.
By Carhame
assemhlyd thai
as I harde say.
Ass.
Lat. asinus, G.
To
spring
Assail.
;
Assault.
esel,
Wyntown
assaillir, to
in
Jam.
Fr.
saillir, to sally,
leap
Than bathe the fyrst rowtis rycht tliare At that assemble wencust war. Ibid.
assail, to set
set-
ting upon.
And
in old Italian
we
same
cleared place in a wood. Fr. essart, Assart. Mid. Lat. exartum, essartum, assartum, sartum.
Essarta vulgo dicuntur
sense.
"
La
Non
dumeta
evulsis
quaelibet
terra
quando nemora, vel succiduntur, quibus succisis subvertitur et excolitur. Lib. Scacch. in
forestae,
et
dare succurso.
Non
radicitus
bat."
In the Latin translation, " conflictui interesse nequiHist. Rom. Fragm. in Muratori.
Due.
Et quicquid in toto territorio Laussiniaco diruptum et exstirpatum est quod vulgo dicitur exsars. Chart. A. D.
from Dampier, a native word, or had the people of Mindanao borrowed it from earlier English visitors ?
[Is samo, in the following passage
1196, in Due.
From
one.
This they
weed.
ASSESS.
that
AT.
53
saying that the English and Mindanaians were aamo, samo, M.] Dampier's Voyages, 1708, 1. 359. is, all one.
To
from
fort.
;
Assoil.
To
acquit.
O. Fr. ahsolver,
absoiller, assoiller.
Roqueis
AsseSSt The Lat. assidere, assessum, to sit down, was used in Middle Lat. in an active sense
To
absolvere
and assoil
for to set, to
impose a tax
to fix
assidere talliam
in Fr.
asseoir la
individual.
taille,
confirmed by the use which Wycliffis and Langlande make of assoil and soil in the sense of solve.
Y shal purpose
soylen to
to
yow
;
Provisum
1232.
quod
praedicta
colligatur.
which
not
if
ye
me, &c.
a dow* * * for-
mowen
assoyle, &c.
And
cioun.
fuit quodlibet
Et
Judges
Or
they mighten not bi thre days soylen the proposixiv. 12, 13, 15.
sol.
Due.
Lord, who shal wonye in thi wones, And with thyne holy seintes,
resten in thyne holy This asketh David
hilles 1
In legal language, are funds for the satCommonly derived isfaction of certain demands. from Fr. asseZf but in OE. it was commonly written
Assets.
asseth.
And David
M.]
And
And
if it suffice
not for
asseth.
P. Plowman,
lie
p. 94.
To Assna^e.
able.
From
sweet,
Barabbas. Wiclif,
Pilat willing to
hem
tranquil
O. Fr.
zar,
soften.
gentle
Prov. assuau-
And
him by
Yet never
his richesse,
to soften, to allay, to
alleviare,
answering
satisfacio.
assuaviar,
as
alleger
Pr.
Make Pm.
aceethe
(makyn
seethe
"
do aseethe
servis tuis
Vulgate.
to
K),
spekyng
satisfac
Wicliffe
R. R.
by Chaucer,
softening with the ointment.
hows of Heli
giftis."
hows
shall
and
Now
Wiclif.
In the Vulgate,
eayi'e^Mr.
satisfy.
Assyth,
" I have
To Astonish.
ner, to astonish,
Sithe, to
make
compensation, to
gotten
sythe.
my
heart's site
on him."
Lye
;
amaze, daunt
of.
in Junius, v.
numme
use.
Astound. Stony.
;
Fr. eston-
Gael, sioth,
;
sith,
war, reconciliation
reconcile.
sithich,
According
to
Cotgr. The form must also have been in Diez, from Lat. attonare, attoni-
W.
thunder
at,
to
Pol.
Bohem.
Bohem.
sytiti,
stun, to stupefy.
So
in E. thunder-struck is used
to satisfy.
for
;
But probably
The
iatio,
reconciliatus,
;
contentus,
sedia, saturare
less all
are
consentiens
doubt-
Thus we have
a blow
;
din, a
dint,
;
to
dun, to
make
;
To
Asseverate.
;
an importunate noise
nestly, to maintain
from
by
noise, to stupify.
to
Halliwell.
So perseverare,
Assize.
to
AS.
make
stupid with
to
of an object, to persevere.
Assizes.
d^assize,
noise
assidere
G. erstaunen,
to,
be
From
;
was formed
of bread, the
in the condition of
O. Fr.
tled
;
assire, to set,
whence
At.
Icel. at,
before
assise,
assize,
;
a verb,
upon.
at segia, to say
Lat. ad, to
Sanser. adhi,
bread
to
whence cour
a court
be held on a
day, E. assizes.
Ballivos nostros posuimus qui in baliviis suis singulis mensibus ponent unum diem qui dicitur Assisia in quo omnes illi qui clamorem facieut recipient jus suum. Charta Philip August. A. D. 1190, in Due.
was born
is
the
only proper
mode of
seems
Assisa in
It. is
of,
thus corresponding
bei,
and
is
the origin of E.
German
the Latin
54
AT.
or
ajOMc?,
ad
and the French prls or chez. Such, at Thus, Matth. ix. 9, sitandan at motai, sitting ai the receipt of custom
least, is its force in Ulphilas.
as
in
in.
Erodes uuas an Jerusalem ; viii. 5, thar godes an Nazarethburg ; and, generally, constructions where the modern English employs
iii.
10,
Mark
i.
Mai'k
ii.
2,
At
is
ni gamostedun nih at daura, found no room about, or near, the door ; Mark ii. 3,jah qemun at 'imma,
of towns, but
uuihe,
Mark
iii.
9, ei
we find, with verbs of rest, an themu an themu huse, at, or in, the temple, the house, and at minurnu hus, at them uuiha, endi at thera
burg, at iro herton, at or in
him
my
'is
John
26, patei
kausida at 'imma, which I have heai'd of \J'rom] him. There is, I believe, no case in Ulphilas where at
is
though in
galeilaie,
Mark
vii.
tion
tion,
du
is
et
In Anglo-Saxon, though particular writers prefer the use of one or other of the prepositions iet, at, or
on, in, before the
a verb of moto,
but in
as well as
eral
for into,
all
others im-
King
Alfred's
cet
dcere
cyricean
In Icelandic,
is
used in-
Lindesfarne
also,
1.
IV.
title
to
c.
2,
Putta for
terchangeably with
Damiano
cet
Hrafeceastre
to
same word,
the
is
often
name of a
person, house or
Putta was consecrated bishop, in the place of Damian, title to c. 5, sinode de geworden wees at Rochester
;
word being understood, precisely as we say in English at Mr. Johnson's, and very frequently with the
dative of the
rest
cet
So
(Et
De
I.
name
Analecta,
Thus, in Ynglinga Saga, c. 14, I. Heimskringla, 17, pa var Fridfrodi at Hledru, Fridfrod was then at Leire Y. S. c. 33, Adils do at
and motion.
Saga Hakonar Heimsk. 160, Enn er peir komo nordr Hdkonarhello, and when they came [or arrived]
;
32, 1.
Thonne resteth St. Aethelbriht thdm biscop-stole cet Hereforda, at Hereford; Thonne resteth St. Aethelbert on thdm mynstre cet Beorcingan ; Thonne resteth St. Dunstonus, Arcebisceop, and St. Augustinus cet Cantwara hyrig. On the other hand, in the same fragment, p. 168, nu resteth on Legeceastre, in Leicester p. 169, thonne
168, 169,
;
northwards
to
or at Hakonarhella.
resteth St.
said, is
at,
Ealhmund on
cet,
Northworthige.
is
The
preposition a, which, as I
have
probis
used more
;
fre-
em-
in the
i,
in, is often
used before the dative of the name of a place, a occurs hardly less frequently in the same connection.
Thus, Njdla,
c.
6,
Njala,
c.
99,
Rut hann Mo a
Saxon Chronicle, they are employed indifferently. Langlande in Piers Ploughman most frequently has at ; Chaucer appears to make no distinction between the prepositions in question the Morte d' Arthur pre;
fers at ;
at as often as
m,
Sdmstodum, he lived at Samstad. Knytlinga Saga, c. 110, Sveinn konungr var pa i Roiskeldu, King Sweyn was then in Roeskilde Harallds Saga ens Harfagra, c. 29, I. Heimsk. 106, Guthormr hertogi vard sottdaudr i Tunsbergi, Duke Guttorm died of
;
as do
of the Bible,
except the authorized version, which has in oftener than at. In short, so far as usage goes, the authority for at is quite as strong as that for in,
and upon
precedent alone,
we cannot
establish
a distinction
sickness in Tunsberg.
between them, in
Some
In
fact, in
when
in-
persons prefer in in speaking of a great city, at with reference to an insignificant borough, and would say
may be
and
i,
are em-
" Jokull bid i Tdngu, Smidr a SmidstoSum, p<5rir Hafursjjid bio at Nautabui, f)at heitir mi Undirfell." Vatnsdgela, c. 27. In the Old Saxon of the Heliand, an, in, occurs
:
Chaucer was born in London, Shakespeare at Stratford-upon-Avon, and, etymologically, there seems to be some foundation for this distinction, but practically
it
would be well
is
to
precision of locality
to fix the place
at,
in,
or boundary.
ATONE. ATTIRE.
holden at London, Fleet-Street
seat of the
55
S'attacher
is
the is in London American government is at Wasliington, Pennsylvania-Avenue is in Washington. The distinction would be somewhat analogous to that between the French a and dans, though perhaps less
;
also
il
;
Cotgr.
;
la
guerra, to
commence war
;
la battagha, to en-
strongly marked.
Vivre a Paris ne signifie pas vivre dans Paris ; mais a fait
gage in battle
il
fuoco, to set
on
fire
attaccarsi
di parole, to quarrel.
is
considerer Paris
vivre.
point,
comme un
To
nality.
rel
to lay hold
mais
comme un
Langue Franfaise,
v. a.
Laveaux, M.J
comme un
of one, to apprehend
In like
to
on one,
Atone.
To
To
touch,
Attain.
attingere,
whatever
sacrifice is
necessary
reach
to.
Attainder.
attainder
Were
So wise and
with.
Cotgr.
The
sation is
compared
to the pursuit of
suit,
an enemy
the
TyndaU
in Rich.
Lod. Is there division 'twixt my Lord and Cassio ? Des. A most unhappy one I would do much T' attone them for the love I bear to Cassio. OtheUo.
;
expressed
In following out
suit to
a successful
is
expressed
signifies
Ye
witless gallants, I
set
That
such discord 'twixt agreeing parts set at onement more. Bp. Hall in Rich.
join in one.
by the verb
which
Quem fugientem
Hence
suit
;
dictus
Raimimdus
atinxit.
So
to one, to unite, to
David
liir
of deth.
Chaucer in Rich.
Carp.
by
it,
du
fet,
Pr. Pm.
is
put together
Roquef.
Atains having it
O. Fr.
To Attempt.
Attire.
also
of reconciliation
expressed in the
endeavour.
Fr.
II ot
any kind of
amis
et
anemis
a
Or
sont-il tot
un
mis.
1.
Damoiselle
181.
d^ atour,
Fabliaux et Contes,
Cotgr.,
tire
woman.
to the still-
Attoumer,
mistress.
Attourneur, one
chamber
to dress his
master or his
that of pre-
Those battayles are attoned by the women of mooste auncient age. For when they be ones comen into the middle emonge them * * * the battaile sodenly ceaseth. Fardle of Facions, 1555, folio F. iiii, b reprint, 300.
;
The
was by a
similar train
German
Danish forsone, both in form and theological meaning, is striking, but probably accidental. M.]
from directing
to
These words, though To Attach. Attack. now distinct, are both derived from the It. attaccare, to fasten, to hang, originally apparently to tack
paring for
it,
necessary of
preparations.
He
attired
him
to battle
with
folc that
Venet. tacare
What
"?
atires
him good
navie.
Ibid.
Piedm.
tache, to fasten.
in Fr. the double form, attacher, to tie, to
Hence
To bank over
and
attaquer, properly to
56
Into the waisc tham fro
lie
ATTITUDE.
tomblcd top over
taile,
AVAST.
suit at law.
auditor,
lyft
eft atire.
the term
was
and com-
R. G. 70.
The
The change from atottr to i. e. set him to rights. attire is singular, but we find them used with apparent indifference.
appointed to authenticate
hear the
and
to take
By her atire so bright and shene Men might perceve well and sene
She was not of Religioun, Nor n' il I make mencioun Nor of robe, nor of tresoiir, Of broche, neither of her rich
Riche atyr, noble vestm-e, Bele robe ou riche pelure.
writing ; also to the parties " Testes sunt hujus rei visores et auditores, &c.
Hoc viderunt et audierunt isti, &c." At the present day the term is
attour.
Ducange.
confined to the
R. R.
ance of which
is
Polit.
Songs.
Au^er.
O. Fr. Atirer,
regler.
attirer, atirier, ajuster,
An
implement
by
convenir,
Roquefort.
Attitude.
Posture of body.
action,
It. atto,
;
from Lat.
attitudine,
posture
It.
In cases like these, which are very numerous in language, it is impossible prima facie to say whether an n has been added in the one
evegher, nevegher.
form with an
initial
is
Attorney.
M.
AS. naf
naf-gar, naf-bor.
is
The
an
office
on behalf of another.
Li atorn^ est cil qui pardevant justice est atorn^ pour aucun en Eschequier ou en Assise pour poursuivre et pour Jus Municipale Normannorum, in defendre sa droiture. Ducange.
and hence, the middle of anything, centre of a cirIn composition it signifies cle, axis of a wheel. revolution, as from meren, the sea, meren-napa, a from rauta, ii'on, napa-rauta, the iron whirlpool stem on which the upper millstone rests and turns
;
Auburn.
Applied only to
earth.
"With kaira, a
Sp. halbrent,
year, or
centre-bit,
AS. gar, it forms napa-kaira, common E. name of a piercer acting by the revoluLap.
cdbrent, albran,
a wild duck in
its first
when
is
The
AS. AS.
gar,
is identical
Leduchat G. halh-ente, the plotus anomalipes. Ade"With the London poulterers, a pochard is lung.
halher-ente,
From
by a
bull,
e.
pierced
by
his horns.
point of land.
called a half-bird.
Aught or Ought.
nought, nothing.
Something
d-wiht,
as naught or
must be remembered that sporting occupied a much more important place in the thoughts of our ancestors than with ourselves, and they were proIt
; modfrom , G. aiv, ever, and wicht, Goth. See "Whit. waihts, a thing.
AS.
OHG.
eo-wiht
ern G. icht
portionally better
chase.
Aunt.
Lat. amita.
was
French
to give rise to
a moulting duck, or a ragged hawk. Cotgr. [The examples of the use of amber to denote the color of the hair cited by Richardson suggest the possibiUty that auburn may be a corruption of that word. M.]
To Avail. ! To be of service. Fr. vahir, to be worth Lat. valere, to be well in health, to be able, to be worth. To vail his flag, 2. To Avail or Avale, to lower. Fr. a vol, downwards, a motit et to lower his flag.
;
Audience.
Audit.
was
a val, towards the hill and towards the vale, upwards and downwards. Hence avaler, properly to let down,
to lower,
now used
justice, whence audiwas frequently used as synonymous with judgment, court of justice, &c, and even in the sense of
entia
nautical expression for hold, stop, Avast. Avast talking ! cease talking It. bastare, to stay. Bret, basta, bastout, basta ! enough cease suffice
!
AVAUNT. AVERAGE.
Avaunt.
forwards
57
Begone
en avant
Altieri
an
Avenn^i Fr. avenue, the approach to a place ad and venire, to come. Applied in E. to the double row of trees by which the approach to a house of distinction was formerly marked.
Lat.
to maintain as true,
Hence, finally, in the an average is an equal distribution of whatever inequalities there may be among all the individuals of a series, and then the value of the individual so compensated. The origin of average in the latter
sense became
the practice
The
Fr. avoir
made by independent
insurers to com-
used in the sense of goods, possessions, money. This in Mid. Lat. became avera, or averia.
Taxata pactione quod
equis et armis
salvis corporibus suis et averts et
pensate for losses at sea, instead of a contribution by those who received their goods safe, to make
cum
pace recederent.
good the loss of those whose wares were thrown overboard for the general safety.
is
Chart. Hisp.
Et in toto quantum Rex Adelfonsus tenet de rege Navarrae melioret cum suo proprio avere, quantum voluerit et poterit.
Hoveden,
in
Due.
any of the old Scandinavian or Teutonic sea-codes, and is of recent introduction into the Gothic languages. Hence, the Romance nations, who have
in
used average, or at least avaria, for six centuries, could not have borrowed from the Germans or
Scandinavians a word which those tribes did not
themselves possess.
Garnett's suggestion that the
better
Hoc placitum
i.
e.
word
ou
originally
Regiam Majestatem.
Si
use, but
on that
berbits a campester,
mes
occist
mes
avers.
Icel.,
should be derived, not from haf, sea, haven, Eng., havre, Fr., harbor.
gives historical support to
is
We
plough
then
;
a Scandinavian word
harbor-fees,
is
came
to
be con-
ihofn,
toll,)
port-charges,
Average was the duty work done for the lord with the avers, or draught cattle, of the " Sciendum est quod unumquodque averatenant.
Average,
which I have met in but a single instance, namely, in Grdgds, Um scipa-mef)fer|), cap. ii. "Allir menn scolo gialda hafnartoll, nema, etc.," All men shall
If this
is
the source
gium
2.
gestivale fieri
Augusti."
Spelman
debet inter
in
Hokday
is
et
gulam
dif-
by Wedgwood
Due.
a totally
of course, erroneous.
The
the
earliest instance I
word from the foregoing. The primitive meaning of haferei seems to be sea-damage, damage suffered on the conveyance of goods by sea, from
ferent
in the Assises de
c.
Jerusalem,
p. 77, ed.
Kausler, 1839, in
xlv.,
where
so
many
of our nau-
for tant
Et saches que celui aver qui est gete ne come 11 costa o ces ovaries.
of the word. This in Fr. became avaris, decay of wares or merchandise, leakage of wines, also the charges of the carriage or measuring thereof Cotgr. ; avarie,
rise, for the origin
tant
Et sachies que selui qui est gete ne doit com il cousta o toutes ses avaries.
damage
by a vessel or goods from the Diet. Etym. Marehandise avariees, damaged goods. But when goods were thrown overboard for the safety of the vessel, it was an obvious equity to divide the loss amongst those who profited by the sacrifice. Hence haferei was applied to the money paid by those who receive their goods safe, to indemnify those whose goods have been thrown overboard in a storm.
suffered
The
et spese, and the meaning plainly is accompanying charges, of all sorts, duties included. In the Consulado del Mar, which dates from about the middle of the thirteenth century, this word occurs
of averies, datii
several
times.
Thus
in
c.
59, ed. of
Capmany,
1791, p. 30:
E
be
li
I'eseriva pot
Kiittner.
It.
valega
dels altres,
pendre de quascun mercader penyora que axi be dels personers com e de pelegrins, h de mariners, h de tota persona
lo ndlit e les averies,
VOL.
T.
58
AVERAGE.
the sense of contribution for maritime loss or injiiry
is
que deia donar nolit 6 avertes. E deuense donar los loguers e les averies en presencia del cartolari de la nau.
in a translation of the
in
In
the
Appendix
to the
known and regular charge, because there could be no previous estimate of a pledge to meet so uncertain a thing as damage at sea. In c. Ill, p. 247, where it is twice used, the meaning appears to be the same, though Capmany,
mistaking the sense of the word, has placed this chapter among those referring to loss by throwing
from a manuscript of the year 1436, ix. p. 34. These authorities, and others that might be cited
to the
there
is
good ground to
goods overboard, git, in none of which does avarie occur, or indeed in any chapter treating of damage
at
sea.
avaria and the Oriental avania are the same word, though he gives no reasons for this opinion.
An
is
its officers
and damage
at sea, butj
travellers
very frequently met with in the narratives of old and merchants in the East, in the sense
is
do not use avaria or any cognate word. In the treaty of 1323 between Jaume II. of Aragon and the King of Tunis, sec. iv. Capmany,
rV. 83, it is provided, respecting goods secretly landed in the Tunisian territory by subjects of the King of Aragon, " qu'en pagas lo dret e les averies The word can que pagar s'en deuen e no als."
here
a long history of
Dudley North.
now
in popular use in
Syria
to
a compulsory tax.
Consellers and
a decree of the
mean only
the government.
folio
170
is
b, in
used in
dues or
fees,
folio
Prohomens of Barcelona, recited in an Ordinance of Don Jaume II., A. D. 1315, even so humble a word as almoyna, alms, is applied to an extraordinary impost levied by the city government to defray the expenses of a naval armament against the Moors
In Dei nomine. Ordonament que han fet los Consellers Prohomens de la Ciutat de Barcelona sobre I'almoyna qui cs ordonada a fer armada contra los enemichs de la Fe, e a defeniment dels navegants, h de tola la terra.
e los
employed
peses."
in the
same
In an Ordinance of the Prior and Consuls of the Casa de la Conti*atacion de Burgos, dated 1511, Costumb. Mar. de Barcelona, App. 58, averias is repeatedly used for duties, and in no other sense. See also sec. xviii. and xix. of Ordinances of 1554, p. 172, same vol.
In the Drets de Cathalunya, Capitols de Cort de
1585,
c.
Capmany,
Turkish dictionaries give one or two other words similar to avania, the etymology of which is doubtful,
44,
it is
provided, that
and Mouradja d'Ohsson, Tableau de I'Empire Othoman, VII. 239, defines avariz a tax of five hundred aspers paid by every quarter in Turkish
cities.
Lo
Eegia Cort, y
Doctors de
la
en
its
popular ac-
any connection
It
is
seems rather
esti-
a provision for avertes to the procuradors Jiscals. In fact, averia, as may be seen by the Spanish
erence
is
made
to
to
mate, ascertain, to
make just
or equal, to apportion,
and Catalan
guages,
dictionaries,
still
among
But
if
we
we must
all costs
re-
contribution imposed
by
superior authority.
member
that in
making up
and
by throwing
date, is
any
such word as haferei, averie, or average, to be found, and the first unequivocal example which I have
damage at sea, would be grouped and they might very naturally take their general name from the most constant of them, namely, the duties and fees, or avanies paid at the
contributions for
together,
been able
to find in
when
AVOID.
for maritime losses
AWARD.
59
assigned
to
velopment within the E. language of a word agreeing so closely in sound and meaning with Lat. evitare, Fr. eviter ; but in cases of this kind it will, I believe, often be found that the Latin word only exhibits a previous example of the same line of development from one original root. I cannot but believe
that the radical
meaning of Lat.
vitare is to give
The
damaged goods,
as
wide berth to, to leave an empty space between oneself and the object. Fr. vuide, vide, empty, waste,
vast,
with.
To
mark
;
is
to
mark
OHG.
wit,
empty
witi,
Graff.
which avaria offers a certain analogy in form and a precise coincidence in meaning, but arUtrio seems more probably a translation of the Arabic avania than the source of avaria. " Cedula del
II. en la qual confirma ciertos que habia impuesto la Ciudad de Barcelona para los gastos de una esquadra que armaba contra los Moros." Capmany, II. 77. M.] To Avoid. Properly to make void or empty, to make of none effect.
The ordinary measure of Avoir-dll-poise. weight. O. Fr. avoirs de pois, goods that sell by
weight and not by measurement.
To Avow.
when
call
Avouch.
Under the
feudal system,
upon
arbitrios
right.
warrant.
Then
all
And what if summe of hem beleyvden not, wher unbeleve of hem hath avoided the feith of God ? God
bede.
the
for-
WicUf.
was an act jealously looked after by the lords, and advocare, or the equivalent Fr. avouer, to avow, came to signify the admission by a
tenant of a certain person as feudal superior.
Nihil ab eo se tenere in feodo aut
cabat.
make
the faith of
God
it
withvoid,
out effect ?
To avoid a
contract, to
make
and hence to escape from the consequences of it. " To confess and avoid," in legal phrase, was to admit some fact alleged by the adversary, and then
to
Chron. A. D. 1296.
Ita
indiguerint auxilio,
make
it
it
does
me your
fayth, doe
you beleeve
that there
is
a Uv-
ing God that is mighty to punish his enemies ? If you beleeve it, say unto me, can you devise for to avoyde hys vengeance ? Barnes in R.
Here the word may be interpreted either way Can you devise to make void his vengeance, or to
escape his vengeance, showing clearly the transition to the
nee alium dominum secularem poterunt advocare. Charta A. D. 1250. Donee advocatus fuerit ut bm-gensis Until he shall be Stat. Louis le Hutin. 1315. noster. acknowledged as our burgess. Recognoscendo seu profitendo ab ilUs ea tanquam a superioribus se tenere seu ab ipsis eadem advocando, prout in quibusdam partibus GalUConcil. Lugdun. A. D. canis vulgariter dicitur advouer. personis laicis tanquam k superioribus ea quae ab 1274. A. D. 1315, in Ecclesia tenent advouantes se tenere.
Due.
Finally, with
modern meaning.
:
So
in the following
advocare, and E.
Not
diffident of thee
Thy
The
do I dissuade absence from my sight, but to avoid attempt itself intended by our foe.
also used as Fr. vuider, vider la
To justify a
tify, to
Bai-
ley.
To avoid was
house, to
1 could
With
make
it
empty,
to quit, to
And
Et
bid
my
will avouch
it.
Macbeth.
him from
my
sight,
place.
praedicti
was enacted that all Scots dwelling within England and Wales should avoid the realm within
it
Anno H. VII.
Rastal,
thou
in R.
Await.
?
i.
tel'st
me
of supping
e.
Wait.
To wait till something happens. See Wallon. awaiti, to watch, waiti, to look.
The
primitive sense of
Award.
should thus witness the dein the It.
ward
is
shown
we
to look.
Hence
60
AWE. AWK.
cegir,
to
Prov. Fr. eswarder (answering in form to E. award), inspect goods, and, incidentally, to pronounce
;
am
amazed, I
;
am
terrified
;
ogn, terror
ogna, to terrify
ognar-mal, threats
Gr.
ayq,
;
Hecart.
An
eswardeur^ an inspector.
place the
wonder
at, to
be angry
wonDan.
accordingly in the
first
"
At
;
to stand in
one
"
At
holde
straeng
ave"
to
keep a
strict
awe of hand
judgment upon
judgment.
it,
over.
Isl.
agi, discipline.
ogan, to
fear
Gael.
OE.
award, decision.
difficulties
When
with his
See Ugly. [Scandinavian etymologists have suggested a possible connection between the Icel. cegiligr, terrible, (Bgishjalmr, the fear-inspiring helmet of Fafnir, and the divine klyic of the Grecian mythology, rjv nipt
fiev iravTTi ^ojiog
go to the King
kcne^dvuTai,
but
if alyig is
derived from
He
al^,
dental.
M.]
Therfore am I comen to wite at yow our heued The londes that we have nomen to whom they shall be
leued.
Awhape.
astonishment.
To dismay;
properly, to take
away
And
at
your jugement I
will stand
and do
strif
With
thi that it
bituen us tuo.
Ah my dear
And
askid
if thei
gossip, answered then the ape, Deeply do your sad words my wits awhape. Mother Hubbard's tale in Boucher.
where looking
W.
chwaff, a gust
Goth.
Goth.
afhvapjan,
Icel. hejia, to
choke, to suffocate
afhvapnan, a
Icel. Tcafna, to
be choked
Sw. quaf,
choking, oppressive.
Awk.
Was And
Awkward.
To
men
Three bishops and three barons the wisest that there were And hot hii might accordi, that hii the legate took, And Sir Henry of Almaine right and law to look Tho let tho king someni age the Tiwesday Next before All Hallow tide as his council bisai, Bishops and Abbots and Priors thereto, Erles and Barons and Knightes also. That hii were at Northampton to hear and at stonde
I for this nigh wrackt upon the sea, twice by awkward wind from England's bank Drove back again imto my native clime 1
2 Hen. VI.
Indirect, unfavourable wind.
is to
To
awk
ring
them backwards.
the chief point of god-
To
outward things, as in the choice of meats, and neglect those things that be of the sovd. Udal in K.
to the
There it was dispeopled the edict I wis That was the ban of Keningworth, that was lo this That there ne should of high men desherited be none That had iholde age the King but the Erl of Leicetre one Ac that all the othere had agen all hor lond, Other hor heirs that dede were, but that the King in his hand It hulde to an term that there ihked waa, Five year some and some four, ever up his trespas.
!
That which we in Greek call apiarepov, that is to the awk or left hand, they say in Latin sinistrum.
Holland,
say,
on
PUny
in R.
Lat
E. oj^of, signifying deviation, error, the final k being an adjectival termination. Thus, Icel. af-gata,
iter
devium, divortium
af-krokr, diverticulum,
;
a
a
side
way
ofug-fieiri,
;
flat-fish
side
ofug-nefni,
Awe.
ofug-ord,
iifgar,
verbum
ferred to the cause of fear, assuming the signification of anger, disciphne, chastisement.
absurditas
But her
fiers
full
of kingly
aw
And
high disdaine, whenas his soveraine dame So rudely handled by her foe he saw, With gaping jaws full gredy at him came.
ege, oga, egisa, fear, dread.
Icel. tegir, terri;
Sw. afwig, inside out, awkward, unskilful afwig-hand, Dan. avet, crooked, preposthe back of the hand.
averse, disinclined,
;
terous, perverse.
AS.
ble
;
ahgott,
mer
god
abhold, unkind
ablemen, to unlearn
AWL. AWNING.
caerglauhe, false belief; aher papst, aber-hdnig, false
61
It should
Schmeller.
be
of
In Flemish we see the passage towards the u or w awk aue saghe, absurda narratio, sermo absonus
; ;
many of our sea terms are of Low German origin. Awning is rightly traced by the
J.
Rev.
Davies
to the PI.
is
Com-
afwig-hand), manu
over-recht,
contrarius
prajposterus, sinister
and with respect to the loss of the initial h, which is very unusual in a Teutonic derivation, E. average, Dan. haveri. The contracted
;
awn
G. forms are very numerous ; OHG. Prov. G. ; abich, abech, dbicht, abechig, cewech, awechi {alles thut er awechi, he does everything awkly), affig, affik, aft, aftik, and again cebsch, dpisch, epsch, verkehrt, linkisch, link, and in Netherlandish, aves, aefs,
The
different
forms havenje, haavje, explain the E. hove, shelter. Hal. Hier hebbe ik haavje, here am I in shelter.
Brem. Wort.
der the shore.
So
in
One day as he forepassed by the plaine With weary pase, he far away espide
obliquus
posterus, contrarius.
A couple
Kil.
Which hoved close imder a forest side As if they lay in wait, or else themselves
(=
undoubtedly
abuh.
is
not easy to
[There
is
substantially the
same objection
to this
OHG.
We
etymology as to that discussed in a preceding note, namely, that havenung in PI. D., though it means
generally a shelter, was never used in that language
in the specific sense of
awning, and
it
is
not prob-
Low-German
Wyrcan woh, to work wohdom, unjust judgment woh-fotede, crooked-footed. There is a similar difficulty with respect to Goth, ibuks, retrogade, which Diefenbach also regards as an equivalent form, while he somewhat arbitrarily rejects the Slavonic opak, awry, crossways, wrong, Bohem. paciti, to twist, Pol.
iniquity
;
we have no
from the
Low
Whatever may be
auvanna, auventus, Fr. auvent, (see Ducange, s. v.) they seem to be the same word as awning, and the
French
is
Low German.
vanoue, in Sp. banova, a
pahhem
outwards, on the
on the wrong
side.
Compare
Lap.
aba-
King Don
Bohem. paciti
se,
it
OHG.
paha melega
(meel
= mind),
la
wiUing, disobedient.
Conq. de
VaL
1515, folio A.
iiii,
10.
The
E. gawk, the
Fr. gauche,
But
this is
left
In the
because envannum
same word as
forms like dpisch, cebsch, the G. has gdhisch, gdwisch, inverted, left-handed, " ein wort gdbisch nehmen," to understand one perversely, to take
it
auvanna, though not in Ducange) was contemporaneously used in Valencia in the sense of a projecting covered porch or veranda.
awkly.
similar modification
An
II.,
dated in 1321,
more
and a
See DieIt.
street,
AwL
lesina.
Icel. air
G.
ahle,
Du.
else,
Fr. alesne,
that "
sive exides
domorum "
Awilt
of corn.
A
Isl.
scale or
husk of anything, the beard ogn, agnir, chaff, straw, mote Dan.
;
enantamenta) might be removed by the city authoristreets. See and CXCIV. b. These envanna, or verandas, were permanent awnings, and
ties as
avne
Gr.
axvn, chaff ;
Esthon. aggan,
(sea
chaff.
Priv. Val.
LXVII.
b,
Awning.
Awning
term), a
sail
or tar-
G2
AWNING. AZURE.
and
tille
privily pirith
See Balluster. In most of the cases wliere the verb hove occurs, as it does very frequently in the prose Morte d' Arthur and other old English books, it means simply person waiting in the open air to wait, to loiter.
the
dame
passe,
and
on hir sete, with liir softe plumes and hoveth the eyren that she hue laide, and with hir corps kevereth hem, &c. Pol. P. and Songs, I. p. 393.
sesith
and hence the meaning of shelter is probably a secondary one, and the verb to hove quite unrelated to the supposed PI. D. root. The Anglo-Saxon hof, house, dwelling, G. hof, is probably the root of hovel, but not of hovyn, which
might seem
the
to
But
am
M.]
and aye
2.
and
affirmative
particle,
mean
to
As an
synonymous with
deposition
I.
of Richard
Pol.
Songs,
388:
Byth 80 the hende egle. The eyere of hem alle, hasteth him in harvest
to hovyn his bryddis,
us-aivjan, to
;
du aiva in
ni in aiva,
niaiv, never.
aiuv,
hem
ffeedrin, &c.
interpretation of hovyn
it is
would
not
the true one, for the verse in Deut. xxxii. 11, cited
by
Way in
Pr.
Pm. voce
is
always an age. OHG. eo, io ; G. je, ever, always ; AS. dva, a ; O. Swed. cb, all, ever. The passage from the notion of continuance, endurance, to that of asseveration, may be exemplified by the use of the G.je,ja; Je und je, for ever and ever ; von je her, from all time wer hat es je geseDas ist je wahr, that is hen, who has ever seen it.
Lat. cevum, ce-tas
Gr.
aui, aet,
ite version,
paraphrase, and which reads, in the earlier Wycliff" As an egle forthclepynge his bryddis
certainly true
es ist
je nicht
recht, it is certainly
not right
Es hann ja
may
and on hem houynge," is, in the later version, " fleynge on hem," and in the Vulgate, " super eos
to flee,
over them."
be mistaken ; Thid es doch ja nicht, by no means do it. In the same way the Italian gia ; non gia, From this use of the word to imply certainly not. the unbroken and universal application of a proposition, it
In the Pr. Pm. we find : " hovyn* yn water, or Supernato ; hovyv! yfl the eyre, as other lycoure. byrdys (as, bryddys or skyis (clouds), or other lyke, K. hovun in eyire, as byrdys or askes, P.) ; supervolo, supervolito ; hovyv! on hors, and a-lydyn', sirocino," all of which meanings exclude the notion of shelter. The true analogy is with Icel. at hefia, to lift, E. to heave, the vei'b having a reflexive force. I must, however, admit that in another passage in the poem
last cited
became adopted
In
like
to stand
to,
by
itself as
an
so,
certainly,
even
manner the
In Frisian, as in English, are two forms, ae, like coming nearer to the original root aiv, and ea, corresponding to Gr.je,ja, AS. gea, E. yea. In yes we have the remains of an affix, se or si, which in AS. was also added to the negative, giving nese, no,
aye,
Azure*
It.
From
of the ancients.
Diez.
BABBLE. BACHELOR.
63
B.
To BabblCt
Fr. haKller, Du. babelen, behelen,
;
Gr.
pa[3a^eiv.
of thread, a
tow, a doll
;
Kil.
From
the
Hung, bdb, a skein or bunch Du. poppe, a bunch of flax or Bohem. pup, an excrescence, pupen, a
;
doll.
See Babe.
same principle a verb of the same meaning with babble was formed on the syllable ma.
On
baby.
The
word
sat softly
adown
on
become
in
W.
the
seid
my
byleve
son,
so I bahlede
my
bedes,
They
brouglite
me
aslepe
baby.
gently
On
Hence
to
this
matere I might
full long.
Mamden
P. P.
lips, in
is
little
mop-
deliciae
meae
The simplest articulations, and those Babe. which are readiest caught by the infant mouth, are the syllables formed by the vowel a with the primary consonants of
especially the former
of these, therefore,
is
ma, ba, pa, na, da, ta. Out very generally formed the
of infant
life,
Thus
in the nursery
It. poppa, vulg. E. bubby, Swiss biibbi, the must then be referred to the notion of protuberance characteristic of a bunch or bundle, and must be classed with the E. bob, a lump, Hung, bdb, a bunch of thread, &c., Bohem. pup, excrescence Du. poppe, above mentioned. See Boy. From ba, the sound Baboon, Baber-lipped. made by the collision of the lips, are formed, Prov. G. bappe, the chops or mouth Fr. babines, the large
The
breast,
language of the
lips of
a beast
and
OE.
mammy and
bobby,
It.
Hence
bambino.
baboon, an animal
feature of his
E. whose large lips form a striking face, when compared with man, whom
root.
atta, as
papa,
to
Hebrew
name
W.
Lat.
mamma
is
young
girl,
from bach,
geneth,
and probably
geni, to be born,
whence
name
for father.
Papa was
in
From
which infants demanded food, whence E. pap. In the same way it may be concluded from the Goth, daddjan, to give suck, that the breast was in
that language called dada, agreeing with the prov.
little
darling, bachigyn, a
very
little
thing.
Whether the
tic baches,
Swed. dadda, nurse, Swiss dodo, mother, OHG. deddi, vulg. Eng. diddy, titty, the breast ; Icel. totta,
to suck.
bacelote,
bachele,
;
bachelette,
a young
servant,
apprentice
that
baceller, to
make
It
must be confessed
is
prentice, to
commence a study
the foregoing
suggested by the
OE. use
of the
doll. Fr. poupee, a babie, a puppet or bable, also the flax of a distaff. Cotgr. It. poppara, a sucking girl, also a child's
bacheler, bachelard,
Pupa, puppa, a
child's
In ordinary
Prov.
We
doll is
doll
G. doche, a
was used of the young student, Then, as young soldier, young unmarried man. in the case of many other words signifying boy or
bacalar, bachallier,
youth,
it is
Fin.
nate condition.
u
Vos e mi' n fesetz per totz lauzar Vos com scnher e mi com bacalar.
BACK.
BADGE.
turning away, seems distinctly traceable, but at this
point
we become
You and
Lord, and
made
ourselves praised
among
all
you as
I as servant or squire.
Aytan can dura batalha Nos fay gran dan sirventalha, Fanan van man bacalar.
long as the battle lasts the servants do us great damRayn. age, many a bachelor goes robbing.
word Awkward), in which the same fundamental notion of perversion is expressed by apparent derivatives from the prep, ab, af, with an adjectival termination, ug, ig, &c. I find it impossible to draw the line distinctly between the
(indicated under the
two.
As
Back,
er's vat,
St
word
is
Where
the bachelor
It
is
classed
among the
sirventalha
vessel.
Pr. bac, a
flat
wide ferry
or valetaille.
boat
Du.
back, a trough,
plained
by Diez.
functions of a knight were complete
at the
wagon,
Dan.
a
bakke,
tray.
Of
The
he rode
when
this
the
bacino
It.
is
the diminutive,
bacinet,
whence E.
or bason-
his banner,
head of his retainers assembled under which was expressed by the term " lever banniere." So long as he was unable to take this step, either from insufficient age or poverty, he would be considered only as an apprentice in chivalry, and was called a knight bachelor, just as the outer barrister was only an apprentice at the law, whatever his age might be. The haccalarii of the south of France and north of Spain seem quite unconnected. They were the tenapts of a larger kind of farm, called haccalaria, were reckoned as rustici, and were bound to certain duty work for There is no appearance in the passages their lord. cited of their having had any military character whatever. One would suspect that the word might
be of Basque
origin.
1cq\.
basin,
bason;
bacinetto,
shaped helmet.
the foregoing Dan. bakke and gammen, a game, may doubtless be explained the game of Back-gammon, which is conspicuously a tray-game, a game played on a tray-shaped board, although the word does not It is exactually appear in the Dan. dictionaries. ceedingly likely to have come down to us from our
(also bakke-bord),
Backgammon.
From
tray,
To make or leave a blot at Backgammon is to uncover one of your men, to leave it liable to be taken, an expression not explicable by the E. sense
of the word
blot.
;
blott,
Dan.
blot, is
naked, exposed
; JJiih.
Back,
face.
hak
pahala.
The
;
gora
blott,
point, to
make an exposed
Backet.
carbon.
pail.
to twist
Pol. paczyc
;
to
warp
(of wood), to
in the sense of
out of shape
Hecart.
Rouchi, bac a
is
The
;
Fr. baquet
a tub or
perversity
opak, the
Bacon.
O. Fr. bacon
bacquier, a sty-fed
;
hog
paid
in composition,
baecken-vleesch, baecklittle
paki-buitie, regenerais
Port, bacoro, a
pig.
Du.
Pied.
So
in
E.
it
to
to give
it
baggele, bigge,
bigghe, a
pig;
baeckelen, bagghelen,
again, to give
Kil.
which it was formerly given, and with us too the word is frequently used in the moral sense of perverted, bad.
Bad.
sus,
G.
bose,
Du.
malignus.
A back-friend
to
is
lieve,
tasteless, insipid.
to back-bite is
Badge.
A distinctive mark
fall into
error
Icel.
bak-radudur,
of the
ill-counselled; bak-bord,
ship.
the
left-hand side
side
Fin.
Lap. paha,
Goth.
bad
OHG.
versus, sinister
ibuks, backwards.
To
this
worn conspicuously on the dress, often the coat of arms of the principal under whom the person wearDu. busse, stadt-wapen, ing the badge is placed. spinther, monile quod in humeris tabellarii et caduBage or bagge of armys Kil. ceatores ferunt. Perhaps the earliest introPr. Pm. banidium duction of a badge would be the red cross sewed on their shoulders by the crusaders as a token of their
calling.
BADGER. BAFFLE.
But on
65
bafouer, to hoodwink, deceive,
baflfle,
The
his breast a bloody cross he wore, dear resemblance of his absent Lord,
French has
words unto
fair
;
Crucem assumere dicebantur (says Ducange) qui ad sacra bella profecturi Crucis syrabolum palliis suis assuebant et aiBgebant in signum votivaj illius expeditionis. Franci
words.
Cotgr.
beffler,
to
Of
may
be
borrowed from the E. bafful, which seems to have been applied to a definite mode of disgracing a man, indicated by Hall as in use among the Scots.
actually
sign of the cross, then, was in the first instance, " assumentum," a patch, botch, or bodge ;
boetsen, interpolare,
The
And furthermore the erle bad the herauld to say to his master, that if he for his part kept not his appointment,
then he was content that the Scots should hafful him, which a great reproach among the Scots, and is used when a man is openly perjured, and then they make of him an image painted reversed with the heels upward, with his name, wondering, crying and blowing out of [on 1] him with horns in the most despiteful manner they can. In token that he is to be exiled the company of all good creatures.
is
ornare,
ang.
botche, bodge.
to
Kil.
G.
soft,
thing
to strike with
Sanders;
flat,
or paddle in
patch.
Sanders.
find
wet.
G.
dabble,
The
radical
notion
of patch,
Again, in the F. Q.
First he his beard did shave
of
mud thrown
Hence we
sense of dabbled.
Their hands and feces were
all JcK/jrerf
with blood.
his
armour
sperst.
Macbeth.
Now
Bad^er
This word
is
used in
two
senses,
apparently distinct, viz. in that of a corn-dealer, or carrier, one who bought up corn in the market
for the
purpose of selling
it
in other places
and
secondly, as the
name
in
NoAv we have in Fr. bladier, a corn-dealer (marchand de grain qui approvisionne les marches a
dos de mulcts
Beauty without
Hecart),
goodness
To
bauchle,
;
bachle,
misuse
to
them awry
com,
bauchle,
be blaireau, the actual designation of the quadruped badger in the same language, which would thus
signify
tempt or derision.
One who
little
laughing-stock
which the
familiar.
made
us
little
But
the quadruped,
is
directly descended
Wallace lay still quhill forty dayis was gayn And fyve atour, hot perance saw he nayn Battaill till haifF, as thair promyss was maid. He girt display again his baner braid
EapreitTyt Edward ryclit gretlye of this thing, Bawchyllyt his seyll, blew out on that fals king
ogy with soldier, solger, sodger, would be bladger ; and though the omission of the I in such a case is a somewhat unfamiliar change, yet many instances
his gait.
tlie
extract from
may be
given of synonyms differing only in the preservation (or insertion as the case may be) or omission of an I after an initial b or p. Thus Du.
be seen that the affront put by Wallace on the king's seal in token of his having broken his word was an example of the practice which Hail
will
tells
and blaffen, to bark paveien and plaveien, to pave pattijn and plattijn, a skait or patten ; butse and blutse, a bruise, boil E. botch, or blotch ; baberbaffen
; ; ;
name of
baffulling,
being
represented in
English by an
has
f as
in
many
other cases.
The G.
lipped, P. P.,
and
blabber-lipped,
tired,
synonymous with
gainly lips
blette,
fagged,
;
and
beets
make a
bafel
of,
to bauchle.
Sanders.
Kiittn.
Sc. bauchle
verbafeln, to
The
is,
!
origin
weet
G. term
!
I believe,
!
foment.
Baffle.
I.
the interjection.
To
Formerly written
baflul.
The
9
Bah Pooah
!
Sp.
Faugh Baf
!
Baw
all
Pah
Pooh
Fr.
VOL.
66
tations of the strong
BAG.
exspiration
BAGGAGE.
Nous composons par traictie fait avecques cculx la disme que devons en toile, en drap, en coussins, en banquiers et
en autres
telles
accompanied by
instinctively
a projection of the
quently in the
disgust,
first
lips,
by which we
defend ourselves against a bad smell, and are conseinstance expressive of physical
bagues.
Ibid, xxxii.
etymological connection between O. Fr. bagues and the Icel. haugr is by no means improbable,
[An
it
but
Buffa, the despising blast of the
slurping.
is
"Way in
mouth
that
we
dif-
call
v.
Chyrp.
;
Hence also Port, hafo, breath Prov. O. Sp. hafa, Fr. mockery, jest ; Sp. hefar, It. heffare, to jeer heffler, to mock. From the notion of mocking to that
;
ferent forms of the same word. The Fr. hagage formerly was, and the Sp. hagaj'e still is, used in the sense of beast or carriage of burden. Thus Bran-
tome,
Hommes
que
comte
now
used,
;
is
an easy
transition, as
shown
in
other instances
scoff,
gibe,
de
Ubrement
Neumann.
plainly distinguished.
The
the
bit,
make a
lip,
laugh at
also
move the lips and catch at the chain of would look like a derivation from hefo, the and the supposition is supported by lip of a horse the Genoese fa heffe, to pout, make a mouth at,
(of horses)
;
La
y
el
bestia de carga.
Llamase tambien
asi la
word
to the
but there
no real repugnancy
word
The Ara:
from a representation of the sound made by an exspiration through the prohefo being itself derived
jected
lips.
se atan
y aseguran
las cargas
los
Bft^t
The etymology
to
;
machos
il
otras caballen'as,
perplexed
by
similarity
to
it
and which
also signifies
relation
W.
a burden, a load
Bret.
with
life
O. Fr. hagues, goods vie et hagues sauand property ; Icel. haggi, a load, a
is
name of a package bound with a haga or cord, as is common in all countries where beasts of burden are
used.
The
true connexion
p.
208
a leather bag, wallet, quiver, belly, blister ; Goth. halgs, a leathern case, a skin ; G. halg, the skin of
Es
Lomb.
and on
p.
209
Ba^^age.
and not the
inclined at
Fr.
Aprbs ce
Anno
we
are
suppose.
The
origin
AS.
heag, a ring of
silver or gold,
a giver of jewels, a munificent Danes doubtless it passed into France, giving rise to the Fr. hague, a valuable, and finally a portable possession of any kind.
heah-gyfa,
AS.
From
the
Un riche
fille.
et puissant
this deriva-
en sa chambre et illec prepara et ordonjoyaulx qu'elle avait attains et mis dehors pour festoier son amoureux. Ibid. c.
En la fin monta
les bagues et
which
is
it
na
supported
by
citations,
BAIL.
Indeed, package, which
BALCONY.
i
67
word,
is
rier,
Roquefort.
or pale.
advanced gate of a city, palissade, barricade. It is probably the same word as paling
Fr. balises, finger-posts, posts stuck up in
the substitution of
any
flax,
difficulty.
p Baga
for h is too
common
to create
signifies, further,
the boll of
and
it
it is
a river to mark the passage. Balle, barriere Hecart Bale, poste, retrauchement revenir a ses
; ;
cord
may have
taken
its
name from
that of a charit
bales, to
game
of puss in
manufactured.
Bail.
M.]
to
from which
was
Hence
now
the
little
Bailiff.
The
Lat. lajulm,
a bearer,
was applied
the
it
in later times to
cliild
about.
was applied
a nurse, viz. as carrying Mid. Lat. hajula, It. hdlia. Next the tutor or governor of the chilto the foster-
Bait.
Baize.
cloth.
Formerly
bayes.
Du.
dren, probably
father.
Alii hajuli,
1.
To Bake.
bake, roast, &c.
To
;
cook in an oven.
e.
servuli,
vel nutritores
dominorum.
dress or cook by dry heat to Bohem. pek, heat peku, pecy, to pec, an oven pecene, roast meat
;
pekar, a baker
piec, to bake, to
Aragon.
in
Ducange.
the child under the care of the Bajulus
tutor
jieyaq
roast, to parch, to
full
;
burn
When
piekarz, a baker.
baka, to warm Kongur bakade sier vid elld, King warmed himself at the fire. Heimskr.
;
Isl.
the
Prov. E.
to
The name was also applied to the tutor of a woman or a minor. Thus the husband became the Bajulus uxoris, and the name was gradually extended to any one who took care of the rights or person of
another.
warm warm
toast
oneself;
oneself.
bread
Holz bdhen,
calefacere,
In
this sense is to
it
a certain form.
baths.
Gr.
/?u,
nary E. expression of giving bail, the person who gives bail being supposed to have the custody of him whom he bails. From bajulus was formed It. bailo,
balivo (bajulivu^)
;
Lat. Bajte,
warm
;
See Bath.
The
;
root
is
common
to
to
Lap.
Fr.
bail,
bailli,
E.
bail, bailiff.
The
who
and engage
to
produce
pokes, to melt with heat pakestet, be hot, to bask; paketet, to heat, make hot. [Barbour, in The Bruce, uses bake precisely as the Icelanders do the verb at baka
him when
required.
pro pupillis.
Usatici
And as thai ner war approchand, Ane Inglis man, that lay hekand Him be a fyr, said till his fer, &c.
Bruce,
b.
Et
le roi I'a
comme
hail d'elle.
XIV.
v.
325-7. M.l
Balance.
ance
;
Et mitto ilium (filium) et omnem meam terram et meum honorera et meos viros qute Deus mihi dedit in hajulia de Deo et de suis Sanctis, &c. Ut sint in bayoliam Dei et de Sancta Mariil, &c. Testament. Regis Arragon. A. D.
bilanx, the
beam
sup-
ported in
the middle.
It.
bilancia,
Sp. balanza,
1099, in
Due.
Fr. bailler, to hand over, from bajulare, in
i to
making one a
it
bail or
keeper of the
intrusted
on his own behalf was called a bailiff, bajulius or ballivus, from the regent of the empire (as we find in the case of Henry of Flanders
" Principes, barones et milites exercitus
la
move up and down, to see-saw. Barbican. From the Persian bdBalcony. An open chamber over khaneh, upper chamber.
it
still
called
by
that
name, according
to Rich.
me
imperii
Ballivum elegerunt ") to the humble bailiff in husbandry who has the care of a farm, or the officer who executes the writs of a sheriff. Bail, 3. Bail is also used in the sense of post or
bar.
such a chamber looked down upon the outside. As this balcony over the gateway is precisely the position of the barbican in a castle wall, it is probable that the latter name, in Mid. Lat. barbacana,
is
The
bails
posts set
up outbar-
Fr.
bailie,
gives us balcony.
we compare
the various
modes
68
BALD. BALE.
is
de-
white
mark on
the face.
Thus
we
face.
Du.
bles,
bald-fiiced,
blesse,
whom
bald.
Kil. Gael, ball, a spot or mark Bret, bal, a white mark on an animal's face, or the animal itself, whence the common name Ball for a cart-horse in England. As the common word for a mark of this
kii\d
is
in
E.
blaze,
Sw.
blaesa,
Dan.
pile.
bal, in
the
same
sense,
may
probably be identical
Balcony
is
much
later introduction,
with
Icel. bal,
a blaze, a funeral
Gudm. the
European sense of the term, flame, Gael, maol, bald maolan, a beacon. Fin. chamber over a gate," pallaa, to bum, palo, burning, paljas, bald. A bcdd and I am aware of no authority for assigning such head is remarkable as smooth and shuiing. a position to a barbican. The balcony is everywhere His head was hailed, and shone as any glass. Chaucer. " a platform on the outside of a window," as Richbalcony, in the
is
[A
and the barbican, except sometimes always an outwork, a tete de pont, a lunette or a hornwork to cover the entrance to a castle, an antemurale, as the Mid. Lat. writers explain it, and built substantially on the
ardson defines
it,
Balderdasht
to balder, to
Halliwell.
W.
baldorddi, to
Du.
balderen, to bawl,
make an
same
it
covers.
Delia
bolderen, bulderen,
Kil.
Icel.
buldra,
Dan.
buldre,
to
make a
&;c.
loud noise, as
;
In mezzo
al cortile
sta fabbricata
pic-
also to scold,
make a
disturbance.
The
final syllable
;
seems
to
to
da
vi
da terra quanto e
Gli
alto
clie
prov. Dan.
ascende per
tetto.
*****
piii scalini, e
dov-dash, chatter
fit
deave
chiamano balachane,
one.
Bav.
;
ddtscli,
hand
dcitschen, to clap,
smack,
;
tattle
Gael. baUart,
He
ballartaich, ballardaich,
The same
terminanoise
The meaning
tion in like
Wedgwood's
derivation
in plabartaich,
am
inclined to
a clapping or flapping of wings. From the same analogy, which causes so many words expressive of
the plashing or motion of water to be applied to
Monthly, who prefers the etymology which Wedgwood's observations on Balk suggest. M.]
rapid
signify
or
is
used to
Bald.
Formerly written
it
balled, baUid,
whence
is
washy
1.
weak
liquor.
Richardson explains
as if
it
signified
root,
made round
too
Bale.
bealwes,
AS.
bealo, gen.
and smooth
like a ball.
The
however,
torment,
wickedness;
Goth.
Finn,
balva-vesei,
wickedness
;
bal-veins,
torment
Icel. bol,
calamity, misery
Du.
of trees
cium.
ail, to
Pol.
bol,
ache, pain
;
bolec,
Bohem.
ill.
boleti, to
ache, to grieve
mark on
the face, as in
plague, a pestilence.
blister,
common
boil,
may
bolatvy, sick,
W.
Perhaps
Icel. bola,
and the
a black bird with a conspicuous excrescence of white skin above its beak, G. blassbald-coot,
cheval belle-face.
faced, white-faced.
Nordfoss
or buzzard.
v.
Fr.
Russ.
to
be
ill,
to
grieve
bolyatchka,
in
bldsig.
Bald-
pustule.
Halliwell.
The
real identity
is
witnessed
by the analogy of the Slavonic languages. Pol. Bohem. lysy, bald, marked with a white streak; Pol. lysina, Bohem. lysyna, a bald pate, and also a
Sw. bal ; It balla ; Fr. goods packed up into a round or compact mass. See Ball. To Bale out water. Sw. balja, Dan. balky Du. baalie, Bret, bal; Gael, ballan, a pail or tub
2.
A package
of goods.
i.
e.
BALK.
G. halge, a washing-tub, perhaps from a water-skin being the earliest vessel
water.
halg,
BALL.
word
for both is the same,
it
69
is
a skin,
for holding
which Wedgis
wood supposes
halle,
to
Hence Dan.
Du.
haalien, to
with a bowl or
pail.
a beam.
Again, with the clumsy implements of primitive agriculture, balks in ploughing must have been very
frequent,
To Balk.
over.
To
balk
is
to pass
over in plowing, to
For so well no man halt the plow That it ne balketh other while, Ne so well can no man afile His tonge that somtyme in jape Him may som light word ourescape.
marked by regular boundaries, and hence the sense of partition is a later meaning of balk than that of
accidental omission, which
is
possibly the
radical
Gower in R.
meaning of the word. There is, however, a more familiar root from which the word is probably derived, namely, that discussed under Bulge. Balk
in ploughing
is,
between one diand another, the partition over which you must skip in passing from one division to the other, and specially a ridge of green sward left by design between different occupancies in a common field. Halhwell. Icel, bdlkr, the division between the stalls in a cow-house. Sw. balka, to partition
balk, then, is the separation
in
Prov. Dan.,
PI.
to
vision of a thing
large
lump or
clod
off.
This third the merry Diazome we call border city these two coasts removing, Which Uke a balk with his cross-builded wall. Disparts the terms of anger and of loving.
Fletcher in R.
The PI. D, bolt, a hummock in a low meadow, is doubtless another form o^ the same root, and the idea of bulging or swelling, rounded prominence, appears to be the primary meaning of all this numerous and widely diffused family of words.
plough.
The forms
identical
and
Then, as
applied to
it
in
is
the term
countenance to the supposition of Genin, that the Fr. bois, O. Fr. bos, is the root of ebaucher, but
Diez's derivation, which refers these words, as well
as the Italian bozzo,
etc., to a common origin with a hump, lump, or projection, is at as probable as the view taken in the text.
balk,
Dan.
to
bieelke,
Picard. bauque
to
and
in
the
modern
bosse,
The
least
composed.
Most
cal with
it
more
is
dif-
ficult to believe,
identi-
His owen hand than made ladders three To climben by the ranges of the stalkes Unto the tubbes honging in the balkes. Chaucer.
It.
be accepted as
A
fold
;
hay-loft
is
provincially
termed
the
balks
responds to
it,
produced
(Halliwell),
because situated
among
the
rafters.
Hence
a
M.]
which Diez
;
to stride
but
it
Ball. Ballad. Ballet. It. ballare, to dance, from the more general notion of moving up and down. Mid. Lat. ballare, hue et illuc inclinare, vacillare. Ugutio in Due. Venet. balare, to rock, to see-saw. O. Fr. baler, baloier, to wave, to move, baler des mains, plaudere manibus (Diet. to stir Etym.) as to dance was plaudere pedibus.
[Beams for houses were in use, and must have had a name, long before the plough was invented, and it is therefore an inversion of the natural order of derivation to suppose that balk, a beam, was so called because it resembled an unploughed ridge, nor indeed is there any such resemblance between the two objects that the one is likely, in any case, to have given name to the other. The Anglo-Saxon
Job ne fut cokes (a kex or reed) ne rosiau Qui au vent se toume et baloie.
It. ballare, to
Hence,
ballo,
a dance, a
in
ball.
ballad.
ballet
dancing (perhaps in the interval of dancing), a Fr. ballet, a scene acted in dancing, the
of the theatres.
70
It is probably
BALL.
an old Celtic word.
BALLAST.
\
Bret. haUa,
movement of
halla,
Balloon. Ballot.
halle,
It.
palla,
is
haps not word for word, an Ordinance of the year 1454, write the word barlast, a form which, according to the rules of Danish orthoepy, can hardly be a corruption of baglast.
ball,
of which balloon
ball,
the
The
Dansk Soret
augmentative,
ballot,
little
the diminutive.
pelotte,
pellet,
above referred
E.
small ball.
which the word occurs in the participial form, leaves the meaning disputable, and it may signify ballasted, having taken in ballast, or, possibly, laden, having taken in cargo
With
and
its
It.
ball,
dim. pilula, a
Nor can we
;
separate the
Kommer Schifftil StadzensBroeellerLandfestatschibbe goods up, da schuUe schiff, som barlastid er, som fore ligger, vdlegge oc gifFue rum den, som vpschibbe vil. 10.
Du. bol, bolle, a globe or sphere, and specially the head bolleken, capitulum bol, bolleken, the bulb of an onion poUe, pol, polleken, the head or top of anyFr. boule, a ball, and the dim. boulet, a bullet
; ; ;
which is ballasted [or perhaps, laden] and lies way, shall move out and give place to the ship which wishes to unlade. It should be added
is
thing.
that opskibe
also equivocal, as
it
signifies
both to
true
Ballast.
Dan.
bag-lest.
The
first
syllable of this
It is
word has given a great deal of trouble. plained bach, by Adelung, because, as he
ballast
is
ex-
charge.
The
latter
is
says, the
meaning.
the
the hold
But The
But it is much more probable that in this instance meaning of barlastid is the ordinary one of havballast,
true explanation
bag-Ices,
ing taken in
tion to
in a condi-
move
empty waggon.
a return
this opinion is
"When a
cargo,
ship discharges, if
it fails
to obtain
dinance of King
Don Jaume
11. 24.
I.
of Aragon, of the
it is
serve equilibrium.
This
is
narii
Dominus navis cujuslibet vel ligni, et nautffi atque marieorimdem non dimittant vel desemparent navim vel lignum * * quousque merces omnes * * sint discaricatae in terra, et
saonata et ormejata.
sit
I.
was
Shall not leave the ship until the goods are dis-
BaUast,
inutilis sarcina.
Kil.
[This etymology, though very plausible, is, I think, unsound. It is not true, as a general rule,
that
was lightened by discharging being necessary for her safety. There is another provision to the same effect in X., the word there being written
saorrata, instead of saonata, which, in
I., is
probis
homeward-bound ships sail without cargo, or in ballast, more frequently than outward-bound, and
is
Neither form
in
therefore back-loading
tion for the
employed
to
Ducange or Carpentier, but the word is evidently from the Lat. saburra, and its meaning seems to be Capmany, however, understands it to signify clear.
discharged of ballast, and translates
it
" deslastradas,"
The word
which
is
in
The form
be the Gothic
though
it
last,
Recht of Frederic
IV.
col.
II.,
A. D. 1561, Westphalen,
origin,
just cited,
and which
it
serves to explain
and
may have
back-loading.
sen, 1510, the
Neen Bossman schal sick scheden van synen schipper, wenn dat Schip in den Haven kahmen is, ehr idt is gelosset und aflftackelt, imd wederiimb beballastet.
but the word
Oresund Tariff of 1558, the Gammel Dansk Soret, printed in the 6th volume of the Ny Dansk Magazin fi-om a manuscript of the sixteenth century, and Hvitfeldt, 1652, p. 859, citing, but per-
Palsgrave gives " balast of a schyppe, Fr. lestage," is not common in early English writers.
is
Saburra
first
BALLAST. BAMBOOZLE.
example of
then,
ballast
is
71
from Hackluyt.
We
find,
forms of
loading,
lable
ballast, nor in the appropriate sense of the word, any support for the derivation bag-last, back-
M.]
Fr. ballustres,
ballisters
(corruptly
little
first syl-
when placed
as guard to a staircase),
still
pillars,
An anonymous contributor, A.
Nieuw
of the
landish
Archief,
first
is I.
D.
J.,
in
De Jager's
explanation
in
Cotgr.
Said to
479, proposes a
new
Balg
Nether-
But
and the writer in question supposes ballast to be the lading, whether of valuable cargo or mere heavy rubbish, which is placed in the hold of the vessel. In support of this opinion, which is not hastily to be rejected, he cites two instances of the form balglast, one from an old drama, Crispyn en Crispiaan, the other from Jan Vos, a writer of the seventeenth century. Were these authorities two centuries older, they would be almost decisive, but
ship,
The
a corruption, analogous
what is seen in It. bertesca, baltresca, a battlement; Lat. urtica, Venet. oltriga, a nettle. Sp. baranda, railing around altars, fonts, balconies,
&c.
;
modem
to
be so considered.
Ten Kate,
barandilla, a small
parti-
These verbs
now
current
Dutch, at least in any such sense, and I am not sure whether saburrare is used in this definition figuratively with reference to the
was used
human
stomach, or
with the
literal
meaning,
to ballast.
Plautus uses
a passage cited from the Priv. Valentiae, in note on the word Awning.
my
crammed
ides
Ben
Jonson, Every
Man
out of his
in vulgari
his belly is
and his brain rigged a little." But if verbuiken had in Dutch the literal meaning of ballasting a ship, it would strongly confirm the derivation of ballast from balg. Further research in the
Gothic literature of the sixteenth century will probably enable us to decide the question.
em
dat,
word,
however, veranda can be shown to be an Eastit will follow that the Old Catalan baranthan derived from bara or vara.
taken from
M.]
As
but
I have observed,
it
the Gothic
last,
burden,
Balm, Balsam. Fr. baume, from Lat. balsamum, Gr. (iaXaafiov, a fragrant gum. In O. Baltic. The Baltic sea, mare Balticun.
Bcelt, as two of the entrances are still Great and Little Belt. The authorities are not agreed as to the grounds on which the name
Romance, as ballast in the Gothic languages, and the Mediterranean navigators are by no means Hkely
lastage, lastre, etc., are as old in the
Sw. called
called the
to
North.
have borrowed a word of this sort from the It is worth noticing as a curious and sug-
is
given.
To Bam.
a
ceive,
To make
fun of a person.
bam,
esta en
ter, sorcerer,
To Bamboozle,
son.
make
para labrarse."
This precisely describes the material generally used for ballast, and this or some allied root may be the source of the second element of the
There are a
set of fellows
they
call
Arbuthnot in R.
mercanzie a guisa di lastre," to stow merchandise on shipboard, layer by layer, like pavingslabs,
and
we have
balata,
lastra, lapide.
lastre fur-
Bumhazed the gudeman glowred a wee Syne hent the Wallace by the han' " It's he, it can be nane but he " The gude wife on her knees had faun.
!
Jamieson.
72
BAN.
to
BAND.
bandon, at his
haesen, delirare
own
discretion.
confuse
with
verbaesen
stupefacere,
See Abandon.
attonituin rcddore.
Or
bamboozle
may
be a mixture
forbid,
of bain iind
tlie
Du. verbaesen.
To
The
Baili
To
proclaim,
command,
de-
nounce, curse.
Oncques Pucelle de paraige N'eut d'aimer tel bandon que j'ai, Car j'ai de mon p^re congid De (aire ami et d'etre aimee. R. R.
moaning of the word seems to have been to summons to the army. In the commencement of the feudal times all male inhabitants were in general required to give personal attendance when the king planted his banner in the field, and sent round a notice that his subjects were summoned to join him against the enemy.
primitive
askjt of the Kyng Til have the vaward of liis batayl,
birth
Commundment
a son bandon.
R. R.
prise,
Translated by Chaucer,
Great loos hath Largesse and great For both the wise folk and unwise Were wholly to her bandon brought,
i.
He
Quhatcver thai ware wald it assayle, That he and liis suld have always Quhen that the king suld Banare rays.
e.
Wyntoun,
v. 19. 16.
Band, 1. That with which anything is bound. AS. band, Goth, bandi, Fr. bande, It. banda. From
the verb to bind, Goth, bindan, band, bundun.
cially applied to
Now
was called
Spe-
a narrow
AS.
theodscipe ut abannan.
In
Layamon
we
to
jferde,
he assembled his host. The expression seems arise from JBann in the sense of standard, flag,
G. bande,
The
Band,
2,
to Bandy.
Band
perIt.
banner marked the place of assembly, and the primitive meaning of bannire was to call the people to the JBann or standard. The term was then applied
to
number of
purpose.
common
is
Sp.
occasion,
and
way
of in-
Leg. Eipuar.
non
ftterit,
some doubt how this signification has arisen. It seems however to have been developed in the Romance languages, and cannot be explained simply as a body of persons bound together for a certain end. It has plausibly been deduced from Mid. Lat. bannum or bandum, the standard or banner which forms the rallying point of a company of soldiers.
banda, Fr. bande.
There
Exercitum
Fredegarius.
nitus fuerit et
venerit.
BurgunBandus, says Muratori, Diss. 26, tunc (in the 9th century) nuncupabatur legio a bando, hoc est vexillo.
Si quis
cum
armis ban-
Assises de Jerusalem.
gcnerale per tutto
'1
Roy chevauchat a
So
in Swiss, fahne, a
Face bandire
hoste
regno.
John
sign or banner.
senses.
Sp. bandera
also
used in both
Villani in Ducange.
In like manner we find bannire ad placita, ad molendinum, fec., summoning to serve at the Lord's
be ground at his mill, &c. word acquired the sense of proclamation, extant in Sp. and It. bando, and in E. Iianns of marriage. In a special sense the term was applied to the public denunciation by ecclesiastical authority Sw. bann, excommunication bann-lysa, to excomcourts, to bring corn to
company But if
itself.
Cotgr.
Thus
the
were the true derivation it would be a singular change to the feminine gender in Banda. The real course of development I believe to be as
this
side,
who
Taboada).
It.
Bandear,
form
parties, to unite
with a band.
bandare, to
side or to
bandy
(Florio), to
bandy
municate
{lysa, to publish) ; banna, to reprove, to take one to task, to chide, to curse, E. to ban.
faction.
To
was somewhat further developed, passing on from proclamation to command, permission, power, authority. A son
signification
sostener
il
partito d'alcuno.
Torriano.
soil,
BANDITTI.
Levied to side with warring winds, and poise Their lighter wings. Milton in R.
BANK.
with whack.
73
slay,
Compare
also
to
Lat. Icedere, to
strike.
and make
To Ban^.
To bang
An
themselves as of a faction or party, for leagues within the state are ever pernicious to monarchy. Bacon in R.
bang
upon one.
Roqueused by
With many a stiff thwack, many a bang, Hard crab tree and old iron rang. Hudibras.
fort.
word
is
Sw. bang,
tumultuously
stir,
;
tumult
"
Romeo.
bdngas, to
their
weapons
knock, to pummel.
Gentlemen, for shame, forbear this outrage, Tibalt, Mercutio, the Prince expressly hath Forbidden bandying in Verona streets.
The
spring
;
E. spank, to slap with the open hand, to do a thing with violence, as to go along at a spanking
pace.
The
Sp. ban-
of the
nail.
W.
of Africa, has
The name
in
is
two
sides,
each
To Banish.
nire,
Bandit.
From Mid.
Lat. ban-
of which
to
drive a
wooden
was formed
the O. Fr.
The zodiac is the line the shooting stars, Which in an eyebright evening seem to fall,
:
compound for-bannir (bannire foras), to and the simple bannir was used in the same sense, whence E.
banish.
balls
Tennis.
Hence
the same verb the It. participle bandito one denounced or proclaimed, put under the ban of the law, and hence, in the same way that E. outlaw came to signify a robber. It. banditti acsignifies
From
Forbannitus
is
bandy or tennis. Diez would explain Sp. bandear, Prov. bandeiar, in the sense of waving like a banner in the wind.
to side at
from side
Diez.
used in
'1
vent banoians.
its
But
it is
senses at least,
to penetrate
banda, a side
side.
to traverse,
Another meaning given by Taboada is " brimbaler, secouer par un branle reit^re," to shake backwards and forwards, to swing to and fro, from side to side. Banditti. See Banish. large dog kept for a guard, and Bandog. therefore tied up, a band-dog. Du. band-hond, canis
from side to
is in E. so much associated with the noa band of robbers, that we are inclined to understand it as signifying persons banded together. [The Mid. Lat. abannatio, banishment for a year, deduced by some from annus, suggests a possible etymology for banish. M.] Bank. Bench. The latter form has come to us from AS. bcence, the former from Fr. banc, a
The word
tion of
banc de
sable,
a sand-bank.
It.
Bantze,
a desk.
Vocab. de Vaud.
But natheless I took unto our dame Your wife at home the same gold again
Upon your
bench
she wot
it
well certain
tell.
By
crooked
;
Shipman's Tale.
legs.
Fr.
Hence
It.
bande, bent as
whence
un-
the mod. E.
Bank
Bane.
bana,
OHG.
of a dealer in money.
When
man becomes
is
death-blow
Mid.
HG.
bane,
destruction
able to keep his engagements, his credit as cracked or broken, and his
spoken of
busiIt.
AS.
bana, murderer.
bank or place of
death-wound,
now
a wheal.
Referred by Diefen;
bach to the root bang, a blow Icel. banga, banka, to strike. So the verb schlagen, which in G. signifies to strike,
ken.
slay,
becomes in E. to slay. Icel. drepa, seems identical with E. drub, to beat vega, VOL. I. 10
;
to to
G. bank, a bench,
stratum of earth.
stool, shoal,
bank of a
river,
The
Icel.
74
word, hechr, a bench, raised
seat,
BANNER. BARBAROUS.
and hakki, a bank,
but
if tliis bantering,
thing, &c.
Swift in
A
to
as they call
it,
be so despicable a
R.
child in swaddling clothes,
it is
Bantling.
from
reifa,
applied in Latin to
hill,
a sand-bank
rising bank.
wrap.
Baimer.
the
or
Lombards
Paulua Diaconus in
old, nestling, a young bird still in the nest, &c. Bar. A rod of any rigid substance. It. barra, Fr. barre, and with an initial s. It. sbarra, OHG. sparro, Sw. sparre, E. spar, a beam or long pole of wood. The meaning seems in the first instance a
branch
Bret,
tree).
Celtic bar,
summit,
top,
then branches.
Ta Ka%mfuva napa
Ki^uv mnrdrjiioTa kcu
Am-
Hence
a
bar, to
aijfieia KoJici.
way
as with
;
hinder
barriere,
a barrier or stoppage
barreau,
Hence
It.
The
origin is
made by
bend-
court.
l. The barb of an arrow is the beardon the head of an aiTOw directed backwards for the purpose of hindering the weapon from being drawn out of a wound. Lat. barba, Fr. barbe, a
beck-
Barb.
on
banda hendi, manu annuere. The original object of a standard is to serve as a m.ark or sign for the troop to rally round, and it was accordingly very generally known by a name
;
banda, to
make
signs
like jag
beard.
having that
Gr.
oTifutav,
signification.
signum,
or
row.
2.
OHG.
heri-pauchan, a war-beacon
war
signal
horse.
3.
Leduchat.
an ensign or banner
According
to derive
to
The term
Diez the
as
Cotgr.
(3apl3apoc,
guages.
Barbarous.
language
The
original
is
import of
the
Gr.
which
is
Lat. barbarus,
to designate
one whose
Besides
it
we do
not understaiW.
must be by no means assumed that the earliest kind of ensign would be a flag or streamer. It is quite as likely that a sculptured symbol, such as the Roman Eagle, would first be taken for that purpose.
sum
ulli.
Then
Banneret.
Fr. banneret.
Romans
.inferior to
came
or from hav-
The
origin of the
word
is
erant nobilitatis
gaudcrct insignibus.
Life
ut
eorum
quilibet vexilli
same way
in
represent-
They were
illarii,
mur.
We speak of the murmur of the waves, or of a crowd of people talking. It may be remarked,
indeed, that the noise of voices
is
Bannister.
See Balluster.
It.
constantly repre-
Banqnet.
or table
;
a bench
made by
the
movement of
water.
Thus
To Banter.
When
it banter,
To mock
or jeer one.
wit hatli any mixture of raillery, it is but calling and the work is done. This poUte word of tlieirs waa first borrowed from the bullies in White Friars, then fell among the footmen, and at last retired to the pedants
The E.
much and
twattle,
modem
twaddle, to talk
twcetta, to
wash.
BARBEL. BARGAIN.
G. waschen,
har or hor
is
75
BardeUe, a bar-
to tattle.
'
made by
the
are backed.
Cotgr.
mud
wall
Du.
to
in Flanders to vociferate, to
make an
Sp.
up
barbulla,
a tumultuous assembly Port, borbulhar, to bubble or boil It. borboglio, a rumbling, uproar, quarrel
;
garden bed.
Gothic source
skirt,
The
the
it
word be from a
we
should refer
Fr. barboter, to
toil,
mutter
barbeloter, to
mutter
hat
hval-bard,
Sainte
dame
comme
il il
barbote
barbelote
!
Diet.
Etym.
Diez.
al-barda'aJi, saddle-cloth.
murmur
barboter, to
Bare.
qualified.
Exposed
mumble
ing-pot.
Cotgr.
to
The
syllable bar
seems in the
same way
ish,
conveying no meaning, in Fr. baragouin, gibberjargon, " any rude gibble-gabble or barbarous
speech."
Cotgr.
A
G. baar, bar, Icel. ber ; G. baares geld, ready money. From baren, to bear, according to Schwenk, because what is borne is made conspicuIt must be admitted that the Icel. bera is used ous. in several idiomatic expressions, which would seem to
countenance the foregoing derivation.
there
it
Thar bar
a,
grumble (Lowndes, Mod. Gr. Lex.) Port, borborinha, a shouting of men. river fish having a beard at the corBarbel. ners of the mouth. Fr. barbel, barbeau. Cotgr.
to rumble, boil,
stands up,
is
plain to see.
Honum
barst
konungr i drauma, the king appeared to him in a dream. The E. bear is used somewhat in the same
manifest, to press
Barber. Fr. barbier, one who dresses the beard. Barberry. A shrub bearing acid berries. Prov. Fr. barbelin. Diet. Etym. Barbaryn-frute, barbeum,
sense in the expression to bear witness, to make it it on the senses of the audience.
The
call
origin
may perhaps be
;
tree, barbaris.
Pr. Pm.
Wiarda
baria, to
Barbican. Bard. l.
to
W.
one to justice bare, accusation, complaint Bargain. O. Fr. barguigner, to chaffer, bargain,
barz, the
name
it
of
or
The proper
and
it
contest, debate,
was
hymns
OE. and
Bardus
laudes canit.
Bap^ot
fiev vfivrjTCU
vironim fortium
lb.
And mony tymys ische thai wald And harcjnne at the barraiss hald, And wound thair fayis oft and sla.
Barbour
in
Et Bardi quidem fortia virorum illustrium faeta heroicis composita versibus cum dulcibus lyrae modulis eantitftrunt. Luean, lb.
Jam.
Ha lugeing
Quod my
land, battal
thou us portendis,
kend
is,
Hence
2.
in poetic
language Bard
is
Horsis are dressit for the hargane fele syis. Were and debait thyr stedis signifyis.
Applied
in
E. also
orna-
D. V.
in
Jam.
state.
immediately on the other part came in the fore eiglit knights ready armed, their basses and bards of their horses green satin embroidered with fresh devices of bramble bushes of fine gold curiously wrought, powdered all over. Hall in R.
When
have seen under Barbarous that the syllable bar was used in the construction of words expressing the confused noise of voices, sounding indistinct
either
We
from distance or simultaneous utterance. Hence it has acquired the character of a root signifying confusion, contest, dispute, giving rise
to It. barvffa,
fray,
altercation,
;
dispute;
Barde, a long saddle for an ass or mule, made only of coarse canvass stuffed with flocks. Bardeau, a shingle or small board,
dispute
It.
76
hunda, tumult, confusion, disorder
to strive, struggle
; ;
BARGE. BARON.
Port, harafustar,
It.
with barnacles.
pets
;
pute
W.
brenig, limpets.
whence E.
;
Barnacles.
noses of horses to
E. barratry, a
strife.
make them
stand quiet.
Bailey.
one who
stirs
up
Nor
;
is
Romance tongues
;
Lith.
Icel. baratta,
contest
bardagi, battle.
is
Probably the first of these meanings is the oi'iginal. Limousin bourgna, to squinny, half shut the eye, look through the comer of the eye ; Wallon. boirgni, to look through one eye in aiming. Lang, bomi, blind ; bornikel, one who sees with difficulty, who
half shuts his eyes, has
tacles.
As
Fr. baragouin
used
fused sound of people speaking a language not understood by the hearer, the verb barguigner signifies
to wi-angle, haggle, chaffer, bargain.
Vocab.
weak
.
eyes'
berniques, spec-
de Berri.
As
These words seem mere a term common to all the Romance as well as Teutonic and Scandinavian tongues. Prov. barca, barja. O. Fr. barge, Du.
Bar^e.
Bark.
Cot.
1.
varieties of pronunciation of
made to hold on by pinching the nose, the term might naturally be applied to a horse's twitch. In like manner I should be inclined to explain the It. briglia, a bridle, whose origin is unknown, from
nally
G.
brillen, spectacles.
Camus, bemac.
Vocab.
in
National Antiquities.
barsie,
ship.
Barca est quae cuncta navis commercia ad littus portat. Rayn. Naus en mar quant a perdu sa barja. Ibid. Sigurdr let taka tua skip-bata er barker ero kallaIsidore in
tfiir.
[The meaning of spectacles is not assigned to barby the Pr. Pm., Mnshew, Phillips, Halliwell, or Richardson, and it must be presumed to be altogether a modern use of the word, (which itself is as
nacles
Ihre.
some
is,
it.
Joinville
The
prow of a ship, pectus navis, and hence probably (by a metaphor as in the case of
then the bows or
Lat. puppis) barkr
ship.
he applies
practised
it
to
by the Saracens,
came
to
word.
It is
were known
2.
Bark.
The
any hard
;
borhr
at barka,
posed original resemblance between the barnacles or " irons put on the noses of horses " and spectacles
does not exist, because the earliest spectacles were
single glasses, like the
sible,
barkandi, astringent.
AS. beorcan, from an imitation of the sound. Hence probably Icel. barki, the throat. The Goth. adj. barizeins indicates a Barley. noun, baris, barley AS. bere. The E. barley seems
;
To Bark.
modern
eye-glass.
It is pos-
name for
spectacles,
tioned, but
was taken from the iron implement above menit seems more natural to connect it,
bericle, besicle,
derived from
which might be explained llys, a plant. Barm. l. Yeast, the slimy substance formed in the brewing of beer. AS. beorm, G. berm, Sw. herma. Dan. bcerme, the dregs of oil, wine, beer.
barllys,
2.
W.
The
latter
form
is
A lap, bosom.
See Brim.
bericle
beryllus,
Bam. AS.
berern, bcem,
commonly explained
name of a
word
is
from bere, barley, and em, a place, a receptacle for barley or corn, as bceces-em, a baking place or oven, Uhies-em, a lantern. (Ihre. v. arn.) But probably
merely a misspelling, and the word is simply the Bret, bem, a heap. Acervus, bem ; Gl. Cornub. Zeuss. So Icel. hladi, a heap, a stack,
berern
is
seems
a diminutive from
its
uses point to
root.
Jaime Bertran, a Valencian poet of the early part of the sixteenth century, in which vericle is used for
mirror
hkida,
hoys,
lofl,
Du. baenn, berm, a heap; berm Kil. Swab, baam, barn, haycorn-shed, bam. Prov. Dan. baaring, baaren,
a barn.
meta
faeni.
baarm, a load, so
at once.
much
as a
man
The
Barnacle. conical shell fixed tp the rocks within the wash of the tide. Named from the caplike shape of the shell. Manx baym, a cap bar;
steel mirror,
host, wiiich
is
M.]
Baron.
It.
BARONET. BARRAGAN.
haro), 0. Fr. her (ace. haron), Fr. baron.
77
stuflf.
Origi-
Prov. "
Lo
lo baro."
The man
was not created for the woman, but the woman for the man. Plence manly, courageous. In the sense
of man, in the Leg. Rip.
Tarn baronem quam feminam.
lish,
Barrack is, then, of recent introduction and as it has been very long in use
languages,
it
Eng-
in all the
Romance
take
it
is
certain that
we
did not
Barum
vel feminam.
Leg. Alam.
from the Celtic. The earliest examples given by Carpentier are of the years 1319 and 1381, but the use of it is older. Thus, in the Privilegia ValentijB, in an Ordinance
directly
In the Salic
Law it
signifies free
born
in the capit-
of King
Don Jaume
I.
a new town, or
John de Garlandia,
married man, Baron
Moorish
city of Valencia,
we
find
A. D. 1040.
for
murum
on the precise formation
ville
nove maris
Valentiae, etc.
We
light
same with Lat. vir, Goth, vair, AS. wer, W. gwr, Quel, fear, a man. The feudal tenants next below the Baronet. degree of a baron were called baronetti, baronuli, baronculi, baroncelli, but as the same class of tenants were also termed bannerets, the two names, from their resemblance, were sometimes confounded, and in several instances, where baronetti is written in the printed copies, Spelman found bannereti in the
Also in the Conquesta de Valencia, by King Don Jaume, who died in 1276, prefixed to the Priv. Val., edition of 1515, folio A. iiii, p. ult. b. in a passage cited in my note on Awning
la
c.
146,
meseren foch a
in
And
Si
Ramon Muntaner,
about 1330,
c. xlvi.,
ed.
MS.
rolls
of Parliament.
Still
he shows conclu-
of 1562,
sively, by early examples, that baronettus is not a mere corruption of banneretus, but was used in the
la ciutat
a baronet. Nominale
word
racas
by Minshew
was not until the time of James I. that the baronets were established as a formal order in the
It
state.
EI pueblo
bar-
Barraca was
Originally a hut
and Portugal
at
Barrack.
es
made
of the branch-
The
Spaniards, Portuguese,
of trees.
and
this
Italians are much more likely to have taken word from the Orientals than from the Irish or other Celtic tribes, and we find a satisfactory etymon
barrack,
Before the gates of Bari he lodged in a miserable hut or composed of dry branches and thatched with straw.
Gibbon.
It should
from baran,
rain, defined
be observed
that,
whenever
is
soldiers'
a shed a tent or cloth stretched upon poles under which goods M.] and baggage are kept from rain." coarse kind of linen cloth. BaBarracan.
built for shelter against rain," or in har-khanah, "
Diet., "
were a
collection of huts.
this
ragant,
Dutch
tow.
gi'ogeran.
Cotgr.
Irish barrack,
lint,
word " is not found our early lexicographers," and he cites for it no
tow
Manx
made of
Cregeen.
clotk
Minshew does
edition
not con-
first
[In no dictionary of any modern dialect, which I have been able to consult, is barragan or barracan defined as linen or tow cloth, but always in terms which imjsly that the material is coarse wool or hair.
thus defined
tuguriolum ex veUs seu carbasis confectum. Bouldier's tent or a bootli, or sucli Uke thing made of
Militis
A
tlie
This word, or a very similar but probably unallied one, is very widely diff'used, and, as appears
78
BARRATRY. BARTH.
Barrow.
those
2.
A mound either of
AS.
stones or earth
from
St.
Bernard, in
tlie
twelfth centuiy.
Many
German
Bayr. Worterb.
it
I.
some of the
citations
barrow
at
raise in
Westmoreland.
beorg, beorh,
is
OE.
broigen or broigam
is
a cloth
Worliton raid stanura anne steapne hex)rh him ofer. stones a steep mound over him. Joshua vii. 26.
But on the other hand, we find in Arabic barkan and barankan, as the name of a coarse, black, woollen garment still used in' Morocco, and barragan always means in Spanish and Catalan, as well as in the ordinary dialect of commerce, a sort of w-ater-proof
cloth of coarse wool or goat's hair.
The OE.
tical
bear,
bier,
a tomb,
is
wholly
distinct,
being iden-
with
A passage
ture
:
in the
Amante
Liberal of Cervantes
AS. bearg ; Bohem. braw, a cashog; Russ. borov\ a boar. Barter. Barter or traflScking by exchange of goods seems like bargain, to have been named from the haggling and wrangling with which the bargain
Barrow-ho^.
trated
is
el
conducted.
in
En
qual
(el
baxel) venia
un judio
;
que toda
la
manner
See Barbarous and Bargain for the which the syllable bar acquires the force
mercancia del baxel d la mas era suya era de barraganes y alquiceles y de otras cosas que de Berberia se llevaban a Levante.
From
this root
in all the
first
Ro-
mance languages,
noisy contention,
profit,
the
instance,
Hence
it
common
bar-
strife, dispute,
an Oriental word, and that the resemblance between this form and the obsolete
etc.,
may
be
Celtic, is accidental.
Barrator.
vessel
M.]
Hickes
in Rich.
See Barter.
bars or staves, but
They run
head in Do.
like
Bedlem
HoUins-
made of
may
be doubt-
Noble fathers, I am such a person whom ye knowe to have been a common baratour and thefe by a long space of yeares. Elyot in Do.
Barren.
non accipiens
Kll.
Bret, brec'han
;
lie,
Du.
semen
exchange.
;
baraes-
tear, to
;
bargain
and
Barricade. Formed from Fr. barre, a bar as cavalcade, from cavaUo, a horse and not from Fr. barrique, a barrel, as if it signified an impromptu barrier composed of barrels filled with earth. It is
;
with respect
to the
Baratry is when the master of a ship cheats the owners or insurers, by imbezzUng their goods or running away with
the ship.
hard
to separate
Bailey.
But according
at
Barrier. See Bar. The advocate who pleads Barrister. Bar of a court of Justice. See Bar.
the
Barrow.
bier or
1.
An
implement
for carrying.
It.
AS.
a G.
bier.
up quarrels and suits between In Scotland, again, the term is applied to the simony of clergymen going abroad to purchase benefices from the see of Rome. Jamieson.
the offence of stirring
parties.
bara, a
litter,
bahre,
[The words apparently cognate with barter are by no means confined to " the Romance languages."
We
This word introduced into Fr. became Mere, perhaps through Prov. bera, whence E. bier, alongside of
harrow.
and
in
numerous other
[The French bar, a hand-barrow, is doubtless cognate, and as it more closely corresponds to the radical, it must be considered more directly derived from
it
and
in Tristan
Isolt,
trick.
M.]
than biere
M.]
Barth.
Sec Berth.
BARTIZAN. BASTE.
Bartizan.
See Brattice.
lime-tree beaten out and
tlie
79
made
fabrics.
Barton.
and yards.
court-yard, also
demesne lands
the outhouses
itself,
Halliwell.
AS.
OE.
baste.
Bosworth.
mean
;
and
;
And
binde
my
handes behind
me
faste.
Sp. baxo
MS. HalhweU.
Dan. baste, Sw. basta, to bind, commonly joined with the word binda, of the same sense. Sw. at basta og binda, to bind hand and foot. Dan. Icegge een i baand og bast, to put one in fetters and it is remarkable that the same expression is found in Turkish besst, a tying, binding, besst-u-bendet, to bind. Lap. haste, the hoops of a cask. Bastard. Apparently of Celtic origin, from
;
The
original
Papias.
Gl. Isidore.
handles
king.
et basses
jambes."
fiaa-LX.L(rKo<;,
Basilisk.
Gr.
from
ySacrtXcvs,
A
is
look upon
There
O. Fr.
Jils
de bast, Jils
presently.
The Uke
it
basilisk.
A white
spot or star
coronet or diadem.
come
near. Holland's
He was
begetin o bast,
God
it
wot.
Fhny
in Rich.
Late sibi submovet omne Vulgus et in vacua, regnat BasiUscus arenS. Lucan.
Sir Richard fiz le rei of wan we spake bevore Gentilman was inow tliei he were a bast ibore.
sets
Probably from reports of the cobra capel, which up its hood when angry, as the diadem of
This man was son to John of Gaunt, descended of an honorable lineage, but born in baste, more noble in blood than notable in learning. Hall in HaUiwell.
the basilisk.
So Turk, chasa,
To Bask.
a
fire.
To
a bastard.
erate.
F. Newman.
Du.
verbasteren, to degen-
Icel.
;
to
warm
oneself at
;
the
fire
PI.
to
D.
is
warm
oneself.
It will
/Sacrra^w,
and not
allied to the
common word
At
c.
nally to heat.
tially reflective,
Now
and
is
essen-
=*
an
7.
and
sotell,
&c.
probable
that, like
E. busk,
Guylforde's Pylgrymage, p.
to
for at
bua
sig, to
bask
may be from
or bada
sig,
sig.
But I am
inclined to think
it is
Basket.
It is
W.
Mar. de Barcelona,
Item
vii
:
que ultra
do * * *
Roma
suam.
Here, as well as in
many
It.
means merely a
to
See Back.
basso,
M.] dinary standards of size and burden. To Baste, l To stitch, to sew with long stitches
Bass.
music.
for the
in
shape while
a long
Lend me your hands, lift me above Parnassus, With your loud trebles help my lowly bassus.
Sylvester's Dubartas.
basta,
of a quilt or mattrass.
consuere.
Bassoon.
It.
bassone,
an augmentation of basso ;
;
leviter
It.
Fris. Sicamb.
bestan,
to
Kil.
OHG.
Bast. Bass. Du. bast, bark, peel, husk bast van koren, bran, the thin skin which covers the grain ; Dan. Swed. Ger. bast, the inner bark of the
patch, as
Nay, mock not, mock not the body of your discourse is sometimes guarded with fragments, and the guards are but Much Ado about Nothing. sUghtly basted on neither.
80
Derived by Diez from
satisfactory.
bast, as if that
BASTE.
were the subis
BAT.
The
tion
hardly
It
seems
to
me
sound of a blow,
may and
one.
with
!
" Bats
PL D. bats or babs in the same sense. gav ik em eenen." Smack I gave him
!
Hand-balsche, a
flat
Romance
bastir, disposer,
It.
box on the ear. Dan. at baske eens box one's ears. Irish batta, a blow, Gael. bat, to beat, Fr. battre, and E. beat, as well as Sw. basa, s. s., all arise from similar imitations, and
Oor-batsche, a
(jren, to
make, frame,
com-
To pour
let,
to
roasting, to hinder
from burning.
This perhaps
bastir, sig-
Cotgr.
Prov. guerra
bastir, to set
on Rayn.
foot
a war
may
Sp. basti-
To
baste
any of the Romance tongues, while the Danish has at baste en steg, explained by Molbech,
stripping the thin outer skin off a piece of meat, to
let
a garment would be to set it up, to put it together, and frm this particular kind of stitching the signification would seem to have passed on to embrace
stitching in general.
ly done
at
brown before the fire. As basting was formerby rubbing the meat with a piece of bacon the end of a stick, or by letting the bacon drop
it
it,
over
the signification
may
sense of beating.
Compare Fr.
me
list
to
gone
Chaucer. R. R.
threde hasting
my
slevia.
knock sound-
Cotgr.
Sitze und
It is
beste
mir den
Minnesinger in Schmid.
doubtless from the sense of stitching that
These all bound together in one chain, almost dead with famine and wasted with torments, having liad their naked Oldys bodies basted or dropped over with burning bacon. in Richardson.
must be explained the It. basto, imbasto, a packsadFr. bast, dle, pad for the head to carry a weight on but (whence the E. military term of a bat-horse), bastine, a pad or packsaddle, which was originally nothing but a quilted cushion on which to rest the Thus Baretti explains Sp. bastear, to pack a load.
;
Bastinado.
Sp. Fr. baston.
ner, to cudgel.
is
confined to
i.
e. to quilt
it
and Cotgr. has bastine, a pad, packsaddle, the quilted saddle with which colts are backed. 2. To beat or bang soundly. Bailey. This word probably preserves the form from whence is derived the Fr. baston, baton, a stick, an instrument
Bastion. It. bastia, bastida, bastione, a bastion, Florio. Fr. a sconce, a blockhouse, a barricado. bastille, bastilde, a fortress or castle furnished with bastion, the fortification towers, donjon, and ditches
a bell. Dan. boste, to drub, Sw. bosta, to thump, to knock. Perto belabour haps in the use of the E. term there is usually an erroneous feeling of its being a metaphor from the
for beating, as well as besteau, the clapper of
Icel. beysta, to beat, to
;
thrash
Cotgr. termed a bastion or cuUion-head. All from bastir, to build, set up, contrive. Sc. back, bak, Bat. 1. The winged mammal. bakie-Urd ; Sw. nattbaka, Dan. afto?i bakke, the
night-back, evening-back.
bat.
It. vipistrello,
the night-
Fl.
Pr.
the
To
Pm.
Apparently from
rep-
to
But
say, Sir,
is it
dinner-time?
loss
of the
beetle.
bladier.
For
think the meat wants what I have. Ant. In good time, Sir, what's tliat ? S. Dro. Basting. Ant. Well, Sir, then 'twill be dry. S. Dro. If it be. Sir, I pray, you eat none of it. Ant. Your reason ? S. Dro. Lest it make you choleric
Mid. Lat.
tilio),
blacta, batta
(lucifuga, vesper-
vledermus.
Dief.
me
Comedy
of
Sup. to Due.
is
It will
and
bak.
BATCH.
It
BATTLEDOOR.
bums
i.
;
81
basking in the sun
it
;
seems strange to confound under a common so different as a bat and a moth or beetle, on the score of their both flying by night,
bad-Jisk, fishes
badda
name animals
vidior, to beathe
e. to
wood, as
set.
is
provincially termed,
heat
it
making
to fo-
it
take a certain
we
find
warm.
ment,
root.
Flem.
betten, to
foment, to
Kil.
The Germ,
bdhen, to
warm,
West
Indies spoken of in
may
Cotgrave as a bird.
Cucuye, an admirable bird in Hispaniola, having two eyes in her head and two under her wings, which are double, a greater and a smaller pair, &c.
Ifolz bdhen, to
plained the
to
name
of Baias, as signifying
its
warm baths,
elld, to
celebrity.
;
It is difficult
warm
As
fire
the owl to a moth, from flying about same time of evening, aS is provincially used England (Hal.), and also in Gei*many Eule,
name of
warm
oneself.
Eulchen, a moth.
Adelung.
final
The
is
we must suppose that the k was softened into an h in G. bdhen, to which the form baden would correspond in the same way
root of these latter forms,
confirmed by the
OE. form
hlak.
as E. abide, to abie.
It.
But at that yche breyde That she furthe her synne seyde. Come fleyng oute at here mouthe a hlak That yche blak y dar wel telle That hyt was a fende of helle. Manuel des Pecches.
2.
gape, to look.
11,864.
To Batten.
to get better, to better,
To
thrive, to feed, to
become
fat.
Icel. hatna,
staff,
club, or
implement
it is
for striking.
In
become convalescent. Du. bat, bet, See Better. Batten. In carpenter's language a scantling of wooden stuff from two to four inches broad, and about an inch thick. Bailey. batten fence is a
more.
A
;
Sussex
woman
speaks
fence
made by
fire.
In
into
uprights.
first
From
of wood.
perhaps
made up
a
staff,
Gael,
bat,
cud-
en,
made
Hung,
stick.
The
origin of the
word
is
an
Batter. Battery. Battery, a beating, an an-angement for giving blows, is a simple adoption
of Fr. batterie, from battre, to beat.
To
by the
battre,
syllable bat,
From
battery
Bat, a blow.
Halliwell. The lighter sound of the pat adopts the latter syllable to represent a gentle blow, a blow with a light instrument. The
It. batter e,
Fr.
W.
baeddu.
to batter
in
made by one
in fall-
be the verb from which battery had been formed in the internal development of the English language.
Batter.
Eggs,
flour,
to-
Batchi
at one time,
gether.
Battle.
fell,
Battalion.
latter sense.
battere,
It.
Fr.
battre, to
To Bate.
down,
2.
Fr. abattre, to
;
beat, or
break
beat
se battre, to fight,
whence
battaglia, Fr.
quell, allay
bataille,
men
;
a battle, also a squadron, a band of armed arranged for fighting. In OE. also, battle was
A term in falconry
ailes.
to flutter
used in the
Scaffaldis, leddris
and covering,
[So in Italian
Godi Firenze, poi che se' si grande Che per mar e per terra hatti V ah, E per lo 'nfemo il tuo nome si spande Dante, Inferno, c. xxvi
To
ilk lord
and
his bataill,
assaill.
Wes
M.]
Barbour in Jam.
Hence
in the augmentative
form
It.
battaglione, a
G. baden, to bathe. The original meaning of the word seems to be to warm, thence to bathe in hot water, and finally to immerse in water generally. Swed. badda sig i solen, to bask in the sun; solen baddar, the sun VOL. I. 11
Icel. bada,
Bath.
To Bathe.
battalion, a
main
battle,
a great squadron.
Florio.
is
Battledoor. The bat with which a shuttlecock struck backwards and forwards. Sp. batador, a
beetle,
washing
flat
82
BATTLEMENT. BAY.
Battlement.
It
e.
may
be doubtful whether an
built with battlements, as
itself, is to
What doth
embfUtled wall,
i.
a wall
Lydgate.
be explained
W.
baw,
in battle-array,
preparing
with
bowels.
dirt, filth,
excrement.
Halliwell.
of disgust, equivalent to
tion of the
Faugh
being a representa-
term
in
OE. was
often battaling.
Jam.
Diet. Trev.
The
In supFaugh
!
may
a
be cited
It. battagliere,
I have
kno\m a
B. and F.
a battlement on a
wall,
flat
roof on a house or
I
Florio. and fight. Bauble. Originally an implement consisting of lumps of lead hanging from the end of a short stick, for the purpose of inflicting a blow upon dogs or the like, then ornamented burlesquely and used by a
castle for people to stand
By
Jhesu
for all
your janglynge
With
Spiritus Justicia.
P. P.
bokes
tell lis
office.
*'
Babulle or bable
"
li-
Above Goddes workes. " Ye baw for bokes " quod oon
brandi
Helle.
P. P.
The
It.
Pegma,
Sc. bauch, disgusting, sorry, bad.
interjection oibo !
fie,
!
baculus
summitate pendente."
Jam.
authorities in note.
is
fie
upon
(Altieri),
and Fr.
origin of the
bah
move
quickly up and
down
or back-
wards and forwards. Gael, bab, a tassel or hanging bunch E. baUyn or waveryn, librUlo, vacUlo.
Pr.
a plaything or trifle seems a difierent word, from Fr. babiole, a trifle, whimwham, guigaw, or small toy to play withal. Cotgr. But here also the derivation may fundamentally be
in the sense of
Pm. BavMe
pooh nonsense Sp. baf! expressive of dismust all be referred to the same origin. Fr. pouofi ! faugh an interjection used when anything filthy is shown or said, whence pouacre, rotten, filthy, and hence also either lazy, slothful. Cotgr. In
!
!
gust,
like
expressive of disgust
To Bawl.
the representation
of a
doll,
in the sense
child's play-
make
mew.
Fr. poupee, a a trifle, might easily arise. babie, a puppet or bable, also the flax on a distaff.
thing,
The sound
bow
;
;
of a dog barking
represented by bau,
;
Lat. baubare, E.
bow-wow
Piedm.ye
bau, to
Cotgr.
bark
the simplest form of a doll
is
is
Now
clouts,
a bundle of
ZaUi.
Yet
these
as soone as
in R.
we
In the sense, therefore, of a doll also, the word bauble may be from bab or bob, a lump or bvmch. Compare Fr. poupee, a doll, with poupe de chenilles, a bunch of caterpillars ; poupe de filasse, a handful
of flax.
doll,
More
Icel. baula, to
Bawson.
A
foot,
name
of the
badger,
It.
from the
Hung,
little
bub,
a bunch, a
tuft,
and buba, a
balzano, a horse
girl.
Bandrick.
baudre
;
Baldrick.
is
OHG.
belt.
white leg or
his body.
Diez.
Baudrick in OE.
lai-.
scarf, col-
Cotgr.
spot or
mark
in
any part of
O. Fr.
It.
baffe, faisceau,
Bawdekin.
also the
Cloth of gold.
baldacchino,
s. s.,
having a white streak down the face. From Bret. bal, a white mark on the face of animals, or the animal so mai'ked, whence the E. name of a carthorse. Ball.
object.
canopy carried over the head of distinguished persons in a procession, because made of
cloth of gold.
is
Gael,
ball,
spot,
plot of ground,
an
The
original
speckled.
pie.
bielo,
Proba-
from Baldacca, Bagdad, because cloth of gold was imported from Bagdad. Bawdy. Filthy, lewd ; in OE. dirty.
stuff,
Ilia
Bagdad
Bohem.
a mark,
Catalan
white.
to
1.
white,
bilyega,
bilyejiti,
mark.
See Bald.
in the line of coast
overeat slop
it is
It
i all
Chaucer.
Baj)
A hollow
BAY.
cere
;
83
split.
See
From
the step
is
ing the mouth, arose two forms of the verb, one with and one without the addition of a final d to the root. 1st, It. badare, having the primary signification of opening the mouth, then of doing
is
to betray.
baja.
Fr. baie.
whatever
; and open the
Bay,
S.
Bay-window.
the mouth, as
idea of an opening also gives rise to the application of the term Bay (in Architecture) to " a space left
in
gazing, watching
desiring,
baier,
waiting
to
2ndly,
Fr.
halier,
beer,
(in Forti-
mouth, to
stare, to
be intent on anything.
is
barn of two bays, is one of two divisions or unbroken spaces for stowing
of a cannon."
Bailey.
From
a hada, amuse ;
the
It.
expression tenere
to
stare
a hada d!uno,
to
com,
(fee,
nare.
Tal parve Anteo a me, che stava a hada, di vederlo chiSuch Antaeus seemed to me, who stood watching
By
Nature made
large-bayed
to
till,
liim stoop.
The
bam
doth
Drayton in R.
Non
ti
In great public libraries cases may be erected abutting into the apartment from the piers of the windows, as they do not obstruct the light or air, and afford pleasant hays in which to study in quiet. Journal Soc. Arts, Feb. 25,
will not
terro con verso lungo et dubbii discorsi a hada. keep you waiting with a long story, &c.
si
I Pisani
1859.
e.
in order to
at bay.
A
itself
bay-window then
is
a window containing in
in modern meaning of the word
;
Ne was there man so strong but he down bore Ne woman yet so faire but he her brought
Unto his hay and captived her thought.
times,
when
the architectural
F. Q.
was not generally understood, corrupted into Bowwindow, as if to signify a window of curved outline.
Fr.
bee,
he brought her
to stand listening to
him.
in the wall or
beie, baye,
Cot.
window
bayen-stein, window-sill.
Swiss
Stalder.
hay, large
window
in
a handsome house.
Schmid.
its
Swab.
So well he wooed her and so well he wrought her faire entreaty and swete blandishment That at the length unto a hay he brought her So as she to his speeches was content To lend an ear and softly to relent. F. Q.
With
Bay-tree.
The
when, weary of running, he turns and faces his pursuei-s, and keeps
stag
is
The
mg
bays, or berries.
royal laurel
is
them
tall
it
in
is
As
The
a very
and big
tree
and
chase
the
unpleasant in
taste.
Holland's PUny in R.
is
which
garland of bays
term at bay has been supposed to be derived from the Fr. aux demiers abois, at his last gasp, put to his last shifts, which however, as may be seen from the foregoing examples, would give
abbois, the
The word
from a Celtic
[The Itahan
a strong argument in favor of the derivation here proposed, which is also confirmed by the analogy
of the English exjjression to stand at gaze
It. haccello,
Nor
The adverse
legions.
stood at gaze
Bay. Lat. hadius, Sp. hayo. It. bajo, Fr. bai. The Sp. has also hazo, chestnut, yellowish brown pan hazo, Fr. pain bis, brown-bread, tending to
show
biso,
See also the examples from Drayton and Beaumont and Fletcher, in Richardson. On the other hand, the French phrases tenir les
abbois,
that
it is
the
It. bigio.
Venet.
;
Du
xliii.,
rendre
les
grey.
hasaner, to
wax
Cotgr.
se
to
is
from
beer,
and
it
may be added
is
by
this
verb
too
tame
To Bay.
To bark
as a dog.
It.
abbaiare, Fr.
abhayer, Lat. haubari, Gr. Bau^etv, Piedm. fe bau, from an imitation of the sound. See Bawl.
The
tive of
At Bay.
It
more
truly descrip-
made
in open-
huntsman
84
is
BAYONET. BEAN.
usually
first
apprised
by the
violent barking of
hek
the hounds, and before he comes within sight of the animal at hay, but, still, the verbs tenir and rendre
and discover his hed quhen he met ane Dane. den in Jam.
Bellen;
have as
little
Compare Esthon. nokkima, to peck as a bird nokkutama pead, to nod with the head. Bead. A ball of some ornamental material, pierced for hanging on a string, and originally used
for the purpose of helping the
memory
in reciting
This sayd tempest and ye peryllous rode that more daungerous to vs than any perell were in byfore, for we were so he hayed, that we had no remedy but truste to our ancre holde, and laye amoste harde abrode the grete vggly rokkes, &c.
there was
we had that we
a certain tale of prayers or doxologies. AS. bead, See To Bid. To bid one's bedes gebed, a prayer.
or beads was to say one's prayers.
Beadle.
oflicer in
AS.
bydel, the
messenger of a court,
It.
This may possibly be embayed, inclosed in a bay from which the ship could not run out, but this hardly appears from the context, which describes the sliip as driven back to the coast of a desert
island, and the sense
is
sity or church.
Probably an
equivalent of the
modern
wait.
It will
also has
a like origin
doubtful.
M.]
Bayonet.
Said
to
Fr.
baionette,
at
a dagger. Bayonne, or
Cotgr.
Home
is
he brought and
laid in
sumptuous bed
abide
been
Diez.
first
1665.
i.
to
have
F. Q.
leeches
him
To Be.
heothach,
AS.
bean
Gael,
heo,
alive,
living
Beagle.
scent.
by
a beast, living thing; Ir. bioth, life, the world ; Gr. ^los, life. The Irish verb substantive is formed from a root hi, the W. from a root ha, bu. The immediate shore of the sea, the Beach.
part overflowed
"
The Frenchmen
stil
like
good
hegeles fol-
Hall's Chron.
by the
tide.
Thence applied
to the
Hackluyt in K.
is
to Fr. beugler, to beUow, however not applied to the yelping of dogs. Moreover the name, according to Menage, was introduced from England into France, and therefore was not likely to have a French origin. It may be a corruption of Beadle by comparison to a catchpoll
Commonly
is
referred
which
tracking a criminal.
I believe that beach
In Italy at
least
we
see the
beagle,
a modification of
Icel. bahki,
;
opposite metaphor.
a bank, a shore, or of AS. becc, a brook compare ripa, a bank, and rivus, a brook, It. riviera, a shore, and Fr. riviere, a river. In Norfolk bank is com-
hound, bloodhound,
beadles or sergeants,
by metaphor,
constables,
beach.
Miss
language."
and catchpolls
in the rogues
Florio.
Gurney
in
Beak.
A form
Gael. beic.
W.
the
gaUinacei rostrum."
Fr.
bee,
Suetonius
pig.
It
in Diez.
It. becco,
Bret, bek,
W.
a
forms a branch of
action done with
folc went up to lond, him selven was the To hank over the sond plankes thei over cast.
last,
Beacon.
Beck. Beckon.
;
any
OHG.
O. Sax. bohan ; AS. beacen, a sign, fora-bauhan, a presage, prodigy bauhnjan, Icel. hakna, AS. beacnian, nutu significare, to beckon.
a pointed thing.
Boom. Goth. Bagms, Isl. badmr, G. Beam. baum, Du. boom, a tree. AS. beam, a tree, stock, post, beam. The boom of a vessel is the bea7n or pole by which the sail is stretched, coming to us,
like
seems preserved in E. beck, to bow or nod; Catalan becar, to nod; Gael, beic, a curtsey, perhaps from the image of a bird pecking ; Gael. beic, a beak.
origin
baun.
Gr.
Ti-vavos,
Kva-
ffa, beans, ffaen, a single bean, the addition of a final en being the usual
W.
Than peine I me to stretchen forth my neck, And East and West upon the peple I becke, As doth a dove sitting upon a bem.
Pardoner's Tale.
mark of
Bret,
;
fa
or fav, beans, or
single
fa
or
fav.
Thus
to
the
final
signifying
individuahty,
is
He
(Hardicanute)
made a hiw
man
sal
adheres
the
root,
connected
BEAR.
through
boJine,
BECOME.
wade through
beaver.
2.
85
the water like a beaver.
Oberdeutsch
hohn
(Schwenck)
with
G.
Secondarily
E. hean.
made of
Bear. The wild beast. G. bar, Icel. Uorn. To Bear. Lat. fero, fer-re ; Gr. ^epeti/ Goth. bairan, to carry, support, and also to bear children, The latter sense may have been to produce young.
;
The moveable
of a child's
place
bib
or
developed through the notion of a tree bearing fruit, or from the pregnant mother carrying her young.
It is singular,
baviere,
from baver, to slobber. It. bava, Sp. baba, Fr. bave, slobber, from an imitation of the inarticulate
The O.
Fr. bave
to the two
significations
and pario,
bear children,
light, inclines
The
bavec, talk-
A
As
nod or
sign.
See
seems
one
children,
may
neu-
Beacon.
originally
have
Beck,
is
S.
brook.
rivus, a brook,
ter parere, to
come
See Bare.
From
we have Goth.
and a
now a
with
river only,
it is
The
Icel.
burdr
is
G. bach,
Icel. bechr,
may
is
bearing,
and
Icel. bechr,
be
Beard.
G.
bart,
Bohem. brada,
Perhaps radborder, edge.
Lat. barba,
W.
a
barf.
lip,
with
Icel. bard,
Beast. Lat. bestia ; Gael, blast, an animal, perhaps a Hving thing, beo, living W. byw, living, to
;
is
all.
To Become,
tion, to
To
a certain condi-
live.
Beat.
a root
AS.
beatan
It. battere,
Fr. battre
from
AS. becuman,
bat, imitative
See Bat.
is formed beetle, boytle a bat for washing, a heavy log for stamping pavement, driving in piles, &,c.. Pi. D. betel, botel, a clog for a dog bliteln, to flat turf with a beetle. Fr. batail, the clapper of a bell bate, a paver's beetle ; It. battaglio, any kind of clapper, the knocker of a door. [The Latin batuo, from which the It. battere and
From
Thaet thu mage becuman to tham gesailthan the ece thurhwuniath. That thou mayest attain to those goods which endure for ever. Boeth.
(Bailey).
AS.
bytl,
G. bekommen,
Kuttner.
It
be observed that we often use indifferently become or get ; " He got very angry,"
will
"
He became
sions,
may
be referred
to
2.
To
beat, in
or suitable.
advancing against the wind by frequent tacks, is a different word, and is evidently allied to the Icel.
at beita,
explained from
AS. becuman,
to
come
to or upon,
fell
signification.
Orkneyis
to befall, to haj)pen.
He
hecom on sceathan, he
The
among
to
of beita
obscure.
Beit or
beiti,
a ship,
consid-
Thcem godum becymth anfeald yvel, Bosworth. the good happens unmixed evil.
thieves
;
Now
rests
fitting,
verb at
beita.
Beitidss
is
II.
330, and III. 26, for sail-yard, and this may be the meaning oi betas in v. 11491 of the Roman de Brut, which the editor supposes to be the Spanish beta, cordage, especially that manufactured from the esparto, broom, or bass-weed. M.] Beauty. Fr. beaute, from beau, bel, It. beUo, Lat. bellus, pretty, handsome, agreeable. Beaver, l. The water quadruped. G. biber,
on the supposition of a purpose to be fulfilled, If the accidents or or a feeling to be gratified. circumstances of the case happen as we would have
them,
if
they
fall in
with what
is
required to satisfy
our
taste,
we
call
the
arrangement becoming, convenient, proper, and we shall find that these and similar notions are com-
monly expressed by derivatives from verbs signifying to happen. Thus in OE. to fall was constantly
used in the sense of falling or happening rightly,
Perto
Bobrowac,
happening as
it
ought.
86
BED.
Do no
favour, I do thee pray,
It fitllith notfiing to thy
BEESTINGS.
occurrence, as in It prigione, Fr. prison ; cogionare, E. cozen; It. cugino, E. cousin.
Venet
exactly
name
To make
The
fair
To
plaister or
bedawb
witli
oniament
is
angel came to
Rome
K. Robert in Warton.
get or rough-cast
fivce is all to
The same metaphor is seen in Fr. crespir, to parfemme crespie de couleurs, whose
;
c.
ing.
bedawbed or
Cot.
i.
6.
So
way
in
madhouse, from the hospital of St Bedlam. Mary, Bethlehem, used for that purpose in London. The honey-producing insect AS. heo ; Bee. Icel. hy-fiuga ; G. hiene. Gael, beach, a bee, a wasp, a stinging fly beach-each, a horse fly speach, a blow or thrust, also the bite or sting of a venomous
;
suited to a prince.
G.
creature, a wasp.
So Finn, pmkia,
to sting
;
to
push with
with our
the liorns
Lap. pustet,
Finn, pushiainen,
Slav.
E.
a wasp.
With shepherd sits not following flying fame, But feed his flock in fields where falls him best.
Shep. Cal.
Beech.
tree.
G. buche,
fagus, Gr.
Icel.
beyke,
Lat
<f>rjyo<s.
On
the
same
principle,
AS.
;
limpian, to happen,
hove,
Beef. Fr. bceuf, an ox, the meat of the ox. from Lat. hos, hovis, an ox.
l.
It.
gelimpan, to happen,
Beer.
from the
imis
gelimplie, opportune.
AS.
to
titnan, getiman, to
befit,
hap-
Bohem.
beer.
root,
piti, to drink,
E. seemly,
tidig,
fit,
suitable,
perative pi,
whence piwo,
to drink,
The
which
Lat. hihere
proper
derly.
O. Sw. tida,
happen,
decent,
also appears
decorous, E. tidy,
now
to
happen,
his duty, to
any one, to be a part of be incumbent upon him. place to lie down, to sleep on. Goth. B6d. hadi, Icel. hedr, G. hett. Confined to bed. AS. led-rida, Bed-ridden. one who rides or is permanently borne on his bed.
Beer seems to have been used in OE. in the sense of drink, comprehending both wine and ale.
Rymenild
ros of
The
beer al forte
benche shenche
[The PI. D. bedde-redig, see Neocorus, I. 499, which is, doubtless, identical with the AS. hed-rida, can hardly be a compound of hedde and the root of The AHD. hettiriso must also be the verb to ride. the same word, and Grimm, I think, is right in considering it a compound of hett and the verb risan,
labi, ruere.
sale,
ale.
An horn
1114. 1156.
K. Horn.
wyne
Ant dronk
to that pelryne.
This etymology seems to be confirmed by a passage cited by Richthofen under hed : " Dat hi oen eene bloedresene to hed lidse." Lidse signifies to lie, and may be etymologically connected with rtsan,
to
fall.
2.
pillow-beer,
a pillow-case.
M.]
beds-buren, a bed-tick.
may
Bedizen. To load with ornament, to dress with unbecoming richness and to dizen out was used in the same sense. The only etymology suggested has
;
be slipped on and
to
off.
change
been the Prov. E. to dize, to put tow on a distaff, to clothe the distaff with tow, which gives a very inadequate explanation of the word.
Beestings.
calved, which
is
The
thick
first
and clotty.
G.
hiest-milch, also
hyst.
Perhaps bedizen
rough-cast, to
may
AS.
heost,
The
that is
is
curdled.
Fr. caUeboute,
modified in form,
if it
were derived from a simple verb to dizen, which latter would thus be brought into use by false etymology. The passage from a soft ^r to is of frequent
newly delivered.
to
as the milk of a
woman La mar
come
Cotgr.
O. Fr. mer
"
hetce,
a sea
betada,
ele (la
que environna
la terra," "ainsi
BEET.
BEGUINES.
pose-pilte, a beggar-boy.
87
nier) fust hietee" in the Latin version of the passage " coagulatum." " Sang vermeilh betatz" red curdled
Mod. Gr.
dvXaKo<;,
a bag,
blood.
betee
sea,
Roman
in
a scrip
dvXaKitjm, to beg.
de Ferabras in Diez.
The mer
Fr. beton,
coaguli
was from
beest.
Cotgr.
dbrtstur, colostrum,
colostrici ferculum,
sheep or cow.
Haldorsen.
herb.
In Northamptonshire
is
cow
called cherry-curds.
bette
Beet.
Beetle.
A garden
Gr.
Fr.
or bhtte ; Lat.
Begin. AS. aginnan, ongmnan, beginnan. Goth. In Luc. vi. 25, the latter is used as an " Unte gaunon jah gretan auxiliary of the future. duginnid," for ye shall lament and weep. In a similar manner gan or can was frequently used in OE. " Aboutin undern gan this Erie alight." Clerk of Oxford's tale. He did alight, not began to alight, as alighting is a momentary operation.
duginnan.
beta, blitum ;
ySXtrov, spinach.
The
general
name
of insects having a
The tother seand the dint cum, gan provyde To eschew swiftlie, and sonc lap on syde
That
all his
AS.
hitel,
" Mordiculus
D. V.
142. 40.
Down
duschit the beist, deid on the land can ly Spreuland and flychterand in the dede thrawes.
To Be^.
it
D. V.
Scotland went he then in And all tlie land gan occupy.
appears improbable at
To
one.
The Flem.
Barbour.
hy
Bruce.
begger,
form of the word, whence the E. and subsequently the verb to beg. It must
a time when
is
The verb
to
that innumerable series derived fi-om a root gan, gen, ken, in all the languages of the
be borne in mind that the bag was a universal characteristic of the beggar, at
all his
alms
Indo-Germanic know,
yivofxaL,
were given
in kind,
and a beggar
yiyvofiai,
yevo9,
troduced in our older writers without mention being made of his bag.
way, no longer wold he reste With scrip and tippid staff ytuckid hie In every house he gan to pore and prie And beggid mele and chese or ellis come. Sompnour's Tale.
his
He went
to, to
to get children
bigitan in Ulphilas
is
is
always to
find
in
AS.
it
get children.
Hit
is
Ac
beggers
lliwle, 1G8.
To begin may be explained either from the fundamental notion of atUiining to, seizing, taking up, after the analogy of the G. anfangen, and Lat. incipere,
P. P.
the
from G. fangen and Lat. capere, to take or meaning may have passed through a similar
;
Bidderes and beggeres Fasto about yede With hire behes and hire bagges Of brede full ycrammed. P. P.
begin
beginning.
It will
used as an auxil-
P. P. creed.
full
iary in a
manner very
;
similar to the
OE.
Icel.
gan, can,
" at
above quoted
talad," to
geta
And
Of
of whete
be able to talk
to
gan
And
But
That maketh
cal Songs.
thus gate 1
[Analogous
hotel
my wombe
one.
P. P.
bags.
beggers
Politi-
and to the Icelandic at geta talad, is the modern Danish employment of at faae, OG. fahen, to get or possess, as an auxiliary Naar jeg faaer Bogen laest, when I have got the book read,
to get beaten,
:
So from Gael, bag {baigean, a little bag), baigeir, a beggar, which may perhaps be an adoption of the E. word, but in the same language from poc, a bag or poke, is formed pocair, a beggar air a phoc, on
;
it
done.
M.]
;
giort,
Begone.
with woe.
tion
;
Gold-begone,
D. V.
ornamented with
gold,
woe-begone, oppressed
From W.
Du. begaan,
affected,
bertola,
cujus
ali-
Kil.
bertolare, to shift
and
victuals.
Florio.
BeguiueS.
See Bigot.
Women
88
BEHAVE. BEHOVE.
To Behave.
The
notion of behaviour
is
gener-
keep, to hold.
To
is
to reit
ally expressed
by means of verbs
signifying to bear,
gard
it
as true, to look
is to
upon
it
as true
to hold
to carry, to lead.
cruel act
regard
it
as such.
The
Lat. servare,
found
Ye
K. Kobert
It.
m Warton.
servet Venerine
portarsi, to
faciat
an Cupidini."
to
Let your
Florio. a man to behave or carry himself stoutly. G. hetragen, behaviour, from tragen, to carry. In
Cupid.
Plautus.
Venus or
is
to
The verb
look itself
after,
fre-
seeing
accordance with these analogies we should be inclined to give to the verb have in behave the sense
of the Sw. hcefwa, to
lift,
The
But
in fact
The
from that
it
Sw. hcefwa in
seed, to
carry
of looking,
is
supported by
many
(sc.
analogies, while
seems an arbitrary
hafwa
fram,
bort, to
hafwa
G.
to bring forwards.
;
AS. habban,
to have, haf-
any
for
object)."
Richardson.
to
upon
jan, to heave
well or
To Behove.
the
is
what
use.
so gret
so required,
AS. behofan,
be
fit,
right, or necessary, to
Command, injunction. AS. behat, gehat, vow, behces, vow Hces, command promise behatan, gehatan, OE. behete, to vow, to promise AS. hatan, to vow, promise, command
Behest.
; ;
; ;
Hest.
to
suitable,
The
in the
connection
may
Du.
heeten,
;
command,
to
to
name,
to
call,
to
be
in
named
Icel.
heita, to
name,
(Andrews, 4.) respect to any person or thing. " Bene habet, jacta sunt " Bene, male se habere."
Goth, haitan, to
to
command.
The
general
it
is well.
Cic.
is
" Atrightly
meaning seems to be to speak out, an act which may amount either to a promise or a command, according as the subject of the announcement is what the speaker undertakes to do himself, or what he
wishes another to do
;
Habilis then
constituted, constituted so as to
meet a particular
signifies
is
properly
the spe-
may be
when
cially used in the sense of a perfect condition. So from Du. hebben, to have, is formed hebbelyh, fit, convenient from Icel. hafa, to have, hcefr, hcefilegr,
;
fit,
Behind.
At
the back
of.
The
relations of
mores
jus,
(Anderson)
by means of the different members of the body. Thus in Finnish the name of the head is used to express what is on
the top of or opposite
to,
hcefi," that is
my
competence
" thad er
behove
the
name
of the ear to
hof
express what
hdntd, the
is
So from
tail,
measure, moderation.
sig, to
Sw. hafwa,
to
have
hafwa
hofwa,
a follower, and as the roots of many of our words are preserved in the Finnish languages, I doubt not that we have in the Finnish hdntd the origin of our behind, at the tail of.
tdd, to follow, hdntyri,
To Behold. To look steadily upon. The compound seems here to preserve what Was the original
sense of the simple verb
to hold.
of,
AS.
healdan, to
fit condition, measure, bounds, moderaOfwer hbfwan, beyond measure det dr icke min hofwa, it is not for me to do so and so, it does not behove me hans hSfwa ar at tiga, it becomes him, behoves him to be silent. Hence hofwas, to become, befit, behove, to be wanted for a particular
condition,
tion.
to tend, to feed, to
purpose.
BELAY.
[From
or
conti'ol,
BELL.
89
is
formed a
and enjoy
accordance with a certain standard of fitness. In this sense we have Goth, galauhs, filu-galaubs, precious, honoured, esteemed ungalauh kas, cis ari/Atav
;
ishable property.
Hence comes
Jidfd, title
session, prescription,
fitting
or behooveful
by poslegal and
o-Kcos,
a vessel
made
;
low estimation
price
rate.
PI.
D.
laven,
upon
and course
to
To believe, then, Goth, laub^'an, galaubjan, is esteem an assertion as good for as much as it lays
;
M.]
claim to
if
a narration,
it it
to
esteem
it
true or in ac;
professes to describe
if
helegsel, fringe,
ment.
All in a woodman's jacket he was clad Of Lincohi green belayed with golden lace.
The
sense of praising
F. Q.
Du. De hahel aan de heeling heleggen, to lay the cable round the bits, to make it fast, iu nautical language,
to helay.
timation.
Hence
consent, permission
an easy progress.
mil erven
lave,
PI.
D.
to
To Belch.
to hohe, to
AS.
healcan, healcettan
OE.
to hoik,
throw up wind from the stomach with a sudden noise. Doubtless an imitation of the sound.
in PI.
Another application of the same word is and Du. holken, hulken, to bellow, to roar.
D.
en by a loi'd to the alienation of a tenant's fief was expressed by the term laus, and E. allow, which has
been shown
civil
to
is
used in
Beldam.
Fair
sir,
and Fair
lady,
were
terms of address, in Fr. heau sire and hel dame. Then, probably because a respectful form of address would be more frequent towards an elderly than a young person, beldam became appropriated to signify an old woman, and finally an ugly and decrepit
old
giving leave or permission, and sometimes in a sense closely analogous to that of believe.
The
principles
which
men
all mankind allow for true are inof right reason admit are the princi-
by
all
mankind.
Locke.
woman.
Bell.
Fr. heffroi, 0. Fr. herfroi, heffroit, a Belfry. watch tower, from MHG. hercvrit, hervrit, a tower
for defence; OYLQr. frid, a tower, turris, locus securitatis
From AS.
bell,
Sw.
hola, to
bellow
North-
amptonshire, to
(Sternberg).
to
make a loud
noise.
boant.
Schilter,
and hergan,
to
protect.
The
bell,
an imple-
word became
ment
for
making a loud
M. Lat. under the forms helfredum, hertefredum, hattefredum. It. hettifredo, a little shed, stand, or house, built upon a tower for soldiers to stand centinel in also a blockhouse or a sconce. Floi'io. Li England a false etymology has conguages, appearing in
;
Templorum campana
Icel. hylia, resonare,
Ducange.
tions of the
is
specially
is
and E. peal, are other modificasame imitative root, of which the latter applied to the sound of bells. The same
found in Galla,
ring.
fined the
name
imitation
to
church tower, to the chamber in the upper part in which the bells are hung.
make
bilbil, to
Tutschek.
is
bilhila, bell
bilbil-goda,
[The number of
imitative words
employed
to
To
Believe.
It is not obvious
how
to
harmonise
the senses of believing, praising, permitting or giving leave, promising, which are expressed in the
different
one of the material appurtenances of European civhas more universally impressed rude tribes
than the sound of small
bells.
word or
to
slight modifications of
;
Las Casas,
in his
account of the
first
to believe
Du.
;
give leave
Dan.
lov, praise,
reputation, leave
;
give leave
AS.
leafa,
give leave
G. glauhen,
Otra cosa tanto no deseaban [los Indios] como cascabeles llcgo la canoa a bordo quando Uamaban y mostraban los pedazos do oro, diciendo chuq chiiq por cascabeles, que estan en puntos de tornarse locos por ellos.
Que aun no
The fundamental
to sanction
Navarrete,
I.
114.
The
Icelandic
historians
VOL.
I.
12
90
BELLOWS. BERTH.
bells,
the vessel
whom
the bell
it
on a frame,
For the
deri-
vation of the
word
see Bind.
name
Beneath.
:
Normandiet,
p.
2,
itative inscription
on an ancient bell at Pontoise " Unda, Unda, Unda, Unda, Unda, Unda, Unda,
accurrite cives
Bellows.
Benefice. Benefactor. Benefit. Lat. benefacere, to do good to one benefactor, one who does good ; bene/actum, Fr. hienfait, a good deed, a
;
See Nether.
"
benefit.
halg, holg, is
The
was
in
used
in several Celtic
to signify
an estate granted by the king or other lord to one for life, because it was held by
of the lord.
" Villa
any
quam Lupus
visus fuit."
ming
Gael.
quam ex
builge,
Bret, belch,
husks of flax
AS.
bcelg,
blcest-bcelg,
Caddono concessimus." " Quam fidelis noster per nostrum beneficium habere videtur." The term had been previously applied in the Roman law to estates
conferred by the prince upon soldiers and others.
a bellows; G.
balg,
skin, husk,
Ducange.
to estates
a blowing-skin,
bellows.
Icel.
belgr,
formance of
times the
ecclesiastical services,
and
modem
name
of benefice
is
appropriated to signify
The
bubble
original
(stiU
signification
is
probably a water-
Benison.
to bless, to
The
Fr. benisson, a blessing, from pronounce happy, to wish well O. Fr. beneigon, beneison, from benedictio.
benir,
to.
Fab.
et Contes, 2. 302.
It
Bent.
sen,
The
seems that bulga was used for womb or belly by the Romans, as a fragment of Lucilius has
Ita ut quisque nostrum e
eaten in a pasture.
G. binsen, rushes.
OHG.
pinoz, pinuz.
hdga
est matris in
lucem editus.
the
disposition
of
AS.
becwcethan, from
the
tion
womb,
is
See Quoth.
bereafian, to deprive
also
bvlbus,
a round or bubble-shaped
root, or
a root
of,
In E. bellows, the word, like trowsers and other names of things consisting of a pair of principal members, has assumed a plural form. To Belong. Du. langen, to reach to, to attain,
porrigere, attingere, pertingere
to, to
;
Berry.
Goth, basja
A
;
small
eatable
fruit.
AS.
beria
Du.
besje.
belangen, to attain
pervenire.
Kil.
G. gelangen,
;
come one's property zum Konigreiche gelangen, to come to the crown belangen, to concern, to touch. Was das belanget, as concerning that. Du. belang,
;
from bhaksh, to eat. Hence on the one side Lat. bacca, a berry, and on the other Goth, basya, G. Beere, E. berry. Kiihn, Zeitschr. vol. vi. p. 3. Berth. The seamen call a due or proper distance between ships lying at an anchor or under sail a birth ; also the proper place aboard for the mess
mess.
propinquus, proximus,
affinis.
to, to
moor a
touch one, exis
Harris
ship.
in
Todd.
Bailey.
To
belong
is
thus to reach up
that given
by Jamieson
size, bulk,
burden.
attinere, pertinere, to
hold to one.
yclepit
ciete
ane
D. V.
Hence
Bench.
See Bank.
Icel.
Dan.
byrde,
To Bend.
benda
AS. bendan.
Fr. ban-
bow ; hence to exert force, se bander, to rise against external force ; bandoir, a
room
and then
of giving
sea-room generally, as
an object a wide
sails is to stretch
berth,
e.
To
bend
room
for
it.
BESEECH. BET.
2.
n
Yet could he not beteem of any other bird than eagle for to seem.
Golding's Ovid in Rich.
in,
may be
Repositorium, area
shelves,
Ana cupboard
secondary
viz.
the Icel.
The shape
Ah!
es.
could teem
to
But
Dialogue
it
Percy Soe.
room
The
beseek.
Icel.
translated
tima is used in the same sense, being by Andersen, sumptum facere andeo, by
When men
in one's heart to
To
licit.
So Lat.
peto,
to
seek,
and
also
beseech.
Beseem.
Seemly. Beteem.
to
The
It.
verbal
sembrare.
O. Sw. scema,
tcema
to
be
fitting, to befit,
was shown under Become that the notion of fitting or suitable is commonly expressed by means of a verb signifying to befall, to happen; what falls in with our taste, wishes, or with the reIt
being
teem it to rend thee in pieces I could find becoming to rend thee in pieces, or I could let it happen to tear thee in pieces. [The Danish temmelig, tolerable, is considered by most Northern etymologists, and I have no doubt justly, as Teutonic, and borrowed from the German ziemlich. The same is probably true of the O. Swedish tcemelig, there being no ON. form from which these words are likely to be derived. The Icelandic scema, and its numerous derivatives, are apparently secondary forms from the noun somi, honor, ornament, decorousness, which cannot be traced to any more radical Scandinavian word, unless we suppose it to be from the widely diffused root sam, together, like, in which case the notion of congruity, fitness, might be taken as its primary sigI could
it
nification.
Now
The
to
happen
not vice
not appear to
me
to
be made
out.
;
M.]
whence
events, and
Besom.
besen.
AS.
besem, besm
AS.
besmas, rods.
fall.
may
be doubted wheth-
same
come.
AS. cwiman,
to
bissam or bassam is given to the heath plant, because used for making besoms, as conversely a besom is called broom, from being made of broom-twigs. The
twigs,
scopje
spartiaj.
and many examples may be shown of, the interchange of an initial tw and kw or qw ; as G. quist, Du. twist, E. twist, a twig or branch G. queche, zwecken, E. squitch, twitch, couchgrass. Du. quinkelen, E. twinkle; Du. quetteren, E. twitter ; G. hunft (in zukunft, the future) for Jcumft, from kommen, to come zumft, gezumft, zunft,
to
happen
Best.
stead
is
See Better.
Bestead.
AS.
stede,
place,
position.
Hence
is
relative position.
To
to
perform the
offices
to stand
one in
good
perform a service-
kommen, venire, seems changed into a . Diefenbach in v. gatiman. Thus become, beseem, and the Du. betaemen, which are used in precisely the same sense, as well as comely and seemly, would be brought
into radical relation with each other.
The dry
fish
bestead us in the
was so new and good as it did very greatly whole course of our voyage. Drake.
On
the other
hand
to
be hard bestead
it
is
to
be
to
is
hard
to endure.
The connexion of the E. teem., beteem, with the Du. betaemen, Sw. taema, is obscured by the verb
being used in a causative sense.
To Bestow.
on a
AS.
stow,
a place;
to bestow,
To
teem or beteem
must be explained
to
to
make
suitable, to
deem
suita-
To
ger
Bet.
From
abet,
deign or
dignus.
92
Gif thou wilt holden that thou
BETEEM.
me
That
I sliall
BIAS.
Bevel.
Slant, sloped
off,
wed
the
maiden
fair.
Halliwell.
bet
awry.
Fr. beveau, an
i.
e.
what you promised or engaged to me, if you promise with which you encouraged
me.
Buveau, a square-like instrumeasuring angles. ment having moveable and compass branches, or one branch compass and the other straight. Some call
it
no etymologist doubts that the German OG. wad, a pledge, the Swedish vad, a bet, and the AS. wed, a pledge, are identical. In the Gerjednes betweox Dunsetan, Ges. der Ang.Sachs., Schmid, Anhang, i. 3, we find " Gif bad
tl believe
wette,
a bevel.
Cotgr.
bet, the
Beverage. A drink. Lat. bibere, to drink It. bevere, whence beveraggio ; Fr. beuvrage ; E. bever;
age.
Bevy.
It.
Florio.
genumen sy," etc., if a pledge be taken, &c. Bad and wed are unquestionably the same word, and hence our bet, by the same logical process as the German and Scandinavian corresponding words from M.] a cognate root meaning pledge. Beteem. See Beseem.
To Bewray.
AS.
G.
vregan,
riigen.
is
To Betray.
deliver
To bewray
up what ought
be kept,
to deliver
breach of
trust, to betray.
It. tradire,
up in whence Fr.
inflections
explained by the Yv.faire caliges, to bewray or accuse his hose, viz. by the sense of smell.
ariier, to dirty.
Wallon.
trahir, as envahir,
from invadere.
in
The
ss,
as trahissons,
Beyond.
Bezel.
E. by a final Thus from ebahir, ebahissais, abash; from sh. In like manner from polir, polissais, polish, &c.
are
commonly rendered
Basil.
is
See Yonder.
Sp. Usel, the basil edge of a
which were formerly ornamented with a border ground slanting from the genplate of looking-glass,
trahir
we
When
to
the edge of a
it
ground away
an angle
is
called
In the water anon was seen His nose, his mouth, his eyen sheen, And he thereof was all abashed His owne shadow had him betrasked.
R. R.
a basil (Halliwell), in Fr. tailU en biseau. Biseau, CotgK. a bezle, bezling or skueing. The proper meaning of the word seems to be a paring, then an edge pared or sliced off, a sloping
In the original
Et
il
s'ebahit
si le trahit. is
edge.
Tayllet le payn ke est paree, Lea Hseaux (the paringes) b, I'amoyne soyt done.
maintenant
Her acquaintance
First soft
perillous
E. R.
To
made
like guzzle,
BeZZle. To drink hard, to tipple. Probably, formed from an imitation of the sound
in greedy eating
Bien
t'a trahie.
and drinking.
how
was caused by the accidental resemblance of the word to Du. bedriegen, G. betriigen, to deceive, to
cheat,
It.
Oh when
!
Dekkar in
R.
From
To
ery.
bezzle
to
wasting in debauch-
tradire
and from
Better.
ter,
Best.
Bias.
Goth,
batizo, batista ;
AS.
be-
It. sbiescio,
Piedm.
Fr. biai-
bast, bet-
ser,
It.
The
from obliquus, has a singular reused in precisely the same a change of form would be very
probably from the notion of
It.
different
From
The AS. has tweoh, a form of twa, two, and thence twegen, twain. the former of these are AS. betwuh, betweoh,
by two,
in the
semblance to
unusual.
sbiescio,
middle of
The
aslope
;
true origin
slipping.
is
two, which
be compared as to form with amid, AS. amiddes, amidst, or with again, against. In
like
may
sliding or
sbiagio,
sbiesso,
bending,
to
sbisciare, bisciare,
sbrisciare,
sbrissare,
is
middle of twain.
of
a snake,
to glide or slip as
Man
tliat
me
clepeth
By
R. G>
biascio, bias-wise.
BIB.
Compare
Sw.
slant,
BIG.
In this sense the word
gebeden ; G.
is
93
the correlative of Groth.
;
formerly
sklent,
;
with
W.
ysglentio,
To Bibf
to drink
much
biberer,
Bib. Fr. bavon, baviere, baverole, a cloth to prevent a child drivelling over its clothes. JBaver, to
slaver or drivel.
mouth.
cloth.
See Beaver. Fris. babbe, the Perhaps the word has once been a bib-
bid
bjudan in anabjudan, faurbjudan, to command, forAS. beodan, bead, geboden ; G. bieten, to offer, ;
verbieten, to forbid;
Bice.
An
inferior blue,
OE.
asure-bice (Early
praebere, praestare.
Du.
Kil.
E. misc. Hal. 78) ; Fr. bes-azur, the particle bes being often used in composition to signify perversion,
To
is to
inferiority. Prov. beslei, perverted belief; barlume (for bis-lume) weak light Piedm. bes-anca,
;
riage, to offer
to public notice.
tag bieten, to bid one good day, to offer one the wish
crooked
whey
of a good day.
To
properly
to dinner,
come
To Bicker.
pute, wrangle.
fight
Bickering.
broil,
although
it
in the sense
To
skirmish, dis-
It is especially applied in Sc. to a with stones, and also signifies the constant motion of weapons and the rapid succession of strokes
Gericht bieten, to
tice
;
Analogous expressions are G. einen vor summon one before a court of jus-
in
a battle or
cessive strokes,
rapid motion.
Jamieson.
by throwing of
by sucor by any
probably
before him.
With
The
origin
is
ask
for,
pray,
may
plausibly be
AS.
bidan, abidan, to
To
bicker in
NE.
is
ex-
prayers.
first
To pray is merely to make known the we look for or desire the object of our The Lat. peto, qucero, signifying in the
for,
Du.
bickehr, a stone-
hewer or stone-picker
biekel, hickel-steenken,
hickelen, bicken, to
hew stone
The
Icel. leita is
used in
leta,
v.
to
which a chip
Hence
Sc. to bicker, to
The
Icel. bidill,
suitor,
from
bidj'a, to
seems
essentially the
Amang the
Ynglis archaris that hardy war and wycht Scottis bykarit with all their mycht.
i
ant or beadle,
same word with AS. bidel, an attendfrom bidan, to abide or wait on.
Wallace in Jam.
like
The arrows
It
struck
upon them
blows from a
Swollen, bulky. The original spelling Big. seems to be bug, which is still used in the N. of England for swollen, proud, swaggering.
stone-cutter's pick.
lent
must be observed that the word pick (equivato the modem pitch) was used for the cast of
"
But when her circling nearer down doth pull Then gins she swell and waxen bug with horn. More in Richardson.
an arrow.
Bug
R.
I hold
you a grote
an arowe as you.
heart."
in
Palsgrave in Halliwell.
Addison.
original
;
as
Lord."
Halliwell.
" Big-swollen
Pope
To Bid.
1.
Two verbs
The
is
probably seen in
Teutonic languages.
To Bid
For
E.
far lever
And
The
;
loss of
R. G.
bow
bugne (an-
swering to
bend.
Com-
P.P.
For he that beggeth other biddeth but if he have need He is false and faitoiu* and defraudeth the neede.
To
inhabit
Big. AS. byggan, Icel. byggia, to build, to ; O. Sw. bygga, to prepare, repair, build, in-
94
habit.
is
BIGARROO. BIGOT.
A simpler
;
arrange, pre-
both of
without necessarily
Du. houwen,
to cultivate, to
build
G. bauen,
Big;arr00.
bizarre, bi-
humorous, also
Cot.
;
It.
whim-
sical
ghiribizzi,
humorous
fantastical conceits.
toys,
sudden humours,
Fl.
from actual sensation or mental passion, is manifested by shivering, horripilation, and hence the image of shivering (as explained under Caprice) is used to signify a sudden fancy or unreasonable desire, the motives to which not being apparent, the
attention of the bystander
is
bound themselves The same outburst of religious feeling seems to have led other persons, both men and women, to adopt a similar course of life. They wore a similar dress, and went about reading the Scriptures and practising Christian life, but as they subjected themselves to no regular orders or vows of obedience, they became highly obnoxious to the hierarchy, and underwent much obloquy and persecution. They adopted the grey habit of the Franciscans, and were popularly
quitting their secular avocations,
to
strict life
charity.
confounded with the third order of those friars under the names of Beguini, Beghardi, Beguttce, Bizocchi, Bizzocari (in Italian Beghini, Bighini, Bighiotti), all of
Ital. bigio,
affection.
which are apparently derived from " Bizocco," says an biso, grey. author quoted in N. and Q. vol. 9, 560, "sia quasi
Venet.
higioco et higiotto, perche
si
i
Terziari di S. Fi-ancesco
skittish
or humorous
toy
ribrezzoso, startling,
suddenly angiy.
Fl.
Now
in
words beginning with br, cr, &c., the Uquid is very apt to be lost, as shown in numerous examples under Cuddle. Thus the It. has sbrisciare and sbisciare, to crawl, and the It. brezza is represented in
France they were called Ducange. From les petits freres bis or bisets. bigio, grey, was formed bigello, the dusky hue of a dark-coloured sheep, and the coarse cloth made from its undyed wool, and this was probably also the meaning of bighino or beguino, as well as bizocco.
veston di bigio."
So
in
"
che
I'abito higio
French by a double form, brise and bise, a chilly wind. "We shall thei-efore not be without the support of strong analogies, if
identity of ribrezzo
sionate.
that designated
Rome
that
it
we
and
must have
as
is
Altieri.
The
lects.
root
may
ably from
"Per
te
make one
Swiss,
der.
bitz,
for,
to
make
uneasy.
agreeably sharp in
taste.
Schmid.
Stal-
It
must be remarked
Bi^ht or Bought.
rope.
Icel. bugt,
In the same
way
Fr. bureau
is
the col-
G. hiegen,
to bend. in the
[We
find boughting as
a participle
Fardle
of Facions, 1555
Cabanes not far from the Sea, vx)on the where nature hath made great carfes, diepe into the grounde, and hollow Guttres, and Criekes into the maigne lande, howtyng and compassyng in and out, to & fro, many sondric wayes. Affrike, F. v, last p. M.J
little
:
from the undyed wool. Hence the OE. borel, coarse woollen cloth, and also unlearned common men. In a similar manner from bigello, natural grey or
sheep's russet,
Thei haue
clieues sides
a blockhead.
homespun
Flor.
cloth, bighelloiie,
a dunce,
From
bigio
would naturally
be formed
cal
higiotto, highiotte, and as soon as the radimeaning of the word was obscured, corruption would easily creep in, and hence the variations bi-
Bi^ht. See Bought. Bi^Ot. The beginning of the 13th century saw the sudden rise and maturity of the mendicant orders of St Francis and St Dominic. These admitted
into the ranks of their followers, besides the pro-
We
fratres
Du-
de paupere
vita,
fessed
Matthew
BIGOT.
Paris, with reference to A. D. 1243, says,
BILLET.
a bigot has come
to signify
95
a person unreasonably
in opposition.
"Eisdem
in
maxime
mind open
to
any argument
levem susceperunt,
ullo claustro
Bilberryt
The
fruit of the
vaccinium myrtillus,
is
continentiam
lius
vitte
called in the
tamen rcgula
nee adhuc
N. of E.
blaa, blue
;
blae-berry,
contenti."
con-
from the dark colour. Dan. Sw. bldmand, a negro. In Danish the
as the fruit of the myrtillus
is
fined to Italy.
talibus plurimi
maxime
jugum
in Italia
The
hilbery,
according to Outzen,
is
also
named
from its dark colour, and he gives several examples of an obsolete bel, belg being used in the sense of
black, dark
;
de paupere
shadowed
bel baaren,
belg-
Alvarus
vulgariter
tertio
Outzen
in
biligjack.
Bernardus Guidonis
"
videlicet ordinis
S.
now
obsolete.
Bilboes.
Among
is
Capellamque seu clusam hujus modi censibus et redditibus pro septem personis religiosis, Beguttis
Augustini dotarint."
when
boia,
the offender
a kind
of stocks.
Du.
boeye,
a shackle.
Chart.
et
O. Fr.
ferreae
buie, fetters.
A.D. 1518.
"Beghardus
mulieres
et
tam
Beguina
quam
first
ligneae.
Festus
This
tertii ordinis."
leaves the
syllable
unaccounted
They
quidam
the Council
A.D. 1310.
"Item cum
Trevirensi
fictae
Bilge. The belly or swelling side of a ship. See Bulge. To Bilk. To defraud one of expected remuneration
;
Beghar-
nunciation of balk.
Bill.
1.
dos se appellant,
longis
capuciis
An
axe
AS.
Jnl,
manuum
mason's pick
stone.
billen
Kil.
W.
bwyell,
religion em
approbatam validam
buail, to strike.
2.
The
bill
of a bird
"Nonnullae mulieres sive sorores, Biguttae apud vulgares nuncupatae, absque votorum religionis emissione."
foregoing.
Chart.
A.D. 1499.
it
From
ular
will readily
be
bile,
the
bill
understood
how
easily the
to
aspirants
superior
pretender
find
;
to
religious
Tartuffe.
same way are related Pol. dziob, the beak of a bird, dziobac, to peck, to job, and dziobas, an adze Bohem, top, a beak, tipati, to strike, topor, an axe. A bill, in the sense of a writBill. 3. Billet.
;
Thus we
hypocrite
the
in It.
ing,
bill
bill
of indictment,
is
Piedmontese
sense.
in parliament,
properly a
same
Sp. bigardo, a
name given
life,
to
M.
See
bigardia, de-
billet
is
hypocrite."
Ludwig. Speight
^^
Bigin, bigot,
superstitious
Du.
billet, billet,
Kil.
in Richardson.
Billet
3. Billard.
a stick or log of
In English the meaning has received a further development, and as persons professing extraordi-
wood
nary zeal
for religious
an ingot, a young stock of a tree to graft on CotRoquefort. grave ; a stick to rest on Langued.
Bille,
overweening importance
bilio,
a package.
Fr.
96
hillard or hiUart,
BILLOW.
a
sliort
BIRD.
form with the thinner vowel and abstract signification should be derived from that with the broader vowel and concrete signification, than vice versa.
ball at
billyards.
rests
billet
on a
of
man who
Billette,
Se/Aw, to build, to
be derived
hang, from
treating as
lloquef.
to
wood
billettes
from runbole,
ning too
Lith.
The
origin of the
term
is
probably from
to
the
pundas, a
trunk of a
diminution.
tree, the o
changing
an
i to
express
sense of
billet
BilloWi
bolghe,
Sw.
bolja,
Icel. bylgia,
procella
Du.
Kil.
from O. Sw.
rage).
Du.
e.
belghen,
to
AS.
helgan, abelgan, to
be angry
swell with
The original meaning of pondus would thus be simply a lump of some heavy material, doubtless a stone. Another form of derivative from the same root is the verb to bend, to make into a hump or prominence, in the same way as from bug or bog, a prominence ("W. bogail, the navel, boglyn, boss, knob, knot ; Hung, bog, knob, knot,
of 48 pounds.
bud, bulb),
is
back with
Had much
btllowe
was so great."
Hackluyt
in Do.,
where
from the actual change of the initial b into a w. The Sw. binda is G. winde, E. hind-weed. The term bine or hind is applied to the winding or twining stem of climbing plants. Thus we speak
of the hop-bine for the shoots of hops. hind-wood, bin-wood, or ben-wood,
plied to ivy.
we
The wood-
So
in Scotland ap-
sea,
Here we
Bin*
Bing.
is
a heap.
com.
Surrey in R.
Then
fine the
as side-boards or walls
heap
to
were added to cona smaller space, the word was transa gran-
form of the Lith. pinnu, pin-ti, to twine. [The Swedish and Danish hunt, bundt, are modern words, unknown to the Old-Northern language, though it possesses the verb at binda, to hind. They are, moreover, participial in form, with the regular vowel-change, and therefore derivatives of the verb
at binda, not the
wine, &c.
Sw.
ary or
heap.
bin.
Icel.
also participial,
is
and
all
these words
mean
that
Fr. bigne, a
bump
or knob.
which
The grete bing was upbeilded wele Of aik trees and fyrren schydis dry.
Gloss.
D. V.
AS.bindan, Goth, bindan, band, bundun. This word is I beUeve derived from the notion of a bunch or lump, expressed by Sw. bunt, Dan. bundt, G. bund, a bunch, truss, bundle, the primary notion of binding being thus to make a bunch of a thing, to fasten it together. In like manner from knot, Lat. nodus, a knob, I would derive the verb to knit, to bind together, as
knit together.
To Bind.
Bine. Bindweed.
See Bunch.
Lith.
herzas
Fi'. j)
Sanscr. bhurja.
Bird. AS. hrid, the young of birds ; eames brid, an eagle's young ; G. brvi, a brood or hatch of young. See Breed. "We find the use of the word in this
original sense as late as Shakespeare.
As
H. IV.
v. sc. 1.
firmly
in
The proper
is
E.
by
ture,
i. e. to form a knotted strucrendered in Icel. by binda, to bind at binda ndt, to knot nets for fish, to net. Lith. pinnu, pinti,
E. fowl, which in course of time was specially applied to the gallinaceous tribe as the most important kind of bird for domestic use, and it was perin
haps
this appropriation
to wreathe, to plait.
It
adoption of the
name
A similar transfer
BIRTH.
of meaning has taken place in the case of pigeon,
BLAB.
tional watch,
97
from wachen,
to watch, corrupted in
from
eon,
Ital.
we have adopted
direct
original.
the
and of Fr. poule, a gallinaceous bird, E. poultry, from Lat. pullus, the young of an animal. Birth. AS. heorth, Sw. hord, G. Gehurt, from
from
German
when
JBiovac,
AS.
Bishop.
overseer,
eveque,
it
overlooker.
affords a
When
there
apprehension of danger.
Bailey.
;
Sp. vivac, town guard to keep order at night night guard, small guard-house.
bivouac,
ber-lip.
chatter
;
to
talk
much,
indistinctly,
let
to
different languages
may
become.
Episcopus
Blind,
;
out what
Bisson.
Bisom.Bisen.Bizened.
Du.
hij sien,
on
me
properly near-sighted.
bij siende, hij sienigh,
lusciosus et
myops, qui
nisi
Kil.
The
Sw.
AS.
hitol.
Icel. bitill,
And
"Why presumest thou so proudly to profecie these things wost no more what thou blaberest than Balaam's asse.
HalUweU.
Bitch.
bitch
to
;
AS.
little
dog, a
Dan.
PI.
D.
blabbern,
G.
Swabia, a pig
female stag.
G. betze, or petze, a bitch, in a bear. Fr. hiche, a hind or Something of the same confusion is
petz,
;
Bohem.
bleptati, to babble,
;
chatter
Lith. blebberis,
a babbler
All founded on a
collision of the
hindinn, a female
made by
wet
Bite.
lips in
we
find
G. beissen. frame of timber in Bittacle or Binnacle. the steerage of a ship, where the compass stands.
bita,
To
the
same
radical syllable
employed
to
signify the
soft falling
or striking
Bailey.
a habitacle, dwelling or abiding place. Cotgr. In Legrand's Fr. and Flemish dictionary habitacle is
lodge (logement) near the mizen mast for the pilot and steersman. " Nagt huis, 't
Habitacle,
and hence to designate the object making such a sound, a lump of anything wet or
soft,
The
used
to signify "
soft noise, as
explained a
huisje,
little
't
kompas
Goth,
huis."
haitrs, Icel. beitr, bitr,
on the beach " plabraich, a fluttering noise, a ping, as of wings plabartaich, a continued
; ;
flapsoft
Bitter.
apparently
from
its
a babbler.
Armstrong.
soft,
Peper
aer bitter
och bitar
Then we have
fast.
Pepper
is
bitter
quoted by Ihre.
of a weapon.
"
and bites hard. Hist. Alex. Mag., Applied in Icel. to the sharpness
lump of anything
lip.
as
Hin
6^06,
the sharpest
it
to
mourn.
sword.
bite.
When
Collins in Halliwell.
an edge
blunt
we say
will not
Hence a
bite, cut,
and
a large coarse
lipped
;
Gael,
blob,
blobach,
blubber
;
bitter, is
founded on the
PI.
and pointed
It. hittore ;
the tongue, to
Outzen. To HalliweU.
Fris.
blabber out
Bittern.
Fr. butor
Bitts.
bitas,
;
The same
Gael.
OE. The
Sp.
bitor,
rail.
Sp.
lump
idly
;
and as a verb,
to
round which the cable is made fast. Icel. biti, a beam in a house or ship, a mast bita-hofud, a bulk;
head.
The
in
latter
word
formation
inco-
Bivouac.
open
field
The
lying out of an
army
the
make a broken
without shelter.
I.
VOL.
G. bei-wache, an addi13
As
98
llubber
Avtis
BLACK.
used for bubbles,
agitiition
BLADDER.
or swart a thing by displaying
Cotgr.
in
it
froth,
foam, because
produced by the
of liquids.
Bleak of colour,
sun,
That he has seen blubbers upon the water of the AUochy gram but does not know what they were occasioned by. Jamieson. That by blubbers he means air-bubbles.
the
imbrunire.
Torriano.
pallido, livido.
To
bleak
Icel.
bleikia,
Here we
And
at his
mouth a
Chaucer.
In
to any spongy substance, and spespongy tissue filled with oil in which the body of the whale is enveloped.
Hence applied
cially to the
whose whole body being encompassed Cetaceous fishes Eay in R. round with a copious fat blubber.
process.
used in the
The
yellow-hammer.
further supported
by the
fact
as a paigle (cowslip)."
Icel. blakki,
Ray.
A
It.
Brockett.
"As
blake
by a
series of parallel
Haldorsen.
The
similarity in
same meaning
as the foregoing.
The sound
Blackguard.
sion
to the
in deri-
wet object is represented in Sc. by the syllable blad; a Mad of weet, a heavy fall of rain ; a bladdy day, a showery day. "A man may love a haggish that would not have the bag bladed in his teeth." Sc. blad, a spot of dirt on the cheek proverb. a
work.
slave that within this twenty years rode with the Black Guard in the Duke's carriage (i. e. with the Duke's Webster. baggage) mongst spits and dripping-pans.
bladach, garru-
wide-mouthed
I am degraded from a cook, and I fear that the Devil himself will entertain me but for one of his blackguard, and O. Play in Nares. he shall be sure to have his meat burnt.
nonymous with plabair. The OE bloderit is used by Chaucer in the sense of blubbered, signifying noisy weeping, deformed by Aveepiug.
She bloderit so and wept, and was so high on mode, That \mneth she myght speke but other while among Wordis of discomfort, and hir hondis wrong.
Beryn. 464.
The word
the
is
N. and
"Whereas of
terless
To
mouth
bludder,
bluther, to
in taking liquid, to
Sw. bladra, ble, and bladra, as OE. blubber, a bubble, Lat. blaterare, G. plaudem, to babble.
talk nonsensically.
Jamieson.
We do
strictly
charge
all
all
to babblister.
Black. Bleak. The original meaning of the word black seems to be pale. "Se mona mid his
blacan leohte," the
have intruded themselves into his Majesty's court and stables, that within the space of 24 hours they
depart."
pale light
" blac-
Bladder.
blister,
AS.
;
blcedre.
blatter,
Icel. bladra,
Pol. blako-
bladder
G.
a pustule
Commonly
referred to G.
G. bhich, Du. bleeh, pale. Then as a pale complexion takes a bluish tint, the designation has passed on to mark the darker colours of the spectrum, and finally, in E. bhick, a total absence of
all colour.
O. H. G. platen (Adelung), to blow, as from Gr. <f>v(ra<i}, to blow, (pvcra, a bellows, bladder, <^ucrafrom Cat. bufar, to blow, bufete, a Ais, a bubble
;
blister;
blister,
The
Icel. blackr is
explained by Ander-
from Sw.
scurus,
and
in like
meaning
is
concerned, the
derivation
is
perfectly satisfactory.
The form
of
the
dark coloured.
HoUyband.
Fr. blesmir, to
wax
pale or bleaked.
Hasler, to sunburn, to
make
bleak
word however makes me think it more probable that it is derived in a manner analogous to E. blabber, blubber, of which the latter is also used to sig-
BLADE. BLAZE.
nify a bubble [see Blubber under Blab],
imitation of the noise
99
from an
to blanch, to
make
or become white
blanc, blanque,
ticket,
made by
a blank
ticket,
a white or unwritten
a ticket
to
uids.
make a
great noise.
chatter,
Hence applied
an
Halliwell.
;
Bladder,
Blather,
Blether,
foolish talk
with weeping
water, to
to hluiter, to blurt, to
make
is
hlddra, to babble.
of voices
Jamieson. Sw. must be observed that the sound commonly described by means of words
a rumbling noise.
It
first
mix up with
Blank verse, verse void of the rhyme to which the ear is accustomed. To blank, or blanch,
pened.
to disappoint, to omit, pass over.
Now,
Sir,
expressing in the
uids.
and
thwcetta,
are
that of prattling.
From the
wash, E.
idly,
last
The Judges of that time thought it a dangerous thing to admit if s and an's to qualify the words of treason, whereby every man might express his maUce and blanch his danBacon in R. ger.
the
Sw.
twcetta, to
to talk to purl
much and
;
and Du.
borrelen, to bubble,
shout.
The
word
is
seen in the G.
blank, shin-
Kil.
from candere,
ing, polished.
to shine, to glow.
Dan.
word bladder, blather, blether, signifying idle talking, to have been used in the first instance to represent the sound of paddling in water, and thence to have been applied to the bubbles produced by such agitation, then to any inflated pellicle, as a bladder. Perhaps the Sw. lodra, E. lather, may be evidence
the
Blanket.
cloth.
From
;
woollen cloth
To
Blare.
Blatter. Blatant.
blanchet, whitish.
To
roar, to
bla-
bellow.
Du.
from
smother, smore,
Icel. blad, the leaf of
;
The
pres-
Blade*
tree,
blade of a
sword, or of an oar
G.
blatt,
;
origin of
Du.
leaf, plate,
under Blab.
She
him.
(the ship) roade at peace in R.
and
to
anything
of the root
excellent endurance
Du. G. plat ; Gr. irXarvs, broad. But perhaps a more definite origin may be found in the notion of foam, or a mass of bubbles, which we have above endeavoured to indicate as the original signification of Bladder. The old Dutch form of the word is blader, a leaf, bladeren, leaves, branches G. blatterig, leafy. And we have in foam a most complete example of leafy structure. BlaiUi AS. blegen, Dan. blegne, Du. blegne, Icel. blina, a boil, pimple, blister. Perhaps from blegen, which Schwenk and Adelung give as an old Swabian form of the G. blcihen, to blow. Or it may be Dan. bleg, pale OHG. a pale or discoloured spot.
;
Spenser
s.
however envy
to blatter against
Blateroon, an
baladron,
s.
empty
boaster.
Spenser.
Sp.
much
Du.
Du.
er
;
blaet, blatero,
fastum.
boasting,
Hence Spenser's
ill-speaking
beast.
Gael.
More,
a loud
Ir.
noise
blaodhrach,
blorach,
clamorous, noisy.
blaken, macula.
ligo.
Blast.
blcBst,
A gust
To
of wind.
blast,
AS.
blcesan, to
blow
Schilter.
AS.
blast.
blemish,
Cotgr.
to
Gr.
/3A.ao-</>r;/xtv,
speak impiously.
proach, defame.
and E. blame.
Et per consilium eorum ita convenienter tibi respondebo quod cum tecum loquar non credo te me inde hlasphematuruiii. Eadmer. Hist. Novorum, p. 86.
Blatant. See Blare. AS. blase, blcese, strong flame. Blaze. 1. blasere, an incendiary Icel. blysa, a torch, a lamp Du. bios, blys, Dan. blus, a torch blossi, a flame redness Sw. brasa, fire, and, as a verb, to blaze
Sp. brasa, Fr. braise, live coal ; embraser, to set on blaze is so intimately connected with a blast fire.
of wind, as to render
it
Que quand
m'en blamiez.
word
blaze,
a flame,
is
AS.
ob-
Blank.
Blanch.
blcesan,
G.
blcesen, to
blow.
If the fire
it
were named
it
produces,
is
100
BLAZE.
wind by which the conflagraaccompanied and kept up, and which, indeed,
BLEAR.
senses, in that of praise,
bre,
vious that the designation would be equally appropriate for the blast of
tion is
is
commendation
of.
blason fune-
a funeral oration
Cotgr.
Du.
On
may
be suspected with
i.
e.
by a
herald,
flash,
gleam.
2.
made by
hlcesa,
Sw.
Dan.
blis,
G.
hldsse,
Du.
(Kil.).
As
Then, as the purport of armorial bearings was to typify and represent the honours and titles of the bearer, and to tnake him known when otherwise concealed by his armour, the term was transferred
to the armorial bearings themselves, or to the shield
may
arise
from
bleis,
Jam. It is remarkable, however, that a streak or mark of this nature is frequently designated by the same term with baldness. Tlius the Du. blesse signifies not only a white streak on the
forehead, but a bald forehead.
lysy,
Sc
on which they were painted. The other derivation, which Diez treats as hardly doubtful, is from AS. blcese, a torch, a flame, splendour. The term would then be applied to the armorial bearings painted in bright colours on the
Kil.
Bohem.
Pol.
a baldpate, a blaze or white streak on the forehead. The E. bald is also used, in both Mid. senses, as has been observed under that word.
bald
;
lysina,
same way as we speak of an illuminated MS. a MS. ornamented with coloured paintings Fr. planches illuminees, coloured prints. Prov. blezo, a shield, properly a shield with
shield or surcoat, in the
armorial device
blue.
Gr.
Bohem.
;
origin
and word might spring from the same by a somewhat different train of thought.
Or
the
Hung,
pilis, baldness.
To
The AS.
blcese, blase, is
To blow
blcesan,
abroad, to
blaesen,
festatio,
declaratio.
is
Du.
patet,
it
manifest.
like
Lye. Anders.
the
to blow.
ative
that love to wide yhlowe
blason,
Remembering him
Yelt bitter fruit although swete sede be sowe. Troilus and Cressida, i. 385.
Enghsh, might be used to signify the armorial bearings of an individual, as the device by which he was
known
or
cased in
And
armour.
sain, that
is
ihlowe
love, ther
was
erst not
knowe.
Ibid.
To Bleach.
blcEc,
To make
white.
AS.
blcecan,
from
pale.
Icel. bleikia,
Du.
blaken.
See Black.
Bleak.
R.
cold, exposed,
In a secondary sense bleak is used for from the effect of cold in making the
livid. See Black. Blear, l. Blear-eyed; having sore inflamed eyes, like one that has long been Aveeping. PI. D. blar-
"
He
blarrede
Per-
till
the tears
ran
haps the expression of blazing, or blazening, abroad, was partly derived from the image of blowing a
trumpet, as
tues.
down.
2.
Hence
when we speak
The term
"to blear
sound a
totally different
from
trumpet.
2.
To
;
colours
Fr. blason, a
Cotgr.
theories are
The origin of this expresmuch discussion, and two each of much plausibility.
!
He that doeth wickedly, although he professe God in his wordes, yet he doeth not for all that see God truely for he is seen with most purely scowred eyes of faith, which are blurred with the darkness of vices. Udal in Richardson.
:
In
this sense
it
First from the E. blaze, blazen, to proclaim, to trumpet forth, whence the Fr. blason used, among other
"
BLEAT. BLEND.
ein cities plerr vor den augen," the devil
101
Schmeller.
blered
makes a So in
Ne
For ich
speddestu nogt mid thine unwrenche (trick) am war and can well blenche.
Owl and
Nightingale, 170.
it,
P.P.
To
He
blessede
is to
shrink from
to
wink
them with
his
buUes and
hure eye.
at
it,
avoid looking
it
in the face.
a similar metaphor Pol. tuman is a cloud, as of dust or mist tumanic, to cast a mist before the
;
By
eyes, to
humbug.
In the same sense we have flinch, quinch, and wince or winch, the fundamental meaning of each of, which is rapid vibration, and thence an involuntary start.
To
Bleat,
An
imitative
word intended
to rep-
made by sheep
or goats.
Gr.
To flinch
is
Du. flikken, G.
G. blohen,
to bleat as sheep, or to
low as
flinken, to glitter
oxen.
to quinch,
;
Kil.
while
See Blab.
spot,
wince or winch
is
fault,
a disgrace.
Bailey.
From
the 0.
quef.
is
The modern
sense of the
Fr.
to
Fi'om the sense of rapid vibration blench came be used for a trick, a movement executed for the
is
pale,
Cotgr. hlesmis-
As
and
AS. Mac
wan
of hue,
He gength wel swithe awaiward And hoketh pathes swithe narewe And haveth mid him his blenches yarewe. Owl and Nightingale,
It
is
375.
dark colour of
and thence
to a bruise,
spot, or blemish.
shen or hlenschyn
hlemys-
German
Lyke
Diez the proper meaning of hlemir is to bruise or make livid with blows, from Icel. bldmi, the livid colour of a bruise, livor, sugillatio, color plumbeus bldma, to become livid. Sw. blema, a boil, wheal, pimple Pol. plama, a stain, spot, blot,
According
to
; ;
groundc, setteth up cloughtes or thredes which some will call shailes, some blenckam, or other hke shews to feare Sir T. Elyot in R. away byrdes.
a blot on one's name or reputation plamiS, splamic, splamid sie, to stain one's honour or reputo spot tation, to disgrace one's name. So in Sw. Jldck, a
; ;
to
them
cited,
in the
way
of the sportsmen.
Jldck,
p&
To Blend.
A numerous class
may be
is
blanking one, to
make him
nought
discomfit,
confound him.
Swab. sound made by the agitation of liquids. blotzen, to churn, to dash cream up and down with a Du. plotzen, plonsen, to fall into water plunger
;
and hath
To
blunge clay, in
to
Cotgr.
to
mix
it
up with water
For now if ye so shuld have answered him as I have shewed you, though ye shuld have somewhat blenched him
therwith. Sir
J.
Du.
Biglotton.
Sc. to bluiter, to
More
it
in Richardson.
noise, to bluiter
up with water,
;
to dilute too
to bluther,
At
other times
mouth
in taking
liquid.
Jam.
it
To
blunder water, to
and muddy.
what would you ask
in Nares.
still
stir
or puddle, to
make
thick
Halliwell.
Of
latter the
E.
What
Speak
is 't
you
blend,
?
freely.
B. and F.
blench at ?
AS.
And thus
thinkande I stonde
Without blenchinge of mine eie, Eight as me thought that I seie Of Paradeis the moste joie. Gower
simple form, but by no means therefore a previous one in the order of formation, as will be remai-ked in the observations on the origin of the word Blink.
vin, to
(i.
Afterwards applied
eral,
to the notion of
is
And now
refous
mansbond
e.
slaves) raskaile of
though in the
ye
blenk.
For these ne
shalle
R. B. 115.
word
is
wholly
102
BLESS.
Bless.
;
BLINK.
shine,
blick,
To
blithe
Bliss.
;
AS.
to
glance, to look
Du. Uicken,
;
to glitter
blis,
blithsian, hlissian,
;
flash,
a glance, a wink
blick-ooghen, to
wink
to rejoice, be glad
blicksem, lightening.
to shine, to glitter;
glitter,
glitter.
With
Uetsung, a blessing.
du, joy
;
OHG.
blide,
G. blinken,
Paradises blidnissu, the joys of Paradise similar development has taken bliden, to rejoice.
and
sudden
The sound
ter,
of k before an
t,
s,
as in
blitz,
Du.
a
blicksem,
blajennii
happy Serv.
;
blag, good,
sweet
giving G.
;
flash, glitglitter,
glimpse,
lightning
blitzen,
to
flash,
Bohem.
lighten.
The
blahy (obsolete),
happy
blaziti, blahoslaviti
wink, blink.
Kiittner.
Blinzler, a blinkard
blinz-
happy, to pronounce happy, to bless ; blazeny, blahoslaveny, blessed, happy ; Blazena, Beatrix.
From
making the
sign of
; Dan. blende, to dazSw. blund, a wink, a wink of sleep blunda, to shut the eyes. The term then passes on to designate the complete privation of sight. Du. blindselen,
zle
to brandish.
caecutire, ccultare, to
person.
Kil.
bless.
F. Q.
man's-buff.
The
origin of blind
Scarce had I laid hands on my truncheon when they blest my shoulders with their pines in such sort, as they wholly deprived me of my sight. Shelton's Don Quixote in R.
sometimes used
to express
is
absence of vision.
it,
To
to
For
the
is
Nares. world with his heels when he is hanged. [In bidding adieu, or taking leave, it was formerly,
make
horse's
and
part.
in fact
still
is,
whom we
I beis
Hence, in German, die Welt segncn, or das Zeitliche gesegnen, to bless the world, or temporal This is things, is to take leave of them, to die.
probably the origin of the phrase
text.
much more
commonly
Words aiming
at the
M.]
last
quoted in the
appear in the
first
instance in the
frequentative
Blight.
them look as
D. verblekken,
from
form.
It
is
Bailey.
PI.
remarkable that
in addition to the
words with
to
burn up.
"De Sonne
het dat
an
initial
Koorn verblekket," or " Dat Koorn is verblekket," blekken, to shine, to lighten. Perhaps the notion originally was that it was blasted with lightning. OHG. bleg, blich-Jiur, lightning. Brem. Wtb. Or
lux, light
I,
which
may
lustre, brilliancy
liget,
two
AS.
lig,
a flame,
Thus,
lightning
similar classes
gl.
may be
pointed
out with an
With an
initial bl
and
it
may be from
AS.
blcec,
pale, livid.
initial
I.
With
bl.
With
gl.
Blind. blindr, G.
does not
Deprived of
bli7id.
sight.
Goth, blinds,
to
Icel.
Lat. lux
Thence applied
;
anything which
blind-netel,
;
lucere
bum
0. glUhcn
E. to glow
AS.
lig
fulfil its
Icel. loga
g^^^_
>
O. bliihen
E. to blow
AS.
Dan. lue
0. lohe E. low
""^
dead
nettle, or nettle
fenster,
thiiren,
sting
G. blinde
doors,
wmdows,
. to look
pockets.
Du. glicken,
to shine
blind is something employed to blind one or prevent one from seeing, as a window-blind, to prevent one looking through the window.
a torch
lysa, to shine
Sc. blceze,
blasge
AS.
Icel. blossi,
glisian,
gllsnian,
to shine
The
next
origin of the
in the
flame
to
E. gloss
Sc. gliss, to glance, to
Dan. blussc,
E. blossom
Pol. lysk,
glow
article.
look
Sc. glisk,
Blink.
ment.
flash
a glance
AS.
E. lustre
Russ
blistat, to shine
E. glister, glisten
G. Uicken,
to
G. blust, blossom
BLISTER.
PI.
BLOOD.
the signification of the
first
103
element of the word had
it
D.
bl'iise,
bleuster,
blei-
a beacon-fire;
stern, to glisten
glinsteren,
to
hence
to blote
mean
to
smoke,
sparkle
glint,
flash,
to cure
I
by smoke.
glance
Dan.
Icel.
litr,
glindse, to shine
E. glance
colour,
lit,
dred herrings.
blote
a hun-
G. bUithe, a flower
aspect
You
stink like so
Q. loderen, to blaze
Du. bloeden,
to blos-
Du. gloeden,
to
burn
som W. blodau,
Du. locdte,
fire
the chimney.
B. Jonson,
many
hloat-herrings
Ibid.
flowers
gloedte, fire irons
Sc. glede,
irons
Blob.
glit-
Blab. Bleb.
blotted, blurred.
A small globe
soft
or bub;
hot coals
ble of liquid or
a bhb
the
Dan. glindre, to
ter
of
dew
W.
Uathr,
shining,
Sw.
glatt,
shining,
Blobbit,
Jamieson.
From
smooth AS. lioma, a beam of G. blume, a flower light G. flimmen, to gleam liat. lippus, a winker Gr. (iTxiTU, to see
polished,
Dan. glippe,
to
wink
A
to
to blaze
lamp
See Blot. The stem or trunk of a tree. Bailey. Blocli. solid mass of wood, stone, or the like. Hence, block up the way, to close it with a solid mass.
shine
glimber,
Gael,
or log
bloc,
;
round, orbicular.
bloc, in bulk, in
Fr.
bloc, blot,
a block
en
the
0.
levin, lightning
Sc.
glevin,
gliff,
to glow a glimpse; to
glifiin, to
wink
It may be formed like clot, clod, blot, from the sound of a small mass of something soft thrown against the ground. See Blot. The primary meaning would thus be a small mass of anything, an unformed mass, as distinguished
Blister.
Du. Uuyster ; Lat. pustula, pusula, a Both the English and the
Latin word are fx"om the notion of blowing, expressed by cognate roots, which differ only in the
an Z after the initial b. must be referred to AS. blcesan, to blow, whence blast, bluster, to blow in gusts, to puff" and be noisy, Bav. blaustern, to breathe hard, while Lat. ptistula, pusula, must be classed with forms like Gr. <f)va-ao), to blow, G. bau^en, busten, pausten, Sw. pusta, to blow, puff", swell. The I, it must be observed, in imitative roots is an exceedingly moveable element, and easily changes its place, or is inserted or omitted. Thus we have blab and babble, bubble and blubber, Langued. blouca and Fr. boucler, to bubble, buckle, blouquette and bouclette, a little buckle, W. blisg, plisg, shells, husks, and pisg, pods, blisters.
insertion or omission of
from things fabricated out of it, the unhewn bole of a tree, any lump or mass of things. But as the original meaning of Fr. boucle or the equivalent blouque (Hecart) seems to be a bubble, then anything I'ound and prominent, as a buckle, or
as in Prov. bocla, bloca, the boss of a buckler, per-
The E.
blister
may
lie
Compare E.
and Pol.
also
bulka, a bubble.
Blond.
flaxen
;
Diez suggests that the word may be a nasalised form of Icel. blaud, Dan. blod, soft, weak, in the sense of a soft tint, a supposition which is apparently supported by the use of the word Mode in Austria for a weak, pale tint. Schmid. It is certain that we have in E. blunt a nasalised form of the. foregoing root. But it is probdeer-coloured.
hawks or
Cotgr.
stags) bright
tawny
or
to
Blithe.
mild, gentle
joyful.
Icel. blidhr,
is to
be referred, but
OHG.
blide,
Du.
blijde,
as in E. blithe,
See Bless.
Bloat.
To
Bloated. Bloater.
Sw.
biota,
To
Note, to
fire.
Diez,
marked
O. Fr.
Bailey.
blot,
Dan.
Roquefort.
is
blue
bloi,
blond,
Prov.
bloi, blou,
Mod,
as if
soft.
Sw.
It should
be re-
Hence E.
having an unsound swollen look, soaked in water. In like manner the Fin.
bloated,
hostia,
that the
Du. blond
subhumidus,
Sw.
blotfisk, fish
which
Blood. Bleed.
for the
Halma.
Du.
bloed,
G. Mut.
Doubtless
fish.
named
Ihre.
When
fish
it
same reason as Du. bloedsel, prov. E. blooth, G. blut/ie, a flower, from the bright colour which these objects exhibit, from G. blu/ien, to glow.
104
Both
bleed.
hlat
is
BLOOM. BLOW.
and hliithe are written hluat by Otfricd, and used in the Swabian dialect in the sense of
to
hluhen
Schilter.
Schmid. Erploten, be red with See Blow. Bloom. Blossom. See Blow. from an Blot. Blotch. The word
rage.
2. 2.
blot
puff up, to
blasen, to blow.
hai'd.
arises
attempt
to
liq-
Blush.
Kil.
To Blow.
3.
Bloom.
is
Blossom. Blowze.
show
flower.
To come
sense
into flower, to
The primary
ours, to glow.
ferio,
sclopum edo
surdum,
the
Platli,
to strike
Du. G. bluhen,
Germans
a spot,
by the
hlatte,
syllable Klatsch
blossom, to flourish.
We
der Blink) that the root signifying light and the connected ideas
is
tioned.
anything wet
or
filth
;
with a simple
as
or with
bl,
gl.
With
the
blcek-blatte,
a blot of ink
blatte, to fall
bladde), a
cowdung
koblatt
former
lue,
Dan.
a flame, a blaze.
flame, erpluhites,
The
With an
OHG. pluhon, to
cially
soft
a " blad
o'
weet"
exarsisti, bluh,
a heavy fall of rain a blad, a lump of anything Then soft, a dirty spot on the cheek. Jamieson. as a lump of something wet thrown on the ground
s is
seen in
spreads itself
Blotter, to blot
flat,
;
Fr. se
blottir, to
squat or
blotte, bloutre,
a lump, clod.
Cotgr.
;
lie close.
and with an
blus,
Icel.
blys,
AS.
blysa,
Dan.
"
a torch.
Du.
blose,
rubor,
plet, a blot, spot ; pletter i solen, spots in the E. plot of land, a spot or small portion of land G. plotz, a blow or the sound of it ; platzen, platschen, as Sc. blad, to sound like a blow, to plash platz-regen, a heavy fall of rain blcitz, a spot, a
Dan.
;
sun
Blowze.
A girl whose
and
blot
If
let
Schwenck.
no man can
E. Match, to spot or
blot.
like to
us learn
Boul.
Harmar in K.
much more
Swab. Uatsche, prov. E. a blanch, a blotch of pustules run together. Du. blutsen, to strike ; bluts koorts, the
Blotch-paper, blotting paper.
Halliwell.
spotted fever.
Kil.
But we may arrive at Match or blotch from the same fundamental source by a somewhat different
In these imitative roots a final t and k interchange very frequently, as well as an initial bl
connexion.
or pi, and
vlecke.
gl, kl.
is called a blowze, have a Mowzing colour." Kennet in " To be in a blowze, to look red from Halliwell. heat." Halliwell. Du. blosaerd, a red-cheeked person. Dan. Musse, to blaze, to flame, blicsse i ansigtet, to glow in the face, to blush, in which sense the Du. blosen is also used. PI. D. Miise, bleuster, a beacon fire Nord-bliise, the Northern lights hleustern, Meistern, to shine, to glitter de Bakken bleustert, the cheeks glow. Brem. Wort. Swab, bluh, Mut, Mitst, a flower, the part of a plant that exhibits glowing brilliant colours. Schmid. Then with a derivative m, AS. blosm, blostm, Du. blosem, a blos-
said to
som.
Icel.
Komi, splendour,
Thus we
firid
Sax. Meek, a
Jamieson.
verwer,
blotting paper.
clere
Kil.
AS.
And armouris that bumyst were Swa blomyt with the sonnys heme
That
all
the land
was
in a leme.
Barbour.
instead of M, pi,
we have Du.
And
blemish
memorandum book,
;
explain-
he himself in broun sanguine wele dicht Above his uncouth armour blomand bricht. D. V.
It is
G.
kleck,
;
blot,
klecken,
kleck-
to
papier, kkck-buch,
book.
blotting
paper,
memorandum
and generally
To
as bloach or blatch to
clatch of lime, as
Du.
as
much
in a wall; to ckUch, to
a flower, for the reason above mentioned. Du. bloeme, bloemsel, G. blume,
E. bloom, flower.
BLOW. BLUE.
sense by old English navigators.
luyt, III.
105
application to the coating of fat
is
enveloped, consisting of a
filled
48
it is is
with
oil.
And
yet
whole bay
more subject
many blooming
whose whole body being encompassed Cetaceous fishes with a copious fat blubber, which doth the same thing to Ray in Richardson. them that clothes do to us.
And
in Darapier,
Voyages, 1703,
529
Sea-winds are warmer than land-winds, unless it be when a bloom, as we call it, or hot blast, blow from thence.
See, also,
same author,
filled
pt.
3,
47.
Bohem. blubonciti, to bubble up. At the present day the ordinary application of the verb to blubber is to weep in a noisy manner, making an incoherent noise with the mouth, and
thence to disfigure the face with weeping.
And
perhaps hloomed
with genial
warmth," "
disfigured
And
her
fair face
* * might be exemplified even by heapes of and customes, now superstitious in the greatest part
first
to
bladder or bluther, to
make a
originaU begin-
mouth
in taking
any
liquid (Jam.), is
when
affection bloomed
as euill.
he had seen
bluthered out his een.
He would have
These senses of hloom, as well as that given by
Halliwell, the hot stages of a fever, are doubtless
Cleland in Jam.
Her sweet
bloderit face.
Chaucer.
It.
because
of heat.
we
M.]
We
It
Bine*
fem. blava.
OHG.
blao,
blaw
little
hiavo,
Pro v.
blau,
are in some doubt of the origin of comes very near Gr. irXrjyiq, a stroke, from TrXrjcra-iii, to strike Lat. plaga, a blow, a stroke, Goth. Uiggwan, OHG. bliuwan, to strike. Swab.
Blow.
Notwithstanding the
I have
little
apparent resemblance,
Gael, glas, pale, or gr,
br,
this
word.
W.
is
wan.
gliihen,
The interchange
of an
On
it
very frequent.
bliihen,
;
We
may
cite
for
example G.
may
livid
mark produced by a
blue, livid
;
yXrjxoiv, ^Xrfx<i>v,
Du. blaeuw,
blaeuwe
a herb
blast,
Gr.
/3aXavo<s,
blauwel, a beater.
marks.
Fris. blodelsa
" Si quis
W.
grug, heath.
;
We
O.
wound and
"
bruise.
aUum ad
bloot et
Fr.
blue
blazir, to
Ad
mus."
Wort.
Hamburgh Archives, A. D. 1292, nauder blaw Nis nor wound. Wiarda. Brem. Wort. From
blawe
in
dici-
Brem.
grow
pale, dirty
Raynouard.
d
;
Prov.
blezir, to
The
It.
usual
ni blodelsa," there is
Blduen,
the sense of
which
is
and sbiadare,
to
Flor.
RoqueO. Fr. blau, coup, tache, meurtrissure a blow, a bruise. Du. placke, macula, labes, a
;
blot, spot
Bi-
glotton.
These words seem diand are intended to represent the noise made by a mixture of air and liquid shaken together, or spluttering out together, " The whence the sense of bubble, froth, foam. water blubbers up." Baker Northamptonshire Gl.
Blnbber.
Blnther.
by
Hence we pass to Prov. blahir, to become pale or livid, in the same way as from It. tradire, to Fr. trahir. The change from a medial c? to y is still more familiar. We find accordingly It. sbiavare, as well as sbiadare, to become pale, and hiavo (Diez), The Romance blave is moreas well as hiado, blue.
over, like the Celtic glas, applied to green as well
rectly formed
imitation,
as blue.
verdure, herbe.
Roquefort.
brown
blavoie,
It.
biada,
Palsgr.
growing corn, from the brilliant green of the young corn in the spring, contrasted with
And
VOL.
at his
mouth a
the
tint
of the uncultivated
Chaucer.
I.
country.
14
106
BLUFF.
BLUNT.
dobbelen, to dabble
to
Alticri. The gradual change of colour in the growing plant from a bright green to the yellow tint of the reaped corn (still designated by the term
mix
it
up with water.
is
Biglotton
E.
to blunge clay,
Halliwell.
To
blunder
hiadd)
may
synonymous
factor.
in the meaning of the It. biavo, which is rendered by Florio, pale straw-coloured. It is remarkable however that the E. hlake (identical with AS. hlac,
ful performer.
Promptm.
G.
What blunderer is yonder that playeth diddil, He flndeth false measures out of his fond fiddil.
Skelton
yellow.
slip.
As
hlake as
a paigle, as yellow
gan wake
R.
Hence a
Toward Aurora a-morwe
as I
blunder,
an
A
To
Like drunken sots about the street we roam: Well knows the sot he has a certain home,
Fieldfare,
Yet knows not how to find the uncertain place, And blunders on and staggers every pace. Dryden in R.
is here synonymous with flounder, the meaning of which is, like Du. flodderen (Weiland), to work in mud or water. To blunder
it
The Du.
O. Fr.
fort.
blond
The word
Thus
Lat. blavus,
Roquebecomes difficult to separate Mid. blue, from the Lat. Jlavus, yellow. Boblond, jaune, bleu et blanc.
it
hair.
original
G. herauspoltem or herausplMzen,
to
Kiittner.
grow yellow,
to lose colour,
BlunderbnSSt
in his work, does
Primarily a
it
man who
blunders
dish yellow.
in a boisterous, violent
to
way
Du. blaf, planus, aequus et amplus, superficie plana, non rotunda blaf aensight facies plana et ampla, a bluff countenance blaf van voorhooft,
Blnfft
; ;
subsequently applied
noisy kind of gun.
PI.
short,
wide-mouthed,
D.
buller-hak,
;
having a bluff forehead, a forehead not sloping but rising straight up. Kil. So a bluff shore
fronto,
blustering fellow
his business with
polterer,
is
Maffart, a plain
coin without
much noise, bawling, and bustle a blunderbuss, blunderhead, a boisterous Kiittner. From G. bullern, poltem, violent man. The Du. has donder-bus, a blunto make a noise.
The word is probably derived in the first instance from the sound of something falling flat upon the ground. Du. ploffen, to fall suddenly on the ground, to plump into the water. Halma. It then signifies something done at once, and not introduced by degrees or ceremonious preparations a shore abruptly rising, or an abrupt manner. In like manner from an imitation of the same sound by the syllable phmp, Du. plomp, abrupt, rustic, blunt. See Blunt. Blunder* The original meaning of blunder seems to be to dabble in water, from an imitation of the sound. It is a nasal form of such words as
bus,
a fire-arm.
Pol.
Halma. Blunket.
azure, blue.
light
blue
colour.
bleknt,
Probably radically identical with E. bleak, pale, wan, as the senses of paleness and blue colour very generally run into each other.
Blunt.
will
is
ordinarily used,
Bare
and
blunt,
naked, void.
merchants which were wont
It chaunst a sort of
To skim
bondmen
there to
buy
Arrived in
Dan. pludidle
To
F. Q.
mix
and of
treis bare.
D. V.
up
turf
and water.
stir
water, to
or puddle, to
Then with the nasal, to blunder A modification of the same root, without the nasal," make water thick and appears with the same meaning in Swiss blutt, naked,
blunder,
muddy
trouble.
and
metaphorically,
confusion,
bare, unfledged
Sw.
hlott,
G.
Halliwell.
naked, poor
Sc.
blozct, blait.
To
shuffle
btunder
Woddis, forestis, with naked bewis blout Stude strippit of tharc wede in every hout.
D. V.
Analogous forms
ai-e
Du.
blanssen,
in
't
water
The
blait
body, the
naked body.
Jamieson.
BLUNT. BOAR.
The two
senses are also united in Gael, maol, bald,
"
107
silly.
Maolaich, to
make bare
to repre-
blade reason " is used by Pierce Plowman a pointless, ineffectual reason. Thus we are brought to what is now the most ordinary meaning
for
or blunt.
Now
used
mentioned
is
is
blunt-
make a
plump
is
A similar
sound
Kiittner
rep;
and it is the converse of this metaphor, when we speak of a knife which will not cut as a blunt knife. The word dull, it will be obsaid to be sharp,
served,
is
whence Du.
the water
;
plotsen, plonsen,
plompen, to
fall into
rain.
We
zen, or heraus
Kiittner
it.
a thing out,
;
to blurt,
it
Swiss a thick and plump person. Stalder. It will be seen that the G. plump, respecting the origin of which we cannot doubt, is used in most of
to bring
suddenly
plotz,
out, like
ing to account.
plump
to
Swab, platzen,
to
ward.
keep in good silence
in Richard-
Kiittner.
Kil.
Sir T. More
to
In like manner from the sound of a lump thrown on the ground, imitated by the syllable hot, is formed
The term
hlunt
is
Du. hot, hotte, a blow ; hot-voet, a club foot plump, sudden, blunt, dull, stupid, rude, flat. zeggen, to say bluntly. Halma.
hot,
Bot
Blur.
ler.
A smear, a blot.
As
ader,
A hlunt manner is
an ear of corn, and the E. to slubber or slur over a thing, it is probable that blur may be from
aere,
Plump mit
etwas umgehen, to handle a thing hluntly, awkwardly, rudely. Kiittner. It is from this notion of suddenness, absence of preparation, that the sense of bare, naked, seems to be derived. To speak bluntly is to tell the naked truth, Sw. hlotta sanningen. The syllables hlot, hlunt, plump, and tlie like, represent the sound not only of a thing falling into the water, but of something soft thrown on the ground, as Sw. plump, a blot, Dan. pludse, to plump down, Prov. Dan. hlatte, to fall down, fling down Mat, a portion of something wet, Molbech. Then as a wet lump lies as cow-dung. where it is thrown, it is taken as the type of every-
Jam.
;
make a
;
Halliwell.
The Sp. borrar, to blot, to efface horron, a blot, horroso, botched, bungled a rough sketch seem related to the E. word through an elision of the I, as in G. hlasen and hausen, to blow Du. blaffen,
; ; ;
haffen, to
bark
E. spirt and
splirt, blotch
and
botch,
&c.
To
ing,
ter,
Blurt.
To
a burst of tears.
Jamieson.
;
Sc.
and these
out.
To
spurt
Halliwell.
It.
boccheggiare, to
make mouths,
mouth
Then cometh indevotion, through which a man is so blont, and hath swiclie languor in his soul, that he may neither rede ne sing in holy chirche. Chaucer, in Richardson.
mouth. Florio. Blush. See Blow, 2. Bluster. To blow in pufFs, blow violently, swagAn augmentative from Mast. Bav. hlasten, ger. Schmelblaustern, to snuff", to be out of temper.
one's fingers, or blurt with one's
We
Non
Phenicianis nane sa
blait breistis
has.
D. V.
and
in
ler.
Bofl;.
A large
to
snake.
boa, bora,
also
the
same
sense, a hluntie.
Du.
hlutten,
homo
stoli-
and grows
a great bigness.
Florio.
Kil.
Boar.
AS.
bar,
Du.
beer.
As
the
AS. has
also
108
eafor,
BOARD. BOG.
and Du. ever-svnn,
it is
The sound
no
G.
Board. Du. herd, G. hrett, a board or plank. AS. hord, an edge, table, margin, Du. hoord, a margin, edge, border.
Now
unskilful action
is
con-
Icel.
hord, a border,
whence
patsch thun, to
"
e.
planks or boards.
Med
upp
vseri.
hord-vidr
Sverris Saga,
endilongum baenum var umbiiiz & hiisum uppi, reistr & utanverdora thaukom sva sem viggyrdlat
c.
"
Hast scho' wide' patscht ? " Have you failed again ? SchmelEtwas auspatschen," to blurt a thing out.
ler.
156.
Along the town preparations were made up on the houses, planks raised up outside the roof^, like
the parapets (vig-gyrdill, war-gii'dle) raised on board
formerly bodies, woman's stays Bodice. from fitting close to the body, as Fr. corset from " woman's bodies, or a pair of bodies, corps. Sherwood's Diet. corset, corpset."
;
a ship
flated
in
a naval engagement.
Boast,
To
Thy
bodies bolstred
language, to threaten.
i.
e.
Bodkin.
Turrnis thare duke reulis the middil oist With glave in hand maid awful fere and
D. V.
in
Jam.
bayonet
hodetz,
Bohem.
a prick,
bodnu,
;
stitch
hodak,
and snorting is the natural expression of pride or anger. G. hausen, pausen, Vor hoffart pausten, to blow, to swell the cheeks. pausten, to be puffed up with pride. Baus-hack, having puffed up cheeks haus-hackige reden, pompous language. Dan. puste, PI. D. puusten, Fris.
act of puffing
;
The
prickle, point,
bayonet
bodilo,
busti, to prick.
Russ.
a spur,
a sting
French
Body.
AS.
It
seems the
poesten, to blow.
fumos jactare,
efflare
inanes
grande loqui
Kil.
body of a
pottich,
shift
potahha, potacha,
Boat.
Icel. hdtr,
AS.
hat,
Du.
hoot.
It. hatello,
Fr. hateau,
bodies, corpses
botich,
a body.
In like
W.
It
word with hack, a wide open vessel. Bret, hag, hak, a boat, whence Fr. bac, a ferryboat. To Bob. Bobbin. To move quickly up and down, or backwards and forwards, to dangle whence hoh, a dangling object, a small lump, a short
manner E. trunk and G. rumpf signify a hollow We speak case as well as the body of an animal. of the barrel of a horse, meaning the round part of
his body.
The
is
identical
The
which the E.
also
a quick turn,
that to
tricks.
is
a lump, the
whence,
to boh, to cheat, in
the
same way
by rapid
;
Gael.
W.
hot,
a round body
must be explained Fr. hohine, E. bobbin, a ball of thread wrapped round a little piece of wood, a little knob hanging by a piece of thread. " Pull the bobbin, my dear, Red Riding-hood. and the latch will fly up." To Bode. To portend good or bad. AS. hod, gehod, a command, precept, message hoda, a messenger; bodian, to deUver a message, to make an announcement. See Bid. To Bodge. To make bad work, to fail.
the last
From
Wallon. bode, rabode, thick -set, stumpy; Grandg. belly, calf of the leg.
hodene,
The primary
sense of body
is
by
which
it is
animated.
bol, signi-
the stem
Icel. bolr,
stem of a
leg,
tree,
body of a
Lap.
boll,
pall, pal-
the body.
With With
this
we
charged again
Bog.
introduced
swim
so large a feature in
And
E. gog
in gog-mire,
quagmire
Ir.
hogadh, to
stir,
BOGGLE. BOISTEROUS.
shake, or toss
thing
soft,
;
109
Gael, hog,
;
soft,
moist
hogan, any-
The name
kind
is
a quagmire
Ir.
marsh.
bubble.
Thus G.
skin.
blase is
To Bo^^lCt
ties
To be
scrupulous, to
make
difficul-
blister
about a thing like a startlish horse passing an From hogh, a ghost or hobgobobject of terror.
lin
;
blain.
Ray.
;
on the
bleb,
a bubble, a
in Fris.
blister or
signifies
pocks or
bogle-ho,
a scarecrow.
Jam.
pustules in Icel.,
kopet, the
See Bugbear.
water
Outzen.
Dat waer
Finn, kupla, a
We start and boggle at every unusual appearance, and Glanville in cannot endure the sight of the bugbear. Todd.
So
in Icel. bola,
bolu-sott, the
You
tous
boggle
shrewdly, every feather starts you. All's well that ends well.
Boisterous. Boistons. Bnstnons. Boisand bustuous were formerly used in the sense
small-pox.
To
Boil.
Boil.
Lat. hullire, bullare, Fr. houilUr, Icel. bulla, to bubble up, to boil.
The origin
doubtless an attempt
And for rude words and boistous percen the heart of the hearer to the inrest point and planten there the sentence of things so that with Utel help it is able to spring, this boke that nothing hath of the great flode of wytte, ne of
semelyche colours, is dolven with rude words and hoystous and so drawe together as to make the catchers thereof more ready to hent sentence. Chaucer, Testament of Love.
intestines.
Then
bles of
bulla
is
produced by bubLat.
it
is
used in a widely
the seal
was stamped
to authenticate
little
In winter whan the weather was out of measure boistous and the wyld wynd Boreas maked the wawes of the ocean
se to arise.
ument.
button.
Lap. pdllo, a
a silver knob or
A bubble affords
As
so natural a type of roundness
bol, bul,
Chaucer.
rudis,
" Boystows,
rudis
"
" bustus,
Pr.
rigidus
"
;
Pm. and
by
Notes.
protuberance, inflation.
Douglas translates
a bubble, pustule, boil
;
Virgil's violentia
bustuous-
Thus we have
Sw.
bula,
Icel. bola,
ness.
boil or swelling
builen,
to bulge
OE.
Ye ben
Du.
bol,
Wickliff
;
in R.
swelling, cavernous
bol, bolle,
a globe or
in R.
pullo-poski,
The
real origin
is
the
W.
bwyst, wild,
whence
vxiist,
hwyst-jil, wild
ferocious.
Spurrell.
wild, desert
It is the
;
The
idea of roundness
is
then
made
to include
and Du.
figuratively, wild,
wanton, frolicsome
curvature, giving
deformis,
incultus
woest mensch,
homo
agrestis,
Kil.
a sense in which
authors.
W.
bol, boly,
the belly
Lap.
boll,
by our early
A similar
of a bubble
boil,
series of designations
In PI. D. the word becomes buster, wild, fearful, savage (approaching the form of the E. boisterous) ;
" een biistem oord," a waste ground.
may be
;
tumour
kupu, the crop of a bird, belly, head of cabbage, whisp of straw ; kupukka, anything globular.
Boil.
Du. and
'
bijster,
An
inflamed swelling.
Du.
buile,
G.
beule.
De
Kil.
110
Bold.
Daring,
courageous.
BOLD.
Goth,
baltha
BONE.
bout
van
knob
OHG.
G.
;
bald, quick.
ballr,
of the shoulder-blade.
handsome
strong,
of bolt
is
thus a head or
courageous
Dan.
Germany
bulbs and
Sw.
b&ld,
AS.
balder,
bealder,
hero,
Cotgr.
Fr.
The
origin
is
;
knock, to beat
Bole.
throat.
thump or blow.
bus, tuber, a
Du.
bulsen,
pulsare
E.
polt,
Halliwell.
tlie throte-boUe
he caught Alein.
Chaucer.
club foot.
See Boult.
hump
or lump.
Hence Du.
Kil.
buJt, gib-
E.
polt-foot,
"
A captain which
throte-boUe."
own
Hall
Bomb. Fr. bombe, It. bomba, an iron shell to be exploded with gunpowder. From an imitation of the noise of the explosion. It. rimbombare, to resound. In E. we speak of a gun booming over the
Du. bommen, to resound, to beat a drum, whence bomme, a drum bombammen, to ring bells. Dan. bommer, a thundering noise bomre, to thunder, to thump Gr. ySo/i^etv, Lat. bombire, to buzz, to hum W. bwmbwr, a murmur. " I bomme, as a bumble-bee doth or any flie. Je bruie." Palsgr.
water
; ;
The
origin, as has
bol,
is
the
root bid,
and swelling, as
W.
bol,
the
Sw. bal, the trunk of a man's body, or of a tree. Another development of the same root is the following Boll. Bollt The round heads or seed-vessels of flax, poppy (Bailey), or the like. Du. bol, bolle, a head
Icel.
bolr,
in
Way. Bombast.
Bombasine.
;
Gr.
Kil.
Bret, bolc^h,
worm, raw
Altieri.
silk
bombice,
W.
bul, flax-boll.
a silk-worm, bombicina,
tiffany,
bombasine.
Bolster.
case
The meaning
of this
word
is
a bag or
signi-
The
stuff".
made prominent by
stufiing,
from a root
is
now
applied to a
It is applied to
worsted
Pm.
It has
it
cation in Dutch,
where
signifies
it
pil-
filled,
as well
was introduced it was confounded and Mod. Greek /Sa/x/3aKLov Mid. Lat. bambacium. It. bambagio, whence It. bambagino, Fr. bombasin, basin, cotton stuff"; E.
cotton
When
;
with
silk,
and
called in Mid.
a well-fed body
bombase.
HoUyband in R.
bombast
As
came
cotton
was used
Bolster
bulte,
is
related to
a mattras, Sp.
bulto,
a purse or pouch,
Lette none outlandish tailor take disport To stuffe thy doublet full of such bumbast.
Gascoigne in R.
pistol-case,
hulse, the
Bolt.
Sw. holster, a covering, to Du. husk or case of grain, &c. 1. knob-headed arrow for a cross-
North-
bow.
2.
many
fast
or to fasten one
originally
duced the PI. D. baum-bast, G. baum-wolle, as if made from the bast or inner bark of a tree; and
Kilian explains
it
passing through
an opening,
iat
for the
vulgo bombasium,
q. d.
G. bolzen, a cross-bow bolt, also a large nail with a broad head and opening below (i. e. a bolt for a shutter). Kiittner. Swiss bolz, a perpendicular beam standing on another, whence
the other side.
e.
tree,
and
sijde,
sij'e,
Bond.
pi.
G. band
;
Fr. boulon, a long bigheaded peg of wood with which carpenters fasten
bolz-gerade, bolt upright.
agreement
a penalty
ties.
Kil.
Cotgr.
bout
to
perform some
bein,
act.
been, the
thigh
bone, from
its
large head
Bone.
G.
BONFIRE.
sbaiik;
achsel bein,
BOOT.
stab,
Ill
;
brust-bem, the
shoulder-bone,
letter
O. Slav, bukui, a
letter
Russ. bukva,
breast-bone.
Du.
been,
the leg.
Now
act as a sup-
is
name
is
of the
port to the
human
especially the
is
the
ap-
in the
OG. and
named
mostly
We
W.
may
therefore
faii'ly
from the birch instead of the beech. Boom. In nautical language, which
derived from the
lects,
is
and in fact we find the word in W. as in G. and Du. assuming the special signification of leg W. bonog,
:
a boom
is
sails in
position, or
a large
beam
stretched across
having a stem or stalk, also thick-shanked ; bon-gam, crook-shanked bondew, bonfras, thick-legged, ft-om
;
the
Bonliret
fires
A large fire
lit
mouth of a harbour for defence. Du. boom, a tree, pole, beam, bolt. To Boom. To sound loud and dull Du. bommen. See Bomb.
Kil. like
a gun.
Named
Boon.
Bailey.
A
The
13.
meaning.
is
AS.
(E.
Dan. baun, a beacon, a word of extent of country. which we have traces in several English names, as Banbury, Banstead. Near the last of these a field is still called the Beacon field, and near Banbury is a lofty hill called Crouch Hill, where a cross (or
crouch) probably served to
Thin ben
gehyred,
Luke
i.
bid), to ask.
Boor.
boer,
peasant, countryman, clown. Du. G. bauer, from Du. bouwen, to till, cultivate,
mark
build,
G. bauen,
Icel.
former beacon.
the
The
origin of the
tall,
word
is
probably
inhabit.
W.
whence
;
ban-ffagl,
lofly
From
we have
neighbour,
blaze, a bonfire.
cons in E.
Banns, or
called
Many lofty hills are called Bea- G. nachbar, one who dwells nigh. and Ban in W. as the Brecknockshire From the participle present, Icel. buandi, Vanns, in W. Banau Brychyniog, also comes bondi, the cultivator, the possessor
farm, master of the house, hus-band.
boandi,
of the
Brecknock Beacons. [The Danish baun, a beacon, is from the Icelandic bakn, a signal, and is identical with the Swedish bak, PI. D. bake. See Beacon. M.]
Boot.
Fr.
botte.
Du.
bote,
Schm.
Du.
Bonnet.
dress.
Fr. bonnet.
Gael, bonaid ;
a headorigin.
bote
boten-schoen, pero,
of Scandinavian
From
bonad,
reparation, dress.
Hufwud-bonad, head-dress waggbonad, wall hangings, tapestry. But bonad does not appear to have been used by itself for head-dress. Irish boinead, a bonnet or cap, is referred to beann, the top or summit (equivalent to W. penn, head), and eide, dress.
It. botta,
Sp.
Prov.
ing liquids.
To Boot.
succour.
To
boot,
to
aid,
help,
evil,
is
Boot of
bale,
remedy of
to
To
to
Booby. The character of folly is generally represented by the image of one gaping and staring
wondering at everything. Fr. badaud, a fool, dolt, ass, gaping hoyden Cotgr. ; from badare, to gape. gaby, a silly fellow, gaping about with a vacant stare. Baker. Gawney, a simpleton, ibid. ; from AS. ganian, to yawn. On the same principle from ba, representing the sound naturally made in opening the mouth, Ir. bobo! an interjection of wonder Sp. bobo, Gr. Pa(3aL Rouchi, baia, the mouth, and figuratively a foolish gaping imbecile babaie, baiou, in the same sense. Hecart. Walon. bdber, boubair, bdbau, boubie ; It. babbeo, a booby, simpleton, blockhead.
about,
improve the
off
hus cloke
And
ny we fayre nempned it to selle Hick the hakeneyeman liitte hus hod after There were chapmen ychose the chaffare to preise That he that hadde the hod sholde nat habbe the cloke, The betere thing by arbitours sholde bote the werse. P.P.
to the
i.
e.
make
the bar-
gain equal.
we have
in view.
;
Du.
to
baete,
aid,
remedy, amendment
boeten,
Book.
AS.
boc
;
;
Goth.
boJca,
letter,
;
writing
mend, and hence to fine, to expiate; boeten den dorst, to quench one's thirst; boeten het vier, AS.
betan fyr, to bete the
fire,
bokareis,
a scribe
G. buch-
properly to
mend
the
fire,
112
but used in the sense of laying or lighting
it,
BOOT.
BORE.
melior, melius,
is
ignem, admovere
incendiary.
titiones.
struere
Kil.
Fr. bovie-feu, an
of course
is
its
not an anomaly.
But many
and there
is
etymologists find a
it
For the derivation of the word see Abet, where is deducted from the setting on of dogs, an image
! !
cognate bhadra,
which furnishes a designation for the act of blowing up the fii-e in otlier instances. Thus from uzz izz the cry used in irritating a dog and setting him on
to fight, the It.
no obvious reason why the Persian positive beh, good, and its comparative behtar, better, should not be considered as closely related words, and as pointing to the historical orifortunate, excellent,
provoke,
Since
my
to stir
fire
up the
the
From the notion of mending the met with an example of bet in Kyng Alysaundre, which had escaped my notice hitherto, and which signification may have been extended to that
fire.
;
of mending in general
appears to
of the
me
to
throw some
light
on the meaning
wards dogs
used
to
word
and thus of obtaining a better position. If the latter be the path by which the idea of mending has been attained, it is probable that the Du. bade, advantage, utilitas,
bet !
3756.
instance,
bet
commodum, lucrum,
better
et medela,
reme-
dium;
Kil.
;
magis, plus
must be explained
in the
same force as in go bet ! and there is little doubt that it is an adverb qualifying hieth in this phrase and go in the other. I see no objection to supposing
that
it
will
advantage
may be
simply the
verb
bet, better.
Hie
better !
ad!
and thus the equivalent baete, above mentioned, might well be derived from a verb signifying to urge or push onwards, while the adverb baet, bat, bet would signify in a higher or further degree, in a condition more conducive to the object
forwards,
M.] Boothi
sense of
boards,
This word
is
slight erection,
a shelter of branches,
&;c.
of desire.
budowati, to build
mannan, what boots it a man, what does it better a man, might have been translated, what does it advance a man, what does
boteith
it
Icel. bud,
a hut or
;
tent,
a shed, a shop.
bod, a cupboard.
mai-
Du.
further him.
It is
barn, cellar.
For
to
naught honest, it may not avaunce have dealing with such base poraille.
Chaucer.
Friar's Prol.
Neither G. bauen,
the
to build,
satisfactory explanation.
word
er than a root.
See Bower.
it
is
argued, that
Bootji
not only
The Sw.
byte points to
Mag.
in Ihre.
in Icel. grip-deildi
In like manner the booty taken in war is called and hlut-skipti, from deila and
sMpta, to divide.
the
BoraclliOt
drunkard.
wine.
swell.
wine-skin,
and metaphorically a
borra, to
directly or indirectly,
from bet, is in its nature comand the want, in the Gothic languages, of a primitive to which better can be fairly referred,
See Burgeon.
may
be considered
as, negatively,
a confirmation of
Fr. bordure, a border, welt, hem or Border. gard of a garment, from bord, edge, margin. IceL
bord, limbus, ora, extremitas
our author's theory. But the positive to the corresponding comparative, as, for example, the Latin
To
Bore. Burin.
G. bohren,
Lat.
BOREAL. BORROW.
forare.
113
Hung, furni,
;
to bore, furo,
;
a borer
Fin.
purastoa, scalpo,
Boron^lli A word spread over all the Teutonic and Romance languages. AS. burg, burh, hyrig, a
The
doubt as to
is
whence
to
the expression
whence the frequent occurrence of the terminanames of English towns, Canterbury, Newbury, &c. Goth, baurgs, Icel. borg. It.
city,
Gr.
Trupyos,
a tower,
is
probably
name
the operation of a
radically
connected.
working a hole
in
burgum vocant."
Vegetius
" Castellum in
The
Icel. bit is
;
or edge of a knife
in E. of
biir,
sharp, pointed.
We
is
speak
doubtless
have arisen burgensis, a citizen, giving rise to It. borgese, Fr. bourgeois, E. burgess, a citizen. The origin seems to be the Goth, bairgan, AS.
beorgan, to protect, to keep, preserve.
to save, to conceal,
centre-bit is
G. bergen,
to save.
The
corre-
withhold
Dan. Merge,
bite,
and
Sw. berga,
bergas, the
Solen
and parrets, an awl, a borer. The analogy between the operation of a cutting instrument and the act of gnawing or biting leads to
the application of Fin. puru, Esthon. purro, to anything comminuted
sun
sets.
The
[This word
in the
is
among
is
the
found
by
sahan puru, Esthon. pu purro (saha saw; pu wood), OHG. uzboro, urboro, sawdust, the gnawings as it were of the saw
which
Arabo-Maltese dialect, in the double sense has in the Gothic languages. M.] plain rude fellow, a boor. Bailey. Borrelt Frequently applied to laymen in contradistinction to
it
or borer.
the
more polished
clergy.
as nice fresche
Another derivation from Fin. purra, to bite, is purin, dens mordens vel caninus, the equivalent
of the
It.
and gay
ben,
degre.
Flor.
Fr. and
Occleve in Halliwell.
E. burin, an engraver's
he
bites
with which
The
is
into his
copper plate.
Compare Manx,
coarse cloth
made
hirrag,
same
root.
termination.
Savoy and Switzerland. See Bureau. In like manner It. bizocco (from bizo, grey), primarily signifying coarse brown cloth, is
is
in parts of
and
tonian Collection,
Altieri.
[In the
Roman
de
la
it
is
end of the Vocabularies in Vol. I. of the Nat. Antiq. where the Lat. scalprum is translated bor. But although bor was used in the sense of graver by the Anglo-Saxons, it appears not to have been known in early English. Burin is comparatively modern, and is taken not directly from the AS. bor, but from the French burin. This word, doubtless originally from a cognate Gothic root, if not from the AS., is older in all the Romance languages than in modern English, though with some difference of orthography, and as appears from Santa Rosa, it occurs in Portuguese " Tres in the form barim as early as the year 1359 escudelas de prata chaans, com os sinaes do dito M.] Vasco de Sousa, feitos ao barim." BoreaL Lat. Boreas, the North Wind, borealis, northern. Russ. borei, the N. wind burya, tempest,
said of Franchise:
Chaucer
translates this
And
The
authorities cited
though
wool was doubtless the most common material for The word had a variety coarse and cheap cloths. of meanings, and it sometimes designated simply a
storm.
[The
terrible
down upon
M.]
and was at others applied to fine and M.] To BorroWt Properly to obtain money on security, from AS. borg, borh, a surety, pledge, loan. " Gif thu feoh to borh gesylle," if thou give money on loan. G. biirge, a surety, bail; biirgen, to become a surety, to give bail or answer for another.
russet color,
costly fabrics.
AS.
15
VOL.
I.
114
BORSHOLDER. BOTTLE.
Borsholder.
Borowholder.
By
the
A head-borough
or chief constable.
poor,
destitute.
boss
" Ic wille that selc man sy under borge ge binnan burgum ge butan burgum." I will tliat every man be under bail, Laws of Edgar in Bosbotli within towns and without.
hollow bucklers.
D. V.
Jam.
The
sound, that
boss
Jam.
side,
worth.
large jar
" borhes ealdor," the chief of the " borh,"
Hence
when
that system
was
a small cask or de Trevoux. Bosse, tonneau. Vocab. de Vaud. Du. buyse, a jar, and also as E. boss, a pipe, cock, water-conduit,
;
Diet,
"
The Bosses
In the
at Belinsgate."
Stow.
is
probably from
Boshi
hosh,
from
bousse, bousche,
water, the
case of
name of which
doccia, to
is
transferred, as in the
It.
manner with
son.
Jamie
Cotgr.
;
Boss.
Du.
knob of a buckler
bos,
bussel,
a bunch,
tuft,
bundle.
See Dock. French in the sense of rilievo or relief; demi-bosse, half-relief, une figur en ronde bosse, a fully detached statue, and from this application of the word comes our emboss, to ornament with figures in relief, usually by beating upon
conveyed.
often used in
The words signifying a lump or protuberance have commonly also the sense of striking, knocking, whether from the fact that a blow is apt to produce a swelling in the body struck, or because a blow can only be given by a body of a certain mass, as we speak of a thumping potato, a bouncing baby ; or
perhaps
Jacere,
it
in the
French sense
grauen ther yn ymagis * * * boocing and seeming as though thei were going and passing out of the wal. Also * * * he graued in a greet outboocing ymages of cherubyn, &c. Repressor, I. 138. M.]
He ordeyned
to be
may be
cast.
Botchi
Du.
The
;
Gael,
cnoc,
an eminence,
bozza, a lx)tch,
Gael.
;
a blow, a stroke
boc,
a pimple, pustule
It.
piece.
HalUweU.
E.
cob,
A bump
is
a bubble, bunch, bud ; buccia, a bud, cod, husk. For the connexion between the senses of a blow and a protuberance, see Boss.
boccia,
knocking.
swelling,
to strike
butse, botse,
to
do Du.
Kil.
From
from
give
;
as the
synonymous
batschen,
batsch,
cobble,
Swiss
we
batschen,
to
a sounding
blow, to
have Du. bossen, It. bussare, Fr. bousser (Roquefort), to knock ; Bav. buschen, bauschen, bossen, to strike so as to give a dull sound, and on the other hand G. bausch, a projection, bunch, whisp of straw
or the like.
smack
or patch.
a lump
Stalder.
Bote.
wood
hot,
mend
the
fire.
AS.
bethia,
;
from
betan, to repair.
A
Du.
It.
final ss
t,
that
Both.
hede
;
Sanscr.
ubhau
Lett,
ahbi,
impulsus, ictus
abbi-diwi ;
Slavon.
Lat.
ambo.
i.
and here also we find the same connexion with the notion of a lump or round mass. Fr. bot, a luncheon or ill-favoured big
buttare, Sp. botar, to cast,
Diefenbach.
Bother.
nifies
From
grief,
affliction.
Garnet.
Phil.
Trans,
piece of
foot
a club
171.
botte,
a bunch, bundle
W.
bot,
a round body.
Bott.
botu^,
Gael.
Spurrel.
a bott
Then from the peculiar resonance of a blow on a hollow object, or perhaps also from lookmg at the
in barley.
boiteag,
a maggot.
Bauds, maggots
Bailey.
Bottle.
BOTTOM. BOULT.
ingg, which however may be reduced to the same uUimate root: 1. a hollow vessel for holding liquids; 2. a small bundle of hay. In the former sense it is immediately from Fr.
houteille, It. bottiglia,
hotte,
115
of the Rose, translates the bouton of
first
the
Romaunt
it
occurs, v.
1646, 1654, 1656, 1662, 1673, byknoppe,but afterwards, generally, and I believe uniformly, by ho-
the diminutive of
It. hotte,
Diez. a vessel for holding liquids. See Butt. Fr. bouteille is also a water-bubble, in Halwhich sense bottle is provincially used in E. liwell. Prov. hotola, a tumour, tubercle.
houte,
Fr.
thum.
M.]
The branch of a tree. AS. hog, boh, from bugan, to bow, bend. Bough-pot, or Bow-pot, a jar to set boughs in for ornament, as a nosegay.
Bon^h.
And And
be handsome and boughs and rushes flowers for the windows and the Turkey carpet." -r" Why would you venture so fondly on the strowings, There's mighty matter in them, I assure you,
care
In the second sense, " a bottle of hay " is the Fr. hotel, hoteaic, the diminutive ;
hotte,
;
"
Take
my house
the
new
of
a bunch, bundle
hotte
de foin, a whisp of
origin of the
hay
Fr.
a lump.
And
B. and F. Coxcomb,
iv. 3.
Bought.
Bont. Bi^ht.
when
The
boughts of a
coiled in a circle,
coils
into
from AS. bugan, to bow or bend ; and as the come round and round in similar circles, a
with a slight difference of spelling,
intervals, as
volta,
is
bout,
aud
its
applied to the
Italian hotte
and
diminutive
The
Glos-
a bout of
fair or foul
weather.
So
It.
turn.
though
it
plained.
M.]
unexdepth.
A
the
same word,
hotm,
Bottonii
"
AS.
the
lowest
Caedm. Du. Fyre to botme," to the fiery abyss. hodem ; G. hoden ; Icel. hotn, Dan. hund, Lat. fimdus. The Gr. /3v9o<;, /Sev^os, a depth, and a^vcrao^, an abyss or bottomless pit, seem developments of the same root, another modification of which may
part,
Bolt. To sift meal by shaking it To Boult. backwards and forwards in a sack or cloth of loose Du. buydel, bulga, crumena, sacculus. texture.
Kil.
It,
be preserved in
bottom, foundation
stock,
stump,
G.
;
heutel,
W.
bon, stem
or base, stock,
mill
Du. huydelen,
to
G.
butt end.
See Bound.
is
bottom.
boult meal
burato,
boulting
A bottom
little
cloth,
Flor.
thread,
whence the name of the weaver in Midsummer Night's Dream. The word bottom or hothum was also used in OE. for a bud. Both applications
are from the root
tion,
hot, both, in
have seen under Boss a number of words, each of them traceable to a syllable representing in the first instance the sound of a blow, then signifying a knob, lump,
case
;
We
swelling,
inflation,
receptacle,
See Boss.
bottom of
signifies a short thick mass. a round body both, boss of a buckbothel, pothel, a blister, pimple ler, nave of a wheel Richards ; botJiog, round, hotwm, a boss, a button ;
thread, like
The W. has
See Button.
[The edible part of the artichoke is the bud, still commonly called the artichoke bottom. Digby uses button for incipient bud
And new
parts flocking
still from the root, must they not grow into a button, which will be a bud 1
24.
is
a shoot or bud, a button, as the English button unquestionably is. It is remarkable that Chaucer, in
and a similar train of thought seems to have led to the designation of a sack or envelope by the term buU, bolt. We have the Lat. pultare, Sw. hdta, E. polt, a thump or blow poltto beat, to knock Halliwell Dan. foot, as Yv. pied-hot, a club-foot Du. bult, pult, a clod or clump, Sw. bylte, a bundle hulte, a straw mattras, or sack a hump, a boil, stuffed with straw ; Sp. bulto, a hump, bulk, pillowWith the t exchanged for an s we have Lat. case. E. hulch, hulse pulsare, Du. hulsen (Kil.), to knock Dan. poise, a sausage (a skin (Halliwell), a bunch stuffed with mincemeat) E. pulse, sack-fruited vegetables Sp. bolsa, a purse, and (with the same interchange of I and r which we saw in buletare, burat;
and E. purse.
116
Instead of
hovlt,
BOUNCE. BOURDON.
the
word bunt is used in Somerwhence bunting, the loose woven woollen texture employed in the first instance for that purpose, and then for making the flags of
setshire for sifting meal,
ships, in
The
their
fixed.
entire
upon
firm,
fixedness.
It is
which
latter sense
it is
now
generally used.
in
And
butt
;
a
to
bottom,
root.
mode of spelling the word was formerly shown in the case of which was also referred to the same Celtic
similar manner.
To
bu?it, to
E. bunt, the
belly or hollow of a
Bown. The meaning of bound, when Bound. we speak of a ship bound for New York, is prepared
for,
ready
to
go
to,
addressed
all
to.
bone to
make
To Bonnce.
anything in
spring.
then to do
R. Brunne in R.
and beateth
me
to-bounced, contusa.
And bed hem all ben boon, beggeres and To wenden with hem to Westmynstere. He of Amid
othere
P. P. in Ibid.
Bums
imitated in PI. D.
by
adventure happed hire to mete the toun right in the quikkest strete As she was boun to go the way forth right Chaucer in R. Toward the garden.
Yet
And
he bet and bounst upon the dore thundered strokes thereon so hideously That all the pece he shaked from the flore And filled all the house with fear and great uproar.
still
Bourd.
Immediately from
from a Celtic
till
r. Q.
buirte,
a jibe,
An
it
As
sounds again.
it
He fuh
dat
et
bunsede, he
fell
so
language of
It.
folly or ridicule,
that
sounded.
Hence bunsk
must be referred
well-known
inter-
E. bouncing, thumping, strapping, as the vulgar whapper, bumper, for anything large of its kind. "Een bunsken appel jungen " a bouncing apple
to the
The
is
often expi-essed
by reference
to
some
artifice
em-
To Bonndt
original
The
or gesticulation.
for deceiving him,
meaning is probably simply to strike, as that of E. bounce, which is frequently used in the same sense with bound. The origin seems an imitation of the sounding blow of an elastic body, the verb bondir in O. Fr. and Prov., and the equivalent bonir
in Catalan, being used in the sense of resounding.
make fun
of one
Hal.
No
ausiratz parlar, ni
motz
brugir,
Ni gacha
hum. Now we shall see in the* next article that the meaning of the root bourd is to Macleod hum. Gael, burdan, a humming noise, Shaw bururus, warbling, a sing-song, a jibe, Bav. burren, brummen, sausen, purling, gurgling. brausen, to hum, buzz, grumble Sw. purra, to take
hear talking nor a word murmur, Nor a centinel whistle, nor horn soimd. Raynouard.
will not
You
one
Bourdon.
Burden.
The
to
hum
boundina, to
Bound.
limit,
Sp. bordon
is
also used in
Cotgr.
And
With
suorum
recognoverunt
agrorum."
to
And seem
a monastery in Poitou.
bodinare, to set out
de-
by metes and bounds. Probably from the Celtic root bon, bun, a stock, bottom, root (see Bottom). Bret, men-bonn, a boundary stone
His wife him bore a burden a full strong Men might hir routing heren a fttrlong.
Chaucer in B.
Fr. bourdon, a drone of a bagpipe, a drone or
dor-bee, also the
(men
= stone)
humming
or buzzing of bees.
BOURDON. BOX.
Cotgr.
117
Gael, bogha, a curve, vault,
is
bow
swell,
to
shoot with.
ment, or of an organ.
noise, the only character
The meaning
of the word
arch, bow.
The
origin
exhibited in
bogel,
W.
bog,
humming
humsup-
a nave,
navel,
common
to the
drone of a
From
this primitive
Gael, burdan, a
ming
durd,
which
is
image I believe the verb bugan, to bow, to be formed, and not vice versa. So from bouk, a bunch (evidenced by Fr. bouquet, Russ. puk, a bunch), Dan.
bukke,
hum
as a bee, mutter.
The
to buzz,
to bourd, as
E. sup,
s. s.
Du. bukken, to bunch oneself, to bow. Bowels. It. budelle, Venet. buele, O. Fr.
boel.
sop, to L. sorbere, or
Bourdon.
grim's
staff,
Borden.
staff,
E.
bubble, to
OE.
burble,
Fr.
bourdon.
A
;
pil-
Mid. Lat. botellus. Si intestina vel botelli perforati claudi non potuerint. Leg. Angl. in Diez. Bret.
Cotgr.
It.
bouzellou, bouellou.
W.
bor-
Probably from the rumbling of the bowels. Bret. bouad, to hum, to murmur. Fin. potista, rauce ebullio
ut puis fervida, mussito, potina, a murmuring.
a prop.
In
Bonrn.
2.
l.
A limit.
a brook
like
manner the
Icel.
rumble
GrOth. brunna,
;
a spring,
Bohem.
Du.
Gael,
bum,
hum,
to
fresh water
bruire, to
Altieri.
or a flower-bud.
See Burgeon.
buzz and the W. bru, the belly, to It. rumble as the guts do in one's belly. The word guts itself is probably from a
;
To Bonse.
en
;
To
drink deeply.
Du.
buys,
drunk-
similar origin.
in the
s.
s.
Icel. gutla, to
guggle
OE.
gothel,
Roquefort.
to
O. Fr. bous,
bout, outre,
See Butt.
Hal. Icel. bur, Bower. NE. boor, a parlour. utibur, an outhouse a separate apartment AS. bur, a chamber swefn-bur, a sleeping-room cumena bur, guest-chamber fata-bur, a wardrobe
; ; ; ; ;
him dearly
Man
So from Du.
yen
;
in the
Moon
in N.
and Q.
W.
Unconnected
oiKTjjxa
from
W. pot,
To
;
To Bow.
buga, beygia
beugen.
bend.
AS.
beogan, bugan
Icel.
^v-
ptoOev, otKoOev.
The board
in
in
cupboard
is
To bow
when no
rolling
vessel.
longer un-
Into Burguine
Bowl.
A
also a
wooden
ball
for
along the
Howel
Beh
of Brutaine
to than kinge.
Layamon.
ground
round drinking
Icel. bolli,
Fr. boule
in both senses.
a teacup.
is
See Boil.
And
so boweth forth by a brook " Beth buxom of speche," Till ye finden a ford " Your fadres honoureth."P. P.
Box.
name of a
for turning
shrub, whose
wood
peculiarly adapted
AS. box
Trufts,
in
;
both senses.
the box-tree,
articles
box
it
Forth hii gonne bouwe In to Brutaine And hii full sone To Arthure come. Layamon.
made of
the box-tree
And
fire
G. buchse, a box, the barrel of a gun, buchsbaum, It. bosso, box-tree, bossola, a box, hollow place Fr. buis, Bret, beuz, Bohem. pusspan box-tree ; pusska, a box.
; ;
A Bow.
as a bow to shoot with, the rounded front of a ship, a curving of the back in sign of obeisance. G. bogen, a curve, arch, vault, bow. Svv. bage, an arch, bow. Dan, bug, bow of a ship, belly, bulge bue, a
;
little box PI. D. Hence, with an inversion of the s and k, as in AS. acsian, E. ask, we arrive at the E. box, without the need of resorting to an immediate derivation from the Latin.
Du.
busse,
a box, bussken, a
biisse,
bilske.
The box
of a coach
is
commonly explained
as if
118
it
BOX.
BRACK.
turb, quarrel
;
had formerly been an actual box, containing the implements for keeping the coach in order. It is more probably from the G. bock, signifying in the first instance a buck or he-goat, being applied in general to a trestle or support upon which anything See Crab, rests, and to a coach-box in particular.
a buck, is applied to a coach-box, while the plural kozli/ is used in the sense of a sawing-block, trestle, painter's eaCable.
koziel,
sel,
Bohem.
breptati, to stutter,
murmur,
as scrawl
babble.
different meanings of the word be reduced to the idea of straining, compressing, confining, binding together, from a root brak, which has many representatives in the other
Brace.
The
brace
may
all
&c.
To Box.
Dan.
flap,
To
fight
with the
;
fists.
From
the
bask, a sounding blow baske, to slap, thwack, by the same inversion of s and k, as noticed under Box. It is plainly an imitative word, parallel
with
OE. pashj
to strike.
European languages. See Brake. To brace is to draw together, whence a bracing air, one which draws up the springs of life a pair of braces, the bands which hold up the trowsers. A brace on board a ship, It. braca, is a rope holding up a weight or resisting a strain. A brace is also a
;
first
instance
As
by a physical
breeches, &c.
and then merely in our mode of considering them. From the same root are bracket,
tie,
batschen, to
Bracelet.
the wrist
;
Bracelet, an ornamental
with a noise.
bracer,
a guard
to protect the
G. bube, Swiss bub, bue. Swab, hiak, Boy< showing the passage of the pronunciation to E. boy. Lat. pupus, a boy, pupa, a girl, a doll, which last is probably the earlier meaning. The origin seems the root bob, bub, pop, pup, in the sense of something
protuberant, stumpy, thick and short, a small lump.
wristband,
or bracer
Fr. brasselet, a
Cotgr.
;
armour
for the
the arm.
Brach.
bracco ;
It.
poacher.
puppa,
ing or setting.
Neuman.
then
pupa, a child's baby, puppy, or puppet, to play withal, by metaphor a pretty girl, a dainty mop. Florio. Now the meaning of doll or of mop is a bundle of clouts, and poupe has the same sense in Fr. poupe de chenilles, a cluster of caterpillars.
Cotgr.
"
bend.
Moppe
to
or popyne."
Prompt. Parv.
The word have been transferred to a baby or young person, and in the case o^ puppy to the young of a dog. See Baby. The word bob or mob in Welch is a son, in Gael, a tassel, identical with E. map or mop, a bunch of rags. In a similar manner from Bav. butzen, botzen, a
poppet or puppet, a dressed-up image.
seems then
Braquer un canon, to level, bend a cannon against braquer un chariot, to turn, set or bend a chariot on the right or left hand. Cotgr. See Brake. Or it may be from Dan. brak, flat Sp. braco, flat-nosed, from the blunt square nose of a pointer or dog that hunts by scent, as compared with the sharp nose of a greyhound. Brack. A breach, flaw, or defect, from break. Fr. briche, a brack or breach in a wall, &c.
Cotgr.
Floods drown no
fields before
butt, bott,
anything small of
its
kind, whether
man, animal, or plant. Fr. un bout d^homme, W. pwt ddyn, a short thick man, from pwt, anything Hence, as the sense of someshort and stumpy. thing small of its kind might easily pass into that of a young animal, Schmeller would explain the It. putto a boy, and probably the Fr. petit may be a diminutive of the same root.
find time in eternity Deceit and violence in heavenly justice Ere stain or hrack in her sweet reputation.
You may
B. and F.
Augen
want, need,
fault,
defect;
Du.
braecke,
ghebreck,
Kil.
AS.
brec, PI.
D.
brek,
To Brabble.
like
A
;
Icel. brek,
defect
On
the
same
moral
In
a crack, flaw,
defect,
bubbling motion
pass
or physical.
Fr.
boiste,
Prov.
Du.
brabbelen, to
dis-
ceptation
Probably the sense of brack in the foregoing acmay in some degree have been confounded
BRACK. BRAG.
with that of G. brack, refuse, damaged
try,
;
119
to strut, to
bracken, to
Langued. braga,
equipage,
to pick
out and
See
Broker.
Brack.
table
cases
tions.
Water rendered unpalaby a mixture of salt. One of the numerous in which we have to halt between two derivabracha,
Brackish.
riches, &c.
But thereof
He
suppuration,
;
set the miller not a tare cracked host and swore it nas nat
so.
Gael,
putrefaction
brack
Chaucer.
shuileach, blear-eyed
filth
;
Then
el
brae
e la
O.
mud,
clay.
braco, hrago, a
mud
And crow
Turberville in R.
On
the
Then
as an adj.,
or brag,
rattle, to
may
same principle the Dan. braske, to boast be compared with Lith. braszketi, to
in the sense of brisk, proud,
Monstrelet
fies
ville
Prov. brae, bragos, O. Fr. hrageux, foul, dirty. " La ou y avait eaues et sourses moult brageuses."
in
be noisy.
in the first
Rayn.
Thus
might easily be applied to water spoilt for drinking by other means, as by a mixture of sea water.
How
Seest thou thilk same hawthorn stud bragly it begins to bud. Shepherd's Cal.
fine,
well-
dressed,
splendid, beautiful,
Sc.
bra',
h-aw, Bret.
fine.
handsome,
to
damaged
probis.
dicitur
Kil.
the
OE.
brave, finely
finery.
sive
aqua marina
Kil.
PI. D. brakke
;
From royal court I lately came (said he) Where all the braverie that eye may see
Is to
Du.
be found.
Spenser in R.
brakke torf, turf made offensive by a mixture of sulphur (where the meaning would well agree with the sense of the Gael, and Prov. root) wrack, brack, acidus, salsus. Kil. See Broker. From the sense of water unfit for drinking from a mixture of salt, the word passed on to signify salt water in general, and the diminutive brackish was
The
Gael, brabh;
brabh-
own
valour.
Cotgr.
fine.
It.
Sp.
sumptuous,
also
The
I sal slyng.
D. V. in R.
is
;
expensive, excellent,
fine,
gorgeous,
gallant
;
(in
proud,
Bracket.
wall.
bracket
properly a cramp-iron
stately,
braggard
also
Faire
le
brave, to stand
upon terms,
to boast of his
own
worth.
Cotgr.
From
brake in
It
Piedm. braga, an
together.
nor equal t' overcrow. [Compare bragHalliwell.] ging, the crowing of a black cock.
The
t'
entertaine
To Bra^.
Brave.
Primarily to crack, to
make
In his free turrets with so proud a straine Chapman in R. Of threats and bravings.
in
may
be the
braguard,
gerere
;
of
Don Alonso
find
el
Icel.
we
Haldorsen
bra-
Bret.
braga, se pavaner, marcher d'une maniere fiere, se donner trop de licence, se parer de beaux habits.
Et todas las cosas ha de suyo complidamiente non tan solamiente de pan, et de vino que a muclio ademas muy bueno, mas aun de carnes tambien de bestias bi-avas, como Rodriguez, Mem. para la Vida de Don Ferde criadizas.
nando UL,
p.
223 M.]
120
Bra^g^et.
BRAGGET. BRAKE.
Sweet wort.
in
To
the
It.
and that from bragio, sprout ; i. e. sprouted com. To Braid. See Bray.
brag, malt,
From W.
to
same head must be referred brake, a horse's bit. braca, a horse's twitch. AS. bracan, to pound, knead or mix up in a mortar, to rub, farinam
mortario subigere
ferent ways, to
;
to
in
dif-
To Brail. From Fr. braies, breeches, Brail. drawers, was formed brayele, brayete, the bridge or
part of the breeches joining the two legs.
modification of this
bend a bow,
A slight
in a long-
washing linen
mortar.
Beronie),
Fr. broyer
is
was
The
by our
falconers the
winged hawk.
itself, is
Cotgr.
From
hrayel, or
from braie
it through a brake or frame consisting of boards loosely locking into each other, by means of which the fibre is stripped from
let ler
down the
(though
As
there
is
so
much
of actual breaking
it
in the operation,
it is
would be to brace, to tie up. Rouchi breler, to cord a bale of goods, to fasten the load of a waggon with
ropes.
to fracture.
We have
linum.
Hecai't.
brails, the
Hence E.
brail
to
lin.
So
in
G.
to
up a
sail,
to tie
it
up
like the
wing of a hawk,
breghe,
kept
flax
;
distinct.
prevent
its
PI.
It
Brain.
breyne.
AS.
braegen
Du.
breghen,
ture.
PI. D. braken, Dan. brage, to brake D. braeken, Dan. broekke, to break or fracis remarkable that the term for braking
is
Brake.
Bray.
flax in Lith.
The meanings
of brake are
to strip.
The
brak
is
very numerous, and the derivation entangled with influences from diflTerent sources. brake is
1.
an
a spinning-wheel.
subigere
is
Voc.
Swiss Rom.
de Vaud.
In like
of dress-
an inclosure for cattle a carriage for breaking in horses an instrument for checking the motion of a wheel a mortar ; a bakers' kneading trough ; an instrument for dressing flax or hemp ; a harrow. Halliwell. 2. A bushy spot, a bottom overgrown with thick tangled brushwood.
;
; ;
manner Lat.
ing.
kmd
Sive
Seu
subigebat opus.
Ovid.
in usus
subigere
aratris),
the
notion
of breaking
down
the
first
head are
tion.
is
more
distinctly preserved.
Thus
the term
W.
word
for
arm
is,
in
numerous
used
Bret.
power, strength.
bress,
Thus
Walloon
Wallachian bratsou,
Turk
brake
was drawn up, as in Sp. un canon, to bend or direct a cannon. The same name is given to the handle of a ship's pump, the member by It. which the force of the machine is exerted. braca, a brace on board a ship.
by which the
string
It will
is
After
all,
is
used metaphorically
subigere, expressing
something
is
a sense so closely agreeing with that of the foregoing brake, and the two are confounded in so many instances, that we are led to suspect a fundamental
connexion between them.
the brake of a wheel
is
under control, reduced to a condition in which it is serviceable to our wants, or the instrument by which
the action
Icel.
is
exerted.
In
this
sense
BRAKE. BRAN.
If the words are radically identical, the notion of
Port,
brejo,
121
sweet broom, heath, or
;
ling, also
must be derived from the force exerted in breaking a body, and the Gael. hrac, Lat. hrachium, the arm, must be so named as the bodily organ of force, and not vice versa. See Branch.
strain or exertion of force
marshy low ground or fen Grisons bruch, heath. It may be however that the relationship runs in the opposite direction, and E. brake, brog, G. bruch,
gebroge, gebruche, &c.,
with Bret,
briigek,
BrakCi
derivation.
3.
with
It.
The
is
overgrown with brakes or fern, heath (Bret, bruk, brug), broom, or other plants of
(Flor.), as places
tonic dialects
made
to signify
a marsh
a like nature.
The
relation of brake
to
bracken
or swamp.
Du.
;
PL D.
may
originally
to
G. hruch, a marsh, or a wood in a marshy place hrook, grassy place in a heath Overyssel Almanach NE. brog, a swampy or bushy
heath,
have been that of the Bret, brug, brugen, a single plant of heath. See
Brush.
place
lium,
exercitur.
Bramble.
Broom.
;
AS.
saltus in
PL
Fr.
brogille,
brushwood.
brake, thicket.
cover for game, bramG. gebroge, gebruche, a Inquirers have thus been led in Prov.
two
some
to connect the
)8pxw, to moisten,
word with E. brook, a stream, Gr. and Lat. riguus, watered, while
commonly designated from the word twig. Thus in Lat. from virga, a rod
gultum, a shrub
;
signifying
or twig, vir-
a shrub
from Servian prut, a rod, pruiye, from Bret, hrous, a bud and thence a shoot, brouskoad, bruskoad, brushwood, wood composed of
;
The
a remarkable confirma-
twigs.
Bav.
bross, brosst,
a shoot, Serv.
brst,
young
a
tion in the
fort
epais,
murdma,
to break, is
a thicket, brake, bush, pasture, quarry from Fin. miirran, murtaa, to break, murrokko, sylva ubi arbores sunt vento diffractae et transversim collapsae,
Cotgr.
In like
manner the word bramble is from Swiss brom, a bud, young twig (brom-beisser, the bull-finch, E. budbiter or bud-bird
;
arborum vel nemorum diffractorura et And this probably was the original meaning of G. bruch, gebruche, gebroge, E. brog or
multitudo
coUapsorum.
brake.
break of such a kind, or overthrow of trees by the wind, is most likely to take place in low
FL bud It. bromboli, broccoli, cabbage sprouts Piedm. bronbo, a vine twig Bav. pfropf, a shoot or twig. The primary idea is a knob or knop, something
;
di
breaking or bursting
out,
wet ground where their roots have less hold, and when once thrown down, in northern climates, they stop the flow of water and cause the growth of peat and moss. Thus the word, which originally designated a broken mass of wood, might come to signify a swamp, as in Du. and G., as well as in the case of the E. brog above mentioned. A brake is explained in Palmer's Devonshire Glossary as " a bottom overgrown with thick tangled brushwood."
pop,
s.
s.
(Bohera.
pupen, Serv. pupak, Russ. pupuishka, a bud), as brush to bush, Du. strobbe to stobbe, a stub or stump ;
E. shrub or scrub to Lat. scopa, a twig. The pointed shape of a young shoot led to the use of the G. pfriem in the sense of an awl, and the word bramble itself was applied in a much wider sense than it is at present to any thorny growth, as AS. brcembel-eeppel, the thorn apple or stramonium,
a plant bearing a fruit covered with spiky thorns,
Brake.
Bracken.
word
it
3.
It
may be
suspected that
and
in
Chaucer
it
is
used of the
rose.
a secondary applicais
tion of the
to
And
swete as
is
Sir Topaz.
and
briers.
say,
that
may
certain
bremelas, thorns
Gen.
we
find
closely
18.
Bran.
Fr. bran.
Bret, brenn,
W.
bran.
It.
brenna, brenda,
by the term
;
brake,
Icel.
The fundamental
signification
;
Thus we have W.
I.
bruk, heath
wax
berneux, snotty
VOL.
16
122
dirt
;
BRANCH. ERASE.
Bret. bren7i hesken, the refuse or droppings of
To Brandish.
make
hand.
Brandle.
To
brandish,
to
Bran
is
is
force, to
make a
by the
force
it
is
;
cast
a gentle shaking
branor
Fors de
Ducange.
flash.
also to glisten
Cotgr.
So Swiss gaggi,
brein, breun, stink
;
chaff,
Commonly explained from the notion of waving a brand or sword. But this is too confined an origin Manx brans, dash, for so widely spread a word.
Rouchi braner, Bret. branseUa, Fr.
bransler, branler,
it
nasty.
to shake.
may
stone.
perhaps be from
brano, a fragment, as
we
flat
M.]
Brandy. Formerly brandy-wine, G. branntwein, Du. brandwijn, brandende wijn, aqua ardens, vinum
ardens.
Brank. We have seen under Brace Branch. and Brake many instances of the use of the root brak The in the sense of strain, constrain, compress.
nasalisation of this root gives a form brank in the
Kil.
The inflammable
spirit
distiUed
from wine.
Kil. Du. brandigh, flagrans, urens. [I believe there is no doubt that in the compound
element.
This is shown
is
same
sense.
Hence
passive, but
The
witches' branks
in the sense of
was an
halter.
branca, bran-
brancaglie, all
manner of gripings and clinchings among masons and carpenters, all sorts of fastening together of
stonework or timber with braces of lead or iron.
Florio.
Weinbrenner is a distiller of wine, branntwein is gebrannter wein, distilled wine. See Grimm, M.] Worterbuch, Brennen, f. Brandle. This word has two senses, apparently very distinct from each other, though it is not always 1st, easy to draw an undoubted line between them. BaUey, and 2nd, as to scold, to quarrel, to bicker
distil.
Fr. brandiUer,
to
brandle or brandish.
The
It.
brandolare
is
Brandt
conflagration,
Icel.
a firebrand.
it
The tre hrangillis, hoisting to the fall With top trimbling, and branchis shakand
In
this application the
all.
brand because
flaming torch.
ple
glitters
D. V. in Jam.
The
tizo,
Cid's
was named
from Lat.
word seems
direct
from
Diez.
nd
derivation from brennen, to burn,
if it
The
It.
would leave
nothing to be desired
brano, a piece or
stood alone.
But we
find
bit,
an attempt to represent the In the same way the Fr. bransle, a round dance, became brangle or brawl in E. ; It. branla, a French brawl or brangle.
in brandle) being
Flor.
From
wood brandon, a tavern bush, a stake. Icel. brand, a post, bar, rod. Thus the brand in firebrand might
;
The corremerely a fragment or billet. sponding form in Gael, is bruan, a fragment, morsel, splinter, which with an initial s becomes spruan,
signify
Thus was
again,
brush-wood, fire-wood.
not, as
To
The
direct
Jamieson explains it, from AS. bryne, incendium, but from the foregoing brano, brin, bruan.
sense of a quai-rel
may
may be a
Quhyn thay had beirit lyk baitit.bullis, And brane-wod brynt in bailis.
When they had bellowed like baited And brushwood burnt in bonfires.
bulls
make an
Brase.
outcry.
Braser. Brasil.
To
brase
meat
is
ERASE.
to pass
coals.
it
BRATTICE.
Barros, Dec.
I.
123
liv.
V. cap.
ii.,
says
It.
a pan
of coals.
The
was
when Brazil was have been named from furnishing a better red dye than those formerly known.
colour of braise or hot coals, and
it
discovered
seems
to
Diez.
Diez seems
riving the
word from the Icel. brasa, to braze or It is more likely derived from
G. brausen, prasseln,
faire
fracas, to
vermelho chamado Brazil, trabalhou [o demonio] que este nome ficasse na boca do povo, e que se perdesse o de Sancta Cruz, como que importava mais o nome de hum pao que tinge pannos, que daquelle pao que deo tintura a todolos sacramentos per que somos salvos, por o sangue de Christo Jesu que nelle foi derramado;" and Damiao de G^es, Chr. de Dom Emanuel, pt. i. cap. 55, observes " a * qual * agora se chama do Brasil, por caso do pao vermelho que della vem," though he does not
:
agree with
De
Barros in ascribing
this etymological
burn.
Lye.
;
AS.
Brass.
Bronze.
M.]
AS.
brcBS,
Sw. brasca,
make
fire.
display
E.
Diez.
also as
Sw.
brasa, to blaze,
on
fire
a noun, a roaring fire. Fr. embraser, to set Wallon. bruzi, braise, hot ashes Pied.
; ;
working of iron at brasa, ferruminare, to solder. Probably from the glowing coals over which the soldering is done Fr. braser Vargent, le repasser un peu sur la braise.
;
Cotgr.
It.
is
seen between
crackle, to make a noise like straw or small wood in burning, to rustle. Halliwell. Fr. bruire, to murmur, make a noise, and bruir, brouir, to burn.
do, as rashers
Roquefort. Rayn.
the
"
to braze, to copper,
Florio.
Brat.
[Bresil or brasil
in
English and in
child.
brat,
Bailey.
young
a cloak, a clout.
apron,
W.
Romance
Thus
a rag.
cloth
a banner. For the application to a child compare Bret, tnd, pil, a rag trulen or pilen (in the
bratach,
;
name
for
a woman,
slut.
libras
simul vendat.
from Sc. bred, G. brett, Du. berd, a plank or board, as lattice, a frame of laths, from Fr. latte, a lath.
is
translated in the
A bretise or bretage
plied to
is
first
by
brasyl.
ap-
from Muratori a document of the year 1193 in which mention is made of " grana de Brasile," and Laborde, Notice des Emaux, II. 174, quotes numerous passages in which this word occurs,
cites
Ducange
any boarded structure of defence, a wooden tower, a parapet, a testudo or temporary roof to cover an attack, &c. Sc. brettys, a fortification. Jam. Betrax of a walle (bretasce, bretays), propugnaculum.
of rampart or fence of war
block-house.
tesche,
fx'om authors
who wrote before the year 1500. In the Catalonian tariifs of 1221, 1243, 1252, and 1271, it is found in the forms, brasiU, bresil, brazil,
brasil.
Pr. Pm.
It.
bertesca, baltresca,
a kind
;
Altieri.
and
See Capmany,
Mem.
So
Chronique
Cot.
du Roi Guillaume d'Angleterre, published by Michel, we find, p. 119, "en alun et en bresil;" p. 127, " Grain et alun, bresil et cire ; " and p. 129,
Dua3 testudines quas Galilee brutesches appellant. Math. A.D. 1224. Circumeunt civitatem castellis et turribus ligneis et berteschiis. Hist. Pisana inMur. A.D. 1156.
Paris.
Lk
ai-jou
A
was
by the Norsemen
The
named
to
girdle.
"Med
husum
uppi, reistr
known
as hrasil,
was found
there.
De
kom
124
BRAVE. BRAY.
roar,
things were prepared up on the houses, hoarding being raised up out on the roofs like the battle rampire on board a ship.
noise.
Cotgr.
Prov.
Then
as parapets
Gr.
resound
fipvy^ia,
to roar.
Icel.
wapna-brak, the
;
clash of
arms
Dan. brage,
to crash, crackle
E.
many
kinds, as
Un
bouturcs,
ne peut faire bretesques, possesseur d'un heritage saillies, ni autres choses sur la rue au prejudice
battle bray ?
de ses voisins.
Due.
braidir, braidar,
cry
Now
the sea.
OE.
cry out,
E. bartisan ; " the small overhanging turrets which project from the angles or the parapet on the top of
make a
disturbance, to scold.
a tower."
Hal.
is
Whereat he (H. IV. on being told that his son had been committed by Gascoigne) a while studying, after as a man
ravished with gladness abrayded with a loud voice. Elyot in Boucher.
all
colours be put
upon the
bertisene
of the
The word
stone or wood.
Jam.
a fence of
accordingly
Quoth Beryn to the serjauntes, That ye me hondith Or what have I offendit, or what have I seide 1
so
Sup.
It
may
be explained as a corruption of bratticing, brettysing, bartising, equivalent to the Du. borderinge, coassatio, contignatio.
Trewlich quoth the serjauntis it vaylith not to breide (there is no use crying out) With us ye must awhile whether ye woU or no. Chaucer.
Kil.
Brave, Brawl.
2.
See Brag.
1.
done on a sudden or with violence we find the verb to bray or braid used to express any kind of sudden or
as things
Then
from branler,
to shake.
See Brandish.
Brangle.
dispute or squabble.
And
About
it
be from Fr.
at
Dan.
bralle,
to talk
make a
Gael.
Ane Gan
Syne
D. V.
is,
noise, discord
is
hraoilich,
laid
loud noise.
Quhill
i.
D. V.
Beryn.
See
e. starts
It.
crackling up.
uncoverid, the sword was out ybrayid.
Bray.
Brawn.
The muscular
any
FlorJo.
OHG.
braeye,
a lump of
flesh of a leg of
But when
F. Q.
Diez. Kil.
Prov. bradon,
lump of flesh, the buttocks, muscular parts of the body Wallon. breyon, a lump, breyon d^chaur, bribe de viande, bas morceau de viande fraiche, breyon de Remade. Westphal. gambes, the calf of the leg.
;
The miller is a per'lous man he seide And if that he out of his slejw abreide He might don us both a villany. Chaucer.
The
braid.
Icel.
bragd
is
celeri-
OE.
at
Sc.
And
R. R.
patch of cloth.
tear piecemeal.
0. Fr. esbraoner,
sbranare, to
To Bray.
Braid*
Icel. augnabragd, a wink, twinkling of the eye. Then, as the notion of turning is often connected
Many
by the
d, g, k, ch, y.
And
sound
j
me
about.
Dunbar
On
syde he bradis for to
in
Jam.
Jam.
eschew the
dint.
D. V.
in
BRAY.
Icel. hregda, to
BREEZE.
Originally probably the
poui*, as
125
word
signified
steam, va-
The
Icel.
h-agd
is
by
a
which an individual
very obscure apphcation of the E. hraid. Bread, Bailey ; to hraid, to pretend, to reappearance Halliwell. To pretend is to assume the semble.
Jam.
See Broth.
Breeches.
Bret, bragez
; ;
"
Ye
hraid
brache
of the miller's dog," you have the manners of the miller's dog. To hraid of one's father, to have the
lineaments of one's father, to resemble him.
hragr, gestus,
Icel.
The
origin
the
mos
at
hraga
eftir
einum, to imitate
or resemble one.
On
to
the
much
trouble
commentators.
Since Frenchmen are so braid, will, I'll live and die a maid.
Marry who
must be supposed) a bandage wrapped round the hips, and brought beneath between the legs. Hence the Lat. subligar, suhligaculum, from ligare, to bind. Piedm. hraga, braca, a cramp-iron for holding things together, a horse's twitch Fr. braie, braies, a twitch for a horse, bandage or truss for a rupture, clout for a child, drawers. Bracha, a girdle. Gl. Isidore and
original breeches being (as
it
;
Tatian.
The meaning
is
man-
The
breech,
is
the part of
To
Breech, in
In support of the explanation of hraid in the sense of gesture, countenance, resemblance, comp.
Icel. svip,
on the breech.
Prov. G.
any rapid movement svipa, to whip, do quickly, turn svipr, vibration, moment, countenance,
;
him with a
PI.
flat
board
Du.
features.
Biglotton.
a mortar. Sp. hregar, to work up paste or dough, to knead Fr. hroyer, Bret, hraea, Prov. Cat. hregar, to rub W. hreuan, a mill, a brake for to bray in a mortar.
or grind
in
;
To Bray.
To rub
down
hemp
or flax.
See Brake.
hrice, Fr. hreche,
Breach. AS.
in a wall, &c.
a breach or brack
Cotgr.
From
smacking on the breech, einem de britze geven, to strike one on the breech so that it smacks (klatschet). From an imitation of the soundSwiss bratschen, to smack, to give a sharp sound brdtsch, such a like a blow with the flat hand sound, or the blow by which it is produced brutscher, an instrument for smacking, a fly-flap, &c.
D.
britze,
an instrument of
laths for
brechen, Lat.
Breeze.
Fr.
brise,
a cool wind.
It.
brezza, chilfrost.
Gr.
rog,
p-qyirufxt,
to break, paKo<s,
;
rag
to break,
rent.
cold.
The origin is doubtless a representation of the In like mannoise made by a hard thing breaking.
ner the word crack
is
The
by the
to fry
;
Swiss Rom.
murmur.
Vocab.
;
simmer,
de
Vaud
brisoler,
bresoler, to
it.
The same
relation
roast, to fry
Gl.
seen between
Liat.
gere, to
fracasser, to break.
break; Fr. fracas, a crash, disturbance, and The Lat. crepo and E. crash
made
in
breaking
and the fracture itself. The Swiss has bratschen, to smack or crack, bratsche, a brack, breach, or wound.
Gen^v. Then from a simmering, twittering sound the term is applied to shivering, trembling, as in the case of twitter, which signifies in the first instance a continuous broken sound, and is then used in the We have thus It. brisciare, sense of trembling.
brezzare, to
chilly,
Compare OE.
griU,
Bream.
rinus
latus.
broad-shaped fresh-water
Fr.
fish,
cyp-
with
brame,
Du.
braessem.
Swiss
crackle, broil.
AS. hreost, Goth, brusts, Du. borst. Breast. Perhaps the original meaning may be a chest. Prov. brut, bruc, brusc, the bust, body ; brostia, brustia, a
box.
While they have suiFrid colde full stronge In wethers grille and derke to sight. R. R. Par le froid et divers temps.
Breeze.
Brize.
AS.
hriosa, brimsa,
is
a gadfly.
The second
AS.
brceth,
of these forms
G.
Breath
an odour,
scent,
breath.
brummen,
126
Fris. hrimme, to
BREEZE. BRIEF.
sense of a sop to stop the
for the purpose of obtaining
hum, Gr. ftpefieiv, from the droning sound with wliich the gadfly heralds his attack. But if Breeze, Brize, be an independent form, it may still be named from the buzzing or Mzzing (as
it is
The
origin of the
word
is
;
W.
briwo, to break
fly.
Prov. Fr.
brife,
a lump of bread.
piece
Brick.
of burnt clay.
Hdcart. Thomson.
;
The
radical
Dryden
in Baker.
being one of
break.
Du.
tail,
hies-hout,
scarabeus
alis
strepitans.
meaning is simply a bit, a fragment, the numerous words derived from Lang, brico, or brizo, a crum bricou, a little
break
to
Kil.
bit
bricounejha, to
little
pieces
bricalio,
when
crum,
bit,
corresponding to
OE.
brocaly, bro-
Cot.
The
ken
victuals.
AS.
brice, fracture,
fragment, hlafes
word of this kind is of frequent occurrence. Du. bommen, G. brummen, to hum. The Prov. bruzir, to murmur, and more exactly the Russ. briosjat, to buzz, agrees
addition or loss of an r in an imitative
brice,
a
is
bit
of bread.
brique
lump of bread.
thing broken.
stone.
with E. brizze.
fort.
ders sold
The ashes and cinby the London dustmen for brickmaking are known by the name of breeze. In other parts of England the term briss or brist is in use for dust,
rubbish.
bruss,
lop or slice
Diez. Brique, fragment of any Genev. of a any crum, a of something. Goth, Bride. Bridal.
Gl.
still
quoit
Cotgr.
It. briccia,
col-
Florio.
bruths,
daughter-in;
law
OHG. bride. W.
;
briit,
G. braut,
priod,
appropriate,
fit,
appropriated,
owned
son)
;
also
married, a married
;
man
or
woman
(mab
and
buttons,
sheep's
droppings
off.
Dev.
rubbre-
= maid).
Priodi,
to appropriate
priodor, a proprietor. Diefenbach compares Lat. privus, one's own, privatus, appropriate, peculiar.
bris
de
bits
charbony
tilles, little
of
wood
; ;
Berri
coal-dust
;
bresilles,
briser, to
break,
man
self.
guma, a man.
marriage
Bridal,
feast,
for
bride-ale,
AS.
it-
bryd-eale, the
G. brosame, a crum
to crush
;
Du.
So
;
in
arf-bl, the
Gael,
briste, to burst,
the
break ; Dan. See Brick, Bruise. The origin of the word is shown by
bris,
brisd, brist, to
the
break, faU.
dead
from the
neral.
Bridge.
brygga, as
AS.
so,
bricge ;
G.
O. Sw. bra,
applied not
ser, to
sugga, a sow,
bo,
bygga, to prepare,
bra
is
breiz,
W.
brag,
The Sw.
So
Icel.
;
malt
way
Gl.
AS.
in Schilter.
Dan.
pave.
pavement
brolegge, to
The Teutonic
verbs, G. brauen,
"
Han
last
made two
Tiwede.
At Hamburg a paviour
pavement
; ;
is
called
steen-brygger
Pol. bruk,
Lith. brukkas,
W.
berwi, to boil,
pavement, stone-bridge
to press
;
brukkoti, to
pave
brukkti,
the equivalent of
fewere, whence
berw, berwedd,
The
orig-
and berweddu, to brew. Gael, bruith, to Kil. boil, and 0. Du. brieden, to brew. It is remarkable that the Gr. ftpa^w, ^paa-cno, to boil, would correspond in like manner to the Fr. brasser, which however is undoubtedly from brace,
a
boiling,
seems
this
to
be to ram,
to
stamp.
Bridle.
hride.
AS.
bridel;
OHG.
bnttil,
pntil ; Fr.
Perhaps
may
malt.
BrewiS. See Broth. Bribe. Fr. bribe de pain, a lump of bread briber, to beg one's bread, collect bits of food.
Hence OE.
birbone,
bribour, a beggar, a rogue It. birbante, a cheat, a rogue, with transposition of the r.
;
which the derivation of the word has been obscured Icel. bitiU, Dan. bidsel, a the insertion of an r. bridle, from bit, the part which the horse bites or holds in his mouth. So It. bretonica, betonica, betony ; brulicame, bulicame, boiling up ; brocoliere, E. buckler ; Icel. brush" and buskr, a bush Du. broosekens, E. bus-
by
kins
bribe
is
now
Brief.
From
summary
BRIER.
or any sliort writing.
BRIGHT.
Malandrini dicuntur."
127
Applied especially
to
a letter
In the G. hief it has been appropriated to the sense of an epistle or In E. it is applied to the letter of the Archletter.
or command, to the king's writs.
Due.
From
at sea,
a robber,
It.
bri-
bishop or similar
official
any purpose
to
to the
summary
of instructions given
client.
Bailey
light pinnace
;
a ves-
employed
purpose of piracy.
Ducange.
Brier.
AS.
brcsr,
brere,
Normans.
brieve is
yere,
In the patois of Normandy the word Fr. hrustill preserved (Patois de Bray)
;
from being worn by the light Breton glossary quoted by Ducange has " Brigandinou, Gall, brigandine, Lat. squamma ; inde squammatus, orne de bricalled briganders,
W.
grug, Gael.
hrughiera,
gandine."
It.
The
is
by
briga,
a heath
Florio.
M.
Due. rough with brambles and bushes. two-masted vessel. Probably conBri^t tracted from hrigantine. Sp. bergantino, a brig or
of force.
is,
See Brake.
In the same
way
to sti-ive
contend
Neumann. Brigade. A division of an army, from Fr. brigade, and that from It. brigata, a company, troop, crew, brood. Trovar si in brigata, to meet together.
brigantine, two-masted vessel.
much
consideration,
but
worth noting that he derives brigand from brigandine, the designation of the soldier from that of his armor
it is
"
Mes
se
a servir
als va-
homes
e a briguar ab lor."
He
set himself to
and to associate with them. serve The primary meaning of Sp. bregar. It. brigare, seems to be to exert force bregar el arco, to bend a
of merit,
;
men
Lcs uns se sont appelles brigands, a cause des brigandines ils ^toient arm^s et endosses. Des Hommes, 2 Partie, Premier Discours, De tous nos Couronnels, etc.
et arraes dont
bow
It.
This derivation receives some support from the Middle Ages troops were most comthe
monly known by
or defensive
;
name of
their
arms offensive
thus, arquebusier,
archer, baletrier,
gaged
in
a common occupation.
Brigand.
briga, strife,
Brigantine. Brigandine.
M.
Lat. briga, jurgia, rixa, pugna.
his
It.
Bright.
manifest
brcehtm,
;
Brilliant.
biartr,
M.]
;
Goth,
bairhts,
cleax,
Icel.
AS.
beorht, bright
bearhtm,
Due.
then
it
It.
Probably
bryhtm,
a glittering,
sound,
twinkling,
noise.
was
name
Bav.
bracht,
clang,
Schmeller.
bright
it-
moment.
OHG.
self
frequently mentioned
by
Froissart
and
The E.
contemporaries.
to sounds.
une maniere de gens " Cum 4 millibus peditum armatorum, duobus millibus brigantum et ducentis equitibus." Chron. A.D. 1351, in Due. They were also called brigancii or brigantini.
d'armes courant et apert k pie."
song so
far
schille
and so
brihte
and ner me
hit iherde.
Nightingale, 1654.
wel can
flgte
He mot
raid
me
muniendi reservavit."
Ibid. 1678.
The passage from the sense of a light-armed soldier to that of a man pillaging on his own account,
is
easily understood.
It.
either
by sea or
land.
hrigante,
pirate, rover
Adelung.
;
The
origin
Flor.
is
malandrini, in
a robber or highway-man, but classed by Thomas of Walsingham with the Brigands as a species of horse-soldier.
Schmid
OE.
representative
sagittas
words are immediately taken, must of course belong to the class which addresses itself to the ear, and we find accordingly that the words expressing attributes
128
BEIGHT.
heU, clear, transparent,
BRINDLED.
contraction of hriUer from hreziUer, and the correspondence of the pair with griller, gresiUer ; griller
So G.
ram,
from
hall,,
a sound,
clangour.
The
Ir. glor,
d'impatience.
is
Diet. Trevoux.
to sound,
show the
It. hriUare, to
Fl.
[Brilliant
of Fr.
etincelle,
a spark.
splendour,
to quaver.
means
clear,
explained
shine,
glampi,
glitter,
glampa,
Du.
schateren, scheteren, to
make a
loud noise, to
to visible proper-
many examples
;
of the same
transfer of signification
a person who wears a flashy article of dress, one says " He had on a very loud waistcoat." M.l
kilist&a, tinnitum
reflecto.
clarum
Wilista, to ring,
appear
G. hrdme, brame, Lith. bremas, Pol. bram, border, brim; border, margin, edge. Hung, perem, prem, a border, fx-inge (Lat. fimbria), Du. hreme, bremel, a border, lap, fringe Icel. harmr, the edge, border, lip of a vessel, lap of a garment hence the bosom, originally the lap folding over the
;
Brinii Rim*
breast.
barm-cloth or
himmaUaa, hiimottaa, to shine, to glitter hommata, homista, to sound deep or hollow homottinniens,
;
barm-shin, an apron.
The E.
is
taa, to shine, to
shimmer.
is
im-
used for the surface of the sea (Hawkins' Voyage). In the same way Sw. bryn is used in the sense both
of border or edge and surface, vattu-bryn, the of the water
;
by the word
bilbil,
whence
hilhil-goda (literally,
ryme
Irryn,
to
make
beam,
glisten.
Dan.
Tutschek.
brow of a
hill,
The meaning of the Fr. hriUer, to shine, seems to have been attained on a principle exactly similar. "We must premise that an initial hr and gr, as well as hi and gl, frequently interchange, as in Langued.
brezil,
ready
is said of sows from the peculiar cry of the animal on that occasion. AS. bremman, Du. brom-
To
BrilUt
To
brim, G. brdhnen,
parched, broiled.
It.
brullo,
grullo,
men, Fris. brimme, Gr. ySpc/xeiv, Lat. fremere. It. bramire, O. Fr. bramer, to roar ; b7-am, a cry of desire or pain. sire
Flor.
We
have then
;
in Fr. the
gresiUer, grisler, to
;
Florio
It.
;
bramare, to desire
make a
ler,
gril-
Du. bremen,
to
Kil.
and corresponding
of gr, Sc.
to
ardens desiderio.
these, with
an
initial Ir instead
brissle,
Swiss Eom.
ler, to
hrisoler, hresoler
(Gloss. Genev.), to
hreziller, hril-
it cannot be doubted that the original meaning of the Sc. brissle was derived from the crackling noise made by meat
Here
[The German brunstig is doubtless from hrunst, Grimm distinand that from brennen, to burn. guishes between brunft, allied to brummen, which is applied only to wild animals, and hrunst, from brennen, used of domestic creatures precisely as
heat in the
in broiling, as in
AS.
Bninst, 8.
same M.]
acceptation.
"Worterbuch,
we use
s.
v.
In Fr.
meaning
is
domain of the ear to that of the eye, from the analogous effect produced on the sensitive frame by a crackling noise and a sparkling light. So Fr. petiller,
Brimstone! For brynstone, burning stone, from AS. bryne, a burning. Brindled. Brinded. Sc. Sprainged. Streaked,
coloured in stripes.
Icel.
brondottr,
s.
s.
brand-
to crackle, to sparkle, to
posts, bars.
A brindled cow
is
thing.
The verb briUer itself seems to have the sense of shaking or trembling in the expression briUer apres,
greedily
to covet with impatience.
streaked.
Cotgr.
properly to tremble
Instead of briUer in this application the Swiss Rom. uses hresoler (il hresole d'etre marie ; os qui bresole, the singing bone), strongly confirming the
and Fr. bringe is traced Fr. brin, a morsel, a slip or sprig of an herb Berri, hringue, a crum, a morsel bringe, a rod or twig, brindeUes de See Brand. balai, the twigs of a besom.
identity of Icel. by-and
It.
The
through the
BRINE.
Brine.
i-um
Kil.
sea.
BROACH.
originally merely to crackle or
129
simmer.
Jisc-bryne.G\.
The AS.
;
AS.
hryne, salsugo.
JElfr.
Hence
name
; ;
for the
maris
brim-sior, a
brim-saltr,
is
suddenly angry.
as the
efi'ect
As
brimi
is
probably
f^pefx-w,
Then
Gr.
Germans have
brandung, breakers
1st das Kappeln und Thiirmen der See mit heftigem Ueberschlagen und Schaumen der Wellen verbunden, so sagen die Scliiffer, " die See brennt," und nennen die Sache * * "Es brannte fiirchterlich," selbst eine Brandung. Oder auch " die ganze See stand in Brand," babe ich die Seeleute sagen boren, wenn sie von einem grossen Sturme M.] Kohl, Schl.-Holst. I. 309. erzalilten.
:
which produce it, is to erect the hair, to birstle, brissle might properly be used in the sense of startling, ruffling, setting the hair on end, whence a birstle, bristle, would signify an erect hair, the true equivalent of the It. riccio. See Caprice. Traces of the original meaning may be seen in the Sc. expression, to set up one's birse, to put one
in a rage
;
birssy,
the
It.
ribrezzoso, angry.
it
is
called
Brisk.
rude, harsh
taste.
It.
frost.
The
initial b is
make
his
hair to stare
liquor,
Probably derived from the sound of sparkling produced by a quick succession of small bubbles coming to the surface and bursting. It. frizzare, to spirt, frisk, or startle, as good wine doth, to bite or burn, to be tart upon the tongue as sour wine or fruit is, also to frisk or skip nimbly
Cot.
From
the
same source is Lat. ericius, a hedgehog. In like manner the Lat. erica corresponds to Bret, brug,
heath
;
It.
bruco,
caterpillar.
the Celtic
name
Brickie.
by metaphor quick and nimble-witted. Serv. vrtzanye, vrtzkanye, spirting, moving quickly backwards
and forwards.
gay-
AS. hytan,
to break.
to
break, brodden,
bruckle, are
from break.
Bret, bresk,
of ideas
is
seen in
It. hril-
The
PI.
D.
to skip
Fr. briser.
Fl.
Brisket. Fr. brichet, the breast of an animal, a very gristly piece of meat. Perhaps from Icel.
briosk,
Sw.
brush, gristle.
On
broach a drawing off the liquor, and hence metaphorically, to broach a W. business, to begin upon it, to set it a going.
Broach.
is
Abroach, Brooch.
it
;
To
cask
to pierce
Slavonian
belly,
Russ. hrioshko,
See
Sc.
Bowels.
Bristle.
hirs, birse,
Prov. brocar.
It.
AS.
Sw.
borst,
Du.
borstel,
broche,
clasp,
N. E.
strong
enough
Zeuss.
to stand
up of
itself.
bros, aculeus.
a brooch,
i.
e.
an ornamented pin
of dress together.
Lat. brocchus, bronchus, a projecting tooth
brocco,
;
Swiss
It.
grain
rebrousser, to turn
a stump or dry branch of a tree so that it prick, a bud, a peg; sbrocco, sprocco, a skewer,
sprout, shoot.
It is probable that there is a fundamental connexion with the verb to break, the notion of a sharp point being obtained either from the image of a
Cotgr.
M.
dicam rebursos ad modum pini ramorum qui semper tendunt sursum." Vita abbatum S. Crispini in Due.
rigidos et ut ita
The
a
fit
It. brisciare,
broken
Altieri), or
VOL.
I.
17
130
the pointed form of a
into
BROAD. BROIL.
bud or
shoot, breaking out
bord, a border
ornamented with
silk.
gold, silkes-borda,
growth.
also
It.
hrocco, a
Compare
to shoot, to bud.
may happen
A similar
brote,
relation
may be
be the case
in other instances
a shoot or
sprig,
and forms
common
to break.
Thus
Broad. AS. brad; Goth, braids ; Icel. breidr ; G. breit. We may remark a frequent connexion between words signifying edge, side, border, and Thus Lat. lattis, lateris, a those signifying broad.
and latus, broad AS. side, a side, and sid, wide Dan. bred, an edge or border, and breed, broad Sw. bradd, edge, and bred, broad bred-vid, side by side, having the sides or edges opposed, or
side,
;
;
;
a point, and bord or bred, an edge, agree in being the extremity of a thing. The Icel. brydda is both to sharpen or furnish with a point, and also to sew on a border or fringe to a garment. Combrod,
pare also
AS.
brerd, breard,
AS. onbryrdan,
to
Broil.
quarrel.
else
at,
= near,
Disturbance,
Bailey.
trouble,
a falling-out, a
The
upon).
The
The bark that hroild in rough and churlish seas At length doth reach a port and place of ease.
Turberville in R.
See Spread.
But
It.
Brocade.
with gold and
Fr. brocher, to
wrought
And
silver.
Commonly
that,
explained as from
Surrey in R.
stitch, in
The proper
whence
shufile,
It.
it
sense
is
immediately comes),
jumble, trouble,
confound, to
make a
hurly-burly.
Cotgr.
been something
stump, or snag,
silk
different.
is
The
It.
brocco,
a peg,
broglio.
also applied to
a knot or bunch in
fusion, tumult
uous.
From
Florio
broccoso,
broccuto,
knotty,
broccata
was used
pile,
to signify stuff
The word
hurly-burly
the limits of E.
itself.
a raised
stuff
emface
Brock.
of the
See Brawl. upon hot coals. Bailey. Contracted from Fr. brasiller, to roast on the braise,
To
Broil.
To
;
roast
animal.
a mole, a
freckle,
;
or glowing coals
or perhaps
we should
brusciare,
rather say
formed
ciare,
a badger
brasciuolare,
brasolare,
brucilare,
a badger.
motes,
brychau,
Florio.
Sc. birsh,
parch or
character
broil.
In
all
is
also called
Baw-
imitative
Brocket.
Fr. brocart,
felt
in
a lively manner.
to crackle, rustle,
and AS.
Cot.
make a
To Broider.
wood
in burning.
Halliwell.
Here two
in
distinct
images
a common
When
He
he
is falle in
such a dreme
Gower
in R.
signification.
The
and
And
W.
brodio, to embroider, to
dam,
point to an
When it is
It.
On
bordar seems derived from borde, bordo, a border, because a border of needle-work was the earliest
With an
in
ser, to crackle,
gr instead of br the Fr. has grisa shell the fire, or salted fish on coals, grislement, a crackinitial
BROKER. BRONZE.
ling noise as of
131
quoted with or without brack, the term
meat
in broiling
griller, to broil,
of tallow
is
The
Italian
parched, broiled.
brullo,
grullo,
Tooke's
ofiicial
inspection
of sworn
1.
Catherine,
38.
Florio.
If
we advance another
and
Broker.
The custom
of employing a broker in
the purchase of goods arises from the advantage of having a skilled intermediary, capable from long
practice of forming a critical
we
shall
image
and contempt for the rejected object. G. brechen, Du. bracken, to vomit Prov. E. whreake, tussis, screatio Junius wreak, a cough Hal. hrak, any refuse matter. Icel. hraki, spittle Fr.
sion of disgust
To find fault is accordingly recognised in Plowman as the specific duty of a broker Among burgeises have I be
Dwellyng
at
Piers
ra^aille,
refuse
Bohem.
London,
brakyne, an outcast or rejected sheep. The Langued. brumo, phlegm, spittle, has exactly the
And
marchandises de rebut;
On
this
mdkler,
criticise,
wares.
See
is
G. brack-gut, refuse
is
"Wreak.
from makel, a
mdkeln, to
a singular
business of a broker,
buy and sell by commission. For the same reason the 0. Fr. term was correctour, Lat, corrector, correctarius, whence the modern courtier, a broker. Per manus et mediationem quorundam J. S. et A. G. brocariorum et
Kuttner.
correctariorum ejusdem barganei.
marchaundisez dez queux vous ferez correctage. Sacramentum Abrocariorum in Lib. Alb. To correct an exercise is to point out the faults.
Now
in
most of the Teutonic (especially the PI. is found the root brak
vile,
damto
giving rise
to
a verb signifying
make
Danish vrage, to refrom the Icelandic reka, to drive or drift, with which our wreck, the French varech, sea-weed and other things thrown upon the beach, the PI. D. wraken, and the other analogous Gothic words cited in the text are allied. The form vagrek, wave-wreck, which occurs in the Heimskringla, would seem to show that the w or w in vrag, wreck, was a remnant of the first element of a compound, but this is not the fact, vrage being formed from reka, just as the Dan. vrangt, wrong, is from the Icel. rdngt ; vrede, WTa,ib, from reidi. The great importance of the law of wreck in the Middle Ages has made that title one of the most conspicuous in the Old-Northern jurisprudence, and the
that the
ject, find fault with, is
[There
no doubt
weak
place, matter of
blame
hrlik,
;
blame, to
criticise
(makeln).
Russ.
to sort
and
especially in whales
fish,
refuse
brakovat, to pick
and choose,
;
bra-
minute and
ern codes.
is
specific in the
refuse
In the Teutonic class Du. brack, rejected, damaged braeck goed, goods damaged by sea-water. Kil. PI. D. braken, to garble, inspect, try wraken, to pronounce unsound, to reject Dan. vrage, to re;
landic,
to
slaae vrag paa, throw blame upon, find fault with. G. hrack-gut (Sanders), PI. D. wrack-good, refuse goods. Pro v. brae, refuse, filth, mud, ordure, and as an adj. vile,
ject, find fault with, to sort
;
goods
hrekia and hrcekia also occur in Iceand the suggestion of Wedgwood that the " original image is in the act of spitting," Icel. hraki, spittle, is not improbable. M.] Br01ize> It. hronzo, Sp. bronce, pan metal. Florio. This word shows the same relation to It. bronze, glowing coals, which E. brass does to Sp.
The forms
dirty,
abject.
brasa, embers.
Fr.
goods.
See Brackish.
un peu sur
la braise.
The name
early
Cotgr.
Icel. brasa, to
lute of brass.
It
In those countries the term broker, bracker, or wracker is used to signify public inspectors, appointed to classify goods
hot coals,
bronze
it
is
and unsound.
Adelung.
whether
It may be doubted whether the a nasalised form of brace, embers, or be derived from the root bren, to burn.
132
BROOD. BROW.
Sc. has hrunds, brands, embers, to brund, to
The
emit sparks.
Jam.
boiled
bruithean, heat,
warmth
bmthcKan, broth
brothaire, a caldron.
hrothas, broth;
boil,
The
sunburnt, is probably not originally derived from comparison with the colour of the metal bronze, but
It.
bronze, embers.
Brood. Breed. AS. brad, a brood; brid, the young of any animal bredan, to nourish, cherish, keep warm. Du. broeden, to sit on eggs, to hatch G. brut, the spawn of fishes, progeny of birds, insects, and fishes briiten, to hatch, bring eggs and spawn into active life. PI. D. brod, brot, fish-spawn broden, broen, to hatch, bridde, a chicken. Commonly referred to the notion of warming, in which sense the OHG. bruoton is used by Notker, " also unsih diu uuoUa bruotet unde uuider froste skirmet," as wool warms us and protects us against frost.
;
;
G. brodem, broden, steam from heated bodies, in which sense the Sc. broth is sometimes used a person is said to be in a broth of sweat who is steaming with sweat. Du. broem (for brodem), spuma, sordes seu strigmata reBret,
broud,
hot.
;
Manx W. brwd,
Florio.
rum
decoctarum.
The
origin
is
a representation of
Limousin broudi,
make a
&c.
PI.
D. bruddeln,
up with
noise.
is
The
softening
down of
OE.
bnw,
;
kail brose,
Sc
;
made by pour-
Ir.
Bret, broud,
hot,
hot,
burning, fermenting.
W.
brwd,
rage, heat
brio,
warm
brydio, to be hot.
O. Du. brieden, to
brode,
broe,
mettle, spirit.
brew.
See Broth.
and the
and brou
is
still
used in Catalan, as
it
was
word
is
E
M.]
vehe
D'Esclot,
huna
scudella de
cap. clxiii.
warming, by extending the wings over the young. The Prov. Dan. verbs above cited are also applied to domestic fowls when they bathe themselves in sand, and spread their wings and bask in the sun,
Brothel. Sp. borda, a hut or cottage Fr. borde, house or cottage of timber, hut, hovel. Commonly derived from the boards, of Cotgr.
;
little
and in like manner to the spreading of clothes to dry after washing, " at broe eller braade Klaeder." Molbech, Dial. Lex. s. v. Broe. M.] Brook. AS. broca, a brook ; W. bruchen, the bubbling or springing up of water, a spring, a source Gael, bruich, to boil, seethe, simmer, from the murmuring noise. Gr. Ppvx<Ji, to roar, ySpuw, to spring, Bohem. bruceti, to murmur. The meaning of the word brook in the low G. dialects is very difierent, signifying low wet land. Brem. Wort. ; a grassy place in a heath. Overyssel Almanack. It is possible that brook in the E. sense may be
But the Wallach. borwhich the fabric consists. deiou is an under-ground hut as well as a house of
ill
fame.
The
diminutive
cottage.
Ne laissent en Chartrain ne en Dive bordel, Ne maison en estant qui soit fors du chastel.
Due.
Domunculum circumdedit cum familia. Sorengus vero expergefactus de bordello exiit et fugiens in vivariam exire
voluit.
Due.
Brother.
bhratr
;
connected with
Russ.
breg,
Gael, bruach,
Manx
Zend, brdta
Gael, brathair
W. brawd
protecting
riviera, a shore,
To Brook.
bruks, useful
tus.
;
To
bear patiently.
AS.
; Lat frater. The ridge surrounding and Brow. AS. braew, bregh ; Pol. brew ; the eye.
Slavon. bratr
Russ. brov,
G. brauchen,
to use.
Lat.^rm*, Ji'uc-
brow.
Bohem.
Kil.
braubiti, to border.
eye-lid, eye-brow,
See Bramble. Broth. It. brodo, Fr. brouet, broth Du. broeye, brue; OIIG. brod, G. briihe, PI. D. broi, properly lx)iling water briihen, broien, to scald, pour boiling
;
;
ing.
brun, eye-
Dan.
der, surface.
W.
bryn,
eye-brow.
water over.
Ir.
bruithim, to boil
bruithe, sodden,
BROWN. BRUSH.
Boliem. hreh, Gael. hruacJi, a brink, bank, shore Serv. breg, a hill, bank, shore.
or brizo, a
bit
;
133
crum
little
brizal, dust,
fragments
brizal de carbon,
du
ex-
Brown.
Ger. hraun,
Fr.
bris de
See Breeze.
of things
Brunt.
the meaning
Commonly
But
Bro^vn study.
cupe, la tete basse.
That
n'i
in
all
Unques
van garde.
Hall in Kichardson.
many
Mais tuz pensis e tuz enbrons Tint un baston, si'n na reiees Les cendres qu' out aplaniees.
The
shot of arblasters
overthrew
a horse and
first
man, and
354.
prese with their longe and sharpe launcys to win the bmnte of the field. Fabyan in Kichardson.
The metaphor
is
really derived
Fl.
far
il
broncio, to
pout at one
bronjtare, to huff
and
snuff, to snort.
follow.
Hence
the
Browse.
broust, a
bell for
being the
first in
cabbage sprouts
brotis-gwezen,
shrub
to
bush
hrousta, to browse,
to shoot, bud,
company. Now the Servian has bronza, a cattle bell, from the material of which it is made, and the thing must once have been known by the same name in the language of the Grisons, in which brunza now signifies the first of a train of baggage
animals, the bell-mule, while the diminutive brun-
Prov. brotar,
broces, brasses,
Catalan brossa,
to sprout,
zinna
zinna
za
is is
applied to a cattle
bell,
and poHar
la brunfirst
brushwood;
;
brotar,
in anything.
it
If
we read
Prov. brus,
our expression
heath.
Roquefort.
Serv.
M.
Lat.
brunza being
bruscia, brozia,
dumetum.
sd
quam de
arabili."
Due.
It.
form of
brunt,
sprouts
brstiti, to
browse.
OHG.
bros, sprout.
Bav.
bross,
brosst,
a bud, a sprout.
shoot, sprout.
The larke and lynnett singith well, The thrissel dowe his best. The robbyn beares away the bell
Here we
Celtic,
Romance, Teutonic,
signifying
twigs,
And
Brush.
elastic
passeth
all
the rest.
and Slavonic
sproc,
On Eobert
Earl of Essex.
Camd. Misc.
3.
bros,
brost,
spross,
sprot,
An
sprouts, or bushes and scrubby growths, composed of twigs, or broken up into a multitude of points. There can be little doubt that they are all derived from the notion of breaking out, which we find expressed by similar modifications in
shoots,
twigs for
plants
word
may
or rubbish
als of
which
it is
composed.
Catalan brossa,
;
brossar, detergere
Gael.
See next
brysan,
article,
and
also Brush,
Bruise.
AS.
OE.
brise, to crush.
a crum. It. brusco, hruscolo, a mote, fescue brusca, a brush Swiss bruske, Piedm. brosse, remnants of hay or fodder, orts, brossa, a brush Sp.
; ;
falle
whom
it
schall
on Mle,
be broken,
a brush
rubbish.
E.
Fr.
Cotgr.
hrisar,
briser, to
O. Fr. bruiser.
to
Diez.
;
Piedm.
bruscia,
brustia,
a horse-brush,
comb, G.
borste, biirste,
Sw.
borste,
a brush.
break
to bits
Gael,
brisd,
brist
A modification
said. Sir
consonants
That
if
ye
list
And
that
is,
by your speche now right well I here ye may do the thing that I most desire, this your heritage there you Uked best
134
That ye might give
pikid
:
BUBBLE. BUCK.
and ever among, the brush away she
commonly
taken.
Fr.
From
her clothes here and there, and sighid therewithal. Chaucer. Beryn.
cajoling her husband, she kept picking the
While
Palsgrave
bump.
tury,
Cotgr.
in
bubette."
Pr.
Pm.
Hung,
bob, bub,
pup, a
bunch, hump,
tuft, top,
buborek, a bubble.
barrassment.
clear
To
britsh
To Bubble.
Buccanier.
See Dupe.
away
A set
On
is
satis-
who
places in the
ties
West
Indies,
and exercised
their cruel-
composed.
The
first
The name,
ac-
who wrote a
is
history
itself
good between G. horste, Sw. horst, a bristle, and G. borste, biirste, Sw. borste, a brush N. E. brmt, a bristle, and Piedm. brustia, a brush, wool-card. Bav. bross, brosst, a
relation holds
;
The same
It
cook
on a kind of grate, called barbacoa (whence the term barbecue ; a barbecued hog, a hog
bud or sprout
brtcc, brus,
brous
dressed whole).
The
was
wood composed of
twigs.
Prov.
tuft
Cotgrave the wooden gridiron itself), and this mode of dressing, in which the flesh was cooked and smoked at the same time, was called in Fr. boucaner. Hence those who escalled boucan (or according to
also
brossettes, a head-brush, wool-card, flax-comb small heath whereof head-brushes are made.
Cotgr.
Florio.
It.
brusca, ling
Diet.
I.
Etym.
is still
applied in the
W.
Icel. bruskr,
a bush of
or hay, a brush.
Perhaps the explanation of the double origin is to be found in the fact that the words signifying mote, dust, rubbish, and those signifying a spiig, twig, bush, are both derived from modifications of
the multiform root signifying break, appearing in
Gx)th. brikan,
britar.
Our next illustration represents the Bocan, or huilding used for drying and preparing cocoa and coffee. The building is regularly constructed with two floors, the upper They are divided by partifor coffee, the lower for cocoa. tions of open lath-work, which is also used in a great portion of the ends and sides of the main building, to allow a
free current of air.
Illust.
News. March
28, 1857.
Gael,
bris,
brtst,
Fr.
briser,
Port.
broust,
The Bav. bross, brosst, Bret, brous, O. Fr. a bud, twig, or shoot, seems named from
;
[The
ride,
lis
earliest
is
of this word
or the sep-
1586, Preface:
may
be considered as splin-
little
piece
mangent
of
wood or straw, fescue, mote. But see [The resemblance between the Latin
its
Bristle.
scopce
and
" dressed in
deserves notice.
From
scopa, a twig,
Capmany, II. 425. The O. Catalan scobar, to flog. Italian scopa is used as the name of an arborescent
shrub, a broom, and a scourge.
formed the
M.]
Bubble.
to
It.
bubbola.
From an
liquid.
;
imitation of the
Bohem. bublati, murmur, buhlina, a bubble Pol. b(^bel, a bubble, a tumour Lith. bubseti, to bubble, boil bubauti, to
;
bellow as a bull
to beat
;
bubenti, to
thunder gently
bubiti,
would appear that boucan is probably a M.] To Buck. 1 Formerly, when soap was not so plentiful a commodity, the first operation in washing was to set the hnen to soak in a solution of wood This was called bucking the linen, and the ashes. ashes used for that purpose were called buck-ashes. The word was very generally spread. In G. it is
Hence,
it
bublett, to
bump
as a bittern.
Sc. bub,
beuchen,
biichen,
;
biiken.
It.
blast of wind.
Sw.
tion
bi/ka,
Dan. byge
buca-
and a lump or swelling are very generally designated by the same word, either because a bubble is taken as the type of anything round and swelling, or becau.se the same articulation is used to represent the pop of a bubble bursting, and the
bubble
The
deriva-
has been
:
much
The more
;
plau-
Dan. bog-aske, the ashes of beech-wood, but the pracchiefly employed in making potash tice of bucking would have arisen long before peosible are
BUCK.
pie resorted to
BUCKET.
hardly
135
for the
supply of ashes.
2. It. hucata,
to
be so called
that the
hole,
through a pierced
in
same way
filter,
bugada is still employed in Catalan for lye, but is known in Spanish, and the glossary to the edition of A. March of 1555 explains it by lexia. It has also found its way into Mod. Greek, and /xTToyuSa and oAecro-iySa (lessive) are in common use
in the Levant.
The frequency
But
filtering.
and the
bucking
is
still
The
soft,
true derivation
is
common
bouk,
The
;
by washing, and
tation in Nai'es
some con-
wet and soft commonly coalesce, as G. erweichen, to soak, from wetch, soft It. moUe, soft, wet Lat. molPol. mokry, lire, to soften, and Fr. mouillir, to wet. wet ; miekki, soft mieknac, to soak, to soften moc; ; ;
Faster
If I
am
out of breath, I
am
sure
were
no harder.
zyc, to
Bohem. mok,
a steep
To
On
by Rich-
and as
and
b so
often interchange
(comp.
W. maban
and baban, a
is
Beronie's Diet, du Bas-Limousin, bougna is defined " demeurer quelque temps dans I'eau ou dans quelque
autre liqueur, tremper, macerer
;
and
" infuser."
[The word
is
of comparatively recent
introduction
the
The Cimbric of the Sette and the Tredici Comuni, which often curiously illustrates the relation
between Gothic and Romance words, shows a probable connection between the Gael, bog and the Ger-
example
is
supposes the
German
derivation, in
man
and
In the Cimbric, b takes the place of w, ei. Hence weich becomes boch or boach, and Schmeller, Cimb. Wort., defines
weich.
or oa often that of
boach, boch,
in
inbochen,
we
inzuppare.
Historically,
it
Dien
that
gi leit in
uwen
is
museel,
more probable
that the
lan-
guages of Southern Europe have borrowed the word, thus transformed, from a Gothic than from a
Gaelic root, but there cannot be
buuckzeel.
much doubt
that the
primary sense
"Willems defines buuckzeel,
is
to soak,
by "
buiksel, doorzyger,
M.]
radicals,
loogpyp
lixivium
gelyk
gebruikt."
Bncki
deer,
The male
and then
lavatio lixivio,
word he supbucata.
W.
named from
Hung,
;
bokni, to
Gael, boc,
lems
is
right in explaining
earliest
it
as
a leach-tub,
it
is
a knock or blow
probably the
Dan. bukke,
to
The sounds
very nearly.
to repel
;
no doubt
way
tree,
and
Buck
feta la bugada, etc.
Bucket.
Canto
IIII. St. 4.
Mos
ulls d'a90
han
Cotgr.
Dim. from
bac,
De Amor,
See Back.
136
BUCKLE. BUDGET.
BacklCf
We
The
for
its
" zeker
The
Pol.
pvk !
is
fyn linnen."
He
open as a bud, to spring, sprout; Russ. puk, a bunch, bundle, whisp Fin. puka, a hump ; satulan puka, the saddle-bow heina-puka, a hay-cock Rouchi poquer, to strike, poque, a pustule, ulcer, pock It. hucchia, huccia, boccia, a
se, to
; ; ; ;
Bohem. pukati
that city.
Male in BeauBuckram is
Drets de Cathalunya.
ent qualities,
Icel.
a thing
Sp.
Sw. buka,
;
to swell, to
bulge
Gael, boc, a
;
blow, a stroke
W.
bog,
a
;
boss,
knob, bubble;
Dan.
ance
;
bow
Hung,
;
bog,
a knob,
It.
;
boccula,
botccle,
;
a bubble
Fr. boucle, a
G.
buckel,
BuckleFt
boss,
scvii.
from
Gl. Isidor.
;
hugr, convexity
W.
bog,
bocla
and
shield,
bloquier,
Sp. broquel.
brocchiere, broc-
the
W.
form bwcled.
H^cart.
; It.
Buckram.
open
holes.
interstices
stiffened,
with
Fr. bougran
bucherame, from
to pierce full of
and at valuations which show that it must have been a very different commodity from that now known as buckram. Under bucaranum, as well as under boquerannus, Ducange cites passages from which it appears that buckram formed the material for entire dresses, indumenta, and Kilian and Minshew describe it as tela cannabina levigata. See Ducange and Carpentier, v. Leviga and Levigare. From this definition it would seem that buckram was a bleached cloth with a lustrous surface, perhaps resembling fine Russia-duck, and its derivation remains still unexplained. If levigata, as used by Kilian and Minshew, and by some of the authors cited by Ducange and Carpentier, is the classic Latin word, it would probably mean, as has been suggested, ironed or calendered, a process which produces a brilliant surface, but there is some reason to think that leviga is a corrupted form of lixivium. In that case levigata is bucked, and the first syllable of buckram would be referred to some of the roots discussed under Buck, which see. M.] Buckwheat. A kind of gi-ain, having threecornered seeds resembling beech-nuts. G. buchicdtzen, Dan. bog-hvete, from G. bilche, Dan. bog,
buca, a
hole,
whence hucherare,
beech-mast.
Bud.
originally signified, not " coarse linen
ten, to
bouter,
t
Du.
is
bot-
[Buckram
never
open interstices," but a fine and and hence the etymology here proposed does not seem well founded. Ducange de-
converted into a
in the adoption of
is
a word
into E.
A nearer connexion
germ
is
Bohem.
E. bodkin, an in-
and he
The
first
appearance of the
it
as the equiva-
The
expressed by the notion of pricking, piercFr. poindre du jour, the peep of day.
bodka, a point, bodec, a thorn, sting, bodlak,
that it was a costly and showy material, employed for elegant dresses, which the tissue now called buckram never could have been. In Reinaert de Vos, it is said of a comb made from the shoulderblade of a panther
word show
Bohem.
a
thistle,
&c.
Bret, boidg,
stir,
To Bud^e.
movement;
boulj'ein,
Dit been
Claer, oft
is
gepolijst also
silver l^n,
Nao
ware van
budge.
buUt,
Daer
mocht syn
Budget.
gette,
A bag
or pouch.
Fr. bou-
Van
ivorien of bocraen.
little
coffer or
So
in
Cotgr.
Dim.
horseback.
bucket.
It.
bolgia, bolgetta,
From
bidga,
skin.
BUFF.
BuflF.
huivol,
BUG.
puff, huff,
137
Bnffle. Buffalo.
buffle,
and
snuff, to
blow hard,
to storm, jest, or
Fr.
sport
buffetto,
Cotgr.
The
Flo.
to
Boggart. Bogle. The Bug. Bugbear. meaning of Bug is simply an object of terror, from the cry Bo! Boo! Boh! made by a person, often covering his face to represent the unknown, to
frighten children.
this
rio.
Hence the E. buffie-headed, confused, stupid. The name of the beast seems taken from a repreLith. bubenti, dumpf und sentation of his voice.
briillen, to
The
purpose
"
is
bau !
hohl
coprendosi
La
Sc.
W. bw !
a'
It.
far
paura
bambini
Crusca.
Alternately
hollow sound.
Bnff.
strike
Buffet.
;
A blow.
From
PI.
buff/ an im-
itation of the
;
sound of a blow.
D.
biiffen, to
to puff,
E. rebuff, to repulse ; It. buffare, Fr. bouffer, It. buffetto, a cuff or buffet, also a to blow
game
of Bo-peep,
Teet-bo.
A
!
person
is
he could not say Bo to a goose, when he looks as if the goose would be more likely to frighten him than he the goose.
said to look as if
word
for
;
a stroke
connected
The
cry
made
to excite terror is
from souffer, to blow ; souffete, often blown upon, boxed on the ear and the word blow itself is used
;
in both senses.
Buff.
blow.
buff sound
is
Che
scaccia V
Ombre,
il
Bau
e le Befane
La
The peep of day Which scatters spectres,
Crusca.
PI.
D.
duff, dull,
of colours, sounds, tastes, smells, een duffen toon, a deadened tone eene duffe couleur, a dull colour.
;
Buffet.
Fr. biffer,
sense of buf-
In the same sense Sc. Boo, Bu-man, Bu-how (from liow, a goblin), a hobgoblin; Pro v. E. bo-
The primary
W.
bw, bwg,
of a cask, and
let in
breath, dausinti,
a cask in order to
let the
beer run.
de vos maibuffete's
bull-begrjars.
Sir
Si vos chartiers
amenant pour
la provision
zibau,
Rabelais.
In the Italian barabao, E. buggaboo, Swiss butSc. boodieboo, Du. bietebau, Esthon. popo. Hung, bubus, an attempt is made to represent the continuance of the terrific sound by the repetition formed from the radical articulation, and a greater effect is produced on the mind of the
ing
marre a vessel of wine by often tastdeadened, as wine that hath taken wind, or hath been mingled with water. Cotgr. Hence vin de buffet, apparently wine on draught, wine drawn from the cask " qui vinum de Buffet nuncupatum vendebat." Carpentier, who does not
Bvffeter, to
it
;
of syllables
buffete,
by the more sonorous title. Far barabao is explained in Patriarchi's Venetian Dictionary, " far
child
bau
bau
"
to
il
cry boh
and
il
il
brutto barabao is
interpreted "
Tentennino,
Fr. buffeteur,
M.
Lat. bufe-
The verb
buggaboo. In bug-bear or bear-bug, the word is joined with the name of the wild beast taken as an object of
bla<rk bug, the
may
dread.
wine on tap buffetier, a tapster. Thus buffet would signify the tap of a public-house or tavern, From thence the place whence the wine was drawn. it has been transferred in E. to the sideboard on which the drinkables are placed at meals, and in Fr. to the office in a department where other kind
of business
is
to cry,
Or
ellis
where we
find
it
has passed
on
to signify
from
It.
buffare, to
Other modifications are boggart, bogle, signifying an object of terror. In Southern English the latter
18
138
of these words
BUG.
BULGE.
fragments of very fine glass pipes sewn on. " Et dictae dominae nunc portant bugolos qui sic nominantur,
is obsolete, but it has left a descendant in the familiar verb to haggle, to be scrupulous,
to
make
difficulties
quos cooperiunt
We
A.D. 1388.
till,
capillis
Muratori.
start
it
;
In Prov. E. a hoggarty horse is one thus liable to to take boggart at an object, to be startled by
;
to take
hug in the
s. s.
HalliweU.
Lith. hugti,
bo, G. was formed bol, a farm, byli, a habitation, O. Sw. bol, bole, byli, domicilium, sedes, villa, habitaculum, whence bylja, to raise a habitation, to build, or, as it was formerly
To Bnild.
From
O. Sw. boa,
bauen, to
cultivate,
inhabit,
to take fright, hauginti, to terrify, alarm. Bu^> 2. The name of hug is given in a seconda-
written in English, to
bylle.
ly sense to insects considered as an object of disgust and horror, and in modern English is appropriated
to the
That
alle
city took
hem
that bylled
again.
it
and cursed
it
and
ica
is
tribe.
noisome inhabitants of our beds, but in Amerused as the general appellation of the beetle They speak of a tumble-bug, rose-bug.
Blllbi
a tuberous or
;
bulbous root
Lith.
a bulb
word
is
signifying an object
head
bol, bolleken
Du.
bol, bolle,
very common.
The
signifies what produces dread or disgust, a maggot. It. baco, a silk-worm, also a boa-peep or vain bug-bear; baco-baco, boa-peep. Limousin bobaou, hobal, a bug-bear, is also Fl. B^ronie. used as the generic name of an insect. So in Albanian, boube, a bug-bear, and in child's
W.
hwcai
also
From
and
In the represen-
word
is
very variable.
In English, as well as
bubble,
sense.
we have blob or bleb and blubber in the same The Wallach. has bulbuk, a bubble, and bulbe protuberant.
of
I
insect.
Hung,
buhus, buginsect,
Lap. rabme, an
The change
worm, any disgusting animal, also a bug-bear, ghost. Russ. buka, a bug-bear whence the dim. bukashka, a beetle. A bug, or black maggot or bug-bear. Torriano. Sp. coco, a worm, also a bug-bear.
;
to plash, guggle,
rumble
OE.
ticle.
a bubble.
Bul^e.
a bubble
Bulk. Bnlch.
it
The
Bn^.
as a lord."
Apparently the
derived.
"
is
whence
hig
is
Bug
bug
makes
in bursting, but as
such
a representation
syllable
it
is
words.
words.
Florio.
bow, bulge
belly,
biika,
swell, to
Boss.
The word
Bu^lCt
1.
Same
as huffie, a buffalo.
seems
These are the beasts which ye and gootes, hert, roo, and bugle.
Bible, 1551.
shall eat of
oxen, shepe
Deut. xiv.
boccula, signify a bubble, and same variation in the place of Thus we have in some the I, as in the last article. Fr. dialects blouque, blougue, for boucle (Hecart De-
But
It.
here also
we
find the
in hunting.
corde)
with double berd drinketh of his bugle horn the wine. Chaucer.
sits
bloquier,
a buckler, corresponding
Janus
by the
fire
to blob, blubber,
And
whUe
;
Manx
bolgan, a
Roquefort.
little
The development
a bubble
bolg
is
Hung,
beugler, to
and
its
bolg,
womb,
ornament of female dress consisting of
water
;
belly,
quiver;
builgeadh,
bubbling up of
An
Ir. bolg,
BULGE. BULK.
bellows
;
139
Icel.
holga,
a tumour
holgna, to swell
Dan.
h'dlge,
PI.
D.
a
It.
holgia, hol-
beam, Incelk-hoved, beam-head, corbel. In prov. Dan. bulk is used as balk in E. At Icegge bulk, to make a balk in ploughing, to leave a balk unploughed.
[Bulk, in
its
'
Fr.
bouge,
E.
bow
bilge bulg,
is
no doubt
allied to the
bulM,
bucket,
G. Dan. bulk, a
to
The common
Saga,
c.
exact
equivalent in Icelandic.
lump, a clod
E.
bulk, a
Pr. Pm,
when a
ship
was
Cotgr.
Tiith.
;
pulkas, a heap,
bulcke, thorax,
on board, the ek mi
think
at
officer
crowd, herd
the chest.
pulke, in bulk
Du.
Kil.
E. Bouke, body.
Chaucer.
Icel.
^tla
So.
ver
megum
bulka, to
we
cannot dis-
Afterwards,
when
merely a different way of spelling bulk, as Sc. kirk corresponds to E. church. The Grisons bulscha, a wallet, marks the passage to the Sp. bolsa, a pouch, bag, pur.^e NE. bulse, a bunch. Halli-
Bulch
King Harald was expected on board, a friend of the shipmaster says to him " Allt mun nu vera rofit,
:
baedi bulkinn
"
c.
well
It.
borsa,
" Bourser,
make bulch, or bear out as a fuU purse, to bunt, or leave a bunt in a sail." Cotgr.
to purse, impurse, also to gather,
The mode of stowing goods in the ships of the Northmen was in sacks, heaped together, and protected against the weather
of bulk, by the
gives Sp. bulto,
(see
common
interchange of k and
hulch,
bylte,
t,
a cargo, and the mass of merchandise thus stowed and secured was called bulki. See note 50 to the
protuberance,
;
bust,
pillow-case
poem of
in the
Boult, Bolster)
Sw.
a bundle, faggot.
;
toriske Mindesma^rker.
The
may
either be forms in
which the
has
been
lost,
OE.
bouke,
same narrative, where it is said of one of the ship's company, that he " sat a bulkanum," was sitting on the bulk, (or heap), and another in c. 47 " Hrafn hljdp upp a bulkann " Rafn leapt up on
:
above mentioned, or
budget
;
or they
may
the bulk.
c.
89,
:
by the
in
syllable ^m^.''
pop
[Bulto
is
See Boss. Thus the Catalonian Tariff of 1587 enumerates " Ymages de bulto grans, ymages de bulto mijans, ymages de bulto chiques," in distinction from " ymages de pinFrench.
zell."
where a fugitive was the object of search, it is said "peir toku sekka nokkura or bulkanom, en letu Hrapp koma f)ar i staSinn " They took some sacks out of the bulk (heap), and let Rapp creep into the
:
place of them.
The phrase
is
wards
c.
in the
same chapter.
Drets
39,
when a
de
Cathalunya,
f.
157.
is from Lat. vultus, from the hymn of Prudentius of the martyrs of Calahorra, &c.
vessel,
he was
stranger asked a passage on board a told " at f)a var bundinn bulki, oc
honor
mega," that the hdk was bound, and could not be loosened that is, was covered with skins or cloths which were lashed down, equivalent
|)6ttuz egi leysa
;
Ilic
If,
tumor vultum
is
to the
relinquit.
modem
He
replied that
to
be understood in the
sense of the
Mod. Sp.
bulto, it
must be considered
of the use of vultus
he had not more luggage " enn liggia megi a bulka" than could be stowed upon the bulk, and was received on board.
as an ancient provincialism.
The Platt-Deutsch
text
of
Ducange
Bulk.
cites
many examples
in the sense of
2.
image.
M.]
Bulk-heads
are
partitions
made
athwart a ship with boards whereby one part is separated from another. In this sense bulk is for balk,
abeam.
Bulkar, a rafter.
E.
to
Line.
Dan.
bialke,
a,
break
bulk.
140
BULK.
Icelandic code Gi-dgas, in the
ii.,
BULL-BEGGAR.
Det svared Hr. Thor,
i
The
title
Um scipajammargir
Bunken laae
mej)ferj), cap.
provides
Hverr ma|)r
seal hufiir fa
um
Kiaempe-Viser,
hunk became
in
Sir Thor answered, as he lay in the hunk, that is, below deck, the sleeping-places being below deck.
I.
342.
From
side
Every shipper
be
"We cannot indeed suppose the Icelandic hulki to be derived from the Latin, but hulga, which Ducange defines sacciis scorteus, -^Ifric, hydigfcet, a leathern
sack,
its
is
doubtless a
word of
U. States it is still employed as the name of a box which contains a bed, and the lid of which ser\'es as a hench or seat by day. See Bartlett's Diet, of Americanisms, 2d edition, v. Bunk. This AS. use of the word, however, may be connected with AS. hcence, henc, or, as some O. English vocab^ ularies have it, hynke, a hench, Nat. Ant. I. 197,
and
in the
the
same meaning.
232.
terb.
Pom-
In
ON.
a Latinized Gallic word, and he quotes four verses from Lucilius, in which it is thrice employed in the sense of
timbers,
the hulkastokkar were the cross or floor upon which the hulk or cargo rested, and I
in hulk-head the first
element
is
root,
The Pr. Pm. gives hulga as the equivalent of " hale of spycery or other lyke." we suppose
purse.
The Spanish
is
once meant a leathern sack, the transition would be easy to a pile of sacks of goods, or of unsacked merchandise, protected
immediately refers
to the
by a
skin covering,
be determined.
M.]
Bull.
Icel. holli,
2.
1.
The male
holle,
of the ox kind.
W.
hcla,
G.
hulle.
the pri-
The primary
of huEa
phrase, to stow goods in hulk on board
is
to bubble, to boil.
to
many
hung round
;
O.-Northern language, hanki was used instead of hulki in both the technical sense of cargo, and the famiUar meaning, heap, pile,
At a
young
nobility of
Rome
in sub-
a legal instrument.
It. holla,
seal,
stamp, round
and this form of the word is common in O. Dan. and O. Sw. Thus in Osterson Veylle, Gloss. Jurid. voc. Buncke " Fornemmeligen siges Buncke, naar saadant, [Korn, Flesk, Fisk, eller anden Vare,] er
:
See
Bnllace.
The
wild plum.
W.
hwlas.
med
til-
bullos, sloes.
huUoi,
Florio.
ladt." As ships gradually became completely decked, the whole space below deck, as being the place of storage for the cargo, was called hunke, and this
Bull-be^g^ar.
huUe-hak, a bugbear,
a scare-crow, bugbear
sense).
term was sometimes applied to the deck itself, because its principal office was to shelter the cargo, or huVc. Accordingly, Molbech, Dansk Gloss, s. v., defines hunk " den Deel af Skibet som er under Daekket, den underste Deel af et Fartoi ; Skibsrum."
Phillips says
:
Florio.
See Bugbear.
noise,
The former
pai*t
G. poltern,
ler-hak,
to
make a loud
Hambro'
violent fellow.
whence PI. D. hdG. poUer-hans, a noisy, Then as loud noise affects a child
huller-hrook,
is
is
the whole
content of a ship in her hold, for the stowage of goods," while Johnson defines it as " the main part
gerous
of a ship's cargo."
According to Kilian, hetick is " carina pars navis quara alvum, uterum, aut ventrem vocant ; navis
:
as a raill-dam or the like. Du. huldera hobgoblin. Kil. gheesten, lemures nocturni nigri. G. poltern,
Hence G.
to
polter-geist,
concavitas."
significa-
See Bully. [Grimm, "Wiirterb. v. BuUern, quotes a passage from Tieck, which well illustrates the imitative character of some of the words cited under Bull-heggar
be haunted.
BULLET. BULLION.
In dem greszen wassertiimpel, in dem furchterlichcn abgrund, da kollern die wasserteufel, und buUern und brUllen und briilkn ja so abscheulich, dasz einem horen und sehen
vergelit. M.]
141
In
utes.
all
word appears
E.
III.
st. 2, c.
in
our early
stat-
The
Stat. 9
2, provides,
that
Bullet.
dimin-
monoie
One
exchange.
a bubthe
a cup.
W.
hoi,
the belly;
E.
hole,
In the English version these words are erroneously translated " that all people may safely bring to
the exchanges bullion or silver in plate, &c.," which has led to the assertion that " bullion " in the old
statutes
is
round part of a tree. As an instance of the arbitrary way in which words acquire their precise meaning, it may be observed that a bullet in E. is applied to the ball of a gun or
musket, while the
ball.
pi'ojectile
coined
c.
gold
of a cannon
it is
is
called a
14,
provides,
houlet
de canon,
sent
et
savement porter
st.
2,
puis-
halle
tut autre
maner
d'or
toutz
moneys
d'or et
Bullion.
1.
This word
is
nous ferons ordeiner a nous dites estaples et ailleurs pernant illoeqs money de notre coigne con-
To beholde how it was garnished and bound Encoverde over with golde of tissue fine, The claspes and bullions were worth a thousand pounde.
Skelton in R.
After them came six disguised in wliite satyne and
greene, embroudered and set with letters and castels of fine
venablement k la value." Again, 4 Hen. IV. c. 10, " que la tierce partie de tout la monoie d'argent
la hoillion
shall
gold in
bullion.
Hall in R.
was
i.
e.
of the king
in
and similar
restrictions
were enforced
work.
Sp. hollar, to emboss
nail
; ;
hollon, stud,
hollos de relieve,
embossed work.
stud, any great-headed or studded nail. Cotgr. Elyot translates bulla " a bullion set on the cover of a book or other thynge." " Bullyon in a woman's
carried to a much greater extent than in England, insomuch as to earn for Philippe le Bel the title of le faux monnoyeur. Hence among the French the
money became a
bil-
girdle
clow."
Palsgrave.
au
ments of plate engraven, a hullion of bridles or poitrels for an ornament." ary in Halliwell. Here the notion embossment is plainly derived from
bubbling of boiling water.
2.
copper
set
on
remaking.
Baret's Alve-
The
of swelling or
the boiling or
Bullion
silver
is
and
lace,
from Fr.
houillon,
explained by
Chambaud
as being
made
Gold or
silver uncoined.
Considerable
diffi-
word
in
from the use of the equivalent terms, hillon in Fr. and vellon in Sp., in the sense of base
mixed with a large alloy of copper. meaning of the word hullion, hoillon, billon, was the mint or office where the precious metals were reduced to the proper alloy and converted into stamped money, from the Lat. bulla, a seal, whence Mod. Gr. (iovXXovw, to seal, to stamp /3ovXX(DTr]pLov, the matrix or die with which coins were stamped. Diet. Etym.
metal, silver
The
original
and hence hillon and were very early used to signify the base mixture of which such coin was made, or generally a mixture of copper and silver. " Ne quis aurum, argentum vel billionem extra regnum nostrum deferre praesumat." Stat. Philip le Bel in Due. A.D. 1305. In England the fortunes of the word have been different, and the Mint being regai'ded chiefly as the authority which determined the standard of the coin, the name of hullion has been given to the alloy or composition of the current coin permitted by the Bullion or mint. Thus bullion is translated in Torriano's dictionary (A.D. 1687), " lega, legaggio di metallo," and traces of the same application are prethe equivalent Spanish vellon
From
metal of stand-
modern times
to all gold
and
purpose of coinage.
[Redi, Etim.
Ital.,
142
BULLY. BUN.
projectiles.
Schmeller,
Bollwerk.
TV".
141
author
caccio
:
who
flourished before
the
time
of
Boc-
buch,
s.
V.
The
identity of the
the Spanish
di 4
and French
is
baluarte, boulevard,
Noi avemo
certainly probable,
bulvceg,
Ed avemo
lega.
48 marchi di
quale ha 194 di
of bolvcerk.
I suspect halssonaya and hossonoya, which Carpentier cites from an Ordinance of Peter
Bum.
IIL of
Icel. bottn,
soil.
Aragon, and hossanaya, quoted by Ducange from a chronicle of the year 1209, to be synonymes, or rather corruptions, of billon. They would be easily formed from balzso, which Carpentier gives as a corrupt form of billio. The chronicle cited by Ducange employs the words " aspera moneta dicta bossanaya," but I think that this latter word
is
D. buene,
boene,
G. buhne, a
fold.
To Bum.
bum,
to
Hall. hum, to make a droning sound. Du. bommen, resonare, to beat a drum; bombammen,
To
the
make
a humming noise
bombilus,
name, and that Carpentier is wrong in defining balssonaya " moneta? Barcinonensis species," for an
Ordinance of Peter IV. printed in Capmany,
117, permits the exportation of "
II.
a bumble-, or a humble-bee.
which he
is
supposed to
is
called
quodcumque
ar-
gentum purum,
Bum-bailiff. From the notion of a humming, droning, or dunning noise the term bum is applied
to
tam
in petiis
quam
aliks, et
monetam
balgonayam
Bully.
person.
chare,
Bully-rook.
Du. bulderen,
it.
M.]
Kil.
violent
overbearing
debac-
bolderen,
;
blaterare,
intonare,
saevis dictis.
minari
verbulderen,
to
perturbare
noise
;
G. poltem,
make a
Ilalliwell. Hence dunning a person for a debt. a person employed to dun one for a debt, the bailiff employed to arrest for debt. Bump. PI. D. bums! an interjection imitating Bums ! getroffen. Bang it's the sound of a blow. hit. Bumsen, bamsen, to strike so as to give a dull Halliwell. sound. To bam, to pummel, to beat. W. pwmpio, to thump, to bang. Langued. poumpi, Then, as in to knock poumpido, noise, knocking. other cases, the word representing the sound of the
bum-bailiff,
Sw.
buller, noise,
;
terer
from the
last
of which
is
un faux brave. Miege in Ilalliwell. The Sw. buller-bas, on the other hand, agrees wdth E. blunderbuss, a clumsy fellow who does things with noise and
violence.
Bailey.
Bully-rock,
applied to the lump raised by the blow, or mass by which it is given, and signifies conSee Boss. sequently a mass, protuberance, lump. Thus E. bump, a swelling, W. pwmp, a round mass pwmpl, a knob, a boss Lith. pumpa, a button, pumFr. pompette, a pumple or pimple purras, a bud. on the skin Cot. pompon, a pumpion or gourd, a large round fruit.
blow
is
to the
G.
polterer,
a blunder-head, blunder-buss,
a
to
Bumpkin.
bonkan.
A clumsy, awkward
clown.
Manx
Probably from bump, signifying one who PI. D. does things in a thumping, abrupt manner. buns-wise, inconsiderately, from bunsen, to strike
Pro. E. bungersome, clumsy, lungeous,
Halliwell
beat.
;
Bulwark.
bastion, or
defence originally
made of
the
awkward
Icel.
work of defence.
boulevart,
Du.
bol-werck, block-
See Bungle.
Kil.
Fr.
Bun.
knob
Bunion. Bunny.
by corruption
boulevard,
primarily the
ramparts of a town, then applied to the walks and roads on the inside of the ramparts, and now at
Paris to a broad street surrounding what was formerly the body, but now is the central part of the
town.
It.
bugnet,
Cotgr.
It.
bugno,
baluarte.
[Bulwark, in most of the earliest examples in which it occurs in the Gothic languages, signifies a frame, a scaffolding, an engine for throwing military
Forby. Gael. bunny, a swelling from a blow. bonnach, a little cake, a bannock. In the same way
the foot
from
bol,
Du.
BUNCH. BUOY.
hoi,
143
loaf,
huilionnach, a baker.
ker,
Hence Fr.
houlanger, a ba-
The primary
be regarded as a derivative from So/aos, labour, from ttovos, labour, pain ; Lat. pendere, to hang, from pondus, a weight, the last of these being probably identical with G. bund,
to build, is to
a house
Trevo/nat, to
Baker.
is
a bunch or bundle, Lith. pundas, a bundle, also a stone weight, a weight of 40 lb. The original meaning of the Lat. pondus would thus be a lump of
PI.
D.
hunsen, to strike.
Manx
bun-feammi, a
tail,
bob-
Hence
Bun, a
very conspicu-
Bunch, a hump, cluster, round mass of anything. To hunch was formerly and still is provincially used in the sense of
striking.
Bunch.
Bnnk. Bun^.
a hare.
Halliwell.
some heavy material, doubtless of stone. Words signifying a lump or mass are commonly derived from the notion of knocking, and we find Bret. bounta, bunta,_ to knock, to push E. bunt, to push with the head Halliwell bunt, punt, to kick.
Baker.
From
to
Dan. bundt,
sail,
Sw. hunt,
Dunchyn
or bunchyn, tundo.
"
He
buncheth
bunchest
Thou
Promptm. me by
pousse.
thee."
the bunt of a
a bunt or pocket.
To
while
may be
butt,
considhotten,
Psalgr. in
Way.
hunsen, bumsen, to
Related on the one side to PI. D. knock. " An de dor bunsen, oder
"
to knock at the door Daal bunsen," to bang down,
Du.
ankloppen dat
till it
idt bunset,"
forms of F.
E.
bottle.
sounds again.
throw down with a bang. "He fult dat et bunsede," he fell with a bang. Du. bans, a knock. See Bounce. On the other hand bunch is connected
with a series of words founded on forms similar
the Icel. banga,
to
;
to
The PL D. pung, pungel, a bundle, purse, Dan. pung, a purse, a bag, exhibit parallel forms Math a final ng instead of nd, as E. bung compared with Fr. hondon. See Bind.
Bun^. The stopper for the hole in a barrel. From the hollow sound made in driving in the bung. OG. bunge, a drum 0. Sw. bungande, the noise of
to hum. So Du. hum, and homme, or bonde van t' vat, the bung of a barrel Lim. boundica, to hum, Prov. bondir, Cat. bonir, to resound, and Du. bonde, Fr. bonde, hondon, a bung. The prefix of an initial s gives G. spund, PL D. spunt, whence spunt-gat, the bunghole, and hence probably the E. spiggot, prop-
bang Icel. a knob and related with Icel. bunga, to swell out Prov. E. bung, a heap or cluster, a pocket Sw. hinge, a heap ; Wallon. bonge, hongie, a bunch Hung, bunko, a knob, a boil (bunkos hot, a knotty
; ;
Dan. hanke, O. Sw. bunga, to beat, hunki, a heap ; O. Sw. hunke, a heap,
drums.
Ihre.
Hung, bongani,
;
bommen,
to
Sw. bunke, a bowl PI. D. bunken, the large prominent bones of an animal (as G. knochen, E. knuckles, from knock) It. biigno, hugnone, any round knob or bunch, a boil or blain. Florio. Again, as we have seen E. bulk passing into Sp. bulto, and E. hult, a bag or sack, Avhile hulch was
stick)
; ; ;
now
itself.
may however be
is
bunch
hu?ik,
Halliwell
it,
so the
form
a knob or heap, passes into Dan. bundt, Sw. hunt, a bunch, bundle, truss E. hunt of a sail, the
;
The
middle part of
which
is
kind of bag to catch the wind. Bailey. pocket for sifting meal, to hunt, to boult or
or
Bunt, a
sift
meal,
from bousche, bouche, a bunch and the Sw. tapp (whence tceppa, to stop, and E. tap, the stopper of a cask), is originally a whisp or bunch hb-tapp, halm-tapp, a whisp of hay
tuft,
;
whence
or straw.
making
flags.
To Bungle.
ble, to botch.
hondel,
bundle,
To
do anything awkwardly,
Fr. bougonner
;
to cob-
Bailey.
Icel. hon-
Du. ghebondte,
;
a bundle.
Kil. Icel. bindini, from bonds. In these words undoubtedly the sense of
still
from
cob, to strike.
remains.
But
this is
The Dan.
Because nailing on a patch is the most inartificial " Bout cy, bout la, bunof mending a thing. garhj, disorderly, here a piece and there a patch."
way
Sw.
bind
is
derived in
word and hence I believe the verb to the same way that the verb Sc/aw,
Cotgr.
The
Fris.
144
BUOY.
for
properties
and
uses,
and
still
more
so,
that
the
reasonably probable.
thing,
it
If
Spaniards and Portuguese should have borrowed from the Frisians an unmeaning name for an object
the
would not be
surprising that
mology of the
which there is no reason to suppose the any other Northern people, invented.
Frisians, or
The
oldest
by maritime nations, but huoy is comparatively modern it seems to have been nearly
universally used
also signifies
die.
This word
in the
is
all
the languages
European
is
still
form dohher, which seems to be cognate with is hence not an unapt appellation for an object which is alternately covered by the waves and exposed to view. Dohher is used in
the verb to dip, and
We
cured
can explain
this fact
Norway
tion, that
new form
Strom, Sondto
mors Beskriv.
I.
445.
a general adoption
that
it
peoples,
and
carried
its
bear
introduced.
The
written also hove, a sand-bank. Dangerous sandbanks are marked by huoys, and may possibly have given their own name to that of the floating mark
situation,
but this
is
not very
they mark,
is
improbable,
because
it
Grimm
cradle.
cites
from an old German writer a pasbe derived from some root signi-
uous and important objects and properties of the huoy, namely, its uses as a mark or signal, its form
or material,
its
its
This
may
supporting
power when attached to a net, some one of which would naturally have been seized upon as a designation, instead of the undescriptive
name
of the
means by which
it
is
We
in French,
we have an analogous instance where hoirin means a huoy, orin, Sp. orinque, 0. Sp. coringa, (Cost. Mar. de Barcel. App. One p. 36,) evidently the same word, a huoy-rope.
derivation, because
may also have given name no such radical is known to exist. The oldest example I have been able to find of huoy in EngUsh or any of the cognate languages is in Palsgrave, Table of Substantives, " boy of an ancre, Fr. boyee," but the word must have been long enough in use to have become familiar, or it would not have found its way into Palsgrave's vocabulary.
fying to oscillate, which
to the huoy, but
It
is,
Pm.
the
Weser and
to
the
called in
PL D.
is
hojer, or tun-
of these senses
other, but
is
be de-
which
is
am
applied in replacice
unable
to say.
which the
Chytraeus, in his
it
indicates the
common
material of
still
earher in Neocorus,
ship-iwoys, but
why
the French
name
for so
common a
?
material as
wood
to
where mention is made of an expedition Helgoland, undertaken in a " Bojer van 25 edder
to designate so familiar
this
The resemblance between 26 Lasten ungefehr." word and huoy seems to indicate an etymological relationship, but it is hardly probable that vessels
I can find no authority for the existence of such a word as Wedgwood's Frisic " hoye, a lump or cluster." It is not in Richthofen, Outzen, Epkema, or any other vocabulary known to me. Epkema, indeed, Woordenb. op de Ged. van Gijsbert Japicx,
would take their name from their occasional employment in placing or restoring huoys at the mouths
or in the channels of navigable rivers.
has
''hoey,
explanatory
or cluster."
not
"lump
But if we grant the existence of hoye with the meaning ascribed to it, it is improbable that the
Frisians themselves would employ so vague a term
I have not met with huoy in 0. Fr. or O. Italian, and I believe segnale and gavitello are the only words now employed for buoy in Italian. In O. Catalan, we find senyal, gayateU, and raig ; and grupia
for
huoy in
BUOY.
modem
the
145
In Southern France, gaviteau has This is doubtless the same as O. Cat. gayateU, but the etymology is not obvious. Grupia may possibly be a group or mass of pieces
Catalan.
same
signification.
of cork, and thus correspond to Wedgwood's derivation of buoy from Frisic hoye.
Speaking of Don to escape from a ship which had grounded, the writer says " Langouse logo em h5a boya do navio pera escapar nela. * * E indo Do Afoso pera terra na boya" etc. Castanheda, Conquista da India, III. cap. xiv.
Alfonso de Noronha,
who attempted
The
of a translation of the
charter-party of a large vessel, of the year 1331, printed in Capmany, II. 408-414, " quatre gropials
de canem " and " decem gropials derha " are speci-
and we can hardly suppose huoys to have ever been made of hemp or of any herbaceous plant.
fied,
Code of Oleron, printed from a MS. of the year 1436, in the App. to the Costumbres Maritimas de Barcelona, and these are the earliest examples I have been able to find of either. Capmany, who strangely supposes that buyant, empty, in ballast, is the French
bougeant, moving, believes this
MS.
to
be a copy of
name
of the huoy-
an older
tion.
argument, founded on
rope
internal evidence,
far
I have had no opportunity of consulting any older Fr. text of the Code of Oleron. than one of the middle of the seventeenth century,
for buoy,
some conspicuous object, or often a large, strongly moored cask, are commonly designated in French by the term balise, which has thus become the name
of
in the passage
many
geographical
example, at
the
mouth of the
is
Mississippi.
a Spanish word,
in
employed
for the
same purpose
of Oleron, to
nance of
Don Jaume
II. in 1315,
Laws
which I shall presently refer for exemplifications of boya and hoyante : " El maestre es tenudo * * * a meter balisas en aquella canal porque sea bien
balisada"
etc.
" tota
Buoy
that
it
is first
found in
common and
familiar cur-
we may infer
it
the former.
was known
From
its
derivatives in Sp.
was
know no Romance
have given
root, of
a period when
it
was
flo-
rise to these
is
the
the
participle
is
bouillant
from Fr.
the root,
Still,
noun
more probably
radical idea.
Thus
De
liv. I.
ficou Tristao d'Acunha prouendo cap. u. algum corregimento, que a ndo Frol de la Mar aula mister pera poder nauegar boyante ; " Ibid. cap. iii., " E se OS outros que forao nestes feitos que contamos, traziao honra e fazenda, elle nao tinha a sua ndo menos boyante do que alii ganhara com seis naos que tinha tomado." In this example, the word is evi-
terius,)
In Dec.
II. liv.
IV.
we
Cochij pera
este
" Mandandolhe que se fossem a find tomarem carga por nao virem boyantes a
:
light,
with-
Fr. buie, buee, (see Carpentier, s. v. Buhean earthen jug, might be regarded as the possible origin of boya, were it not that in countries where cork is so abundant as on the shores of the Mediterranean, an empty jug would hardly be employed as a float instead of it but earthenware has so much buoyancy that rafts composed of it are floated down the Nile the whole distance from Keneh to Cairo, and in the want of a better material, very tolerable buoys might be made of it.
;
The O.
the multiform
It
is
Another not wholly improbable source of buoy is word discussed under Bottle and Butt.
true that
is
boyar
ting off
said to be boyante, afloat, and the verb employed transitively in the sense of geta ship which is aground.
we
cannot trace
all
the successive
by which
may
may
perhaps
mean a launch
VOL.
I.
it
more proba19
have become changed into boya, but when we find the Mid. Lat. boja, a fetter, from which buoy has been generally supposed to be derived, sometimes
146
written holgium,
BURDEN. BURN.
we may,
without violence, conceive
is a cask, It. botte, and in sometimes called Seetonne, a sea-cask. So far then as the meaning is concerned, a better etymon
it
M.]
bilrde,
all
Burdeilt
A load.
'AS. byrthen,
G.
from
a knob, bunch, swelling; borrachas, boasting, bravado borracha, a bladder, explaining Sp. borracha, a wine skin. OE. burgeise, 0. Fr. Burgher. Burgess. burgeois, from Lat. burgensis. Burgh. See Borough. legal term from the Lat. burgi laBurglar. tro, through the Burgundian forai Idre (Vocab. de Vaud), O. Fr. lerre, a robber; bourglare, burglator,
;
beran, to bear.
Bnrden, of a song. See Bourdon. Bureau. The Italian buio, dark, was formerly pronounced buro, as it still is in Modena and BoRuss. buruii, brown; hurjat, to Muratori. logna. become brown or russet. " Burrhum antiqui quod
burglaria.
Flor.
The
is
a nocturnal
robbery of a house.
vel
Omnes burgatores domorum vel fractores Ecclesiarum murorum vel portarum civitatis regis vel burgorum incondemnentur morti.
e.
Offl-
Festus
in Diez.
OF.
bure,
Prov.
burel, reddish
brown, russet,
Burin.
brown sheep,
of the fleeces
in Pol. bury,
To Burl.
knots,
To
i.
the
made
So
felt.
dark grey
table in
bura, a rain-cloak of
Then
as the
And
For
Du.
burlers thistle
a court of audience was covered with such term bureau was applied to the table or the court itself, whence in modern Fr. it is used to signify an office where any business is transacted. In English from a writing-table the designation has a
cloth, the
a bubble
ball, bourlete,
passed
to
See Borel.
Bnrganet.
a little ball, bourlot, a pincushion, ball Langued. bourilion, a little bud, side bud Limousin hourlliou, a httle tuft of wool, silk, fec., a flock Gris. borla, a flower-bud, a bead ; Sp. borki, a tuft, lock, tassel ; E. burle, a knob or bump. The burl is the first budding of a deer's Halliwell.
of twine
;
;
la Borgonota, in
Burgeon.
Burly.
Burgundian
fashion.
horn.
ball.
To
Grandg.
Wallon.
little
Fr. bour-
young bud,
ridicule.
Cotgr.
The
Burlesque. It. burlare, to make a jest of, to Probably a modification of the root which gave the OE. bourd, a jest. Limousin bourdo, a lie,
a
jest,
word
is
variously written in
OE.
burton, hourion,
bourda, to ridicule, to
I is
tell lies.
The
inter-
Langued. boure, bourou, a bud, boura, bouronna, to bud Fr. ahourioner, to bud or sprout forth. Pr. Pm. Cotgr. Burryn, to bud. Hence the burr of a deer's burr, the flower-bud of hops horn is the rugged projection like buds at the root
burjown.
change of d and
burl,
repartee
mockery, ridicule, joking buirte, a jibe, taunt, huirleadh, language of folly or ridicule.
;
To Burn.
OE.
;
bren
Goth, brinnan
to
Du. hren(neuter)
AS. byman,
fire.
bum
of a deer's horn.
Bailey. a deer's horn," The primary origin of the word, as of so many others signifying swelling, is an imitation of the sound of bubbling water, preserved in the Fin. purrata, cum sonitu bullio ut aqua ad proram navis, strideo ut spuma vel aqua ex terra expressa puret, a bubble Du. borrel, a bubble, borrelen, to spring
; ;
knobs of
fire.
sbrinzlar, to sparkle
Bohem.
brunnr,
hum.
brook.
Bum. A
Goth, brunna,
Icel.
G. bom, brunnen, a
water, spring-water
;
Gael,
bum,
As we have
n
in
as water.
make
pur
a murmuring noise.
From
we
a subsidiary element, as the / in purl, and the word would thus signify water
burn
may be merely
proud
Ir.
Bav. barren,
to
hum,
to
wax
big."
Cotgr.
The
buzz; Gael, bururus, warbling, purling, gurgling. Vocab. de Vaud. Swiss Rom. bomi, a fountain. [Etymologists have pointed out a supposed connection between torrent and the Latin torrere ; and
BURNISH.
the G. brunnen, E. burn, has been conjectured to be
BURY.
147
alHed to the verb brennen, to bum. The transhitor of the Early English Psalter published by the Surtees Society
seems
to
if not both,
4,
Or it might with much plausibility be derived from Fin. puro, Esthon. purro, anything comminuted by biting, chewing, or similar action, sawdust OHG. uzboro, urboro, sawdust. See Bore. I think however that the former is the more probable derigin.
linear
AS.
by skaldand:
[A
swe swe burnan in su5-dsele. ge-cer ure dryht' heftned Converte Domine captivitatem nostram sic ut torrens in austro.
wheel.
M.]
And
in Ps. Ixxxii. 10, "in torrente Cison" M.] lated " in scaldand Cyson."
is
trans-
Burrow. Shelter, a place of defence, safety, shelter. The same word with burgh, borough, borrow, from AS. beorgan, to protect, shelter, fortify, save.
Burnisht
A rabbit
for its
bit,
burrow
is
own
protection.
So
in
W.
caer
is
a castle or
a coney or rab-
Then
as sharpening a
a rabbit burrow.
is
most familiar example of polishing metal, the word seems to have acquired the sense of polishing. So
Burrow
used in
many
from Fin.
latae
;
tahko,
tahkoinen, angular
sense of shelter from the wind, " the burrow side of the hedge," " a very burrow place for cattle."
Du. berghen,
So
also
from
bam
;
or cupboard.
and
Kil.
afftler,
OE.
affile,
to give
an edge
1.
G. bergen, verbergen,
preserve.
to hide
to sharpen.
an excrescence out of the regular surface or round the edge of a thing, as the bur of a bullet, the neck produced by the hole through which the lead has been poured into the mould ; the round knob or horn on a deer's head Bailey ; the uneven projection round the edge of a hole punched or bored in a piece of metal, fec. And secondly, the hooked seedvessel of some kinds of plant^ In the former sense the word is derived from the notion of budding, the excrescence being compared to that made by the buds which form at the root of a branch. See Burgeon. In the second sense it is derived from Fr. bourre,
Burr.
Bur.
Burse. Burse, an exBursar. Buskin. change ; Du. beurs, Fr. bourse, from bourse, a purse. Bursar, an officer who takes charge of the purse of
a college.
It. bolgia, bolza,
leather wallet
Hence with
Fr. bourse.
the
common change
It.
of an
for
an r (as
borza,
borsa, borsia,
From
the
It.
Neumann.
bag lined with furs or skins to keep the feet warm. The same change from I to r, as in
and such like, also the down or hairy coat of sundry herbs, fruits, and flowers also, less properly, any such trash as chaff, shales, husks, &c. Bourre de soie, tow of silk. Cotgr. It. borra, any
saddles, balls,
;
kind of quilting or
all
stuffing,
Du. broseken (Fr. it seems that the original meaning of boot was a leathern bag, as in Sp. bota, which signifies both a leathern bag to carry wine, and also boot, a leathern covering for the leg and foot. Du. bote, boten-schoen pero, calceus
bolsa, borsa, gives It. borzacchini,
brodequin), E. buskin.
In like manner
else
make
their
Kil.
Florio.
To Burst.
berstan, byrstan,
Icel.
In OE.
brest, hrast.
G.
bersten,
AS.
A bur then
like
a seed-vessel which
is is
sticks to
our clothes
off.
OHG.
break.
;
brestan, bristen,
Sw.
brista,
briota,
to
Fr. briser.
Port, britar
a huskiness of pronun-
The
brit.
impeding his utterance. The primitive meaning of the Fr. bourre seems to be stuffing, what is put into a thing for the purpose
of puffing or swelling
it
Lang,
;
a morsel,
also
fragment
E.
small fragments.
Compare
out,
it
borr, to
and brotil ; brittle, and, as it is still pronounced in N. of England, brickie. Serv. prsnuti,
brokil
to burst.
OE.
To Bury.
To
148
BUSH.
hirgan, hirgean, hyrigan, hyrigean.
BUSS.
Eythascog."
sig jarl
AS.
Du.
;
her-
Harold
the
king
"
landi."
busks
eastwards
hergh,
a barn, a place where corn is stowed away and preserved. G. hergen, verbergen, to conceal, to hide. To burg a corpse is to conceal it in the ground. AS. hyrigelsy a burial, a sepulchre.
sem skyndilegast ur
Compare
Bush.
Busk.
Many of the Danes privily were left And busked westwards for to robbe eft. R.
It is certain that bu^st
Brunne.
writ-
had lorn
thorn.
R. Brunne.
we
The
For
later
tuft of hair,
truast, Jtast,
barst.
The
busk
is
is
used, as synony-
from the Fr. bousche, bouche, a whisp, tuft, whence bouchon, a tavern bush, boucher, to stop, to thrust in a bouche or tuft of hemp, tow, or the like. Bouchet, a bush, bramble. It has been shown under Boss that words signifying clump, tuft, cluster, are commonly derived from the idea of knocking. So from
Fr. bousser, knock,
It.
mous with
as boun
is
same verb bua, the deponent form of which is represented by the E. busk. To bow was used in a similar manner for to bend
one's steps, to turn.
bussare,
Du.
bossen,
buysschen, to
we have
bosch (a diminu-
tuft
;
van haer, a
of grapes.
tuft
of hair
van wijn
Du.
bussel,
a bunch
;
2.
410.
gear-
a
;
clot
It.
of phlegm (Epkema).
bussone,
a bundle
;
Bret. a bush, brake, thicket of thorns bouch (Fr. ch), a tuft, whisp. G. bausch, projection, bauschen, bausen, to bulk, bunch, bundle, whisp
;
Buss. A vessel employed in the herring fishery. Du. buyse, a vessel with a wide hull and blunt prow,
also a flagon.
swell, bulge,
Bush.
Bushel.
Du.
bunch
out.
Prov.
;
has,
The bush
of a wheel
in
is
the
which the
little
axle works.
busse,
a box, busken, a
box
;
a box, a gun ; G. buchse, a box, radSw. hjul-bosse, the bush of a wheel Sc. bush, box wood to bush, to sheath, to enclose in a Prov. forms of the word are boistia, case or box. boissa, whence the diminutives O. Fr. boisteau, boisseau, Lat. (A. D. 1214) busteUus, a box for measurSee Box. ing, a bushel. See Busk. The bone in a woman's stays.
Dan.
bosse,
huchse,
See Boss, Box, Bulch, Bust. Gael, bus, a mouth, lip, snout Pol. buzia, mouth, lips, also a kiss Sp. buz, a kiss of reverence. So Westerwald munds, mons, a kiss, from mund, mouth. Lat. basium, It. bacio, Sp. beso,
chest.
2.
A kiss.
kiss.
Ok
minntuz
Jieir
Kari badir
Bust
To Busk.
They
To
prepare,
make
ready, to dress,
to-
Njdla,
"
They
cxlviii.
word
is
employed in
Sir Tristram.
it
Danish
sense.
notes to Scott's
Jamieson thinks
duere vestes
probable that
may be
traced
bua sig, inand it is singular that having come so near the mark he fails to observe that husk is a
simple adoption of the deponent form of the Icel.
verb, ai buast for at buasc, contracted from the very
Lady of the Lake, but in a mistaken Jamieson confounded it with the verb at mene, to mean, and thus spoiled the point of the story, which turns on the deliverance of an enchanted knight from the spell that bound him, by See stanzas 26 thrice kissing a Christian woman.
and
27,
cost of
meaning of buu is bend one's steps, to betake oneself, to bow, in OE. "Haralldur kongur bist austur um
bua
sig, to
where the sense may be restored, but at the metre and rhyme, by reading kissed for minted.
Mint
is
same
translation
BUST.
Kaempe-Viser, 1812,
in Persian,
I. p.
BUT.
To
Bustle. To hurry or make a great Also written buskle.
smouldering
fire
149
stir.
175.
Bus,
kiss, is
found
and
Bailey.
M.] Bust. Busk. The bust is properly the body of a man, the trunk without arms or legs, then a statue representing the head and upper part of the trunk. The word husk was used in the N. of France in the same sense.
lated to English.
It is like the
of
earth doth at length burst forth with violent rage. 1555. HalUwell.
bowels of the A. D.
Here we
apphed
see the
word applied
it
to the
is
bubbling up
metaphorically
Le busch de St Saulve en la chasse du dit Saint et Saint Superius sont en bon etat. Hecart. A. D.' 1776.
in ordinary usage to action accompanied with " a great stir." Icel. bustla, to make a splash
Both
bust
in the sense
stiff
bone or
So in Fin. kupata, kupista, kayn kupajan crepans ito, I go clattering about, inde discurro et operosus sum,
(parum strepo)
I bustle.
sense
To
of
bustle
bruslery, a
tumult
of coming on in a
used in the
Fr. bu,
son.
man from
a doublet.
Busy.
busy
;
AS.
biseg,
bisgung
occupation, business
bysgian, to occupy.
Du.
besig,
Cot.
It. busto,
beezig,
occupied,
eene zaak
Kil.
beezigen, to
Florio.
business.
of a thing.
is
referred
by Diefenbach
to
The
;
(entbieten,
befehlen),
knock Fr. buquer, Lang, buta, to knock, strike. Hence, as in so many similar cases, words signifying bunch, swelling, thick end, trunk.
Icel. butr,
;
whence anabusns, command, commission. But. As a conjunction but is in every case the compound be-out, Tooke's distinction between but, be
out,
and
bot,
E.
butt,
Gris. bust,
hist,
Mid.
seen
able.
Gl. Lindenbr. in
is
AS.
butan
Diez.
of meaning
out punishment
Dan.
body of a
shirt
women and
of doors
out
; ;
children.
D. huten
;
and
bitten dat,
besides that
;
Du.
From
buiten-man, a stranger
cases in which
buiten-zorgh, without
instead of
Icel. bukr,
care.
mal, belly
breast
;
The
Lang,
junction as signifying boot, add, in addition, moreover, are those in which the
to
Rouchi busch, a
The Prov.
buskr,
bostia,
inserts
an r
may
all
be reduced
is
to the original
Whatever
a bush,
a box.
tuft,
The form
corresponding to
the breast,
would explain the G. brust, the trunk, box, or chest in which the
In Sc.
we
find ben,
from AS.
ut and
ben,
Bustard.
Fr. outard.
A large bird of the gallinaceous order. A great sluggish fowl. Bailey. Sp.
;
abutarda, or avutarda
Champagne,
It.
bistarde ; Prov.
ottarda.
flight.
Named from
lis
its
slowness of
"
Proximae
The rent of a room and a kitchen, or what in the language of the place is styled a but and a ben, gives at least Account of Stirlingshire in Jamietwo pounds sterling.
Phn.
son.
10. 22.
Hence probably
and then with avis again prefixed, as in av-estruz (= avis struthio), an ostrich, avutarda. Diez.
The
elliptical
is
well
explained by Tooke.
should say, " There
there
Where
is
at the present
day we
bustard or bistard.
tai-de.
Sherwood.
Fr.
is
150
one thing," or "there
done."
is
BUTCHER. BUTT.
not but one thing to be
tare, to cast, to
throw
Langued.
bida, to strike, to
;
Thus Chaucer
says,
thrust
W.
pwtiaw,
The
end of a thing
is
ye vouchsafe that in this place That I may have not but my meat and drinke,
A hutt,
G.
butt,
;
stump
W. pwt, any
hotte,
short thick
where now we should write, " I am hut a compiler," " That I may have hut my meat and drink." As an instance of what is called the adversative use of hut, viz. that which would be translated by Fr. mais, suppose a person in whom we have little trust lias been promising to pay a debt, we say, " But when will you pay it ? " Here the hut
thing, stump.
person
Cotgr.
boil,
Schmeller
clumsy
Fr.
;
hutz,
hot, thick,
pied-hot, a
hill,
Gris. hott, a
clod.
hillock
hotta,
a blow, a
butte,
M.
mus de
Etym.
celery
;
Diet.
among
Fr. butter
un
;
arbre, to
butter le
when
will
up
un mur,
E.
to support
a wall beginning
in
to bulge; butte,
to
hutt,
a mound of turf
field
at.
Fr.
scope,
hut,
;
in
which
aim whence to make a butt of a person, make him a mark for the jests of the company.
as in G. from stossen, to strike, to thrust
anstossen, to be contiguous to, to abut on.
;
a goat (and not from houche, the mouth), properly a slaughterer of goats ; " que en carieras publicas li hoquiers el sane dels bocs no
hoquier,
hoc,
BntclieFi from
an etwas
tume d'Alost
in
Diet.
Lang.,
CouSo
Hence
upon which
shall not cast the blood of the goats into the public
a corner of ground.
Halliwell.
streets.
from
hecco,
But
a
It. Fr. hotte, Mod. Gr. Butt. )8ouns, a cask. O. Fr. hou^, bouz, bout, Sp. beta, a wine skin, a wooden cask. Sp. botija, an earthen
large barrel.
hoccino,
flesh;
hocciero,
jar
botilla,
butcher.
The immediate
bottle.
is
probably
tree,
[Ducange gives as Mid. Lat. forms hoscida and hoviscida, and Alfric's glossary, Nat. Ant. I. 28, has
*^bucida, qui hoves mactat, hryf)er-heawere." Butcher,
made
is
is
similar development of
meaning
M.]
Butler.
bottle, the
houteiUe,
The E.
wine and
kept in
arisen
was formerly applied to the trunk or body, and it is essentially the same word with Lat. hidga, belly, skin-bag, and with It. bolgia, a leathern bag,
a budget.
Icel.
holr,
word
is
A similar train
the
of thought
is
seen in the
W.
hoi,
The
a barrel
skins in
earthen jug
a ram.
as to
To Butt. To strike with the head like a goat or From the noise of a blow. To come full
a thing is to come upon it suddenly, so make a sounding blow. Du. hot, tout k coup ;
staan, s'arreter tout
thrust, to
of a horse to
connected with harril, a barrel, and in E. we speak of the barrel signify the round part of the body.
hutt against
hot hlijven
h coup.
Halma.
Schmell.
a large
cal
courtaud, trapu.
Wallon. hodine, belly, calf of the leg bode, rabode, Grandg. Bav. boding, a barrel.
From
Grisons
butt,
a cask,
is
formed
cattle,
stomach of
itself
Du.
hotten, to
;
stroke
di
hotto,
The word
a tub.
body
with G.
hottich,
BUTTER. BY.
potacha,
bodi
',
151
bottig, signify
hottich,
ing buttress, an arch built outside to support the side thrust of a stone roof. Mur-buttant, a wall buttress,
[The It. hotte, E. bottle, as I have attempted to show in a note on the latter word, are probably from Gr. irvTLvrj, but butt and the similar Grothic words are too widely spread, and some of them too old, to be likely to have been taken from the Italian, and hence the resemblance between them must be reBytta, evidently the same garded as accidental.
a short thick wall built to rest against another which needs support; butter, to raise a mound of earth around the roots of a tree. Boutant, a buttress or shore post.
Cotgr.
farrier's tool for paring horses* Buttrice. hoofs, used by resting the head against the farrier's chest and pushing the edge forwards. Perhaps cor-
word as butt, is found in Icelandic, but I am not aware that there is any Scandinavian root to which
it
can be referred
Sog., X.
"
Hann
Forn.
vincial
M.]
Buxoin.
obedient, from
Fris. bocgsum,
Butter. Lat. butyrum, Gr. fiovrupov, as if from /?ous, an ox, but this is probably a mere adaptation, and the true derivation seems preserved in the pro-
Du.
Kil.
This word exhibits a singular change of meaning, from the original notion of obedience to that of brisk,
cheerful,
German
Bavarian, but-
healthy,
in
the
confined application of
tern, butteln, to
boult flour.
modern
times.
up salad
sauce.
thick from
shaking.
i.
by churning,
e.
For holy church hoteth all manere puple Under obedience to be and buxum to the lawe. P.P.
Buhsomenesse or boughsomeness.
bowsomeness,
to wit,
Pliableness or
down
to
in
sign
Butter-fly.
supposed
So
called
buxomeness.
Verstegan
of obedience.
in
ter-vliege, boter^ogel.
Then
Kil.
Buttery.
So the
buttery is the
is
to have been mainly applied as a term of commendation to a young woman, and so to have passed on to desig-
a house, what
kept in
See Butler.
what tends
to
produce
Buttock.
breech.
The
bout,
large
it,
vigorous health.
From Du.
I encountered were a parcel of buxom bonny were laughing, singing, dancing, and as merry as the day was long. Tatler.
first
The
dames
that
Boutje, a
little
Hamele-bout,
To Buy.
The two
with rigg.
AS.
bycgan, bohte,
OE.
bygge, to pur-
Now
the
Wicliff.
comes
upper end.
W.
of E.
Hal-
but-
time of Chaucer,
who makes
abigg, to able,
rhyme
sell.
See Abie.
;
Turk,
bid,
frabugjan, to
ton.
To Buzz.
Fr. bouton, a button, bud, pimple, any
nourez,
To make a humming
Then
It.
Button.
A direct imitation.
to buzz.
indistinctly, confusedly.
rejeter,
Buzzard.
falconry.
kind of hawk of
;
little ;
esteem in
Prov. bu-
&c.).
So
It is
in
Lat. buteo
pushes.
ton.
zard or puttock.
thus
The name
is
comes
its flight,
and
it
is
to
be
W.
both,
a boss, a nave
to
bothog,
.:
We
comme un
By.
which they
bi, big,
arc-boutant,
fly-
AS.
G.
bei,
Du.
bij,
San-
152
scrit,
BYLAW. CABLE.
ahhi (Dief.).
to leave
any
jurisdiction.
Icel. Byar-log,
Dan.
bylove, leges
urba-
expectation of an etymological explanation, but the senses may generally be reduced to the notion of
side.
nae
To
stand by
is to
;
stand aside
to
stand hy one, to
[Jornandes,
De
xi.,
a hy-paih is a side path ; to pass To swear by God is to hy, to pass at the side of swear in the sight of God, to swear with him by to adjure one by any inducement is to adjure him
stand at his side
When
is
it
it
Goths called the leges conscriptse they had adopted, beUagtnes, or as by conjectural emendation the critics read, bilagines. Upon this authority, Gabelentz and Loebe and Diefenbach give bilageins as a MoesoGothic compound word. If this is so, the Dan. bylov, Sw. bylag, would seem to be a case of accommodation, the
first
work.
Bylaw.
Sw.
hylag,
from
by,
M.]
C.
Cabal.
The Jews
Mod. Gr.
a covering.
Ptg. calabre, cabre
;
Cable.
which were handed down from father to son, and in which mysterious and magical powers were Diet. Etym. supposed to reside.
tion,
of caballing
was applied
;
to
any and a
to-
own
ends.
war for hux'ling large and the Fr. chaable, Mid. Lat. cabulus, had " une grande periere que the same signification Ton claime chaable." Due.
dabola, originally an engine of
stones
Cabbage* From It. capo, O. Sp. cabo, head, come the Fr. cabocke, a head (whence cabochard,
heady, wilful), cabus, headed, round or great headed.
Cfhoux cabus, a headed cole or cabbage
busse, lactuca capitata,
;
Sed
mox
ingentia saxa
Emittit cabulus.
Ibid.
by
laitue ca-
Cot.
It.
From
which the
strain of such
an engine was
exei'ted.
Kil.
Concesserint
descarkagium
fuller
To Cabbage.
To
steal or pocket.
Fr. cabas,
Due.
Du. kabas, Sp. cabacho, a frail, or rush basket, whence Fr. cabasser, to put or pack up in a frail, to Du. kabassen, conCot. keep or hoard together.
Didot.
Examples of the
it
Kil.
pre-
would seem
E. cabbage.
or cable.
kabbel,
It is
Diet. Etym.
a booth or
rope,
Cabin.
hut.
It.
Cabinet.
would correspond
W.
est
cab, cdban,
caviare.
The
is
probably un-
is
commonly handled.
Isidore in Diez.
The name of
it
erus
coquina ubi
closet.
a store
in
a a
ruption of calabre (and not vice versa, as Diez supposes), the Prov.
Neckam
in Nat. Antiq.
Cappa
O. Sp. signifies
name
a mantle as well as a
radical syllable in
hut,
Bohem.
It.
jacket
Fr. gaban,
felt
cabarino, E. gabardine,
it
cloak of
or shepherd's frock,
[A comparison of the forms collected from Ducange by Diefenbach, Suppl. 106, under Catapulta, seems to render it altogether probable that that
CABLISH.
word, rather than calahre, cahre, cahra,
of them
all. is
CADENCE.
radical
153
the source
The
derivation of the
name
of so
common an
machine comis
by no means
that there
ilar
is
likely,
and
it
seems
difficult to
doubt
of a privative
is
a common origin for the numerous simwords mentioned in the text, as well as the ca-
The Mid.
are, in
signification, identical
plum
or capulum of Isidore, which he defines " funis," and derives from capio, because wild cattle are
Orig.
1.
XX.
16.
However
confidence
we may have
in Isidore's etymol-
mium, and, on the other hand, the form connects them with amay, amaze, dismay, and other allied words usually referred to Goth, magan, mahts. See Amay, Amaze.
when
it
The Mid.
Lat. malemittere.
It.
malmettere, O. Fr.
word, so far as
isting.
M.]
The
we have
to
be con-
Brushwood B., properly windfalls, Cablisll. wood broken and thrown down by the wind, in
which sense are explained the O. Fr.
cablis.
Vynt
"Nanil,
38.
a la
cite
caables, cables,
fet-yl,
origin
is
M.
whelm
(Diet. Castr.),
Fouke leva I'espee, si ly fery le dragoun en la teste auxi duremcnt come 11 poeit. E le coup ne ly nialmist de rien, ne 11 ne s'enmaya de rien pur le coup. lb. 76.
overwhelm, O. Fr. caable (in legal language), serious injury from violence without blood, Mid. Lat. cadabalum, prostratio ad terram. Due. In like
In
used
this last
in different senses,
that they
may
M.]
manner
from trabocco, an engine for casting stones Mid. Lat. manganare, It. viagagnare, 0. Fr. mehaigner, E. maim, main,
It.
ack.
Very generally
fi'om
manganum.
in the
caca.
a greater variety of forms than those allied to the English maim. Most of those occurring in Mid. Lat. will be found in Ducange, under mahamium and the words there referred to, but some Hispano-Latin words, which may throw light on an obscure etymology, have escaped both Ducange and the authors of the supplements. In a maritime code of Don Jaume I., A. D. 1258, Capmany, II. 29, we find " Et si aliquis marinarius
:
Langued. cacai ! fi c'est du Du. kack! phi! respuendi particula. IQl. Common to Lat. and Gr., the Slavonian, Celtic, and
Finnish languages.
disgust
;
Gael, eeach
;
exclamation of
cac,
is
dung, dirt
the
The
origin
exclamation ach
stool.
ach
made
while straining at
such a manner
detestandi
;
dah
! like
;
immundum
aak-
kata, cacare.
ing
membris
filth.
Gadge
marinario
viati-
gust.
And
"
To Cackle.
Gaggle.
;
The
first
Du. kaeckelen
Gr.
s'esmajaverit,
and the
is,
syllable es,
which
is
wanting
Caddy.
nese
tea
catty,
is
Tea-caddy, a tea-chest, from the Chithe weight of the small packets in which
up.
in the second,
made
wein
Daer nes
niet een ontgaen,
Cade. hand to
;
A
;
cade-lamb
is
a lamb brought up by
Icel.
born young
Coddle.
treated
barna-kdd, a young
But
see
is
by
Cadence.
low note.
It.
Flo.
20
154
CADET.
CALIBRE.
ligni,
sound.
It
Cot.
to
wood.
Icel. kaljt, the calf
seems
be used
a certain mode
Calibre.
Caliver* Calliper*
bore of a cannon
;
of the leg.
Fr. calibre,
rhythm.
Lat. cadere, to
fall.
It calibro,
colihro, the
E. calliper-
Cadet.
chief.
son of a family
Due.
little
Ca^e>
coop, cage.
seems to be that of the OE. an arquebuss or small cannon, the name of which was probably transmitted from the Fr. calabre,
earlier sense
The
Du. kauwe,
G.
kiijich.
name
was
Fr. cageoler, caioler, to prattle or Cajole* jangle like a jay (in a cage), to prate much to little
To
supposed to be derived.
It
purpose.
Cot.
Caitiff*
more
It.
;
Thus
the musquet, It
a wretch, bad
was
from
Sw. kaka, a cake or loaf. En kaka brod, a loaf of bread. Dan. kage, Du. koeck, G. kuchen. See Cook. cuttle-fish, from the ink-bag which Calailiary< it contains. Lat. calamus, Turk. Arab, kalem, a reed, reed-pen, pen; Mod. Gr. Kokafiapi, an inkstand; KoXafjidpi Oakaa-a-Lov, a sea inkstand, cuttle-fish. Calaillity Lat. calamitas, loss, misfortune. Perhaps from W. coU, loss, whence Lat. incolumis, with-
Cake*
quod
hsec
eadem
balistae tela
Sanutus
possent
Due.
The
is
the an-
cient springald,
a machine for casting large darts. Conversely the Lat. catapulta is used when it is re" Hung. quired to render a gun in that language.
carabcly, catapulta de coUo pendula,
carabine."
is
out
loss, safe.
Calasht
Bailey.
CalOCh*
A
It.
Dankovsky.
hood stiffened
dress.
An open travelling chariot. hooded carriage, whence calash, a with whalebone for protecting a headcalessa, Sp.
The name
From
Fr. caliche,
calesa.
Originally
cabre, or the
circle,
a wheel;
; ;
kolasa, a
common
;
an ugly
waggon
wheel
kolaska, a calash
Languedocian equivalent crabe (see Capstan), through carabe to calabre, is a change exactly analogous to that from It. bertesca to the synonymous beltresca, a moveable kind of rampart, from Lat urtica to Venet. oltriga, or from It. cortina
Venet. coltrina. Or the name may have been formed direct from cabre by the simple insertion of an I, clabre, calabre. O. Sp. cabra, cabreia, cabrita, an engine for hurling stones, passing in modern times to the designation of a machine for raising heavy weights.
to
kolesnitza,
a waggon
calesh.
Calendar*
the
first
Roman
to
reckoning.
Calenture*
land,
when they
are
it
;
said
The
reason
why
the
name
of the goat
is
is
used to
tura,
calentar, to heat.
probably
The young
G.kaB. Calf of the leg. Gael, calpa, calba or colpa na coise, the calf of the leg. The primary meaning of the word seems simply a lump. Calp is riadh, principal and interest, the lump and the increase. It is another form of the E. collop or goUop, a lump
or large piece, especially of something
soft.
was first applied to a battering-ram, G. bock, a he-goat, a machine named by the most obvious analogy after the goat and the ram, whose mode of attack is to rush violently with their heads
in
From
the
battering-ram,
the
earliest
name
The
related
might naturally be transferred to the more complicated machines by which large stones were thrown, and from them it seems to have descended to the harmless cranes or crabs of our mercantile times,
designated in the case of the G. bock, as in that of
the Fr. chevre,
[It is
member.
to
W.
talp,
is
pulpa
cruris,
by
the
name of
the goat.
CALIBRE.
to derive calibre
CALLOUS.
diameter, would be easily derived from
it.
155
Culverin,
and
calliper
from
The
origin of caliver
is
thus given by
:
sometimes confounded with caliver, has no etymoIt is the French coulogical connection with it.
leuvrine,
brought up in Piemont, we had our particular calibre of harquebus to our regiment, both for that one bullet should serve all the harquebusses of our regiment, as for that our colonel should not be deceived of his arms of which word calibre came first that unapt term we use, to call a harquebus a caliver, which is the height of the bullet and not of the piece. Before the battle of Mountgunter, the princes of the religion caused several thousand harquebusses to be made all of one calibre, which was called harquebuse du calibre de Monsieur le Prince so, I think some man, not understanding French, brought hither the
I
remember when
was
first
same
size,
sixteen to
nineteen
But
a cannon, the latter was sometimes used for a handgun, as appears by two passages quoted by Daniel,
I. 435, from P. de Comines and Juvenal des Ursines, in the former of which men-
Miliee Fran9aise,
tion is
made of
in
:
name
Antiq.
calibre is
I.
ovj:
canoniers."
Grose, Mil.
:
word
And on
" It
is
the
Canons and couleuvrines are here distinguished, and the numbers are in both cases too great for heavy ordnance or field-artillery. M.] Fr. calicot, cotton cloth, from Calicut Calico* in the E. Indies, whence it was first brought.
que canons que couleuvrines."
supposed by many, that the weapon called a caliharquebuse whereas in troth it is not, but only a harquebuse, saving that it is of greater circuite or bullet than the other is wherefore the Frenchman doth call it a peece de calibre ; which is as much to sale, a peece of bigger circuite."
;
;
Caliph.
The
successors
of
Mahomet
in
the
command
of the empire.
To Calkt
To
suc(!essor.
&c.,
into
make them
stuff.
water-tight.
Prov. calca,
John Smith was obviously ignorant of the meaning of calibre, but his testimony is good evidence to show that it is the origin of caliver, not a derivative from it. See also Grose, II. 295. The caliver was not a " small cannon," but a light hand-gun, and therefore would not take its name from that of an engine for heavy projectiles. This appears from the price, which, in Elizabeth's and
Sir
calgua, Fr. cauque, a tent or piece of lint placed in the orifice of a wound, as the caulking in the cracks
of a ship.
lently
;
harden by pressure. [The following passage from Marco Polo countecalcaich, to cram, calk,
Et sono
calcate
con chiodi di
ferro.
all
or fourteen
shillings,
(Grose, page
first
Falstaff
puts a caliver into the hands of Wart, a raw recruit, " a little, lean, old chapped " man, because it was
light.
To
Call.
Gr. KoXeo).
to affirm.
ProbaFin.
moderement
et
de beau calibre"
Turk,
hal,
word
The Arabic qalab, a form, model, or mould, is the most probable source which has been suggested for calibre. The word first occurs in Spanish, and it now seems to be well established that the Spanish
Moors introduced
fire-arms into Europe.
of mouth
kil-u-kal, people's
remarks,
tittle-tattle.
prostitute.
Gael,
caile,
girl,
hus-
Qua
libra,
which has been adopted by some etymologists, is supported by no historical evidence, nor by any sufficient analogy of meaning, nor indeed by anything but near coincidence in form. If a European root is insisted on, the Sp. caber, poder contenirse una cosa dentro de otra, would be less objectionable, in
spite of the difiiculty of accounting for the
I,
femme frivole Diet. Langued. et babillarde. The Fr. uses the " Chaud quail as the type of an amorous nature. Cot. comme une quaille." Gaille-coiffee, a womThe Slavonic languages have the same metaan. Bohem. korotwicka, a little partridge, and phor.
sey, quean, strumpet.
Fr.
caillette,
also
prostitute.
but in
Callous.
B.
skin.
is
satisfactory.
by labour,
The use
diameter of
being established, the word calliper, as the name of an instrument to measure bore and
roads (jaa
ice).
156
CALLOW.
Unfledged, not covered with feathers.
calvus,
CANN.
rather perhaps a surprise of the
shirts.
Callow.
Lat.
bald.
enemy
in
their
AS.
ealo,
caluw,
Du.
kael,
haluwe,
Camlet.
It.
Fr. camelot.
It
A stuff made
of camel's
Calm.
absence of
wind, quiet.
The
Diez.
is
was distinguished by a wavy or watered surface. Camelot a ondes, water chamlet camelot plenier, un water chamelot; se cameloter, to grow rugged or full of wrinkles, to become waved
or goat's hair.
like chamlet.
[ Camlet,
The
burn.
origin
Cot.
M.
"
Dum
Due.
to
naret umbram."
Cauma
incendium,
decli-
calor, aestus.
though now made of coarser materials, was, when the stuff and its name wei-e introduced into Europe, a very fine and costly fabric, not woven
The word was also written cawms in OE. from cameVs hair, nor is camlet, formerly spelled The change from a m to an ^ in such a position is chamlet, etymologically connected with camel. It is much less common than the converse, but many ex- the Arabic khamlat or khamalat, and there are sevamples may be given. So It. oldire from audire, eral allied Avords, all applied to silk, velvet, or other
hear, palmento for
soft
Sc
and lustrous fabrics, both watered and plain. In the time of Belon, about 1550, camlet was
the fine and beautiful wool of the Anand he observes : " Tous les plus fins
The
preserved in the
moist,
It.
scal-
made from
gora goat,
Alt.
a sultry,
faint,
or languishing
Fl.
Thus
the
word came
to
de
telles
cheures."
Observations,
faits
de
la laine
1588, p. 373.
be used mainly with a reference to the oppressive effects of heat, and gave rise to the Lang, cdouma, chaouma, to avoid the heat, to take rest in the heat of the day, whence the Fr. chommer, to abstain from work. The Grisons cauma, a shady spot for cattle, a spot in which they take refuge from the heat of the day, would lead us to suppose that in
expressing absence of wind the notion of shelter
Arnold
goods
:
von
"*
Harff classes camlet among silken * ontzellich vil die sijden werck
masen ind gar vil kameloth" etc. Pilgerfahrt, 203. So in the Catalonian Tariff of 1481 " drap d'or,
:
Drets de Cathalunya,
f.
39.
M.]
tafetans,"
etc.
may have
to
Or
the
ac-
Campaign. The space of time every year that an army continues in the field during a war. B. It. campagna, Fr. campagne, the plain open field,
level country.
Greek monk. Mod. Gr. KoXoycpcs, Caloyer. KaXoyrjpos, monk, properly good old man, from xaXos, good, and yepinv, aged.
Sugar in a state of crystallisation. Candy. Turk, kand, sugar ; kandi, of or pertaining to sugar. Canker. Fr. chancre, an eating spreading sore.
Lat. cancer, a crab.
Calvered salmon.
curdle
To
carve, to
Hal.,
i.
e.
to separate, to
Cann.
Icel.
kanna, a large
drinking
vessel.
Cambrel.
it
;
Perhaps from
it
W.
A ship's deck
lie
said
But
he cambering when
does not
level, but is
B.
may
Prov. cane, a
also
Fr.
Bret,
kamm,
an
Gr.
/ca/tTrra),
to
bend,
Ka/xTrvA-os,
crooked, hooked.
nose.
having
cambren,
aquiline
Jamieson.
E. camber-nosed,
Cambrel,
stick
joint of Cot. measure for wine. bamboo would be one of the earliest vessels for holding liquids, as a reed would afford the readiest
such-like
a can or
W.
flesh.
From
the
with notches in
meat B. Cambric.
from Cambrai
toile
W.
name being
dif-
in Flanders.
de
Cambray
B. cambric.
Sp. camisa.
It.
Fr. Gambray, or
camiscia, a shirt,
Cot.
pronounced by different sections of the nation, some of whom, like the Chinese, had no r Peter Martyr, who died in 1526, in their language.
ferently
calls
Camisade.
whence Fr. camisade, It. camisciata, a night attack upon the enemies' camp, the shirt being worn over
the clothes to distinguish the attacking
party, or
The Caribes I learned to be men-eaters or cannibals, and Hacklujt great enemies to the mhabitants of Trinidad.
inR.
CANNON.
Cannon.
It.
CANOE.
ume, mentions canoes
in these terms
in the 51st stanza, p.
157
Ixxxv,
from canna, a reed, a tube. Prov. canon, a pipe. Canoe. An Indian boat made of the hollow
trunk of a
tree.
uano
e,
Yet
boat.
it
is
Sp. canoa, from the native term. remarkable that the G. has kahn, a
;
dun legno
&
Diez.
book of his
idibus
first
de-
Ex
Hispana
says, *
curia,
Novemb.
terrara
M.CCCC.XCIIL,"
suis lintribus,
gens
ilia in
canoa
is
"
thority
is,
from the native term." The earliest auof course, that of Columbus, in his letters
first
Canoas autem illas, ex solo cavato acutissimis lapidibus * * construunt," etc. but as the nominaligno
;
In a letter addressed Racion of Ferdinand and Isato the Escribano de bella, begun off the Canary Islands, on the return
concerning his
voyage.
verb
may be
used
indefinitely as is
common
1493,
Columbus,
So
ican
far, then, it
speaking of the native boats of the islands discovered by him, says " EUos tienen en todas las islas * * muchas canoas, de manera de fustas de remo
: :
Algunas destas canoas he visto sesenta y ochenta hombres en ella." Here, it will be noticed, he does not speak of canoa as a native term, and in the Latin version of this letter, canoa is translated scapha, without remark, as if it were a common and familiar word.
son de un solo madero;
It should
canoa is an Amerword is a single passage from Las Casas, who, as an ecclesiastic, may not have been acquainted with the Spanish names for small boats, while the familiar way in which Columbus himself uses the word in his first letter, and the fact that he nowhere speaks of it as the native name, afford good grounds for doubting whether it was new to him.
In the
letters
be observed
that,
many
times employed,
as,
for
Hakluyt Society
" It
is
in 1847, p.
ii,
example, pp. 19, 20, 35, 36, 37, 74. The only passages which allude to the origin of the name are on
p.
known whether the original, written by Columbus, in Spanish, be now in existence or not,"
not
first
20
li
battelli
volume of
his col-
almadie, o canoe, che cosi le chiamano," and p. 74 " navigano in certi navili che si dicono canoe." The
Madrid, 1825, what purports to be a copy, made " literalmente del documento original que obra en este Real Archivo de Simancas," and in the
notes, the text is
to as " el
same uncertainty exists here as in Dati and Peter Martyr with respect to the nominative to " chiamano," and the ablative understood after " si dicono," but it must be admitted that in all these cases the
probability
supplied,
is that " Indians " is the word to be and it has certainly not yet been shown canoa existed in Spanish before the discovery
original de Colon."
was addressed
tions,
to
Navarrete states that the letter Luis de Santangel, but the Latin
name Raphael,
first
or, in
some
edi-
that
of America.
Malte-Brun, Book
lent of boat
in Aino,
:
LXXV.,
La
which
is
according to
them, canoa
dia,
never used in the extracts, but alma* * con almadias, que son hechas del pie de un arbol * * y todo de un
is
as
" vinieron
own name,
but on page 40, Las Casas, speaksays " Almadias que son nave-
un madero adonde no Uevan velo. Estas son " and after having several times used al; madia 6 canoa, he says, on p. 75, "muy grandes almadias que los Indias llaman canoas," etc. The date of Las Casas's account of this voyage is, I believe, not known.
canoas
of Dati on the discovery of America, published at Florence, " di 26 doctubre
curious
and kingdomes of Hochelaga and Canada," but there is abundant evidence that other names were used by the tribes on the coasts, as well as some of the islands, of the Gulf of Mexico, and the probability that this word was known as far as Canada is very small. In all these vocabularies, there is always cause to suspect that
one author has followed another without much
investigation.
critical
In a note
to
Ralegh's Discovery of
p. 103,
The
poem
Schomburgh says
is
Guiana
called "
it
would be
158
contrary to almost
CANON.
CAPER.
The Doctor
here,
all observation that the same word should be used among tribes so remote and unconnected as those of Guiana and the Northern Antilles, and the actual occurrence of the word in the former region is rather an argument against the
When he
discourseth of dissection,
Of vena cava and of vena porta, The meserajum and the mesentericum.
probability of
its
At
tial
the
same
time,
remarkable that
tins ini-
What does he else but cant ? or if he run To his judicial astrology. And trowl the trine, the quartile and the sextile, &c. Does he not cant ? who here can understand liira ?
B. Jonson.
ca should be found, in so
many
languages, in
Gael.
ca7t, to sing,
It.
words designating a small boat; thus the Esquikayak, the Russian-American cayouc, Samoiede cayouc, with all which the Turkish qdiq appears to be identical, German kahn. Herodotus,
say,
name,
call.
maux
Canteen. Canter.
rius,
too, Thalia, p.
Indian
KoAa/Aos, which grew so large that boats were made from a single joint of it, and in a passage in Juvenal, Sat. v., canna is used for a boat made of reeds or canes. See also the words collected by Prof. Haldeman, Proc. Amer. Sci. Ass. for 1857,
p.
word had been from cnnthewould have been found in the continental languages, which is not the case.
terbury gallop.
a gelding,
Cantle.
bread,
cheese,
&c.
B.
Fr.
chantel, chanteau,
202.
bread, &c.
bread.
But whatever may be the origin of canoe, the word became current in all the languages of Southern Europe, as well as in English, immediately after
the discovery of America, and the early navigators
to the Indian Ocean, as well as other
and hence a gobbet, lump, or cantell of Du. kandi-hroodts, a hunch of Cot. Kil. Icel. kantr, a side, border Dan.
It.
is
canto, side,
A cantle
of the
then
off.
a corner of
Fin. kanta,
name
moon
leiwan kanta,
Esthon.
resembling canoes in being hollowed out from single trees, but to all small native boats, of
margo panis
diffracta,
a cantle of bread.
It.
The
evidence of these
Canton.
a country.
Fr. canton,
cantone, a division of
be received with caution, both because of their general looseness and inaccuracy in all philit proves too much, Columbus, Peter Martyr, and Vespucci are conclusive evidence that the word is American, precisely similar testimony, from other
matters,
and because
Probably only the augmentative of canto, a corner, although it has been supposed to be the equivalent of the E. territorial hundred, W. cantref, cantred, from cant, a hundred, and tref,
hamlet.
Canvas.
coarse
From
cloth
is
It.
cannevo,
is
hempen
To
can-
case.
tilles
An-
vas a matter
was the same as that of Guiana, the evidence of Schomburgh would be neai'ly decisive, but of that fact I do not know that we have any satisfactory
itself is
used
in like to the
manner
for
oughly
and upon the whole, the subject merits ther inquiry. M.]
proof,
fur-
Cap.
cappa,
Cape. Cope.
Fr. chape.
very grounds.
AS.
cope, hood.
cover
It.
Canon.
Gr.
Kavwv,
ruler,
originally
the
straight joint of
a cane or reed.
;
Hence
canonicus,
The
Sc.
hap
signifies to cover,
;
o-K7rw, to
cover
Mod. Gr.
ca7r-
Canopy.
tain,
Mod. Gr.
KwvfxjTniov,
a mosquito cur-
TTOKt,
close, cover;
bed curtain, from Kiavwif/, a gnat. Cant. Cant is properly the language spoken by thieves and beggars among themselves, when they do not wish to be understood by bystanders. It
winning tone in which they demand alms. The real origm is the Gael, cainnt, speech, language, apphed in the first instance to the special language of
a cloak
See Cabin.
Derivatives are
It.
It.
name
of the cap-
uchins or hooded
Caparison.
Cape.
Chief.
headland.
It.
capo, a
head.
See
leaps
rogues and beggars, and subsequently to the peculiar terms used by any other profession or community.
Caper.
To
is to
make
CAPERS.
like
CAPSTAN.
cjyptios, It.
159
wholly
lost,
a kid or^goat.
It.
or represented
by the
syllable
e,
cunning riders
leap (done
their horses.
Fr. capriole, a
sault, or
eruca,
compared with Bret, brug, W. grug, heath, or Lat. compared with It. bruco, a caterpillar.
by a
horse).
goat's
Cot.
then find the symptoms of shivering, chattering of the teeth, roughening of the skin, hair
standing on end, employed to express a passionate longing for a thing, as in Sophocles' e^ptl' epoiTi, I
We
Capers.
A shrub.
CapitaL
capital
debt,
is
love.
principal, chief.
From
Hence
The
in a
effect
the
sum
lent, the
may
frequently be observed
as distinguished
it.
upon
as the
Then
means of earning
from capitulum, a
To Capitulate.
terras
;
dog waiting for a morsel of what his master is eating. So we speak of thriUing with emotion or desire, and this symptomatic shuddering seems the primary meaning of earn or yearn, to desire earnestly.
To
earne within
;
is
translated
by Sherwood
Tision of a matter.
Capon. A castrated cock. Sp. capar, to trate. Mod. Gr. airoKOTTTw, to cut off, abridge
;
casairo-
by
frissonner
ripilation.
And
Tornano.
Caprice.
It.
cappriccio, explained
by Diez from
nucia,
Many
rustle,
to
crackle or
Comask
kid,
It.
ticchio, caprice,
and
The true derivation lies in a different direction. The connexion between sound and the movement of the sonorous medium is so
apparent, that the terms expressing modifications of
the
OHG.
"EUes
gris-
see
it."
Cot.
"
GriUer d'impatience."
Trev.
Acad.)
grezille (Supp.
to
the
other
in the
subject.
The
and
It. brisciare, to
ears
is
shivering,
ribrezzo,
shivering, horror,
toy, ribrezzoso, hu-
a quick succession of varying impressions on the The words by which we represent a sound of ear.
such a nature are then applied to signify trembling
also a skittish or
humorous
^w.hrus,
bristling, curly,
or shivering action.
To
is
used in the
first
one odd,
fantastic,
hard
to please.
is
Nordfoss.
The
It.
arriccia-capo, or the
Hal.
To
chitter
It is proba-
an arrow
trait,
the whizzing of
Cot.), then to
be in a state of vibration,
^pi$o<;, bristling,
curling, because the same condition of the nerves which produces shivering also causes the hair to The same imitation of a rustling, stand on end. twittering, crackling sound gives rise to Sc. brissle, birsle, to broil, to parch, Langued. hrezilia, to twitter as birds, Genevese hresoler, brisoler, to broil, to
tingle (Vos qui bresole, the singing bone). It. brisciare, to shiver for cold,
and with an
to
initial
gr instead
frizzle,
of
br,
Fr.
greziller,
crackle,
wriggle,
and make one's hair stand on end. In Lat. ericius, a hedge-hog, It. riccio, hedge-hog, prickly husk of
chestnut, curl, Fr. rissoler, to fry, Mrisser, the hair
to stand
synonymous cajon'mo (Fl.), a shivering fit (Altieri), and tropically, a sudden fear apprehended, a fantastical humour, a humorous conceit making one's hair Fl. to stand on end. Fr. caprice, a sudden will, desire, or purpose to do a thing for which one has no apparent reason. Cot. [It is very doubtful whether there is anything more than an accidental resemblance between the Comask nucia, a kid, and nucc, caprice, for this latter word is found in several other languages, where The Dan. nyhke it can have no such derivation. almost exactly corresponds to the E. caprice, and the PI. D. nukk and the Du. nuk differ from it only in involving the idea of malice, which is not essential to the notion of caprice, thus agreeing more nearly with the Icel. hnickr than the Dan. word which is derived from it. Nykke, however, in Danish formerly meant much the same thing, and its signification has been softened only in recent times. M.] Capriole. See Caper. Capstern. Capstan. Crab. Sp. cabres-
on end, the
initial
mute of forms
like Gr.
The name
of the
160
CAPTAIN.
CARBOY.
eques catapultarius, equester catapult^.
goat was given in many languages (probably for the reason explained under Calibre) to an engine for throwing stones, and was subsequently applied to a
Biglotton.
Now
machine for raising heavy weights or exerting a heavy pull. O. Sp. cabra, cabreia, an engine for throwing stones. It. capra, a skid or such engine
to raise or
sels, also
is
the O.
a kind of rack.
also tres-
Fl.
G.
Kiittner.
M.] much more modern word. The half turn which a horseman CaraCOl.
is
In the S. of France the transposition of the r converts capra into crabo, a she-goat, also a windlass for raising heavy weights (explaining the origin of E. crab s.
s.),
makes
horse.
also a
winding staircase.
carach,
a sawing-block or
trestles.
winding, turning.
AS.
cerran, to turn.
Diet. Castr.
The meaning
capstem or capstan) now becomes apparent. It is a standing crab, a windlass set upright for the purpose of enabling a large number of men to work at
it,
Carat. Gr. Kepanov, seed of pulse, in Mod. Gr. a cornel-berry, seed of carrob Venet. carate, seed Arab, kirat, Sp. quilato, a small weight. of carob. Fr. silique, the husk or cod of beans, &c., and par;
also
among
rob, the
a poise Car-
machine, where
axis horizontal.
more convenient
to
make
the
among mint-
Captain.
It.
men and
Cotgr.
Caravan.
It.
Capuchin.
Car.
Fr. char.
Cart. Carry.
In
all
See Cap.
Lat. carrus.
carro,
Caravel. It. caravela, a kind of ship. Mod. Fr. carabe, a Gr. Kapa^L, Gael, carbh, a ship.
corracle
Cot.
or
skiff
the wheels.
Icel.
karren,
kerren,
to
See
Carpenter.
karrende waegen, a
creaking waggon.
rattle.
vitriol.
Carboy. A large glass bottle for holding oil of Mod. Gr. KapajxTroyLa (caraboyia), vitriol,
[The resemblance between KapafjuTroyui and carand that which is contained, seems
is
So from Sp. cMrriar, to creak, chirrion, a tumbrel or strong dung-cart which creaks very
loudly.
copperas.
Neumann.
;
to carry
retta,
It.
It.
car-
curious, but
boyia,
is
purely accidental.
KapafXTroyta, cara-
Carabine.
terly, at least,
Carbine.
The
It.
calabrino, Fr.
Mod. Gr.
I
calabrin, carabin,
the
meaning of
vitriol, it is, as
am
arquebus. Les carabins sont des arquebusiers "k cheval qui vont deles compagnies des gens de guerre comme pour reconCaseneuve in naitre les ennemis et les escarmoucher. Diet. Etym.
vant
to the
Kapap.-
an arquebuzier
employed in Greece in the sense of carboy, but, as everywhere in the Levant, Bap-er^dva, which is the Fr. dame-jeanne, E. demijohn, and is probably an Oriental word. See Demijohn. Carboy is a Persian word, and the name and the
TToyta is not
breastplate
and serving
vessel
origin.
it
Cot.
II. iv. p.
As
named from
by Diez with
their peculiar
armament,
it is
inferred
377, gives an engraving of the carboy, and on p. 379 thus describes it " Vasa vitrea, alia sunt ma:
ampullacea et circumdato scirpo tunicata, quas vocant Karaba" and he adds that they were made
jora,
was transferred on the invention of gunpowder to a firelock, and that the calabrins or carabins were named from carrying a weapon of that nature. He might have strengthened his surmise by a reference
to the
and used to contain wine. "We find in Persian and Arabic lexicons several names of vessels of different sorts for containing fluids, apparently allied to qarabah, and both the
at Sliiraz,
E.
caliver,
which
clover.
is
Catapulta
donrebusse,
vel
form and meaning of the word, a bottle covered with basket-work, remind us of the G. Korb, a basket,
Dief.
Sup.
Carabijn,
and of
Isidore's
carabus,
"parva scapha, ex
CARCASE.
vimine
facta, quas
CARESS.
ardinal
mental.
161
prsebet."
Orig.
From
XIX.
cap. 1.
According
lect,
is
hals."
a " flasche mit weitem bauch und engem No doubt the Moslems introduced the word
It.
Care.
AS.
into
unkafja, careless
W.
caru, to love, to
Itmerario, A. D. 1560, c. xvi., in his journey from Tabriz to the camp of the Shah, says " E por nos
:
cams, dear, carere, to find dear, to want. Probably the origin of the word is the act of moaning, murmuring, or grumbling at what is felt
as grievous.
fazerem gasalhado e honrra traziam muytas garrafas de prata cheas de vinho," and in c. xvii. he speaks of ^^ garrafas grandes de prata cheas de vinho, e pequenas escudelas de prata pera beberem." Delia Valle, in his first letter, from Ispahan, A. D. 1617, in describing an entertainment, says : " Ed intorno a
loro piu caraffe di vino,"
ravum sonum
zanken
;
like
stri;
connexion
Icel.
may be
kumra,
to growl, mutter,
;
sorrow, distress
IV. from Ferhabad and Cazuin, after speaking of the pouring of wine from the caraffa into the drinking-cups, he
in Letter
and
and murhet, aegritudo animi, moeror, cura The Lat. cura may be compared with Fin.
quirito ut infans.
kurista,
fero,
"
La
qual caraffa e di
forma simile a quelle di vetro che si adoprano in Napoli a misurare il vino, ma piu grande, che terrk
cinque o
sei di quelle di
allied to the
Napoli, ed e
letter
molto lungo."
In the same
he speaks of the
It. calere, 0. Fr. chaloir, must be E. care. For Fr. examples, see those collected in the Glossarium Gallicum to Ducange, under Chaloir. In most cases, chaloir (with a neg-
[The impersonal
caraffa from which the Shah was served as being " di vetro," thus identifying it with the qaraba of
it is
sometimes found in
:
M.]
"
Ce Ro-
il
se maintint mauvaise-
arcaS6
Mod. Gr.
Tov avOpwiTLvov
(r(i)fjuiTo<;,
the skeleton
It.
ment
loir,
-rrj^
)(cXw-
of a tortoise.
fruits, also
et mist les besognes de I'empire en non chat; Chroniques de pour une dame qu'il amoit." Flandres, Buchon, 662.-
core' or pith
of
a carcanet or border of
Fr. carpelt or
Chaloir
is little
gold
non
calere, or cale,
non
dead
Cot.
me ne
ian.
bird to take
down a hawk
carquois, a quiv-
er ; carquan, a collar or chain for the neck. Cat. carcanada, the carcase of a fowl.
M.]
cole,
and the
like,
are
still
current in Ital-
The
radical
To Careen. To refit a ship by bringing her down on one side and supporting her while she is
repaired on the other.
meaning seems
to
Properly
tom of the
ship.
It.
or
W.
carch, restraint
carce,
tract.
Wallach. carcere, corquere, to bend in, to cramp an iron ring. Bohem. Jcrciti, to draw in, con-
whole bulk of a ship dare la carena alle navi, to Garenare, Fr. tallow or calk the bottom of a ship.
carener,
vessel.
Card.
It.
An
carere, carminare, to
Lat.
thistle.
Venet. carena, the hull of a ship, from the keel to essere in carena, to lie on its side. the water line
;
by
to
drawing the
flax
curry horses; harsztuwas, a ripple for flax, wool card, curry-comb. Gael, card, to card wool, &c., carlag, a lock of wool ; carla, a wool card. The
remarkable that the Du. has krengen in the same sense, een schip krengen, to lay a ship on its side, to stop a leak ; krengen, to sail on one Dan. krcenge, to heel over. side. Career. It. carriera, Fr. carriere, a highway,
Boerio.
It is
fundamental idea
ing,
is
Cot.
Properly a car-road,
from an imitation of
karr-kamhar, wool
to scratch
;
Caress.
Fr. caresse.
It.
carezza, an endearment.
the noise.
to
W.
comb
a card Or comb
;
affection, caress.
M.
retici,
Et quum Pimzilupus intrasset domum ubi essent haevidentibus omnibus fecit magnas caritias et ostendit
21
162
CARGO.
amicitiam et familiaritatem dictia
haereticis.
CARPET.
from chorus as the origin.
to
magnam
Mur.
in Carp.
invent a diminutive, as the Lat. corolla from the circuit of Druidical stones a carol.
karole of the stones behelde,
Carg^Ot
to load.
St.
It.
cari-
Brunne
calls
From
-
carrus,
whence
Jerome.
Due.
It.
The
caricatura, an overloaded rep-
Caricature*
about,
Pref. cxciV.
From
vessel,
Cark.
astutus.
Care.
AS.
cearig, sollicitus;
O. Sax.
To Carouse.
G. krause, Du.
cups, drunk.
To
mod-carag, maestus.
OHG.
kruyse,
a drinking
;
W.
carcus, solici-
bekrosen, in his
Kil.
From
kroesen, krosen, is
formed
tous.
Du.
gleypot, clay
pabuli, greedy
pot.
So gla^
is
karistaa, rau-
Delfortrie.
cum sonum
cieo,
The
similar
expressed in a
to sit drinking,
clown or churl. AS. ceorl, Icel. karl, Carli a man, male person. medical term from the old CarminatiTe.
manner
in
PI.
D. kroegen,
theory of humours.
The
object of carminatives
is
is
from krug, a crock or pitcher ; Du. puUen, to drink, from j9M?, a flagon. Hebt gy eens gepuld? avez vous Halma. W. potio, to tipple, from bu un coup.
and
car-
pot.
for the
It.
know
sense
make
in
Germany in any
Fl.
festivities
indulged in
would be likely to give rise to the English word. The English would hardly have iorm^A garouse from gar aus, unless the Germans habitually connected
the phrase with drinking, but of this there
is
Shrove tide. Fl. This however is one of those accommodations so frequently modifying the form of words. The true derivation is seen in M. Lat. camelevamen or camis
flesh, that is
Farewell
no
evi-
dence.
levamen,
i.
e.
* * * some of our captaines garoused of his wine, till they were reasonable pleasant. * * * and are themselues at their meetings and feasts the greatest garotiaers and drunkards of the world. Ralegh, Disc, of Guiana,
Hak. Soc.
p. 64.
In a MS. description of the Carnival of the beginning of the 13th century, quoted by Carpentier, it is spoken of as " delectatio nostri corporis." The
" To take a pull " is a common phrase in N. England for " to take a draught," but it is applied also
name then appears under the corrupted forms of " In DoCamdevarium, Oamelevale, Garnevale.
minica in caput Quadragesimge qua3 dicitur Garnele-
a turn at anything else, and may have no connection with the Du. pullen. M.l freshwater fish. G. karpfen, Du. karCarp.
to taking
A. D. 1130, in Carp. Other names of the season were Camicapium, Shrove Tuesday, and Carnem laxare (It. carnelascid), whence the form carnasciale, differing about as much from its parent camelasda as carnaval
vale."
Ordo
Eccles. Mediol.
To Carp.
garrulo.
Pr. Pra.
from camelevamen.
Bohem.
tle,
kfapanj,
tat-
Carol.
role.
chatter.
to
Port
Analo-
W.
coroli,
to
reel, to
gous
rius,
E. chirp.
Lat.
dance.
Carpenter.
Tho
mightist thou karollis sene
And folke daunce and merle ben, And made many a faire touming
Upon
Chanson de
the grene grasse springing.
R. R. 760.
a wheelwright, maker of waggons It. carpentiere, a wheelwright, worker in timber ; Fr. charpentier, as E. carpenter only in the latter sense. Mid. Lat. carpenta, zimmer, tymmer, zimmer-spao. The word seems of Celtic origin. Dief. Sup.
a song accompanying a dance; then, as Fr. balade from It. ballare, to dance, applied to the song itself. Diez suggests chortdus
carole,
carhad, a chariot,
Carpet.
From
CARRIAGE.
Dief. Sup.), was formed Mid. Lat. carpia, carpita, linteum carptum quod Fr. charpie, lint. vulneribus inditur. The term
CASE.
[Garve
is
163
used as a noun in the Fardle of Fa* where nature hath made great carfes,
cions
" *
to flocks of wool,
M.]
Edition of 1555,
fall
Guttres and
Cascade.
water, from
It.
It.
cascata,
Fr. cascade, a
fall.
of
Reg.
It
cascare, to
See next
article.
Templariorum in Due. seems then to have signified any quilted fabric, a patchwork table-cover with a lining of coarse
cloth
Case.
or counter
It.
cassa,
a chest,
coffin,
shrine, trunk,
a merchant's cash
La Crusca,
casso,
made
of like materials
gonnella.
case,
Patriarchi.
" Quilibet
habeat
horse's foot.
Cot.
eaccum in quo dormit, carpetam (a quilt ?), linteamen." Stat. Eq. Teut. in Due. On the other hand we find the signification transferred from the flocks with which the bed was stuffed to the sacking
wooden vessel for liquids, hull or hulk of a ship, crown of a hat, hoof of a horse, cai'case of a house.
Icel. kassi,
coffer,
case
Du.
G.
kasse,
which contained them. Rouchi carpete, coarse loose " Eune fabric of wool and hemp, packing cloth.
tapisserie d'carpete, des rideaux d'carpeie."
for relics
kas, kast,
Hecart.
cistula, loculus.
a chest.
Halma.
coffer,
chase
chest,
Kasken, a
Kil.
kiste, kasten,
the
corresponds to
Du.
CarriagCi The carrying of anything, also a conveyance with springs for conveying passengers. In the latter sense the word is a corruption of the OE. caroche, caroach, from It. carroccio, carroccia, carrozza ; Rouchi caroclie, Fr. carrosse, augmentatives of carro, a car.
It.
kasken.
manner of
carts or
carriage
by
luggage, bag
Fl.
The
word
is
well shown
It. carogna, Fr. charogne, Rouchi Carrion. carone, an augmentative from Lat. caro. To Carryt Fr. charrier, Rouchi carter, properly to convey in a car. Wallach. carare, to convey in a cart, to bear or carry.
in the following
which sounded
my
throw
break
to pieces.
Cart.
AS.
hrat.
It.
carretto,
carretta.
Fr.
a car.
The
Alexan-
evil spirite
[We
ground.
Udal
the
took him,
in R.
ders Saga : " Er nv settr i einn hervelegan cart," p. 107 ; " Ek hafdi m. storra fila, JDeira er gull baru,
From
quetsen, to
ok
cccc. vagna,
ok m. karta,"
p. 166.
Christiania
bruise, press
W.
ed. of
1848. M.]
Cartel. It. cartella, pasteboard, a piece of pasteboard with some inscription on it, hung up in some place and to be removed. Flor. Hence a chal-
quash asunder
;
break to pieces
crusli flat
;
It.
Cartoon.
a picture.
touche.
It.
to
come
augm. of
carta, paper.
Cartonch.
It.
Cartoose. Cartridge.
down with a
Come
Fr. car-
you
for groceries,
exposed.
Fl.
paper cap for criminals ignominiously The paper case containing the
And
a young rook cry squab take you up with your brains beaten into your butB. and F. tocks.
like
down
charge of a gun.
To Carve.
carve
;
AS.
ceorfan,
Du.
Jcerven, to cut
or
Then as the sound of a blow is greatly increased when it falls on a hollow object, the syllable imitative of the
G. kerben,
to notch.
sound of a blow
is
frequently used to
signify hollow,
or hollow things.
Thus from
the
164
CASE-MATE.
CATCH.
to crack, break, burst; Fr.
;
derived
sound of a blow imitated by the syllable boss is boss, hollow, empty, hollow vessel. In like manner from the sound of a blow imitated
the syllable quash ! cassf
It.
cascare, to
fall.
The
fundamental image
sion, represented
cast.
It.
is
by
we have
Lat. cassus,
by the
Flo.
bruise together.
imitative origin
fication.
The E. dash
with a like
and the senses of casse, caisse, cask, above given, in which they express a hollow receptacle of different
kinds.
is
We
ing
it
to pieces, dashing
See
Case-matCt
casa-matta.
Fr. case-mate
Sp. casa-mata ;
It.
Case.
Snappers which dancers of saraCastanets. bands tie about their fingers. B. Sp. castana, a
do execution upon an enemy who had obtained possession of the ditch, without risk of loss to themselves. Hence the designation from Sp. casa, house, and matar, to slay, corresponding to the G. mordkeller,
chesnut
which bursts
by the
joints.
Hence
Spanish dance
mord-grube, and the OE. slaughter-house. " Gasa matta, a canonry or slaughter-house, which
is
or implement for
cas-
a place
built
Caste.
dia.
The
artificial divisions
of society in In-
annoy the enemy when he entereth the ditch to " Casemate, a loophole in Flor. " a fortified wall." Cot. vault of mason's work in the flank of a bastion next the curtain, to fire on the enemy." Bailey. As defence from shells became more important, the term was subsequently applied to a bombproof vault in a fortress, for the
to
Castle.
trum
kissa,
(castra),
fortified place.
G. katze, Gael, cat, Icel. kottr. Fin. kasi, Cat. probably from an imitation of the sound made
by a cat
cat.
Hal.
o'
spitting.
Cass
a word
is
to drive
away a
The
!
Fin. kutis !
Pol. kic !
Cat
nine
tails.
ka-
Cash.
Ready money.
is
A word
It
introduced from
money
chest,
money
actuin
kota^, the
execu-
ually paid in
is
tioner
koshki, a
counter.
Fl. Cot.
To
Cashier.
Du.
Cot.
kasseren.
Catacomb.
Kil.
Fr. casser,
The
Diet.
Etym. says
that the
name
is
From
hollow, void.
See Case. Cask. Casket. Casque. The Sp. casco signifies a scull, crown of a hat, helmet, cask or
martyrs which people go to visit by way of devotion. This would tend to support Diez's explanation from
wooden
shell or carcass of
a house.
It
and tomba, a tomb (as the word and catatumba), or comba, a vault, which however is not satisfactory, as a shew is not the primary point of view in which the tombs of the martyrs were likely to have been considered in early times. Moreover the name was appai-ently
Sp. catar, to look
at,
is
Cassock.
from casa, a
ing being
gown with a
close body,
near Rome.
Kvfji^o?,
Others explain
it
a cavity.
common to a house and a garment, as we have before seen under Cape and Cabin. So also from It. casipola, casupola, a little house or hut, Fr. chasuble, a garment for performing the mass in, Sp.
casuUa, O. Fr. casule, M. Lat. casula, quasi minor casa eo quod totum hominem tegat. Isidore in Diez.
To Catch.
us
Chase.
The words
and chase
In the
dialect of Picardy,
in our language
commonly
To
Cast.
Icel.
kasta.
Essentially
the same
Thus we have
Rouchi
cat,
CATCH.
Rouchi
caleur, Fr. chaleur,
CATERPILLAR.
For
165
heat;
Rouchi forche,
Fr. force; Rouchi equerviche, Fr. ecrevisse; Rouchi In like manner Rouchi ecaches, Fr. echasses, stilts.
cacher, Fr. chasser, to hunt,
Galla catchamza, to snap, to snatch (said of dogs). the equivalence of similar forms with and withI
out an
chat,
from the
first
of which
chase, the
we have E.
catch,
earlier sense of catch, like that of It. cacciare, Fr. chasser, being to drive out, drive
compare G. klatschen, to G. klatscherei, Sp. chachara, chatter ; Du. klinke, E. chink. Kil. Gael, gliong, E. gingle. Rouchi clincailleux, Fr.
after
c or ^,
chatter,
clatter.
Kiittner.
quincailler, a tinman.
On
Maid thorgh
the Lundreis fro
the other
hand the
London
katched.
R. Brunne. 120.
" Catchyn
away
away, follow
after,
a form lash, latch, with similar meanings to those belonging to words of the form clatch, catch,
rise to
"
or drive
above explained.
to the
chasser, to drive
It.
pursue.
Cot.
cacciare
lash of a whip corresponding G. klatsche and Norm, cache. As Sc. chak expresses " the sharp sound made by any iron sub-
cacciuolo,
stance
door
origin
is
when entering its socket, as of the latch when it is shut, to click " and to chak is
; ;
of a " to
The
the representaits
smart blow by the syllable clatch ! passing on the one hand into catch and on the other into latch, by
the loss of the
/
or c respectively.
to imitate the
thwick-thwack
a word
principle on
from shutting with a click. And on the same which we have above explained the
by
hand against a
partition wall
word
of.
catch, the
OE.
latch
was
klatsch, such
a sound or the stroke which produces KUttner. klatsche, a whip or lash. it, a clap, flap Du. Hetsen, resono ictu verberare klets, kletse, ictus
;
commonly used
in
obtaining possession
And
if
ye
latche
Lucre
let
resonans, fragor
cachoire,
kletsoore, ketsoore,
a whip
Rouchi
or
hym
not ascapie.
P. P.
principles
whip.
s. s.
Hecart.
Du.
Norm.
Elementary instruction in the by question and answer. Properly a system of oral instruction, from Gr.
of religion
Karrjxi-t*^,
Catechism.
Pat. de Bray.
Cot.
sound in the
Tutschek.
struck.
kaetse,
smack,
to
clap, blow,
at tennis.
ball
Kil.
ball
instruction in
the elements of
a science.
H;!^^;,
which the
sound.
chasse,
a cross-bow that carries but a little way. In the sense of seizing an object the term catch is to be explained as clapping one's hand upon it, snatching it with a smack, in the same way that we
speak of catching one a box on the ear.
with and without an
laid hold of eagerly
To Cater. Cates. To provide victuals, &c. Rouchi acater, to buy, the equivalent of the ordinary Fr. acheter, O. Fr. achepter, to buy It. accat;
In the
sition of
an
estate.
Neap, accattare,
of Fr. acheter.
itare.
after the
c.
;
Claucht, snatched,
Diez.
From
and suddenly a catch or seizure of anything in a sudden and forcible way. When one lays hold of what is falling it is said that Jam. he " got a claucht of it."
Hence OE.
The
eatery
room where
cates
Be the coler claucht him with owtyn baid. Wallace caught him by the collar without delay. And claucht anone the courser by the rene. D, V.
Gael, glac, to take, seize, catch.
"Wallace
chase provisions-
Caterpillar.
the ele-
ment
in different
named from
teufelskatz,
and so originally
or catkin, a
little
a dog.
Swiss
In the
s. s.
caucht.
Lombard
little cat),
Turnus
Wenyng
i.
dog), a caterpillar
a silkworm.
The second
word doubt-
e. to
catch an opportunity to
show
his strength.
166
pitting the trees upon which
it is
CATKIN.
bred.
CEILING.
a horse ; yet in some parts of England they do call an horse a cable." Elyot in Way. W. ceffyl, a
The same
notion
expressed by the former element of the Swiss Teufelskatz. The Fr. chate-peleuse, a weevil
is
horse
(Norm, carpleuse, a caterpillar), is probably an accommodation from the E. caterpillar, or it may be formed from chate, chaton, a chat or catkin, with
allusion to the hairy aspect of
peloso.
mare.
Cave.
Cavern.
The
ori-
gin of the
Catkin.
Chat.
cat
kopista,
made by knocking against a hollow body. Fin. dumpf tonen, klopfend knallen, to sound
like
Loose
clusters of
a blow
;
resonans
trees.
catkins,
tails,
aglet-like blowings of
nut
crooked
empty
vessel
Cot.
or
rat-tails.
Du.
Kil.
to
(compare Lat.
Case)
koppa, anything
But
a
it
may be
doubted whether
hollowed or vaulted
of a pipe
sect
;
this
tion.
comparison
It
cat's tail
be not an accommoda-
leave out
would be a very singular perversion to all reference to the tail, which forms so
I
am
in-
hut,
little
house.
to
cUned
kotz,
sound deep or
-a
rug or shaggy coverlet, also a katkin Schmid Pol. koc, a rug ; kocianki, kotki, catkins.
wuoren komo,
a cavern
in a
CaveSOn.
of a horse in
mountain (wuora, a mountain). kind of bridle put upon the nose order to break and manage him. B.
Fr. cavegon,
Sp. cahegon.
It.
cavezzone, augm. of
hair.
little
kocicka, a
cavezza, a halter,
A
if
a catkin.
and that from Sp. cabega, a head. accommodation produced G. kapp-zaum, as from kappen, to cut, and zaum, bridle, a severe
false
bridle.
The omentum
reticeUa
is
; rete
del
A caul
also
a small
The modem spelling has probably an erroneous notion that the word is derived from Fr. del, tilt, canopy, tester ; It. cielo, in the same senses, and also in that of E. ceiling. It was formei'ly written seel, having the meaning of
Ceiling.
arisen from
their birth.
to
membrane covering the face of some infants at The proper meaning of the word seems be a net, whence it is provincially used in the
To
seele
a room,
lambrisser une
serie.
Hal.
Sherwood. Cot
chambre;
seeling, lambris,
to
menui-
Plancher,
plank or floor
;
Hete,
any net or
with planks, to
seele
plancher,
caul-work.
rete ragno,
a boarded
boards.
floor, also
a seeling of boards
planche,
Flo.
ringlets of her hair
is
And
The
in
Dryden
Fr. cole, a kind of
little
R.
against draughts
by
a
closing or sealing
cap
calotte,
a skull cap.
It. caldo,
from O. Fr.
in
seel,
seal.
"We
still
Canldron.
a
calidus, hot.
Chaud,
Lat.
sealed eyelids.
cigliare, to
seel
Canseway.
M.
What we now
calceata,
shod or pro-
by a coating
;
of wood or stone.
the stones of
sije,
Port.
via strata.
Cavalry. Cavalier. It. cavaliere, Fr. chevaUer, a horseman. It. cavaJlo, Fr. ckeval, a horse,
street.
from the seeling or wainscoting of the walls. The Torriano. upper seeling of a house, soffitto, cielo. When wainscoting went out of use the distinctive qualification was no longer necessary, and the term
Kil.
ceiling
which room.
seals
to
the
coat
of plaister
in
Lat
OE.
caple.
" Caballus,
is
a very
CEILING.
unsafe guide to their etymology, and we can di^aw no inference from the fact that ceiling was often spelt seeling, for the same orthogmphy was sometimes used in seele, a canopy, which is certainly derived from Fr. del:
In
this
CELERY.
would very
the interior
167
easily be extended so as to embrace all wood-work of the walls and windows.
I think there is little doubt that selure, in the following passage from Piers Ploughman's Creed, v. 395-402, is the same word as the celature of Lydgate,
and of course
if celature is
seele
Latin> selure
to
be referred to the same source Thanne was that chapitre house Wrought as a greet chirche,
And
is
33
And
queyntelyche entayled.
selure
lofte.
Who schal gyue keping to my mouth, and a certcyn ceelyng on my lippis, that Y falle not bi tho, and that my tunge leese not me 1
Oiclo in Italian
With semeliche
Y-seet on
As
and del
in
for
But
it is
more probable
that celature
is
nothing more
than the
common
selure,
an apartment
So
in
Spanish
* y
en esta ciudad ha una cistema bien fermosa de ver * * la qual cistema es de bobedas de argamasa, el cielo della esta sobre quatrocientos e noventa marmoles muy gruesos, etc. Clavijo, Vida de Tamorlan, 68.
and the derivation of this word from the Fr. del is confirmed not only by the use of ceele or seele for canopy, but by that of selar, which is orthoepically, as well as orthothe sake of the metre,
latter
Fr. del de
lit
to other
la boca,
de
flat ceilings,
:
definitions of
spyndels were shapen, she made the selar of the bedde. Morte
deh
rior
is
"
En
Southey's ed.
II. 290.
los cuartos
las casas el
techo supe-
cuya superficie es
cubiculi
tectum pla-
are,
is
far
The
And of Gold and Sylver, tliat men beren in his Contree, he maketh Cylours, Pyleres and Pamnentes in his Palays, &c. Chap. xxii.
would naturally be suggested by the concave form of the vault, and the very common
face of a vault
The mode
first
taken
i.
is
decorating
it
still
further recom-
bans, a,
dyll
rev.
"
mend
the name.
&
And
in this
Take
und
rowed from the French, but it does not appear that sceller, to seal, or any related word was ever employed on the Continent in the sense of '^ wainscoting or covering with boards."
the nedyll
lydde,
&
&
put
it
&
so of that other,
ensiled as
Some
used, the
it
to
be the Latin
With craftye arches reysed wonder dene, Enbowed oner all the worke to cure.
So merueylous was the celature, That all the rofe and closure enuyrowne Was of fyne golde plated vp and downe. With knottes graue wonder curyous, Fret full of stones ryche and precious.
upper one was drawn down and confined, an operawhich would naturally fix the attention of the
lid,
Fr.
cil,
(properly
is
Most
England were finished underneath with wainscoting, and the name ceiling, originally applied only to curved work of this sort,
roofs
and
floorings in
hawk.
M.]
It.
Celery.
Fr. ceUri.
168
CESS.
CHALLENGE.
ley
;
For sess from assess, but spelt tax. Cess. with a c from the influence of the Lat. census, the
rating of
erty.
susurrant, chaff.
Roman
citizens according to
their prop-
To
Chaff.
In vulgar language,
to rally one, to
From a
made by
representation of
different kinds of
cries.
Cotgr.
Du.
keffen,
to
heat
to prattle, chatter,
tattle.
;
by rubbing,
to
to
Halma.
weter, to
caw
babble, tattle
tling
woman.
G.
Normand.
cauvette,
a jackdaw, a prat-
Pat. de Brai.
yelp.
It. calefare,
Kiittn.
ing-dish or
warm, to chafe. Fr. chaufferette, a chafpan of hot coals for warming a room
not
fire.
Chaffer. To buy and sell, to bargain, haggle. Frequentative from G. kaufen, to buy. See Cheap.
To
where
thei'e is
Chagrin.
to
;
According
Chafe. 2. In the sense of chajing with anger 1st two distinct words are probably confounded from It. riscaldarsi, to become heated with anger,
Fr. eschauffer, to set in a chafe.
Sherwood.
gnawing of care or
Genoese
In like
For certes the herte of manne by eschaufing and moving of his blode waxeth so troubled that it is out of all manere Parson's tale. De IrS. judgement of reson.
manner It. limare, to file, metaphorically to fret Fl. far lima-lima, to fret inwardly. Altieri.
;
But
than
to chafe
has often a
much more
precise sense
to
Chair.
sit.
Chaise.
c?
this,
and
signifies to snort,
snuflP,
As
the loss of a
to chafe
and
is
fret
operation
of the
same nature
reduces
cathedra
to
anger
Fl.
with chafing.
(ca'e'ra) to chair.
In
this application
it
the correlative of
ehayere.
The
pulpit
which
now a
chair.
Then, as a carriage
in
a moveable
seat, the
E. the
breathe, puff.
Chafer. Cheffern. Cock-chafer ; fern-chafer. G. kcifer, AS. ceafer, Du. kever, any insect of the beetle kind, having a hard case to their wings. Fin. koppa-mato, from Ttoppa, a case, excavatum vel cavum quid, and mato (G. motte), an insect. It is probable then that the meaning of the first syllable
in chafer
Chaldern.
of an animal
Chawdron.
a
calf's
chawdron,
G.
Kiittn. Pol. kaldun, paunch, maw, bowels ; Bohem, kaldaun, kaltaun, giblets; It. caldume, caldinelli, a meat made of minced tripes, &c. Fl. Sp.
may
E.
Chalk.
lime.
Lat
calx, limestone,
Swab,
kober,
a basket,
Challenge.
a case for arrows, seems more probably this group of words than to the Fr. couvrir,
it.
make
title
unto
allied to
in question for
an offence.
is
Cot.
Hence
to chal-
to call
on him
to decide the
Chaff.
lung.
AS.
ceaf,
G.
haff.
Pers. hhah.
Ademo-
matter by combat.
The
vendo parum sti'ideo ut gramen sub pedibus euntis vel arundo vento agitata (to rustle) ; whence kahina, a rustling kahu, kahuja, hordeum vel avena vilior,
;
Due. So from dominio, domnio, dongio, E. dungeon; from somnium, Fr. songe. Prov. calonja, dispute calumpnjamen, contestation, diflBculty; cahnjar, to
dispute, refuse.
taubes
kom
;
The sacramentum
of ants, &c.
it is
CHAMADE. CHANCEL.
lumniari in the sense of bringing an action arose.
hero
;
169
i
Sw. dricka
verses,
i.
sagramen de calomp" Sagrament de calompnia o de vertat per la nia." Rayn. Lat. calumnia, una part e per I'autra."
al plaiz et fa
"
kapp-ridande, a horse-race.
So
in E. boys
speak of
capping
e.
to beat
one at a
nasal)
Hence
(with
the
W.
ChamadCt
From
is
signal
B.
call.
The
chamade
Kajiapa,
roof.
call
on the enemy
to parley.
camp, a feat, game ; campio, to strive at games campus, excellent, surpassing, masterly; Sp. campear, campar, to be eminent, to excel. The word is preserved in Prov. E. camp, a game at football.
Chamber.
Fr. chambre. Lat. Camera, Gr. a vault or arched roof, place with an arched Probably from cam, crooked. Camera, ge-
"
Campar, or player
at football, pedilusor."
G.
Pr.
Pm.
Get campers a ball To camp therewithal.
wolb.
Camerare, kriimmen
gebogen, gewolbt.
cameratiis, gekriimmt,
Tusser.
;
Dief. Sup.
;
Prov. E.
It.
to cample, to talk,
;
contend or argue
ChamberlaiUi
Fr. chambellan
camerlengo,
ciamherlano, ciambellano.
Hal.
To Chamfer,
To
channel or
make
hollow.
;
Fi-.
make
a
;
Lith. kabeti, to
stick to, to hold
;
hang
kimbu,
kahinti, to
;
hang
kabintis, to fasten
oneself on to another
svJcibti,
hook
to
left for
the eyes
?)
to
susikibti,
chanfrain creux, a chanfering or a channel, furrow, hollow gutter or streak in stonework. Cot.
chamfer is the plain slope made by paring off the edge of a stone or piece of timber. Hal. Sp.
chafldn, bevel, obtuse angle
bevel, cut a slope.
;
wrestle
colluctor,
kampfen,
chaflandr, to form a
To Chamm.
so as to
cliamjt, chamhle, to
Koira on kimpussani, canis est in attactu mei, the dog attacks me. Esthon. kimp, bundle,
ringen.
to to
cham,
pinch, difiiculty
chew
kampeln, E. cample)
cuse, challenge, seize.
tare, certare.
make
make a
lips
noise with
Kil.
Tutschek.
;
in
eating as
The
cope or contend with, which seems another form of the root, is explained by Torriano " serrarsi, ; attaccarsi I'un con I'altro " " se harper I'un a I'autre."
To
differs
Sherwood.
;
Icel.
jaw
hiamsa, to
Chance.
chance
laws of which
things governed
less ignorant.
by
Fr.
champing.
falling,
from
cheoir,
The sound
zampettare, to
tread heavily.
cafiir, to fall.
sometimes represented
same manner,
;
as in It.
It will
be ob-
Hal.
paw
the ground
Prov. E. champ, to
Fr.
Champarty.
Partnership.
;
champ
parti,
and
game. Champion. Commonly derived from campus, a. field of battle, fighting place. And no doubt the word might have early been introduced from Latin into the Teutonic and Scandinavian languages, giving rise to the AS. camp, fight, cempa, Icel. kempa, a warrior, champion ; Du. kamp, combat, contest kampen, kempen, to fight in single combat ; kamper, kempe, an athlete, pi'ize-fighter. It must be observed however that the Scandinavian kapp appears a more ancient form than the nasalised camp. Icel. kapp, contention kappi, athlete, VOL. I. 22
;
conflict,
etait
meue chaleureusement
sans aguet."
M.
Lat.
Carpentier.
Meleare, mesleiare, to
When
the element
chaud lost its meaning to ordinary English ears, it was replaced by chance in accordance with the meaning of the compound.
It.
jumble.
Chancel.
Chancellor. Chancery.
is
The
is
placed
off or separated
170
CHANDLER. CHAPLET.
The thinner vowel in chip expresses the sharper sound made by the separation of a very small fragment of a hard body, and the term
is
from the rest of the church by lattice-work; Lat. cancelli. The canceUarii seem to have been the
officers
of a court of justice,
who
stood
ad
cancellos,
also applied to
and acted as intermediaries between them and the judge. To them naturally fell the office of keeping
the seal of the court, the distinctive feature of the
chancellors of
modem
:
time.
;
From
chancellor
Fr. chanceUerie
E. chancery.
;
Chandler.
Chap. A fellow. See Chubby. Chape. A plate of metal at the point of a scabbard. Hence the white tip of a fox's tail. Hal. The fundamental meaning is something clapt on, from clap, the representation of the sound made by two flat surfaces striking together. Hence It. chiap-
been simply dealer, extended to other trades, as corn-chandler. Ghandry, the place where candles
are kept, from chandler, as chancery from chancellor.
a clap, and anything that may be taken hold of. Fl. Sp. chapa, a small plate of flat metal, leather,
or the like
pilla,
;
To Change.
exchange.
It.
cam-
chapeta, cha-
GamUare seems
champmen
for
as Chaucer's
chapmen.
a small metal plate Port, chapear, to plate, to apply one flat thing to another. Sp. Ghapeleta de una bomba, Fr. clapet, the clapper or sucker of a ship's pump ; Sp. chapeletas de imhomales, the clappers of the scupper holes.
in the Russ. klepan,
In Surrey whilome dwelt a company Of champmen rich and therto sad and true, That wide were sentin their spicery, Their chafiare was so thrifty and so new.
The
/ is
also preserved
strip of
on a trunk.
Man
put on fresh clothes,
skipta,
Chapel.
cape or
little
the
change, to
Icel.
may
be compared with
served in the Palace of the kings of the Franks, and used as the most binding relic on which an oath
could be taken.
E.
;
shifi.
change
schimhatoriu, a money-changer.
See Chop.
Channel.
Tunc
from canna, a I'eed. The word appears in English under a triple form channel, any hollow for conveying water, kennel, the gutter that runs along a street, and the modern canal.
;
Marculfus in Due.
Hence
en
relics
it is
Chant.
to sing.
Chantry. Lat. cantare, Fr. chanter, Hence chantry, a chapel endowed for a
mass
for the soul of the founders.
to the
apartment of the Palace in which the of the saints were kept, and thence extended
to similar repositories
where
priests
were commonly
priest to sing
Chap.
ing a
the
Chip. Chop.
in
appointed
two hard bodies, or the cracking of one, the thinner vowel i being used to represent the high note of a crack, while the broader vowels a and o are used for the flatter sound made by the collision of hard bodies. Sc. chap, to strike, as to chap hands, to chap at a door. Jam. It is also used in the sense of the E.
the
the
knocking
Ordericus
ical
Rex
to resort to so hypothet-
up
into
oflf;
Du. kappen,
to cut, prune,
hack Lith. kapoti, to peck, to hack, to cut, to paw like a horse W. coMo, to strike, to peck. Again as a hard body in breaking gives a sharp sound like the knocking of hard things together, a chap is a crack or fissure, properly in a hard body,
;
or covering of an where mass was celebrated was called capella, Mid. Lat. capellare, tegere, decken, bea hood. decken capella, ein himeltz, gehymels (eucharistie, &c.), the canopy over the sacred elements; eine Dief. Sup. And it can hardly be kleine Kirche. doubted that the name of the canopy was extended to the recess in a church in which an altar was
;
The canopy
whom
Chaplet.
head.
Fr. chapelet,
The O.
and
also
which give no sound in chapped hands. Compare chark, to chap or crack. Hal. The
is to
be explained
Boccacio
Gappello,
ghirlanda secondo
in Diez.
il
volgar
to
Hence applied
CHAPMAN. CHARLATAN.
the same reason rosario, a garland of roses, and in
It.
171
Pm.
it is
writ-
corona.
ten charcole. as
it is
in
Palsgrave
also.
Chapman.
Cheap.
See
The
earliest notice of
is
am
Fr. chapitre, from capitulum, a head
Chapter.
is
or division of a book.
The Chapter
of a cathedral
It.
capitolo,
Charcoal.
dentes edunt.
Bigl.
Du.
quem
ar-
Kil.
by Ducange, under A. D. 1198, and it is worth observing that hulla (houille), by which name he says it was known in France, is evidently identical with the Cornish JIuel, which forms an element in the names of so many mining localities. Bede, although he speaks of jet as found in Engacquainted
that referred to
carbones
ferr
ei,
From
kricken, to creak,
stridulum edere.
Minsheu.
is
Gloucester embrace
The E.
chirk or chark
was
and
well-burned charcoal
singularly sonorous
when
In like manner
which gives a
to clink
It is however have been in use in the time of Edward I., and in a Latin poem, entitled Cambrias Epitome, ascribed to Walter Mapes, preserved by Higden, and printed also in the Cam. Soc. edition of Mapes,
known
to
ringing sound
when
struck,
from klippen,
mention
for
is
terrge cortice."
But
Du.
which
a long time
appears
to
Kil.
So chark-
between the sounds produced by " shovelling up or striking together " charcoal and
difference
[The
sea-coal
is
of an onomatopoetic
first
name
to the former,
syllable of charcoal
is
of
rise
to the
Du.
hrik-kolen,
But
Kilian,
name
it to small charcoal, " carbones minusculi," " carbones ex ramis virgultis, fascibus,
The confinement
some reason
mistaken.
is
of
to
word
The
small
would be good merchandize euen in the citie of London." Holinshed, 1807, L 324. It was not until mineral coal came into more common use that the necessity was felt for a word which should distinguish wood-coal from it, and accordingly charcoal is not found in Anglo-Saxon, or, so far as I am aware, in any English book older than the Promptorium Parvulorum. M.] Chare. A chare is a turn of work chare-woman, one who is engaged for an occasional turn. AS. eyre, a turn cerran, Du. keeren, to turn Gael, car, Probably from the creaking sound of turn, twist. a wheel turning round, as explained under Car; and see Ajar.
Dan. krak,
Charge.
to load
;
It.
horses, insects,
and so
forth,
Lat. carricare,
is to
from carrus.
To
charge an
enemy
lay on.
Wachsthum
hat."
Hence
may mean
And damned
be he
Chark.
gnash.
kirklys,
Chirk.
; ;
AS.
But
coal
is
it
the
comit
a cricket
pounded with
from mineral
coal, as
an epithet distinguishing
coal
is
kurkti, to
;
coal.
The word
common
to all
croak as a frog
dove
czurksti,
meant woodcoal, in all of them, but when sea-coal came into use, it became necessary to distinguish the two by specific names, and in England, where French was at that period current, the compound char-coal would have been a very natural mode of designating that with which they were most familiar.
Charlatan.
tebank,
Cot.
It.
Charade.
prattling
quacksalver,
from ciarlare, to tattle, chatter. Sp. charlar (Valencian charrar, Norman charer
ciarlatore,
or
An
;
imitative
inarticulate
chattering
We
cannot attach
much importance
to the early
Ghirlar, to prattle
chirriar, to
orthography of English words, in etymological inquiries, but it will not be out of place to remark,
that though in the
or chirp as birds.
prattle, chatter,
Compare
Lith. czirbti, to
Book
of St. Albans, h,
iii., it
is
with E. chirp.
172
CHARLOCK. CHATS.
charer,
From Norm,
seems
to
Lang, chara,
to
converse,
Chats.
fuel.
little
sticks
;
fit
for
chat,
a twig
Suffolk
way
of social amusement.
chaits,
;
Charlock*
kedlock.
A
An
also
called
young
AS.
cedeleac.
Charm.
Flo.
charme
carine, carmo, a
From
charm, a spell, a verse, a rhyme. Lat. carmen, which was used in the
" Venefici qui magicis
It.
and faggottcd.
ford, kids,
seems the same word Welch, cedys, Staffaggots of small wood. To chit, to gerIt
kzdel,
Forby.
first
a twig
minate
chits,
the
sprouts of anything.
Hal.
chit,
Justin.
Hence carminare,
to
enchant
incarminatrix,
sound of a
an enchantress. From carmen was formed It. carnie and Fr. charmer, as from nomen It. nome and Fr. nommer, to name. Diez. The root of the Lat. carmen is preserved in AS. cyrm, noise, shout ; OE. charm, a hum or low murmuring noise, the noise of birds, whence a charm of
which something
the other
is
within, or on
hand
it
may be
In the latter
eclats,
sense chat
may be compared
I cherme as byrdes do
number
together.
Palsgrave in Hal.
a noise a great
bigredeth.
relation as chape, a plate of metal, to clap. must be observed that the letters p, k, t, are used with great indifference at the end of syllables
It
same
Owl and
Nightingale, 280.
Charnel-house.
or their bones kept.
chair, flesh.
to crack,
crackle.
We
Cot.
Fr.
made by
the crack of a
like.
Chary.
ful,
chary.
AS. Du.
is
To
a bird
to cheep,
Kil.
G. karg, niggardly.
to cry as
a chicken
Hal.
(to
To Chase.
smiths do.
B.
To work
Swiss kittem, to
dys, pipio.
to utter
titter
;
Pr. Pm.
E. chide,
is
OE.
Du.
enchased
razor
Cot.
;
la chasse
dun
handle of a
rose.
zittire,
to
lament
Fl.
Fin. kidata,
to
cassa
s. s.
Fr. enchasser,
it,
It.
incassare, to
queror
Swiss kiden,
sound
and as the setting was commonly of ornamental work the E. chasing has come to signify embossed jeweller's work.
Chaste.
pure, chaste.
Lat. castus, pure.
Pol. czysty, clean,
as a bell
To
to
chip
The
origin
seems preserved
wet, to baptize,
cleanliness as
The rois knoppis tetand furth thare hede Gan chifp and kythe their vernal lippis red.
D. V.
in
To Chasten.
castigare,
Chastise.
To
See Cistern.
Fr.
chdtier,
Jam.
Lat.
Chat.
Chatter.
from
castus, as
The egg
is
is
flown.
Jam.
converse,
make a
It.
Kil.
An
imitative word.
It.
a flaw
spring forth.
And
Fl.
Hung,
(Hung,
cs
= E.
; ;
belonging to chat or
;
chit.
csatoruzni, to
make a
noise,
chatter, talk
much
to
child
is
csacsogany, a chatgadcic,
talk,
shoot, as
we speak
nobility for a
young
Malay, kata, a
CHATTELS.
Parallel with E. chit in the latter sense the
It.
CHEEK.
either
173
has
Cattle. Fr. chatel, O. Fr. chapiel, Chattels. a piece of moveable property, from Lat. capitale, whence captale, catallum, the principal sum in a
loan, as distinguished from the interest due upon it. " Semper renovabantur cartas et usura quae excrevit
a young boy or
girl.
buying or
selling.
"
tlia
gifa
What
vertebatur in catallum."
Soc.
present day of a
man
man
of
" Ek villdi kaupa skipiTobit. c. 12. I will exchange ships with nu vid yckur broedur." Kbpa jord i jord," to exchange you two brothers. farm for farm. Thus we are brought to the notion of changing, expressed by the colloquial E. chop ; Hal., to chop and change, to swap goods to coff
holy man.
''
came
to
be used in the
exception of
Sc. to coup
s. s.
Chear.
the countenance
an early stage of
Faire bonne
heartily,
welcome
;
make
et juxta
catalla
sua.
Laws
of
Edward the Confessor. Cum decimis omnium terrarum Ingulphus. ac bonorum aliorum sive catallorum.
chere
et
cceur ar-
Cot.
Then
hieme.
captale
Si disclausum
sit
per
suum apertum.
Brompton
in
Due.
be observed that there is the same doumeaning in AS. ceap, goods, cattle, which is the word in the laws of Ina translated captale in the and this may perhaps be the foregoing passage reason why the Lat. equivalent captale was applied to beasts of the farm with us, while it never acquired that meaning in France. [In the Lathi text of the Fuero Juzgo, lib. VIII. tit. iii. De damnis arborum, etc., c. xv., capita, pi., is apparently used for cattle in the modern English sense of the word " Si hoc ita fecisse convincitur, per singula capita majora singulos solidos reddat, per minora capita singulos tremisses," capita majora being neat cattle and beasts of burden, capita miBut in the Spanish text, nora, sheep and goats.
It should
ble
uals, entertainment.
The
rendam
Diez.
Gr. Kapa,
the head.
Cheat.
The
escheators or cheaters
were
officers
which gave them great opportunities of fraud and oppression, and many complaints were made of their misconduct. Hence it seems that a cheater came to signify a fraudulent person, and thence the verb to
cheat.
Check.
a player
is
game
To
does not appear that caput, or any derivait,
But
tive
it
its
correctnes.s, is
from
Exchequer, where
cases
where
it
possesses that
checked
cloth.
word which has occurred before in ter. M.l Cheap. The modern sense of low in price is an ellipse for good cheap, equivalent to Fr. hon marche,
Chawl. The Chafts. Chaps. Cheek. names of the bodily members composing the mouth
and contiguous portions of the neck and face are very ill defined. They are commonly taken from the sounds produced by a violent exertion of the TIius the same throat as in hawking, retching, &c. imitation which gives rise to the Icel. hraki, spittle, Fr. cracher, to spit, and to the E. retch, produces also G. rachen, in a proper sense a great and wide throat or gullet, a voracious beast's open and deep mouth, extended jaws, cheeks, or chaps. In contempt for a mouth.
tions of
See Chess.
from AS. ceap, price, sale, goods, cattle. Goth. kaupon, to deal, Icel. haupa, to negotiate, buy Du. hoopen, G. kaufen, to buy haufmann, E. chapman,
;
a dealer.
Slav,
kupiti,
Bohem.
kaupiti,
to
buy.
is
Gr.
KaTrr/Xos,
Dief.
Kiittner.
An
attempt to rep-
buying
is
by combina-
g and k
174
(properly to retch)
;
CHEEP.
Fin. hdkaista, to vomit
;
CHEESE.
Andersen k<jestr, incaseatus, made rancid by laying up in a covered heap, used especially of
sapore
;
Bav.
gaghem, gaghezen,
manner,
the like
to stutter
;
to
cough
in
gigken, gighezen, to
make
inartic-
seals' flesh
(havkalvekiod), which
Schmeller
considered eatable.
Haldorsen.
is
not otherwise
AS.
in
ceahhetan, E. giggle, to
The
kcesir, rennet,
make sounds
ter
;
Icelanders
recognise the
identity
to
of the process
to keck, to
hawk
spitting,
to
reach, choke,
Hal.
this process
the
In like manner Icel. kok, quok, the throat, jaws, "W. ceg, mouth or throat Sw. kek, the jaw ; Du. kaecke,
;
fish,
;
AS.
ceac, the
cheek,
;
which takes place in the formation of cheese, though it is remarkable that they use a different word, ost, for cheese itself, which seems also derived from a Finnish source.
[J.
jaw
PI.
jaws
Grimm
D.
tattle,
chatter)
to
and
Kil.
AS.
we
find a
converted
The
transition
series is
is
marked
if it
retained in
have been borrowed from the Romans " Fur butter und kcise haben unsre vorfahren schon in friiher zeit den heimischen namen entsagt und von den Romanen die mit der vollkommnerenhereitung erlernten ausdriicke angenommen." Deutsche Grammatik, 1853, U. G95. This seems probable enough from the resemblance in the form of the Gothic and Latin words, and it becomes still more
cheese to
the
same as
gasp.
when we remember that although unpressed and curds are known to almost all nations that make use of milk, what is properly termed cheese
so
dried
seems to belong to civilized life. Strabo, 200, speaking of the rudeness and simplicity of the Britons, adduces as a proof of
it
yawn, stare E. gape ; Dan. gahe, whence gab, the mouth, throat of an animal Sw. gap, the throat, and E. chaps, the jaws and loose flesh adjoining.
that
many
of them
/at)
and Pliny,
tes,
XL 96, observes
et
"
Mirum
barbaras gen-
AS.
ceaplas, ceajlas,
spernere
tot
Fris. gagl,
and
PL D.
jaw
;
above quoted.
Dan.
saeculis casei
jucundum,
of Asia
pingue butyrum."
The pastoral
ti-ibes
chafi.
kicevle,
Icel. kiaftr,
to
jaw,
squabble,
wrangle.
make no
Rubruquis
6,
kauwen, kouwen, kuwen, to chew, to chaw and hence again the OE. chavyl-bone or chawlchawe-bone, machoPr. Pm. bone, mandibula
they
taste
and nourishment
to water,
vere
Vocab.
the
in
Way.
same people as
To Cheep.
To make
a young Jam.
ii\)-
Schlatter,
An
same
sense.
to as resem-
a mouse, whence czypulas, a chicken. Sc. cheiper, a cricket. Cheese. This word would seem to be derived from a Finnish source. Fin. kasa, a heap, whence ka~ saleipa, old bread, bread kept for a year. The Lapps prepare much of their food, as meat and butter, by laying it in a heap till it becomes rancid or half decayed, acquiring a flavour of old cheese. This they call harsk. From them the practice seems to have been communicated to their Scandinavian neighbours, who treat their fish and coarser flesh in this manner. Icel. kces, kos, subliquidorum coacervatio, mollium
congeries, veluti piscium, carnium, &c.
to
may
be inferred from
which almost
far there is
all
how
in the
growing rancid of meat and the formation of cheese, it may be argued that these words were borrowed by the Icelanders from the Romans, through the
Teutons.
The
general
name
word
Old-Northern
language and
its
derivatives
is
J.
Grimm
sup-
Hence
kasa,
heap up such things for the purpose of acidifying them kasadr, kasulldin, subacidus, veteris casei
;
landers call cheese wuosta, from wuoi, milk, which he compares with E. whey, but I should infer, on
CHEESE.
the contrary, that the Laplanders borrowed
their
CHICANE.
Of the
has been proposed, nor
probable that
or
at
175
from their Scandinavian neighbors, from whom they have received all the arts of civilized life which they possess. The origin of ost is to be found, I believe, in the root of the Sw. verb
for cheese
ysta, to cause to coagulate
name
will ever
be made out.
Varro, thought caseus to be, " e coacto lacte ut coaxeus dictus." There is a resemblance between Lat. caseus,
least
The Romans,
the
MG.
the like, to
late,
make
and
this
and many other words of the same meaning, which reminds us of the derivation of It. formaggio, cheese, from forma, a mould, the vessel in which cheese is
pressed, but
is
we
any
real connection
M,]
by means of
runnet, but
by the spontaneous
co-
Cherish.
ish.
to chear, to cher-
Cotgr.
See Chear.
Lat. cerasus.
It.
Hence, with them, the notion of fermentation is asby whatever means, and all the Gothic languages have words
sociated with the formation of curds,
Cherry.
Fr. cerise;
cireggia,
cirieggia,
G. hirsche.
chastagne, chdchesten.
taigne.
thus in Icel.
in
Lat. castaneus; Fr. Chesnnt. Du. hastanie, G. kesten, E. Hence chesten-nut, chestnut.
Kil.
Norw.
E.
gjcest, gjcestr,
G.
giischt,
in
AS.
gist,
in
yeast,
all
of which of the
may
be
scJiach,
It. scacco, Sp. xaque, Fr. echec, G. Chess. from the cry of check! (Pers. schach, king),
considered as
primarily
imitative
hissing
when
the king
is
sound which accompanies the escape of the gases developed in advanced fermentation. Compare G.
gischen,
As
ein
Klangwort,
prob-
marked are called chequered. Probably at one time the game was called the game of checks, subsequently corrupted
chests in
Schaums
is
into chess.
It
is
sometimes written
histe ;
and accordingly means coagulated mUk. Rudbeck, indeed, applies ysta to other modes of solidification, as, for example, to the hardening of amber from its supposed originally soft condition, and he translates the " concreti maris purgamentum " of Phny, lib. XXXVII. 11 "en hoop ystat saff"t
to coagulate,
:
cist ;
G. hasten,
Lat. cista.
make an
end,
come
an agreement with.
;
Ohef,
achever,
I.
449
but this
is
con-
an end,
to accomplish.
Chevron.
heraldry.
cabrio,
&,
The
;
Some
modes of
treating and employing soured milk are very widely spread. Thus lobbered milk, used in
cabrial,
of
wood
New
England, but which I find neither in general dictionaries nor in provincial glossaries, connects
with G. Lab, Dan. Lobe, Persian labwah, runnet, and with the leben, soured milk, of the Syrian
itself
KaTT/jtwAos,
capriolus.
TO epeiafia
Gl.
furcilla
irpoTOfx.o<s,
Wallach.
to
be from
bium, E.
lip.
and that again reminds us of Lat. laFor comparison with a different class
may
is to rear like a goat, the term be applied to rafters reared against each other
The Hung,
for rafter
is
szarufa,
horn-wood.
There is in many languages a curious resemblance between the verb to run and the words expressing coagulation or that which produces it thus E. run, run;
generally applied to
On
rennen, gerinnen
Dan.
at
liibe,
sammen, to run together, to coagulate, Lobe, runnet, and so in the other Gothic languages and even in Laplandish, according to Leem, Lappesk Nomenclator, zhiuoskom, I run forward for pleasure,
zhiuuko, fresh-milk-cheese, or curds before they are
pressed.
incidence in so
The analogy is not very clear, but the comany languages cannot be accidental.
which must originally, like chipe, have had the sense of a jag or rag. Chique, Pat. de Brai ; de chic en chic, a lump of bread Cot. chiquot, a scale in the from little to little root or end of a nail, sprig of a tree, stump of a tooth chiqueter, to cut, gash, jag, hack chiquetteres,
Cot.
chique,
Chicane.
it.
From
cloth.
Chicaner then
176
would be equivalent
right,
to
CHICK.
the E. haggle, to keep hackit
CHINK.
From the
tingling sound of
little
out-
On
the
same
princi-
chipoter, are
used in the
same sense
ter, to
Cot.
Chick. Du. kieken, a chicken. The shrill cry of the young bird is represented by the syllable cheip, peep, or chick, from the first of which is Lith.
czypulas, a chicken, fropi the second Lat. pipio, a
meat on the gridE. chiU, signifying properly shivering, then cold. See Chimmer, Chitter. The PI. D. kiUen, to smart, has probably the same origin. " De finger killet mi for
to crackle, creak, twitter, hiss as
kalte,"
my
young
bird,
Pr. Pm.
Ghikkyn
Russ.
;
Du. kimme, the rim or edge of a vase, or as E. chimb, the projecting ends of the staves
above the head of a cask. the horizon. W. cib, a cup
knit the
PI.
;
Chimb.
D. kimm
s. s.,
also
chikaC, to cheep
chij
(Fr.J), a finch.
brow
cib-led, of
expanded rim
hyd-y-gib,
peep
to the brim.
row
Hung,
;
tyuk,
Chime.
Fin.
ki-
chicken
Lap.
tiuk, the
young of animals
in general.
acute
tinnio;
To Chide*
as a bell.
AS.
chenkyn with bellys. Tintillo. Pr. Pm. Fin. kummata, kumistd, to sound, as a large
Chymyn
or
bell
klagend tonen.
It.
Cllief.
capo, Wallach.
capu,
pi. capete,
it
The
loss of
kumina, resonance; komia, sounding deep, as a bell; kommata, komista, to sound deep or hollow. To Chimmer. Chymerynge, or chyverynge or
dyderinge.
fords a
the syllable
singular,
which reappears
Frigutus.
Pr. Pm.
This word
af-
however
tain.
The
way
Child*
It is doubtful
cation of the
in
is
a modifialler,
is
in the case
mode in which the ideas of tremulous motion, sound, and light, are connected together. Pol. szemrac, to murmur, rustle ; E. simmer, to boil gently, to make a tremulous sound on beginning to boil. Hence shimmer, a
good
illustration of the
Wallach.
O. Fr.
re-
See Bright,
womb, Sw.
kull,
brood,
kohn, young of dogs, pigs, &c. It is remarkable that the anomalous plural children agrees with the
hall
Chimney. M. Lat.
;
Fr.
cheminee.
It.
camminata, a
fire-
Du. kinderen.
Chill.
Oaminatum,
Kinne-backe,
;
The meaning
and Priam's aged
is
properly to shiver or
Chin.
the chin
AS.
cinne.
Du. kinne.
cause to shiver.
ycvttov,
He
said,
shake.
Chapman in
or
did
R.
shivering.
Brezza,
chillness
cheek (jaw) ; genou (pi.), the mouth (jaws) awi, to open the mouth.
gen-
Fl.
Chilly
Chine.
Fr. echine,
The
It.
back-bone.
B.
Is
it
from the
weather
is to feel
is
to shiver
to feel chilly
shivery.
is
Now
esquina
cefii,
W.
trembling
most naturally expressed by a vibrating, quivering sound which passes, when the vibrations
rapid, into
become very
a continuous
shrill
sound.
The
but
is
Diez derives echine and schiena from the OHG. skina, a thorn, doubtless another form of Lat. spina, signifying both a thorn and the back-bone, from the
pointed processes with which
spinare, the back-bone.
is
it is
with cold.
To
armed.
Wallach.
of the teeth with cold or the broken noise of birds, or of people talking rapidly ; to chitter, to chirp or
twitter as birds
teren, to
The
derivation of chignon
Hal., then as
posed.
neck.
links of which the spine is comO. Fr. caignon, caignole, the nape of the Roquef. Fr. chainon d'une chaine, the link
;
tion of the
broken sounds
is to
of a chain
Cot.
du
col,
shiver or
Chink.
Primarily a
shrill
CHINK-COUGH. CPHVES.
of money, to chink
tsongeni, tinnire.
witli laughter.
177
l.
Then,
in the
Chitterlin^.
frill to
a shirt.
We make of
2.
word crack, originally representing the sound made by the fracture of a hard body, is applied to the
separation of the broken parts, so also
The
we
find chink
any narrow crack or fissure. The same sound is represented in E. indifferently by the syllable clink or chink, and the Du. klincken, to clink or sound sharp, gives rise in like manner to the substantive
to
G. krlJs, gekrose, a ruff or frill, mesentery or membrane which covers the bowels, from kraus, curly kalhs gekrose, a calf's
led appearance.
also the
;
AS.
pluck or chaldron
calf's
N. of E.
Fr. freze, a
ruff,
chaldron
klincke,
a chink or
fissure.
first
The
provincially used in the
;
origin of the
word
in the sense of
frill
or
wrinkled structure
is chitter,
Hal.
is
In
a chap,
schrick,
and
chink.
to shiver
The hooping
it
calf's,
Wal-
is
accompanied.
Chivalry.
knightly class.
knight.
sentiments of the
from
chevalier,
Chip. See Chat. Chirk. See Chark. To Chirp. A parallel form with
See Cavalry.
chirk, repreall
Chives. The fine threads of flowers, or the little knobs which grow on the tops of those threads;
chivets, the
these
B.
by
Sp. chir-
young
fine leaves.
civette,
prattle
tle,
Valentian charrar ;
;
Norman
charer, to tat-
green as leeks.
Body and
Soul.
comme The
chatter
Prov. E.
same
sense, to
chirm
Huloet.
Ther are
heades,
terrible
Phaer's Virg. in R.
in Hal.
Ghyrme or
small root
chevelue,
a rag, jag
shoot
;
E.
chife,
chibhle, to
shive,
shacke heared on their bodies, that make a very charringe with their mouthes. Asie, chap. viii.
&
shiver,
a scale or
fragment
PL D.
G.
broken frag-
M.]
Chisel.
also
ments of
Fr. ciseau (for ciseT), a surgeon's lancet,
hemp
chisel or
graving
iron.
schevel-steen,
Cot.
It. ciseUo,
Sp.
stone
all
cincel,
Ptg.
sizel.
Fr.
cisaille,
clipping of coine.
chives
Chit.
See Chat.
may
well be doubted.
To
Chitter,
To
chirp or twitter.
But she withal no worde may soime, But chitre as a brid jargowne. Gower
semblance between the vegetable organs the name of chives, chivets, &c., and those designated
in Hal.
shive
is
remote.
Du.
garrire
schetteren,
;
stridere,
crepare,
displodere, et
this family,
and
the voice.
quavering of
Ghytin
Kil.
From
shakyng
signifying a twittering
The
flat
sound
Hal.
chitter
is
tering, quivering or
Huloet
G.
scheibe,
E. sheave or
all
It. squittire, to squeak or cry as a parrot, to hop or skip nimbly up and down.
would be produced by splitting laminated substances. Chives, a species of onion, is, I believe, derived from the It. cipolla. M.]
VOL.
I.
23
178
Chock-full.
measure,
lect
CHOCK-FULL. CHOWSE.
heap, g'schochet
Landnamabok,
full
to
full.
the
dia-
schoppen
full.
is
to
stuff,
to stop
geschoppt voll
crammed
Thus chop is connected with G. kaufen, E. cheap, chapman, &c. In Sc. coup the original sense of turning is combined with that of trafficking, deahng.
Choir. Fr. chcBur, from Lat. chorus^ Gr. x^pos? a dance in a ring, company of singers and dancers,
set of performers in the old tragedy, bearing a sort
To coup, to overturn, overset. Jam. The whirling stream will make our
i.
boat to coup,
e. to
turn over.
are forebuyers of quheit, bear and
turners thereof in
aits, copers, sell-
They
ers
To
from
Choke. Chnckle.
is
and
From
merchandise.
Jam.
the throat,
to
swallow
;
and
sells
W.
swallow
cegiaw,
soul-couper, a
trafficker in souls.
The OE.
querken, to
Pr.
Pm. As
of
is
and we actually
find
champman
for
chapman,
it
a merchant, in Chaucer.
neria, shop
See Change.
;
all
may
be doubtful whether
to
chuckle or speak
is
in
Chopino. Sp. chapin, high clog, sUpper chapiwhere clogs and patins are sold. From the sound of a blow represented by the syllable chap, chop, as Du. klompe, klopper, clogs, from kloppen, to knock, because in clogs or wooden shoes one goes clumping along, where it will be observed that
the initial kl of kloppen corresponds to ch of chopino,
And when the Pardonere them espied, anon he gan Double me this burden, chokeling in his throte,
For the Tapstere should here of
liis
to sing,
merry
note.
Chaucer.
examples mentioned under Chape. jackdaw, AS. ceo ; OE. kowe, monedula. Nominale in Nat. Ant. Du. kamoe, kae ; Lith. kowe ; Sax. kaycke ; Picard. cauc, cauvetie
as in the
Chough.
To Choose.
sen, kieren, koren.
whence E. chvM.
chap or chop represents the sound of a sudden blow ; Sc. chap hands, to
syllable
strike hands, to
To Chop.
The
Shakespeare.
It. civetta,
This
all
latter is the
chap
at
a door
up into small pieces. Chap, chaup, choppe, a blow. Jam. Hence to chop is to do anything suddenly, as with a blow, to turn. A greyhound chops up a hare when it catches it unawares to chop up in prison, to clap up Hal. the wind chops round when it makes a sudden turn to a different quarter. From the notion of turning round the word chop passes to the sense of exchanging, an exchange
The
origin of
bird, equivalent to
Chowse.
ger or envoy.
From
who was
about to come to England with a mission from the Grand Seignor and the King of Persia, sent before
in the Turkey and Persia merchants in a way that obtained much notoriety at
being the transfer of something with the return of an equivalent on the other side. Thus we speak of
Hence
to defraud.
to chiaus
Gifford's
Ben
; to chop horses with one, to exchange horses. The Sc. and N. of E. coup, War-
we
find the
coff,
same
sense.
will I tell then ? by this hand of flesh might never write good court-hand more If I discover. What do you think of me,
Dap.
And
it
Would
Tliat I
Holm-starra baedi londom oc konom oc lausa fe olio." At last he dwelt at Holm because he and Holm-
Face.
Dap.
had chopped both lands and wives and all " Enn Sigridur sem hann sitti their moveables. ddur hengdi sig i hofeno thviat bun villdi eigi manna-kaupin." But Sigrid whom he before had to wife hanged herself in the temple, because she would
starra
As one
Face.
am
a Turk
let's
prevail
You
One
deal
now
you
richly,
and he
is
no chiaus
Slight I bring
you
No
cheating Clim
o'
the Cloughs.
Alchemist.
CHRISM.
We are in a fair way to be ridiculous. What tliink
Madam,
chiaus'd
CION.
in the hand, the teeth to chatter
chatter, prattle
; ;
179
Fr. caqueter, to
noise like two
by a
scholar'?
Shirley in Gilford.
Fr. chrisme, Gr.
;
you,
E.
clatter,
&c.
Chrism.
consecrated
ChriSOm.
oil to
xptcr/xa,
In Sc.
we have
to chack, to
make a
be used in baptism
is
Fr. cresmeau,
anointed, or
more
Some's teeth
for cold did chock
and chatter.
Cleland in Jam.
it
Chub.
Chevin.
Fr.
capito,
fish
Hence the name of the wheatear or stone-chat (a making a noise of that description), in Sc.
This imitation of the noise of pebbles knocking
together has very generally given rise to the designation of a pebble or small stone, as in E. chackstone, Sc. chuckie-stane.
and head.
Mid. Lat.
chevane,
cheviniau.
fish
Confounded
cavena,
chack or stane-chacker.
capitanus,
chevin.
G. forms are
thumb
chaghla-
mak,
to
to
make a
Dief.
Gr. KayXaivw,
Sup.
Kil.
move with a
; ;
on
Chubby.
Chuflfy.
Chuflf.
Chap.
the beach
Ka)(\r)^, xa-A.i%,
The
fullfat,
ble
so
Du.
kabbelen, to beat as
proper meaning of chubby, chvffy, seems to be Fr. dodu, a fat chops or chuff; cheeked.
To
chuck
Joffu,
den blow, so as
in the
it
the face.
up
in
is to give him a sudjaw chack or snap. To sense of throwing may have the same
make
the
Cot.
AS.
jaws
;
origin, or
may
giffard,
chiffe,
gifflard,
;
chuffy,
Wallon.
cheek
chofe,
chuffy, choufeter,
the cheeks.
It. ciuffo,
Fl.
Ceffo,
an ill-favoured
Far
eri.
ceffo, to
dislike a thing.
face.
Church.
AS.
Alti-
the
OE. term
of abuse,
Dief Sup.
it
Kyrica, kir-
chuff, applied to
an old miser,
probability
surly, ill-tempered
presents
little
diffi-
owing to a similar synecdoche that the E. chap has come to signify an individual in low and familiar language. Compare Dan. hiceft, jaw, muzzle, chaps, which is vulgarly Molbech. The used in the sense of a person. forms chubby, chuffy, correspond to the Dan. hicebe,
churl.
probability.
M.]
kiceve,
a jaw.
Gael, gob, beak (snout in Irish),
is
a man, countryman, husbandChurl. man. Icel. karl, a man, male person, an old man. Du. kaerle, a man, a husband, a rustic G. kerl, a
ceorl,
;
AS.
The
ludicrous-
fellow.
Compare
;
Churn.
to churn.
kernen,
cheeked.
[
Cider.
to
Siceratoi*es,
i.
e.
be merely a con-
traction of
chapman, a dealer, or purchaser. The phrase " a good chap," a good customer, cited by
Todd, tends
to
Charta A. D. HOG
See Ceiling.
Fr. cendre.
pomarium
sive
piratiam facere
Diss. 24.
in
Mur.
Gr.
show
this,
and
Cieling,
he can light o' chaps," applied to a shopkeeper who has no regular price for his wares, but fixes it according to
the ability or gullibility of his customers.
Cinder.
ashes.
It.
cenere,
Lat.
cineres, sindel,
;
AS.
;
Du.
sharp sound like the Chnck. ChllCkstone. knocking of two hard substances together is imitated
M.]
slag, scoria
G.
Icel.
e.
when
sindra,
to
sparkle
sindri,
flint
(what strikes
by the
sparks).
Wallon. caker,
to strike
Cion.
Scion.
180
der plant, a shoot, sprig, twig.
sense
is
CIPHER.
CLAMBER.
Du.
klateren, to clatter, rattle
;
Cot.
The proper
klater-busse, klacke-
a sucker, as in Sp. chupon, a sucker or young twig sliooting from the stock, from chupar, to suck. The radical identity of the Fr. and Sp. forms
is
husse, a
pop-gun.
Fr. clamer, to
call, cry,
To Claim.
clamare, to
call.
claim.
Lat.
From
all at
;
traced
by Gr.
cricfxnv,
To clam a
Icel.
peal of bells
tinnitus
strike
them
once.
glamm,
compared with It. sione, a kind of pipe, gutter, or quill to draw water through Alt. Fl. In Fr. cion, Sp. chua whirlwind. pon, aiid E. scion or sucker, the young shoot is conceived as sucking up tlie juices of the parent
up
Dan.
klemte, to toll
glambar, clambar ;
with an
the door
A parallel root
c,
is
slam,
instead of
as in slash
;
compared
with clush.
uksa slamketi,
plant.
Cipher.
Fr. cMffre,
It.
cifra.
Originally the
was slammed ; nialme slam, strepitus verborum (nialme mouth) slamem, ruin, fall. Sw.
name of the figure marking a blank in decimal arithmetic. Then transferred to the other numeral figures. Marked in Arabic (from whence the notation came to us) by a dot and called pfr, the original
meaning of which seems
Circle.
differs
Clam.
Clamp. Clnmp.
The
idea of a
to
be a pip or seed.
Gr.
KpiKO's,
klpko<s,
a ring,
circle, clasp.
The Gr.
k^ikos
Icel.
lump or thick mass of anything is often expressed by a syllable representing the noise made by the fall of a heavy body. "We may cite the W. clob, a knob, a boss clobyn, a lump Lat. globus, a ball, sphere
;
;
gleba,
kHngr, hringr, a circle, a ring. In the latter language kring is used in composition as Lat. eircum.
Icel. kringla,
circle.
See Crankle.
a clod Russ. klub\ a ball Pol. kl(^b, a ball, lump, mass G. kloben, a lump, bunch Sw. klabb, klubb, a block, log, trunk, lump of wood or with the nasal, Sw. klamp, klump, klimp, a block, lump,
; ; ;
;
Cistern.
clot.
Icel.
klambr, klumbr, a
;
lump
Du. klompe, a
mass, bunch,
The
original
clod, clog,
lump
E. clump,
W. clamp, a
Bohem. ciste, clean (the equivalent of the Lat. castus), whence cistiti, to cleanse, and cistema, a cleansing place, a cistern. So Lat. lucema, the place of a light. AS. (Brn, em, a place domern, a judgment place hiddern, a hiding place, &c. See
place.
;
lump.
The
leads
gether,
that of a
number of
and hence
to the principle of
connexion beis
composed.
Chaste.
Cita^del.
city.
It.
We
cittadella,
dim. of
citta,
cittade,
their
to
express the
pur-
Thus
we have G.
fast,
It.
Citron.
City.
civitat
Civil.
;
a vice or instrument for holding the staple of a door kleben, to cleave, stick,
;
Fr.
cite,
;
citta,
Lat. civitas,
cit-
civis,
a citizen
civilis,
belonging to
Du. lumps
klobber-saen, coagulated
;
To Claek.
imitative of
The
gum, substances of a sticky nature ; Prov. E. clibby, sticky Hal. Sw. klibb, viscosity ; Mib-
the noise
knocking together.
noise.
The E. clamp
to
Cot.
;
; Du. klampen, hook things together, hold with a hook or buckle, klampe, klamme, hook, claw, hold, seize, apprehend
;
teeth, to chatter
cramp, buckle
E. clack-dish, or clap-dish,
To dame,
to stick or glue.
a kind of
clapper,
rattle,
the
tongue.
Hal.
a
split,
Icel.
klak,
clangor
B. Prov. E. to clam, clem, to pinch, and hence to pinch with hunger, to starve, also to clog up, to glue, Hal. Du. Memmen, to pinch, compress, to daub
avium
Du. klacken,
;
smack, lash
rattle
klack,
klacke,
a whip, a
a bird of prey, a hawk. AS. clam, bandage, bond, clasp, prison. G. klamm, pinching, strait, narrow, pressed close or
strain
;
klem-vogel, or klamp-vogel,
Du.
klap,
hard together,
solid,
klam-
Bohem.
To Clamber.
Climb.
To
babble
klepati, klopati, to
properly to
CLAMOUR. CLASS.
clutch oneself up, to
181
heap of
full
selves, or (as
with cramp-irons,
;
to
claws Dan. Idamre, to clamp, to grasp. In like manner Du. klemmen, to hold
pinch, klemmen, klimmen, to climb.
&c., whereunto they retire themour clapper) a court walled about and of nests of boards and stones, for tame conies.
stones,
Cot.
to
OE. diver
claw one-
or
other
things
Dan.
klavre, to
up, to climb.
;
Dan. klynge,
to cling, cluster,
crowd
to climb.
The
is
a nasalised
Pourta
form of gripper,
Clamour.
Celtic
The
it,
and Gothic
races.
The proper meaning of the foregoing dap is simply a lump, from the W. dap, damp, a lump, mass, the primary origin of which is preserved in Lang, dapa, dopa, to knock, whence dapassal,
heavy blow of a
fist,
Clamp.
Clan.
See Clam.
stick,
hammer.
tells us,
small
ti-ibe
From
e.
de-
Claret.
Cot.
Commonly made, he
i.
scendants of a
common
ancestor.
W.
plant (the
From
tint,
W. p
c), offspring,
what
clear,
e.
with a reddish
children.
the Lat.
The same word is doubtless exhibited in clientes, who occupied a position with re-
Eau
dairette, a
water
made
Du.
klaeret,
Manx
It. diiarello.
dren.
Clarion. of an organ.
Clarinet.
Kil.
It.
Clandestine. Lat. dandestimis, from dam, priThe root vately, and that from celo, to conceal.
which gives
rise to Lat. celo
It.
Fl., dairon, a clarion, a kind of small, straightmouthed, and shrill-sounding trumpet. Fr. dair,
to
ahiaro, clear.
hide, conceal,
whence
sala,
is
having
Clash.
Sa-
ing together.
lainen, clandestine.
Clang;.
Clank. Clink.
;
Du. kletse, ictus resonans, fragor Lang, das, the sound of bells rung in a volley to
;
souna de
many
lan-
guages.
E.
it
is
called
made by
dink, a
smaller thing
;
the
dank of
hand against a partition, wall, &c. If such a blow sound finer or clearer it is called klitsdi ; klitsdiklatsch ! pitsch-patsch !
dink of money
rumour.
Ilalma.
An
Du.
thwick-thwack. Kutt-
ner.
Klatsch-budise, a pop-gun
;
metal, clang.
flap, clap
klatschen, to
Clap.
hands.
cold)
;
collision of
imitation of the sound made by the hard or flat things, as the clapping of Dan. klappre, to chatter (as the teeth with
to
blab.
Pol.
;
klaskad, to clap
G. klappen,
It.
chiasso,
fracas,
Sp. chasquear,
to clash as
to
klopfen, to
knock, to beat.
to
Gr. KA,a^w,
arms.
kleppe, kMppe, a
;
Clasp.
klepel, klup-
But
clasp or elapse, as
is
written
by Cliaucer,
is
Bohem.
klepati, to
knock,
tattle,
chatter, tremble
metal fastening, as
let for
we speak
Bohem.
klopiti, to overturn.
To dap
in
E.
is
thing suddenly, to
dap
on,
dap
up.
or G. schnalle, a clasp, buckle, locket of a door, from schnallen, to snap. Du. gaspe, gJiespe, fibula, ansa.
clapper of conies, a place underClapper. ground where rabbits breed. B. Fr. dapier, a
Class.
182
groups.
Originally clasis.
klase, a
CLATTER. CLEAVE.
Identical with Icel. klasi,
Sw. Dan.
tura.
JEya-
Clag. Claggy. The primitive meanClay. ing of dag, or clog, as of dab or dob, is a lump or
-
Du.
klos,
solid
mass of anything.
or adhere
;
Hence by
;
the
same
;
train
Kil.
dag
or
Clatter.
From
to
cleg,
clceg,
to
cling
daggy,
equivalent to clack or
;
AS.
to
rattle
klaterlmsse, as
G.
kkUsch-buchse, a pop-gun.
Dan. kUeg, kleg, clammy, viscous, sticky, and, as a Dan. klag, klagge; mud noun, loam Prov. E.
;
;
The
collar-bone,
cUigs, bogs.
a key, Lat.
clavts, as
Claw.
seems
sphere
to
;
Clew.
a
Clean.
shine.
bright,
of the word
is
shin-
from
nitere, to
The
W.
dob,
clear,
is
clean,
pure
W.
a lump
;
Lat. globus, a
The word
splendid
neat.
;
The
an
m on
or
u on
G.
the other.
Thus from
Lat. globus
The
flash,
glance
same modification of meaning is expressed by the Du. klauw, klouwe (Kil.), E. clew. We have explained under Clamp the way in which the notion of a mass or solid lump is connected with those of cohesion, compression, contraction.
whence
it
is
Dan. an
of a mass or lump,
together
;
Thus from clamp, climp, clump, in the sense we pass to the E. clamp, to fasten
;
phenomena of
derived
Du. klampe, klamme, a buckle, hook, nail, pulls, seizes) klampvoghel, a hawk, a bird with powerful talons. In the same way must be explained the use of the Du. klauwe, klouwe, in the sense both of a ball and The form clew, which signifies a also of a claw.
claw (what fastens together,
ball in E., is used in Sc. in the sense of a claw.
from those of hearing. See Brilliant. G. klirren, Dan. klirre, to clink, gingle, clash, give a shrill sound Ir. glor, a noise, voice, speech ; gloram, to sound or make a noise glor-mhor, glorious, famous,
; ;
celebrated
Lat. clarus.
Cleat.
A
;
piece of
wood
arm
To
the yard
clew up a sail
is
to fasten
it
up, to
draw
bunch.
To
B.
wood to fasten anything to. worn on shoes by country Probably a modification of the word clout. people. Du. kluit, kluyte, a lump, pellet. AS. deot, clut, a
piece of iron
whence
kleuer, ivy,
it.
from clinging
is
to the tree
supports
plate, clout.
A date
is
a shoe by
racers.
The
yard-arms are
diver, a claw.
probably so
named from a
the extremity of an axletree, provincially termed Ich habbe bile stif and stronge And gode clivers sharp and longe.
clout.
The
Owl and
Nightingale, 269.
axletree.
Torriano.
Axletree
ham.
diver or
daw
is
that
by which we
cleave
to,
To
Cleave.
This word
is
senses, viz. 1, to
adhere or cling
and,
2, to
sep-
Jam.
we have G.
Du.
Na
Prov. E.
in
clibby,
Du.
From
See Clam.
in
Wyntoun
The
tions
;
root appears- in
clava,
a club or massy
nail,
from
its
a key, originally a crooked nail. So Pol. klucz, a key, kluczka, a little hook Serv. klutsch, a key, book, bend in a stream, identical in sound and
;
word seems to which we may conceive a cluster to be composed, either by the coherence of a number of separate objects, or by the division of a single lump or block into a number of
signification of the
The double
arise
Thus from G. kloben, a mass, lump, separate parts. or bundle (ein kloben Jlachs, a bunch of flax), kloben, When an object is simply cleft, klieben, to cleave.
the two parts of
it
cleave together.
Du,
kloue,
CLENCH.
cleft,
CLICK.
to
183
seize,
to catch.
The
;
Kil.
The Dan.
in
uses klcehe in
the sense
of adhering,
kliive
that of splitting.
to clek or deik,
to catch,
and hence
G. hlohen^ a
vice,
dextrous, light-fingered.
One
it.
is
said to be cleuch
of
wood
cleft at
one end.
The
designation
of his fingers
who
lifts
may
either be derived
Jam.
Now
the
OE.
Hence
is
the
OE.
to clever,
The same
cases, as the
klinke, to
opposition of meanings
found in other
to
Du.
;
klinche,
cleft
I believe
way
as the Sc.
cracked dish
clench.
E. a
rivet,
Du. klinken, to fasten together E. Compare also Fr. river, to fasten, to clench, and E. rive, to tear or cleave asunder, rift,
The
cleft.
Scho was so deverus of her cluik, His legs he might not longer bruik, Dunbar Scho held them at ane liint.
in
Jam.
clap, the
sound of
klapto
crepitare, pulsare,
De
an alarm
to talk as
;
a parrot,
confess
G.
klaffen, to prate,
D. klevisk, klefsk ; klefske which everything sticks. [The Gr. kXcttto), I steal, seems quite as probably connected with this root as with Kpyirro), to which M.] it is commonly referred.
Du.
kleverig, sticky
;
PI.
AS.
cleopian, clypian,
A
W.
ball
of thread
originally
prattle, call,
name.
appel that
gode,
is faire
Hence
ball
Du. klouwe, a
Click.
of yarn, a clew.
See
Ne every Ne is not
at iye
what
so
men
Claw, Clam.
Chaucer.
cluppe or crie.
To
Clicket.
It
To dick,
to
make a sound
Clerk,
clergy
clerk
; ;
Clerical. Clergy.
clericia,
than clack.
(fee.)
To
to invite customers.
B.
tle
have been
cio,
whence Fr.
clerge, as
from
li
cleri-
soles
of a shoe,
one admitted
li
to the tonsure,
cliquer, to
from their creaking noise Fr. clack, clap, clatter, click it. E. clicket,
Due.
the
to
"Chantent
any
little
The
in
from
apostleship.
which Matthias was elected by lot to the In 1 Peter v. 3, the elders are exhorted feed the flock of God, " not as being lords over
fjirjh'
way
cliquet, the
door, a lazar's
cliche,
clicket or clapper.
;
God's heritage,"
lif in
ws KaraKv/jtcwrcs twv
Wic-
KXrjptDV,
a latch or bolt
;
Bohem. Mika, a
wineket,
trigger
tilts
R.
over
Du.
a wicket or
little
is
Clever. Commonly derived from deliver, which used in Scotch and N. E. in the sense of active,
nimble.
And
with his
salte teris
gan he bathe
The ruby in his signet and it sette Upon the wex deUvirUche and rathe.
Tro. and Cress.
2.
Rouchi clincher, to move, to stir; Fr. cligner, to wink ; din, a wink. Baker. Prov. E. click, dink, a smart blow. Norman dicker, frapper rudement une personne. Vocab. de Brai. Sc. and N. of E. deik, click, to
or
1088.
and gl or d are easily confounded. But the prov. Dan. has Mover, klever, in precisely the same sense as the E. clever. Del er en Mover kerl, that is a clever fellow. The word is probably derived from the notion of seizing, as Lat. rapidus from rapio ; Sc. gleg, quick of perception, clever, quick in motion, expeditious, from Gael, glac,
The sound
of an
initial dl
seize.
Hal.
Ihre.
to cleke,
to snatch, grasp,
Sw.
a
G.
klinke, klinge,
etymology becomes
confused between
fastening expressed
by the
See Clinch.
184
Client.
Cliff.
cleft
CLIENT.
CLOCK.
ribs, as in
Clift
See Clan.
by
nails driven
through
other MS.),
clift.
Bibelsworth.
G.
klufi,
Fourchure, the
cliff (or in
same
sense,
and
same reason.
M.]
Icel. kleyf
from
cliff.
Clink.
the
The
clmfa, to cleave.
a fissure in a rock,
cleft,
clift
or
Du. Muchte, klufte, hrufte, a den, cavern, crypt. Sc. narrow hollow between precipitous banks, narrow valley, precipice, rugged ascent. E. dough, ravine, narrow glen, cliff, fork of a tree. Hal. Du. kleppe, kltppe, a rock, cliff, cave. Bav. steinkluppen, cleft in a rock. Dan. klippe, rock. Climate. Lat. dima, climate, region Gr. jcXi/m, -Tos (from kXlvw, to bend, sink, verge), an inclina-
See Clang. In imitative words same idea is frequently expressed by a syllable with an initial d, and a similar syllable without the I. Thus chink is also used for a shrill sound. So we have clatter and chatter in the same sense Gael.
;
of a high note.
Norman
cUncailler,
like
a tinman.
The E.
clink
parva ruptura,
fissura,
Ang.
clinke.
klincke, rima,
Kil.
first
To
Clip.
inclination towards
instance.
shears in the
made by
snap
ding, to
shrink, to
Climb.
See Clamber.
To
Cling.
Clench. Clinch.
AS. dingan,
a dry
stick.
To
to
the two blades of the shears. Compare and snip. Du. klippen, kleppen, sonare, whence the designation of different actions done
stick to, to
contract.
wither.
Sw. klippa,
to wink,
bhnk.
G.
;
klipp,
of a
dung
The
origin
is
a nasal-
clap
fillip
knippen,
lump or
schnippen, to snap or
schnippen, to snip.
The
Swiss kluben,
exhibit the
kliibeln,
Dan. klynge,
a
to
cluster, knot.
Hence Dan.
klynge, to cluster, to
sig ved, to cling
as
is
Klynge
to
compress, embrace.
in
Swiss
a thing
Sw.
klceyiga,
and
to clutch, to climb.
Pro v. E.
Hal.
;
dunge, to crowd or
way from G.
Cloak.
bris.
[
a lump or thick mass is preserved in prov. E. dunchy, thick and clumsy ; Swiss PI. D. klunkem, small kluntschi, a ball of thread lumps, klonken, clogs, wooden-soled shoes. Then as
original sense of
The
pinch, to nip.
is
Flem.
muUe-
Kil.
Bohem.
woman's mantle.
is
probably
a lump
is
from similarity
when
in wear.
somewhat analogous
Du. klinken,
to
" Andromeda wierd aan a nail. eene rots geklonken." Andromeda was fastened to P. Marin. Dan. klinke, a rivet, somea rock.
M.]
Clock.
to
knot together
it was the custom to make by striking on a bell, whence the hour of the day was designated as three, four of
known
the
giddanchit, tortus
bell, as
we now
It is
E. to clench the fist, to hook the and contract the hand, so as to form a ball to clinch a nail, to fasten it by bending the projecting end back upon itself. Prov. E. clinch, a claw, a fang. clinch in the sense of a joke must probably be understood as the G. kniff, a pinch, and also a cunfingers together
;
a door
Low Countries, where this species of mechanism seems to have inherited the name of the bell which previously performed the same office. Sw. khcka, a bell, a clock. The word dock is a variation of clack, being derived from a representation of the sound made by a blow, at first probably on a wooden board, which is
land from the
still
ning
I Clincher-work
and
clinker-built, in
tecture, are
clinch.
Greek church.
glocke,
from
on the
board.
CLOD.
vowel, related to clock, as G. holhe to E. club), to
Btrike, to beat, kolkima, to
CLOWN.
185
make a
Clond. Correctly explained by Somner as clodded vapours, vapours drawn into clods or separate
masses.
laud, a board
for the
purpose of
hluk, noise,
Bohem.
outciy,
Jiluceti,
Gael, clag,
clog,
Ir.
clagaim, to
make a
noise, ring
dag,
O. Du.
cloh,
Vapours which now themselves consort In several parts, and closely do conspire, Clumpered in balls of clouds. More in R.
bell.
Clod.
Clot.
to arise
clot,
The
closely allied
forms
clote,"
a fiery cloud.
;
clod, clog,
lump of earth
So
also
Delfortrie.
zolla, clod,
and
clot,
scat-
Fl.
mentally
ground.
del
Hal.
Clowdys, clods.
Coventry
Mys-
Sw.
klot,
teries in Hal.
a bowl,
klotte,
ball,
sphere
sphere
a clod,
clot,
is
Clout. AS. clut, a patch. The primary sense a blow, as when we speak of a clout on the head.
klotsen, to strike.
Du.
Then
applied to a
As
damp, clump,
lump.
so,
lump of mend a
corresponding to clod,
log, block
;
we have Dan.
clod, globe,
klunt,
Du. Monte, a
Du.
In the same way E. botch, to mend clumsily, Du. botsen, to strike E. cobble, in the same sense, from "W. cobio, E. cob, to strike.
;
coagulated milk.
Clove.
1.
little nails.
;
The
close
Du.
= spice)
It.
G. nd-
gelein, nelke
chiodo di
klunderen, to beat,
nail.
mass see Clod. The Gael, has both clod and plod in the sense of a clod, and in the same language corresponding to dog we find ploc, any round mass, a clod, block, bung, stopper; pluc, a lump, bunch,
Clog.
thick
2.
kluyfken loocks
fi'om
PI.
tumour.
To clog is to stick together in a mass, to accumulate in a mass and cause a stoppage. 2. wooden shoe, a shoe with a wooden sole. From
Du. klieven, PI. D. kloven, to cleave or split, Du. Move, a fissure. It. chiodo d! aglio. Clover. A plant with trifid leaves. AS. clcefer; Du. klaver ; PL D. klever, from kloven, to cleave.
Clown.
The
significations of a clod or
lump, of
They
from
klompe, klomper
It.
Hal.
and of a rustic unpolished person, are often connected. Du. kloete, a ball, a
action,
thumping clumsy
homo
whence
G.
klotz,
the
name
Mod.
;
stump of a tree, rt,oKapov, a clog, wooden shoe G. klotz, a block, log, clog klotzschuh, a clog, wooden shoe. G. Moster, Fr. doitre, a monastery. Cloister. Lat. daustrum, from claudo, dausum, to shut.
Gr. T^oKov,
ished, rustic.
KUttner.
;
clunch, a
thump or
ClOShe. The game called ninepins, forbidden by 17 Ed. IV. Du. klos, a ball, bowl; klos-bane, a
skittle-ground
and clumsy. Hal. Gael, plod, a clod, E. to plod, to walk heavily or clumsily Gael, plodhaisg, a booby or awkwai'd person. Du. klotte, Monte, a clod klonen, klunderen,
clunchy, thick
; ;
to knock, to beat
Prov. E.
to dointer, clunter, to
Cloth.
clothes
;
Clothe.
;
See Clod.
clathas,
The word
clod
is
AS.
dath,
cloth,
frequently
Now
G.
a garment.
Properly
W.
Bret,
clyd,
clam
to clamp, or as the
warm, sheltered
ion,
Ue clyd, a
warm
warm
;
clothes
Ir.
;
{dillad,
clothes).
sheltered
ish,
synonymous klunderen. As the initial c is easily lost from many of these words beginning with d (compare dog, log, dump, lump, clunch, lunch), it
to the
nourish
Gael.
is
identical with
clumhar,
cluth
mhor, warm,
sheltered
duthaich,
duth-eudaich, clothe,
shut.
make warm.
Lat. daudere, to
This loutish clown is such that you never saw so ill-favored Sidney in R. a vizor.
VOL.
I.
24
186
CLOY.
Cloy.
Fr. mcloyer clog, a thick mass. a clog or plug), to cloy, choke or piece of ordnance is said to be Cot.
COAX.
Clutter. Variation of clatter, a noise. Fr. dystere, Gr. KXvoTrjp, from kAv^w, Clyster. to wash, to rinse, as Fr. lavement, from Imwr, to
To
(to
From
stop with
stop up.
cloyed,
wash.
The same
sticky,
consonantal change
sticky,
clammy
is
The
stop,
sense of stopping up
for
frequently expressed
Coach. The Fr. coucher became in Du. koetsen, whence koetse, koetseken, a couch, and koetse, koetsie, koetswagen, a litter, carriage in which you
to lie,
by the word
may
this
from 0. Fr. bousche, a bunch, tuft. The Sw. Mump, a lump, and tapp, a bunch, whisp, are also used in the sense of a stopper. Clubi W. cloh, a boss, a knob clohyn, a large
;
[There
mass,
a lump, Russ. kluU, a ball, ball of thread. Sw. Mabb, a log. Du. kloppen, G. hlopfen, to knock. Du. Muppel, a club, cudgel. G. (with transposition
which alone can decide the question. There is no evidence to prove that the carriages now known as coaches were invented in Holland, or that the name of coach was there first applied to them. In the
fourth edition of the English translation of Beck-
To Cluck.
mann's History of Inventions, Vol. II. p. 77, three authorities are cited, one of them of the year 1526,
Du.
Clninp.
to
bob,
Related
to hob.
;
to club as
Icel.
stump
to stub,
bump
ball,
hump
klumbr, a lump,
Du. klompe, a clod, lump. G. klumpen, a lump, mass, heap. Dan. klump-fodet, Icel. kltimbu fotr, E. club-footed ; Dan. klumpe, to clot.
klumba, a club
Clumsy.
It will
show that both the name and the thing are of Hungarian origin, the former being derived from the name of a town, Kotcze, in Hungary. Cabrera adduces still another piece of testimony to the same purpose, from.Avila, Guerra de Alema" Se puso d dormir en un carro nia, A. D. 1553 cubierto, al qual en Hungria Uaman coche." These authorities are at least prima facie proof, and something more than verbal resemblance is reto
:
If
OE. forms we
There
is
a term very
common
in the
maritime
ogy with Du. kluntet, awkward, clumsy, from klunt, a clod, log; Sw. klubbig, klumpig, klunsig, lumpish, clumsy, from klub, klump, kluns, a block, knob, lump or Du. lompsch, stupidus, piger, from lompe, a lump. But the immediate origin of the E. word is from the figure of hands contracted or stiffened with cold. PL D. klamen, klomen, verklamen, to be stiffened with cold Icel. klumsa, suffering from cramp. OE.
;
rise to the
merous other forms, some of which still survive, signified, in different periods and countries, sometimes a vessel of considerable burden, sometimes a
small boat.
The covered
were
boats,
which formerly
and
it.
it
does
P. P. Pr. Pm. Thou clomsest for cold. WicUff in Way. Havi Our hondis ben aclumsid. Cot. Thus de froid, stiff, clumpse, benumbed. clumsy is awkward and inefiicient, like one benumbed
cold.
name
some
respects resembled
kohle.
M.l
;
to the
Coal.
original
in
Icel. kol,
G.
some
meaning of the word to have been fire, as dialects of Swed. kylla is to kindle kylle,
;
with cold.
Fin. kontas,
stiff
unskilful, slow.
Icel.
strik-
raiser.
Cluster*
ball,
A group, bunch.
Du.
klos,
From
a ball
; ;
the notion of
klisse, klette,
klister.
Coarse.
Formerly written
course, ordinary
;.
as
sticking together.
in the expression
of course, according
to the regular
clot
Muster,
order of events.
dinary,
woman
a
rib,
is
a clove of
meaning
and coarse.
Fr.
coste,
s.
to
Clutch. Sc. chik, clek, to snatch, seize, properly do anything with a quick, smart motion, produc-
side;
s.
Coat.
Fr.
cotte,
a coat or frock. It
cotta,
any
Hence
duke, clook, an
kind of coat, frock, or upper garment. See Cot. 3. Coax. The OE. cokes was a simpleton, gull,
probably from the Fr. cocasse, one
laughable or ridiculous
casse, plaisant, ridicule
;
Compare Swiss
things.
Trevoux.
is
who
says or does
Co-
Hecart.
To
make a
COB.
cokes or fool of him, to wheedle or gull
COCKADE.
into
187
I have failed to find
him
doing something.
is
Spanish works on America any remarks on the origin of this word, which however came into use a
young bird
just
of the egg-shell.
gull,
very few years after the discovery of the new continent. De Laet, whose woi^k is founded almost wholly on Spanish authorities, derives the name from Lat. coccum, and this has been the received
malapert
Cot. See Gull. Cob. A blow, and thence as usual a lump or thick mass of anything. A cob, the thick head of maize a cobnut, a large round nut cob-coals, coals in lumps cob-stones, large stones a cobber, a thump;
;
coquassier, a seller
etymology
II
cli
y en a vne
nopalli qui
er,
W.
cobio, to
tuft
;
thump,
cobyn, a
vulgaire
nomme
cochenille,
De
du
cocco des
to
bunch
cob,
a knock or thump, a
140. M.]
tuft,
bunch, cluster.
is
[The cob
grow.
it
Cock.
1.
The
male
of the
domestic
fowl.
From
cob,
but gives
coquericot,
coquelicoq,
kokrati, to
another form
out corne."
184, (Diet.)
M.]
A
"
The
bob of the
Hung.
To Cobble.
Hence
to
Frequentative of cob, to
knock.
mend by
To Cock,
fies to stick
tail,
&c., signi-
mend
clumsily, from
Cobble. sound of pebbles rolling on the beach, as pebble, in like manner from Dan. pible, to purl. Du. kabbelen, to beat as water against a bank or on the
shore, to splash, dash.
It.
abruptly up.
origin
is
nose.
The
coccare, to
a qualcuno, to play a trick, put a jest upon one. Fl. Hence cock of a gun (misunderstood when translated by
snap, click, crack
;
coccarla
Turk,
clicks.
To
cock
is
under Chuck.
to cause
suddenly
And
as
Cobweb.
A spider's
web.
E. atter-kop, a spider.
Flem. kop, koppe, a spider, koppen-gespin, spinneW. pryf-coppyn, a spider {pryf grub, vermin). The form attercop seems to give the full meaning of the word, poison-bag or poisonwebbe, a cobweb.
word
zag movement or shape, and hence either prominent The cock of a balance is the teeth or indentations. needle which vibrates to and fro between the cheeks.
pock.
is
is,
The
It.
cog of a wheel
is
is
pellicle inflated
Outzen.
J" waer
kopet,
pox (pocks)
According
kop-ar, E. pock-arr, a
boil, pustule.
arrow.
2.
A cock
of hay.
was known by the name of kopp in O. Sw., probably for the same reason as the spider, viz. from bearing a bag, only of honey
Ihre, the bee
Dan.
boat
It.
instead of poison.
The
is
crew.
cocca,
Fl.
Dan.
collectors, the
The
Cochineal.
The wood-louse
land.
Hal.
is still
When
from
name
to the
animal produc-
or front of a ship.
Cockade.
(Cot.),
i.
wood-louse in shape.
[The resemblance between the cocMnilla or millepede of Spain and the American cocAmeaZ-insect
is
hat with
the
broad
flap
name
of
Then
188
loop was ornamented.
in English
;
COCKATRICE.
In "Walloon the r
cochdd, a cockade.
COG.
;
Remade.
is
lost as
head
tastical,
giddy-headed.
is
CockatriCCi
A fabulous animal,
supposed to be
cocker then
to cherish
hatched by a cock from the eggs of a viper, represented heraldically by a cock with a dragon's tail.
CoSp. cocatriz, cocadriz, cocodriUo, a crocodile. Pr. Pm. manicatryse, basiliscus, cocodrillus.
an
infant.
Cod.
cushion,
A husk
or shell, cushion.
Sw. kudde, a
Bret, kod,
fest
corruption of the
name of
the crocodile.
G. bag or pouch.
coscino,
pod, husk.
W.
It
To Cocker.
Cocket.
cock,
Cocksy.
it
See Cockney.
Ooquart, foolishly proud,
the strutting pride of a
;
with Fr.
coussin,
cosse, gousse,
It.
cocket, malapert.
From
as
something to make
swagger or strowt
Cot.
Perhaps the original sense is simply something bulging, a knob or bump, an idea commonly derived from a word signifying to knock. Now we have
Fr. cosser.
It.
Cockle.
2.
1.
weed among
Lat.
Du. kodde,
very move-
kodse, a club.
shell-fish.
cochlea
Gr.
ko)(Xo-;,
As
able,
in
words with an
klos, klosen,
we may perhaps
;
To Cockle.
rapid movement.
is
to
shake
with Bret,
general
klosen-gisten, the
husk of a chesnut.
Thus
Du. kokelen, to juggle, from the Prov. E. rapid movements of a juggler's tricks.
to coggle, to
we
be shaky,
is
cocklety,
unsteady.
Hal.
and as the
latter
appears
cockling sea
the
waves by currents
It
pude, a pillow.
made such a
meet
like
for it ran
every
way
To Coddle,
treat as
To pamper
or treat delicately.
whence
catulus,
;
cadeler (to
fedle,
catello,
a weakly
of.
make much
child), to cocker,
pamper,
It.
Cot.
kote,
Lat.
The term
is
a whelp
kotiti, to
whelp,
;
rendered uneven by
Pol.
shrinking after being wet, compared to the surface of water shaken into prominences and hollows.
Cockney.
cockney
is
Cocker.
To
boil lightly,
;
whence
The
original
meaning of
one kept in the house and not hardened by out-ofdoors life hence applied to citizens, as opposed to
;
D. koddeln, a hasty wash. term of abuse for an elderly person Codger. an old codger, a miser.
for boiling
to give
green peas.
HaL
codlin,
a young apple
PL
em
"
ing
" Deli-
From man
G. kotzen, to
spit, kotzer,
a spitting or spawl-
KUttner.
rest,
" Coknay,
To
cias facere
bring up wantonly as
Anglice a
mignot.
Sherwood.
is
mignoter." Dodelin Pr. Pm., and a Puer matris cokenay." Hal. Cockney,
"
er
to
delicius,
mammotrophus."
So from
with pain, sukraukelis, a croakei', an old man. COBinetery. Gr. KonvrpiqpLov, a place for sleeping
in,
cockney."
"
in deliciis
burial-place,
Coffer.
basket.
from
/cot/xacj,
to set to sleep.
Coflfin.
It.
cofano, cofaro,
any
coffin,
coffer, chest,
The Du.
kokelen, keukelen, to
alent of E. cocker)
hutch, or trunk.
but
AS.
cof,
an accidental resemblance. The Fr. coqueliner, to dandle, cocker, fedle, pamper, make a wanton of a child, leads us in the right direction. This word is precisely of the same form and
significance with dodeliner, to dandle,
loll, lull,
basket.
cojin,
coffin,
Cot
is
Fin. kopp, a
fedle,
Cog.
in
Coggle.
See Cave.
To coggU
to
to
be shaky,
to
cocker,
rily] to
hug fondly, make a wanton of, [but primarock or jog up and down dodelineur, the
;
threatening
tumble over.
Jam.
moved
tte, to
wag
the
tickle, easily
COIF.
COLD.
haps from
coit, to
189
Wilbraham.
wavering, reeling.
ture.
Ir.
fickle,
Ir.
gogam,
;
to
make much
shaky
ges-
coiting-stone.
Hal.
throw, as
it is
sometimes called a
chuckie-stane, a
this leaves the
E. gog-mire, a quagmire
uneven, rough
to
stop.
The primary
seen in
It.
um
may
be the same
crack.
The
word with
beo
and de kaeye
rise
to
words
lapide, disco
Kil.
to
play at quoits.
cinder of coals
left
makes a
Coke.
The carbonaceous
when
dented wheel.
notch
;
cocca,
is
a dent of anything, a
been driven off by heat. Coaks, cinders a grindlecoke, a remnant of an old worn-down grindstone. Colke, the core of an apple.
All erthe
With an
initial s,
E.
And
For
so
it
may
to
an egges yolke,
is
long locks.
as a dalk (hollow)
from the image of deceiving by rapid sleight of hand. Du. kokelen, It. coccarla ad uno, to put a trick upon to juggle one; coccare, to laugh at, mock, scoff. Sp. cocar, to mock, make mocking or ridiculous gestures, to cajole, wheedle. E. cog, gaber, flatter Shercog in the sense of cheating
;
To
The yolke
So
is
of the egge
Amidde
nowher
Hal. V. dalk.
I'oeuf.
Grandg.
when
The
wood
lusingare, lisciar
il
pelo.
Torriano.
term
is
the virtue
taken out of
it.
It
may
accordingly be explained
;
Coif.
Fr.
Mod. Gr.
Arab, kujiyah, a head kerchief. To coil a cable, to wind it round in the Coilt form of a ring, each fold of rope being called a coil.
Port, colher
from the Gael, caoch, empty, blind, hollow caochag, a deaf nut, nut without a kernel, the coke of a nut. Goth, kalds, cold. Icel. kola, to Cold. Cool. blow cold, to suffer from cold kallda, fever. Dan.
G.
hum
colher, It.
Lap.
kalot, to freeze,
kalom,
In
like
cold, frost.
manner Sp.
Coilt
In Lith.
stir,
Noise, disturbance.
;
Gael, coileid, a
goil,
movement, or noise
vain
tattle.
perhaps from
;
boiling,
goileam, prating,
meaning
is
marked by a
modifi-
The words
signifying noise
and
dis-
The
original
effect
Coin.
To
coin
money
is
to
produced on the nerves by a harsh sound, whence the expression is extended to a similar effect on the
other organs.
tle,
Lat. cuneus, Fr. coin, quin, the steel die with which
money
stamped, originally doubtless from the stamping having been effected by means of a wedge
is
ko-
kolistua, to
;
fre-
Sp.
Esthon. kollisema, to
make
a harsh
ghastly
;
noise, kollin,
a racket,
kolle,
noisy, frightful,
effects of fear
on the
coin. Muratori endeavours to show that the word is reaUy derived from the Gr. et/cwv, an image, whence the Lat. ieoniare, in the sense of coining money. So from W. hath, a likeness, arian hath, coined money, hathu, to make a likeness, to coin.
kollomats, a bugbear.
The
and cold closely resemble each other in depressing the spirits and producing trembling. The Manuel des Pecches says of Belshazzar when he saw the handwriting on the wall
Coit.
stone.
To
toss
To
coit
As he thys hande began to holde (behold) Hys herte bygan to tremle and colde.
Originally a
to
flat
disc of stone
a distance.
Per-
190
trembling or terror, ghastly
;
COLLATION.
COMMODORE.
much
business unto, to perplex.
day
late
ilma, a cold,
raw
afllict,
Cot.
wood.
Compare
;
severe
The G. kummer
Germany
as being
in disposition
distressing labour.
Collation.
An
a
entertainment.
Fr. collation, a
we must understand the Fr. descomhres, ruins, what is to be moved out of the way, made to cease from
as supposed
trouble.
an
intex'meal,
refection
breakfast.
to
Lat. colkga, supposed Colleague. College. be from lego, to choose, one chosen at the same
hindering us, and not from the Lat. cumulus, a heap, by Diez. It. sgombrare, to rid from
Fl.
To Come.
man, cuman
;
Comely.
G. kommen.
The
Du. komen,
to come.
satisfactorily explained
The
we regarded
it
convenire, decere,
quadrare.
Dat comt
wel,
bene
society, ship,
In the same
way
partnership
felagi,
a money companion or
the same principle
to fall
was used
in
OE.
It nothingyoZ/s to thee
partner, a fellow
meals, in fishing,
On
we
clop
See Fellow.
To make
fiiir
CoUop.
lump or
slice
of meat.
From
Du.
G.
In
gefallen, to fall to
this
a blow.
Colp,
a blow,
the
significations
same term.
a pocket. In like manner we have dab, a blow, and a lump of something soft ; a pat with the hand, and a pat of butter G. klitsch, a clap, rap, tap, and a lump of something soft Sc. to Uad, to slap, to strike, and Uad, Maud, a lump or slice ; to dad, to dash, to throw down, and dad, dawd, a lunch or large piece,
; ;
Du. komelick, conveniens, conKil. See Become. This application is marked by a slight modification of form in the AS. cweman, becweman, to please, delight, satisfy, G. bequem, convenient, comgruens, commodus, aptus.
modious, easy.
Comfit.
steep in
fectiim, to prepare), to
;
confitures,
sweetmeats.
comfits, junkets,
kind of
Cot.
CoUow.
Colled,
Colly.
See
Calf.
Comfort.
Smut,
soot.
To
colowe,
Palsgr. in
smutted,
blackened.
dirty
;
K.
make Way.
Horn.
Cot.
Comfrey.
strengthener,
in V. oreille
plant formerly in
repute as a
smut or
quol, frequent
whence it was called knit-back (Cot. d'ane), and in Lat. consolida, confirma,
handling, dirtying.
or
co)iserva.
Dief.
Sup.
E. comfrey seems a
division of
Colonel. Formerly coronel; the captain coronal of a regiment, the chief captain, from corona, a
crown.
Colt.
Comma. A
sentence.
stop
marking a small
Gr.
KOfifia,
kottto),
A young
horse.
boar,
to cut.
a stout boy.
Commence.
From
It.
comindare,
Fr.
commencer.
begin.
Comb* Icel. kamhr, G. kamm. Combe. A narrow valley. W. cwm. Comber* Perplexity, trouble, misfortune.
The
inza, to
B.
is
Sardin. incumbenzai,
in-initiare.
Commodore.
commander;
term seems
to
trouble, vexation,
sorrow.
In
like
Fin. murista, to
row, care.
The term
whence the have come to us. [As the Sp. and Port, comendador has not the signification of commodore, it is not likely that the English and French word is derived from it. The
Port, capitao mor, chief captain, a captain who commands a squadron by seniority or by special desigIt nation, is a more probable source of commodore. may however be from O. Sp. comitre, an officer who
care or trouble, hinders us in accomplishing what we have in view, stands in our way. Manx cumr, cumru, to hinder, deter, delay ; cumrail, hmdrance,
stoppage.
COMPANY. CONEY.
is
191
thus described in
tit.
xxiv. pt.
ii.
Ale-conner,
an inspector of
ales.
To
con one
Libro de
Sabio
make
son cabdillos de
Company.
Companion.
mar
so el
it.
to inquire, search
It.
compagno, com-
pagnia ; M. Lat. companium, association, formed from con and pants, bread, in analogy with the OIIG. gi-mazo or gi-leip, board-fellow, from mazo,
meat, or
Job.
leip,
Gecunnian hwylc heora swiftost hors hcefde, to try which of them had the swiftest horse. Jle cunnode (ha mid his handa, he felt them with his
into,
bread.
read
xi. IG,
from
hlaibs, bread.
Compare.
Goth, kunnan, to know; anakunnan, to gakunnan, to observe, to read kannjan, to make known. Sw. kunna, to be able ; kunnig, known, knowing, skilful, cunning ; kanna, to know, to feel, to be sensible.
hand.
;
But the from con and par, like, equal, a pair. meaning might equally be derived from the original sense of tlie verb parare, which seems to be to push
forwards.
Conceit,
;
become possessed of
is
Thus
is
to
push
for-
way
It.
body, to breed.
From
E.
formed
concetto,
conceit,
an imagination, fancy,
whence
a
ceit,
in the
Compass.
round
;
circle,
turn round.
sus, a step.
Cot.
To go
The
an imagination of one's own importance. Concert. Agreement. According to Diez from concertare, to contend with, but the explanation of
Calvera, which he mentions,
is
pair of compasses
an instrument
is
more
satisfactory.
mariner's compass
so
The
to
called because
it
To compass an
it.
ob-
The compound
con-
to
go about
it
or to contrive
complexlo,
serere is
used
much
;
in the
same
Complexion.
E.
or
Lat.
a combination,
liealthy
gether in action
conserere
sermonem, to join in
speech
consertio,
a joining together.
Hence
It.
marking a
unhealthy constitution.
Fr.
complexion,
the
duly wrought and joined together, a harmonious consort, an agreement consertare, to conconserto,
;
humours
of
the
mind.
is
and ac-
Cot.
To Comply.
properly to
Compliment.
to
When
To comply
agreed so close-
fulfil,
act in
The
It.
has compiere,
Fl.
The E. comply
"
kind
also
and sound with concento, Lat. concentus (cantus, melody, song), harmony, harmonious music, that the two seem to have been confounded together, and conserto, borrowing the c of concento, became concerto, whence the Fr. and E, concert. In English again the word was confounded with consort, from Lat. consors, sortis, partaking, shar-
He
The
ing,
it."
It.
Right hard
an
to
To
col
suo
dovere,
alia promessa, to
perform one's
Was
promise.
I cannot
serve
at
a time.
agree.
Altieri.
Hence
Conduit.
it is
F. Q. in R.
Fr.
conduict,
is
conduit,
a gutter, or
artificially
conducted where
Comrade.
pany
required.
one chamber, tent, cabin. Cot. Then applied to one of the company, a chamber-fellow. From It. camera, a chamber. Sp. cathat belongs to
Cone.
Lat. conus.
Coney.
chen,
merada
in both senses.
which
To Con.
To
of
192
for
CONGENIAL.
is hraljk,
COOMB.
Thre
fals
a rabbit
Lat. cunicultis
king.
men
togidere
Thise thre ageyn Edward made a corapassement Of that fals cmitroueyng gaf thei jugement.
Con^enialt
for
E. Brunne 255.
It. trovare, to find, invent, or seek out. According to Diez from turhare, to disturb, to turn over in searching through, supporting his theory by the 0.
good
similar taste
and
inclination.
Coiljure* Lat.ywrare, to swear Lat. con;Ware, to combine together by an oath, but in the E. application to bind
Pg. trovar
controvare
hit, to
treffen,
by an
oath, to call
reach, to
of lighting on.
find one.
on the
first
come to, comes very near the notion Jemanden treffen, to meet with or Compare Sw. hitta, to hit on, find, disFr. contreroUe, the copy of a
Contreroller, to
roll
and ultimately
to
cover, contrive.
Control.
accounts, &c.
of
Conqueror*
by
seeking.
Fr.
cofi-
of accounts.
and hence
to get
of an
Consigllt Lat. signum, a sign, a seal ; signare, consignare, to sign, to mark, mark out, designate to seal, to write down, register, hence apparently to
;
Convey. Convoy.
Cot.
officer, to
;
(Chron. Norm.
the
way
and
It.
same
variation
make
over;
way,
It.
to
send unto
"
Fl.,
Constable*
The Master of the Horse, or great who had charge of the horses,
and
in conveier, convoyer,
conviare, to
make way
Tut
li
with, to
conduct.
"
li
Del
ciel
enveiad."
was
rei conveied."
L. des
Rois.
To
kingdoms which sprang up out of the ruins of the empire, fell the command of the army and the cog" Regalium praspositus nisance of military matters. equorum, quem vulgo Comistabilem vocant." Armoin in Due. " Comitem stabuli sui quem cor-
From the thin Norman pronunciation was formed E. convey, while convoy has been borrowed from a
more recent
state of the Fr. language.
to Lat.
in
No doubt a reference
some applications of
called a conveyance.
convey, as
when a
carriage
is
Greg.
Turon.
Coo.
Due.
"
qui secundum
written croo
antiquum jus constabularius esse dignoscitur regii Math. Westm. in Due. exercitus." The term
a dove.
mourn
as a dove.
Cot.
To
croo,
Fl.
Mod. Gr.
kovkjv-
was then applied to the commander of a fortress or any detached body of troops, and in this sense the title still remains in the Constable of the Tower, the
Constable of Chester Castle.
Cook.
coquere, to cook, to
prepare by
ever to be to
in seinen
The
The Constable
then
boil,
became the officer who commanded in any district on behalf of the king. " In villis vero vel urbibus
vel castellis quae regis subsunt dominio, in quibus
boiling water.
Adem,
Fin.
constabularii ad
ron.
tempus statuuntur." Concil. TuA. D. 1163 in Due. Thus in England the term finally settled down as the designation of the petty officer who had the
charge of the king's peace in a separate parish or
hamlet.
swell
hiohi-
Mod. Gr.
roar.
Tutschek.
;
ContrSlSt
contention.
site,
Fr.
Cot.
contraste,
It.
withstanding,
strife,
Cool. Icel. kul, kula, a cold blast kula, to blow, kulhord, the windward side of the ship to be cold hdldi, cold at kola, to blow cold, to suffer from
; ; ;
cold; Cold.
kaldi,
cold.
OHG.
chuoli,
G.
kuhl.
See
From
contra,
and
stare, to stand.
a breeze
to
[Sir Richard Guylforde uses cool in the sense of " The same euennynge the wynde began
:
Contrive. Fr. trouver, to find, invent, light on, meet with, get, devise controuver, to forge, devise,
;
own
brain.
Cot.
Guylblowe a ryght good coole in our waye." M.] forde's Pylgrymage, Cam. Soc. 72. half quarter, or measure of four Coomb.
COOP.
bushels.
CORBEL.
193
Or
is it
from
Coop,
cooper.
Cooper. Cub.
The
Sp. cuba
is
Sp. cuhero, a
It.
also a hen-coop.
cuha,
for poultry.
Du. huype
fish), gobio, the bull-head, a fish with a large head Fin. koppata, to tap kopsia, to knock, beat, smack ; kopina, the noise of a blow W. cobio, to thump cob, a thump, also a top or tuft cobyn, a tuft, bunch, cluster Cat. cop, a blow Sp. copa, the boss of a bridle copo, bunch of flax on a distaff;
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
summit.
a cloak.
To
coop
Cope.
en.
A
It.
priest's vestment,
An
arch.
pen or confine in a narrow space. The OE. cuh, to confine, seems a different form of the same
to
root.
The Cope of
B.
cappa del
cielo,
Fr. la chappe du
;
Art thou of Bethlehem's noble college free Stark staring mad that thou wouldst tempt the sea Cubbed in a cabin, on a mattress laid. Dryden in R.
PI.
D.
hehubbelt
is
room.
by way of punishment.
;
W.
;
cwb, a
pen or cote
;
cwb-iar, a hen-coop
dog-kennel a hive
;
cwb-colomen, a dove-cote.
;
a Dan. kube,
civb-ci,
velamen muliebre). Du. kap, kappe, a cap, hood, summit of a building. The same ambiguity is found in the expression coping of a wall. It. la volta d'un muro (Torriano), where we are doubtful whether to explain it as the capping of the wall, or from the Sp. copa, a cup, crown of a hat, roof or vault of an
(hulle, capitium,
Junius
cloak of heaven
Du.
hulls or
oven.
torve-kube, torve-kove, a
The It. copi, tiles, may be so called as being used in the roofing of a building, while the coping
turf-shed.
AS.
stein kuuve, a
a calf or swine-pen.
G. koben,
is a layer of tiles projecting over the top and sheltering the wall. To cope, jut or lean out, forjecter. Sherwood. Fin. koppa, anything hollowed out, koppa-reka, traha confomicata, koppa-
of a wall
a hollow repository, a chamber ; schweins-koben, a hog-stye-; kobel, a cote, cot tauben-kobel, a dove;
To Cope.
a hovel for lepers. Probably cabin must be reckoned in the same class of words.
cote
;
siech-kobel,
altro.
To cope, serrarsi, attaccarsi 1' un con Coped together, attaccati, afferrati insieme. Torriano. Addouez homme a homme fastened,
The
lowed
;
radical idea
clasped, grappled
or coaped,
scufiied
together.
Cot.
Probably
word must be
re-
pannier.
As
the liquid
See Champion.
words beginning with cr, cl, tr, &c., it is probable that the Gael, cub must be connected with crub, to
squat, crouch, crub, a claw, crubach, a hook, a crook-
Copesman.
or truck.
B.
Copesmate.
;
To
cope, to barter
;
Copeman, a customer
copesmate,
ed woman, crup, to contract, shrink, crouch, &c. Thus " cubbed in a cabin " would be radically identical with Shakespear's
Copper. Lat. cuprum. G. kupfer. Fr. couperose. It. copparosa, from Copperas.
Lat. cupri rosa.
fined."
See Cuddle.
Coot.
A water-fowl,
is
Gr.
of cop-
B. The two are often confounded, and in the moorhen the short white tail bobbing up and down, with
Copse. 0. Fr. copeiz, copeau, wood Coppice. newly cut; coppuis, right of cutting the waste
branches of trees.
tail
of a rabbit,
is
a very
Now
What we
Gr.
from
this
it
KOTraSes,
couper, to cut.
hois taillis. in Junius,
stump,
name of
;
the coot
is
from
KOTTTw, to cut.
also taken
from the
a
little
Copy.
civta, cwtog,
W.
cwt,
copiam ex-
= hen), a
;
coot or water-hen.
Cop.
or crest.
W.
;
crown
of the head
coppog, crested
Wallon.
copett, top.
Coquette.
strowt
it
The
is
or to cluck as a cock
as a cock
very often taken from the designation of a blow (see Boss), and the two senses are often united in
male
sex,
Hung,
kopog-
stamp or VOL. I.
clatter
kophal (hal
Corbel.
Corbet.
25
194
ting out in walls to bear
CORD.
up a
post,
COT.
an ensign of
carried
foot.
It.
B.
also
Fr. corhcau,
a basket.
Lat. chorda, Gr. x^P^^' S"^ ^^^^ *^ a musical instrument, because made of In E. applied to strings made of any other
Cordt
gut.
by lancers on horseback. Fl. Fr. cornette, a cornet of horse, and the ensign of a horse company. Cot.
which
is
string of
Cornice.
nise.
It.
Gr.
Koptavr], Kopotvis,
;
a summit,
finish,
material.
pletion of anything
KopwviSa
thing.
all
cTriri^cvai,
Cordial.
Lat. cor,
finishing stroke to
The Gr.
a
Kopwvis
and
Cordovan.
inally
Cordwainer.
from
Cordova.
of
fruit.
Lat.
corona (and in
were
Trj<;
leather
Gordouanier
worker in Cordovan leather), a shoemaker. Core. The core of an apple. Fr. cceur,
also
(a
Cot.
Hesych.
to nXevTaiov
As
the
;
core
heart,
a summit or com-
Cot.
Sp.
corazon,
the
pletion
we
heart
say
"a crowning
pear, apple.
an apple.
in the
Corrody.
Money
of a nut, &c.
M.
Cork.
cho,
Sp. corcho, from Lat. cortex, as Sp. panIt is possible however word may be connected with Lat. cortex,
that the
Due.
a
mensam
It.
datur
corre-
from a Lat. source. The root widely spread in the Slavonic and Fin. class
shell,
See Array.
pirate.
Corsair.
sus.
corsaro, corsah,
From
uniting
Fin. kuori,
shell,
Diez.
Kovparov, cur;
rency, TO Kovpaov
)(6p(iiv,
;
Ipvej
Kovpa^vo), to
Kovpaevrr]';,
bark,
Kovpaaprj's,
cream
cork
korik, crust.
Hung,
bark
a robber,
Fr.
pirate.
kereg-dugo (dugd
;
Corselet.
corselet,
kereg-fa,
a cork
kerges,
;
bai-ky, hard.
body.
Corsned.
which a curse
guilty
it
a tree
of bark), a cork;
drewniany, a
Fr. cormorant.
;
under
trial is
stopper of wood,
corvo marino
may
be his death.
AS.
corsian, to curse,
szklanny, of glass.
and
It.
snced,
a morsel.
Cormorant.
a crow.
W.
Corn.
kaumo, a
kiarni
;
grain.
OHG.
a
grain.
kerno
MG.
kerne;
Icel.
Du.
See Cozen. lamb brought up by hand, a pet. It. Fl., from casiccio, a tame lamb bred by hand casa, house, as in Suffolk cot-lamb. Wal. cosset, a sucking pig, is probably unconnected.
Cosen.
Cosset.
Bohem. zrno ;
It.
Pol. ziarno,
Cornelian.
Cot.
Fr.
comaline.
comalino.
Costive.
belly
;
From comu,
nail.
having a tendency
to consti-
finger-nail.
ow^, the
Diez.
in Gr. called
it
pate,
whence by
;
Others derive
from car-
But
Cot. house
Cottage.
kota,
contraction costive.
ma {ma
= land),
may
have
resembling horn.
ony, agate.
Cot. S.
sense.
Cote.
is
Probably
a pen or shelter
last
for animals,
comu, Fr. come, a horn, whence corniere, a corner. Comp. Icel. horn, signifying both horn and corner.
Lat.
Comer.
We
Du. duiveIn
this
language kot
;
widely used
Comet.
musical instrument.
Fr. comet,
low receptacle kot, tugurium, cavum, latibulum, ca" De leden verna, loculamentum, locus excavatus.
who bore
it,
corresponding to
wt de
hmbs
out of joint.
Kil.
COT.
COUCH.
the Sc.
tot, tait,
195
G.
zote,
W.
cwt,
cot,
hovel, sty.
Richards.
G.
Cwtt,
a cottage, cwtt
Fin.
tutti,
Sw.
totte,
We
The primary
a matted lock.
Ludwig.
it
zote,
cot,
a lock of
Cot-gare,
beginning with
under Catch examples of the equivalence of forms cl and a simple c respectively. And
the Fr. motte, matte, a clot or clod,
is
identical with
cannot well be
pulled asunder
cot or
E. mat, an entangled mass of fibre, the primitive idea being simply a lump. The Lap. tuogge, a
tangled mat of hair,
is
(bourre),
locks,
dag-wool) of which
or coarse blankets
Cotted,
cottered,
lumps of
used,
coutou, flock
tottis is
coictisses,
dag-
like
G.
kotze, for
tail-wool
is
sheep.
Cousinie.
The term
Na
Of
shaggy materials, to a covering or loose garment made of such materials, to an inartificial sleepingplace, where a rug or mat may be laid down for that
purpose.
Jam.
Du.
kutte
;
Cotqnean.
Qnotqnean.
An
effeminate man,
man
interfering in
kuttii,
women's concerns.
Wal.
cote,
sheepskin, fleece
Prov. E.
cot,
a fleece
made
of a cotted fleece. Baker. G. kotze, a rough, shaggy covering, a shaggy overcoat worn by peas-
its
growth, a door-mat
Adelung. Fin. kaatu, a rough coverlet of sheepskins. The Mid. Lat. coitus, cotta, cottum were used in both senses, of a rug
or coarse woollen mat used by the monks as bedding, and of the single garment, made of similar
material, covering the whole body.
cellaa
woman, thence as a term of abuse for a feeble womanly man. In like manner HsiV.fud, of the same original sense, is used in vulgar language for a woman, and contemptuously for a womanish man. E. cot, cote,
Fin. kutta,
the distinctive feature of a
man
en.
Bailey.
is
woman
original
when the
alqdton.
Cottoili
algodon,
Arab,
qo'ton,
si
a lock or
flock.
flock, cot-
autem (but if not), pro eo pannum grossum simplicem non duplicatum, pulvinar, cotum, vel coopertorium de grossis ovium pellibus et panno grosso coopertum." Stat. Cartus. in Due. Rugs of the foregoing description were either to lie on or to
ton.
stuffed
and quilted
serve as coverings. "Nee jaceant super cotos." " Super cotos in lecto quiescere." " Tunc, ait, ille
As
would prevent
oppose a
Due.
A
"
and would of
itself
cot,
a sleeping-place in a
Lat. cotta, cottus
is
ship, is properly
is
The Mid.
explained by Du-
vidi
cange, tunica clericis propria ; in G. kutte, confined to the cowl or hood, the distinctive part of a friar's dress.
On
is
probable that the derivation of the word coat, in which all reference to the nature of the material
It
is
[Bombicinia, Galilee
etc.
M.]
is lost,
"We have a rough overcoat. And it is probable that the Mid. Lat. jlocus, jioccus, frocciis, the frock of the monk, is in like manner derived from Jioccus, a flock of w^ool, referring to the shaggy material of which the frock was made. So also from Fin. takku, villus animalito
must be traced to the same origin. above seen the same word (Jcotze) applied
Couch.
It.
down
colcare,
from Lat.
collocare,
to
lay.
Collocari jussit
hominem
in
Lex
aureo
lecto.
Cic.
Salica.
Me-
nage.
Pr.
colloco.
Pm.
ura defluus,
maxime
or dag
willa,
(whence tahkuinen,
dag- wool), takki, an
matted, takku-
overcoat,
perhaps ex-
Roman
clot,
toga.
[The resemblance in both form and meaning between the Lat. culcita, culcitra, a mattress, a wadded bed-covering, and the Sp. colcha, a quilt, is very strong, and it is difficult to believe that there is no
connection between them, although the evidence tending to show the descent of the Fr. verb coucher
In the original
is
signification of
196
from
COUGH.
Lat
coUocare
is
COURAGE.
tains.
almost
irresistible.
Salvd's
Gwely
coilce,
Gael,
a' i gyhhedau, a bed and its furniture. a bed, bed-clothes ; coilceadha, bed
an example There can be no doubt that acolcetra is the Lat. cidcita, and as little that colcha is still the same word, though Cabrera thinks it of Arabic
colcha, but I liave searched in vain for
Bret, golched,
of the word.
a feather-bed, chaff-bed. Hence the Lat. culcita, originally probably a wadded wrapper, but applied in Lat. to a mattress, and avowedly borrowed from
the Gauls.
Sicut in adcitris praecipuam gloriam Cadurci obtinent, Galliarum hoc et tomenta pariter inventmn. Pliny.
origin.
But the E. couch appears to be from the Fr. coucher, and must therefore be referred to the same
and hence the resemblance between Sp. colcha and E. couch must be regarded as accidental. The forms which collocare has assumed, in passing into the modern words derived from it, are numerous. Thus we find in Les Livres des Reis, p.
primitive,
The Du.
coultre, coulte,
mark
When
puncta.
320
;
"
A
;
geneivre
lit
tant se culchad deswz le umbre de un " p. 330 : " aculchad e jut encuntre
" p.
345
;
"
Pur
50 del
lit
il
s'est
aculchied
Estque toral lecto quod supra ponitiu* alto Ornatus caus4, quod dicunt culcita puncta.
Due.
ne leverat
" in
d'Angleterre, p. 67
secum
Une
ii. perces copent et abatent Asses tost les orent caupees Et a boines liars acouplees, S'on fait desous kouque et litiere,
This
in
Fr.
became
coulte-pointe,
coute-pointe,
and with that instinctive striving after meaning, which is so often the source of corruption
courte-pointe,
etc.
in language, contre-pointe, as
pits
if
In
this extract
kouque
is
a noun.
The Provenpal
;
made by
find
thus
or mattress.
Aus que
[We
quilt "
Hence finally the E. counterpane. one step of " the passage to the E. well marked in early English
:
on
els se
van
colquier.
Jwere beon
tlii
castles
and
chambres and
thi
thi
lb. 1163.
richo halles
But
in verse
1158
I-peynted with
so
riche
floures
and
riche robes
Li ome de
aUe?
la vila
ques volian
:
coicher.
Thine
ella
cowltes
And
"
lo
rey colgas ab
is
and thi covertoures ? Debate of the Body and the Soul, Poems of W. Mapes, Cam. See. App. 334.
sens Hum."
The
also
meaning
is
not so easily
made
out.
M.]
To CoU^ht
Du. Mchen,
tussire.
Kuch, a cough
Op
But
this
Kil.
Coulter.
Couch.
M.]
seems
See
would look as
colere, to
till.
if to cut
Country.
situation,
Fr. contree.
contrada (contra-ata),
To Count.
Count.
panion
;
Mid. G. gegenote, from gegen, opposite. Muratori suggests the Lat. conterraneus a person of the same country, for which in Mid. Lat.
Diez.
was used
castello
conterratus.
the
name given
Countenance.
whole body.
a
hoop,
Chron. A. D. Et omnes conterrati dispersi sunt id est (says Muratori) cives ejusdem terrae. Courag^e. Fr. courage ; It. coraggio, from Lat. Mutulae ab
ipsis conterratis.
1040.
Cot.
Counterpane.
circle
;
([uilt.
W.
cylch,
cylched,
[Courage or corage, Chaucer, Romaunt of the v. 22, is a word of a different etymology and meaning. The line which Chaucer renders:
Rose,
COURT.
"When that love taketh
reads in the original
Oil point qu'
his courage,
COW.
bed-chamber,
cuhile,
197
a resting-place, a
It. covile,
lair
of ani-
coviglia.
The
Amors prend
le
may
be united
paage,
we
and
ler,
in the Old Dutch translation published by KausDenkmaler Alt. Nied. Sp. u. Lit. II.
down,
is
warmth
in going to sleep.
Compare Lap.
krukahet, to lie
down on
[cijns]
and the word used by Chaucer is evidently the coraagium of Bracton, coragium or choragium of some Continental MSS., defined by Ducange, Carpentier, and Diefenbach, " irapositio quasdam arbitraria," " praestationis species," " munus vel donum," and which occurs also in See Ducange and CarO. Fr. in the form corrage. pentier, also Diefenbach, Sup. Ducange, s. vs. The origin of the word is unknown, but it has been conjectured to be derived from corns, a measure of grain. M.] Court. Fr. cour, It. corte, Lat. cohors, chors,
sense here
is,
The
tribute or tax,
lowed.
arm.
In the Finnish and Slavonic languages we have Lap. kappe, kape, hollow, a cavern, ditch kappet,
;
to hollow out
Fin.
kopio, sounding as an
empty
vessel,
;
empty, hollow
kopano, a hollow
kopera,
trunk of a tree
a cattle-yard, enclosed place. Allied with a numerous class of words signifying enclosure.
cors,
rtis,
must begin with the object, whence the idea of empty, hollow, concave, crooked, making crooked, curling oneself up, lying down.
nected, the train of thought
ing to a court
Bohem. hrad, a
;
fortress,
castle
hradha, enclosure
hortus
;
Lat.
venire,
Covenant. Lat. conventus, conventio (from conto come together, to agree), an assembly,
Fr. convenir, to assemble,
fit,
yard.
estate, house ; E. a garden, kertelni, keritni, to enclose keriteh, kertelet, a hedge. Russ. gorod, a town, gorod^nya, a palissade, gorodha, an enclosure. Fin. kartano, a court, yard, farm. [The last element in the name of the Russian city Novogorod is gorod, a town, and the Scandina-
compact, covenant.
befit,
Hung,
accord with
convenant,
and
vent
The n has
been
;
E. covenant, as
in
OE.
Covent-garden.
coprire, Lat. cooperire ;
vian Vajringjar,
who served in the body-guard of the Byzantine emperors, called Constantinople, Mildi-
city. M.] Cousin. Fr. cousin ; It. cugino ; Lat. consohrinus, whence Orisons cusdHn, cusrin ; Sp. sohrino.
derivation
compounded with the preposition con. The real is the Lat. cupidus, whence Prov. cobeitos,
;
cupiditat, cobeitat,
Diez.
ousness
Diez.
covet-
Cove.
recessihus
In
secretis
Covey.
Covin.
agree.
A brood of partridges.
A
deceitful
nooks.
Rich.
to
translated
by Holland
in secret coves or
couver, to hatch.
The
relations of this
word lead us
exceedingly
in such
difficult
it is
to
to
as to the original
ment, plot
Covenant.
dos
olhos, eye-hole
7ia
barba, a dimple
covil,
covare,
covo,
a den,
covale,
squatting form,
sty, lurking-
G. kuh. Sw. kufwa, Dan. kue, to subdue, bring down, keep under. Connected by Ihre with Sw. quafva, to choke, stifle, extinguish, and metaphorically to damp, mortify, suppress quafva et upror, to
Sanscr. gao.
Cow.
To Cow.
lurking-hole
covile, coviglio,
quell a rebellion.
some
secret place
Looking
to
we
lie
should
be inclined
lie,
to refer the
word
Icel. kafna, Sw. kufna (Ihre), to be choked Icel. kof suffocation, mist; kafi, kafn, Gr. /caTrvos, thick smoke Sw. quaf shortness of breath, difficulty of
;
Gael, cub,
down,
breathing
198
COWARD. COZEN.
;
connected under the G. dampf; ddmpfen, to smother, quench, suppress dampf, smoke, vapour, asthma,
short breath, and as in the latter series the primary
In rude ages, the descriptive names given to animals are oftener derived from their visible properties than from any other quality, and as the hare
differs
image
is
it
is
probable
same
riage of
to
notice, its
in the form and carany other point obvious designation would very naturally be
more than
in
Cowardt
holds back.
Fr. couard,
It.
codardo,
tail
;
O. Fr. couarder,
to
draw
me
souvint
R. R. 1525.
Whan
Had
Of
this letter of
taught
me
But the hare is notoand it seems not improbable that the name of the quadruped was first applied by way of reproach to men who had disgraced themselves by want of courage, and consequently that coward and couarder are both taken fi-om the familiar appellation of the hare. M.] Cower. It is hard to decide whether we should consider the r as either purely intrusive or marking
riously the timidest of animals,
Chaucer.
it
is
In like manner Lap. murtet, to go backwards, and hence to be timid, to fear. Probably there is also a reference in the word to the image of a terrified animal, crouching with his In Heraldry a lion so detail between his legs. picted was termed lion couard. [The meaning of the epithet caudatus applied by the Normans to the Saxon-English is not clear,
though in a passage cited by Ducange the expression "
be regarded as an essential part of the root. On the one hand we have G. hauche, a narrow place, prison haue, a hollow narrow receptacle (huhner-Jcaue, a hen-coop), and thence hauchen, to sit on the heels, cower down, sit on eggs ; also hauchen, hochen, PI. D. huken, hurhen, Sw. hulca, sitta huka, Dan. sidde paa hug, to squat down, sit on one's
;
hams.
se,
contrahere
membra
caudatorum formidolositas " would lead us to suspect that the word had the signification of coward.
tere. Bigl. Hucken van swaeren last, to bend under a load huck-schouderen, to shrug the shoulders. PI. D. up de hurken sitten, to squat hurke;
But
apparent etymology
which
women
sit
and cower.
forms
of which would suggest the same sense, has a different meaning, both in the examples quoted by Carpentier,
s.
The
bird
;
k would give
rise to
a roosting
to
v.
it
Dues de Normandie.
is
Cuar-
cower.
same chronicle,
evidently the
modern
and Finnish
relations
W.
v. 1993.
squat, to
Quant enbatuz * *
en vos,
stooping, squatting.
* *
* *
v. 2523.
pit
Dune
*
*
ci n'a
curvature
suiTound.
Esthon. kaar, crookedness. Fin. kaari, bow, kaarittaa, to bow, to curve, go round,
;
Que
In
hare
all
is
mestier coardie.
Lap. karjot,
in
to lie
may
be
to
sit
drawn up
a ruck
;
a heap.
Iccl.
;
kroka, to crook
;
rives the
name from
with cold
krohr, a bending.
G. hocke, a heap of
would signify aguish, trembling with fear, as if in an ague-fit, and he observes that Grimm supposes it to come from coda, coue, queue, and to refer to the manner in which the animal carries its tail as indicative of fear.
p. Ixiv.
Chr.
Cowl.
Norm.
AS.
W.
cwjl,
Reinaert de Vos,
The
origin
may
Willems, 1836,
perhaps be Gael. cogvM, husks of corn, in which the grain is cased as a monk's head in his hood.
etymology is adopted in the Book of Albans, not a high philological authority certainly, but still admissible evidence with regard to
St.
A similar
Cowslip.
lipe for
Probably
Icel.
for cowsleek, as
Rouchi cou-
colique.
laukr,
a garden vegetable.
Oyes a Bemounde
le vaillant
and
I shall
you auowe
gentle
It.
Lat. quietus.
Que quida
tron la covoarde
on
la court cowe.
d,
iii,
b.
Cozeilt
coglione, a cullion,
fool,
a scoundrel,
CRAB.
properly a dupe.
ceive,
CRAG.
199
make a dupe
lie
;
to
de-
railler,
The G. bock, a buck or he-goat, is used for a frame of wood to support weights or similar purposes.
It
plaisanter, to
banter.
interjection imput-
ing a
lie.
lings or posts to
ingannare, corbellare.
Patriarchi.
;
cogionnare,
Hence E.
;
to
cugino, cousin
prigione,
Crabt
It.
Icel. krabbi,
;
G. krehs
saw wood on, a In a similar manner the Sp. cobra, a goat, was used as the designation of a machine for throwing stones cabria, a crane Fr, chevre, a goat, and also a machine for raising weights. In the Romance of the department of the Tarn the
dogs in a
fire
grate, trestles to
granchio
Lat. cancer.
place of the r
is
is
word
for a goat
The meaning
pinching animal.
of the word
It is closely
;
undoubtedly the
craple,
is
crabo
used to
like the
traise.
a kid, and both these terms are designate the machine for raising weights,
;
crabit,
E. grab,
It.
to seize
Bret, kraban,
OE.
;
a claw
which we term in E. a
G.
bock,
grappo, a bunch
kreptr, con;
a bagpipe.
Diet.
E. cramp,
the
name
ing together
kreppa, to contract
was applied
Cable.
a machine
foiv
tracted, crooked
It.
Du. krom, G. krumm, crooked Gael, crub, to crouch, draw oneself together, crubag, a hook, a crab, a crooked woman, crub, a claw, the nave of a wheel. Now we have a series of words beginning with cl of very similar meaning clamp, clump, club, clip, cleave, claw, &c., many of which cannot be separated from their analogues in the series with an
E. crump, humped, crooked
;
;
initial cr.
indifferently grasp
and cramp-iron, scramble and clamber, crump-footed and club-footed, Icel. klumbuThe Icel. kramr corresponds to E. clammy ; fotr. Fr. grimper to E. climb; Du. krauwen to E. to
and
clasp, clamp-iron
claw.
series
we came
to
the
[The hooks resembling the claws of a crab, at the end of the windlass-rope, which seize and sustain the weight to be raised, are more likely to have given name to this contrivance than so remote a word as the Sp. cabra. M.] Crack. Imitative of the sound made by a hard substance in splitting, the collision of hard bodies, &c. In Gaelic expressed by the syllable cnac, identical with E. knock or knack. Gael, cnac, crack, break, crash, the crack of a whip, &c., cnag, crack, snap, knock, rap, thump. Cradle. See Crate. AS. crcefi, G. krafi, strength, power Craft. The origin strength, faculty, art, skill, knowledge.
conclusion
lump
or thick
the radical idea was that of a mass (see Clamp), from whence the
is
by the
It.
graffiare.
origin of the
a hook, brace, holdfast, creffyn, a brace, Bret, krafa, to seize. The term is then applied to seizing with the mind, as in the Lat.
craff,
W.
W.
crab, crwb,
a round hunch,
crob,
nave of a wheel,
(properly a clod)
E.
a clown
way.
W.
;
Hal.,
It.
groppo, grappo, a
dyn
craff,
man
of
bunch.
pression
cripple
;
Then with the sense of contraction or comwe have Gael, crub, to crook, crubach, a
It.
quick comprehension
crefft,
a trade.
Cra^.
the throat.
1.
The
neck, throat.
Jam.
between claws Gael, crub, Bret, graban, E. craple, the claw or fang, the instrument of grabbing or seiznasal pronunciation gives It. granfo, E. ing. cramp, contraction ; Du. krampe, Fr. crampon, a hook, and as in the I series we saw clamp pass into
hem,
noise
krk, the
neck
Icel. krage,
lar of
coat.
The
origin
is
made by
Bohem.
krkati,
to belch, krcati, to
vomit
hawk.
The same
and
;
clam, the
is in
like
manner
Du. kramme, harpago Kil., and E. cram, to stuff. In like manner we pass from W. crwb, Icel. kryppa, a hump, to E. croop-back, crump-back, and thence to G. krumm, crooked. The same connexion between the notion of a lump or protuberance and that of seizing is exhibited in E. knob, knop, or knap, a lump, and nab, to
seize,
giving
cher, to spit,
It.
vomit
E. reach, to
;
strain in vomiting
Icel. hraki,
spittle
;
AS.
hraca,
G. rachen, the
is
At
imitated with-
out the
as in E.
ceg,
hawk and
keck,
and hence
is
formed
2.
W.
A rock.
;
W.
careg, a
Crab.
stone
caregos, pebbles.
200
CRAM.
AS; cramman,
to stuff, to cram.
;
CRATE.
its side, to
Cram.
soft,
Icel.
heel over
Lap. kranket,
to
bend, inflec-
hramr,
tere, incurvare.
clammy. Du. hramme^ a cramp-iron, krammen, clamp or cramp together. Dan. kramme, to crumple, crush. The fundamental notion is to draw See Crab. together, to compress, to stuff.
to
Cranky.
Poorly.
Rouchi
cranque,
cramp.
it
When
is
man
qu'lieux, maladif.
tered.
Crambe.
Gr. proverb
is
Crambo.
repetition
of words,
Hal.
Hecart.
G. krank,
sickly.
sick.
So from cramp,
cleft.
From
the
Sw. krampig,
Cranny.
Cranie,
craine
or
Minsheu.
or notch,
death
cleft
Hence probably crambo, a play in rhyming, in which he that repeats a word that was said before forfeits
something.
B.
leaf.
Cot.
Bav. krinnen,
rent, cleft, chan-
Cramp.
Crane.
shanked.
See Crab.
G. kranich ; W. garan, a cfane, and from gar, a leg garanawg, longThe name however is very widely spread,
;
G. krinne, a
From
I.
also a shank,
gnaw.
and
is
into the
tremity of Siberia.
[Ihre supposes that the Icel. and Sw. trana, Dan.
trane, is derived
On
if it
the other
hand
it
would be more
in
analogy
of c into
to
t,
wliich
not unfrequent.
He
suggests
which the name of this bird is spread justifies us it back to some root belonging to the primitive source from which the Indo-European lanM.] guages are generally derived. Crinkle. To crankh or Crank. Crankle.
in carrying
had been
so
represented.
W.
fii'st
same
to
To
crine,
shrink,
to
pine.
Hal.
is
a dry
A
G.
crinkle, to
B.;
go
in
and
out, to
piece of
wood
in drying shrinks
and cracks.
Du. kronkelen, to curl, twist, bend ; E. crank, an arm bent at right angles for turning a windlas Lap. kranket, to crook, to bend ; krankem, the bending of the knee Wallon. cranki, to twist, to fork Rouchi cranque, the cramp Bret, krank, It. granProv. E. chio, a crab, as the pinching animal cringle-crangle, zigzag Hal. Icel. kringr, a ring or circle, kringlottr, round; Dan. kringel, crooked,
; ; ;
schrund, a chink.
Crape.
so as to
form a
minute wrinkles.
Cot.
Crespe,
See Crisp.
Crash. number of
which
is
An
made by a
things breaking.
variety of clash,
Torriano.
&c.
To
crash
A word of
Cratch.
stall,
same
The interchange of mp and nk is so frequent that we can hardly separate crank from cramp, Du. kronkelen
or crib.
La
sainte creche,
the
manger
in
from E. crumple, E. crinkle from crimple. Then if we were right in our derivation of cramp, the origin of crank must also be the image of a
block or
which our Lord was laid. Diez would derive it from the It. greppia, Prov. crepia, crepcha (as Mid. Lat. appropiare, Prov. apropjar, apropchar ; Fr.
" En la approcher), O. Fr. crebe, greche, a crib. " L'enfant envolupat en draps crepia lo pauseron." Rayn. " And she baar e pausat en la crupia."
crog,
answer-
On
face
is
by reference
to
a crackling
her
firste
noise,
crumpling up of textures of different kinds, especially under the influence of heat, or on the prin-
But the
a hurdle,
craticia
lattice,
sheep
pen or
to
fold, offers
t
under Crisp. From this point of view crankle must be regarded as a nasalised form
ciple explained
pler derivation.
Hence
rise
a simwould
the
immediately give
of crackle.
same way
2,
as
it
a hurdle
Crank.
Crank
(Roquefort),
grating.
from the
graticola,
craticola,
a special appliaition of the notion of bending down. Sw. kranga, Du. krengen, to press down a vessel on
is
This
Crate.
Cradle.
crate
is
an open case
Lat. crates,
made
CRAVAT. CRAWFISH.
wicker or hurdle work
posed of
grate
; ;
201
craticius,
wattled,
com-
In another combat,
when
lattice
work.
It. crate,
a harrow, hurdle,
life
Dan.
krat, copse
hrat-skov, copse-wood.
Sir Ywain said I grant it the If that thou wil thi selven say
brush-wood
being
grate.
lacli.
creathaU,
AS.
cradol,
a cradle (from
is
That
thoti art
made of
wicker).
Gael. creathaU
also a
Ir. creatach,
Wal-
recreant.
v. 3280.
initial cl incliath,
As most of our law terms come from the Fr. we should look for the origin of the word to the terms
in
Ir.
a har-
row,
wattled
darning
of a
stocking
The
requisite
mended
wattled
Gael, death,
;
Fr.
;
claye,
a hurdle or
ruckgrat)
a wattled gate
Gael.
Cot., to beat
down,
(G.
H^cart.
The
cry of cravante !
The
is
which appears under the forms of Gr. xXaSos, clot, Gael, slat, W. Llath, E. lath, properly a
twig, rod.
Manx
shoot,
The Dan.
krat-skov would
then be a
would be an admission of being thoroughly beaten, though I am unable to show that, like E. cravant ! it was actually used in judicial combat. On the other hand the verb creanter was used
for the admission of being beaten.
Sire, dist
il,
wood
large growth.
tenez m'espee,
Cravat, Formerly written crahat, and spoken of by Skinner (who died in 1667) as a fashion lately
introduced by travellers and soldiers.
is
La
Bien vos
viz. that the right
The
fashion
by Menage to have been brought in 1636 from the war, and to have been named from Crabats or Cravats, as the Croatians (and after them a kind of light cavalry) were then called. The French had a regiment " de Royal- Gravate" PI. D. Krasaid
baten, Kravaten, Croatians.
side
Et
ainsi
iv. 365.
Hence
aveu.
who
self beaten.
Gl. Chr.
Norm.
Syr knight, thou most nede
Crave. AS. crafian, to ask. Icel. krefa, to demand, require; krafi, need, necessity. W. cref, a cry, a scream crefu, to cry, to desire, to beg earnestly.
Thai
said,
Do
SpurreU.
Or yelde
3170.
Craven.
ciently a
Also an-
The d (changing
be the original
t
to v) in cradant, cravant,
is
may
term of disgrace, when the party that was overcome in a single combat yielded and cried cravant. B. If the term had originally been craven, signifying one who had begged his life, it could
hardly have passed into the more definite form cravant.
marked
by the hiatus
Recreant.
See Grant,
The
To
set
cradants
is
to
propose
Wilbr.
The
known
to
purpose of seeing
who
G. kragen, the neck, throat, and in vulDu. kraeye, jugulus, Kil. ingluvies, Ang. craeye. Sw. krafwa, Dan. kro, a craw. See Crag. Crawfish. Disguised by a false etymology, as if it were the designation of a certain kind of fish. The corruption however is comparatively modern.
CraVF.
gar language the belly, guts.
Du.
krehs,
krevisse,
"Written
ecrevisse ;
;
krebiz
G.
honour of victory.
Sir King, he said, withowten fail
which the
Nay sertes, said Gawain, bot am I. Thus nowther wald have tlie maistri
Before the king gan aither grant
[The Sp.
3710.
recreant.
v.
VOL.
I.
26
202
CRAWL. CREAM.
These expressions could not have originated
country where the sky
for in such climates the
is
in
The Hebrew
of Scorpions,
geographical
is
no doubt from an
and
all
M.]
a gradually difiused
light at
To Crawl.
to scratch
no appearance of a crack or opening, threatening soon to close again, but promises a whole hemisphere of sunlight. This the Spaniards poetically express
make
inartificial
by
en
" *
fue
As
in English
scrabble, so
de mil quinientos y tres al reyr el alua." Escolano, Valencia, 11. 1765. Or if there be a light mist in the east, rays seem to be shot forth
el
To
crawl
is to
drag oneself on by
to
from the approaching orb, and this the same nation calls el rayar del alba, the raying of the dawn.
G. hrabbeln,
crawl
When, on
bank of
Bret,
go on
hraban, a claw
Dan.
kralle,
claw
krallen, to claw, to
in England and narrow line of light, which may aptly be compared to a crack, runs along the horizon, and hence the phrase in question.
clouds, as is so
common
many
We
dialect of
Grab.
Crayon.
from
ereadh, clay.
it
to
a cloudy atmos-
crater, to chalk
To
render
Craa;e.
Crazy.
crack,
to
inefficient.
And some
Earthenware
was
crazed.
La
III. 257.
day
is
said to be crazed
A
de
la
similar conception
is
when
crush
Cot.
the glaze
Roman
cracks.
;
Rose
Moult m'ennuie
eertes et grieve
From a
Que
v. 2510.
Dan.
The
Sw.
kraslig, crazy,
decrepit, poorly.
is
The E.
crazy, applied to
the mind,
phenomenon described by these phrases, but it sometimes occurs even there, and hence the Byzantine and Mod. Greek )(apda-crofiai, ^^apa^ei, imp., and the noun
Xapa-ixa, or
brained.
Creak.
rattle,
Imitative of a
from
}(apdcr(T(3i,
more frequently in the pi., x^-pa^iaTa, all and referring to the furrow or crack
that represented
by
crack.
crackle
Cot.
It.
rattle.
Gricco, cricchio,
when
Du.
krick, krack,
strepitus, fragor.
it
breaks.
Kil.
Then,
as things in splitting
make a sharp
sound,
we have
creak of day for the narrow crack of light on the horizon, which is the first appearance of dawn. Du.
hriecke, krieckelinge,
Krik, in De Krik vam Dage, is explained in the Brem. Nieders. Worterb. Schein, Glanz, but it must owe its origin to the same image as the E. creak of day, as does also krieken in the Du. het krieken van den dag. The equivalents of the ordinary meaning of krieken, as given in the dictionaries, are kraken, piepen, which last word tends to show that
in
ulum.
Aurora
rutilans,
primum
diluc-
tion,
E. peep of day, peep has its imitative significaand refers to the sound produced by the frac-
Kil.
[The phrase creak of day is more familiar to Americans in the form crack of day, which is not very unfrequently used. Peep of day is an analogous expression, and may be referred either to a narrow aperture, a " crack of light on the horizon,"
admitting a peep or glimpse of the sky below the cloud, or to the sharp sound which accompanies
M.l In Fr. creme two words seem confounded, the one signifying cream, which ought to be written without the circumflex, and the other
ture or cracking of brittle substances.
Cream.
Gr.
^Qncrp-a,
the
consecrated
oil
used in baptism.
of the word
is,
CREASE.
spuma lactis pinguior. Diet. Trev. Oreme Champagne cremant, sparkling or mantling champagne.
Icel.
CREWEL.
Fr. grigner, to grin
snarl
is
;
203
grigne, wrinkled.
Cot.
To
at
to
simmer;
ing
of over-twisted
thread.
dog and the curlThe Du. grommen, grumble, would seem E. crumple.
mor,
flos rei.
It.
From
we may
to
is
ing of milk
when
beginnith to seethe
barm
also yeast,
Fl.
It
and the
rufile.
remembered that one of the readiest ways of raising cream is by scalding the milk till it just begins to simmer. The forms cremore and crema in
mu,-t be Italian correspond to the Icel. kraumr,
is
wrinkle,
Hal.
'Ei.
frump,
ill
humour,
io
frumple,
w, or
Still
The
facility lost
with which an
initial g, h,
f is
kraum.
As
added or
ringhi, rin-
by a AS. and
teeth
the
mouth
they kick.
as
it
were
snarling, as
Fl. senses,
me
Eamsay
in
Jam.
little
Du.
kreke,
Reaming
Then, as froth
Fr. crique, an
ki,
Icel. kry-
The
A brook,
for
which
it
is
the
common word
hrim
is
America.
frost, as soot,
coating
sui'face of water.
initial
The
is
Cryke of watyr, scatera. Pr. Pm. Du. kreke, a crooked ditch, a small stream that runs with an elbow. Weiland. But kreke, as AS. crec-
in
guttural
ca, is also
Kil.,
whence the
original
Schwenk.
sense of brook
may be
derived,
as
the
It is not impos-
ivation
word soot itself may have a like derfrom Icel. sioda, to seethe or boil. Hence Dan. sod, water in which meat has been boiled, and also soot; Du. sode, ebullition. E. sod, the soft covering of a grassy field.
CreaSCt
garment.
Bret, krtz, a wrinkle, pleat, tuck in a
To Creep.
at
kriechen, to creep
Icel.
kriupa, to kneel
; G. kriupa
kniam
eins,
kryp-
pa, a hump.
shrink
;
crub,
cruh, a claw,
;
seems often taken from a representation of the sound of snarling, as a dog in snarling wrinkles up the face.
The
designation
of a wrinkle
fang
ture.
cruhan,
a crouching
Du.
rura
Fr. croupir, to
Cot.
To
creep
is
move on by
alternate con-
more
Kil.
chagrin
en se ridant
le front,
en fron9ant
le sourcil,
Halma.
en grin-
See Crab. Crescent. The figure of the growing moon, of the moon in an early stage of growth. Fr. croistractions of the body.
sant, Lat. crescens, growing.
Cress.
kersse,
An
;
AS.
ccerse,
Du.
Cot.
Sw.
krasse.
Cot.
;
It.
gricciare, to
chill
kars or cresses
It.
teeth
crescione, cressone,
Perci'isp
From
It.
grinza
we
Cresset.
See Crock.
Fr.
crevasse,
We
see the
same
relation
crevure,
a chink,
chawne.
rift,
Cot.
mere, frendere,
trahere rugas
hirrire, ringere,
Kil.
It.
;
Crew.
Crewel.
of thread.
bed looks, wry mouths grimare, grimmare, to wrinkle through age, grime, grimmo, wrinkled, withered.
B.
D.
Properly
a ball
a ball of woi'sted.
PI.
klevel,
Fl.
The
204
of words
is
CRIB.
very common.
cratch
CRISP.
derision
Compare W. chh,
for
It.
crob,
B.,
Pr.
Pm.
cattle.
or
manger
Du.
as
It
seems hard
greppia, grup-
Probably pia, Prov. crepia, crepcha, Fr. creiche. from the notion of confining, signifying in the first instance a confined space for the purpose either of
holding the fodder of animals, or for making a sleeping-place for a child or the like.
cramp and crimp, but we must not neglect a clear line of derivation when it offers itself, because we
find ourselves unable to
all
make a
perfect system of
Now
and confined."
Crab.
Manx
See
words signifying wrinkle was traced under Creak to the image of an animal under the influence of bad temper snarling, grinning, and wrinkling up the face. And the present series lends itself
eral
very naturally
l.
to
such an origin.
is
Cricket,
sound.
An
insect
doubtless a representa-
Halma.
Du. krieken, to chirp, kriek, a cricket. Compare also Bohem. cwrcek, a cricket,
;
tion of the grumbling sound of a snarling dog, as grommen, grommeUn, grunnire, munnurare, of similar sounds.
cwrkati, (o chirp
Cot.
grimmcn
is
in the
game of
bowls.
Roquef
mark
orig-
In like manner
doubtless in the
game
of cricket the
word was
which the
door,
in the belly.
Kil.
The Du.
kliket, klinket, is
little
wicket, wincket, a
fro.
mov-
Fl.
changes
to
Crimson.
Fr. cramoisi.
It.
cremasi, cremesino.
Turk, kirmizi ; Sp. carmesi, from kermes, the name of the insect with which it is dyed.
To Cringe.
sive
manner.
to
It.
O Crimini interjection of surprise, Crimini. seems to have come to us from an Italian source.
Mod. Gr.
12 Ti Kpifia
KpLfia,
!
would be
cringe as
E.
a crime,
misfortune.
!
O Ti fieyaXov
!
KpL/ju
what a pity
what a
sin or fault
Adopted
pression would be
che crimine!
G. krumm, crooked ; sich hriimmen und bilcken, to stoop and KUttn. Ir. cromaim, to bow down. cringe. Fr. croupir, to bow, stoop, go double; Dan. krybe, to
cambiare to E. change.
Cramp, crimp, crump are To crimp frills is to lay them in pleats crimped cod is cod in which the fibre has been allowed to contract by means of
Crimp,
Crimple.
all
Crinltle.
See Crank.
Properly a crookback or humpback, Cripple. Icel. kryppa, a hump, curone who goes crooked.
vature, coil
;
To
kryppill, a
Pr. Pm.
W.
edge
;
crimple
is
to
wrinkle
Du.
Dan. krympe,
to shrink,
Du. krimpen,
to con-
The
Crisp.
curled.
Lat.
crispus,
Fr.
crespe,
OE.
crips.
crips,
which their relations branch out on all The addition of an initial s gives E. scrimp, sides. to contract, cut short, AS. scrimman, to dry up,
wither, G. schrumpfen, to crumple, shrivel, wrinkle.
Her
was and
Chaucer
in R.
The
latter
to
On
initial
or to
On
a simple r gives E. rimple as well as rumple, a wrinkle, crease, pucker Du. rimpe, rimpel, rompel, a wrinkle. Kil. G. riimpfen, to screw up the
AS.
compared with E.
is
mouth and
sense
Kil.
nose,
make wry
faces.
In the latter
new
Cot.
is
has krimpneusen,
wrimpen, wrempen,
And
the
OS distorquere, corrugare
nares.
The analogous
in
in other cases
first
E. term
is
frump,
to
frizzle
up the nose as
CROCK.
grillare
CROOK.
rise to several
first
205
words in the special significations, oil, and then of a
Cot.) signifies
to creak or chirp as
plained to
sit
rumpled or
;
twisted thread
twirl,
greziller, to
crackle,
also to curl,
From
croiset,
earthen
fix'e,
and
in the sense
pot,
silver,
&c.
of curling up.
The
from
Cot.
crassetum,
(a crucible).
i.
q.
Dief. Sup.
The
loss
of the
s gives
E.
involutions.
Thus
we have Rouchi
crasse,
ears,
may
Du. kruysel, krosel, Fr. creuseul, croissel, a hanging lamp E. cresset, a large lantern fixed on a pole. B. Ir. cruisgin, a small pot or pitcher,
and the synonymous shirt-frill, from E. and Fr. friller, to shiver. Vibrati crines are curly locks, and conversely crispus is applied to
chitterling
chitter,
cruisgin
oli,
a pitcher of
lamp, a cruise.
ing-vessel,
Macleod.
oil
Gael, cruisgin, an
oil-
Pacuv.
Lingua?
Pr.
Pm.
termination irovXo
in Forcell.
The
or melting-pot.
unevennesses of a rigid surface obtrude themselves on our notice. But on the other hand it seems to
effundebat.
from direct imitation of the sound of crushing something crisp. Fr. cresper, to crashe as a thynge dothe that is cryspe or britell betweene one's teeth. Palsgr. PI. D. kraspeln, to rustle. Danneil.
arise
Gloss, in Due.
De
noctu proferenti
Ibid.
kruse,
kruselin,
Dief. Sup.
The erroneous
is
sound of
AS. times. Scyphum meura deauratum quern cruciholum meum solitus sum vocare, quia signum crucis per transversum scyphi imprimitur interius cum quatuor
crux, a cross, appears as early as the
between the
teeth.
Due.
Farls baked wi' butter Fu' crump that day. Burns in Jam.
Crimpy,
short, brittle.
is
Hal.
It
is
remarkable
same connexion with the sense of a crumpled or curly and wrinkled structure, as in
that here also
the
Crocus. The yellow flower from whence saffron Lat. crocus, Gr. KpoKo?. Gael, crock, "W. is made. Hence the surname Groker, a cultivator cock, red. " The crokers or saffron men do use an of saffron. observation a little before the coming up of the flower." HoUinshed in R.
Croft.
croft,
An
inclosure
cible.
pragdiolum.
Somner.
old
teeth.
adjoining a house.
AS.
;
Gael,
croit,
a hump,
croi-
kruzas (z
The
Lith.
Crone,
An
its
woman.
it
2.
An
old sheep,
beginning to lose
G. krus, Du.
probably signifies a
Gael, cronon, a dull
a cup, drinking-vessel
jar.
Hung,
korso,
E. cruse, cruise, a
humming
of a bee,
may
be a narrow-
purring of a
&c.
a hollow,
continued moan.
it is
the
It.
carogna, Fr.
Ramsay
;
in
Jam.
Bohem. krk (dim. krcek) Pol. kark, Sc. crag, craig, a neck Bohem. krcak, Russ. korssok (Palkovitsch),
;
Thier
Per-
woman
has the
infinite
a crock or pitcher with a narrow neck. The Gael, has sgrog, the neck, krog, a pitcher. Lith. kragas,
carrion."
word of almost
;
a can.
connexions.
diminutives of the foregoing appellations of
different terminations, giving
Icel. hrahi,
The
a hook
Du.
fold, wrinkle,
;
curl
Dan.
206
crook
to
;
CROP.
crock,
;
CROTCHET.
Du. krop van salaet, cabbage-lettuce then anything bunchy or ill grown or small of its kind sick kropfen, to grow amiss, grow crooked kriipfen sich, to
;
;
hang
Ir. crock,
gallows
;
crockaim,
hang
W.
crogi, to
hang
crook oneself.
the
word
is
to con-
a neck.
and the origin seems preserved in the Bohem. See Crag. Tlien as the neck affords an
se, to
Hal.
The
stoop,
Icel.
kroppna, to
stif-
croupir, to croocli,
Cot.
to
crop of a vegetable
is
;
shrink, shrivel,
;
pucker krec, sskrek, cramp, spasm Russ. korcka, cramp, spasm; korchit, to draw in (retrecir), korchitsya, to shrink, to become stiff, to crook. The E.
crouch
is
OE.
Hence
to
crop
is
foliage or fruit.
A crop
of coi*n
essentially the
same word.
It signifies to
draw the body together in taking a submissive attitude. Comp. Fr. crochu, bowed downwards. Sc. crouchie, a humpback Icel. krokna, to be contracted
;
term
that
is
is
when
fruit.
a crop
of the
many
Gr.
KpiKo<;,
a ring,
link, hook, or
anything curved,
;
are a series of
Sw.
In
Lith., as in
is lost,
guttural
G. rachen, the jaws, throat, the and an initial r alone remains ruku
; ;
meaning with a simple k. See Cuddle. Thus we have in E. the crop or cop of a hill Bav. koppen, the crop or bushy part of a tree, koppen, to crop or cut off the crop or cop of a tree G. kohl;
cited.
The
rauka, a
fold,
same
root
may
a wrinkle.
plait
Icel.
kruckr, a wrinkle
;
crumpled mass
tumour, swelHng Schilter) kupu, chropf a bladder the crop of a bird, belly of animals kaolin, kupu, a
(comp.
OHG.
head of cabbage.
Cross. Fr. croix, It. croce, Sp. kruz, Icel. kross, All from the Lat. crux, a G. kreuz, Du. kruys. cross for the punishment of malefactors and that not directly from crook, to curve, but through the intermediation of the notion of hanging Gael, cro; ;
Crop.
AS.
craw of a
bird.
OE.
mentum.
Pr. Pm.
little
is
W.
;
croh,
It. is
crwb, a round
hunch
cruh,
knob, bunch.
the top of a
a swelling out
Fl.
groppo, a knot,
hang
Ir.
The word
then applied to
different things of a
hill
ing a
are
many
derivatives:
cruciare, to
torture, crusade.
Fr. crope, croupe, the top or knap of a hill la croupe du dos, the ridge of the back, and thence
croupe.
It.
grappa, the
;
of an animal
Hal.;
S w.
;
body
kroppug, gibbous,
humped
Lat. corpus.
Or
perhaps as the G. kropf is applied in a contemptible sense to the human stomach (Kiittner), the designation
an expedition from religious motives, in which tlie soldiers took the badge of the cross ; crucify, &c. Crocket. Fr. crocket, dim. of croc, Crotchet, a little hook, and hence a note in music, from the hook-like symbol by which they wei'e marked. Fr. Then as a percrocket, crockue, a quaver in music. son playing music appears to carry in his brain the type of what he is playing, a crotcket is a fixed
imagination.
" //
may be
extended
to the
head
is
full
of crotches."
tete,
his
Cot.
is the principal member. Du. crop, the knob of the throat, the throat itself, " dat steeckt my in den crop," that sticks in my throat crop, a swell-
the belly
As
a good harper stricken far in years Into whose cunning hands the gout does All his old crotchets in his brain he bears,
fall.
ach
But on
his
harp plays
ill
or not at
all.
Davies in R.
(Biglotton),
whence the E.
crop-full, cram-full, as
G.
A crotcket or crocket
hair,
is
also
an ornamental excres-
wen
the head of
curl.
CROUCH.
And
With
crotchets
CRUM.
hump, cruit, a harp, a crowd or fiddle.
fiddle
;
207
Ir. cruit,
bellyche ycorven
on corners.
as
P. P. crede.
crutched friars, the
cross
;
a hunch, also
is
CroUCllt
cross,
in
Crowd.
3.
Curd.
;
crowd
who wore a
crouch
mass of people
curds or cruds, as
it
To
mark with
To
And And
usage,
hem and
hem
lump from
bless.
Hal.
; ;
To Crouch.
contracted or
krulcu, to
To
stoop, to
bow
the
body together.
to
W.
Bohem. hruda, a
clod,
be
lump, hrudka, a
snowball
crottes,
;
at sitia i eirne
E.
crote,
a clod of earth.
Hal.
;
Fr.
goats,
W.
crwcau,
E.
crottles,
the
to
bow, to curve
&c.
tle,
crottles, cruttles,
;
to crut-
crouched together.
stoop.
Hal.
to bend, to
to curdle
crut,
a dwarf,
W. crwt, crwtyn,
little
Croup.
A disease
young
chil-
to gather to
Du. kruyden, kruyen, trudere, protrudere, propellere. Kil. Crowdyn or showyn (shove) impello. Pr. Pm. To crowd is still used in Suf-
the croup.
contraction, ex-
wheel-barrow
(Du.
kruy-wagen).
Forby.
In
harsh sound of struggling for breath through a contracted windpipe, and not vice versa, so that the
name
tion of the
sound produced.
And
this
would agree
Way.
Bohem.
chrapawy,
iy'6-
Pol. chrohotac,
The word signifying a lump or clod is used in the same way to express the notion of thrusting, in the Bohem. hruden, the intercalary month, in G. schaltmonat, from schalten, to shove. The double form of the Du. kruyden, kruyen shows the radical identity of the E. crowd and crew or crue, signifying a clump of people. Lith. kruwa, a
heap, as of stones, straw, or people.
chraplhoy,
horse.
shrill,
harsh, hoarse
chrap, nostrils of a
See Cheese.
Crown.
Icel.
Lat. corona.
W.
Goth, hropjan,
Sc.
crynoi, to collect
;
roup
Hal.
is
Jam.
and of
To
croup, to croak.
draw
Ir.
cruin-
Crow.
Cronk.
;
nighim, to collect
A direct imitation
;
of the cry
a crown, garland
Crucible.
cruinne,
of different birds.
krdchzen, to
croak or caw
croasser
;
Lat. crocire
Kpu>^Lv
is
;
It.
crocciolare
Fr.
Crude.
Cruel.
; ;
See Crock.
Lat. crudus, bloody, raw, un;
Gr.
Bohem.
Icel.
krokati, to
croak.
ripe, unfeeling
cru-
From Du.
like
kraeyen
In
cruor, blood.
hem. krew,
W.
kraki, a crow.
crow,
NE. a
Crowd,
crowd or
fiddle
was
recognised by the
Romans
as a British instrument.
Cruise. To sail up and down. Du. kruissen, from kruis ; Fr. croiser, from croix ; Dan. krydse, from kryds, a cross.
Crum.
Romanusque
lyra plaudat
;
AS. crume.
;
Graecus Achilliac&
crotta
nibble
criomag, a small
Berri. gre-
shred, tatter
criomagaich, crumble
Named from
the hollow sounding board. W. crwth, a hollow protuberance, bulge, belly, fiddle croth, a bulge, a womb, crothi, to bulge. Gael, croit, a
;
The crum
PI.
Danneil)
is
the part
208
CRUMP.
CUCUMBER.
12
:
Crninp.
Crumple.
;
Cmmp-hach, hump-back
to crumple, to
shall
Sw. krumpen, shrunk, contracted, numbed. AS. crumb, crump, crymhig, bowed, bent ; G. krumm, W. crom, crwm, crooked, crymu, to bend, crook, stoop; Sc. crummy, a cow with a crumpled horn. The fundamental image, in accordance with the views explained under Crab, should be a lump, round mass, or projection, from
into wrinkles
draw up
verb kriustan in
Mark
kriicke,
;
ix.
M.]
Cratch.
G.
Du. kruck,
gruccia, a crutch
men
Now
we
go with. The meaning of the w^ord then is obviously a staff with a cross bar at the top for the support of the arm. Crutch was also used in the sense
of cross.
have W. crwh, a hump, E. croop-hack, a hump-back, and with the nasal, crump, the projection of the
haunches, rump.
kle
;
See Cross.
Imitative of a shrill sudden exertion
It.
Hal.
To Cry.
of the voice.
gridare,
Du.
curliness or rough-
As a
shrill
cry
ness of surface
rigidity,
made
And
word passes on to signify the shedding of most general expression of pain of any kind. In like manner the verb to weep comes from AS. wop, the primary meaning of which is simply
pain, the
tears, the
Crisp,
is
outcry.
Crypt.
It.
cripta,
a hollow
vault,
a church
to
To Crank
or heron.
snort, croak
;
or
Crnnkle.
Lith. krankti, to
Flor.
hide,
Crupper.
the croupe or
dle.
services
Christians.
"Ac
rump of a
cum
eum
rump
Crop.
clanculo celebrabat."
Greg,
one on horseback.
Ibid.
Cub.
The young
To Crash.
From
kobhi,
seal, vitulus
(Dan. saelhund.)
ready
to
Cot.
It.
crosciare,
croscere,
to
squash,
Cubit. Lat. cubitus, cubitum, Gr. kv^itov, the elbow or bending of the arm. From a root cub,
signifying crook or bend, seen in Gael, cub, crouch,
stoop, shrink
;
tiles,
;
and
Ktnrra),
therewithal to
as green
Flor.
sleet
;
make a
;
to crick
wood
down, properly,
to
bow
down.
krusza, hail,
;
nukruszti,
crMsea, bran?).
to bits.
Cucking-stool. A chair on which females for were fastened and ducked in a pond. " The chair was sometimes in the form of a closestool [which] contributed to increase the degradacertain offences
tion."
Halliwell.
Manx
Icel.
Crust.
anything.
dren's language.
In
or pysynge vesselle
militer
scaphium. Pr.
iiij.
kuka, caccare.
Cnkkynge
Pm. "Si-
malam
crunch (knarrend mit Zahnen zermalmen) chrasta, the crust of a wound chrastel, the corncrake
;
; ;
nebatur
stercoris,
aut
sol.
dabat prepositis."
Domesday B.
stool.
in
Way.
It
was
chrustacka, gristle.
Gael, rusg,
;
rind,
husk, bark;
Bret.
A. Sax. gong-stole, a close-stool. Cuckold. Cuckolled, treated in the way the cuckow (Lat. cuctdus) serves other birds, by laying an egg in their nest.
that
viz.
rmk, bark
iCrust
is
E. rusk, a hard crust, crust baked crisp. found in all the Gothic languages, as
Cuckow.
Kil.
From
It.
the cry.
well as in those from which similar words are cited in the text. Krvsts occurs in Ulphilas, Matth. viii.
Cucumber.
Lat. cucumis,
Cot.
cucumber;
cocomero.
CUD.
Cud.
CULM.
the neck
;
209
G.
kegel, Pol. kregle, ninepins
;
;
Quid.
To chew
the cud
is to
chew
the
G. winkel, Du. wiggelen, motitare, E. wriggle ; Lat. coaxare, E. croak ; Lith. kumpas, E. crump, crooked E. cob, W. dob, a lump Russ. puk, Gael, pluk, a bunch E. chink, Du. klinche, a
a corner, E. wrinkle
; ; ;
AS.
cud,
rumen
Somner B.
cleft E. gingle, Gael, gliong ; Fr. quincailler, Rouchi dincailler, to tinkle, E. chink and clink, to tinkle chatter and clatter ; Sp. casco, Lang, closco,
slit,
;
;
womb
Icel.
quidr, the
womb, paunch,
maw
at
scull
clos,
a husk
W.
;
coch,
to lose
and
bimbeloter.
Irim-
Cot.
In
like
manner
in Lat.
rumino, to chew
parso long as I
fill
"
Ego rumorem
In like manner I believe the loss of an r has converted cruddle into cuddle.
dum
fill
sit
am
Cudgel.
Du.
knobbed
stick
able to
my
at quida, to
one's
womb,
Kil.
The
origin
i?
maw,
especially of
ruminating animals
Esthon.
It.
cozzare, to knock.
The Deil
Cue. Fr. queue, a tail. The last words of the preceding speech, written with the speech of an actor in order to let him know when he is to come
on the stage.
Cuff.
It.
Wife of Auchtermuty.
To Cuddle.
to feel cold
;
to-
dap
of a
Fl.
The cuff
To
crewdle or croodle, to
To
Hal. crouch together of a of prey. and snug Forby. From crowd, Holloway.
crowd or huddle.
as pigs
partridge quake,
like fright-
flap,
This with an
and the
converted
into
an
i,
after the
schiaffo.
Now
cated
to cuddle is
a pocket.
; It.
by Forby or Wilbraham.
Or have you marked a
Viewing the towring falcon nigh She cuddles low beneath the brake, Nor would she stay nor dare she fly.
Prior in R.
Cuirass.
acea,
Fr. cuirasse
made of leather, from Lat. corium, a skin. Diez. So Lat. lorica, a cuirass, from lorum, a strap.
;
;
courapa,
To
Cull.
To
pick out.
Fr.
cueillir, to gather.
They hopped from spray to spray. They billed, they chirped all day. They cuddled close all night.
Cullers are
The
cullender or colander Cullender. CuUiS. a strainer, from Lat. colare, to strain ; Fr. couler, to run (of liquids), to flow. Sp. colar, to strain or
is
in the
is is
omitted), either
filter
a phenomenon
cite
of very
We may
;
E.
dove
to cuff
and duff,
belch
;
to strike
;
Hal.
coo and
Bav. kopDu. konkelen and kronkelen, to crinkle, kodse, kudse, and knodse, knudse, a club kauwen and knauwen, to chew, gnaw koesFr. gazon, teren and kloesteren, to cherish, pamper glazon, a sod Du. stobbe, Fris. strobbe, a stub E. speckle, Sw. spreckla ; E. speak, G. sprechen ; E. pin, Sc. prin ; Lat. scopa, E. scrub ; Bohem. kapati, krapati, to drip Lat. cancer, Bret, krank
to
;
; ;
;
Fr. coulis, strained juice of meat, &c. Cullis. Cully. Properly the entertainer or companion leacher whom a courtezan or of a courtezan.
jilt
calls
her cully.
B.
From
ticle,
penis.
Thence a
easily led
fool,
who may be
B.
or
To
jilt
cully one, to
him.
B.
make a
impose upon,
Tricks to cully
fools.
Pomfret in R.
applied to the kind of
See Cozen.
W.
the throat
Bohem.
^
Culm.
This term
is
now
VOL.
I.
27
210
coal found not in solid
condition.
latter
CULPRIT.
lumps but
in
CURL.
is
which gives cup and cop. Fr. coupeau, the top or head of a thing, coupeau de la tete, the crown of the
head.
name
cial layer
of coal in a
than culm.
" Culme of
Cur.
dog.
Du.
cor,
its
korre,
W.
a dwarf, then
;
small of
kind
corhwyad (dwarf-duck), a
a partridge;
;
Thanne Pacience percey ved of pointcs of this cote, That were colomy thorugh coveitise and unkynde desiryng. P.P.
Colmie, black, foul, dirty
;
coriar
court),
(dwa:*f-hen),
corlan (dwarf;
a sheep-fold
coravon, a rivulet
corgi,
a
to
hecolmed, blackened.
Curre. Curvet.
;
Fr.
courber,
King Horn.
colly,
courbette,
a small crooked
sit,
rafter,
smut, soot.
Culprit. The name by which a prisoner on his trial is addressed when he has pleaded not guilty.
crub, crouch,
crib,
squat
crubadh,
;
bending
root
is
;
Manx
curb, contract,
shrink
Ir.
Probably a corruption of culpat. for culpatus, the term for a person accused in the old Law Latin.
crubadh, to bend or
make
crooked.
From
the Celtic
W.
;
crwb, a
round
Cmmill^. See Con. np Fr. coupe. It. coppa^ Du. hop, Bret, gob, The notion of a round projection and of hop, slop.
something hollow are often expressed by the same
word, which
is
hunch
crybwch, shrunk,
crinkled.
The
insertion
AS.
and especially a blow on a hollow body. Thus we have seen hoss, a lump or projection, and boss, holThe G. napf, Lang, nap, a bowl or porrenger, low. is a slight variation of knopf, a knob or knop, and both meanings are united in W. cnapen, a knob, a bowl, while the origin of the word seems a representation of the sound of a blow or a thing breaking
;
Formerly spelt crud, the lumpy part of See Crowd. [In a note on the word Cheese, I have mentioned kurt, apparently identical with E. curd, and gry-ut, as names for pressed and dried curds among the
Curd.
coagulated milk.
Tartars.
It should
E. Jcnap, to snap, to
strike.
Hal.
Turkish yoghourt, for Schlatter distinguishes them from it, and the description of kurt and gry-ut does
not apply to yoghourt. the root of kurt
Now
top, knob,
head
may
ping-glass.
The development
of the meaning
is
mean
clotted, coagulated.
blow
kopio, empty,
Arab.
Diet., gives
cave or hollow, as the box of a harp, the cup of a pipe. On the other hand, as in the case of hoU and
buckle,
be a cognate word.
M.1
we
Cure.
we
row, lamentation, as
gen, to take care
the
sor-
Fin. kuppo,
a,
;
u,
a bubble,
boil,
tumour
The
origin
is
preserved in
murmuro
kupukka, anything globular head of a cabbage kuppi, a cup, kuppata, to bleed by cupping.
must thus be
wretched, sad,
Cupboard.
kurj'a,
when
penu-
kurra, to coo as
Curfew.
a house for
gium, the notice for covering or putting out lights at a certain hour in the evening.
Item quod nullus tabernarius seu braciator teneat taber-
a guest-chamber.
See Bower.
little
Cupel.
metals.
ashen
post
horam
crull.
ignitegii.
Lib. Alb.
1.
251.
Cotgr.
It.
From
;
coupe, a cup.
Formerly
Du.
krol,
krolle, curl.
Cupola.
Dim. of
kroke, concinnus,
some use
it
for
bending, curvature.
Kil.
also a
dialect
;
Fl.
Gupo,
root
a curl
krii-
modification of the
fardeler.
CURLIEU.
Curlieu.
Berri. querlu.
bird.
CURRY.
ily give rise to the
211
Fr. courlis
Curmudgeon.
seem
in,
The
quotations in Richardson
it is
E. curry, as the Fr. conreer, or even the Latin corium, and it is therefore purely a historical question, from which of them it is descended. Upon examination of such sources of
information as are at my command, I do not find it " certain that the derivation " of curry and currier
in the first sense " is
to leave little
doubt that
from corn-mudg-
a dealer in com.
The
most unpopular persons in times of scarcity, as they were always supposed to be keeping up the price of
corn by their avarice.
The
grain.
aediles
cunile
hung up 12 brazen
shields
made of the
very different " from corium^ a hide. Neither of these words is found in Coleridge's Glossarial Index, and the earliest instance I have
Holland's
hourding up their
met with of
is
under consideration,
Livy.
;
Curraut.
Raisins de Gorinthe
Then
applied to our
own
Curry.
Currier.
;
Gurry
rium, a hide
whence
It.
coriaritis
a dresser of
is
hides.
cuoiaro, a currier.
is
very
But it The
origin is the
a bride
for
working by oiling
it
by Richardson in both texts of the Wycliffite Scriptures, Deeds ix. 43, and x. 6. In chap. ix. 43, coriour is explained by the gloss, " or tawier," in both the printed texts and all the manuscripts, which affords a presumption that the word was new, and probably then used for the first time in English. The Vulgate, from which the Wycliffite versions were translated, has coriarius, and the Greek, /5vpo-vs, in both passages. Goriour would be precisely the form in which Wycliffe would have Anglicized co7'iarius, but not the form which Fr. conroyeur would have taken in English. Carthat referred to
thoroughly.
From
od
instead of con
;
is It.
ship
The
is
push forwards
Dan.
rede, to
de plonc d'estain."
coriarius, cerdo,
The
Pr.
Pm. has
coryowre,
prepare, arrange
hair.
comb
one's
Hence
rede, ready.
To Curry.
cial application
S.
7b curry a
horse, is only
a spe-
of the sense of dressing or working " To rub down, comb and anything thoroughly.
dress him."
and I find it difficult to doubt, that the E. noun currier and the French corier are both derived from coriarius, which is constantly given as their Lat. equivalent, and is, no doubt, itself from
corium.'
B.
Et
Li
The verb curry in the present sense I have not found in any older authority than Palsgrave, who
has '''Icurry,je courroye."
8.
If currier had
become
Fab. et Contcs.
198.
name
of a leather-dresser,
To curry favour is a proverbial expression corrupted from " curry favel." Fr. etriller fauveau, to curry the chesnut horse. " Tel etrille Fauveau que
puis le mord," the ungrateful jade bites
and
its
may very
word was
probably be accidental.
That
this latter
is
him
that
quite certain,
Cot.
It
was usual
to
make
proper
name
liart,
grey),
and hence, though the E. curry and currier may not be derived from it, the Fr. corroyer, corroyeur, older form conroyer, conroyeur, no doubt are. The two most direct very early instances I have
found of the application of conreer
dressing of leather are these
to the technical
for
horse in general.
so bold as blind
Dun
is
in the mire."
"
Who
When
Et
in the
proverb was
" Peletier
Que
[There are several roots from which, so far as the form is concerned, curry might with almost equal
probability be derived.
1.
Chi a male peleterie." " Amis, par le foi que vos doi Autel voloit faire de moi Mes peres, sire GonsseUns ;
Ne
sai,
putois
sebelins
Me
Et sur
drer, coudrement,
In the sense of dressing leather, the Fr. couand the Sp. curtir, might as read-
Chr. du Roi Guillaume d'Ang. p. 108ces cercles de tonniaus loies k perches, getent
212
CURRY.
CURTSY.
the case of a radical already naturalized in France,
en alun.
2.
Joinville, c. 136.
That curi-y, to dress a horse, is from conreer I have no doubt, though many of the passages which seem to show that in O. Fr. conreer had the same sense as the modern etriller fail to establish that fact, and I have not met with any in which it is not so employed as to leave it probable that it meant
to take care of the horse generally, rather than to
citrry him.
which rooi had not been, and the It. corredare is therefore the probable immediate source of conreer. But corredare itself is traced back to a Gothic root M.] discussed under Array, which see.
Clirsei
the cross.
AS.
corsian, to execrate
by the
sign of
In Fr.
we
An
appeal to
made
he
is
called on to execute
it
is
ceptance.
So
and
to curse.
mulz amblanz,
14.
The
of
AS.
is
spoken
by Blackstone in a manner that shows the connexion of the two ideas. " The corsned, or morsel
of execration, being a piece of cheese or bread,
E
II
unt
traites les
11
napes
li
maistre s<5nescal,
Saillent
vunt as osteus
p. 17.
there
is
besides,
on
p. 4, the
same word
is
applied to the
which was consecrated with a form of exorcism, desiring of the Almighty that it might cause convulsions and paleness, and find no passage if the man was really guilty, but might turn to health and
nourishment
ries.
treatment of persons:
Li emper^re de France feit cunreer sa gent E ceols qui al^rent od lul cunreat gentement.
if
he were innocent."
It.
Commenta Skinner.
Curtain.
Fr. courtine,
The example
have seen
in
French, but
if
meant no occasion
manner
;
It.
A passage in
*
curtain
alzar la tenda, to
zeU,
The G.
telta,
tent,
corresponds to the E.
the
curtain or covering of a
waggon or
the like.
Fin.
hi
comen sach
:
XV.
c.
x.
De
tentoriis,
says
"
Dicta autem tabernacula, quod cortince distentse funibus, tabuhs interstantibus appenderentur, quag tenv. 1385.
toria sustinerent,"
tince
and in ub.
est,
XIX.
c.xxvi.
"Cor-
sunt aulaea, id
From
to
Exodo
This
become
of,
tegebatur.
is
autem
cortince
coriis,"
etc
care
though probably never synonymous with etriUer in French, might, in passing into another
may
is
be thought of
language,
there
is
come
to
mean,
to
Wedgwood
corredare, but
root, row,
De
Cnrtal. Curtail. From Fr. court, short, with a modification of the termination ard, seen in Bayard, dastard, drunkard, as formed courtault, courtaut, Mid. Lat. curtaldus, E. curtal, having a docked tail. To curtail is a different word, from court tailler, to
M.]
a derivative, not
Van
d.
cut short.
But the formation of words from Gothic roots with Romance prefixes is so uncommon in Dutch that the word could not have originated in that language, and on the other hand, the French would have been
as httle likely to adopt a similar process, except in
all
Curtsy. Fr. courtiser, to court, entertain with compliments or ofiices of respect and observance
civility.
courtoisie, courtesy,
to cross
oneself,
position of those
who make
CURVE.
It
is
DAB.
213
commonly pronounced
is
cMrchy,
and
in
brokeshire a girl
It.
told to
make her
crutch or curch.
far croce, star colle hraccia in croce, to cross the arms on the breast (often joined with bowing or kneeling), as an attitude of reverence. La Crusca;
W.
cwtt,
a
;
little
piece,
cut,
;
a gobbet;
cwttogi, to
abridge ;
catt,
little
piece or gobbet.
;
Turk.
knee.
kit^a,
a piece, a segskadda, to
Fl.
Faire reverence
a, to arise,
;
give place,
solicit
ment.
off,
make
courtesie, vaile
bonnet unto
to
with
injure, destroy
G. schaden.
Icel.
Cot.
take
away
Curve. See Curb. Curvet. Fr. courhette, the prancings of a managed horse, in which he bends his body together and
springs out.
skaddr, mutilated.
Cutlas.
cortelo,
Curtal-axe.
cortelazo,
It. coUello
a knife, and
the
Cushion.
kiissen.
Fr. coussin.
It.
coscino, cuscino.
G.
Hence
OE.
courtelas,
is
Icel. hoddi,
a cushion.
See Cod.
meaning, which
curtal-axe.
[Diez supposes cushion and the corresponding Continental words to be from the Lat. culcita, but a
derivation proposed
short sword.
Cot.
Cutler. Fr. coutelier, a maker of knives, from couteau, formerly written cousteau, coulteau. It. coltello,
Venet.
cortelo,
Curci 6 cord llaman las Moras a unas piecezuelaa de plata u oro que mezclan en sus collares. * * * las mas comunes son en forma de almoadas, de donde les vino el nombre, pues las almoadas de cama j estrado se llaman cord.
of cousteau.
But
this is
De
este
el castellano coxin.
Editor's
from
Note
to Ayala, Cron.
Don
W.
a knife.
the Egyptian
worn by
present day.
Though
is
of metal,
dethe
Cuttle fish. Fr. cornet, a sea-cut or cuttle-fish. W. mor-gyllell, the seaCot. Du. see-katte. knife, from the knife or feather-shaped bone contained in its body. In some parts of France it is
called
cousteau
de mer.
Cousteau,
the principal
name
of ckoors.
the other hand, cussin, chu^si,
On
in
are found
cut or cuttie.
Cot.
;
OHG.
This
Cymbal.
icvfjifto?,
word might have been formed from Lat. culcita, but it is historically improbable that it was borrowed from either the French or the Arabic. See Graff,
IV. 524.
Sp.
From an
imitation of
Compare
M]
Gr.
KofjLTreo),
to
clank
when
Custom.
It.
Fr. coustume,
coutume.
struck.
Alb. kembone, a
costumbre,
from
consuetudo,
consuetudinis,
soft-
cattle-bell.
A timhal
initial t
is
plan with an
instead of k.
D.
face, a dirty clout
ble
Dabble. Dawb. Dab, a on dab (Du. B. The sound a about water and
Dab.
slap
;
the
produces
it,
dab
is
to
of something
soft,
may
conveniently
;
dabben, dabbelen
in the
dirt.
of
blow with something not resonant, as a lump of soft clay or a wet cloth, is represented by the syllables dab, dib, dub, as to dab a sore with a wet towel.
a very small quantity a dab-wash, a small wash got up on a sudden. To dawb is to cover a
surface with dabs or portions of adhesive substance,
to smear.
In
like
manner from
klak, representing
The
paddling
sound of water agitated by the hands or feet. Then as the same word which represents the noise of a
when thrown
against any;
blow
is
commonly applied
to the instrument
which
klik,
214
Mils, a small
DAD.
DAG.
a representation by the syllables da da, of the incoherent utterances which accompany the muscular
exertions of the infant.
(to
Brem. lump ; Hakken, to dawb. Wort. A somewhat different application of the verb to dab gives the sense of pricking or striking a pointed instrument into a soft body. To dab in some parts of England is used, as dibble in others, for making
holes in a furrow with a pointed stick for the plant-
So
beat.
make dadada),
to
Tutschek.
is
in Galla,
dadadagoda
In the
the
name given
in
Dada, a hobby-horse.
Dadees
a more
ing of seed.
prick.
Jam.
To
general sense is applied to all the proceedings of an " Souffrir a un enfant toutes ses dadees," to infant.
The thorn that dabs TU cut it down, Though Mr the rose" may be.
Cotgr.
The
like
frequentative
to daddle or daidle
is
in use in the
N. of E. and
a child.
Sc, signifying
to
walk unsteadily
So
and job,
jobbet,
Jam.
To
To
doddle,
float,
the designation
is
and down of the object; dobberen, to rise and fall with the wave. Halma. The terra has the same meaning in the name of the dabcMch or dobchick, a water-fowl, which is constantly bobbing under water.
Upon
Burel's
Pilg. in
Jam.
And when his forward strength began to bloom To see him diddle up and down the room. Jam.
A dab-hand is one
single blow.
who
So Langued. tapa, to strike, to do a " Aco's estat leou tathing skilfully and quickly.
pat " (leou, quick), cela a dte
Cast.
fait
vacillare."
lestement.
lull,
fedle.
Diet.
From
the imperfect
is
way
of walking of a child
See Dad.
2.
the expression
extended
to signify
an
inefficient
Dad.
W.
tad.
Lap. dadda
guage), father.
To
dade, figuratively, to
move
slowly
to
or waddle.
Hal.
trifle,
to toddle
ogous
to dab.
It is
used in the
instance to rep-
The
fancy)
;
It.
dande, dading
Fr.
Hal. Jam.
"
He dadded
to the door,"
to.
dondeliner
He
fell
with a dad."
de la
tete,
to
bespatter, to dawb.
bet,
unsteadily
to
above), a large piece, a lump, lunch. Daddock, daddick, rotten wood, is, I believe, the
It signifies
it
and
fro
It.
babes
the
also to dangle in
to trifle,
air,
to
rock or dandle.
;
G. tdndeln,
Daddle
To Dade.
plied to the
Dadin^-StringS.
him
to
Bav. tanderey,
"
To dade
;
ap-
tricks
idly,
first
vacillating steps of
dade a
child, to teach
walk
bewilder oneself.
Jam.
He
leading strings.
word
is
Hal.
Then
metaphorically,
OHG.
tanta-
Fr.
dandin,
It.
Daffodill.
at her
Corrupted
from Lat.
daffodill,
asphodelics.
affodill,
most plenteous
trips.
No
Dag.
Dagger. Daggle.
dag, to pierce.
or
Cot.
The
syllable
dag
is
But
Isis
gently dadcs.
To dade a
dading
him
to walk, to
Bret, dagi, to
OE.
by which he
is
held
up while learning
to walk.
The
origin seems to be
Derfe dyntys they dalte with daggande sperys. Morte Arthure in Hal.
DAIL.
Fr. dague,
It.
DALE.
"
215
stabbing
weapon.
tree,
OE.
Hal.
in
Then
"
Chaucer
A
a derye, androchiarium, bestiarium, gene" Caseale, a deyAng. in Way. house where cheese is made." Elyot in Hal. In Gloucestershire a dairy is still so called. In the 37 Ed. III. A.D. 1363, are classed together "hovers,
tharia
theum."
Cath.
R.
Hence
or shred.
Dagge of
cloth, fractillus.
Pr.
Pm.
" slice. dagon of your blanket, leve dame." Ch. Dag-locks, clotted locks hanging in dags or jags at a sheep's tail. Fin. takku, a shag-
Dagon, a
word deyes being translated in the Engdairy-men, and in 12 Rich. II., deye and deyrie woman. The primary duty of the dey was doubtless the milking of the cattle, from whence the name is debestes," the
gy
fleece, takku-willa,
rived
&Q,.,
dojka, a dairyto
shaggy, dagged.
of shaggy material.
OE.
"
dag-swain, a bed-covering
Bohem.
doiti,
milk or
long
but on one."
Daghts,
to
trail
icicles,
in
some
ice.
In daggle,
daggle-tail,
Hal., bedaggled,
there
is perhaps a mixture between the idea of hanging in dags in the wet and mire, and that of bedewing, soaking in the wet grass Sc. dag, dew,
;
Sw.
deja,
;
a dairy-maid.
give suck
AS.
diende, lactentes.
Benson
Way is
in Ihre.
drizzling
dew, bedew
gle-tealed,
Sw. dagg, dew, Dan. dugge, bedugge, to Devonshire dugged, dugged-tealed, dagwet and with the tail of the garment
;
at
loss,
di-agged
along in
is
the
dirt.
Exmoor
scolding.
Androchia
is
for androgyna,
Draggle-tailed
later
introduction
when
the
office
Old English, meant a pistol, as often as a dagger, and it was used also as a verb in the sense of to fire a pistol, to shoot with a pistol, just as to pistol sometimes now occurs for to shoot with a pisiDag,
in
tol..
drogens,
by man or woman. Androgynus, anmans end wijfs kunne gelijc. Dief. Sup.
Mod. Gr. avSpoyvvos, husband and wife. [The Catalan dida, a nurse, is doubtless referred to the same root
to
be
The name
is
Dail*
DalCf
toull,
M.]
pump
B.
W.
Axi mateix stabli e ordena lo dit consell q daciauant nenguna dida o nodri9a puix sia afermada o auenguda a nodrir alguna criatura no gos ni presmnesca lexar aqlla o partirse
del seruir ans dela
cil
fi
The
twll,
of Valentia, A.
D.
1373.
Priv. Val.
a hole, cavity
The
is
collects,
a sink, gully,
only authority cited by Ducange for this word a " vetus interpres Moschionis, de morb. mul."
as the origin, but
to the
Swiss
dole,
a
;
pit,
OHG.
dola,
the
cloaca, fistula
M.]
group con-
the washings and other such ordure of houses are conveyed Cot. ; in Normandy a spout or channel to void water by. Roquefort. Sp. dala, the pumpdale of a ship. Icel. dcela, a depression, bucket for drawing water from a well, pump.
Dais.
thrones
Cot.
Fr. Dais or daiz, a cloth of estate, canthat stands over the heads of Princes'
also the
opy or heaven
;
whole
deis,
O. Fr. dais,
"
"
curt esterras, e a
mun
L.
Dainty.
W.
dant,
a tooth
des Rois.
Un
One
high
NE.
danch,
OE. daunch,
Chron. Norm.
Day's eye.
then trans-
was
Hal.
Dairy. Dey. The dey was a servant in husbandry, mostly a female, whose duty was to make cheese and butter, attend to the calves and poultry
Daisy.
it call
may
Chaucer
in R.
The
Dale.
deisie
and other odds and ends of the farm. The dery, deyry, or dairy, was the department assigned to her.
Dell.
W.
twU, a hole,
pit,
dimple,
216
DALLOP. DAM.
mine-shaft; Bret,
bottom, pit
;
mwn, a
Pol.
dot,
toull,
a hole or cavity;
little
sire
ne dame
dolek,
;
pit
;
or hole,
R. R. 5887.
dolina, valley
Bohem.
a mine, dulek, a depression, pock mark, dolina, a valley. Goth, dal, a valley, gulph,
pit,
shaft in
G. thai, a valley. Perhaps Icel. dala, a dint, exhibits the primary sense of the word. Dan. dal, a valley, the dim. dcel, a depression E. dale, a valley, dell, a depression in a hill-side. The E. had also a diminutive
pit
;
;
Subsequently these terms were confined to the male and female parents of animals, especially of
horses.
Dam.
much
mental
Pr.
Pm.
The
funda-
one
col,
dalke in the
in
Goth, faur-damm;
Dallop.
Pol. tamowac, to
origmally imitations of the sound made by the collision of soft or wet things. Icel. dolpungr, the surf,
beating of the waves on the shore
;
staunch, obstruct,
dam
dolpr, animal of
;
unwieldy
lop,
size. Prov. E. golp, a sudden blow gala large morsel ; wallop, to beat, to be slatternly,
a thick piece of fat ; walloping, great ; dallop, a slattern, a clumsy and shapeless lump of anything, to paw, toss, and tumble about carelessly. Hal. W. talp, a lump, Icel. ddlpa i feninu, to flounder in the mire ; ddlpa i arum, to paddle with the oai-s, to row softly. Compare Icel. damla, to dabble in
Icel. dammr, Dan. dam, a fish-pond. O. Sw. damfn, a dam. Bav. daum, daumb, taum, Fr. tampon, tapon, the wad of a gun Bav. daumen, verdaumben, Fr. taper, to ram down, to stop the loading from falling out. Here we are brought to a root tap instead of tarn, and it will be seen that the change might as easily take place from tap through tamp to tarn, as in the opposite direction fi-om tarn
causeway.
to tap.
liquids, to
row
softly.
ping up an orifice
naturally expressed
by a word
Dally. To toy with, play, ti-ifle. From Lat. talus, the ankle-bone of animals, then a die to play with, came apparently the OE. daly, a die, plaything
;
or play, tessura (tessera), alea, decius." " Men play with three dice, and children with four
dalies, astragalis vel talis.
leys,
bunch
tuft,
from
touffe,
lock of hair,
clump of
trees.
Now
the Sw.
Way. The term have acquired the sense of a toy or plaything, with a special application to a girl's puptessellas."
Herman
Cut
in
a bunch, has precisely the signification reHotapp, halm-tapp, a whisp of hay or stmw tapp-wis, by handfuls. Then, from a bunch of
tapp,
quired.
fibrous matter
orifice,
seems thus
to
Hence
a
tceppa, to stop a
to shut, shut
whence Jam.
pet,
it is
and
in
a wider sense
field.
;
up
teeppa
et aker, to
inclose
Neer price a weardless wanton elf That nought but pricks and prins herself Wha's like a dally drawn on delf or china-ware. Morison in
J.
Hence dallacked, daUed out, gaudily dressed. Hal. The notion of dallying or trifling is attained in the same manner in the It. dondola, a kind of
tappa ukseh, shut have the breath stopped, to be suffocated, tappaltak, the asthma ; Sw. and-tceppa, shortness of breath, asthma (ande, breath). Lang, tap, a cork, tapa, tampa, to stop, shut, shut up, inclose, surround se tampa las aourelios, to stop tampa uno porta, to shut a door tamone's ears
to shut, to stop
Lap. tappet,
;
the door
tappalet, to
pos,
shutters.
reservoir.
Diet. Castr.
Diet.
Lang.
;
Cat.
baby, also any toy, fancy, or conceit, to pass away the time withal, any dalliance, dandling, or wantonizing ; dondolare, to dally, loiter, or idle, pass the
time.
taparse
el eel, to
become covered
hole,
Fl.
Dam.
Dame.
to
cover
tapado,
domina.
It.
dama, Fr.
to
in, thick,
close-wrought, tapada,
dame, a lady.
address to
signify
as a respectful
xar' i^oyT]v,
tampam, a cover,
lid
of a box
;
Sp. tapar,
a mother, as
a father.
Ne
bung.
kin,
a stopple
a cannon.
DAMAGE. DANDRUFF.
It will
217
may have
The G. dampf
sig-
difiiculty,
or pond
building.
Damage.
injury.
damnum,
loss,
phenomenon is commonly taken from the most exaggerated manifestation of it, the term may have been applied in the first instance to the breath, and thence to exhalaand, as the designation of a
Ut
ei
nemo
fiicere
praesumat.
eum
Daiuaski
linen, &c.,
Fr. damasquin
because figured
silks,
Bav. dampf, contemptuously, Or the designation may have been taken from regarding smoke, dust, vapour, steam, as suffocating, stifling, choking agents. Sw. damb, dust. The G. dampf is explained by Adetion, steam,
the breath.
Schm.
smoke.
To Damp.
impossible to separate
to
damp,
when
it
is
by a physiis
obvious.
Com-
The fundamental
to suffocate,
dam, to Lang. tapo-fam, literally, stop-hunger, a damper or hunch of meat to damp the appetite at the beginning of a meal. Diet. Cast. It is probably from the notion
spelling.
The
Pol.
tamowac
signifies to
In the choke-damp of our mines a repetition of the element signifying suffocation added to supply the loss of that meaning in the E. damp.
Dampt The sense of moisture expressed by the Du. and E. damp has probably arisen from the connexion of closeness and suffocation with dampness
or moisture.
close
;
damp
Sw.
Sw. andto
Sw.
et tapt
Lap. tappalet,
be
suf-
confined;
;
focated, from
like
tcBppa,
Lap. tappet,
to stop.
In
manner Fin.
sulku-tauti,
asthma
(tauti
= breath),
OHG.
= sick-
bedompt huis, maison mal percee, obscure, humide bedompt, dompig, or dampig weer, dark and damp
weather.
shortness of
Halma.
temphcn, bedem-
phen, G. dampfen, to suffocate, choke, smother; ddmpf-leinchen, a cord to hang one, halter Ade-
lung
damp ; Bav. daumen, daumben, to stop, dauhen, to damp, to still, and damn, vapour, smoke daumig, vaporous, close, damp.
Swiss dobb, overcast, close, warm,
;
DaiUSOL
dama, a
lady,
Fr. demoiselle
It.
damigella, dim. of
Then
as the breath
is
is
the
common symbol
of
life,
Damson.
Mod. Gr. Dance.
Damascene.
kind of plum.
putting an
quelling.
end
to
extinguishing, depressing,
to
Safjiaa-K-qvov,
a plum.
Fr. danser,
The
original
damp.
die
Kiittn.
G. Aufruhr dampfen,
to suppress
a tumult
of
lusts.
stifle
Ddmpfimg
which sense danse, dandse is still used in South Denmark. Outzen. So in Lat. "pedibus plaud" alterno terram pede quatere." ere choreas,"
one's passions.
In the south of Germany ddmmen is used in the same way das Feuer Pein ddmmen, to damp
;
heavily
Dan. Du.
the
Bav. demmen, ddmen, to retame. ^^Damen, domare," " Alle Irrung nieder zu driicken und zu ddmmen" " Glut demmen und loschen." Schmeller.
fire, to still
pain
A like
to dance,
a point at which we must admit the Gr. Sa/xaw, Lat. domare, Dan. tcemme, to tame, to break in, as parallel modifications of the
to
dump,
dance.
to
connexion is seen between AS. tumbian, and PI. D. dumpen, to stamp Devonsh, knock heavily, to stump also a kind of Hal. " Perdiccas his dame was a tom;
bystere,"
i.
e.
a dancer.
Chaucer.
same
to
root.
sine lidenskaher,
Dandruff.
ton,
W.
the
curb one's passions (Repp.), with Sw. dampa sina hegarelser, above cited Lat. domare iracundias.
skin,
crust
marwdon, dead
drwg, bad,
evil,
skin,
dandruff.
Perhaps the
or scab.
to spread.
W.
may form
The sense of vapour, exhalation, steam, smoke, expressed by the G. dampf, Du. damp, demp, domp,
VOL.
I.
OHG.
gadanjan,
to stretch,
28
218
DANDELION. DANGER.
Fr. dent de lion, lion's tooth, from
in the laws of W. the Condomigerium and the corresponding Fr. domager or damager would pass into damger, danger, the last of which is frequently
Dandelion.
compared
to
damage
is
written
damge
To Dandle.
word
play,
to
Dandj.
lion's
jaw.
For the
origin of the
found
"
En
terre et
ou
lUed
King Henry's ambassadors into France having been danby the French during these delusive practises, returned without other fruit of their labours. Speed in R.
ou paturage defendu"
Carp. A. D. 1373.
in his daungere
un dangier,
It.
is
and dandled dondola, a toy, a child's playing baby; dondolarsi, to loiter away time. Fl. G. tdndeln, to trifle, toy, loiter, tdndelschurze, a short apron more for show than for use
tossed to
fro
;
and
And
in his nette
gan him so
straine.
R. R.
In
like
for
que
trou-
toutes et quantefoiz
And
k nous
Carp.
he has married a dandilly wife, She wadna shape nor yet wad she sew But sit wi' her cummers and fill hersel
Robert
fu'.
le
fort notre
Jam.
A. D.
1403
estre
in
To
en son danger,
dandy
is
probably
dressed person.
bantam.
small of
Hal.
its
Dandeprai, a dwarf.
kind
?
From
sprat,
something
came to signify to be subjected to any one, to be in his power or liable to a penalty to be inflicted by him or at his suit, and hence the ordinary accep" In danger tation of the word at the present day. in danger of Hell-fire." of the judgment
Mid. Lat. damnum was used to signify a fine imposed by legal authority. The term was then elliptically applied to the limits over which the right of a Lord to the fines for territorial offences extended, and then to the inclosed field of a pro-
Danger.
As
to
such licence,
or to exactions made as the price of permission. " Dangeria (sunt) quando bosci non possunt vendi
sine licentia regis, et tunc ibi habet
prietor,
sees so often
decimum dena-
exemplified in Switzerland at the present day, " Entrance forbidden under penalty of 10 fr." " Si quis caballum in damnum suum invenerit." Le-
rium."
"
Judicatum
est
Judgment A. D. 1269.
aliis
erum molere
rius
damno
Fleta.
quam
id facere
molendini."
Chart.
si la
A. D. 1310,
in
Carp.
in Fr.
venta " " bestes trouvees prinses en damage''' Monast. Ang. in Due. " Qu'en dommaige et en sa garenne le poulain au charreton trouva." Cent
word was often rendered dommage " Aniraalia in damnis dictorum fratrum in-
Et
leur
ils
coramanderent que
"
de
I'eglise."
nouv. nouv.
Damage
Comme
trespass, intrusion
ce faire."
le tavernier faisoit
dangier ou
diflScult^
de
Carpentier.
to
distrain or seize
found in trespass.
"
Comrae Estienne Lucat sergent de Macies eust dommage une juraent." Carpent From this verb was apparently formed the abstract domigerium, signifying the power of exacting " Sub domigea damnum or fine for trespass.
prinst et
danger uttren we all our chaffare, Gret prees at market makcth dere ware And to gret chepe is holden at htel prise This knoweth every woman that is wise.
With
W.
i.
of Bath.
e.
we make
I
difficulties
manu
esse."
Bracton.
Then
as
Was
lb.
DANGLE. DARE.
And
thus the martial Erie of
219
Mar
Marcht with his men in richt array Without all danger or delay
De
cheese
is
not good.
Bohem.
elegant.
Came
girl.
Battle of Harlaw.
Dapyr
or
praty,
dobry, good.
Wendish.
daeka.
in v.
Dapper,
Palsgr. in
Way.
[The Fardle of Facions has danger in a sense which marks a step in the change from its primary to its present meaning
The Lirceis Uve by woodmanshippe and huntinge * * * thei use to climbe suche trees as siemeth them beste and there awaite their game. * * * When the beaste comSup. to Hakluyt, eth within daungier, he shoteth, &c. M.] 1812, p. 328.
:
Godihandsome.
Cot.
See Deft.
Dapple.
From
dab, a
lump of something
soft,
a blotch or spot,
Icel.
ground of different colour, deplottr, dappled. So from Fr. matte, a clot, mattele, clotted, del mattonne,
a curdled or mottled sky.
The resemblance
Dang'le. Prov. E. to dang, to throw down or strike with violence Sw. danga, to bang, thump,
;
pommeU,
is
accidental.
To Dare.
daursta
;
1.
knock
dingle,
at
a door
Icel. dengia, to
knock, to
hammer
AS.
dare, durst;
preterite troste
dyrstig,
MHG.
bold,
Sw. dangla, dingla, PI. D. dungeln, to dangle, Compare Dan. dashe, to bob, swing to and fro. slap, and also to dangle, bob, flap. Dank* Synonymous with damp, as syllables ending in mp or mb frequently interchange with nk
or ng.
to
E.
to
dristig,
Sw.
bold.
to
drista,
;
Oapao^, trust,
bold, spirited
;
6pacrv<i,
dristi,
dare
drasinti, to encour-
Thus we have
It.
So
come down together from a high antiquity. We have seen that damp, moist, is derived from the notion of closeness, stopping up, covering, expressed
drasintis), to dare.
a consistent theory of
by the
dam, while
opment of the signification. Sometimes the root seems to be a form similar to the Lat. durus, hard,
Gael, dur, stubborn, persevering, eager, Sc. dour,
bold, hardy, obstinate, hard,
to adventure, dare,
is
exchanged
;
for a
c, k.
ram-rod
whence Gael,
diiraig,
wish
(to
Port.
of dare
" I cannot
endure
to
In like
to endure
Langued. tampo, estampo, in tRe same sense. It is probable then that dank has come from the guttural form of the root in the same way as damp from the
labial.
manner Fin.
rius,
en tarkene, I can-
is
Lap.
It.
tarjet, to
be able
to do.
In the
covering
Thus we have Du. bedampen, to darken, bedompt, dompig, dark. In connexion dark, obscure, damp with dank we have Du. donker, OHG. O. Sax. dun;
ardire, to dare.
The W.
and
Icel. diarfr,
OE. derf
hard,
Hal.
NE.
danker, a dark
strong, fierce,
G.
OHG.
It is difficult to
cloudy weather.
Dapper seems
in
E.
first
to
in
For who
The
is she that may endure dapper terms that lovers use. Turberville in R.
G. durfen, darf to dare, to be so bold as to KUttn., Du. derven, dorven, durven, to dare, The confusion with are formed in like manner. forms like the Du. derven, bederven, dorven, to want, be without, have need, G. bediirfen, to be
in need,
AS.
deorfan, to
tion, labour,
calamity, would
be accounted for
difficult
if
Applied
agilis.
to
man
PI.
it
signifies small
we suppose
ter
fortis, acer,
cases
was
be in hard or
circumclosely
Kil.
D. dapper,
stances.
The
ideas of labour
220
connected.
diirfen is
DARE.
The
sometimes found
in tlie
DARRAIGN.
To
dare birds, to catch them by frightening them
;
OE.
dare.
to dor, to
to
So evene hot that lond ys that men durre selde Here orf in howse awynter brynge out of the felde.
R. G. 43.
i.
stupify
to dorre, to deafen
dor, or
fool.
make a
Hal.
in
Du. door,
fool,
stultus,
;
socors.
Kil.
G.
thor,
e. that
to
house
tlieir cattle
Sw. dare,
toxicate.
the winter.
Nordforss.
mad
And
alle
of the lond schulle come bi fore the kyng the yonge men of the lond lete bi fore hym
The fundamental
parallel
atives, is to stun
brynge And heo schulle be such that no prince done hem forsake, Ac for heore prowesse gladliche in to here servise take. R. G. 112.
many analogous
;
deriv-
be
stupified,
;
To
Thor,
Sc. dauer, to
AS.
He that wyll there axsy Justus In tiimement other fyght, Dar he never forther gon Ther he may fynde justes anoon Wyth syr Launfal the knyght.
Dan.
A similar interchange of z
gaure, to gaze.
and r
seen in
OE.
in
Dark.
AS.
deorc.
The
particles so
and do
to
Launfal. 1030.
He wax
so
In similar relation
to the
each
making bold to that of having power, cause, or permission, exemplified in G. diirfen, is illustrated by Fin. tarjeta, to endure. Lap. tarjet, to be able Sw. toras (in the
the sense of
;
two would appear to be however we are unable the form of the words. See Dear, Dole.
Darling.
deor, dear.
AS.
deorling,
dyrling, a dim.
from
To Darn.
in a particular
Now
have
J)et tor
handa, that
is
may
happen.
manner by
slice,
Strength
gode unto
travaile,
must
Cotg.
originally
Ther no strength may, sleght wille vaile. Sleght and conyng dos many a char, Begynnes thing that strength ne dar.
R. Brunne, cxci.
Lith. turreti, to get offspring, to have, possess, to
O. Fr. dame, a
of.
handle,
dorlach, a handful
be bound
to venture.
to
do a thing; turru
brant, to
eiti,
I must go.
Comp. Malay
be
toxication,
2
To Dare.
tionless, to ily to
To
be cowed,
stupified, to lie
mo-
be
terrified.
Daryn
be hydde,
latito, lateo.
Pr. Pm.
like
or affrighted
fowl.
leme
PI.
for to
dare"
Lydgate
Cotg.
ground
Way.
weed in corn, supposed to induce inDarnel. and thence called lolium temulentum in botanical Lat., and ivraie in Fr., from ivre, drunk. Rouchi darnelle. The meaning of the word is explained by the Lith. durnas, foolish, crazy, mad, whence dumes, dumei, durnzole, hyoscyamus, Du. maUcriiyd (from mal, foolish, mad), herba insaniam et soporem Kil. The names of plants were origiinducens.
and quiet; dat weer bedaart, the weather settles een bedaart mann, a man wlio has lost the heat and violence of youth. Du. bedaard, stilled, calm, moderate.
to
D. hedaren,
be
still
;
Grandg.
bedaare,
to
Sw. dare
infatuate,
G.
fool
Dan.
a
besot.
Comp. Fr.
Forby.
sot,
An
Darnock.
old appalled wight,
As ben thise wedded men that lie and dare As in a fourme sitteth a wery hare. Chaucer.
Icel.
wading
in
Hedgers' gloves. domikur, domingar, stiff boots for I cite this word from the sinthe water.
Dannock.
fool,
E.
sot,
a drunkard.
we
should so
little
Then
"
expect a convenience of this kind to have been adopted from a people in the condition of the Celts.
Gael,
To dare, pore or loke about me, je advise alentour. What darest thou on this facyon, me thynketh thou woldest catch larkes." Palsgr. in Way. Comp.
domag, a
glove, gauntlet
from dom,
fist
Bav. dusen,
to
be
still,
ing, or in slumber.
domaig, a covering for the hand or fist, used Cregeen. to guard the hand against thorns. Darraign. It has been shown under arraign that rationes was used in the Lat. of the middle ages
Manx
DART.
for a legal account of one's actions,
DAWB.
nance.
221
was
the
answer an accusation, to settle a the arena of the forum the term was transferred to that of arms, as was natural when the ordeal by battle was considered a reasonable method of ascertaining a question of fact.
legal account, to
controversy.
From
What was
the snaky-headed Gorgon shield. Wherewith she freezed her foes to congeal'd But rigid looks of chaste austerity,
stone,
And
Comus.
Two
Dastard*
tweine.
The
termination ard
is
The
hem
G.
Chaucer.
is
The meaning of the radical part of the word seems that which is seen in the figurative application of dash or daze, to stun, confound, frighten.
but to fight
Hunter.
simpleton
nature.
As for my sustir Emelie Ye wote yourself she may not weddin two At onys And therefore I you put in this degre
That cache of you shall have his destind As him is shape. And this day fifty wekis far ne nere Everich of you shall bring a hundrid knyghts Armd for the listis upon alle rights All redy to darrein here by bataile.
Knight's Tale, 1855.
Hal.
Dastard, etourdi
;
Palsgr.
dastig,
Way
quelled,
sub-
missive, tame.
AS. adastrigan,
to discourage, dis-
may.
Compare
down
;
KUttner.
a blow.
Icel. dust,
ning blow.
noise.
That
is to
say, all
ready
by battle. Afterwards undoubtedly the sense was transferred from the debate or actual settlement of a combat to the preparation
tion as to her possession
for
tle.
it,
Jam. dowse on the chops belongs to same imitative root. Date. The particulars of time and place concerning the execution of a written instrument, which were added in a Roman letter under the form, " Datum " given at such a time and place. Daughter. G. tochter ; Gr, Ovyarrjp Sanscr. duhitri; lj\th. duktere ; Arraen. dustr ; Hohem. dcethe
And
in the towns as they do march along Proclaims him king, and many fly to him Darraign your battle, for they are at hand.
ra
;
Gael, dear
Finn,
tiiitdr ;
Lap. daktar.
donter, to tame, re-
To Daunt.
dine,
Fr. dompter,
H. VI. in R.
violent
Dart* Fr. dard, a dart. Bret, tarz, a crack, clap, blow with noise ; tarz kurun, a clap of thun;
der
tarza, sortir
avec
danton, to subdue a horse-danter, a horse-breaker. Probably not directly from Lat. domare, but from the Teutonic form damp, which is essentially the
W.
To
tard-
same word.
See Damp.
bird of the crow kind.
dawn.
dart
Daw.
ddji
;
to drive forth
where the
kat in
a single element
tattle,
To Dash.
An
Malay
kak
Hark, hark, the waters fall, And with a murmuring sound Dash ! dash ! upon the ground, To gentle slumbers call. Dry den in Todd.
in Fr. caqueter.
named from
Chough, Chat.
their
See
Chaff,
To Dawb.
From
;
Bav. dossen, to sound as thick hail, Mit lautem knall und doss. brooks.
rain,
rushing
made by throwing down a lump of something moist. Hence dauh, clay dauher, a builder of walls with
clay or
many
fall
waters.
Notker
mud mixed
in
Schm.
Sc. dusche,
to
Dawher, or cleyman
dawhyn,
lino,
muro.
Hal. Pr.
with a noise, a
fall,
stroke, blow
;
to slap.
thrash.
Pm.
where
tar."
In
it
this sense the term is used in the Bible speaks of " daubing with untempered mor-
"
To dash
gous
away."
Bible 1551,
;
The
wall
is
gone,
in
R.
to those
Sp. tapia,
mud
wall
tapiador, a
222
builder of such, dawber.
clay.
DAWDLE. DEAF.
Lang,
tap, tapo, plastic
Gl. in
Schmeller.
Dawdle.
To
Icel.
do a
tiling in
Dastard.
See Dade.
dagan, dogun, dawn
;
Du. daesen,
fright
;
to
one's
wits
;
in
madness or
Dawn.
AS.
dawning.
mad
duysigh, deusigh,
dagian,
to
dagung,
Kil.
Daysman, Diet. Lat. dies, G. tag, In the judicial language of the middle ages the word day was specially applied to the day apDay.
day.
pointed for hearing a cause, or for the meeting of
faint,
;
exhaustion
to
to
keep
;
still,
either in
lisstill,
be dizzy.
Schm.
dusen, to be
PI.
D. dosig, dusig,
Du. daghen, to appoint a day for a certain purpose daghen veur recht, to call one before a court of justice daghinge, daeghsel, daghdagh-vaerd, an appointbnef, libellus, dica, citatio ment of a certain day, and thence dagh-vaerd, landsdagh, Mid. Lat. dieta (from dies), the diet, or assembly of the people. Diet was also used in E. for an appointed day. " But it were much better that those who have not taken the benefit of our indeman assembly.
; ;
;
be stunned
Brem.
Justification,
s.
21, has
when
when they
forthwith to appeare, and stand at the Barre of that ludge, whose brightnesse
summoned
M]
Deacon.
vant,
O. Sw. dag, the time appointed for a convention, and hence the assembly itself. Ihre. Sc. days of law, law-days, the sessions of a court of justice.
" I send this by Betoun quha gais to ane day of law
Lat.
diaconus.
from
Koveu), to haste, to
cupied.
Jam.
Goth, dauths, Dead. Death. Die. daud, Fris. dad, Sw. dod, PI. D. dood, G.
dead.
death. death.
OE. daysman,
between
261,
Goth, dauthus,
Icel.
an
arbiter, the
judge appointed
to decide
Lap. taud,
illness;
Esthon. taud,
illness,
I. p.
we
find
"
Hoc
lucanar, a day of a
wyndow."
In
this case,
day corresponds
received.
In the legal phrase " year and day" day had the
D. doe for dode, a dead body doen-wake, a Wallon. touwe, Fr. tuer, Sw. doda, PI. D. doen, to kill Icel. deya, O. Sw. doja, Sw. do, Dan. doe, OHG. douwen, douen, touwen, to die. We must thus consider die a derivative from dead,
PI.
;
corpse-wake.
meaning of
and not vice versa. The primitive meaning of the active verb seems
to oppress, subdue.
Lower-Saxon, as well as probably the Anglo-Saxon codes. See Grimm, Deutsche Rechts Alterthiimer, Richthofen, Alt-F. Worterb. ier, 845, and p. 222 the chapters of the Westerwolder Landrecht and other laws there referred to. M.]
;
Bav.
;
toten, to
crack a
flea,
nut,
smother a
choke
;
fire
atuda, to extinguish;
suffocate,
;
Prov. tudar,
to
extinguish,
To Daze.
daze
is to
the candle
PI. D. doen, to
overwhelm
he
To
used
woU me me with
sions
vdrhen,
lustar, to
;
Hal.
To
;
dawsel, to stupify
annul.
dawzy, dawzy-headed,
thoughtless.
vous la
out
hoosheit
mortifiez en
attutare, to
It
ttitare,
dizzy,
as
if
confused,
bewildered,
Forby.
To
come
torpid.
Jam.
Quhen
in
benumb, be-
attutare, to
smother.
Fl.
Icel.
dodi, lan-
guor.
I find
it
He saw
so impossible to
draw a
distinct line of
Schir Pliilip the Mowbray, the wicht, dosnyt into the fycht
myd
Ourcome.
The
origin
is
the sound
and deaf, that it will be convenient to treat of the primary origin of both in tlie next article. Deaf. The meaning of the Goth, daubs, daufs, G. taub, E. deaf, seems founded in the notion of In John xvi. 6, gadaubida is stopping an orifice. found as the translation of implevit. " Sorrow hath
DEAF.
filled
DEBONNAIR.
in the Fris. dodd, dadde, a lump, bunch.
223
your heart."
dulling,
From
we
Een
Outzen. Overyssel
;
action,
Golh. gadaubjan,
stop
is
to
to
Almaiiach.
D.
dutte,
a plug, a tap
Goth.- dails,
Icel. ditta,
harden,
make
insensible.
The E.
in like
applied
Prov. E.
dit, to stop.
See Dam.
G.
theil,
eyes, ears,
Deal.
a
1.
A portion.
Bohem.
to give to
Lith.
dil,
Sanscr. dal, to
dumb
To
2.
deal
is
each his
fir-tree, in
lot,
hence
to traffic
in spirit
gic,
flat,
The wood
of the
inactive fellow
Jam.
to
silly
;
doof, dowfart,
dull,
some parts of EngSw. tall, pine-tree tall-ved, Probably from being easily cut and
;
Dan. doven,
worked.
cutting
teller,
Icel. taiga, to
;
vapid
Sc.
;
to daff, to
daw,
daunt
wood
Dan.
tcelge, tcelle,
G.
ta-
It.
to
slumber
doove,
dowerit,
lost
to
dover, to
scythe
telgia,
Icel.
what has
proper
life
an axe.
G.
diele,
a board.
Dean.
Lat. as
doof van sinnen, mad doove verwe, a dull colour, doove netel, a dead nettle, without the power of
stinging, as
legiate body,
an
indefinite
hout, rotten
Du. doof-
Dear.
8us,
Formed
to
Here we are brought to the equivalence of dead and deaf above alluded to, and we are tempted to regard them as modifications of each other, as It. codardo, Ptg. cobarde, covarde, a coward. The Du.
has doode or doove netel
extinct coal
Icel.
;
opposed
so
Gr.
Gr.
cv.
somed, cheap
cheaply.
Ir.
gu
daor, dearly
guilty,
gu
saor, freely,
daor,
condemned,
captive,
Manx
dear
;
deyr, deyree,
Icel.
Icel. dauf^ord,
justify.
to
contend,
to
fight
tutare, to
See Beat.
Fr. debauche.
Lang, tuda,
to extinguish, with
Sw. dofwa,
to
Debauch.
Bauche, a course of
division
Hal.
doven,
deaden, blunt
E. deave, to stupify, dave, to assuage. ; Bav. dauben, to subdue, allay ; PI. D. doven, to damp, subdue, suffocate ; Du.
turf un-
From
The
into
or lay evenly.
an
manner
to
The converse
oi'der,
that of stopping
killing.
the
breath,
choking, strangling,
Debonnair.
Du. douwen, duwen, to thrust, to stuff; iets in een hoek douwen, to stick something into a corner Halma ; PI. D. duwen, douen, to press, depress Bohem. dawiti, to strangle, choke, kill ; daw, pressure, crowd ; Russ. dawit\ dawowaf, to press,
crowd, suffocate,
strangle,
upright, honest.
affable, of
Bonnair. Fr.
Fl.
;
It.
bonario, debonaire,
debonnaire, courteous,
It
a friendly conversation.
hawks
oppress
Serv. dawiti
hawk mans
herself.
Cot.
(wUrgen), to slaughter.
the Wall, touwe, which
is
feudal times.
the
slaughtering a beast
OHG.
In order to trace douuen, touuen, to die. dead and deaf to a common oi'igin we must suppose that the former also is derived from the notion of stopping up, and we should find a satisfactory root
am
element
or
is
simply the
It.
by metaphor
man
woman.
Fl.
The
expression
is
relic
224
DEBT.
DELIBERATE.
thier,
a beast, animal.
mind to arise from certain humours, vapours, or airs. Debonnair then would literally signify goodthe
tribe.
Diefenbach considers
0rjp,
it
Lat. /era.
in the Gloss, to
Chron.
Defeat.
Defile.
stroy, discomfit.
jil,
Pain d'orge li imt aport^ E eve, n'i unt plus que traire Simple, benigne, et de hon aire Le prient mult que ce receive. Chron. Norm.
thread
whence
de-
defile,
To
Defile.
AS.
make
foul
So de mal
aire, ill-humoured, of
a bad disposition.
or filthy.
See Foul.
Fr. defrayer, to discharge the frais
Ne
To Defray.
analogous
or expenses of anything.
to the It.
Formed
in
a manner
to appease.
By
sense to
An
air of
So from G. friede, peace, friede-brief, and M. Lat. fredum, freda, fridus, mulcta, compositio qua fisco exsoluta reus Due. " Affirmavit pacem a principe exsequitur. compositionem sibi debitam quam iWi fredum vocant a se fuisse reis indultam." The term was then applied to any exaction, and so to expenses in general,
a
letter of acquittance,
whence Fr.
Quod pro
Carpentier.
Hal.
fit,
Debt. Lat. debeo, debitum, to owe. See Deft. To Decant. To cant a vessel is to tilt it up on one side so as to rest on the other edge, and to decant is to pour off the liquid from a vessel by thus tilting it on the edge, so as not to distui'b the grounds. See Cant.
Due.
villae
Deft.
DefiF.
Neat,
fit,
skilful, trim.
;
AS.
convenient
;
gedafan, gedafready.
gedceftan, to do a
To Decay.
to fall
away, go
to fall.
The
notion of what
is is
fit
or suitable, as shown
To Deck.
Lat.
tegere,
To
tectum,
cover,
or
happen
what happens or
;
commonly expressed by
falls in
OHG.
thekja,
last
AS.
theccan, to
is
cover, to roof.
From
G. dach,
the
sig-
of these
E.
So from Goth. gatiman, to happen, G. ziemen, to befit from fallen, alien, to please, and to fall itself was forto fall, gef
with one's wishes or requirements.
showing the universal practice of the country in that respect. The Lat. has tegula, a tile, from the same root, showing the use of these as roofing
materials in Italy at a very early period.
Lith. dengti, to cover
table
; ;
merly used in the sense of becoming, being suitable. In like manner from Goth, gadaban, to happen, gadobs, gadofs,
becoming.
From
itself
the
same
root
Bohem.
Decoy.
those
Properly
duck-coj/, as
pronounced by
itself.
Pol. podobac, to from gatiman, to happen) please one ; Bohem. dobry, good (primarily opportune), doVreliky, agreeable ; Lap. iaibet, debere, optaibetet, to appropriate, portere taibek, just, due
; ;
who
"
to assign to one.
The
is
Lat. debeo
is
manifestly the
fundamentally to be explained as
it falls to
me
to
It.
do so and
so."
Kil.
Kooi,
To Defy.
Fr. defier.
disfidare, to
renoimce a
kouw,
a bird-cage, decoy, apparatus for entrapping water-fowl. Prov. E. coy, a decoy for ducks, a coop for lobsters. Forby. The name was probably imported with the thing itself from Holland to the fens.
kevi,
vogel-kooi,
enemy know that he is to expect the worst from you. Hence to challenge, to offer combat.
state of confidence
Decree.
a
step.
Deed.
thing done.
AS.
deed,
G.
that,
Delay.
defer, put
See Do.
protract
dilaiio,
delay
It.
dilatione,
Deem.
Deep. Deer.
delay
OHG.
tior,
Icel.
dyr,
G.
To Deliberate. Lat. deliberare, to weigh in the mind, from Ubrare, to swing, to weigh.
DELICATE.
delight,
DEMURE.
ing, mainer,
225
suggests an obvious derivation from
Lat. deUcice, pleasure, Delight. DelicatCi probably at first appetising food, food that
we speak
of
makes you
to
your chops whence also delectare, please, the immediate origin of E. delight and
lick
;
Compare Bohem.
;
mlash, a
smack with
liguritor,
mlaskati, to
;
smack
in eating, to eat
and mener is often synonymous with manage, which is undoubtedly from that Observe the frequent references to the source. hand in the explanations from Cotgrave and Florio above given. The same change of vowel is seen in
handing one down-stairs
;
without appetite
mlaskacek,
one nice in his eating ; mlashanina, leckerbissen, bits that one licks one's chops at, delicacies.
Delirious.
viate
Demijohn.
jeanne,
corruption
of
the
Fr.
dame-
Hence
with matting.
bottle
covered
Diet. Castr.
from a straight
line, to
be crazy, deranged, to
[The O. Fr. demion, Mid. Lat. demionus, which Ducange says " apud Lugdunenses continet duas
quartas," but which, according to an authority cited
rave.
To
free,
Deliver. Lat. Uher, free, whence liberare, to and E. deliver, to free from. Then as abandon,
by him, was
jeanne.
less
than a chopine,
is
from signifying to put under the complete command of another, comes to signify giving up one's own claim, conversely the Fr. livrer and E. deliver, from the sense of freeing from one's own claims, passes on
to that of giving
vii.
45
" poz
up
modern demi-
The
ble, is
much
reason to believe
free,
unencum-
word
is
Oriental.
in universal use
is
bered action.
Dell.
It is at this
day
throughout the
See Dale.
but another
name
for
To
lake
Delve.
Kil.
AS.
dig.
Du.
delven,
shown
in
a note on
Du.
delle,
a valley, hollow,
make a
Niebuhr, Reisen,
pit or hollow.
To Demand.
mander, to
of his preparations for a caravan-journey, says " Unsem Wein hatten wir in grossen glasemen
Fr.
to to
charge or appoint.
send
for,
send word
of,
lien halt,"
Flaschen (Damasjanen) woven jede bey 20 Bouteand the word is heard every day in Egypt,
Cot.
Hence demander,
manage
;
in the
It
form damagan.
its
name
To Demean.
behaviour.
To
wield, to
demeanour,
from the place where it was principally manufactured, Damaghan in Khorassan, but I do not find
sufficient historical
So
is it
M.l
To
Of
let
Demon.
Gr.
Sai/^wv,
The
Chaucer in R.
His herte was nothing in his
was applied
To Demur.
in
Law
language applied
to
un
suit
stir
much, move
;
to traffic.
in
les
marchandise, Mener, to conduct, lead, manage, handle mains, to lay about one la hi, to proceed
to
and
by the preliminary
objection
which he claims.
proposition, to
make
objections.
Cot.
It.
rect, or
i.
di-
Demure.
When
this lady had heard all this language She gave answere full softe and demurely, Without chaunging of colour or courage,
Fl.
The
later Lat.
had minare,
to threaten
" asinos et
equum
full
mesurably.
Chaucer.
Apuleius.
tes."
Paulus ex
minanthreatAfter that Gabriel had al thys sayed, the maiden made answer in fewe wordes, but wordes of suche sorte as might be a witnesse of exceeding great demureness in hir, coupled with passing great affiaunce and zele towardes God. Udal in R.
be a point of view from which the act of driving beasts would be likely to be named. On the other hand the O. Fr. spellVOL. I. 29
to
me
226
DEN.
sense in which the word
is
DEUCE.
tot le
The
is
examples
champ ou
et sa
corns,
pur
escrier
la foreste.
Fouke e
p. 43.
ces compaignons,
Fouke
meyne
Cotg., that
we
the
Design.
to design, to
Lat. designare, to
mark
out
whence
mure
Cot.
tutor or guardian,
debail, a
sense.
Desire.
valley.
The hollow lair of a wild beast a narrow AS. dene, a valley. See Dimble. Denizen. Commonly explained as a foreigner enfranchised by the king's charter, one who receives
Den.
0. Fr. donaison, donison, a
gift.
Despite. O. Fr. despite, despisant, Despise. from Lat. despicere, to despise as confire, from
;
conficere.
Mult
les despisent
Chron. Norm.
ii.
4978.
But
the general
is
From
pieyt
;
Lat. despectus,
we have Prov.
piecemeal
despieg, des-
A denizen of
the skies
an inhabitant of
the skies.
In the Liber Albus of the City of London the Fr. deinzein, the original of the E. word, is constantly opposed to forein, applied to traders within and without the privileges of the city fran" Et fait assavoire qe ceste ordinance se estent auxibien as foreyns come as denzeins de touz maneres de. tieulx bargayns faitz de-
Detail.
Fr.
c?etat7fer, to
Cot.;
from
the
tailler, to cut.
Deuce.
devil.
Dickens.
PI.
;
See Deal.
euphemism
for
The
D. uses
de duks
dither, duks, or
duus, in
chise respectively.
the
same sense
;
un de dood !
1
De
I
duus
or the dickens
taus
Taus
Schmid.
Swab.
ne veignent pur
p.
370.
"
Item qe nuUe
achatier nulle
p.
manere de
465.
"
This euphemism for the Devil may perhaps have no higher source than a gambler's exclamation. The G. daus is properly the deuce or two of cards or
dice, but in
ascuns terres ou
to the ace,
suit,
and as
is
the term
The
correlatives are
rendered in
; "
Lat.
by the
ment, or to
this is the conquering card of a used as an interjection of amazeexpress the type of perfection. i der
mercatoris forin-
Daus !
Was
der
Daus !
The Deuce
Wie ein
252
forein are from Lat. foras, Fr. fors, without, while the meaning of intrinsecus is simply one who is
is from the old form deinz, in which the modern dans, in, within, always appears in the Liber Albus. Deins ne, ne dans le pays.
De
olle Fritz,
within, so deinzein
The
zi, to
Roquef.
melt, to disappear
metaphor taken from musick, where a simple air is made the subject of a composition, and a number of ornamented variations composed upon it. " Insomuch that twenty doctors expound one text twenty different ways, as children make descant upon playne song." Tindal in R.
To Descant.
ably the Celtic dusii, or demons, mentioned by Jerome and Augustin. Wachter. Dusius, daamon.
Legonidec;
whence prob-
Gloss. Isid.
haps be quite
difill,
distinct.
the devil,
But the Teutonic forms may perThe Du. duyvel, duvel, Icel. might seem to signify the diver, him
is
whose dwelling
duve, to duck.
under-ground
To Descry.
To make an
is
outcry on discovering
Hence
in seeking
of naming him
he might be called duyker, the Other similar names have arisen from the same tendency to indirect designation.
ducker, or dipper.
word of modern formation, and the Lat. discemo, pret. discrevi, would seem more likely to be the true
source of
it,
from the
which
Wedgwood
D. necker, the hangman whence our Old Nick, G. henker, in the same sense. [The resemblance between the Du. and Icel. words for devil and diver, will hardly be thought strong enough to overthrow the received derivation of the former from the Greek, through the Lat.
PI.
;
Les c. chevalers firent somondre hastivemcnt tot le pays, chevalers, esquiers e serjauntz, e enseggerent tote la foreste
tot entour
;
more usual
Icel. diofully
of which
a negligent popular pronunciation, would be the regulai- form that diabolus would asdifill is
DEVICE.
sume
in
DEW.
whence jus dividendi
the original
is
227
accommodating
itself
to
O.-Northern
or-
thoepy.
found in Mid.
devise
The Dan.
and
is
Due.
But
meaning of
is
that
sometimes the
devil,
seems
is
to
The only
word
in
ON.
called a Will.
meaning
words
and the Dan. and Sw. M.] Device. Two senses of the word must be distinguished 1. That of Fr. devise, a posie, emblem, conceit, coat, or cognisance borne [to distinguish an
to connect them,
may
:
2.
plaisir
de 90 que est en ta maisun, kar tu murras." Livre des Rois. " Set thy house in order."
of
Richard, duke
individual,
or a party]
Cot.
and
con-
Quel
trivance.
The
suits
first
of these
is
2, p.
879.
colours,
were
vesti
by which the retainers of a particular house These uniforms were called or panni divisati, vesti alia divisa, the colours
distinguislied.
Under
derstood.
may be
is
much misun-
The
is
Fr. deviser
to
imagine, to plan,
adopted for the purpose constituting the partita, divisa, or device of the livery.
and a
devise
Un
noble chateau a
et di velluti
Fab. et Contes,
iii.
155.
Muratori.
tita
Re
devise.
lb.
iii.
115.
d'una parselle
di
scarlatto verde-bruno,
con
d'una
" Pul-
assisa."
John
rubeus."
In a
The garden was fair as could be imagined, or as we say with greater exaggeration, fair beyond im" agination. went down in their barges to
Greenwich, and every barge as goodly drest as
they could device."
cell,
gnon mention
deir
is
worn by the court at Avimade of " calze, una (i. e. one leg)
i
Chron. H.
viii.
in
Cam. Mis-
colori
di
iv.
senatore."
"
Maniche una
da-
I'altra alia divisa del Popolo Ro" Illi de Auria et Muratori Diss. 29. mano." Grimaldi pro ipsorum majori colligatione insimul se
duorum
scilicet
pan-
norum
coloris diversi,
ex quibus
quilibet vestiraentis
Ele fut portraite a devis ; N'est cuens ni rois ni amires Qui seusl deviser tant bele En nule terre come cele. Bien fu fete par grant maitrise Nature la fist a devise. Fab. et Contes,
iii.
424.
unum habens
Divisato, particoloured.
Chron.
Fl.
ideal
no count,
fair.
Genuense, A. D.
On
the other
;
hand point
is
condition
mettre
And
er alone but when he did servise All black he ware, and no devise but plain.
Chaucer, Belle
Dame
sans merci.
which
always used.
the
It.
also to appear, to seem unto, and also [to communicate one's thoughts] to discourse. Fl.
devise
So noble was he of his stature. So faire, so jolie and so fetise. With limmis wrought at poind device.
R. R. 830.
Devil.
Lat. diabolus
Cotgr.
The
origin
is
the Lat.
from
visum.
It. viso,
what appears
to devise, to
will, to
to devise
by
Dew. Du. dauw, G. thau, Dan. dug, Sw. dagg. The PI. D. dauen signifies both to dew and to
thaw, and the outward aspect of the phenomenon
the same in both cases
;
is
the
way
which
viz. the
spontaneous apit
has
commonly
228
Sc. dew, moist
;
DEW-BERRY.
Icel.
DIG.
daugg, rain
natt dogg,
dew.
Dew-berry.
of
corruption
G. thavA>eere.
Adclung.
which
a water-bird constantly diving under water. Du. doppen, doopen, to dip dobber, a float, bobbing up
;
A kind
name
cov-
Halma.
;
blackbeiTy covered
with bloom.
Probably a
To Didder.
ble
;
To
of dove-berry, from
the dove-coloured
doddering-dickies,
bloom
is
for
which
it is
Hal.
Icel.
in
Germany given
is
dadra, to
wag
the tail;
;
Hung,
dideregni, dederegni,
Bav.
tauh-her, tauben-her
dbdorgni, to tremble
mora.
Schmeller.
Dan.
for
DubHale be your heart, hale be your fiddle. Long may your elbuck jink and diddle.
Dewlap.
Dey.
Dial.
dog-lcep ;
(?).
Du. douw-swengel
Burns
in
Jam.
See Dairy.
To
showing the time of day.
doddle, to totter
is
Bav.
tattern, to tremble.
The
A device
It.
origin
Diamond.
Diaper.
Flor.
Gr.
Lat. Jaspis.
Then
as jasper
to
was much used in ornamenting jewellery, M. Lat. diasprus, an ornamented texture, panni pretiosioris " Pluviale diasprum cum listis species. Due.
by the syllables da, da, ta, ta, or when the beats are rapid and small, di, di, ti, ti. Compare Galla dada-goda, to make dada, to beat. Tutschek. Mod. Gr. T^tr^ipi^w, to shiver, simmer G. zittern, to tremble. To Diddle. Properly, as shown in the last article, to move rapidly backwards and forwards, then
vibrating body
;
auro
textis."
diaspro, et
"Duas unam de
cruces de argento,
crystallo
duo
unam de
pluvialia de
Diasperatus, adorned
like.
use action of such a nature for the purpose of engaging the attention of an observer while a trick is played upon him, to deceive by juggling tricks.
" San-
diasperato, breu-
Die. Dice. A small cube used in gaming. Arab, daddon, dadda, game of dice. It. dado.
Prov. dat.
Fr.
det, de.
A stede bay,
trapped in
stele,
To Die
well.
or
Dye.
is
to
Knight's Tale.
um,
Due.
In
To adorn
his tomb.
Epitaph, 1633.
E.
to deg, to moisten.
is
frequent-
At
a later
was confined
to the figures
Hal.
dew
;
AS. deagan,
Icel.
tingere; Prov.
digna, to become
wet
Dan. dug,
forms
was ornamented.
understood
it
on sundry
figures.
Cotgr.
usually
In the
latter of these
we
As now
is
Gr. rcyyw, to
setting-stick,
cut to a point
and
Diet.
2.
life,
1.
A deliberative assembly.
mode, or place of
life,
See Day.
Gr.
huLura,
means of
subsistence.
sith I
The
dibble in
Wmter's
But
Tale.
know my wordis
hereafter;
Shall no
Shall be
more
The
course)
a modification of Sc.
mery and
solase,
Bohem.
dag or
dig, to strike
To
to
Dig.
To
Norm,
diguer, to prick
Pat.
man
de
Hal.
needle
A
;
modification of dag.
;
Dibble-dabble.
dib-dab,
useless
;
Rubbish.
dtb-dabsag,
Hal.
useless
diguer, to prick
endig'uer, to
Comp. Hung.
stuff
quiliai), rubbish.
Didapper.
(quis-
dygu-
a prickle
dyge, dygle,
a stickle-back.
;
Turk.
dikmek, to sew,
diken, a prickle.
DIGHT.
To
Dig'ht.
to
DIMBLE.
Dillin^.
Hal.
229
To
in
dress,
adorn,
arrange,
prepare.
AS.
G.
is
Dill.
dihtan,
dichten,
set
order,
compose.
to
meditate,
contrive,
invent,
compose.
to
to lull
From
child to sleep.
To
dill,
to soothe, to
to
a calm
man
Dief. Sup.
Sw.
up
See Ditty. As the earth dug out of the Dike. Ditch. ground in making a trench is heaped up on the side, the ditch and the bank are constructed by the same
become still. " Tlie noise of the Queen's journey to France has dilled down." Jam. Hence the name of the herb dill (Sw. dill, Dan. dild, anethum), used as a carminative or soothmg medicine for children. To dill is simply to make or become dull or inactive. Prov. Dan. dull, still, quiet, as pain when the attack goes
Hal., to dill down, to subside,
and it is not surprising that the two should have been confounded under a common name. Du. Kil. dijck, agger, et fovea, alveus, fossa. In Hke manner the It. mota, the mound on which a castle was built, is identical with E. moat, the surrounding
act,
off;
Lith. tylus,
;
quiet,
to
to quiet, lyla,
silence
Pol. tulic,
seek to calm, soothe, or appease one, utulic, to quiet a crying child. See Dull.
Dilly,
diligence.
which the earth was dug. In the N. of England a dike is a dry hedge, dike stour, a
ditch out of
Hal.
One
Dim.
of the
numerous
class
of words
in
hedge-stake, while
ditch.
Hal.
dike-holl or
dike-hollow
is
is
is
the
dam
the
applied
specifi-
Deaf and
Dam.
taparse,
dos,
Ptg. lapa
signification is doubtless that of the
The primary
flow of water,
to
darken,
se
become dark
las
tapar os ouvito
dam
is
Lang,
tampa
aourelios,
stop
one's
ears.
Scandinavian
dijek, piscina,
dam
or the
Romance tampo,
Kil.
stagnum.
Du.
stop
daudumper,
;
tions are in
G. distinguished by a modification of
is
dark
ver-
spelling,
and deich
dam,
teich in that of a pond. In a similar manner in England the northern jjronunciation dike has been ap-
Notker,
Timberi,
;
tumperte
augen, oculi
contenebrati.
Schmeller.
The
for,
vertumplen, vertumlen, to
peg
to stop
an
signifi-
dag or
dig,
Swab, diemer, dumper, gloomy, of the weather, make thick (triibe). Du. hedampen, to darken, to make dim, obscurcir, ternir Halma ; een dompig huis, a close, dark house. dimma, dumba, darkness ; Icel. dimmr, dark, thick dimmleitr, dumhinn, dark-coloured dumbungr, thick; ;
to choke, to stifle.
Hung, dugni,
stopper, stuffing
stick,
;
to
stick in, to
dimmraddadr, voce Sw. dimobscura et gravi dimma, to grow dark. Dan. dum, dumb, dim, obscure, dull, ba, a fog, haze
ness of
air,
covered weather
;
chinks
Bohem.
;
low (of sound), stupid. The same relation between the ideas of shutting
Fin. tukkia, to
a hole
;
;
stopper
a Esthon.
tuket,
up and darkening is seen in Manx doon, to close or shut up, and also to darken, doon, a field or close,
dooney, shutting, closing,
darkening, E. dun, of a
of the root
is
stop
tukkis,
a stop-
dark colour.
per.
a peg driven into a wall. The natural connexion between the notion of
Sc. dook,
is
tummentaa, tumme,
slow.
dull,
to
damp
the
fire, to
extinguish
Esthon.
it
may
tend
to
dim, dark.
to
become
or din-
we adduce
Sw. lappa, to stop, to shut, lappa et aker, to inclose a field ; Lap. lappi, a plug, a stopper, tappo, an inclosed piece of ground, a yard Lang, tampa, lanca, fermer, boucher, enin illustration the
;
dark.
Dimble.
gle is
Dimbk
clore, entourer.
Diet. Castr.
Sad Shepherd.
230
Lith. duhus, hollow, deep (of vessels)
tree
;
DIMITY.
DIRGE.
Dingle.
duhus medis, ; dube, be hollow dubele, a little dobe, a ditch, hole in the earth, den dauba, a glen, pit, dimple in the cheek or dhin duburi/s, a hole in the ground, a wet cleft, valley
narrow
valley, a glen.
variety
a hollow
dumbu,
dubtt, to
springy spot.
Epkema. E. dib, a valley Hal., a puddle or a deep place in a river Jam.; dump, a deep hole of water Bav. gutter dumpf, diimpfel, a deep hole in a river; OHG. tumdobbetjens, a dimple.
diib,
close,
AS.
crymbig, crooked,
It
It.
cangiare to
cambiare, to change.
may
be considered as the
philo, gurges
dingle.
Hal.
Schmeller
See
E. dumble, a wooded
Damp, Dim.
Dint. Dent. sound of a blow.
a hollow sound,
Dunt.
To dunt,
The
radical
image may be the hollow made by a blow with a pointed instrument, represented by the syllable dib,
to beat, to palpitate.
;
Jam.
make
Icel.
whence dibber, dibble, a setting-stick. Compare Bohem. dupati, to stamp, dupa, a hollow Pol. dupOn the same principle we niec, to become hollow. have dent, the hollow made by a blow (and perhaps den, a cave or hollow), from dint, a blow. So also
;
up and down dynkr, a hollow sound as when a stone is thrown into water ; Sw. dunJca, to beat heavily. Sc. to dump, to beat or strike with the feet. Sw. dimpa, to fall. Gr. 8101^770-15, the management of a Diocese. household, administration, function of a steward, a
dyntr, dynt, shaking
hammer
or the
AtoiKew, to
manage house-
hollow
made by
synonymous
hold
aifairs,
Dimityi
Originally a
8ts,
stuff
Deep.
;
from
oikos,
a house.
Goth, daupjan, AS. dippan,
to dip, to soak.
to
twice,
and
a thread.
multi^jlici
baptise
Sc.
fila
head.
G.
taiifen,
tuffare, to dive
rum
invicem
Goth, diups,
deep.
Lith.
Icel. diupr,
Du. duyp,
diep,
G.
tief,
dubus,
hollow, deep
(of a
vessel)
e.
(says Muratori)
licio,
sericias
uno
filo
seu
Falcandus, Hist. Sicil. in Mur. Diss. 25. In the same way the G. name for velvet, sammet, is contracted from exhamita, from having been woven of In like manner G. drillich, E. drill, a six threads. web of a threefold thread G. zwillich, E. twill, a
;
dubele, a dumbu, dubti, to be hollow. E. dub, a pool in a river, dump, a deep hole of Du. dompen, dompelen, to plunge under water. Halma Bav. diimpf, diimpfel, a deep hole water
little
dimple
in a river.
dupati, to stamp,
web
of a double thread.
Imitative of continued sound.
;
Dillt
dy-
The
original root
seems
to
be the syllable
dib,
duna, to thunder.
Lat. tin-
sound as a
It.
bell,
tonare, to thunder.
See
Dun.
hollow
desinare
;
made
on the other
To Dine*
digner
ibi."
Gl.
me
by Diez.
in Fr.
Diez suggests
to
dev-
hand to the sudden motion downwards with which the blow is given. To dip then is to go suddenly downwards, and deep designates the quality of things which admit of going suddenly downwards,
the depth being greater as they admit of a
whence
diner,
decener,
desner,
busna.
strike,
as
from decima
desme,
more
in the
The Oi
dib,
knock, cast. To ding dang him throw the body with ane swerd." Bellenden in Jam. To ding at the door, to knock. P. P. Icel. dengia, to hammer ; dengia einum nidr, to ding one down.
through, to pierce.
"
To Din^.
To
He
and guttural final is found throughout the seWe have Du. duypen and duychen, to duck Sc. doup in the head, to duck under water, dive the same sense as the E. dv^k ; G. taufen, to bapE. dimble and dingle, tise, tauchen, to dip or dive
; ;
From
a glen
to dip.
Dirge.
funeral service
from Ps,
5,
v.
8.
DIRK.
" Dirige Domine Deus meus in conspectu tuo vitam meam," repeated in the anthem used on such occasions. Jam.
DISTRAIN.
231
to
Swab, disseln, disemen, dusemen, dismen, dusmen, speak low, dosen, dosmen, to slumber.
is
The
wol
Cam.
Soc.
Dismay.
desmayar, to
A dagger.
a blow,
tuleg,
and Cable.
To Disparage.
Fr. parage,
equality
From
tolni, to thrust
Russ.
;
of birth
or
strike,
knock
Bo-
in
blood,
(and
Cotgr.
Hence
hem. tlauk, a pestle. Fris. dulg, dolge, dolch, a wound. Epkema. Tlie interchange of an I and
birth
and
condition,
is
very common.
Outzen.
Comp.
him lower
in estimation.
Junge Roquef.
kilche,
;
corresponding to E.
Dispatch.
ber, hinder
;
It.
O. Fr. pourpe
Fl.
des-
Dirt.
Pm. To drite, cacare, egerere. Cath. Aug. in Way. Icel. drit, excrement. G. Du. dreck, excrement,
filth, mud, dirt, anything vile and worthless. Rouchi draque, dregs. See Draff.
Pr.
away
quickly,
discharge.
Diez would derive the words from Lat. impingere, in the sense of fastening something troublesome upon one, through the supposed frequentative
DiS.
rately.
From
Gr.
8ts,
twice, in
it
two
parts, sepa-
In composition
More probably from same original root through the notion of stopping up or barring the way, as embarrass from Fr.
forms impactare, impactiare.
the
barras, a barrier, blockade.
restraints, fastenings
;
disastro,
an
evil
paita,
obstacle,
hindrance
empaichar, empaitar,
;
the converse of
remove a hindrance.
The
7rr}crcr(D,
may
be comTrrf^w,
Diez.
No
benastre,
good fortune
astre,
desastre, misfortune.
[D'Esclot uses
of good fortune
To Display.
spiegare,
It.
dispiegare,
volriemque, per astre o per desastre, hayem perdut, menys de colp e menys de ferida mes de terra dins hun
To Dispute.
compute,
modem
clvii.
Lat. disputare, to cast up a sum, examine and discuss a subject. In language the term is applied to hostile dis-
Cap.
* * havien gran reguart que no y hagues gran aguayt, o per astre o per desastre llur, desbarataren se los demes de aquells. Cap. clix.
Distaff.
The
staff
ened
in spinning.
PI.
bunch of
flax
on the
distaff;
sup-
hagut gran
astre
Cap.
clxvi.
sobre mar,
lock of
To Discard.
reject.
Dish.
cle of
Disk.
flat
;
hence a dish Gr. Blctkos, a quoit, a tray. G. tisch, a table. Disheveled. Fr. descheveler, to put the hair out
stone,
wood, or metal
Bav. doschen, duschen, dosten, a bush, tuft, tassel. On the other hand the thread drawn down from the stock of flax on the distaff may be compared to the stream of milk drawn from an animal's udder, and thus the term may be identical with the Sw. diss, a teat, dissa, to suck. Comp. spin with Du. spene, spinne, sponne,
E. tussock, a
tuft of grass,
of order.
Kil.
We
speak
Lat.
Dismal.
hearted.
mig
cloudy.
Schmeller.
Dasmyn
Distrain.
Distress. District.
draw
tight.
From
Prov. Dan. dusm, dussem, slumber. missyn as eyne, caligo. Pr. Pm.
or
See Dizzy.
232
reeling,
DIT.
and especially
in
DO.
that
of compelling or
To Dive.
douioen,
to
Du. duypen,
press,
to
in,
thrust
Halma
to tread
Fr. in Due.
AS.
hen
;
be drowned
Icel. dijing,
Icel.
difa, to press
down,
a
;
difai, to dip
pour destraindre
en la cour."
still
duve, to pitch,
sense
we
Dip.
we
him
a tenant,
in order to
compel
To Divine.
divi,
God;
pay the
rent.
Gods.
Gr.
to
godlike.
The
Lat. divinus
The pledge
tnctio, distress,
was applied
term
is
given to the right of exercising judicial authority. " Districtio quoque villas ad ecclesiam pertinebit, ita
ut Godescalcus
applied to a clergyman.
qui advocatus
districtionis
est
ejusdem
allodii,
Dizzy.
dosig,
AS.
hazy
medietatem ipsius
Charta
it
de Ecclesia teneat."
of exercising
giddy,
disig,
;
dizzy,
;
weder,
an. 1124.
But
the right
Dan.
dizze,
stupid, giddy,
stunned
E.
dizze, to stun.
was
exercised,
It.
dis-
amaze."
be
still,
;
Cotgr.
trictus,
distretto,
E.
district.
"
Maneantque sub
judicio
districtu
vestx'O."
seln, to
to slumber, to
missive,
tame
E.
to
"
daze, to stupefy,
nosus.
Pr.
Lib. Feod.
Et totum
dis-
cum
i.
" Praedictum
e.
furnum
et dis-
a blow or otherwise, to lose power and life, benum, Jam. Icel. dos, das, languor, lasbecome torpid. Hann liggr i dosi, he lies in a faint. Dan. situde.
mope.
purpose of baking.
To
*'
Dit.
Ditch.
Due.
ditta,
it
Do.
a person's health
To
dit is to stop
an
orifice.
Sc. proverb.
but this
is
a mistake.
To do
is
to
to stop chinks.
medium
it,
of active exer-
tion.
it
We
ask
how
office
how does
is
perform the
expected of
get on ?
It is
bunch of materials thrust into the opening. Du. dodde, a tap, stopper, plug. Dam. Prov. Dan. dot, a stopper. Another modification of the word is
^^
See
Kil.
How do you
offices
How, do
of
life ?
ditch,
of the 0. Fr.
Comment
11
le faites-vous.
ditched or
table
is
diched,
filled
up,
deeply insinuated.
Puis
diched
"
when
wood."
Baker
it-
Northor
to
ampt. Gl.
mantis "
fill
Timon
soft,
Much
Fab. et Contes.
1.
245.
much good
stufi"
"
thy heart.
David demanded of him how Joab did, and how how the war prospered." In
David
il
press
down something
See Dike.
O. Fr.
story,
datsch, &c.,
something
kue-datsch, cow-dung.
Schm.
a mess of
E
of an
enquist
cume Joab
Ditch.
Ditty.
adventure,
e coment
ditte, recitation
le fist, e
li
poples,
diet, dicte,
able, to be well or
accord-
Roquef.
Lat
Then
is allied to
E. may,
I,
thus
it
falleth
me
to cesse
Chaucer.
Belle
Dame
sans merci.
Goth, magan, etc., and is used both as an auxiliary and independently, confirms the supposition that " do in the inquiry after a person's health is the Sc. dow, Du. doogen, G. taugen," etc Hur mar du ? How
:
DiViin.
The
do you do
Han mar
val,
He
i
is
well
He
is ill
Jag mar
ratt val
staden, I
Hence a
well,
am
There are
DOCK.
participial
DODGE.
Sp. aguaducho, a rush of water, watercourse
docciare, to spout, to let water run with
;
233
It.
nouns from
1.
this verb,
ill.
M.]
It.
valmaende,
illa-
some force
Dock,
A short thick
a scrap, cob,
and wash it, as they modern E. douche, a bath taken by pouring water from a height on the
upon one's head
use in Italy.
for to cleanse
Fl.
Whence
the
patient.
Fl.
;
is,
reduce to a short
explaining
Icel.
misunderstood by Carpentier.
canalis de S. Catharina
stumpy
to several plants
zam, quae est sub fundo circae (by the culvert which is under the bottom of the ditch), et quod
terralium et ripa dictae circae claudatur in totum
ducatur tantum
ita
quod
per doz-
dock (Du. docke-blaederen, petasites), AS. ea-dock, Swab, wasser-docklein, the water-lily. Another application of the
sit
in
a latere foras
in capite
term
is
to the
rump
Hal.
of
of an animal,
una clusa alta (a deep sluice, or head of the culvert) super dictam
is
is
dozzam^'' &c.
knocking.
Kil. Du. docken, dare pugnos, ingerere verbera. toccare, to knock. Compare dump, to beat It.
(
The
sense of stopping up
in the
tuft
expressed by the
Fin. tukko, a
;
same root
Finnish languages.
;
lump, bunch,
tuket,
dunch,
to beat,
with dunch,
one who
short
and
thick,
Jam.;
tukkuta,
to
punch,
to
be stopped up,
to stagnate,
as water.
Hung.
strike, with
dugni, to stuff;
Dock,
a criminal
bird-cage.
2i,
The cage
Kil.
in
3i
is
placed at his
Docket,
A small piece
of paper or parchment,
Hal.
W.
B.
A
slip,
diminutive of dock, in
Dock,
An
tocyn,
a small piece, or
A pond
gates
till
ticket.
B.
Dodt
Dock.
Outzen.
Synonymous
Sc.
Both
ing
is
in this sense
and
in that of
of stopping up,
hemming
in,
confining.
is
The G.
dawd, a lunch, lump. Du. dot, a bunch of twisted thread. Halma. To dod is to reduce to a lump, to cut off excres-
applied to the
is
cences, to curtail.
like,
Doddyn
Adelung.
kept in or
to
decomo, capulo.
Hence
the
name seems
have
Pr. Pm.
Dod-
been transferred to a naval dock, the essential provision of which is the power of keeping in or shutting out the water by an analogous contrivance though on a greatly magnified scale. Clausa, eyn cluse (a
sluice or flood-gate), tack ;
piscinse.
fat,
like
a lump.
Fr. dodu,
Cot.
Doddy-pate,
or
doddy-poll,
jobber-noU, lump-headed.
i.
q. docke,
obturamentum
Du.
clap
dots-kop, a blockhead.
Dief. Sup.
See Dam.
From
dam
by which the
applied to the
flow of water
regulated, the
word
is
Dodder. Sc. dad, a slam to fall, or Dod. down forcibly, and with noise. He fell with a dad. Jam. Hence dad, a lump, large piece, synonymous with dod. Sc. dod, to jog. To dad, to
;
Halma.
a simpleton.
to the
dam
to
or
bank of a ditch or
artificial
piece of
shake, to strike.
Hal.
To dodder, didder,
dither,
to shake, to tremble;
away,
In the
for-
dodderel, or
mer
sati."
sense
"
we have Prov.
pollard,
from dod
''Douvam sive aggerem dicti fosQui a douhe, il a fosse," whoever possesses the bank, he has the ditch. In the sense of a conduit "fossas in circuitu basilicas fieri jussit ne forte dogis occultis lympha3 deducerentur in fontem." Gregory of Tours in Diez. In It. we have doccia, a mill-dam, a spout, gutter VOL. I. 30
douhe, a bank.
To
move
that
rather than
to
jog, to
allied with
to
Dod.
;
To
dodge, to
and
fro
hence
to follow in
234
the track of
to deceive
DOE
any
one, to follow his ins
DOLL.
lished
and
outs, also
one by change of motion. The original sense seems that given by Forby a small lump of something moist and thick, as of mortar or clay, from the sound of such a lump thrown
;
p.
On Do
Doit.
les a aportc's [les esches] en un douhlier velu, pene de fenis menuement cousu. M.j
lump.
Hal. See Dab, Dad. a mass of something soft, a fat person kue-diitsch, a cow-dung daischen, dotsehen, to press down something soft. Swiss datsch, dotsch, blow with the open
; ;
it
is
thrown.
eight soldi,
Du. duit, from Venet. daoto, a piece of da oto soldi. They had also a piece
Sc. dide, dool, grief ; to sing
Dole.
dool, to lament.
Doleful. Jam.
It.
Ir.
hand, something
flat and broad like a soft substance thrown on the ground; datsch-nase, a flat squab Datsch, the noise of a blow, or the blow itself, nose. smack, clap datschen, to smack, to fall, or throw
;
gloomy,
sorrowful, mournful
;
Gael, doilleir,
dim, dark
melancholy.
bright,
clear,
The
and
down with a
DoCt
same
fallow-deer
kind.
;
noise, to tattle.
chearful, joyful,
con-
AS.
lent
the Gr.
8rs.
In like
Do^f
uprights
in
Icel. doggr,
ill
Du. dogghe, a large dog. The front of the iron bars on which the logs
rest,
manner Gael,
fort.
dolas,
woe, grief;
solas, solace,
com-
The
idea of darkness
always connected
Prov. E. dowly,
a fireplace
its
Hal.
lot.
haunches
in Pol.
sit
and Lith.
in bed.
wilki, a wolf.
Dole,
3,
A portion, or
See Deal.
Icel. sitia
vid dogg, to
up
Doggrel.
Pitiful poetry.
Now
This
swiche a rime the deril I beteche, may wel be clepe rime dogerel quod he. Chaucer, Prol. MeUbeus.
Dole, 3t Doles, dools, slips of pasture left be" Cursed tween furrows of ploughed lands. B. be he that translateth the bounds and doles of his neighbour." Injunction 19 Eliz. in Brand's Pop. Ant. dole-meadow is a meadow in which the
Doiley.
or landmarks.
Now
Du. dwaele, a
unploughed.
PI.
D.
it
dole,
were introduced.
for
a landmark
uutdolen, so to
mark
the division
The
manteaus we
very low, Sir, some Doiley petticoats and have, and half a dozen pairs of laced shoes. Dryden. Kind Keeper.
Brcm.
;
Wort.
with
The word
twll,
is
The
from
at dessert,
Holland.
was probably imported with the name Du. dwaele, dwele, mappa. G.
is
a pit, Bohem. dvl, a pit, ditch then and bank are made by flinging on the one side the earth taken up from the other) applied both to ridge and furrow, and subsequently appro(as the ditch
W.
determine.
in dike ;
Few words known to the literature of the Middle Ages exist in so great a variety of forms. Many of these are collected by Ducange and his continuators, under Toacula, others by GraiF, V. 268, under Dwahilla, and by Miiller and Zarncke, MHG. Wcirterb., under Twehele. The root seems to be the Mccso-Gothic pvaha, OHG. dwahu, to wash.
I suspect the O. Fr. douhlier, defined, serviette, nappe, by Michel, Gloss, to Chr. des Dues de Normandie, and also by Roquefort, to be the same
We find the same duplicity of meaning and mote, the term by which we designate the ditch of a castle, signifies in It. the mound on which the castle is built. Dole, a boundary mark, either a post or a mound of earth, a lump of anything. Hal. Doel, a butt,
or
mound
at.
Kil.
game of
football,
&c.
Jam.
Doll.
little
Fris. dok, a
doll
G. docke, Swab,
doll.
doll
dokkelen, to
word.
Roquefort refers it to Mid. Lat. douhlerium, and cites the Bas-Breton doubter as having the same signification. The only passage in which I have-
play with a
So
nuket,
ulis.
in Fin. nukka,
flock, rag,
patch
nukkiy
doll,
pupa
lusoria puellarum
ex pannic-
met with
douhlier
is
in
DOLLAR. DOSIL.
Tf I
235
my son,
were he. K. John.
by the
modifica-
Or madly think a
and moged.
Lith.
dumas, smoker.
Dominion.
dolde,
The
must
of the
Dollar.
Dolt.
dallebatsch,
T>n. daler
Q.
thaler.
man
Swab,
dalde,
dalter,
dolde, dalle,
dallewatsch,
;
dalpe,
dalper,
foolish,
Domino.
a cathedral church
dolt,
blockhead.
;
Bailey.
domo, duomo)
Doom.
Door.
to
sticky,
doughy materials
do a thing unskilfully,
kend, dalket, sticky,
ward person.
Schraeller.
Icel.
ddlpa, to paddle
E. dallop, to
Dor. A drone bee, a beetle. From the humming sound made by animals of this class in flying.
Gael, diirdan,
handle anything awkwardly, paw, toss and tumble about dallop, a slattern. Compare to dabble, to
;
humming
noise
durdail,
Ir.
work
in the wet,
and
dabbler,
an
inefficient
worker,
a bee
dord,
humming
or muttering.
Dome.
a house.
roof.
Domestic. Domicile.
Gr.
80/x.os, Swyt^a.
To Dor.
Lat. domus,
To
;
;
It
is
doubtful
how
the
daare, a fool
bedaare, to
to
G.
thor,
fool.
A cathedral
in
It.
Doree.
Cot.,
a dome may be so called because it was the ornament of a cathedral church. A church in general was called domus Dei, the house of God, and probably the name was given to a cathedral church par excellence. On the other hand we find that the Gr. Sco/Att was used for a roof. Doma in Orientalibus provinciis ipsum dicitur quod apud Latinos tectum, in PaliBstina enim et ^gypto non habent in tectis culmina sed domata, quae Romse vel Solaria,
'''
Fr. doree, the doree or St Peter's from the yellow colour of the skin.
fish
Dormant.
sleeping,
Dormer.
to
from dormir,
Eau
dormante,
standing water.
ance.
Dormouse.
an instance of
the
The
false
termination mouse
is
probably
est,
Awjua, tectum.
St Jerome
in
Due.
the
rendered
is
probable by the
in
name by which
radourmeire.
the animal
known
Languedoc,
the narrow
and Trevo/xat is derived from ttovos, labour, deem from doom, and not vice versa. We have then the most natural derivation for the word signifying a dwelling, in the notion
is
vowel
commonly
the
a mouse, dormouse
is
is
ordinary French.
in
The
a sleeper
Suffolk.
Dose.
Gr.
Socris
The
from
of a hearth or fire-place.
The
the
is
applied in
household,
the
family
Fr. dousil, dusil, a spigot, faucet, peg or draw off' liquor from a cask, erroneously derived by Diez from ducere, to lead. The fundamental idea is a bunch of something thrust in to
Dosil.
tap to
living in a house,
and
in like
manner
smoke,
is
moug
W.
moged
is
smoke.
expression
ciety.
is
almost universal in
G. doche, a bunch, also the tap of In It. doccia, the signification is extended to a mill dam, and as it is the office of a tap to let the water flow, doga (Gregory of T.), a water conduit. It. doccia, dozza, a spout,
a fish-pond.
stop an orifice.
Adelung.
"
The census
gutter,
water conduit.
Prov. dotz
0. Fr. doiz,
yond the frontiers dependant on the empire, which are numbered hy fire-places or houses." Population of China, Amer. Orient. Soc.
dois, source
of water, conduit.
Now
the Pol.
is
dym
Dont
Korae
sortent tuit
est la doiz
li
let
pcchie
de
la malice.
Raynouard.
At
the
to
and fumus)
the form
dom
is
rendered smoke, cottage, house, while also used in the latter sense. Bo;
doisiller,
to
pierce.
same time a
parallel line of
development seems
236
DOT.
DOWEL.
Pr.
have taken place in the Teutonic languages from a same signification with dock. Gael.
;
Pm.
Diplois
vestis militaris."
jacke.
Cath.
is
Way
Zwyfaltig kleyt,
Dief. Sup.
dossel,
a whisp of hay or
Swiss
tap.
E.
dosil,
Compare Fr.
to stop Dit.
;
bousche, a bush or
bunch
boucher,
Lat. dubitare, from what may turn out in two ways. Dou^h. AS. dah, Du. deig, G. teig. Properly damjjcd flour. Icel. deigia, to wet deigr, wet, soft deig, dough. See Dye.
To
Dou1>t.
Fr. doubter;
dubius, doubtful,
And
see
Dot,
Doughty.
esse
;
AS.
dohtig, valiant
Dot.
small
lump or
pat.
Palsgr.
probum
deughdelich,
Cot. Hence, Hke other words bunch or lump, applied to a bunch of something used for stopping a hole. Du. dodde, PI. D. dutte, a plug or stopper Sc. dottle, a small particle. Jam. E. dottle, a stopper to dutten, or dit,
clot,
or congealed lump of
sound, good
G. taugen,
;
value
tiigend, virtue
To Dout. To dout the candle and douters are flat pincers used
As we have
to
to
put
it
out,
Hal.
do
off,
so
we
dup, to do up, don, to do on, and doff, at first explain dout without hesita-
tait.
Other modifications of the expression are jot, tot, Tot, tote, something small, a tuft of hair, grass,
tion as
do
it
out.
But a
little
further examination
&c.
flax
Hal.
on a
connects
such an origin.
to
Fin.
tutti,
Sw.
totte,
the bunch of
G.
zote,
a flock or lock.
quench forth
To Dote*
Kil.
Du.
calm, appease.
It. stutare,
to
Fl.
do out, quench,
Altieri.
Bav.
crack a flea or
Cot.
Sc.
state.
match by pressure
quell.
slumber, be in a sleepy
or covering guish
to
;
it
up.
Bohem.
Auld
dut,
to dote.
To
doit, to
be confused,
E. slang,
Fris. duss,
fire,
It is not easy to come to a decisive judgment whether it should be regarded as a modification of the PI. D. dussen, bedussen, to be dizzy or dazed, the equivalent of the E. doze, or whether it be from the notion of nodding the head in slumber. Icel. dotta, to slumber, nod the head in slumber, dott, a sleepy nodding with the head. Devonshire doattee, to nod the head whilst one is sitting up when sleep comes on. In this sense is perhaps to be understood
death
duse,
dud mage,
to
extinguish a
dis-
charge an account.
Dove.
Du. duyve,
Icel. dufa,
perhaps from
its
we
columba
to dive.
in the
Than
peine I
me
to stretchen forth
my
neck
And
and sleep. If nodding in sleep be the image the word must be classed with Icel.
tremble, to
East and West upon the people I beck, As doth a dove sitting upon a beam. Pardoner's Tale.
Dowdy.
mental idea
application.
to dawdle, to
wards,
totty,
reeling,
is
Shabby in however
dress.
Hal.
is
The
funda-
an incidental
am
is
dirty, slovenly
;
woman
to
become
stupified or insensible,
is
sense of nodding
dodderig,
sleepy,
stupified
dodoor, a
sleeper.
be indolent or slovenly PI. D. dodeln, to be slow, not to get on with a thing. Schutze. dodaskapr, Dan. dovenskab, Icel. dodi, languor;
Halma.
Sc. dottar, to
become
sloth,
languor.
For
senses in sleep.
beginning to
Hal.
from
for
trees),
torpor,
Dead, Dout
Dotterel.
dote.
word must be numerous class treated under Deaf, and see Dowdy.
A bird proverbial
Originally
for stupidity,
become dull and flat. Sc. dow, to fade, wither, become flat, doze, Jam. E. dowed, daw, a sluggard. trifle with Hal. Icel. dofnad ol, Sw. flat, dead, spiritless. dufwen 61, dowed ale. Sc. dbver, to slumber Prov.
dofna, to fade, lose
spirit,
;
Hal.
Sc. dowly,
Doublet.
defence.
melancholy.
Sw.
Fr. double.
Dowel.
projection in a stone to
into
DOWEE. DRAB.
socket and fasten it into the adjacent one a wooden peg fastening two boards together. Fr. douelle, douille, a tap or socket G. dobel, a peg, phig, stopKiittn. Bav. diipel s. s. especially the dowel per. or wooden peg entering into each of two adjacent boards to fasten them together, a damper of clay to stop the chimney of the oven, a clump of flax, of
;
237
Dan.
dust,
duft,
stove, steev,
people, &c.
Schmeller.
evaporate. With an initial s, Sc. a vapour, smoke, dust Du. stof, stuyf, stuyve, dust, whatever floats in the air ; stuyf-sand, meel, arena, farina volatica stof, flocks of wool stof-hayr, down-hair stuyfken, the down of flowers
dofta, to
; ; ;
= Fr. duvet.
2.
jemandjets in de hand douwen, or steeken, to put something secretly into Halma. PI. D. duwen, to press, one's hand.
Du. douwen,
to press into
sand-hills
press down.
side.
by
the wind.
AS. dun, a
doivn
is
hill.
hill,
mount,
fortified place.
The adverb
ley, for
a marriage gift ; dotare, Fr. doner, E. endow, to M. Lat. dotarium, furnish with a marriage portion. Prov. dotaire, Fr. douaire, a dowry or marriage
tis,
vol, to
Lye.
we
its
Of
provision
portion,
widow
in possession of
her
a dowager.
Dowle.
"
Howel
Young
in Hal.
Fr. douille,
words
feathers,
dujele,
Down.
float in
light
enough
to
G. daune,
;
Icel.
Old-Northern dmn, light Danish and Swedish derivatives, rather than to the Celtic dun, which is not employed in the same limited sense. In Danish, however, sand-downs are called Klit, pi. Klitter,
to
be allied
to the
down, and
Du.
down
G. dunst, exhalation, vaThe primary signification is probpour, mist, fume. ably mist or vapour, the down being compared for lightness to vapour floating in the air. Thus the Esthon. has uddo or udsu, mist; uddoharwad, downhair, uddo-sulled or udso-sulle, down-feathers (karwad feathers). hair; suUed Traces of this sense are seen in the Icel. daun, odour, smell. But most likely the final consonant was originally an m instead of an n, as preserved in Esthon. tuum sulle, down-feathers, and in the Prov. E. dum, down, fur. A duck or a goose is said to dum her nest when she lines it with some of her own feathers plucked off
dust, meal, flour.
KiL
No
special
exists
in Old-Northern,
and
this is
that
it is
Jutland,
shifting coast-downs
interest as
Doxy.
mort.
Gixy.
M.]
soil.
Bergsoe,
cant.
Fr. gueuse, a
woman
Goguenelle, a feigned
to
Cot.
To Doze.
slumber
doze, to
;
Bav. dosen,
keep
still,
;
Hal.
Dan.
dose, to
mope
dysse, to lull
v.
And
The
funda-
mental image
Due.
plumagium
Lith. dusas, a
dusti, dwesti, to
[plumae] quae
&c."
Bohem.
dusati, to snort.
In like manner
Hence
dinary Fr.
Menage.
;
become duvet
Dumette, downie.
Cot.
;
in or-
BoDu. domp, vapour, exhalation, breath, whence PI. D. dumpstig, dumstig, dunstig, vaporous, bringing us round to the G. dunst. The same consonantal change which is seen in the
origin
is
The
a representation of the same sound by the syllable sough, swough, gave rise to the OE. swough, sleep, swoon, Sc. souch, swouch, souf the deep breathing of sleep, silent, quiet ; Icel. svefia (as Dan. dysse),
to quiet, svefn, sleep
silent.
;
hera.
dym, smoke
to
be
Dozen. Drab.
draff,
is
dregs
Du. drabbe, Dan. drav, Gael, drabh, Du. drabbig, feculentus Gael, drahach,
;
same root having the sense of vapour, exhalation, odour. Thus we unite the Du. dom,
nasty,
dirty,
slovenly
drab
man.
From
the
238
DRABBLE. DRAIN.
dirty
same image a
drav-so,
woman
is
called in Prov.
drav-trug, a
dralF-pail.
Molbech.
Dan. See
metal, &c.
it
be,
Pr. Pm.
;
ruscum
Draff.
2.
It.
The
colour of undyed cloth.
The grey
Fr. drap,
different route
drabhfoul
drappo, cloth.
See Drape.
ag,
dregs,
sediment,
;
Drabble. Draggle.
cover with
Drivel.
drabhas,
filth.
filth,
Properly
to
weather, obscenity
Pol.
draos, trash,
filth, from Du. drahbe, Rouchi draque, Dan. drav, dregs, G. dreck, filth. Drabelyn, dra-
drozdie
(z == Fr. j),
AValach.
droschdii,
dregs, lees.
kelifn,
tus.
Pr. Pm.
;
paludo
The fundamental
signification
is
refuse matter,
One
is
who
when
Jam.
PI.
D. drabbeln,
eating
over one in
Now
the
root
is
drabbelbart, one
;
who
dirties
himself in such
a manner Sc. draglit, bedirtied, bespattered Gl. Dougl. Sw. dragla, dregla, to slobber, drivel, let AS. drejliende, the spittle fall from the mouth.
;
with an
spitting
initial
mute,
and rejection.
;
Lang.
rax;a, to
vomit; Fr.
cracher, to spit
See Draff. Sc. draked or drawked, mingled with water or mire Gl. Dougl., reduced to a dreggy condition Gael, druaip, lees,
rheumaticus.
Lye.
;
racaille ;
Lang, raco and draco, dregs of the vintage Fr. Dan. dravelsfolk, E. rabble, the dregs of
the people.
The
;
addition of an initial
before an
is
AS.
hreosan, and
dregs, sediment
druablas,
all
muddy
liquor.
In
modem
is
usage
and were a frequentative from drag, signifying what has been dragged in the
signifying dregs or dirt has been lost,
word
fall G. rieseln, E. drizzle ; E. rathe, and PI. D. drade, quick, soon ; Sc. raddour, Prov. E. dreadre, fear OHG. recke, OE. rink, Icel.
dreosan, to
draggle
understood as
if it
drengr, a warrior.
To Drag.
to
Draw,
;
mire.
drag or draw
Du. draghen, G.
Draff.
Icel. draf,
Du.
Pr.
Pr.
Draffe,
treck-brugghe, a
draw -bridge
treck-net,
a drag-net.
Pm.
G. trdbern, brewers' grains Russ. drobina, dregs, Du. drabbig, Prov. E. dravy, drovy, thick, lees Drubby, muddy. muddy, dirty. Hal. Drobly,
;
To Draggle.
Dragon.
from
its
See Drabble.
of
drestys,
feculentus,
turbulentus.
Lat.
Pm.
to see.
Draff, chaff.
Dragoon.
shuld I sowen draf out of my fist, I may sowen whete, if that me list.
tiori militia
in recen-
Why
cavalry carrying
Whan
fire-arms,
Chaucer
m Way.
horseback or on
rius
a guttural gives
Bigl.),
series of
they carried,
dragooners
is
(Du. dragonder), as they were also called, had a similar origin. Dragon, a species of carbine Hal., so named, no doubt, after the analogy of culverin, Fr. coideuvrine, from couleuvre, a
The form
drasche was
snake.
Drain.
Drains.
is
is
Bailey.
Drain
it
in the sense of
draw-
gave the Latinised drastus, as well as drascus. Way. Hence the OE. forms drast, drest, traist G. trestem, dregs AS. dresten, faeces. For the change of the final consonant compare
;
st,
and con-
On
we have
Again the sound of the Fr. ch in some dialects of France regularly corresponds to that of ss in others,
as the Picard or
Wilbraham, Hal.;
;
OHG.
weep
to
;
tranjan, to
Norman
AS. drehnigean,
away,
to drip,
excolare, to strain.
Hence
to trickle
Halma.
OE.
com,
ly
DRAKE. DRAWL.
sloppy
;
239
in
to
dregti,
to
become wet,
;
to
tliaw
Gael.
Icel. dreckia,
druchd, dew, a
and (as the root takes a nasal form Sw. drank, dregs, grains, wash) Sw. dranka,
watei'.
sweat
;
plunge in
of curds]
and
as a verb, to
ginti, drekinti,
di'op or trickle.
Drake.
drunk,
3.
Drawk.
i
to
make
wet.
See Draff.
On the other hand we find drains in a sense which cannot well be explained from this source. The term hreioers' grains, or the dregs of brewing, seems a corruption of drains, the name by which
they are
still
darnel,
known
in Suffolk.
Forby.
Bibelsworth tium
secalis.
"Le yveraye
(darnel)
in
Way.
Du. dravick,
Kil.
W.
Drascus
darnel.
The
radical
mean-
Due.
nos de
la
drague dicimus, Angli draines et draff. Perhaps the change of initial may have
ing
is
grummel, dregs;
drdntza, refuse,
lees,
It.
Drain
which hypothesis may be cited the Russ. plevui, pleweeds, from plevaf, to spit out. The OHG. turd, zizania, O. Sax. durih, G. durt, dorst, darnel, point to a similar origin. Weeds are the filth of
velui,
a weedy
field is said to
be very
grounds
;
grains
tunn dragg,
drank,
distillers'
wash, or
of
Lith.
the
settlement
The
Now
Hal.
Bpaxfirj,
It.
attention being directed in this case to the final result of the operation, as in the
former supposition
is
to
who
retails
medicaments
is
the
operation
going on.
Perhaps, as
is
when we are
DrakCi
Dan.
due,
The male
a dove
;
of birds
is
in
one or two
Patois de Bray. In Denmark, used a small of Molb. dose of Lex. Drape. Draper. Fr. drap, Sp.
of snuff.
applied to a pinch
as in
England,
it
is
for
glass
spirits,
spirits.
Dial.
cloth.
trapo,
stances designated
by the
rag, tatter
cloth.
signification),
duerik, a
male dove
;
and, a
ente,
G.
duck; enterick, a drake. The same variation between an initial r and dr is found in the original
sense of the word.
Icel. reckr, vir, miles
A todo trapo, with every rag of canvas set. Perhaps from the sound of a flapping piece of cloth represented by the syllable trap. Sp. gualdrape,
the housings or trappings of a horse, the long hangings with which they
state
;
OHG.
;
recke,
a warrior, hero
OE.
a warrior. In like manner the Fin. uros (identical with the Gr. ijpws and Lat. herus, G. herr, master) signifies a grown man, brave man, and the male of animals uros-puoli, the male sex uros-lintu, a male bird
;
Dief Sup. To Drake, Brack. Drawk. To with water Hunter mix with mire Dougl. To drench. Hal. Draplyd, Drablyn, Pm. From the of mud,
herr unter den gensen.
;
Anser
(vir
aucarum) eyn
saturate
Drape-sheep. See Drake. 2. Draught. What is dragged or drawn. A draught of water, so much as is drawn down the throat at once. A draught of fishes, what is taken at one drag of the net. A move at chess or similar game was formerly known by this name, whence the game of draughts, of moves with separate pieces.
The burgeise took avisement long on every draught Draw on, said the burgeise, Beryn, ye have tlie wers The next draught thereafter he took a rook for nought.
Chaucer.
to
or water.
Gloss.
dreap,
to
drablyd,
paludosus.
drakelyn,
paludo.
Pr.
notion
dirt,
filth,
In the same
tirare, to
way
It. tiro,
draw.
mess
Gael, drahhas,
filth,
foul
weather
E. trapes,
the wetj.
dirties
To Drawl.
drolla,
Du.
draelen, Fris.
a slattern [one
Hal.
who
lets
her clothes
trail in
Dan.
drceve, drcege
(Molbech), to delay,
PI.
her
clothes,
a draggle-tail
at the bottom of
a bedraggled gown.
Schiitze.
a slow inactive per" Han draeson drovle, to be slow at one's work. ver sine ord saa langt ud," he drawls out his words
ter, hesitate.
;
Prov. Dan.
drcevs,
240
DRAY.
DREDGE.
Lat.
tristis,
so slow. But the notion of delay is probably a secondary development from the image of imperfect,
dregs.
Du.
is
annoyance.
dirt,
unmeaning speech, jesting, trifling, expressed by Icel. drafla, Sw. drafwel, Dan. drceve, drcevle, PI. D. draueln. See Drivel, and for the passage from
the idea of trifling to that of delaying. Dally.
In mud,
like correspondence
AS.
OE.
The
disturb
to
dream.
Pr.
Ray
is
to drote in speech,
to
As man
dreme
is
dretchyd sore.
Pm.
;
(explained
ratylle
in
Cath.
tor-
Chaucer in R.
PI.
D. droteln,
sledge,
to loiter,
dawdle
Dremyn Pm. So
sleep,
or dretchyn yn
also
slepe, sompnio.
Pr.
fit-
we may compare
;
prov. E. drevy,
dravy, thick,
slumber
Sc. drevilling,
unsound
draveled, slumbered
fully. Hal.
harrow, truck.
Quhen langsum dreuillyng, or the unsound Our ene ouersettis in the nyclitis rest,
sleep
A dirty slut.
in
Prov. Dan.
Than semes us
full
busy and
full prest.
D. V,
work
draasel, a dull,
Dan.
drose, to dawdle.
oberrare, vagari.
v of the root drab, drub, an m in droumy, dirty, muddy Hal., Sc. dramock, drummock, a thick dreggy mixLith. drumstas, dregs, ture of oatmeal and water
final J or
Again the
drumsti, to
trouble
the
notion
of slowness
may
be
true
origin.
Brem. Wtb.
;
make
thick, to trouble
;
PI.
D. dram,
dull,
Sc.
;
dram, drum,
thick,
mel-
ancholy
Icel. drcemr,
;
slow
Dread.
be sluggish
E. drumley, muddy,
;
hence con-
der Draff, in which a root takes a double form of development with an initial dr and hr or r. In the
E. drumbled, disturbed,
muddy,
identify
prov. E. dredre,
dredour,
dread.
origin
raddour, reddour,
Hal. Look how you drumble." Shak. He dreams drumbles, he half asleep or Hal. Drommet wor you speak as you were dreaming. Brem. Wtb.
doing anything.
"
is
to
stupid.
di
if
The
is,
drobly or
mule's bells.
Roquef
is
ill
drid7-iller,
to gingle as
feculentus
an
initial
hr
seen in
The AS.
parallel
form with
to
sift,
dark.
Pr. Way,
turbulentus, turbidus
drobly
(of drestys)
Pm.
in notes.
On
the
same
principle
we
hridrian,
dremel, a dream.
G.
riit-
Dreary.
sorrowful
;
AS.
dreorig,
OHG. trurag,
G. traurig,
;
shake.
Bret,
drida or trida, to
thrill
or
OHG.
getruregot, conturbata
to
truren,
druren,
contristari,
be troubled or grieved in
Dream.
sleepiness
;
Icel.
draumr, G. traum.
;
Russ. dremaC,
mind.
This seems
to slumber, be slow
of mental disturbance
the
Perhaps the confused state of mind in drowsiness and dreams may lie at the root of the word, as trouble of mind is commonly expressed by the metaphor of thickness or muddiness of liquids.
The
root
AS.
dros,
Du.
droes, droessem,
OHG.
trusana,
r,
as in
lose,
AS. AS.
AS.
;
dreosan, dreoran, to
coren, E. chosen.
fall,
G.
verlieren,
E.
To Dredge.
we have
prov. E. droff, dregs, refuse
Drizzle.
fall.
To dredge,
to
scatter
Du.
droef, prov.
flour
on meat while roasting ; to dridge, to sprinkle. Hal. Dan. drysse, to dredge, sprinkle, powder,
small particles as sand.
Du.
in mind, sad
;
to fall in
From
Kil.
AS.
drefan,
afflict.
So from Du.
driuzan, G.
may
be explained
OHG.
regner saa
drtiuscht," of
"Es
Grain
regnet dass es
is
a heavy shower.
said in
Dan.
DREDGE. DRIBBLE.
to draase
241
loft, oi'
from the
also
ears of
com when
trouble, vex,
accompanied by verbs (AS. drefan, to disturb, and Dan. droeve, to lag, loiter, drawl)
is
it is proba radical connexion between them.
Durzed or dorzed out, by wind, turning of it, &c., is beaten out of the straw. Ray. Dras, what falls
This
is
Jam.
Molbech.
G.
droseln,
Now we
Sc. drush,
tainment,
when
rieseln, to
purl as a
drizzle.
dregs of a party, and thus to dreg or dretch out a thing may be to dwell on it to the last, to drain it to
the last drop.
Kiittn.
Swiss
troseln,
to
make
from a tree, to fall with such a noise, the fuller vowel in droseln being used of larger fruit, as apples, the thinner in droseln of nuts. Dan. drasle, to
fall
Gower
in Hal.
The
initial
sleet,
is
generally over-
expressed with an
to hail, drizzle,
looked,
reem
ly
;
to fall.
gresiller,
may be explained from the same source. The fundamental signification is to trouble the sight,
to cast
Cot.
It. trosciare, to
rain or shower
down most
furious-
and
clatter withal, as
And ever his [tlie hypocrite's] chere And where he goth he blesseth ofte,
Whereof the blynde worlde he
G. drduschen, to make a dashing noise like pouring rain. Kiittn. Dredge. 2, Dradge. Oats and barley mixed together. B. Dragge, mengled come {drage or
dows.
Fl.
upon
tiles
dretcketh.
he
Gower
bleres the eye of the world.
in R.
Ye
schall see a
wonder
dreche,
mestlyon,
P)
mixtio.
Pr.
Pm.
Whan my
Not a soiTowful
sone wole
me
fecche.
explained by
&c.
Cot.
See Drug.
And
Dredge. 3. Du. dregghe, harpago, et verriculum a kind of anchor with three or four flukes,
an instrument for dragging. Dregh-net, verriculum, everriculum, a dredge or kind of net for dragging
along the bottom.
That was the dyggyng devel That dreccheth men oft. The devil by his dotage Dissavyth the chirch. P. P. Creed,
1001.
Dregs. See Draff. Drench. Icel. dreckia, to plunge in water Sw. dranka, s. s., also to drown Du. drencken, to water beasts, to lead them to drink. Probably the idea of drinking is not the original import of the root, which
;
G. hetriegen ;
Du.
driegen,
hedriegen
Sw.
he-
seems preserved
in prov.
E. drakes, a mess, a
slop,
which from the notion of dragging or drawing are most unsatisfactory. true dribble is a servant that is truly Dribble. B. Icel. ihrif, diligentia laborious and diligent.
thrifil,
a careful
Dress.
to
To
;
direct, fashion un lit, make a bed se faire dresser quelque chose a quelqvHun, to get him to set it straight, or to give order
ser, to straighten, set up,
Fr. dres-
man.
To
Dribble.
;
Dribblet.
portion
to dribble,
to give out
by small
portions.
for
it.
We
Cot.
It.
it
not that in
all
the
Dresser.
de Berri.
a kitchen dresser.
Vocab.
droby, drobki,
directorium.
^
Pr. Pm.
To
To Dretch.
to trouble to deceive.
He charged each of them shake hands together. And when they met, to say. Good morrow, brother
Thus each
quit other
We have explained under Dream the which the earlier of the foregoing meanings are developed from the-root drak, dregs, the connexion of which with the notion of delay is not very
way
in
And
all old debts and driblets, head against the goose's giblets. Harrington in R.
drobno, in small
obvious.
But
I,
is
pieces
Bohem.
drobet,
little
of anything, a crum
VOL.
31
242
of
DRILL.
;
drohiti,
to
;
crumble, to
as a derivative.
Hence we pass
to Icel. trita, to
;
mince
drohrse, to
;
fall
to
pieces
Russ. drohlio,
pieces
whirl
to
tritill,
drobif, to crumble
droblenie,
pulling to
whirl;
Icel. tritln,
trilde-bor,
We
may
observe that
wheel-barrow.
[ Trail, in
most commonly used of liquids. be a radical connexion between the foregoing forms and Russ. drobina, dregs, on which some light may be thrown by the Icel.
E.
drib, dribble, are
It
is
probable there
may
drabh, to
rot,
fall
to pieces, dissolve.
Drill. 1.
Trill.
Thrill.
fro
;
Bu.
drillen, trillen,
any connection, Du. driUen or E. drill. It is merely the common word to trail, Fr. trainer, meaning, in this case, to carry the weapon in a trailing position. From Ward's Animadversions of Warre, p. 225, under word of command,
shake a pike," nor has
in derivation or signification, with
mean
to "
! it
the pike was held by the right hand near the spearerni,
Kil.
to
The primary
and
signification
is
to
shake, to
revolution
move
are
then, as vibration
and
Mil. Antiq.
characterised
change of
thence to
move round and round, and bore a hole. The Du. driUen was spedirection, to
drillen, to
pike
engraved below.
den pick
shake a pike
Sewel,
;
weapons
met
Terre,
Arme
Trainante, says
"
On
avait I'arme
or, as it
was formerly
called, to trail
a pike
drilkonst, the
art of handling or
managing a gun.
The
origin
;
is
quand on tenait la pique la jDointe a terre et dirigee en arriere." This differs from the English descriptions, according to which the but-end rested upon the ground instead of the spear-end, but both agree in representing the weapon as carried by one end, and trailing with the other.
trainante,
the teeth
hawks' or
This, as
mode of carrying or
its
mules' bells
glitter
;
may be
regarded as
normal
to trail
when not
:
in actual use,
by
modifications of the
to
same
root.
pikeman
"
has bresoUr,
shiver, or thrill
crackle in
Gloss.
fiying or roasting,
bresiller,
in several actions as
G^nev.
briller,
Life of Ld.
Drill. 3.
Keeper
TrUl.
;
Rill.
Guilford, 1826,
IL
193.
M.]
DriU,
trill,
rill,
a small
Roquef.
upon
So Fr.
;
tresoler, trisoUr,
to
stream of water
to drill or
to trickle or flow
down
Sw.
drilla,
E.
triU, to
;
voice in singing
to trill
some one
"There was no water on this island, but at one place close by the sea there it drills down slowly from the rocks, where it may be received in vessels." Dampier in R.
;
without.
DryUe, or
like drill, is
lytylle drafte of
drynke, haustillus.
Pr.
To
trill,
the
ball.
Gascoigne in K.
a special application of the notion of shaking, rolling, or unsteady motion, explained under the former head. Prov. Dan. drille, drilre, to spill, as water out of a full vessel Gael, drill, a drop, a twinkle, and as a verb, to drop,
I believe that this
is
Pm.
The
piercing,
to drizzle
united in
drill as
is
thrill,
thirl,
which must
Bret, dral,
;
W.
dryll,
a fragment
drylliach, driblets,
be classed with
excitement.
mere
differences of spelling.
A thrill of emotion
for whirl-pool
thyrel,
sliiver or
shudder of nervous
;
snips Sw. drdlla, to scatter, to sow, to let fall here and there, as out of a riddle or sieve. To drill com
is to let it
Icel. thirla,
Rich.
G.
circumagere
E.
thirl-pool,
rill
AS.
;
thirlian,
to
pierce
of water.
first
deto
O. Du.
;
drille,
a hole a E.
is
Icel. thiril,
a whirl for
stream, then to
little
drill,
milling milk
zwirl,
;
sow
in rows.
rhill,
Compare
H riU, a
;
stream, with
Icel.
Du. dwarlen,
to whirl
W.
The
notion of shaking
rida, to tremble, to
to roll.
it is
move slowly
word
rilla, to vacillate,
priately expressed
by
We have
seen that
and
to
be understood
the cheeks.
when we speak of
tears trilling
down
DRILL.
Thus
the
DRUDGE.
Drone.
243
W.
treiglo, to
trickle,
roll,
may
AS.
nation of the E.
O. So.
ouer
trigil.
utters, as
G. hum-
Be
my face. D.
V.
It.
The
derivation of
drill,
mo-
rumbling noise
PI.
Dan. D. dronia, to
;
tion of a
sound
ing
;
dridiller, to gingle,
may be
further illustrated
by Fr.
drannd-eim, a humming-bird.
drone of a bagpipe
is
and out
Cot.
;
The
stantly
It. brisciare, to
in
as a snake or an
glide as
upon
ice.
Fl.
making a droning noise. To Droop. Icel. dryp, driupa, to drip driupi, driupa, to droop, hang the head, hence to be sad or
;
Drill. 3,
A kind of linen
cloth
cloth
G.
drillich,
Lat.
trilix, drilex,
;
M.
troubled
Dief.
twill,
to dare, or privily
Sup.
So
Drop.
Droop. Drip.
;
be hid.
Pr. Pm.
Icel.
to
droup or drouk,
G.
zicillich,
divisions in the
warp.
Drink.
Drench. Drown.
Dan.
drikke, to drink
;
triefeln, to drip,
Goth, drighan,
Icelr dreckia, to
;
in drops.
The
trickle,
Icel. drecka,
seem
drown
drukne, to drown.
to
wet thoroughly,
to drown,
soak in water.
the Dan. drukne,
hang down
fall
dribti,
to
as snow,
which much resembles that of the Enga nearer relation between the two " In den than the orthography would indicate Wortern drukne * * * lautet das u als ein
: :
to dribble
nudribti, to
hang down,
to
droop (of a
;
sick person
who cannot
nudrib-
lang
man
M.]
etc.
Abraham-
ping eyes.
Dropsy.
Dross.
thing
;
Drip. See Drop. Drive. AS. drifan, Goth, dreihan, G. treihen, to urge forwards, to move under the influence Icel. drif, a tempest of an overpowering force.
dnft-hvitr, white as the driven snow.
scatter.
To To
it
be,
ruscum
co-
dross-
AS.
Du.
filtli.
Fr. draque,
Dreifa, to
See Draff.
Dr0Ug;llt.
AS.
Drivel.
Ih-ahble.
Droll.
As
For
is
drivelling
age or idiocy, as well as infancy, the term might naturally be transferred to imbecile talk or action.
in this sense the
gin, or if
it
But
word has probably a different orihave the same ultimate origin, it comes
by a
different course.
filth,
From
is
Du. droosen, to doze, slumber, Dan. PI. D. drbteln, to delay, dawdle Perhaps from the drosseken, dusken, to slumber. Ph D. droning sound of the breathing in sleep. drunsen, to low like a cow, to drone out one's words
Drowsy.
drbse, to
dawdle
formed drahhas,
filthiness
same metaphor is used in Russ. drU.n\ rubbish, dirt, idle talk. So from Icel. draf, draff, we have draji,
loose, idle, indecent talk
;
to
speak unintelligibly, as
a lazy, inactive
Icel. drepa, to strike, to slay Drnl). Prov. E. drab, to beat drabba, to knock, hit
;
To
Sw. Bo-
hem,
sound beating.
Sw.
dotage, fatras.
trifle,
hablerie, ra-
Drudge.
a slave, or drudge.
To
drceve, to dally,
to
drcevle,
twaddle,
D. draueln,
to
speak in a
manner,
to trifle.
He
drauelt wat,
At the gate he proffered his servise To dmgge and draw, what so men wold devise. * Chaucer.
he
is
joking. grig
merry
joking.
drole, a
droll,
wag
or
facetious,
And
for to drug
irk.
D. V.
;
Manx
drug, a dray
To
Drizzle.
E. druyeous, huge.
Hal.
drug, a timber
waggon
prov.
244
DRUG. DUB.
Fr. drogue.
Dru^.
hriiyd,
pharmaca, aromata, from their hot, dry nature, drying up the body. Kil. more likely
origin is the
It.
Mod. Gr.
rpa-
E. to dub cloth, to dub a cock, to prepare it for fighting by cutting off its comb and wattles dubbing, a dressing of flour and water used by weavers, a mixture of tallow for dressing leather.
ingredients for dressing leather
;
dress
it
with teasels
to
powder prescribed unto weak stomachs meat, and hence any jonkets, comfits, or sweetArticles of such a nature
The
Bohem.
;
dubiti, to tan
lie.
Lith.
dubas, tan
From
the
Cot.
seem
to
have
image of tanning leather the term seems to have been extended to any kind of dressing. [In the Saga Hakonar Hakonarsonar, K. 310, Forn. Sog., X., is an account of the ceremonies of
the consecration, or coronation,
(\a'D^sla
And
undir kdronu,)
of
of young
King Magnus,
in the lifetime
Hakon,
King among
To send him
dragges,
and
his lettuaries.
Chaucer.
Dnim.
trommel.
From an
G.
The ceremony was witnessed by a who watched the proceedings narrowly, and remarked, when Magnus was clothed with the royal robes, and King Hakon
Scottish knight, " Sir Missel,"
:
" It
The
has been told me* that knights were not dubbed (dubin E.
;
Drayton
Drumble-liee, a humble-bee.
thrum-hetil, aes
Icel.
thruma, thunder
tinniens.
sound.
mention
is
him with the consecrated sword." made of the blow on the neck, and
No
it
is
G. trocken,
Icel.
knight
to consist in girding
Jam.
To
Dub.
A small
The
sword, as the
Fris. dobbe,
a puddle, swamp.
See Dip.
it
of the ceremony.
Dllb.
much
canvassed, and
has
been plausibly explained from the accolade or blow on the neck with the swoi'd which marked the conclusion of the ceremony. Icel. dubba, to strike
Fr. dauber, doher, to beat, swinge, canvass
oughly.
thor-
The words adouber and adobar were employed in French and Spanish, the latter especially, in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, in the general sense of making ready, putting in order, repairing, but in an infinite variety of applications, and there is hardly a verb which was so much a word of all
work as these, excepting, perhaps, conreer, wliich in French was put to almost as hard service. That a root of so limited signification as the name
of a tree should acquire such a variety of meanings
Cot.
But
the accolade
it is
sound beating.
real origin.
Nor have we
The
ceremony of
and
of
applications,
and these
is
all
him with
the
its
bark in tanning,
sword and his spurs. Now in all the Romance languages is found a verb corresponding to
on
his
if
supported by any
fit
some
;
special purpose.
Prov. adobar,
to arrange,
all points.
together,
arm
at
Cot.
There is no proof that the oak was ever known by the name of dub to any nation with whom the French and Spaniards were in contact, while, on the other hand, the Germans, who border on the Sclavons, did not adopt the word, and it is too modern in its use by the Romance nations to have been introduced among them in that ancient period when
the affinities between the Sclavonic and
291.
Romance
manure
up,
land;
make anything
;
languages were greater than at present. It is to be remarked, too, that the word, in both
forms, dub and daub,
is still
adobo, dressing
mean
expose to
DUCK. DUMB.
the action of oak-bark in any way, but to
245
dolen, to wander, miss the
;
it
is
tanned.
Ure's
is
oil
or
Du. dwaelen,
folly is often
Diet.
dioelian, to deceive
dwolian, to err.
to express
used
what
fails to
answer
to
be de-
apparent purpose, as Fr. avoine folk, wild or barren oats; AS.fon-fyre, Fr. feu-follet, Du. dwaalits
we find a source nearer at hand in the Arabic dahagh (dbagh), tanning, or some of its numerous derivatives, which the Spaniards might very
M.] Du. duychen, to bow the head, and espeG. tauchen, cially to sink it under water, to dive. Sw. dyka, to dive Bav. ducken, to press down duckeln, to duck machen, to let the head sink go about with the head sunk. The change of the final guttural for a labial gives a series of parallel forms, Du. duypen, to stoop the
readily have borrowed from the Moors.
licht,
dulle-kervel,
;
hemlock, fools-
dulle-besien,
Dan. dvale-
of a different explanation.
When
Duck.
becomes a faint, torpor, trance. Icel. dvali; Sw. dwala, giddiness, fainting, stupefaction, sleep Dan. dvale-drik, a soporific, and perhaps dvale-bcBr, or E. dwale, may be berries producing stupefaction and death. Kilian gives dull-kruyd as a synonym for dwale, while PL D. dull-kruud is hyoscyamus,
affection
head, go submissively
dip, dive.
G. taufen,
to baptise
E.
mad-wort.
OHG.
bird, is so called
Duck, the
iauch-ente,
from mergere.
Du. duycker, G.
Hur
fadiu-
can swalme,
Ant.
er,
I. 1
65,
diver
Ilden didmer,
(sol
La
cercele et ly plounjoun
En
In the Viennese
ente
:
the fire
burns dull
solen
;
dulmer
dormit
it
dialect, duck-ente is
weather.
Molb.
is
obscured
dial. lex.
;
det dulmer,
is
dull
Du. bedwelmen,
to be-
Elend ist es, wann ein ausgezogener Frosch im Bett liegt wenn er wie Duck-Enten mit dem Kopf Abraham a Santa Clara, Judas etc. Schelm. M.]
"
fiir
Was
ein
come
dizzy, to faint
Thus
wacklet,"
we
der Erz-
Dudgeoil.
2.
Ill-will.
1.
The
root of box-wood.
TV^Xos rax'
Fr.
dall, blind,
orra,
tovtc
vow
Due.
Duty.
which
Gael.
;
dovere, O.
Bret.
deuvre, of
equity
FL,
The
origin, in
and
may
perhaps
tliowl,
Du^.
Dairy.
A teat.
Sw. dcegga,
to give suck.
See
dol, dolle,
E.
into the
gunwale of a boat
to
Duke.
lead.
ducere, to
Dull.
ulties or
is
The
powers proper
A dull edge
keep the oars in their places. Dumb. This is one of the words alluded to in the last article as derived from the notion of a physical stoppage, and the meaning is very much the
cut,
same as
that of dull.
For the
;
origin,
see Deaf.
to
afdaubnan,
be
afdobnan, to be
dumb
dumbs,
When
the
powers of the understanding are partially stopped, the condition is that of folly or madness. Goth. dvals, foolish pro v. E. to dwaule, or dwallee, to Du. dol, dul, talk incoherently, as one in delirium. G. toll, mad. The sense then passes from mental to PI. D. dwalen, dweelen, twalen, material wandering. Fris. dwala, to err in judgment, act foolishly, wander;
;
dumbi, dumb ; dumba, darkness, dark colour dumbungr, thickness of the air, covered weather dumma, to be still lata dumma, to let be dimmr, dark, thick, obscure ; Dan. dum, dumb, dim, obscure,
; ;
dull,
G. dumpf (of
dumm,
stupid; stumm,
dumb;
blend,
Du. dom, blunt, dull, stupid, deaf deaf and blind domsinnigh, mad.
;
dom en
Kil.
246
DUMPS.
Du. dompeii,
iiit
DUNGEON.
the schoolmen, called after
extinguish
men
dompig, bedompt, dark, obscure E. stummy, close, confined to stum up a house with trees, to shut out
;
name
of
Dunce
at
was given
learning.
Dumps.
B.
From
Domp
uit de
mage, vap-
In the
last
Remember ye not within tliis twenty yeares and far less, and yet dureth unto this day, the old barking curresDunce's disciples, and like draife called Scotists, the children of darkness raged in every pulpit against Greek, Latin, and Hebrew. Tyndal in R.
monly used
lique.
in the
same
sense.
to
Duns has
coincided with
The Latin
called
Diet. Trev.
to
have an
Dump,
B.
fit.
merry dump
is
Dumpy.
thick.
Hal.
Dumpling.
isto libro.
Humpty-
donee.
Carp.
Cot.
blow
From dab, dub, a dumpty, a short, thick person. We have bump, dump dab, a small lump.
;
Dunche or lunche, sonitus, strepitus, Dunch. bundum, bombus. Dunchyn or bunchyn, tundo
dunchinge or lunchinge, tuncio, percussio.
Pr. Pm.
Dan. dundse,
to
thump.
Lat. tundere.
The
origin
is
prob-
Dung.
seems
to
The
See Dunch. Dun. To make a droning sound. Dunnyn, To Dunnynge of sownde, bunda, in sownd, bundo.
borabus.
be simply, wet.
water
;
to
spi'inkle with
Pr.
wet, as wet as
gled, dirtied
tealed, wet,
;
muck
bedugge, to
bedew
E. bedag-
Pm.
Hence
In
like
to
dun, to
demand a
to
debt clamorously.
with the
humming
dun
sound, bum-bailiff, a
employed
the
Svv.
dirt.
for a debt,
and incidentally
in colour.
dynga, dung,
Dun.
Dark
Dungeon.
building of a
donne.
Donjon.
district,
muck
G. dungen,
to manui-e.
And white
things
Ch. in R.
From
AS.
Gael.
doo7i, to
donn, brown
;
Manx
a
doon, a
field,
close, the
or fortress, which from its had the command of the rest, from the Lat. dominio, domnio (as domnus for dominus), domgio, dongeo (as Fr. songer from somniare), In a charter A. D. 1179, given by Muradonjon. tori, is an agreement " quod de summitate Castri Veteris quae Dongionem appellatur praedictus episposition or structure
copus
ejusque
successores
and
tapetado, of a dark
brown or
blackish colour
close
;
taparse, to darken, grow dark. Vieira. dompig, bedompt, Du. dompen, properly to stop Dumps, twilight. Halma. sombre, obscure. Hal. From the same root (with a change of mp G. dunkel, into nk) Du. doncher, dark in colour
uno latere usque ad vineam episcopi et ab altero usque ad flumen," showing that in this case the dominio was mere open In general however it was applied to a ground.
partes ipsius summitatis, scilicet ab
Due
Desus
domo
scilicet
le plus
maistre dunjon
Drescent
le reial
gonfanon.
dark.
Chron. Norm.
to
2.
820.
[Coryat appears
colored,
Donjon
rison
in fortification is generally
the
oxen in almost all parts of Italy, and especially in Tuscany and Lombardy, at the present day "Also I saw marueilous store of goodly oxen in euery place of the country, whereof almost all were
:
of necessity.
finally
Bailey.
dunne."
I.
111.
M.]
been bequeathed to such an under-ground prison as was formerly placed in the strongest part of a fortress. [I have elsewhere (Lectures on the English
Dunce.
From Duns
Language,
p.
DUP.
geon might perhaps be found in the Mid. Lat. homa-
DYE.
Dnst.
Icel. dust, Gael, dus, duslach, dust.
247 Du.
gmm, and
in
donst, vapour,
down,
flour,
dust
G. dunst, vapour,
tower of a feudal
fortress,
exhalation, dust-shot.
See Down.
Icel. dvergr,
dungeon or donjon keep, was in O. Portuguese styled torre de homenagem, lower of homage, because it was in this tower that the ceremony of pledging fealty or homage took
called in O. English the
place.
Dwale. Dwarf.
See Dull.
Sw.
dwerg, dwerf.
To Dwell.
The h being
is
expressed by a double
than from
form of root, dul and dwal, whence Du. dolen, dwaclen, to err, to go about, as opposed to going straight
to a certain point AS. dwelian, to deceive, to balk one of his purpose, dwolian, to err, PI. D. dwalen,
;
not
suflS-
to
wander
in
judgment, act
foolishly, jest,
wander
to delay
dvcele,
the
The Hispano-Latin literature of Middle Ages, which has been too much neglect-
and
in
a neuter sense
to dwell
;
Dan.
would probably furnish M.] the means of arriving at a just conclusion. To Dup. To do up, as doff and don, to do off and do on. Swiss tuffen, to open, as a door or a
ed
in etymological research,
To Dwindle.
fade, waste
AS. dwinan,
;
PI.
D. dwanen,
to
nen, to
letter.
DupCi
ceived.
who
lets
himself be de-
sit
" Der mane wahunde swinit" the moon waxes and wanes
From
Diutiska in Schmeller.
leave
dle
;
which we are
ignorant.
Thus from
to
It.
hubbola,
a hoopoe, huhho-
Altieri,
whence E.
also
to
bubble one.
fool.
ofl^; Sw. twina, to pine away, languish, dwinDan. tvine, to pine away, also to whine or whimper. In the last of these we probably touch languishing or weakly the origin of the word.
a simpleton, a
Wystrychnac na dudka,
condition of
body
is
of one.
the bird, dupe,
is
is
illness.
crest
as the E.
whining, pipy tone of voice induced by Thus a person says he is rather pipy, meaning poorly. The PI. D. has quakken, to groan or complain like a sick person, whence prov. Dan.
ence
to the
houppe, a
quak, poorly
Lat.
DuratiOUi
Gr.
817/oos,
durare,
to
last,
duru^,
hard.
be poorly.
Du. queksen,
Kil.
to complain, to groan, to
lasting,
enduring.
Turk, durmak, to
animation,
W.
PL D.
qui-
away
wane.
see
Dusky.
Lifeless,
without
dim
in
bemoan
oneself;
AS. cwanian,
to
colour, obscure.
wanian,
the pomels and the poyntes of shields
to
mourn,
faint, languish,
wanian,
initial
cw and tw
his devocion
P. P.
Beseem.
they
Sw.
To Dye.
dull or blunt his religious feelings.
stude barrane, widderit, dosk and gray,
AS. deagan.
The
primitive
seems
to
to sprinkle
The ground
D. V.
It
seems a
dtdsk,
To adorn
Dan. dyg
Probably
his tomb.
or
dolsk, dull,
;
vaad,
dyng
tingere
vaad,
thoroughly wet.
Dan.
the Lat.
may
be
radically the
Icel. doska,
same word.
Gr.
Seuw,
to water, wet,
soak,
als(f
to dye, to colour.
END OF VOL.
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