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DICTIONARY
OF

ENGLISH ETYMOLOGY.

BY

HENSLEIGH WEDGWOOD,
LATE FELLOW OF CHE. COLL. CAM.

M.

A.

VOLUME

I.

(A-D.)

WITH NOTES AND ADDITIONS,


BT

GEOEGE

P.

MARSH.

NEW YORK:
SHELDON AND COMPANY, PUBLISHERS
BOSTON: GOULD AND LINCOLN.
1862.

Vl

Entered according

to

Act of Congress,

in the year 1862,

by

Sheldon and Company,


in the Clerk's
Office of the District Court for the Southern District of

New

York.

RIVERSIDE, CAMBRIDGE:
STEREOTYPED AND PRINTED BY
II.

O.

IIOUGUTON.

PREFACE
TO THE

AMERICAN EDITION OF THE FIRST VOLUME.

The views and aims of the learned author of the Dictionary of English Etymology are fully set forth in the Introduction, and it is here necessary only to say that the principal object of the work is to illustrate and enforce the
theory that language
this
is

imitative in

its

origin

and primary character.


are

For

purpose, a large
articulations

number of English words


imitative

compared with
sounds,

interjec-

tional

evidently

of

natural

and

are

traced
these

directly, or

by the analogy of corresponding words


as their original source.

in other

tongues, to

interjections

ably sustained

The general proposition has been more by Mr. Wedgwood than by any earlier English or perhaps for-

eign philologist, and few previous writers have suggested so


wliich

many

etymologies
first

are

both probable, and

new

to

the English lexicography of the

four letters of the alphabet.

But the author has not confined himself wholly to probable and presumptive derivations, and he has introduced many carefully traced historical etymologies, which, though not the most conspicuous, are

by no means the

least

valuable feature of the work.

In the present edition, the original text

is

printed entire, with no change

but the correction of perhaps half a dozen errors of the press and the transfer

of the

articles

composing the Appendix to their proper places in the

alphabet.

My

additions consist of notes


is

upon a considerable number of words,


These notes are inclosed

a
in

list

of which

given at the end of this preface.


initial

brackets

and signed with the

M.

My

observations, as will be seen,


little

are confined almost wholly to historical derivation, and I have attempted


in the

way

of conjectural deduction from imitative sounds, from the supposed

natural significance of primary consonantal combinations, or from the analogies

of ancient

and remote languages not actually known


of the English vocabulary.

to

have contributed

directly to the composition

This course has been


I will not indeed affect to

imposed upon
to

me

as well

by

necessity as

by

choice.

say, with Capgrave, that

"I want ny

al

that schuld longe

a studier,"

iv

PREFACE.

but I possess few works on linguistics or comparative philology, and I have


consequently been obliged to rely on the slender resources of a private library,
collected with
to etymological investigation, but only for the pur-

no reference
labor, I

poses of general culture.


increased

my

But though the want of special facilities has much by no means suppose that this want has proved a disIt has

advantage to
rethrashing

my

work.

driven

me

to

original research, instead of a

of other men's already well-beaten sheaves, and the illustrations

adduced, which are, with not


think,

many

exceptions, of

my own

collecting, are, I

more important

as contributions to the certain or probable history of

English words, than anything I could have gleaned from the excerpts and
references

which have been already employed by English and Continental


In searching for authorities, I have generally selected books
little

lexicographers.

which have been

or not at

all

resorted to

by students of English

ety-

mology, because I thought the chances of meeting with hitherto unnoticed


forms and combinations of the words under discussion would thus be increased,

and American scholars

will find, in the rarity of

many

of these books in this

country, a sufficient apology for a fulness of quotation which might otherwise

seem
to

superfluous, not to say ostentatious.

Access to a more complete etymological apparatus might have tempted


spare

me

myself the

toil

of

many weeks
it is

of miscellaneous

and

sometimes

crabbed reading for the chance of lighting upon


portant forms or uses of words, but
state

new

exemplifications of im-

my

conviction that in the present


historical

of philological

knowledge in
for

this

country,

investigation
is

of a

words, original materials

which can be collected in no other way,

method of inquiry more

likely to

be acceptable and useful to the public for


in-

whom

this

edition

is

designed than any conjectural speculation, however

geniously conducted.

Another consideration has influenced


search of illustrations.
attention of
It is

my

selection of authors to be

read in

the desire to do something towards turning the

American

linguistic students to the origin

and development of the

modem

European languages,

as exhibited, not in recent, but in medioBval, literis

ature, for I

am

persuaded that there

yet an abundant harvest to be reaped

in that field, as respects

not only etymology, but also the history and the


all

theory of the origin and true significance of inflectional forms in


language.

human

The proportion of
annotated
is

the

words discussed by Mr. Wedgwood which I have

not large, because his conclusions as to the majority of them


satisfactory,

appear to

me

and

in

many

cases

where

his

views do not com-

mand my
them.

assent I

I certainly

am not prepared with evidence to sustain me in disputing do not believe that " the Icelandic harki, the throat," derived
barking, is

"from an imitation of the sound" of

"probably the origin of" barge

PREFACE.
and
its
harlc,

a boat, or that

hlade,

the

hlady leaf,

of the Continental languages, has


vs.

source " in the notion of foam or a mass of bubbles," (see Dictionary,

Barge and Blade,)


equally improbable.

and many of Mr. Wedgwood's


I have, however, not thought
it

derivations

seem

to

me

worth while to express

a naked dissent in such cases, and have generally refrained from animadversion

when

had nothing but mere opinion

to offer.

GEORGE
Burlington^

P.

MARSH.

Vermont^ October 15th, 1860.

WORDS DISCUSSED

IN EDITOR'S NOTES.

Abet.
Abide, Abie.
Able.
Abolish.

Astre, Cat.,

under Disaster.

At.

Atone.

Abridge, Abbreviate.

Abut.

Abuye, under Abie,


Acorn.
Acquaint.
Acquit.

2.

Auburn. Aumere, under Alms. Avanie, Orient., under Average. Avaria or Averia, Sp. and Cat., under Average. Average. Avis, Aviser, Fr., under Advice.

Awe.
Awning.
Baggage. Bait, under Abet. Bake. Balcony and Barbican.
Icel.,

Acton or Haqueton, under Cotton.


Addle, verb.
Addle, noun and adj.

Addo,

Lat.,

under Add.

Admiral.

Adobar, Sp., under Dub.


JEgiligr and ^gishjdlmr,
Afford.

under Awe.

Balise, Fr.,

under Buoy.

Balk.
Ballast.

Again.

Agate.
Agld, Cat., under Acorn.

Bandon,
Banish.

a, Fr.,

under Abandon.

Ague.

Baranda,
Barnacles.

Sp.,

under Balluster.

Aim.
Air, Eir.
Aisle.

Barrack.

Barragan.

Alcove.
Alight.
Allodial.

Barrow.
Barter.

Bastard.

Allow.
Alloy.

Batant, 0. Fr., under Abut,


Bate.

Always.

Baun, Dan., under


Bay,
Beat.
at.

Bonfire.

Amber.
Ambergris, under Amber. Andiron. Anneal.
Antefn, AS., under Anthem.

Bed-ridden.
Beer, Fr., under Abash.
Bell.

Anthem.
Apricot Arquebuss.
Arrant.
Arsenal.
Artillery.
Assoil.

Beseem.
Bet. Bet, go
!

under Abet and Boot.

Betan, AS., under Abet.


Betrash, under Abash.
Better, under Abet, Boot.

Bight or Bought.
I.

VOL.

WORDS DISCUSSED
Bind.
Bless.

IN EDITOR'S NOTES.
Chaloir, Fr., under Care.

vu

Bloom, under Blow.


Boot, Bootless.
Boot-and-saddle, under Abet.

Chap, under Chubby. Char, under Chirp.


Charcoal.

Chasuble, under Cloak.

Boreas.

Cheese.
Chives.

Borg, Orient, under Borough.


Borrel.

Church.
Clinker-built,

'

Boss.
Bosse, Fr., under Boss.
Bottle.

under Cling.

Cloak.
Clover,

OG., under Carabine.

Bottom.
Boute-feu, Fr., under Abet.
Boute-selle, Fr.,

Coach.
Cob.

under Abet.

CochineaL

Bran.

Commodore.
Cool.

Brandung, G., under Brine. Brandy. Brasil, under Brase.


Brigand.
Brilliant.

Couch.

Courage or Corage.
Court.

Coward.
Crab.

Brood.
Broth.

Crack and Crash, Introd.


Crane.
Crawfish.

p. 8.

Brunst, G., under Brim.


Buccanier.

Buck. Buckram. Bulk and Bulkhead. BuUem, G., under Bull-beggar.


Bullion.

Creak or Crack of day.


Crust.

Culverin, under Calibre.

Curd, under Cheese.


Curry.
Curtain.

Bulto, Sp., under Bulge.

Bulwark.
Bundt, Bunt, Dan. and Sw., under Bind.

Cushion.

Buoy, Buoyant. Buque, Sp., under Bulk. Burin, under Bore.

Bum,
Burr. Buss.

a brook.

Dag. Danger. Day, year and, under Day. Dazzle, under Daze. Demijohn.
Descry.
Devil, under Deuce.

Butcher.
Butt.

Dida,
Do.

Cat.,

under Dairy.

Bylaw.
Bylta, Icel., under Butt.

Down.
Drukne, Dan., under Drink. Dub. Duck. Dun. Dungeon.
Ebahir, Fr., under Abash.

Cable.
Calibre.

Caliver, under Calibi'e.

Calk.
Calliper,

under CaUbre.
Ebaucher, Fr., under Balk.

Camlet.

Canoe.
Caraffe, Fr., under Carboy.

Enamel, under Anneal.


Formaggio,
It.,

Carboy.
Carouse.
Cart.

under Cheese.

Carve.
Cattle,

Fcpavos, under Crane.

under Chattels.

Get, under Begin.

Ceiling.

Gousty, Sc, under Aghast.

vii

WORDS DISCUSSED IN EDITOR'S NOTES.


Aghast
Pack and Package, under Baggage. Parmacity, under Amber.
Paro, Lat., under Apparel.
Pull, to take a,

Gusten, Dan., under

Hafd, Hiifda, Sw., under Behove.


Hottentot, Introd. p. 7.

under Carouse.

under Charcoal. Huely Cornish, imder Charcoal.


Houille, Fr.,
In,

Quilt,

under Counterpane.

Quiver, under Chafer.

under At.
Santo, Mindanaian, under Assemble.
Seel,

Jterum, Lat., under Again.

under Ceiling.

KXc'ttto),

under Clever.

Sheave, under Chives.


Spermaceti, under Amber.
Stirrup, under Andiron.

Leben, Arab., under Cheese.

Lobbered milk, under Cheese. Loud, under Brilliant.

Sweep, under Brush.


Temmelig, Dan., under Beseem.

Maim, under

Cablish.

Malmettre, O. Fr., under CabUsh.

Titio, Lat., under Abet. Towel, under Doiley.

Minnaz

vi6, Icel.,

under Buss.
Introd. p. 12.

Ugga and Uggr,


Uggia,
It.,

Mot, Fr., MoUo,


Mutter, Introd.

Icel., Introd. p. 10.

It.,

Introd. p. 10. Introd. p. 10.

p. 12.

Ma,

Umbrage,

Sw., under Do.

Veranda, under Balluster.


Nykke, Dan., under Caprice.
Wait, under

Abet

Omhrage, Fr., Introd.


Ost, Scand.,

p. 10.

Wreck, under Broker.


Yeast, under Cheese.

under Cheese.

INTRODUCTION.
The
inquiry must sometimes occur even to those not

engaged in the study of language, by what steps does such and such a word come to have the meaning in which it is actually found, what is the earliest source to which it can be traced, and what are the cogspecially

very similar nature. The first germ of science begins to quicken when the question is suggested. What is the reason of some resemblance or contrast, or of some action observed among the phenomena of nature ? The
imagination proposes some kind of machinery adequate, according to the notions of the time, to account for the

nate forms either in

oiu"

own

or in related languages.

The answer
what we look

to inquiries of such a nature constitutes


for in the

phenomena

in question,

which in very early times

is

apt

etymology of a language. But if we are asked to recommend a book of reference in EngUsh etymology, we find it hard to point out a work to which resort may be had, with a reasonable expectation of meeting with rehable information on the subject.

to take the form of a nan-ative of facts implicitly be-

In process of time the theory found either insufficient to satisfy the inquiries of a more cultivated age, or absolutely inconsistent with undeniable experience. Recourse is again had to the old
lieved as historical truth.
is

The

increase of linguistic knowledge, and the quantity

source of the imagination, and


to

new

theories are invented

of materials placed within reach of the student, since

the Etymologicums of Skinner and Junius, would inevitably have required a review of their labours, if they

had been guided by far more correct views of the development of language, than those of which the authors have given proof in the works above cited, acute and learned men as they both of them were. In later times the subject of EngUsh etymology has for the most part been treated as a subordinate department in the dictionaries of the language, and the choice would now lie between the elaborate works published within the limits of the present generation by Todd, Richardson, and Webster. The labour of compiling a
dictionary single-handed can leave so
original speculation, that
to the authors of such a
little leisure for

meet the improved condition of intellectual cultivation. But when once the principle of testing a theory by comparison with actual experience has been admitted, no system can long be left standing which has not a better foundation than the ingenuity with which it accounts for the particular group of phenomena for which it was
originally invented.

At

last

the true path

is

struck.

power

is

recognised in actual operation, producing effects

analogous, on however inferior a scale, to the

phenomena
founda-

which form the subject of inquiry.


tion
is

Thus a

solid

attained, and, the nature of the action being

clearly understood, thousands of scientific labourers are

we ought
for

not perhaps to look

found to trace the results through endless ramifications. Geology affords an example of a science in which the final stage has been attained in the most recent period.
It
is

more than a judicious selection among the suggestions afforded by the current philology of the period. Little more than this is aimed at in the etymologies of Todd, whose information was besides of a somewhat limited range. The great value
of Richardson consists in his store of quotations, which

work

only within our

own

times that geologists have es-

tablished a vera causa in the powers

now

in action

on

the surface of the earth, to which they look for an account of the phenomena faUing within the domain of
their science, viz. the interior condition of the stratified

crust of the earth,

and the remains of organised beings


at the stage

are those mainly employed in the present work.

In his

is often led very wild by his belief Tooke, whose formula he applies at every turn, as the great master-key of the language. Few works indeed have been so effective in imparting interest to

own

etymologies he

imbedded in it. Etymology is


theory
It is
is

still

where an arbitrary

in

Home

accepted as the basis of scientific explanation. supposed that all language is developed from roots

etymological discussion as the ETrea UrepoEVTa, to which

I,

among others, am indebted for own attention to this branch

the

first

direction of

my

endowed with distinct and oflen very abstract meaning, but incapable of being actually used in speech, until properly clothed in gramor skeletons of articulate sound,

of inquiry.

But Tooke's
is

alluring speculations will not bear the light of advancing

knowledge, and it is hardly too much to say that there not a sound etymology in the work.

And this theory of roots takes the place of the elementary powers which form the basis of other The etymologist, who succeeds in tracing a sciences.
matical forms.
root, is as well satisfied with the account he has rendered of his problem, as the astronomer who traces an irregularity in the orbit of a comet

word to a Sanscrit

The aim
VOL.
I.

of true science
it

is

the same in every branch

of learning, and

has commonly advanced by steps of

INTRODUCTION.
to the attraction of a planet, witliin whose influence
it

has been brought in


condition
is it

its last

revolution.

Now

in

what

before they were actually used in speech ?

have existed, If it be suggested that they were implanted by Nature in the mind of man, as some pebple have supposed that the bones of mammoths were created, at the same stroke with the other materials of the strata in which they are buried we can only say that it is directly opposed to anything we observe in infants of the present day. But if it be said that no one supposes that the roots, as such, ever had independent existence that they are merely fictions of the grammarians to indicate the core of a group of related words having similar significations, in which sense the term will always be used in the present work or if they are regarded as the remains of some former condition of language, then they cease to afford a solid resting-place, and the origin of the roots themselves becomes as fit an object of inquiry, as of the words in actual use Nor wiU the curiosity of a rational at the present day. inquirer be satisfied until he meets with a principle adequate to give rise to the use of language in a being with a mental constitution, such as he is conscious of in himself, or observes in the course of development in the infants growing up around him. Now one such principle at least is universally admitted under the name of Onomatopoeia, when a word is made to imitate or represent a sound characteristic of the object it is intended to designate, as Bang, Crack, Purr, Whizz, Hum. In uncivilised languages the consciousness of the imitative character of certain words is sometimes demonstrated by their composition with verbs like say, or do, to signify making a noise Uke that represented by the word in question. Thus in Galla from djeda, to Bay, or goda, to make or do, are formed cacak djeda (to say cacak), to crack, tirr- or trrr-djeda, to chirp, dadadagoda (to make dadadd), to beat, to make a noise, djam dj'am goda, to smack or make a sound with the Ups in Tutschek. And the same eating, as swine, to champ. mode of speech may be observed even in English.
possible that roots could
; ;

time-worn particle, of whose origin in a sensible image guess. To slam the door is a colloquial expression in which the verb seems as if it might

we cannot form a

have been suggested yesterday by its appropriateness to express that kind of noise, but the word is used in a much wider sense by the Laplanders, with a special application to this very instance of slamming the door and what countless ages must have elapsed since their ancestors and ours parted from a common stock A little examination shows that the principle of imitation has a wider range than we are at first incUned to suppose. In some words the imitative character is so strongly marked, that it will be admitted by every one as soon as the question is raised. In others, though not consciously recognised, it heightens the power of expression, and gives much of that vividness of imagery which we admire in the poetry of Spenser and Gawaine Douglas. In others, again, the power of direct representation is wholly gone, and the imitative origin can only be shown by a detailed examination of the mode in which the meaning of the word has been developed. It will be our aim to trace the operation of the principle through the foregoing classes, and to show that it is adequate to the expression of ideas the most opposed to all apparent connexion with sound of any kind. It may be thought that we are so far removed from the origin of speech, that it must be as impossible to meet with an opportunity of observing language in the course of fonnation, as it appeared to our ancestors to obtain personal experience of the powers by which the surface of the earth has been reduced to its present form. But in the case of the infant learning to speak we are able to study the process by which an understanding in the first stage of development acquires the The nurse imitates the lowing of an ox, use of names. or bleating of a sheep, by the syllables moo or baa, which
!

are subsequently recognised


articulation,

by the infant as the same when pronounced in an ordinary tone of

and thus he readily admits the compounds moocow or baa-lamb as the name of the animal whose cry is
voice
;

"

should be loth to see you


buttocks."
pleased.

indicated in the former syllable.


in nursery

The name

of the dog,
sylla-

Come fluttering down like a young rook, cry squab, And take you up with your brains beaten into your
B. and F.

language bow-wow,

is

composed of the

bles used in imitation of his bark, without further addition.

Women

Swiss bdaggen, to bleat

haaggeli (in nursery lanit

Here

sqitab represents the

sound made by the young

rook thrown down from its nest upon the ground, whence a young rook is called a squab. But though the origin of a certain number of words
in the direct imitation of sounds
it
is

a recognised

fact,

yet

has been considered as quite an exceptional case, and there is a constant tendency in the progress of cultiva-

must have been named on this principle. In the absence of means of communication by a common language, a person desirous of raising in the mind of another the thought of an animal, such as a lion or an ass, characterised by a distinctive cry, would certainly resort to an imitation of the roar or the bray
guage), a sheep.
so,

And

of course,

in the origin of speech with all animals

tion, to

regard the words, whose imitative character is most clearly marked, as a sort of illegitimate pretenders
to the dignity of language.

of the animal for that purpose.

In

animals the voice

is

almost the only

many way
is

kinds of wild
in

which they

We

are apt to look upon

offer themselves to our notice.

Hence

the designation

words like

Jizz,

whack, bump, bang, clearly representing

of birds especially on

tliis

principle

very common.

different kinds of sound, or the actions

which they acenti-

The
is
is

imitation of the cry of the cuckoo or the cockatoo

company, as make-shifts of modern invention, not

universally recognised.

The

origin of the designation

tled to take place in sustained composition with elements

nearly as clear in the case of the peewit, whose melrise to

which appear to derive their significance from the mysterious source of universal speech. The discredit, however, into which words of this description have fallen, is a prejudice resting on no solid foundation. There is no reason for supposing them less ancient than the most

ancholy cry gives


dialects, in

names

in different

European
identity,

which we recognise a fundamental


;

with considerable variety in the particular consonants by which the sound is represented E. peewit, Sc. peeweip, tuquheit, teewhoap
;

Fr. dishuit, Du.

kievit,

G.

klebitz,

INTRODUCTION.
Sw.
Jcovipa.

XI
hiccup, shriek, scream, snore, sneeze, wheeze,

screech-owl,

The Lat. ululare, to howl, and ulula, a show the imitative character of the name,
are hardly conscious in the E. owl.

Kil.),
holla,

titter,

whoop.
imitative character of the last of these, representshrill

of which

we
is

The
as in

The
cough,

Lat. turtur

derived from an imitation of the cooing of


tur,

ing a sharp

sound,

is

distinctly felt in whooping-

a dove by a repetition of the syllable


it

tur,

Dutch by the equivalent kor in korren, to coo or croo, as was formerly written. It will be observed that it makes little diiference in the imitation of natural sounds
whether we make use of a p,
ferent
t,

or

k, as

seen in the

dif-

and in Goth, vopjan apphed to the crowing of a cock (Mark xiv. 68), while it is a good deal obscured in the sense of calling, in which vopjan is commonly used. The original force of the word is preserved in AS. wop, outcry, lamentation, whence wepan, to weep, properly to
lament, to utter the high-pitched tones of one in pain or grief, ultimately to shed tears, with a loss of all conscious
reference to audible accompaniment.
usual in that language, the initial
cry, to call,

modes of representing the cry of the peewit above cited. For this reason it may commonly be taken as presumptive evidence of a short descent from an imitative origin,

In
is

Icel.,

as

is

when we

find a variety of equivalent forms,

lost,

giving op,

with an apparent interchange of consonants of different


organs, as in clap, clack, or in Sc.
teet,

outcry, herop, war-whoop, battle-cry, cepa, Bret, hopa, to

keek, E. peep.

whence may be explained the Gr.

cy^

(ops),

The connexion
a crow
;

of the

name

of the crow with the

is apparent in the NE. crouk, a crow, krakr, a raven Du. kraeyen, to caw or croak, kraeye, a crow Lith. kraukti, to croak, krauklys, a crow. In like manner the syllable caw, with which we imitate the voice of the rook or daw, gives

croaking voice of the bird


Icel. kraki,

the voice, as Lat. vox from vocare, the counterpart of Goth, vopjan, with the very common interchange of the

sounds of p and k. So also the Hebrew kol, the voice, from an equivalent of the Gr. mTieu, and E. call. A very numerous class of words, of which the imitative nature

can hardly be mistaken, are those employed

rise to the

Du. kauwe, kae, a jay or jackdaw, Picard. cau

to represent in the first instance the noise


collision or fracture of bodies of

made by
less

the

AS. ceo, E. chough. Examples of names given on the same principle in modern times are the American whip-poor-will, a species
(Kil.),

a greater or

degree

itseF,

of hardness or resonance, then the colhsion or fracture the instrmnent by which the noise is produced, the

of nightjar, tuco-tuco, a small rodent in the plains of

a species of sloth. And probably the name of the Hottentot is another example

Buenos Ayres (Darwin),


class.

airai,

consequences of the action, or generally any phenomenon that may be vividly associated in our mind with the
noise fundamentally represented
tion.

by the word
whine

in ques-

of the same

The

first colonists

of the Cape of

For example
clap
frac-as (Fr.)

Good Hope could not fail to be struck with the click which forms so marked a feature of the Caffre tongues, which to a stranger would sound like a constant repetition of the syllables hot and tot. Hence the natives would be named by their Dutch masters Hott-en-tots. Du. en and.*

rap
tap

clash
flash

bump
thump

knap
snap
trap
flap

plash
splash

dump
plump

frap-per (Fr.) slash

boom

The

imitative

origin

of the words designating the


is still

peculiar cries of different kinds of animals

more

obvious than the application of the principle to the animals themselves. No one doubts that the cackling of
geese, clucking of hens, gobbling of turkeys, quacking of

whap
swap
slap

swash smash dash


crash

hum
di'um

burr
whirr
surr-a (Sw.) to

bang
clang

hum

ducks, twittering of swallows, chirping of sparrows or crickets, cooing or crooing of doves, bumping of the bittern, hooting of the owl, croaking of the raven,

clack

crack

twang
ding
ring

knurr-en (G.) to growl whizz


fizz

cawing

of rooks, chattering of jays or magpies, neighing or whinnying of a horse, barking, yelping, snarling, growling of a
dog, grunting of a hog, bleating of sheep or goats, or purring of a cat, are intended in the
imitations of the sounds
tion.
first

knack smack

buzz
hiss

mewing

instance as

whack thwack Of the same

din

class are the interjections

mentioned by

made by

the animals in ques-

(IH. 307) as imitating the sound given by certain objects in falling, whirling, snatching, breaking, as

Grimm

In close connexion with the foregoing are the names of various inarticulate utterances of our own which may

plump, platsch, bratsch, patsch, klatsch,


(for

witsch, husch,klapps,

ripsraps, schwapps, bim, bam, bum, zink, Jitsche, fatsche

be compared with the

cries of animals, as sob, sigh,

moan,

blows with a rod),

strip, strap, stroll (for

the sound

groan, laugh, cough (originally pronounced with a guttural, as Du. kuch, cough, lachen, lachachen, to laugh

of milking), &c.

* Dampier, Voyages, I. 536, edition of 1703, gives the following account of the origin of the name Hottentot.
Tlie natural inhabitants of the Cape are the Hodmodods, as they are commonly called, which is a corruption of the word Hottentot; for this is the name by which they call to one another, either in their dances, or

few examples may be given, showing as well the general recognition of the imitative principle in words of the foregoing class, as the mode in which their meaning
is

extended to ideas associated with the original

image.

of them had this for his name.

on any occasion, as if every one The word hath probably some

The Bremisch Worterbuch explains klapp as a direct " He kreeg enen an imitation of the sound of a blow. de oren, klapp, segde dat " He caught it on the ears,

clap

said

it.

He

signification or other in their language.

M.

got a box on the ears that sounded

again.

Klapps, an interjection that indicates the sound

INTRODUCTION.
of a blow.
" Klapps
it.

he has caught anything that

falls

daar kreeg he enen." Smack is then applied to a flap, or with a sudden blow, a draw-bridge.
! !

horse
char,

is

expressed

by the Fr.

hennir,

It. nitrire,

Sp. rin-

Klappe

Enes

klapps, at a blow, suddenly.

To

clap

is

used in

English to express any sudden action.


hat, clap

To

clap on a

word that

when

it

one up in prison. G. Knack, an indeclinable imitates the sound that a hard body makes breaks suddenly, in which also knucks is usual.

Sw. vrena, vrenska, Du. runniken, ginniken, brieschen, words in which it is difficult to see a gluupse of resemblance, although we can hardly doubt that they all take their rise in an attempt at direct representation of the same sound. There is so great a difference between the mechanism by which the
relinchar,

G. wiehern,

cries of animals are

Kiittner.

broken.

Knack, da war es entzwey," there, 'tis " Es that einen Knack," it gave a crack. Niisse
In the E. knock the reference
is less

"

the
in

human

voice, as to allow

produced, and the articulations of a wide choice of syllables

knacken, to crack nuts.


to the sound of a
clap, flap
;

propriety,

blow

vividly

felt.

G. klatsch, a

klitsch-klatsch, pitsch-patsch,

thwick-thwack.

which the imitation may be made with nearly equal and stiU more so in the case of inorganic sounds. The resemblance, therefore, between the words employed in cognate languages will often be of a very
general kind, consisting in the syllabic structure of the

Kiittner.*

Galla
to

hilbila
bilbil,

(natural sound), bell, clock


to sound, to ring a bell,

bilbil-goda,

word, the use of consonants of like

class, &c.

mo-

make

beam, gUsten.
ples

Tutschek.

and

2.

to glitter,

mentary sound, such

as that

produced by the

collision or

In the
first

last

of these exam-

fracture of hard bodies,

we may

observe in the

place the agreement of

the sound, by which a language, so remote from our own, imitates a clear ringing sound, with the English bell, Icel.
hialla,

and with peal, which


;

is

used to represent a similar

sound
place

a peal of bells, a peal of laughter.


of the
first

In the second

is represented by monosyllables ending in the tenues p, t, k, as rap, clap, crack ; rat-tattat, for the knocking at a door a deader or hoUower sound arising from bodies of a softer nature, by the medials b, d, g, as dab, thud, dag ; rub-a-dub-dub, for the beating of a drum, represented in French by the sylla;

we have a good example


all

way

in

which a

bles ran-tan-plan.

word, representing in the


case with

instance (as must be the

Sounds prolonged with more or


din,

less

resonance are

imitative words) a lively impression on the


is

represented by syllables terminating in a hquid, as clang,


boom, bang, knell, hum.
air,
s,

organ o( hearing,
seen in the Fin.
kilia,

the like vivid character.


kilina,

used to express a visual sensation of closely analogous case is

a ringing sound, a

brilliant light

motion of the the letters r,


rustle,

or of liquids, are often represented

Those arising from the by

sh, z,f,
It.

w, as whirr, whizz, fizz, whisper,

clear-sounding, also glittering.

The

articulation

Fr.

siffler.

fischiare, to whistle, Galla afufa,

employed in the first instance to represent a tremulous sound in Pol. szemrac, Bohem. ssemrati, to rustle, murmur, E. simmer, to sound Uke water about to boil, is transferred to the appearance of tremulous light in G. schimmern, E. shimmer. Other examples of the same transference of signification from phenomena of sound to those of sight may be seen in the body of the work under Bright. It must not, however, be supposed that words will always preserve any cognizable resemblance to each other because they are originally imitations of
the same natural sound.
explosion of a gun, which the English boy imitates in the exclamation " Bang-fire,"
is

Hung, fuv-ni,

Sc. fuff, to blow.

Hung, fuvola, a

fife.

Modifications In the volume or pitch of the sound, de-

pending on the
tion, are

size of the bodies in collision or vibra;

represented by a change of vowel

a sound of
o,

considerable volume being imitated by the vowels a or

which are pronounced with a more open mouth and fuller voice, while notes of a high pitch are sounded with the thinner vowel i, into which the highest notes of the voice are necessarily moulded. We speak of the
clanking of chains or of armour, using clink to express

The

the sharp note given


bells,

by smaller

pieces of metal, as coin,


nail,

the blow of a

hammer on a
you
so
all this

&c.
bell

represented in French by

Pouf!

The neighing

of a

And
That

I shall clinken
I shall

merry a

waken

compagnie.

* Holland, in his translation of Pliny, attempts a distinction between two imitative words, the exact correspondence of which to the difference indicated by his
original

Safe through the wet on cUnking pattens tread.

Chaucer. Gray.
i

may

be doubted.

Pliny, speaking of the winds,

The open vowel in roar, blare, mne of sound in the cry of hons
noises uttered

bray represents the volor buUs, while or ee


is

L.

I.

49, says:
fit

used in chirp, cheip, peep, to express the thin acute

autem aquilonius Typhon, nee nivalis aut nive jaeente Quod si simul rupit nubem, exarsitque, et ignera habuit, non postea concepit, fiilmen est. Distat a Prestere, quo flamma ab igni. Hie late funditur flatu, illud conglobatur Impetu. Vortex autem remeando distat a turbine, quomodo striEcnephias.
dor Sifragore.

Non

by small

birds, crickets, mice,

and the

like.

The same adaptation of sented is very common


served

the vowel to the sound reprein

by

Kiittner.

"

Knack

Gennan, as repeatedly obwhich imitates the

Holland translates the passage thus

from the North, ne yet any Ecnephias with snow, or while snow lieth on the ground. This tempestuous wind, if when it brake the cloud, burned light withall, hauing

No Typhon commeth

sound which a hard body yields when it breaks sudKnick expresses a finer, but Knuck a rougher, denly. sound of the same kind." The distinction in the Bremisch Wbrterbuch is that knaks represents a loud ringing sound knicks, the noise of something breaking that
;

is

small and hard, as

when a
place.

glass cracks; knuct<!

an

owne before, and catched it not aflerward, it is verie lightning and differeth from Prester, as the flame from a cole of fire. Againe, Prester spreadeth broad with a flash and blast; the other gathereth round with forcible violence. Typhon moreouer or Vortex, diflTereth from Turben in flying backe: and as much as a crash from a craclce. M.
fire

of the

obscure or smothered sound (dumpfig), as


springs back into
its

when a joint
holds

The same The E.

relation

good between knarren, knirren, knurren, to creak, knaS'


tern, knistern, to crackle.

clap, clack, express

the open sound given by striking together the palms of

INTRODUCTION.
the hands,
scissors,
clip,

xin
lips
;

click,

the sharp snapping of a pair of

(from an imitation of smacking the


to

Zulu nambeta,
;

the fall of a latch, or light snap like that given

smack the

lips,

to

have a

taste, to relish)

Indian,

by the spring of a gun-lock.

The change

of vowel from

tom-tom, a drum.

a to i is then used to express a Ughter kind of action, without special reference to any difference in musical
pitch in the noise produced in the two cases,

A more
single

continued action

and
is

finally

method of representing repeated or add to the syllable, expressing a element of the action, a second syllable composed
artificial
is

to

to indicate a diminution in size of the instrument or

of an obscure vowel with the consonants r or

/,

on which

organ of action.
in

The sound
to tread.

of the footfall

imitated

German by the whence Du. trappen,


is

repetition

trapp-trapp-trapp,

from

the voice can dwell for a length of time with more or less sensible vibration, in order to represent the effect on the ear,

In the English tramp a


fall

when

the rapid succession of beats has

merged

greater emphasis
the foot

given by the insertion of a nasal, in


of

in a continuous whirr.

In the pattering of

rain, express-

order to express a heavier tread, in which each


is

distinctly heard.

To

trip,
is

with the short compressed vowel,

on the other hand, to tread with a light

ing the falling of a rapid succession of drops on a sonorous surface, the first syllable pat is an imitation of the

sound made by the

fall

of a single drop, while the vibra-

and quick step. So from stap, another imitation of the same sound preserved in the Du. stappen, to step, we have in EngUsh the intensitive stamp, and in Du. the diminutive stippen, to prick, whence the E. stipple,, to

The effect of the -with a succession of dots. change of vowel in expressing diminution in the size of the organ of action is seen in top, nab, knob, an obtuse summit or projection, tip, nib, nipple, a thin and pointed

mark

murmuring sound of the shower, when the attention is not directed to the individual taps of which the complex sound is made up. In like manner, to clatter is to do anything accompanied by a succession of claps or noises that might be imitated by the syllable clap or clat ; to
crackle, to
bubble, guggle, to

tion of the r in the second syllable represents the

make a succession of cracks make a succession of

to rattle, dabble,

noises that mio-ht

one.

The same change


sical pitch,

of vowel which marks a rise in

mu-

distinguishes the present

from the perfect


findige, find

tense in a certain class of what are called strong verbs,


as sat,
sit ;

lay, lie ;

AS. /and, found,

and

though the following explanation


ciful,

may be

thought fan-

yet

it

appears to

me

strictly in

accordance with

other instinctive devices for expressing similar modificaIt has been observed by others that the perfect which indicates a complete and finished act, should naturally be expressed by a more original form of the verb than the present, which indicates a continuation of action; and as all modifications of thought must ultimately be expressed by some analogy in sound, I would compare the present with a vibratory sound, the continuous beats of which are less and less distinguishable to
tions.

tense,

be imitated individually by rat, dab, bub, gug. After the invention of such a mode of representing continuous sound, it would speedily be transferred to other cases of repeated or continuous action, giving rise to the commonest English form of the frequentative verb. Thus we have draggle, to continue dragging, grapple, to make a succession of grabs or gripes. The same effect is often produced by a final I alone, which, as Ihre remarks under gncella, has something ringing (aliquid tinnult) in it. Thus to squeak is to utter a sharp cry of momentary
duration
;

to squeal, to utter a prolonged cry of the

same

nature

to wail, to utter cries of pain, such as those


vce ; or

represented by the Lat.


to utter cries imitated

G. wehe

Fr. miauler,

by the

syllable miau, to

mew

and the E.
principle.

pule, howl, growl, are

formed on the same

Here

also the device contrived to represent

the ear as the vibrations become quicker, while the perfect

the continuance of sound


original purpose,

may be

represented by a single beat in the vibrat-

ing body, on the circumstances of which depends the

the fuller

is extended far beyond the and we find a terminating I as well as forms el and er used as the symbol of con-

general character of the continuous sound.

Then

as

sound gradually rises in tone with increasing rapidity of vibration, the change from a to i, wliich represents a rise in musical pitch, would offer a natural type of the step from the separate beat of the perfect to the uniform hum representing the continued action of the present. The simplest mode of expressing continuance of action would undoubtedly be by actual repetition of the syllable representing a single beat of the vibration, or momentary element of the action in question. Thus we have rat-a-tat-tat, rub-a-dub-dub, for continued noises, of which the individual elements are represented by rat-tat,

tinued action with the instrument or object indicated in the body of the word. Thus to kneel is to rest on the
knees
;

to prowl,

from Fr. proie,

is

to

go about seeking
sig-

for prey.

When

the body of the word has already a verbal

nification, the terminations el

and

er

(still

employed as

the symbols of continued action) serve to indicate the instrument or agent, as AS. rynel, a runner, bydel, a bidder,

one who conveys orders.


Z

Du. krauwel, a claw, a

scratcher or clutcher, from krauwen, to scratch.


identity of the frequentative

The

or r with the termination

of the agent

is

pressed upon our notice by cases like the

murmur, tintin (in tintinabuluni), represent noises the momentary effect of which upon the ear is imitated by the syllables tur, mur, tin.
rub-dub.
turtur,

The Latin

E. crawl, which

may

either be formed direct from a verb

equivalent to the Du. krauwen

above mentioned, as

draggle from drag, or through the instrumental form

The repeated element

is

shghtly curtailed in Lat. susur-

krauwel, a claw, as signifying to claw oneself along.

rus, Fr. cTiuchotter, It. bisbiglio, a whisper.

The
t

frequentative termination
I

is

sometimes formed on a

The formation of words on such a principle is particularly common in unciviUsed languages, and the natural
course seems to be to get rid of the repetition in the progress of cultivation. may cite Susu (Western

instead of an

or

r,

as racket, a succession of raps, Fr.

cliquetis,

additional syllable

a clashing or succession of clacks. Here the et seems to represent an echo of the

We

Africa), bang-bang, to

drive

nail,

nim-nim, to taste

this

sound indicated by the radical syllable, and therefore mode of expressing continuance would in the first

INTRODUCTION.
instance be applicable, only

when the elementary sound

was of a hard character, such as we have seen articulated with a p, t, or k. But in Latin the syllable it is the regular constituent of a frequentative verb, as Z or r
in

EngUsh.

next to consider an important class of words founded on imitation of sounds by wliich our bodily and mental affections, as those of pain, cold, terror, disgust, The cry &c., are more or less instinctively expressed. to which we are impelled by a sharp pain is well represented by the G. ach, our ah, oh. Hence the OG. achen
to utter cries of pain, Gr. axog, pain, grief,

We have

Then as things of an extraordinary size have a tendency to excite awe and terror, to make us ug or houge at them, the term huge is used to signify the utmost degree To hug is another derivative from the of magnitude. same fundamental image, expressing the bodily action induced by great cold, shrugging up the shoulders and pressing the folded arms against the breast then with a
;

total loss of all reference to the instinctive origin of the

action, to press another to one's breast.

The verb

to

shrug has probably

its

origin

In

the same image, as

schuck
tance.

and the E.

is one of the interjections of cold cited by Grimm, and the insertion or omission of the r is of little Impor-

ache. A deeper seated groan, arising more from mental than bodily suffering, is represented by the Lat. vcb, vah, G. wehe, AS. wa, from whence our woe, wail.

Compare Fr.

irut,

G.

trotz,

Interjections of con-

tempt, with E.

tut, tush.

The
and

idea of disgust takes

Its rise

in the senses of smell

and terror on the human frame closely resemble each other. They both check the action of the heart and depress the vital powers. The shoulders are shrugged forward, and the arms and closed hands pressed against the chest, while the muscles of the face and jaw are kept rigid. The deep guttural sound
effects of cold

The

taste, in the first Instance

probably in smell alone.


in-

Now

in defending ourselves

from a bad smell we are

stinctively Impelled to

screw up the nose, and to expire

strongly through the compressed and protruded Ups, giv-

ing rise to a sound represented

by the

Interjections
!

faugh

foil
!

fie

Lith.

pui ! G. pfui ! Bret, fcei ! fec'h

uttered in this condition of the bodily frame


in
horror,

is

imitated

Faugh

EngUsh by the interjection ugh, expressive of cold or whence the Scotch and OE. ug, to feel abhorat,

have known a charnel-house smell sweeter If emperour's flesh have this savour, what will mine do Beaumont and Fletcher. When I am rotten ?
I
!

rence

to nauseate.

Foh

one

may

smell in such a will most rank.

Shakespeare.

The

drum and trumpet's tout Delight young swankies that are stout;
rattling

What
Is

his

kind frighted mother ugs


to the sodger's lugs.

Interjection ffi is used as a substantive In the sense of loathing, whence ffiaid, loathsome ; ffieiddra,

The Welsh

musick

Jamieson.

loathsomeness, disdain.

From

forms Hke the Lith. pui,

In a passage of Hardyng, cited at the same place, it is said that the abbess of Coldlnghame, having cut off her own nose and lips for the purpose of striking the Danish ravishers with horror,
her sisters to do the same. To make their foes to houge so with the sight. And so they did, afore the enemies came Eche-on their nose and over-lip full right
all

G. pfui, rise the Lat. putere, Fr. puer, to stink, Lat. pwIcel. fuki, stink, fuinn, putrid, tris, stinking, rotten
;

Goth, fuls, stinking, foul.


xl. 9.)

"

by

Jah

fuls ist,"

(Ulph. Joh.
1cg\. fullsa,

this

time he stinketh.

Hence

counselled
off anon,

to

show disgust at anything, fulslegr,

hateful, disgusting,

fulsome.

The

expression

Is

naturally transferred from physical

to moral aversion in Icel.^a, Goth, ^^an, to hate,

whence

Cut

which was an hougly

sight.

Here, as Jamieson rightly observes, the passage clearly


points out the origin of the E. ugly, as signifying

G.feind, an enemy, ^. fend, foe, feud. The gratification of the appetite for food
liest

is

the ear-

what

occasion on which the Infant has to exercise the


;

causes abhorrence, and he might have carried the deri-

he had added, what impels one to utter the exclamation ugh !


vation to
its

original source if

and the gestures by which he Indicates his inchnation on this occasion are taken In after-life as the type of acceptance or refusal in
option of acceptance or rejection
general.

Ugh
In the Sc. ugsome,
of the root
ugly.
is

the odious uglj' fellow

When

the infant

is

Inclined to accept the

Countess of St. Albans.


frightful, terrible, the original force
is

proffered food, he bends his head eagerly forward to

preserved, which

much

softened

down

in

and when he Is satisfied he moves his head from side to side. In order to withdraw his mouth from the nipple. Hence nodding or bending the head forward is universally used as the symbol of acceptance,
seize the breast,

The ugsomeness and


In every place

silence of the

nycht

my sprete made

sare aghast.*

D. V.

and shaking the head, of negation or

refusal.

The

negative force of the particle ne

may

probably be

* The
suspect,
origin.

Icelandic verb ugga, to fear, hesitate, doubt, or

and the noun

uggr, fear, are doubtless of similar

It is singular that these expressive words and their numerous derivatives and compounds should liave disappeared from the Danish and Swedish, though still preserved in some of the Scandinavian provincial dialects, and ai)parently even in the modem Italian, in a slightly modi-

fied sense.

An

Italian traveller says

L'Inglese ha uggia col suo clima, ed

ama

lottare con esso:

The Englishman detests (shudders at) his own climate, etc. The primary meaning of uygia is given in the dictionaries

and thus the Italian avere uggia may possibly, by have given rise to the French and English phrases, donner or prendre de I'ombrage, to give or take umbrage. But whatever may be the etymology of uggia when used in the sense of shade, I am strongly inclined to believe that in the expression avere uggia, its origin is the same as We may perthat of the words referred to in the text. haps consider shade as a secondary meaning of uggia, for when, in hot climates, we pass from the sun to the shade of trees, we experience a shiver, and the term properly expressive of the effect may have been transferred to the
as shade,
translation,

cause.

M.

INTRODUCTION.
explained on the same principle, from representing the

XV

the same puff of air through the nose and lips which exis produced in sneezing, the act of sometimes taken as a type of contempt, and we speak of a thing as not to be sneezed at, not worthy of contempt. Hence may be explained the agreement

sound made through the clenched teeth, in sign of a resolution not to open the mouth for the reception of offered food. The act of rejection is expressed in a

presses dissatisfaction

sneezing

is

more

lively

manner by an

imitation of spitting, as if in

the effort to rid oneself of something disagreeable taken


into the mouth, while the opposite feelings are indicated

of

many words

signifying sneeze with the foregoing in-

terjections.

by smacking with the lips, as if in the endeavour to make the most of an agreeable taste. In Leichardt's Australia we are furnished with examples of both these modes of expression among tribes in
the lowest stage of civilisation, given as a simple state-

articulation

may compare pshaw with kishoo, the by which a sneeze is commonly imitated in

We

English
trut

tush with

W.

tisio,

to sneeze

Gael, trus, Fr.


;

with Lap.

trusset,

Fr. trucheter, to sneeze

ptrot,

and

prut with Hung,

ptriisz, iriisz, priisz,

sneeze, Sw. prusta,

to snort, spurt, sneeze.

ment of
"

fact,

without any theorising on the principle on


talking to them, but occasion-

The Manuel
takes as
first

des Pecch^s,

when
al

treating of pride,

which the meaning of the natives was understood.

example him

The men commenced

that
Ayens hys

is

unbuxom

ally interrupted their speeches

by

spitting,

and uttering

a noise like pooh


disgust."

pooh

apparently expressive of their


in fact identical
is

And
" prout

fader spirital seyth " prut! for thy cursyng, prest."

1.

3016.

p. 189.

The utterance was


pooh
!

The author then proceeds


wordys " to

to

denounce him who uses

with our

own

interjection

which

merely a rep-

his sovereign.

resentation of the act of spitting in sign of contemptuous rejection. " Puh puh fi fi interjection of one
! !

who
"

is

vole)."

sensible of something disgusting (cosa stomache-

an interjection of contempt or defiance (Grimm), is formed trofzig, arrogant, so from prut ! arises prout, or as we now write it, proud,,
trotz! originally

As from G.

Patriarch!, Diet. Venet.

and the abstract pride.


horses

They very much admired our

and

bullocks,

The

effect of

complete absorption in an object, whether


astonishment
or
intent
observation,
is

and particularly our kangaroo-dog. They expressed their admiration by a peculiar smacking or clacking with their mouth or lips." Leichardt, p. 336.

from sudden

marked by involuntary opening of the mouth,


from the relaxation of
all

arising

the muscles of the face not

The production
smack or clack
taste
is

of the sound here represented

by
and

exerted in effecting a steady gaze.

arises

from the

fact, that

the organ of

distributed over
is

the tongue and palate,

saw a smith stand with his hammer thus The whilst his iron did on his anvil cool,
I

K. John.
!

the sensation

only appreciated in full intensity at the the two branches of the organ are brought into contact, and again separated. Hence AS. smaec, G. ffeschmack, Pol. smak, taste, savour Du. smaeckiick,

With open mouth swallowing a

tailor's
is

news.

moment when

The
tition

interjection of

wonder then
ha
;

formed from a repeLat. habce

of the syllable

ha

mechanically uttered
!

through the parting Ups

Gr.

(jajiai

papce

sweet, palatable, agreeable to the taste.

In the Finnish

Hence the use


each other.
fort),

of the root ha in the expression of aston-

languages the
go,

initial s is lost, giving rise to Esthon. magmakko, taste; maggus, makke, Fin. makia, sweet,

ishment in languages the most distantly removed from

well-tasting, maiskia, to

smack the

lips

m^iskis, a smack,

kiss, delicacies; maisto, taste.

In like manner the Gr. ylvKvg, Lat. dulcis (for dlucis), sweet, may be explained from the second of the forms above mentioned, clack, or
click,

Zulu hahaza, Fr. e-ha-hir, a-haur-hir (Roquecry ba to set agape, to astonish. Hecart in his Rouchi Dictionary (the dialect of Lille) explains Ba ! an interjection expressing doubt, and adds
to cause to
!

shown

also in

W.

gwefus-glec, a

smack of the

lips

Spurrell,

sweet taste

is

and with slight modification in E. lick. A one which makes one lick one's chops.

word is pretty generally used with some modifications to express astonishment. In the same dialect babaie, celui qui regarde la bouche beante,
his belief that the

a staring booby.

The

natural expression of displeasure, assuming the

The

original force of the syllable

is

seen in the O. Fr.

shape under different circumstances of anger, defiance, or contempt, is a whiff of breath through the nostrils, or

protruded

lips.
;

Hence

to sniff or snuff at, to treat with


it

modern beer, to open the mouth, to gape, then abayer, attendre quelqu'un to be intent upon anything avec empressement, inhiare loquenti. Lacombe. Hence
haer, baier,
;

contempt

to take a thing in snuff, to receive

with

the

OE.

abeyance, expectation, aby, to expect, endure,

displeasure.

remain.
Sharp breaths of anger puffed Her fairy nostrils out. Tennyson.

The
bee,

insertion of a

c?

to avoid the hiatus gives


;

the Prov. badar, to gape, to open


gueule

gola hadada, as Fr.


hadare, to be intent

with open mouth.

It.

To

huff,

which

signifies in the first instance to blow, is

showing one's displeasure, giving one a sharp answer. The endeavour to represent the sound of a sniff or hlvrt of contempt or anger has
in the sense of

commonly used

upon, to wait, corresponding to the E. bide, abide (as shown in the body of the work), as O. Fr. haer to E.

The same change of vowel takes place in ahie or aby. the Lat. hio as compared with the Gr. ;tawj to gape. The
interjections

given rise to
feelings, pish,

several interjections, expressive

of such

pshaw,

tut, tush,

OE.

ptrot (scornful

word

hush, stands on a

commanding silence, st, somewhat different footing.

hist,

whist,

They are

Pr.

Pm.), prut, Fr. trut (an interjection importing

indignation, tush, tut, fy

man

Cot.), G. trotz.
tut,

tions in the speaker,

not the instinctive expressions of bodily or mental affecbut are to be understood by the
ellipse of

Besides being used as the interjection


signifies

a puff or breath.

Lewis.

the

W.

twt

a negative.

Sc. toot, to

horn, to express dissatisfaction or contempt.

blow a Jam. As

The
tarily

sounds that escape involunfrom a person, or lowest whisper, are represented


slight inarticulate

INTRODUCTJON.
by the
syllables
st,

hist, whist,

whish, chut, chus, mus,

mut, milk, mu, &c., and the fact of total silence is expressed by saying that not even a sound of such a nar
ture was heard. mistar
Csiv
;

Sp. no decir chus ni


ni motto ni
totto ;

mus ;
Gr.

ni chistar ni
ypv-

It.

nonfar

//v^eiv fiijde

Dan. muk or gny (=Gr. ypv), the slightest sound; han gav Ferikke en muk, not the sUghtest sound escaped him. rall. The author of Piers Plowman, speaking of the avarice of the monks, says that you may sooner
Lat. ne mutire quidem, to be totally silent.

found available, whether it tended to illustrate the formation of a word, or the application of a sensible image to the expression of a moral conception. I have as a rule omitted words of classical derivation, whether immediate or through the French, unless sufficiently disguised in form to require explanation, or in
cases

modified during
it

where the meaning of the word has been greatly its residence in a foreign soil, or where seemed desirable to point out relations not commonly

recognised

mete the mist on Malvern


Than get
a

hills

mom

of their mouths

till

money be them shewed.

by our classical scholars. It is difficult to draw such a line very accurately, and doubtless words of classic origin will occasionally have slipped in where it
exception.
It has been usual in the introduction to works of the present description to give a table of the consonantal

might not be very easy to explain the grounds of the


then used as an interjection commanding silence, or for a state of silence. In like manner It. citire, to whisper softly and scarce to move the lips non fare zitto, non sentirsi un zitto, non fiatare, non alitare, not to
;

Mum is

let

a breath be heard, to be perfectly

still.

Then with
;

the ellipse of the negative,


silence, whist, stiU.

zitto,

hushed, silent
to hush.

citire,

to

changes met with in tracing a root through the related But it seems to me that there is not an adequate advantage in such a provision. If it be confined
languages.
to a statement of the consonants which

Fl.
;

Sc. whish, a whisper, a rush-

ing or whizzing sound

to whish,

Jam.

may
it

occasional-

ly replace each other in equivalent forms,


tify the

might jus-

Nor

Lat her yelp on, be you as calm 's a mouse, lat your whisht be heard into the house.
is

Again, the sound of breathing


Sc. souch,

represented

by the

any other, and if it took into account the conditions under which certain changes are found, it would draw to too great a length. Etymology is like other sciences. You cannot at once
letter into almost

change of any

swouch, swough, and thence by the same


to

ellipse of the negative, souch, silent, tranquil, explain-

ing the AS. swugan, swigan, suwian, Gr. oLyav,


silent.*

be

who has never attended to the subject, and the kind of change compatible with identity in the root of a word must be practically learned in the course of experience. The
carry conviction in a given derivation to one
best preparation will be found in an accurate analysis

After thus tracing the expression of ideas like endurance or continuance, and even of silence itself, to an imitative root, we need not doubt the possibility of expressing any other idea on the same principle. A derivation then in the following pages will only be considered as having reached its utmost limit when it is traced to an imitative root. In the great majority of instances we
are forced to stop far short of
if
this,

of the organic relations of the elementary sounds.

The usual classification of the consonants arranges them on a double principle, viz. first, according to the part of the vocal organs by the action of wliich the modification is
th,

produced, as

labials, p, h, f,

dentals,

t,

d,

n ; and gutturals,

and must be

satisfied

cording to

Germ, ch ; and secondly, acthe nature of the organic action employed in


k, g,

we

are able to bring to light some portion of the prosigni-

cess

by which the form of the word and the actual

pronunciation, as tenues, p, t, k ; medials, 6, d, g ; aspirates, or ph, th, ch ; liquids, I, m, n, r ; breathings, s, A,

have been attained. One important consequence of the foregoing theory of the formation of language must not be overlooked that it accounts for those striking coincidences which are occasionally found in the most remote languages, irrespective of the question whether the common forms of speech are the lingering remnants of a common ancestry. The most barbarous nations are often extremely good mimics, and it would not be surprising if their imitations of natural sounds often agreed with our own. I have accordingly made use of every source which I have
fication

V ; and semivowels, y and w. Or in a tabular view.


Tenues.
Medials.
Aspirates.

LabiaU

PH
TH

or

DeutaU

D G

Gutturals

K
as has frequently

Germ. CH.

But
ellipsis of the negative, in phrases expressive of extends to words whose imitative etymology is not so obvious and familiar. Thus, Paul Louis Courier says, in Reponse aux Anonymes, No. 2

this,

been observed, omits many

* The

analogies of the very kind which constitutes the principle of the arrangement.
z to
s,
;

It is plain that v has to/,

and

silence,

the same relation that the medial has to the


that v
is

tenuis

stands in the same relation to s as


pondrait

Lui rendant grec pour grec, si je I'accusais 6.'Ani$me, que r^il ? Mot. II serait ^tonn^.

is

U) p, and that sh ph to p, or th to t, as shown by the mode of spelhng what are in truth sim-

related to h as

ple sounds.

from the ML. muttum, a sound or whisper, (from Lat. mutire,) to which our
mot, Italian motto, is derived
is a correlative. See Ducange under muttum. May not the Latin mutus and its derivatives be the adjectival form of the same word, with the loss of a privative 1 M.

The French

The whole
sounds
is,

of the organic relations of the consonantal


in-

I beUeve, exhibited in the following table, in

mutter

which the names of spirant and sonant are adopted


stead of tenuis and medial, as expressing

more

clearly

the nature of the vocal modification.

INTRODUCTION.
Spirant.

xvu

plosion productive of the corresponding sonant or spiSonant.


Liciuid.

rant.
letter

The

vocal organs during the pronunciation of the

clear

B
P

Labial
thick
clear

PH

or

W
NG

at the moment immediately preceding the exertion by which B is pronounced, and so with respect to and D, and G,

M are in the position occupied


N
is,

NG

K
Germ.

G CH
Gael.

and the same

Guttural
thick
clear

GH

H
N
L

CH.

and TH, and Hence may be explained the common phenomeI believe, true of
as the nasalisation of a consonant,
is

D
DH,

non known

when

the

Dental
thick
clear

corresponding hquid

inserted in a

word before a

radiAa/3,

TH

in thick

TH in this
Z

cal spirant or sonant, as in Gr. TMfi^avu, from a root

R
Y, Germ. J

Lat. tundo, from a root tud, &c.


liquid

Palatal

On

the other hand, a

thick

SH
tlie

ZH, Fr. J

is frequently strengthened by the addition of the corresponding sonant, as the vulgar gownd for gown, E.

The
ian, is

natural order of
i,

vowels pronounced as in
of which
i

Ital-

e, a,

a (in

call), o, u,

at one

end and

at the other pass into the semivowels

The

difference

j and w. between the spirants and the sonants,

as intimated by the names, is that the latter are pronounced by the full tone of the voice, while in the former the same articulation is used with a breathing only. Both of these columns have been comprised under the name of explosives, as foimed by the voice or breath being forced through a passage suddenly opened in some

swamp, G. schwamm, &c. I have not been able to come to a clear understanding as to the nature of the organic action which produces what I have called the clear or thick classes of consonants, but the general conviction, that the change from
clear to thick
tion, is
is

effected

by a

definite organic modificais

witnessed by the fact, that the thick consonant

wi'itten

by the addition of an

to the corresponding

clear one.

With

respect to the probable length to which

the

part of the vocal organs at the

moment
is

of articulation.

present work

may be

expected to run,

many
I

circumas

The

peculiarity of the liquids

that the configuration


is

stances tend to help us

more quickly over the ground

of the vocal organs with which they are pronounced

the same with that which immediately precedes the ex-

we advance, and from such an estimate as make I hope to complete it in two more

am

able to

volumes.

VOL.

I.

24

TABLE
OF

CONTRACTIONS AND PRINCIPAL REFERENCES.

AS.
Bav.

Anglo Saxon.
Bavarian.

Schm.

Schmeller.

Bayerisches Wbrterbuch.

1827.

Bohem
Bret.

Bohemian.
Palkovitsch.

Bohm.-Deutsch-Lat. Worterbuch.
Diet. Celto-Bretonne.

1820.

Breton.

Legon.
Cat.

Legonidec.
Catalan.

1821.

Esteve.

Cat. Diet.

1803.

Dan.
Molb.
Prov. Dan.

Danish.

Molbech.
Ferrall

Dansk Ordbog.

1833.
Diet.

and Repp.

Dan. Eng.

1845.

Provincial Danish.

Molbech.

Dansk Dialekt Lexicon.

1841.

Du.
Kil.

Dutch.
Kilian.

Etymologicum Teutonicse Linguae.


1654.

1605.

Bigl.

Biglotton seu Dictionarium Teut. Lat.

Halma. Diet. Flamand Fran9. 1729. Pere Marin. Diet. Holl. Fran9. 1730.
E.
English.

OE.
Prov. E.

Old Enghsh.
Provincial English.
Bailey's

B.

F.Q.
'

Eng. Diet. Fairy Queen.


Piers

1787.

Hal.

Halliwell's Diet, of Archaic

P.P. Pr. Pm.


R.

and provincial words. 1852. Plowman. Promptorium Parvulorum, by Albert Way. Camden Society.
Richardson's English Diet.

R.R.
Esthon
Fin.

Roman

de

la Rose.

Esthonian.
HCipel's Esthnische Sprachlehre.

1818.

Finnish.

Renval.
Fr.
Cot.

Finnish Lexicon.

1826.

French.
Cotgrave.
Beronie.
Diet. Castr.

French-Eng. Diet.
Diet,

1650.

Couzinie.

du Bas-Limousin. Diet, de la langue Romano-Castraise.


S.

1850.

Lang.

Languedocian.
Diet.

Lang. rran9. par Mr. L. D.


1842.

1785.

Vocabulaire de Bern.

Pat de Brai
Frifl.

Diet,
Frisian.

du Patois du pays de Brai.

1852.

G.

OHG.
Kuttn.

German. Old High German. Kiittner's Germ. Eng.


Saunders.

Diet.

1805.
1859.

Wdrterb. der deutschen Sprache.

TABLE OF CONTRACTIONS.
Gael
Gaelic.

Macleod.

Gael. Eng. Diet.

8.

1839. 1825.

Armstrong.
Gris.

Do.

4.

Grisons.
Carisch.

Worterb. der Rhasto-Romanisclien Sprache.

Hung.

Hungarian.
1854. Farkas. Hung. Germ. Diet. Dankovsky. Magyaricas Linguae Lexieon. 1838. Icelandic or Old Norse. Lexicon Islandicum a Gudmundo Andreaa (G. Anderson). Biorn Haldorsen. Icel. Lex. 1814.
Italian.

Icel.

Anders, or

Gudm.

1683.

Hald.
It.

Fl.

Florio.
Altieri.

It. It.

Diet.

1680.

Lang. Lap.
Lat.

Languedoc. Lapland.
Latin.

Eng. Diet. See Fr.

1726.

Lindahl and Ohrling.

Lex. Lapponicum.

1 780.

Mid. Lat. Due.


Carp.
Dief. Sup.

Latin of the Middle Ages.

Ducange.
Carpentier.

Glossarium Mediae et Infimae Latinitatis.

1681.

Diefenbach.
Lithuanian.

Supplement to Ducange. 1766. Supplement to Due. (Lat- Germ.)


Lithauisches Worterb.
1851.

1857.

Lith.

Nesselman.

Piedm.
PI.

Piedmontese.
Zalle, Diet.

Piedm.

1815. of the shores of the Baltic. 1768.

D.

Piatt Deutsch.

Low German

Brem. Worterb.
Pol.

Bremisch-Niedersachsisches Worterb.
Polish.

Behr.

Polish-English Diet.

1849.

Port, or Ptg.

Portuguese.

Roquete.
Vieyra.

Port. Fr. Diet.

1845.

Port. Eng. Diet.

Prov.

Provencal.

Eayn.
Rouchi.
Russ.
Sc.

Raynouard.
Hecart.
Russian.

Diet. Prov.

1836.

Patois of the Hainault.


Diet. Rouchi-Fran<j.

1852.

Lowland
Jam. D. V.

Scotch.

Jamieson, Diet, of Scottish Lang. Douglas' Virgil.


Spanish.

1808.

Sp.

Newmann and
Serv.

Barretti, Sp. E. Diet.

1831.

Taboada, Sp. Fr. Diet.


Servian.

1828.

Stephanson.

Lex. Serbico-Germ.-Lat.

1818.

Sw.

Swedish.

Widegren.
Nordforss.

Swed. Eng. Diet. 1788. Swed. Fr. Diet. 1805.


Schwabisches Worterb.
1831. 1805.

Swab.
Swiss.

Swabian.
Schmid.
Stalder.

Schweitzerisches Idioticon.

Sw. Rom.
Vocab. de Vaud,
Venet.
~-

Swiss Romance.

The French

patois of Switzerland.

Humbert.

Vocabulaire Genevois.

1852.

Recueil du Patois des Dialeetes de la Suisse Fran^aise. Venetian.


Patriarchi Vocabolario Veneziano e Padovano.

Lausanne.

1842.

1821.

W.
Walach
I.

"

Welsh.

Walachian or Daco-Roman.
Isser.

Lex.

Walachisch-Deutsches Worterb. 1850. Walachico-Lat.-Hung.-Germ. 1825.


Diet, de la

Wal.
Grands.
8. 8.

Walloon.

Grandgagnage.

Langue Wallonne.

1845.

Same

sense.

DICTIONARY OF ENGLISH ETYMOLOGY.

is commonly the remnant AS. on, in, on, among, as aback, AS. on-baec away, AS. on-wseg alike, AS. on-hc. In the obsolete adown it represents the AS. of, of or from AS. of-dune, literally, from a height,

A, as a prefix to nouns,

the absolute

command
have

or entire control of any one,

of the

to subdue, rule,

entire dominion over.


is is
is

And he
Unto

that thryll (thrall)

nocht

his,

All that he has embandoumyt


his Lord,

whatever he

be.

Bruce

i.

244.

downwards. As a prefix to verbs


us, out of;

it

corresponds to the Goth.

OHG.

ur, ar, er, ir ;

G.
to

er,

implying a

The hardy Bruce ane ost abandoivnyt Twenty thousand he rewUyt be force and wit Upon the Scottis his men for to reskew.
Wallace
x. 317.

completion of the action.

Thus G. erwachen,
a state of sleep
;

to

awake,

is

wake up from
up from a

The king rycht

weill resauyt he.

to abide, is to wait until the event


;

looked for takes place

to arise, to get
ii.

And wndretuk his man to be. And him and his on mony wyss He abandownyt till his servise. Bruce

iii.

130.

recumbent posture.
AbSLft,

See Grimm,

818.

hind.

AS. ceftan, he-ceftan, hceftan, after, beHence on-bceftan, abaft. The word seems
survives at the present day.
his

He
his

that dredeth

God wol do

diligence to plese
all his

God hy
for

werkes and abandon himself with

to do.

Parson's Tale.

might well

.very early to have acquired the nautical use in which


alone
it

Thus we
and
baft.

see that the elliptical expression of " an

Every man shewid

connyng

tofore the ship

Chaucer, Beryn., 843.

abandoned character," to which the accident of language has attached the notion of one enslaved to vice, might in itself with equal propriety have been
used to signify devotion to good.

Abandon. Immediately from Fr. abandonner, and that from the noun bandon (also adopted in English, but now obsolete), command, orders, dominion. The word Ban is common to all the languages of the Teutonic stock in the sense of proclamation, announcement, remaining with us in the

Again, as that which

is

placed at the absolute

command
tirely

of one party must

by the same

act be enit

given up by the original possessor,

was an

easy .step from the sense of conferring the com-

mand

of a thing upon some particular person, to

Banns of Marriage. Passing into the Romance tongues, this word became hando in Italian and Spanish, an edict or proclamation, bandon in French, in the same sense, and secondarily in that of command, orders, dominionpower
restricted application to
:

that of renouncing all claim to authority over the

subject matter, without

particular reference to the


it

party into whose hands

might come

modem
tion.

times the word has

come

to

and thus in ; be used almost

exclusively in the sense of renunciation or deser" Dedicio abaundunement," the surrender

Alangst the land of Eoss he roars, And all obeyed at his handown, Even frae the north to suthren shores.
Battle of

of a castle.

Neccham.

The
in Jamieson.

abandonly, so

adverbial expressions at abandon, bandonly, common in the " Bruce " and " Wal-

Harlaw

Than Wallace said, Thou spekis of mychty thing. Era worthi Bruce had resavit his crown, I thoucht have maid Ingland at his bandown, So wttrely it suld beyn at his will. What plesyt him, to sauff the king or spill.
Wallace.

a son bandon, a bandon, may be explained, at his own will and pleasure, at his
lace " like the O. Fr.

own
tons

impulse,

uncontroUedly, impetuously,

deter-

minedly.

"Ainsi s'avancerent de grand volonte


et
c.

chevaliers

ecuyers
118.

et

prirent

terre."

Froiss. vol. iv.

[There
under

is

a good example of the use of bandon

Hence
VOL.

to
I.

embandon or abandon

is

to bring

in the sense of control or possession, in the Chro-

18

ABASH. ABBOT.
cy of which is to manifest opening of the mouth.
itself

nique du Roi Guillaume d'Angleterre, published by Michel, Chr. Anglo-Normandes, III. 123
:

by an involuntary

Et

serjant en lor

maison prisent
i

In himself was

all liis state

A bandon quanqu'il
To
Abasllt

trovercnt,

Trestoute la sale reuberent.

M.]
fear,

More solemn than the


'

tedious

pomp which

waits

On

princes,

when

their rich retinue long

Originally, to put to confusion from

Of horses led, and grooms besmeared with gold. Dazzles the crowd, and sets them all agape. Milton.

any strong emotion, whether of


to the effect of

of wonder,

shame, or admiration, but restricted in modern times shame. Abash is an adoption of tlie
Fr. esbahir, as sounded in the greater

Wall, bawi, to look at with open mouth


to

number

of

the inflections, esbahissons, esbahissais, esbahissant.

In order

to

convert the word


to curtail

thus inflected into

Grandg. See Abide, abaw or astonish. [The connection in sense between beer and esbahir is well shown by a passage in the Dit de Guillaume d'Angleterre, Michel, Chroniques A.-N. HI. 191
Lors vint
Oil la bource
celle part^e

esbawi,

Enghsh
fered

it

was natural

merely the termi# #

nations ons, ais, ant,

by which the inflections diffrom each other, and the verb was written in

au marcheant fu pendant demour^e,

*
le roi
;

*
6^e,

English to abaisse or abaish, as ramsh, polish, furnish,

from ravir, polir, fournir. Many English verbs of a similar derivation were

La main, qu'il la Que 11 dous Jhesu-Crist


Qui au bee
II

a haut lev^e vout prendre m^s il fu fols et


fist

une

aigle descendre,

et aus ongles ala la bource prendre.

formerly written indifferently with or without a


final sh,

cuida ce fust char.


si fort esbahis, etc.

Lors

le roy,

sans atendre,

the two modes of spelling obsolete.


written obeisse or obeyshe
;

where custom has rendered one or other of Thus obey was


betray, betrash.

Fu

Betrash or betraysh often occurs in the sense of


betray, but

Palsgrave quotes Lydgate as authority

Speaking of Narcissus stooping


cer writes

to drink,

Chau-

for another meaning, p.

453
I go aboute the stretes of a

I BETRATSSHE (Lydgate).

In the water anon was sene His nose, his mouth, his eyen sliene, And he thereof was all abashed, His owne shadow had him betrashed For well he wened the forme to see Of a childe of full grete beauti. 11.

towne or

cytie.

Je

tracasse,

yet taken in

comen

use.

M.]

prim. corg.

This verbe

is

nat

To AbatCi
11.

Fr. abbattre, to beat down, to ruin,

overthrow, cast to the ground, Cotgr.


1520.

Wall, abate,
to overthrow,

faire tomber,
to pull

Grandg.
to

It. abbattere,

In the original

cuida voir la figure


enfant bel a demesure.

down,

make

lower, depress, weaken, to


;

diminish the force of anything


to strike sail
;

abbattere la vela,

Et 11 maintenant s'6bahit Car son umbre si le trahii


Car
il

abbattere dal prezzo, to bate some;

thing of the price


to

abbattersi, to light
;

upon, to

hit,

D'ung

happen, to meet with

abbattersi in

una

terra, to

On
abaish

the other hand, burny was formerly in use as


;

well as burnish
I

abay or abavo as well as abaisse or

saw the rose when I was nigh, was thereon a goodly sight For such another as I gesse Aforne ne was, ne more vermeille, I was abawid for merveille. E. R. 3646.
It

In the original
Moult
Yield you

m'esbahis de la merveille.

madame en

hicht can Schir Lust say,

A word scho could not speik scho was so abaid.


K. Hart in Jamieson.

obeish,

Custom, which has rendered obsolete betrash and has exercised her authority in like manner
origin of esbahir itself
is to

over abay or abaw, burny, astony.

Hence the OE. law take possession of an estate. term abatement, which is the act of one who intrudes into the possession of lands void by the death of the former possessor, and not yet taken up by the lawful heir; and the party who thus pounces upon the inheritance is called an abator. See Beat, Bate. Abbot, Abbey, Abbess. More correctly written abbat, from Lat. abbas, abbatis, and that from Syrian abba, father. The word was occasionally written abba in Latin, it was a title of respect formerly given to monks in general, and it must have been during the time that it had this extended signification t^t it gave rise to the Lat. abbatia, an abbey, or society of abbots or monks. Epiphanius, speaking of the Holy places, says, exei 6e avrrj
ij

The

be found in the

0. Fr. baer, beer, to gape, an onomatopaeia from


the sound Ba, most naturally uttered in the open-

xi^^C kui xi^^ KE?lia, it contains a thousand Ducange. In promonks and a thousand cells. cess of time we meet with protestations from St.
ajSadai

ing of the
BaJi
I

lips.

Hence

Lat. Babce!
;

the interjection of wonder

Mod. Prov. and abaubir, es-

Jerome and others against the arrogance of assuming the title of Father, and either from feelings of
such a nature, or possibly from the analogy between a community of monks and a private family.

bahir, in the active form, to set agape, confound,

astonish, to strike with feelings the natural tenden-

ABELE. ABET.
the

19

name of Abbot

fined to the

der his

or Father was ultimately conhead of the house, while the monks uncontrol were called Brothers.

Abele.

The white

poplar.

Pol. Ualo-drzew,

lit-

have the vowel sound of ou instead of the thinner e, as in the cry of encouragement to dogs, abouto ! used in the South of France. The senses of kindling, making up, and mending
a
fire,

erally white tree,

from

bialo, white.

supplying

it

with

fuel,

are closely allied.


is

To
ter,

Abet, Bait, Bete. Directly from O. Fr. abetto incite, animate, and that from the cry, het!

And from mending

fire

the signification

ex-

used in setting dogs on their prey.

tended to embrace the sense of repairing, mending, in general. Sc. "To beit a mister," to supply a
want.
fortune.

He bade me what
That

time a hart I met

"

To

beit one's bale," to

remedy

one's mis-

and say, Go bett With Hay go bett Hay go bett Hay go bett Now shall we liave game and sport enow. Eraser's Common-place Book of Richard Hilles. Mag. Aug. 1858.
I should let slip
!

" Daily wearing needs yearly beiting."


the use of a dog in driving cattle, the term

From
was
beit,

specially applied to the driving of cattle to


Icel. at beita,

pasture.

The herd of hartes founden is anon, With hey go bet pricke there, let gon,
!

pastum agere pecus, whence a pasture, grazing g& i bete, to graze ; beta boskap, to graze cattle, to feed cattle. In like
Sw.
bete,
;

let

gon.
1.

Chaucer, Legend of Dido.

Dyces Skelton,

169.

manner

the

Hung,

haitani, to di'ive,

when

applied

to cattle, signifies to drive

In the South of France the exclamation takes the

In the next stage bait


the animal
is
it.

them comes to

to pasture.

signify the act of

form of Ahouto

a cry made to dogs, clapping the hands, to excite them against each other, whence
!

feeding, without reference to the question whether

driven to the pasture or the food

abouta, to set dogs on,

and figuratively

to excite to

brought to
bait

anger.

Diet. Castraise.

This exclamation seems to have been of very general use, as it has given rise also to Icel. beita, G. baizen, E. bait, to hunt with hawk or dog,
properly, to set on the animal to attack another.
Icel. beiti hauki,
cito, emitto.

Sw. beta pd vagen, to give your cattle food, to on the way. Icel. Jia-beit, hrossa-beit, cattlefood, horse-food. In English the sense was formerly extended to the taking of food in general.

hundum, falconem, vel canes

in-

On many

a sorry meal

now may

she

bait.

Chaucer.

Hald.
a hound his hert to light. bestis when thai to brode went.

In the Scandinavian languages the notion of


driving
is

The herd had with him


For
to baite

made

to

comprehend the

act of urging
is

on

forwards an inanimate object, or one which

not

liis

William and the Werewolf.


i.

regarded as an agent in the matter


hestama, to put the horses
to.

Sw. at beta for

Icel. at beita sverdi,

e. to set

on his dog to drive in his beasts when


far.

to

brandish a sword.

they wandered too

To

bait

bull, to set

dogs on a bull.

Et si defaut soit trove en le pain del pestour de la citee a primer foithe soit traie sur une claie de la Guyhalle jesques a soun hostielle parmy les grauntz rues ou il purront pluis de gentz estre aboteez (where they can best be baited by the people) et parmy les plus grauntz ordes rues, ove le faux pain al son cool. Liber Albus. 265.

In the sense of baiting a hook the accidental resemblance of bait and bite has led etymologists on a wrong scent. The object for which a bait is
used
is to

induce the animal to take the hook, and


is

thus the thing

naturally expressed by a

word

So in Dan.
to course

hidse, to set on, incite

hidse en hare,

So from G. reitzen, to stir up, irritate, provoke, is formed reitz, an and the E. irritation, incitement, bait (KUttner) entice, to allure, is a mere adoption of the Fr. atsignifying incitement, instigation.
;

a hare.
is

tiser, to incite, stir

up, kindle.

The word
is

not found in

sense of setting on dogs,

AS. in the primitive but the compound gebetan


"

so large a number of words, very unrelated in meaning, from so improbable a

[The derivation of
is

used in the applied sense of inciting.

He

is to

source,

onbaernanne and to gebetanne mid thinre brotherlicnesse lufan."

He
is

is to

be kindled and incited by

the zeal of your brotherhood.

Bede

one of the least satisfactory of Wedgwood's I am not aware of any evidence that bet ! or rather go bet ! was ever used
conjectural etymologies.
as a

in Junius.

term of the chase


its

in the Continental languages,

And

used in the closely analogous sense of kindling a fire by blowing it up. Prov. and OE. to bete or beet the fire, to keep up the fire
betan itself

and

precise import in the examples cited in the

by supplying
dere focum.

ignem,

set tire to.

Du. vuur admovere Overyssel Almanach. Fr.


Hire.
boeten
titiones.

it

with

fuel.

0. Sw. boeta fyr, accenhet vier, struere

text and by Dyce, Skelton, II. 169, to which may be added those referred to by Halliwell and another on p. 58 of the biographical and bibliographical
notices prefixed to the reprint of the

Book

of St.

Kil.

anbuten, to
boutefeu,

Albans,

is

by no means
folio d,
iii,

clear.

It is not

foimd among the cries to the hounds


of the

an incendiary, where

it

will be observed that

we

given in

last-mentioned work,

20

ABET.
to "

which are in French, nor in the V^nerie of Jacques du Fouilloux, and therefore, notwithstanding the 0. Fr. abetter, a word certainly of comparatively rare occurrence, it may be presumed not to have been commonly enough employed in either France or England to have given rise to so many words as
are here referred to
it.

and mending a
meaning,
is

blowing up," and then to " kindling, making up, fire, supplying it with fuel," &c.,

themselves derived from an ejaculation of uncertain

an inversion of the genetic history of


bovtefeu
is

them

all.

The French
bouter

generally,

and I have no

doubt rightly, regarded as a compound of the verb


to replenish with

The Anglo-Saxon
fuel,
is,

hetan, to repair generally, to


fire,

supply, mend, or rekindle the

I think, unquestionably connected with the


het,

adverb

better, or the

noun

hot,

reparation, or

rather with both.

The Swedish

hota, to

mend
the

or

and feu. Bouter is employed in a variety of and among others as the popular equivalent of our put, the Danish putte, to which also the ItalIn Carpentier's ian buttare frequently corresponds. additions to Ducange, under Carpentarii rubei,
senses,

repair, formerly also to feed or kindle

fire,

we

find this citation


le

bears precisely the same relation to the cognate


roots in the Scandinavian languages, as does also

Ci ne demoura pas pui demi an, che dens clielle granche.

fu fu

b(mts de-

the Danish verb bode


in a similar category.

and the Dutch

boeten stands

The

Icelandic bceta, to

mend

or repair,

is

evidently the verbal form correspond-

might be

ing to the noun


better
;

bot, reparation, and the adverb betr, and the Swedish and Danish bota and bode are regularly derived from bceta. In the O. Frisic, the verb corresponding to bceta approximates very nearly to the English better. Thus, Asega-Buch, " Sa betere hini mith twifaldere bote:" He 1. II shall better, or repair [the wrong] to him with double
:

examples to the same purpose is used in other compounds, where the etymology proposed in the text is wholly
later
cited.

Hundreds of

Bouter

inadmissible, as in the trumpet-signal, bouteseUe, ptit-

saddle ! or simply, saddle ! which,


tion,

by accommoda-

has in modern EngUsh been corrupted into

boot-and-saddle.

Ward,

in his

Animadversions of

Warre, writes it properly boute-seUe, and says this " point of warre " means " to clappe on the saddles."

reparation.

The
Dutch.
tion,

connection between

beter, better,

and

bate,

The verb I am now


diffused through

considering

is

very widely

haet, boet, reparation, relief, is

equally obvious

in

the

languages of Europe.

We

Thus, in Reinaert de Vos, Willems's edi:

1836, V. 5862-7

can hardly doubt that the Danish putte, the English put, the French bouter, the Spanish botar, and
the Tuscan buttare are identical, and the very fre-

doe hi overal Sochte, ende geen haet en vernam, Aen eenen craen dat lii doe quara, Die enen langen lials had, ende bee Dien bat hi dat hi sijn gebrec Beterde, hi scut hem wel lonen, etc.
lesten,

Ten

quent occurrence of
:

this

word

in the

provincial
it

dialects of Italy suggests the probability that

origi-

nated in that country, though I

am
it

not aware that

any
out.

plausible local etymology for


Its

has been pointed

So
ties
:

in Platt-Deutsch, in reference to legal penal-

Odder

sin herre besculdegede


etc.

mi lunme de wiinden de

ic

im gebeteret hebbe,

in Spanish throw down, wdth violence, and thus it would seem to correspond to butt, But in English and in Danish it rather q. v. post. implies moderate action, as it does also in Piedsignification

more common

and

Italian is to throw, or

montese.

Zall^,

Disionari

Piemonteis, gives, as

And
ich

in

another text

its

general French e(!^i\slQ\iis,mettre, placer, poser,

Adir syn herre beschuldigete mich

vmme dy wunden dy
c.

ym gebessirt

arranger, situer, poster, ranger, and he cites more

habe, etc.
41, 2.

Homeyer, Richtsteig Landrechts,

than eighty phraseological expressions containing


this verb, in almost all of

which the sense of the


of the Prov. Dan. at

And

in the P.

Frederic II.

D. text of the See-Recht of King 1561, in Westphalen, IV. 1832, 30


:

phrase excludes the notion of violent or sudden


action.

The resemblance
is

So dar wol dem Kock nodigen will. Filer tho boten, und tho spysen buten rechter Tidt, de betere davor 10 Marck

boute, Icel. at buta nidr, to

throw down,

to these

dem

Konige,

etc.

probably accidental, as those Scand. verbs are no doubt connected with the root at huga, to
words,

bend over, which can hardly be the source of the


See also Richthofen, under beta and
beferia.

Romance words.
Beita, in the sense of food and of bait,

All these words, then, are almost certainly radically connected with our adjective and adverb better,

old

is a very and by no means uncommon Icelandic word,

and properly referable to the same primitive source. Hence, to derive a class of words signifying to repair, generally,

and

it is

possible that the verb at beita, to excite, to

stimulate, to

aim

at, to

brandish, to beat against the

from others specially limited,

first

wind

in navigation,

&c., &c., is

an

allied

word,

ABET. ABIDE.
though
its
it

21
#

is

difficult to reconcile

even the half of In


cally

Sor^s

very numerous

significations

with that supposi-

Comment
short, the

tote nuit I'a waitie.

Ibid. xxix.

tion.

whole of

this speculation is histori-

I see no ground for supposing that the resemblance between bait and hite is an " accidental " one.

and

linguistically as

improbable as would be

the derivation of the English verb hear, the Danish


hore, the Icelandic heyra, the

The
ite,

Icelandic hita, to bite, makes heit as its preterand the corresponding Swedish bita has het in

German

horen, and

the Spanish and O. French oir, from hear / hear

the imperfect.

The vowel-change

is

in neither case

an ejaculation much used in the British Parliament,


to di'aw the attention of the audience

anomalous, and our bait orthoepically represents


the past tense of these verbs.

and encourage

a speaker.
It is

The

origin, and, as I

have already remarked, the


It
is,

worth noticing that

titio,

a firebrand, which
is

precise meaning, of bet in the ejaculation go bet!

stands alone in the Latin language, and

generally

are wholly uncertain.


the chase,
ical.

like the other cries of

supposed to be the root of the French


at the conclusion of this

attiser cited

It

much more probably derivative than radmay be a hasty, and therefore shortened,
bite,

pronunciation of
the

but, as the technicalities of

title, has an obvious resemblance to the Arabic and Turkish dtesh, fire, and the AS. getihtan, to set dogs on the game, used in

English vocabulary of hunting were chiefly

Alfric's Colloquy, Nat. Ant. I. p. 4,

borrowed from the French, it is, not improbably, an elliptical expression for some French phrase containing the

lated word.

See Boot.

M.]

may be a

re-

word
most

bete,

and, in

fact,

the old verb

by Carpentier, Ducange, voc. Romance form of ad bestias incitare. In some of the phrases cited by Halliwell and Dyce, go bet does not appear to be used in a sense analogous to that of incitement, and in those where it has that force, bet is not the emphatic word, if we may judge by comparing it with the French corresponding cry, which is va avant Du Fouilloux, 37, 40. Hence it would seem that go is the word of incitement, and bet a mere adverb,
abbeter, as is hinted
is,

abettum,

likely, the

possibly the Scotch but, or the like.

See Abide. Abide and AUe (like guide and guy, Prov. guidar and guiar, It. gridare, and Fr. crier) are essentially the same verb under different forms, of which abide has descended to us from our Saxon ancestors, while abie has come to us tlirough the medium of the French. To begin with abie, we have seen under Abash that the sound made by the involuntary opening of the mouth under the influence of astonishment or similar affection was imitated by the syllable Ba, whence in 0. Fr. baer, mod. Fr. beer, to open the mouth, to gape.

Abeyance.

To Abide.

Abie.

If Wedgwood's etymology
carried

is

sound,

it
:

might be

Quant

voit le serpent qui baaille


lui,

much

further.

For example

when we

Corant sens

geule ba^e.

Raynouard.
fig-

bait ourselves or our horses,

we

necessarily wait

until the feed is over.

The verbs

baer, baier, beer

and

were then applied

are convertible,

uratively in the sense of listening attentively, gaz-

and not

to

speak of the correspondence of b to the


Sette
beiten,

German w in the Cimbric of the many old German dialects have


Augsburg
edition of Tauler,

ing with open mouth, having the attention fixed

Comuni, and the

upon anything, being absorbed


Tous baioient a la servir For I'amor de 11 desservir.
Translated by Chaucer

in

an

object.

of 1508, has batten

R. R. 1043.

precisely in the sense of wait.


signification in the

Beiten has the same

Bavarian dialect of the present day. Hence wait is derived from go bet ! Further, languages which have not the true semi-consonantal w, often substitute the hard

All busy werin her to serve For that they would her love deserve.

g for it, or employ an intermediate sound for both. Thus the Irish General Wall became in Spanish America General

Pour

le

temps que seras Ment


delectable.

En ta pensee
In Chaucer

R. R. 2469.

Gual ; huevo (uevo) is not unfrequently printed guevo by ignorant printers, in Spanish books, and on the other hand, Guayaquil is pronounced by the
Chilians

Whilst thou so slombrist in that thought, That is so swete and delitable.

almost

Wayaquil.

The French

guerre,

The

addition of an initial a

makes no

alteration

garde, are the

same words

as the English war, ward.

in the sense,

and abayer

is

explained by Lacombe,

lie in wait, is the same and both are derived, from go bet Indeed, in N. French the verb guetter is spelled with w, and thus identified with wait.

Consequently, guetter, to
as wait,

" ^couter avec etonnement, bouche beante, inhiare


loquenti."
I

word

The

saw a smith stand with his hammer thus, whilst his iron did on the anvil cool,

Cil trois

Rcnier.

Ch. Ang.-Norra.

fll

waitierent le nuit

de Noel

le

conte k

le

Haie-

Witli open

mouth swallowing a

tailor's

III. xv.

news. K. John.

22

ABIDE.
gives us the verb to
le-

The adoption of Fr. ahayer


able,

Thus

in

many

passages of the Scriptures the word


is

and with

still

less

change of form the

abide in Wickliff's version


in our present translation.

replaced by look for


ii.

gal term abeyance, suspense or expectation.


smith's

The

Luke

38,

"And
all
iii.

she
that
11,
all

he was gaping at the tailor's news. The action of a person thus absorbed in external observation being so suspended, the verb abie which expresses his atti-

work remained

in abeyance, while

spake of him to
Jerusalem."

all that

looked for redemption in


to

In Wickliff's version "

abiden the redemption of Israel."

2 Pet.

"What manner

of persons ought ye to be in

tude

is

applied to simple continuance in inaction, to

holy conversation, looking for and hasting to the

passive endurance, or positive suffering of pain.

coming of God."

men behoveth you


At
sight of her they suddaine all arose In great amaze, ne wist what way to chuse, F. Q. But Jove all feareless forced them to aby.

In Wickliff, "What manner be in holi livings abiding and highing unto the coming of the day of our Lord." From the notion of waiting till something happens the next step was to that of enduring or sufto

i.

e. to

remain or abide.
patience perforce, he

fering the event expected, then to simple endur-

But

must

abie

What fortune and

his tate will

on him

lay.

F. Q.

ance, continuance, dwelling, rest.

"At

his

wrath the earth shall tremble and the

Certes (quoth she) that is that these wicked shrewes be more bhssful that alien the torments tlmt they have de-

nations shall not be able to abide his indignation."

served than if no pain of Justice ne chastised them. Chaucer. Boethius.

Jeremiah

x. 10.

The

course of development in form and signifiis

This Eolus no where abode Till he was come to Fames feet. Chaucer, House of Fame.

cation in the case of Abide

exactly parallel.

[The etymology of the Romance words discussed


in this article
sion of the
abie,
is

In order to avoid the hiatus between the root ba

certainly plausible, but the extento the

and the syllables of inflection the root is strengthened by a final d (' the d being in ancient Latin the regular stop-gap of the hiatus.' Quart. Rev. No. 148), and thus gives rise to It. badare, Prov. and Cat. badar, to open the mouth. Badare, hippiVotare, oscitare. Gloss. Isid. Bader, ouvrir.

same argument

English abide,

cab. de Berri.

The Prov.

gola badada,

It.

bocca

badata, occupy the place of the Fr. gueule bee, bouche beante.

In

modem

Italian, Prov.,
is

and Breton the action


corresponding
badare, Bret.
It.

of gaping or yawning

expressed by the frequen-

tatives' badigliare, badalhar, badalein,

to the Fr. baaiUer, baiUer,

from the other form of


It.

and their Gotliic cognates, does not seem to rest on a solid foundation. In the Northern languages, d is not employed as a " stop-gap," and there is in some of them even a tendency to drop it where it is radical. The Old-Northern bida, to abide, for example, passes in Danish into bie, and in popular pronunciation the Danish lade is articulated la'e, ride, rPe, &c. The Gothic element in Spanish has affected the pronunciation of the d in that language, and in some of the provincial dialects this consonant has become almost inaudible, in others wholly suppressed, in the participial terminations in -ado and -ido, as
well as in other parts of speech of the like endings.

the root

while the simple forms,

bada, are used in secondary applications.

ba-

In the few cases where abie


abide,
is
it is

is

identifiable with

dare, to mind, to heed, to take care, to aspire, to

historically

much more

probable that

it

covet (as abayer, desirer ardcmment, Vocab.


Berri), to
eri.

amuse

oneself, to tarry, to stay.

de

Alti-

Bret, bada, badaoui, to be stupefied, dazzled,

astonished.

In the same way the word attend, which with us expresses the direction of the mind to a particular object, is used in Fr. attendre in the sense of simply waiting, remaining till something
is

a Danish than a French word, and inasmuch as the verb is written with d, 6, or t, in the oldest forms in which it or any cognate word occurs in the McESO-Gothic, Anglo-Saxon, and Icelandic, we can
hardly doubt that the consonant
in the Persian dbad, abode,
is

radical, as

it is

done.

From
tan
;

It.

badare

we

are led through Goth, beidan,

to expect, look out for,

endure

O. G. bitan, arbi-

which is, in all likelihood, a parallel form from the same primitive root. If all these words are, as Wedgwood supposes, derived from the syllable ba, an imitation of the " sound made by the involuntary opening of the

AS.

bidan, abidan, to E. bide, abide, in pre-

mouth under the


lar affection,"

influence of astonishment or simi-

cisely

the same

way

as from Fr. baer, to gape,

it is

singular that the open vowel a

through baier, abater, to E. abeyance, expectation,

should not be found in the radical syllable of any


of the Gothic derivatives, but always the close
i,

and
In

abie, to expect, endure.

as

OE.

the active sense of looking out for a

Old-Northern bida, the diphthong


beidan, or the
Grothic
is

ei,

Moeso-Gothic

thing was
abide than

it is

much more strongly felt in the word now, when the signification is near-

ly confined to the sense of continuance, endurance.

Anglo-Saxon i, bidan. The Moesoand Anglo-Saxon pronunciation of ei and t indeed uncertain, but there is no reason to sup-

ABIE.
pose tliat it resembled that of the vowel uttered in the " involuntary opening of the mouth," and we
must, upon the whole, conclude that the derivation of abide and
tional
hfl,

ABLE.
Now
abie,

29
from Fr. abayer,

may

frequently be

translated in precisely the

same manner.
abie.

Who

dies the

utmost dolour doth

its

Gothic cognates from the interjec-

F. Q.

is

supported neither by analogy nor by

historical evidence.

M.]

It is not surprising then that abie from abicgan and abie from abaier, being thus found identical

AbiC) 3.
founded with

Fundamentally
it, is

distinct

from ahie in

both in form and signification, should occasionally

the sense above explained, although sometimes conthe verb abie, properly abuy, and

spelt indifferently in the older authors abegge, abeye,

from AS. abicgan, abycgan, to reto pay the penand the alty, suffer the consequences of anything simple buy, or bie, was often used in the same sense.
ahigg, abidge,

deem,

to

pay the purchase-money,

have been confounded together. But the confusion has been carried one step further, for abide, being wholly synonymous with the abie of French extraction, has sometimes been used as if synonymous with the other abie, in the sense of paying the penalty.

If

it

be found so some will dear abide

it.

Sithe Richesse hath

me

failed here,

She

shall abie that trespass dere.

R. R.
!

How

dearly I abide that boast so vain.

Milton, P. L.
Jul. Caesar.

Algate this selie maide is slaine alas Alas to dere abought she her beaute.
!

Disparage not the faith thou dost not know, Lest to thy peril thou abide it dear. Mids. N. Dr.

Doctor's Tale.

[Abuye

is

used by Robert of Gloucester in


is

still

O Gloteny fulfilled of ctirsidnesse O the cause first of our confusion O original of our damnacion
!

another sense, and in these cases


as another orthography of

to

be regarded Thus,
p.

abow or bow.
that to

Till Christ

had

bought us with his blode again

102:
;

To

see

how

dere shortily for to sain


first this

This lond ich habbe here so


!

fre,

non herre y schal

Abought was

cursid vilonie

Pardoner's Tale.

And, on

p.

476

Thou slough my brother Morgan At the mete fuU right As I am a doughti man
His death thou
bist

In thuike sulue wounde, an other him smot tho. M.] That he abuyde is face adoun, etc.

(buyest) tonight.
Sir Tristrem.

AblCt
like,

Lat. habilis (from habeo, to have


fit,

have-

For whoso hardy hand on her doth lay It derely shall abie, and death for handsel pay.
Spenser, F. Q.

at hand), convenient,

adapted

Fr. habile,
fit

able, strong, powerful, expert, sufficient,

thing he undertakes or is
to

put unto.
at

for anyIt.

Cotgr.

And when
And

he fond he was yhurt, the Pardoner he gan

abile ;

Prov.

abilh.

threte,

It

wiU be remarked on looking


is

a series of quo-

swore by St Amyas that he should ahigg With strokes hard and sore even upon the rigg. Prol. Merch. 2nd Tale.

tations that in the earlier instances the sense of the

Lat. habilis

closely preserved, while in later exis

amples the meaning

confined to the case of fitness

Ac for the lesynge Thou shalt abygge


cheynes.

that thou Lucifer lowe


bitter

til

Eve

P. P.

quoth God, and bond him with

by possession of
proper
offices.

sufficient active

power,

God tokeneth and


have been used as a
loss,

To

buy

it

dear, seems to

sort

Chaucer.

assigneth the times, abling

hem

to her

Boeth.

of proverbial expression for suffering

without

In the

original,

special reference to the notion of retribution.

done of werre Betwixtin hem of Troie, and Grekis ofte. For some day boughtin they of Troie it dere
thingis fellin as they

The

Signat tempora propriis Aptans ofl|ciis Deus.

And
The
It will

efte the

Grekis foundin nothing softe


Tr. and Cr.

his

That if God willing to schevte his wrathe, and to mako power knowne, hath sufFeridVn grete pacience vessels

folke of Troie.

of wrathe able unto death, &c.

Wickliff in Richardson.
it.

be seen from the foregoing examples

how

To
is to

enable a person to do a thing or to disable him,


fit

naturally the sense of buying or paying the pur-

render him

or unfit for doing

chase-money of a thing passes into that of simply suffering, in which the word is used in the following
passages.

and therefore not

Divers persons in the House of Commons were attainted, legal nor habilitate to serve in Parliament,

O
If he

The
come
must
i.

God, forbid for mother's fault children should abye. Boucher.

being disabled in the highest degree.

Bacon

in Richardson.

into the
it.

abye for

Boucher.
it.

hands of the Holy Inquisition, he

The
habiller

Fr. habiller

is to

qualify for

du chanvre, de

la volaille, to dress

e.

must

suffer for

draw

fowls, to render

them

fit

for

any purpose, as hemp, to use ; whence ha-

24
Uliments are whatever
is

ABOARD. ABRAID.
required to qualify for

connected with the procreation of offspring, the O.

any

special purpose, as

habiliments of

war

and

Sw. ala

is

made

to signify to rear, to bring up, to

the most general of

all qualifications for

occupation

of any kind being simply clothing, the Fr. habillement has become appropriated to that special signification.

showing that the Latin alere, to nourish, is a shoot from the same root. In the same way Sw. fdda signifies to beget, and also tB rear, to
feed, to fatten,

bring up, to feed, to maintain.


duce,

Gael, alaich, to pro;

not prepared to deny the historical descent of the English aUe from the Lat. kahilis, through the Fr. habile ; but it should be remembered that dhal is
[I

am

bring forth, nourish, nurse


;

al,
ol,

brood,

or

young of any kind


cate, nurse.

oil,

Goth, alan,
el,

to rear, edu-

The

root

signifying

life, is

extant

found, though rarely, in Anglo-Saxon, in the sense of abiUty or strength. Ahal itself might be sup-

in all the languages of the Finnish stock.

[The Arabic and Persian


dynasty,
is

dl, offspring, posterity,

posed to have been borrowed from the Latin, but in


the cognate Icelandic

probably a cognate

we have oM

or

ajl,

in the

and the noun ajli, all of which, with modified forms and significations, are still extant in modem Swedish and Danish. The Moeso-Gothic abrs, strong, powerful, seems to

same

sense, as also the verb afla

Abominable. Abominate. (from ah and omen, a portent),


omen,
to recognize

root.

M.]

Lat.

ahominor

to deprecate the

a disastrous portent in some

passing occurrence, and to do something to avert


the threatened
evil.

Quod ahominor, which may


to

be a cognate word, and hence

it is

possible that the

God

avert.

Thence

regard with feelings of det-

English able
gin,

is

of Gothic rather than

Romance

ori-

estation

and abhorrence.

though the fact, that the adj. able, which is not found in AS., occurs in O. Fr., indicates the latter as the immediate source of the English word.
Car le droit estat d'innocerice Ressamble proprement la table
Blanche, polie, qui recevoir sans nul contraire Ce qu'on y veut peindre ou portraire. G. de Machault, Eemede de Fortune, in
est able

hoven,

AS. ufan, he-ufan, hufan, ahufan, Du. OE. ahowen, Sc. ahoon, above, on high. In Barbour's Bruce we find both abowyne and ahow, as
Above.
About.

withoutyn and without.

AS.

utan, outward,

without, be-utan,

hutan, ymhutan, onbutan, ahutan, about; hterally,

around ou the outside.

Sandras, Etude

siu-

Chaucer, 294.

M.]

Sometimes the two parts of the word are divided by the subject to which it relates, or the particle he is separated from the preposition and joined to the
preceding verb.

Aboardi
ship.

For on

hoard, within the walls of a

a board, the side of a ship. Innan bords, within the ship, on board ; at kasta fyri hord, to throw overboard. Abolish. Fr. aholir, from Lat. aholeo, to erase or annul. The neuter form aholesco, to wear away,
Icel. hord,

Ymh hancred

vtan,

About cockcrow. Thonne seo aeftre Ethopia Land


Bdigeth uton.

Caedmon.
or ahraid,

to

grow out of

use, to perish,

when compared with


grow
together,

for ligeth hutan,

it

compasseth the whole land of

adohsco, to grow up, coalesce, to


growth, vital progress.

Ethiopia.

shows that the force of the radical syllable ol is PI. D. af-olen, af-oolden, to become worthless through age. De Mann olet ganz
af, the

Abraid.
solete, is

Abray.
AS.
out.

To ahray

now

ob-

common

in our older writers in the sense

of starting out of sleep, awaking, breaking out in language.


abrcegdan, abredan, to awake, snatch

man

dwindles away.

The

primitive idea

seems that of begetting or giving birth to, kindhng. O. Sw. ala, to beget or give birth to children, and also, as AS. celan, to light a fire ; the analogy between life and the progress of ignition being one of
constant occurrence.
let

away, draw

Tha

of slaepe onbrcegd

Sunu Lamehes.

So in Lat. alere the hair grow, and alere jlammam,


In English

capillos, to
to feed the

Then from sleep awoke Caedmon. The son of Lamech.

The

sense of the simple verb to abraid, abray


is to

flame.

we speak

of the vital spark,

(see Bray),

and the verb to kindle is used both in the sense of lighting a fire, and of giving birth to a litter of
young.
of

den motion, to

start, to snatch, to turn, to

do anything with a quick and sudbreak out

The appUcation

of the root to the notion


Virg.)
to,

fire is

exemplified in Lat. adolere, adolescere, to


arae.
;

bum

up (adolescunt ignibus
and

while the

The Miller is a perlous man he seide And if that he out of his sleep abreide He might done us both a villonie. Beve's Where fearless I to sleep did down me lay,
But whenas
I did out of sleep abrai/.

Tale.

sense of begetting, giving birth


(for sub-ol-es), progeny,

explains soholes

in-d-oles, that

born in a man, natural

disposition.
.

which is Then, as the


inseparably

And wept full

duty of nourishing and supporting

is

Troilus near out of his wit abreid sore with visage pale of hue. Chaucer, Test. Cress.

ABRIDGE. ABUT.
short.

25

To Abridge. Abbreviate, Of these synonymous

to shorten, or

cut

terms the former,

and wide, and hence arbitrarily applied in the ex* pression going abroad to going beyond the limits of
one's

from Fr. abreger, seems the older form, the identity


of which with Lat. abbreviare not being at once apparent, abbreviate

own
But

country.

was subsequently formed

direct

it (the rose) ne was so sprede on brede, That men within might know the sede. R. R.

from the latter language. Abreger itself, notwithstanding the plausible quotation from Chaucer given below, is not from G.
abbrechen,

AS.

abrcecan, but

the change of the

v and

into

from Lat. abbreviare, by u and j respectively.


breugetat for

Abscess. Fr. abscez, a course of ill humours running out of their veins and natural places into the empty spaces between the muscles. Cotgr.

Lat. abscessus, a gathering of

The Proven9al has


brevitas,

breu for brevis;

part of the body.


tire,

ill

humours

to

one

Littleton,

from abscedere,

to re-

in

analogy with which the verb corre-

withdraw, draw to a head.

would be abbreujar, leading immediately to Fr. abreger ; and other cases may be pointed out of similar change in passing from Lat. to the Romance languages. Lat. levis becomes
to abbreviare

sponding

Lat. ab and sorbere, to suck up, corresponding to G. schlurfen, an onomatopoeia of the


in supping up liquid food. For the loss compare Lat. fugio with G. Jlug, jliegen. To Abstain. Abstemious. Lat. abstineo, to hold back from an object of desire, whence abstemius, having a habit of abstaining from. Vint abstemius, Pliny, abstaining from wine. So Fr. etamer, to tin, from etain.

To Absorb.
made
I

noise

of the

leu in Prov., while the verb alleviare is preserved

form of alleviar and alleujar, whence the Fr. alleger, which passed into English under the form allegge, common in Chaucer and his conin the double

temporaries, so that here also we had the double form allegge and alleviate, precisely corresponding to abridge and abbreviate. In like manner from
Lat. gravis, Prov. greu, heavy, hard, severe
getat, gravity, leaving
;

Abstract.

Lat. abstrahere, abstractus, from tra-

here, the Lat. representative of the

E. draw, drag.

greu-

a verb agreujar

to

be supagredge,

a summary of the important matter drawn out and presented in a sepaabstract of a deed
is

The

plied corresponding to Fr. aggreger,


to aggravate.
sin."

OE.

rate

form,

in

the same
is

way

that the

essentially

Parson's Tale.

" Things that greatly agredge their

No doubt if we had not so complete a pedigree from brevis, the idea of breaking off would suggest a very plausible derivation from G. abbrechen, to break off; kurz abbrechen, to cut short, Kuttncr.

to the important part of material substance drawn out and separated from the useless mass.

synonymous

extract

arbitrarily applied

Look here upon thy


This
httle abstract

brother Geoffrey's face,

his
;

These eyes, those brows were moulded out of


:

"And when
tale

this olde

man wende
begonne

to enforce his

by

resons, all at once

thei to rise for

to breken his tale

for to abregge."

Chaucer,
Thus
:

and bidden him

full ofte his

words

doth contain that large Which died in Geoffrey and the hand of Time Shall draw this brief into as huge a volume. K. John.

Meliba3us.

An

abstract quality is a quality

[It is not necessary to invent or " supply " the

any of the particular


quality so

objects
;

withdrawn from whereby it is exhibit-

verbs abreujar and agreujar, since both are found


in

Ausias March.

Dels vuyt senyals mortals, qu'Ypocras posa

Non veu

algu, e sa vida s'abreuja, etc.

De Amor,

Canto XCI. 125,

b.

Edition of 1555.

and the conception of a any particular mode of exhibition, is an abstract idea. To Abut. Probably not a mere adoption of Fr. aboutir in the same sense, but direct from the verb
considered, apart from
to butt, to strike

ed in actual existence

moltes veus, la falta coneguda, Partir sen vol, e lo partu- Vagreuja,

with the head, as a goat or a ram.


.

etc.

It is clear that the full force of the

metaphor

is felt

Canto Moral, XIIII. 182.

Other examples occur on where in the same author.

M.]
is

folios 101, 1.31,

and

else-

by Shakespeare when he speaks of France and England as

Two mighty monarchies,


it,

Abroach.
pierce.
to place

For on
set a

broach, from Fr. brocher, to


to pierce

To
it

tun abroach

and

so

Whose high upreared and abutting fronts The narrow perilous ocean parts asunder.
Ahittals or boundaries are translated capita in

in condition to

draw

off the contents.

Right as

He
Wallon

who set a tonne abroche perced the hard roche.


Gower
in Eichardson.

mid. Lat., and abut, capitare.

In the same way the G. push with the horns, &c.,


abutting of lands.
stosset,

stossen, to thrust, butt,


is

also applied to the

ahroki,

mettre en perce.

Grandg.
4

JSin Ochs der mit den


;

Homern

a butting ox
Ihre

ein stossiger Bock, a butting

See Broach.

goat

Lander

stossen

Abroad.
VOL.
I.

On

broad, spread over the surface, far

abut on each other.

So

in

an einander, their lands Swedish stota, to strike.

26
to thrust, to butt as

ACCEDE. ACE.
a goat
;

stota til

sammans,
is

to

A charm
The which can heUn
thee of thine axesse
all

meet together,

to ahit.

The

idea of reaching to a certain boundary

in

If thou do forthwith

thy businesse. Tro. and Cress.

2,

1315.

other instances expressed by the image of striking

or beating, as the Fr. baftre

It happith oftin so

That one

that of axis doeth full

ill

fare

Et

la prairie

grand et belle
batait.

Au
by Chaucer

pied de ce tertre

R. R. translated

By

gode counsaile can kepe his frend therefro. Tro. and Cress. 1, 627.

The meadow reached

to the foot of the hill

The meadowis
Beet right

softe and grene upon the water side.

Accomplice. Fr. complice, Lat. complex, bound up with, united with one in a project, but always in a bad sense.
Accomplisll.
Fr. accomplir, Lat. complere, to
accorder,
fill

Again

up,

fulfil,

complete. Fr.
to

Lea cheveux eut blonds et si longs Qu'ils lui batoient aux talons.

Accord.

agree.

Formed

in

Her

tresses yellow

and long straughten


raughten.

TJnto her heles

down they

analogy to the Lat. concordare, discordare, fi'om concors, discors, and consequently from cor, the heart, and not chorda, the string of a musical instrument.

Diez.

The Swiss Romance has


;

cordere,

See Butt.
[Tlie participial adverb hatant
is

cordre,

used in Les Quatre

Livres des Rois in a sense analogous to that in the


citations

synonymous with G. gonnen, to consent heartily with what falls to another Wallon, keure, voir de bon gre qu'un ^venement arrive a quelqu'un, qu'une chose ait lieu
;

from the

Roman

de la Rose

mesheure, missgonnen.

Quant Joab
ner, eissid fors
ner.

vit qu'il

Li

ne pout le rei cummoveir vers Abe enveiad ses messages tut batant apres Ab-

Grandgagnage.

To
a
side.

Accost.

Lat. costa, a rib, a side


cote,

Fr. coste,

sec. Liv. des Reis, III. 26.

rib, coste,

now

a side

coste-d-coste, side

by

Here,

tut hatant evidently

means immediately,

close

Hence

accoster, to join side to side, approach,

upon

the heels.

Laudonniere, Histoire de la Floride, has an orthog-

and thence to Account.

greet.

A reckoning, statement of
From
the

expenses

raphy of aboutir, which, if not a misprint, suggests a different possible etymology of that word. He writes, p. 3 of the Parisian reprint of 1853

formerly written accompt, from Fr. compter, Lat.


computare, to reckon.

Accoutre.

Fr. accoutrer, formerly

accoustrer, to equip with the habiliments of

La

partie orientale d'icelle est

nommee par les modernes

terre de

Norumberge, laquelle
I'isle

abortit

au golphe de Gamas,

special office or occupation,

an

act of

some which in

qui la separe d'avec

de Canada.

The Mid. Lat. abuttare, abbutare, which occurs in a charter of Henry I. cited by Ducange from Dugdale, abotare, and buttare, for which he refers to Dugdale, Madox, and Kennett, appear to be of English origin, for no Continental authority is adduced for either of them. But the use of abuttare, which, according to Ducange, is always applied to the narrow ends, not the long sides, of parcels of land, and the examples he cites under that word, and under butum and butta, show almost conclusively that abuttare is immediately derived from the Fr. bout, end, or from some older form of the same word. M.]

change of vestments church service would afford a striking and familiar example. Now the person who had charge of the vestments
catholic countries the frequent
at appointed periods of the

in a catholic church,
tos sacrarii,

was the

sacristan

in Lat. cus-

or ecclesice (barbarously rendered cusfilled


;

trix,

when

the oflice was

cousteur or coustre, coutre


tan, or vestry-keeper.

by woman), in O. Fr. Ger. huster, the sacris-

Ludwig.
cura vel custodium tempU vasa sacrorum. St. Isidore in

vela

Ad

custodem

sacrarii pertinet

vestesque sacrce, ac

Ducange.

The
to

original

meaning of accoutrer would thus be


priest, to inoffice
;

Accede.
proach.

Access. Accessory,
go or come
to, to

Lat.
arrive

acceat,

perform the office of sacristan to a vest him with the habiliments of his
other occupation.

after-

dere, accessum, to

ap-

wards to invest with the proj)er habiliments of any

To

support, to be of the party or side of

any one,
sory,

to assent to, to

approve

of.

Hence

acces-

an aider or abetter in a crime. Fr. acces from accessus, a fit or sudden attack of
axesse, pi. axes,

a disorder, became in OE.


well.

served in the provincial axes, the ague.

still

pre-

Accrue. Fr. accroitre, accru, from Lat. crescere, grow. Thence accrue, a growth, increase, Cotgr. and E. accrue, to be in the condition of a growth, to be added to something as what naturally grows
to

Halli-

out of

it.

Ace.

Fr. as,

It. asso,

the face

marked with the

ACHE. ADAW.
number one on cards or
which
signifies

27
Middelnederlandsche Taal

dice,

from Lat.

as, assis,

De Vries, Proeve van

a single one.

Diez.

zuivering, p. 1, approves the

etymology of Diez,

Ache.
term
is

bodily pain, from

Aehf

the natural
!

expression of pain.

applied to woe, grief.

So from G. ach ! alas the Mein Ach ist deine


Kiittner.
axoi,

Freude,

My

woe

is

your joy.

Achen, to

utter cries of grief.

The

Gr.

pain, grief, is

formed on the same principle. To Achieve. Prov. cap, Fr. chef, head, and thence the end of anything de chief en chief, from end to end ; venir a chef, to gain one's end, to accomplish Prov. acabar, Fr. achever, to bring to a
; ;

and shows how the related Netherlandish aconiscieren, O. Fr. aconoysser, descend from the Latin accognoscere, the participial form of which, accognitus, is the origin of the later Latin accognitare, whence accointer and E. acquaint. M.] To Acquit. From Lat. quietus, at rest, was formed Fr. quitte, whence acquitter, to set at rest with respect to some impending claim or accusation. See Quit, Quite. [In 0. Dutch quite is used much as our acquitted:

head, to accomplish, achieve.

Acme.

Doe
:

Gr.

miiri,

a point

the highest degree

of any quality.

Eeinaert quite was gelaten, "Was hi blide utermaten. Reinaert de Vos, Willems,

v. 2553.

M.]
culti-

Acorn. AS. cecem, ceceren, accem ; Icel. dkarn ; Dan. ageren ; Du. aker ; G. ecker, eichel ; Goth.
akran,
fruit.

Acre.

Gr.

aypog ; Lat.

ager

Goth, akrs,

The

last

of the

AS. speUings shows

an early accommodation to the notion of oak-corn, a derivation hardly compatible with the other Teutonic and Scandinavian forms, or with the more
general signification of Goth, akran, notwithstanding Grimm's quotation of Cajus,
Glandis appellatione omnis finictus continetur.

G. acker, a field of cultivated land; thence a measure of land, so much as may be ploughed in a day. To Adaw. Two words of distinct meaning and origin are here confounded:
vated land, corn-land.
1st,

dawn, OE.

from AS. dagian, dcegian, to become day, to daw, to dawn, adaw or adawn,

to

to

Grimm

is

himself inclined to explain akran,

fruit,

as the produce of the akr, or corn-field.


Cat. agld,

an acorn. [The etymology oak-corn seems


d,
iii,

to

have been

wake out of sleep or out of a swoon. " I adawe or adawne as the day doth in the morning whan " I adawe the Sonne draweth towards his rising." one out of a swounde," "to dawe from swouning, to dawne or get life in one that is fallen in a

early adopted in English.

Juliana Berners, reprint

swoune."

Palsgrave in Halliwell.

of 1810,

(p. 1,) says

A man that waketh of his slepe


He may
is

Crabbes and oke comes

&

nottes there they grow.

not sodenly wel taken kepe


it

The Catalan

agld, written also gla


initial

and glan,

Upon

a thing, ne seen

parfitly

only the Latin glans, the

a not being

radical,

TU that he

be adawed veraily.

Chaucer.
of.

and the word has no


of the latter word.
that number.

relation to acorn, unless

we

2ndly, from the Fr. adoucir, to soften, and thence


to abate, to quell, to

suppose glans to be allied to some primitive form

diminish the strength

In

fact,

agld makes aglans in

As

the plural, just as gra (Sp. grano)

makes grans

in

M.]
0. Fr. accointer, Prov. accoin;

To Acquaint.
dar, to
thing,

the bright sun what time his fiery train Towards the western brim begins to draw, Gins to abate the brightness of his beame And fervour of his flames somewhat adawe.

make known
it
;

O. Fr.

coint,

informed of a
Little

F. Q. v. ch.

9.

having

known, from Lat.

cognitus, accord-

ing to Diez

but this seems one of the cases in

which it must be doubtful whether the Romance word comes from a Lat. original, or from a corresponding Teutonic root. The G. has kund (from kennen, to know), known, manifest kund machen, to make known, in precisely the same sense with the Prov. coindar, the d of which seems better to agree with the G. word than with the Lat. cognitus ; G. kundig, having knowledge of a thing. [The derivation of acquaint from kund, kund
;

So spake the bold brere with great disdain. him answered the oak again. But yielded with shame and grief adawed, Shep. That of a weed he was overcrawed.

Cal.

In order to understand the step from adoucir to adaw, it must be observed that several of the Burgundian dialects (from whence much of our English is derived) regularly change the sound of the French Thus the ordinary Walloon has s or ch to an h.
kinohe, while the

Walloon of Namur has conoche,

to

machen, does not account for the prefix, and, as suggested by an able writer in the Atlantic Monthly
for August, 1860, the

more probable source of Romance cognates.

Mid. Lat. adcognitare is a much this word and its modem

know, from cognoscere, It. conoscere. Wallon, bouhe ; Wallon, lahe, for dialect of Aix, busch, a farthing. The lache, a leash, sahon for saison, bihe for Mse. same peculiarity characterises the dialect of Gruyere
in

comparison with the surrounding portions of


Switzerland, and in the former district
is

Roman

28

ADD. ADMIRAL.
Hence E. adaw,
a pool that receives the draining of a dunghill. "the urine of cows adla or ala, mingere, of cows, as in E. to stale, of horses. [The Anglo-Saxon has the noun adl, disease, wasting sickness, and the adjective adl, sick, corrupt, putrid. M.]
pool,

preserved the verb adauMr, to soften, corresponding


to adaucir of the ordinary patois.

Prov. Sw. Ko-adel,

as

abaw from esbahir. To Add. Lat. addere,

to put to or unite with,

the signification of dare in composition

being in

general to dispose of an object.

Thus

reddere, to

put back

subdere, to put under

condere, to put by.

Address.
in the right

Fr. adresser.

[The change of the a of the radical into the e of the compounds of the verb dare is probably to be ascribed to the peculiarly sti'ong accent which it was necessary to throw upon the first syllables of the This compounds in order to distinguish them. would naturally have the effect of substituting the obscure for the open vowel, and the orthography M.] was then conformed to the pronunciation.

directus, directiare,

Diez,

It.

drizzare, from Lat.

to direct to, to put

one
Al-

way

to.

Adept.
chymists

Lat. adipiscor, adeptus, to obtain.

who have

obtained the grand elixir, or

philosopher's stone, which gave

them the power of transmuting metals to gold, were called adepti, of

whom

there were said to be twelve always in being.

Bailey.

Hence an

adept, a proficient in
;

any

art.

Adder.
PI.

A poisonous
The

snake.

AS.
AS.

cettr, cettern

To Adjourn.
cite

Fr. jour, a day

adjoumer, to
to appoint

D. adder ; Bav.

alter, ader,

adern.

Icel. eitr-orm,
atter,

one to appear on a certain day,


for continuing

literally poison snake,

from

eitr,

venom

day
day.

a business, to put

off to

another

(see Atter-cop).

foregoing explanation would

were it not that a name difiering only by an initial n (which is added or lost with equal facihty), with a derivation of its own, is still more widely current, with which however Diebe perfectly
satisfactory,

To Adjnst.
to agree

Fr. adjuster, to

make

even, to

make

with each other, to set to rights.

Adjntant.

One

of the officers

who

assists the

commander
It.

fenbach maintains the foregoing to be wholly unconnected.


Isl.

keeping the accounts of a regiment. Lat. adjutare, frequentative from adjuvare, to assist
in

Gael, nathair

W.

neidr
;

nadr ;

OHG.

natra, nadra

Goth, nadrs ; G. natter; AS.


says,

aiutante,

an

assistant

aiutante de campo, an aide-

camp.
nally

noedre,

nedder ; OE. neddre. Robert of Gloucester, speaking of Ireland,


Selde

Admiral. From the Arabic amir, a lord made known by the crusaders as the
fleet.

origi-

title

of

the Saracen chiefs, and ultimately appropriated all

me

schal in the lond

any foule wormys

se

For

nedres

ne other wormes ne

mow

ther be noght.
p. 43.

over Europe to the commander of a

Instead of neddre "Wicliff uses eddre, as


ville

Mande-

In eo conflicto (i. e. the battle of Antioch in the first crusade) occisus est Cassiani magni regis Antiochiaj Alius
et

duodecim Admiraldi

regis Babiloniaj, quos

ewte for what


for

we now

call

newt, or the

modem

cum

suis
;

exercitibus miserat ad ferenda auxilia regi Antiochiae

et

apron

OE. napron.

It

seems mere accident

which of the two forms is preserved. The forms with an initial n are commonly referred to a root signifying to pierce or cut, the origin of Goth, nethla, OHG. nddal, Bret, nadox, E. needle, and are connected with W. naddu, and with G. schneiden, to cut. Perhaps the Isl. notra, to shiver, to lacerate, whence notru-gras, a nettle, may be a more probable oi-igin. There is little doubt that the Icel. eitr, AS. atter, venom, matter, is from OHG.
eiten, to

quos Admiraldos vocant, reges sunt qui provinciis regionum Ducange. prsesimt.

So that aslayne and adreynt twelve princes were ded That me clupeth amyrayls. R.. G. 402.

No

doubt has ever been raised as

to the origin

of

the second syllable, but the Spanish form of the

word, almirante, has led some to suppose that the


first

syllable

ad

or al
cases,

is

the Arabic article al

al

amir.

In many

however, the

article is placed

bum.
Prov. E.
to earn, to thrive.

To Addle.
I addle

With goodmen's hogs

my

or corn or hay ninepence every day. Halliwell.

Where
[Addle
add, but

ivy embraceth the tree very sore

Kill ivy, or tree will addle


is

no more.

Tusser in do.

emir al moslemin, emir al mummenim, commander of the faithful, emir al omrah, so emir al kub, lord of lords, titles of the Caliph emir al helam. D'Herbelot. It is more probable, then, that the final al of admiral is the Arabic article, and the ad or al in admiral, almirante, a mere
after the noun, as in
;

not a diminutive, or other derivative of


the Icelandic odlaz or ddlast, to

corruption of the

first

syllable of amir, emir.

is allied to

gain or acquire, to grow.


still

Odla and uppodla are

used in Swedish in the sense to break up or imto

no doubt originally from the Arabic amir, but the languages of Western Europe seem to have taken the word from the Byzantine Greek

[Admiral

is

prove land,

produce by cultivation.
filth,

M.]
in
it.

afiTjpcuoc,

which, as well as

afrnpag,

occurs in the writIsaacius,

Halliwell;

Addle.

Liquid

a swelling with matter

ings of

Theophanes Isaums, or

who

flour-

rotten, as

an addle egg.

An

addle-

ished in the latter part of the eighth and beginning

ADROIT.
Sophocles, Byzantine Glosunder the word. Afiijpcuoc would readily pass into the Mid. Lat. amiralius, the Italian ammiraglio, and the Old Catalan
sary,

ADVISE.
ter,

29

of the ninth century.

explained by Cotgr. in the same terms.

We

also use dexterous,

abnirall, the introduction of the

into the diphthong

ai being purely euphonic.

The supposition of Wedg-

Fr. avancer, to To Advance. Advantag:e. push forwards, from Fr. avant. It. avanti, before, forwards Lat. ah ante. Advantage, something that puts one forwards, gain, profit.
;

and

adroit, as equivalent terms.

wood, that the Arabic


itive, is
al,

erroneous.

which is lemin, and means not the (emir), but of the (moslems). In short, it is a genitive plural. In the other examples cited from D'Herbelot, the article
ceding noun, precisely as the in the English phrase

article al is sometimes post-posIn the phrase emir al moslemin, indeclinable, syntactically belongs to mos-

belongs to the following adjective, not to the pre-

Lat. advenire, to come happen adventus, arrival E. advent, the coming of our Lord upon earth. O. Fr. advenir, to happen, and thence aventure, a happening, chance, accident, a sense preserved in E. peradventure, perhaps. The word was specially applied to events, as made the subject of poetical or romantic narration, and so passed into the Teutonic and

Adventlire.

Advent.
;

to, to

arrive, to

Peter

the Great.

The

initial al in

the Spanish almi-

Scandinavian languages, giving


Icel. feat,
cefintyr,

rise to

G. abenteuer,

rante, O. Catalan almirall, is not probably "

a mere

S\v. cefwentyr,

OE.

aunter, a daring

corruption of the
it is

first syllable

of amir, emir," but

hazardous enterprise, or the relation of such,

the resumption of the original prepositive arti-

cle al,

which would be very natural among a people

brought directly into contact with the Arabic race,

a romantic story. The "Aunters of Arthur at Tamwathelan," is the title of an old E. romance. For the extraordinary derivations that have been
suggested, see Ihre in v. cefwentyr.

and this is confirmed by the fact that in Old Spanish ^nd Catalan the word emir is frequently written mir,
the

accented syllable alone being retained.


cases,

In

many

however,

it is

written at length, alamir,

and amiramuglemin
occurrence.
It
is

is

of hy no means unfrequent

Advice. The Lat. visum, from viVisum mihi gave rise to It. viso, O. Fr. vis. fuit, it seemed to me, would be rendered in O. It. fu viso a me, O. Fr. ce nUest vis. Diez. In the Roman

To Advise.

deri,

de la Rose, advis
rrCestoit, it

is

used in the same sense,

advis

remarkable that in the old Aragonese diplo-

seemed

to

me

vous fust advis,

it

seemed

macy
ways

the kings assume the style of admiral, but alas an honorary title conferred

to you.

Hence

advis. It. avviso,

OE.

avise, view,

by the Romish

sentiment,

opinion.

Advisedly, avisedly, with full

Church.

consideration.

Thus the address of the letters of credence given by King James II. of Aragon to his ambassador to the King of Granada, in 1301, runs thus:
Al muy honrado ^ muy noble Alamir Don Mahomat Abenna9ar, Rey de Granada h de Malaga, y Amiramu(;lemin : de Nos Don Jacme, por la gracia de Dios, Eey de Aragon etc. e de la Santa Iglesia de Roma Senyalero, Almirante, h Capitan General, etc. Capmany, Mem. Hist. IV.

The
'

erchbishope of Walys seide ys avyse, he seide, ' gef ther is any mon so wys That beste red can thereof rede, Merlin that is.* R. G. 144.
Sire,'

To be
to

avised or advised of a thing would thus be,


it,

have notice of

to

be informed of

it.

Of werre and

of bataile he was full avise.

R. Brunne.

p. 30.

Another, dated in 1323, as follows


Jacme, per la gracia de Deu, Eey d'Aragd, etc. e de la Santa Esgleya de Roma Senyaler, Almirayl, Capitan General al molt noble c molt honrat Miralmomeni Albubace, Rey de Tuni9 h de Bugi'a, fill del Mir Abuzecri, Capmany, M. H. IV. 81. etc.
ii
:

Whence advice in the mercantile To advise, in the most usual

sense, notice, news.

acceptation of the

De Nos en

term at the present day, is to communicate our views to another, to give him our opinion for the purpose
of guiding his conduct, and advice
given.
is

the opinion so

In O. Fr. adviser, like

It.

avvisare,

was used

in

The

collection of

Capmany

contains

many

other

the sense of viewing, perceiving, taking note.

which occur in the Chronicle of the Morea published by Bouchon, were probably taken from the Romance forms, which had already acquired the termination in al. M.] Adroit. Fr. adroit, handsome, nimble, ready,
aixipahag,

examples of all these forms. The Middle-age Greek aiupal-ng and

vy mig songe en mon dormant R. E. Qui moult tut bel a adviser.


Si

25.

Avise

is

frequently found in the same sense in

our elder authors.

He

apt or
Cotgr.

fit

for anything, favourable, prosperous

saison adroite, convenient season

looked back and her avizing well "Weened as he said that by her outward grace

That

fairest

Florimel was present there in place.


F. Q.

Diet.

Rom.

From

droit, right, as

opposed to
adestre,

left,

as is

shown by the synonymous adextre,

from dex-

Britomart with sharp avizeful eye Beheld the lovely face of Arthygall.

F. Q.

so
[The
phi-ase rrCest avis,
it

ADULATION. AFFORD.
seems
it is

to

me,

is

hardly

voeson, advoison, the right

itself.

As

it

was part of

confined to Old French, for

used by Paul Louis

the duty of the guardian or protector to act as patronus, or to plead the cause of the church in suits
at law, the
living, the

Courier, though perhaps as an archaism.

The formula
s'amsera,
is

of the royal veto in England,


to

Le

roi

advowee was also called patron of the

every lawyer, as an exemplification of the sense of acting advisedly, and with a deliberation involving a delay which amounts to a

famihar

name which has


AS.
adesa, ascia.

finally prevailed at the

present day.

negative.

M.]

Adze.
Ant.

AS. Vocab.

in Nat.

derivation
lari, to

Adnlatioilt Lat. advlari, to fawn, to flatter. is suggested from ad and aula, a hall, adustand waiting like a dog in the hall.
Lat. advocare, to call on or

To

Affeer.

From

Lat. forum, a market, Fr.

feur, market-price, fixed rate,

whence

offerer, or

affeurer, to value at a certain rate, to set

a price

Advocate.
one

summon

upon.

From
to

the latter of these forms the

to a place, especially for

some

definite object, as

pression

affere

counsel, aid, &c., to call to one's aid, to call for help,


to avail oneself of the aid of

some one

in a cause.

amount of a fine which it was imposed, the

an amerciament, to fix the left uncertain by the court by


affeerers being the per-

OE.

ex-

Hence

advocatus, one called on to aid in a suit as


originally

sons deputed to determine the amount according to


" Et quod amerciamenta praedictorum tenentium afferentur et taxentur per sacramentum parium suorum." Chart. AD. See Affijrd. 1316, in Due. Affidavit. From fides, was formed Affiance. M. Lat. affidare, to pledge one's faith. Hence affidavit, a certificate of some one having pledged his faith a written oath subscribed by the party, from the form of the document, " Affidavit A. B., &c." The loss of the d, so common in hke cases, gave Fr. affier, to affk, to pawn his faith and credit on. Cotgr. In like manner, from Lat. confidere, Fr. confier ; from It. disfidare, Fr. defier, to defy.

witness, adviser, legal assistant, but not

the circumstances of the case.

the person

who

pleaded the cause of another,

who

was
for

called patrontis.

Afterwards the word was

transferred to the person

who conducted a

process

any one

in

modern language, an

advocate, at-

torney, &c.

AdvowSOn.

From

the verb advocare, corrupted

to advoare in the sense

above explained, was formed

advocatio {advoatio), 0. Fr. advoeson, the patronage

or right of presentation to an ecclesiastical benefice.

Ducange.

As
wliich

the clergy were prohibited from appearing

before the lay tribunals, and even from taking oaths,

were always required from the parties in a would seem that ecclesiastical persons must always have required the service of an advocate in
suit, it

To

Affile,

OE.

Fr. affier.

It.

afflare, to sharpen,

to bring to

an edge, from Fr. fil, an edge, Lat. filum,

a thread.
For well he wist whan that song was songe He must preche and well ajile his tong To wihne silver as he right well coude, Therefore he sung the merrier and loude.
;

the conduct of their legal business, and

we

find

from the authorities cited by Ducange, that positive enactment was repeatedly made by councils and princes, that bishops, abbots, and churches should have good advocates or defenders for the pui*pose
of looking after their temporal interests, defending
their property from rapine

Chaucer.

See Burnish.

To

AflFord.

From

signifying a market the term

forum was applied in M. Lat. to market price, resenting them in courts of law. In the decline of whence Prov. for, Fr. feur, a certain price or rate. the empire, when defence from violence was more The second of these forms gave rise to the Fr. afnecessary than legal skill, these advocates were nat- feurer, and OE. affeer, as the former one to the Fr. urally selected among the rich and powerful, who afforer, to set a price on a thing, to fix a rate at
alone

and imposition, and rep-

could give efficient protection, and Charle-

which

it

may

be

sold.

magne himself is the advocatus of the Roman church. " Quem postea Romani elegerunt sibi advocatum
Sancti Petri contra leges Langobardorum."
Car.

ford, whether the final


the participle affored,

Vita

Hence, undoubtedly, E. afd be to be explained from or whether it be regarded as


Afford certainly seems

an unmeaning corruption. ed by Richardson. " There is no such


ture

Mag.
protection of the church naturally

written for the participle affored in a passage quot-

The
it

certain rights and

drew with emoluments on the part of the

offisring
it

of Christ in the Scrip-

protector, including the right of presentation to the

where you

will find
all,

benefice itself; and the advocatio, or office of advo-

once valued for

once afford for all," i. e. deemed a sufficient price for all.

of being an elective trust, became a heritable property. Advocatus became in O. Fr.


cate, instead

To
for

affored a thing

the price
it,

advoue, whence in the old


tion of

Law

language of Eng-

to deem it worth be willing to give such a price or to part with it at the same. In a passage

would thus be

affiared, to

land, advowee, the person entitled to the presenta-

from Shakespeare,

also quoted

by Richardson,

it is

a benefice, and advowson, from O. Fr. ad-

actually written with the participial apostrophe.

AFFRAY. AGAIN.
Parolles.
*

31

I would that the cutting of my garment would

" Sallirent de leurs chambres sans faire effroi ou


bruit."

serve the turn or breaking of


First Lord.
let
'

my

Spanish sword.'
so,'
i.

We

cannot affoor'd you

e.

we

Cent

Nouvelles Nouvelles in Diet. Ety-

cannot

you

off at that price.

mologique.

and two meanings, worth, ondi foruniy feur, may have become confounded in the form and signification of this word, as written and understood in the seventeenth century, but in any case, avorthi, employed by Pecock in the precise sense of afford, can hardly be from afforer
[It is possible that

two

roots,

preserved

to noise and violence was word passed into English, and an affray or a fray was used to express a disturb-

distinct reference

when

the

ance or conflict accompanied with violence, hurlyburly.

Thus

in the

Flower and the Leaf, Chaucer

calls

the sudden storm of wind, rain, and hail, which

Forwhi grete
as

lordis

han

lasse

nede forto wlappe


avorthi to

hem

drenched the partisans of the Leaf to the


silf

skin,

an

in worldli nedis aboute her londis than lasse lordis han, for

affray

miche as greet

lordis

mowe

haue and fynde


sufficientli

And when

the storm was clene passed away,

with her costis officers vnder hem forto attende to alle the worldly nedis of her londis, &c.

Tho in the white that stode under the tree They felt nothing of all the great affray,
That they
in grene without

Eepressor, 306.

had in ybe.

For thei hadden possessiouns, wher of thei myghten miche more avorthi into almes than thei that hadden Util.
Eepressor, 336.

To affray was to produce the effect of a crash or sudden noise, and was used even in cases where terror formed no part of the effect, as awakening one
out of a sleep or out of a swoon.

A man which hath vnmouable


that he

godis in so greet plente,

may

avorthi to

haue

discrete officers at fulle vndir

him, and that he

may

avorthi for to lese

ynough, &c.
Repressor, 877.

Me met thus
And

in

my bed all naked

haue wors

Lest that for lengthe which this present book schulde * * * the mo of the comoun peple myghten the
avorthi in cost of

book.

Repressor, 562.

mony

forto gete

hem

this present

looked forthe, for I was waked With small foules a grete hepe. That had afraide me out of my sleepe. Through noise and swetenese of her song. Chaucer, Dreame.

The
of so

editor of Pecock, Glossary,

s.

v. avorthi, sug; to

gests that " the etymology seems to be worth

be

was out of my swowne affraide Whereof I sigh my wittes straide Aod gan to clepe them home again. Gower
I

in Rich.

much worth

as to be able," and, citing Lewis's


is

Life of Wicliff, p. 120, he observes that ''forthe

used by Wiclif."

M.] Affray. Afraid. Fray.

The Prov. forms


esfredar,

the imitative root, frag, representing a crash, whence Lat. fragor, and Fr.
real derivation
is

The

fracas, a crash of things breaking, disturbance, af-

Immediately from
;

fray.

Thence

effrayer, to produce the effect of


to terrify, alarm.

Fr. effrayer, to scare, appal, dismay, aiFright effroi, terror, astonishment, amazement ; frayeur, fright,
terror, scaring, horror.

sudden crash upon one,

a In the

same way the


is

original signification of

G. schrecken
;

Cotgr.
esfreidar,

to cry, crack,

make a loud sharp


Fr. affronter

noise

then to

have led

terrify.

Diez too easily

to refer the

word

to Lat, frigidus.

To

Affront.

(from Lat. frons,


to face, to en-

The Prov.

he says, like Lat. frigus, or gelu, is properly shuddering effrayer, to cause to shudBut the rf is an exceedingly moveable letter, der.
freior,
;

froniis, the forehead), to

meet face

counter, insult.

and is so easily inserted between vowels that it is by no means safe to rely upon the Prov. forms. Nor could the notion of causing to shudder have arisen in this manner. Whatever may have been the original meaning of frigus, the adjective frigidus, from whence the Prov. verb must have proceeded, if it really belonged to this root, had simply the signification of cold, and esfreidar would be to cool, an image far too tame to represent the violent agitaNor does the derivation tion imphed in effrayer. from frigidus give any account of the earlier sense of Fr. effroi, or of the actual meaning o^ fray, afFaire effroi, in O. Fr., is to make an fray, in E. " Toutefois ne fit oncques outcry, to give an alarm. jusqu'a ce que tons les siens eussent gagn^ la effroi
muraille, puis
s' eerie

Goth. Afar, after, behind aftar, aftaro, After. behind aftana, from behind aftuma, aftumist, last,
; ; ;

hindmost.

AS.

ceft,

ceftan, cefter, afterwai'ds, again.


;

Icel. aptan, aflan,

behind
;

aptan dags, the

latter

part of the day, evening

aftar, aftast, hinder, hind-

most.

According to Grimm, the final tar is the comparative termination, and the root is simply af,
the equivalent of Gr. ano,
of,

from.

Compare

after

with Goth, afar

AS.
;

ofer-non, with after-noon.

A^ain.

AS. ongean,
;

ongen, agen, opposite, tow;

ards, against, again


hceran, to oppose

gean, opposite, against


;

gean-

gean-cyme, an encounter

to-geanet,,
;

towards, against.
gena, to meet
;

O. Sw. gen, igen, opposite, again genom, through Bret, gin, opposite
;

ann

tu gin, the other side,

wrong

side

gin-ouch-gin,

horriblement."

Rabelais.

directly opposite,

showing the origin of the G. re-

duplicative gegen, against.

32

AGATE. AGISTMENT.
should have the same meaning
cefn, the back, as the relations

The element gin


with Bret, kein,
of place are
diflFerent

W.

parts of the body.

kein-e-kein,

commonly expressed by means of the The Bret, has also in precisely the same sense as gin-ouch;

Prov. esfreidar, to affray, a modification rendered more easy by the resemblance of the parallel forms edat, eded.
in this case the

Agee. Awry, askew. Aghast. Formerly spelt agazed,


of an erroneous impression

in consequence

gin, directly opposite

kein ouch kein, back to back.

that the fundamental

To

turn again,
time,

is to

turn back, to go over the ground


is

a second
tition,

whence again
forms of

used

to signify

repe-

meaning of the word was set a-gazing on an object of astonishment and horror.
The French exclaimed the devil was in arms, army stood agazed on liim. H.

repeated action.
earliest
this radical in

[The
a second
dialects.

both the

All the whole

vi.

Teutonic and the Scandinavian languages contain


g,

which the

latter reject in the

modern

The

origin of the

Thus we have

the

OHG.

gagan, gagen,
while the mod-

to the feelings

gegin

and the Icelandic gegn,

adv., gegna, verb,

oppress the
tion,

word is in reality to be traced awe and horror which are apt to mind when deprived of external distracof
to

gegnim, gegnum, igegnum,

etc. prep.,

and lead the child or the uneducated person

ern Swedish has genom, igenom, genvag, and the

people the darkness with ghosts, and


the cause of indefinite terror.

make

solitude

Danish giennem, igiennem, den gienneste vei. Hence seems that the g^s are probably both radical, and the theory that one of them is reduplicative is a
it

Here

will I dwell apart in gastfrd grove.

Shep. Cal.

mere conjecture, unsupported by evidence. There is indeed an Icelandic preposition


rare occurrence, but this
is also
is

Now
gin, of

appears in

the E. waste, desolate, uncultivated, void, It. under the shape of guasto, and in Fr.

later form,

and there

an inseparable intensive particle gin or ginn, which may possibly be another form of the same root, used in the sense of the German durch und
durch, durchaus,
etc.,

under that of gaster, gdter, to lay waste, to destroy. G. vmst, waste, wild, desert Du. wuest, woest, vas;

tus, vastatus, desertus, et sordidus, obscoenus, turpis,

squalidus, deformis
desolatio.

woestheyd, vastitas, vastitudo,


led to the Sc. gousty,

but of this there

is

no proof.
de
li

Kil.

Thus we are

In a deed of

gift of certain

lands in Sicily, dated


to L'Ystoire
is

waste, desolate, dreary in consequence of extent or

in 1103, printed in the

Appendix

Normant,

p.

327-333, the Latin iterum


:

used in

the sense of against

" Item eamus iterum cursum

aque," against the current, up stream.

M.]

then as loneliness and darkness (which by rendering the loneliness more complete), impress the mind with feelings of indefinite horror,

emptiness
acts

goustie, or goustrous, acquires the sense of awful,


full

A^ate.
derives this

Lat. achates, Gr. axarn^.

of the preternatural, frightful.


Cald, mirk, and goustie
is

[Notwithstanding the conjecture of Bochart,

who

the night,

word from an

oriental root, the state-

Loud

roars the blast ayont the hight.

Jamieson.

ment of Pliny, Nat. Hist. XXXVII. 10, that it took its name from the river Achates in Sicily, in whose bed fine agates were found, is the most probable etymology, as the ancient classical nations were

He

observed one of the black man's feet to be cloven,


goustie.

and that the black man's voice was hough and

Glanville in

Jam.

much

in the habit of distinguishing minerals

by geo-

The word now becomes confounded with

ghostly,

graphical designations.

Thus, lapis Lydius, touch-

the association with which has probably led to the


insertion of the h in ghastly itself as well as aghast.

stone, lapis Parius, white marble, lapis Africanus,

spotted mai'ble, the Africano of the

modern

Italian

[The

Scottish gousty

is

doubtless

allied

to

the
fig-

marble-workers, lapis ^gyptius or Syenites, the red


granite of Syene,
etc.

M.]

Danish gusten,

pallid, faded, and, in poetical

or

urative language, dismal, dreary.


etat,

Thus Paludan-

Age.
edat
;

From

Lat. etat-em, the Prov. has

MUller, in a passage cited by Molbech

O. Fr. eded, edage, eage, aage, age.

Hvad
Hfly
esteit

soger du hos Natten, hos den kolde, den gustne

de grant eded.

Kings

2. 22.

Natl

Ki durerat a
A(S, life, age.

tres-tut ton edage.

Here, den gustne Nat


in Diez.

is

precisely the goustie night

Chanson de Roland

of the Scottish poet.


the Danish gusten
is

The

only obvious source of

the Old Northern gustr,

Eng-

The form edage seems

constructed by the addition


ed,

lish gust,

or the Prov. Dan. guse, I

of the regular termination age, to

erroneously
it

sea-breeze.

am

inclined to

a raw, cliilly think gousty and the

taken as the radical syllable of eded, or

may

be

English gusty identical, for raw, gusty nights are


peculiarly dreary.

a subsequent corruption of eage, eaige (from ae-tas by the addition of the termination age to the true radical ), by the inorganic insertion of a d, as in

M.]

Agistment. had gesir, to he

From
;

Lat. jacere, to
giste,

lie,

the Fr.

whence

a lodging, place to

AGLET. AIR.
down in giste (Tune lievre, Hence agister, to give lodging
lie
;

83
sickenesse

the form of a hare.


to,

axes

to take in cattle
profit of

and fevar an agewe


of verbs, I

[Fr.] fyeure, axes


quake,
translates

[Fr.]
and
is

jieure,
list

\Yv.'\ Jieure ;

in the

to feed
cattle

and the law term agistment, the pasturing on the land.


;

as one dothe that

in

an axes.

Aglet.
string

The

tag of a point,

i.

e.

of the lace or

merly

by which different parts of dress were fortied up or fastened together. Hence any

irvpeToc: in Matth. viii. 14, 15, by Greek x instead of x or gu. And Jesus cam in to Peters hous, and saw his moother in law laid down and sick of y axess, and he touched her

Cheke

axes, using the

small object hanging loose, as a spangle, the anthers

hi y

hand and y axes

left

her, etc.

of a tulip or of grass, the catkins of a hazel, &c.


Junius.

See Access.

M.]
Fr. aide du camp.
It.

Fr. aiguillette, diminutive of aiguille, a

needle, properly the point fastened on the end of a


lace for
like

Aid. Lat. adjuvare, adjutum ; adjutare, to help. Prov. adjudar, ajudar, aidar, Fr. aider, to help.

drawing it through the eyelet holes E. point, applied to the lace itself.

then

Aidecamp.
campo, an
officer

ajutante di

Ago.
the
ple
;

Agone.
y,

appointed to

assist the

general in

OE.
;

G.

ge,

Here the initial a stands for the augment of the past particigone away, passed

military service.

To

Ail.

AS.

eglian, to pain, to grieve, to trouble,

ago, agone, for ygo, ygone,

perhaps from the notion of pricking


tuca, arista, carduus

by

long ago, long gone by.

Lye, whence
egle,

egle, egla, fesails,

the beard

For

in swiche cas

wimmen have

swiche sorrwe

of corn (Essex).

AS.

troublesome, Goth, agio,

Whan

that hir husbonds ben from

hem

ago.

affliction, tribulation, aglus, difficult,

agh, shameful.

Knight's Tale.

To Aim.
to fix at

Lat. cestimare, to consider, to reckon,


;

Go and loke well to that stone Tyll the third day be agone. Halliwell.

a certain point or rate

Prov. estimar, to

reckon

Agog. Excited with expectation, jigging with excitement, ready to start in pursuit of an object of desire. Literally on the jog, or on the start, from
gog,

adestimar, adesmar, azesmar, aesmar, to calculate, to prepare ; " son colp azesmat," he has
;

calculated or

aimed

his

O. Fr. esmer, to calculate,


liers

blow well to reckon

Diez Li
"

esmar,

chevaesmer,

synonymous with^o^ or shog ; gog-mire, a quagHalliwell.

mire.

"

He

is all

agog

to go."

Baker.
See

de

s'ost

a treis mille esma,"

knights of his host at 3000


to purpose,

Rom. de Rou

He

reckons the
;

To

Six precious souls, and all agog, dash through thick and thin.

Jno. Gilpin.

level at.

Cotgr.

determine, to offer to strike, to aim or

To Agredge.
Abridge.

To

aggravate.

Chaucer.
It.

To Agree.
ble, are

From
It.

Lat. grattis, pleasing, accepta-

[The following passage from D'Esclot, cap. clxiii., well illustrates the change of meaning from cestimo Speaking of the shooting of a French to aim. knight, who was lying sick in a church, by a Saracen archer, through a small aperture, he says

formed

grado, Prov. grot, O. Fr. gret,

Fr. gre,

will, pleasure,

favour

and thence

agra-

dire, to receive kindly, to please,

Prov. agreiar, Fr.

el Serray,
li

quel veu axi jaer malalt, jura per sa ley,


tirar,

agreer, to receive with favour, to give one's consent


to,

to

agree.

Prov. agradable, agreeable.

See

Grant.

Ague.
attacks,
fever.

A fever coming in periodical fits or sharp from Fr. aigu, sharp, jievre aigue, acute

E asma que nol erras. E no trobava nengu lloch, sino aquella fenella que no havia pus de hun dit e mig de ample. E * * * aparella be sa ballesta, e asma lo malalt, * * * E quant lo Serray lo hac be asmat, va desparar la bona ballesta, etc.
qu'ell

daria tal bevratge que sempre seria guarit.


li

per hon

poria

Here, the
stance,

first

time asma occurs,


;

it

is

used in the
third
in-

a remarkable fact that the Lepchas, when suffering from protracted cold, take fever and ague in sharp attacks. Hooker, Himalayan Journal.
It is

sense of calculate, or consider


it

in

corresponds to our aim.


arip,

M.]

the

Air.
eether,
air,

Lat. aer, Gr.

doubtless contracted from

Se non febre aguda

the heavens, Gr.

ai'&rjp,

the sky, or sometimes


air,

Vos destrenha
Si

'1

costats.

as the

Gaelic has aethar, athar, the

sky,

non qu'une

ficATe aigue

vous presse les cotes. Raynouard.

pronounced ayar, aar,

W.

awyr.

[I think air, (or eir,) as sometimes used

by Old
dif-

The confinement
restriction,

to periodical fever is

a modern

English writers in the sense of haste, pride, or anger, is confounded

to

from the tendency of language constantly become more specific in its application.
For Richard lay so sore seke. On knees prayden the Crystene host Through hys grace and hys vertue He turnyd out of his agu. R. Goer de Lion. 3045.

by lexicographers with a very

ferent word.

Kosegarten, in Worterbuch der Niethe word

derdeutschen Sprache, gives air, heftig, scharf, and


suggests
that

yrre, eorre, wrathful.

may be allied to On the Romance

the
side,

AS.

we

[Palsgrave, in his vocabulary of nouns, has ague

have the Provencal air, haughtiness, insolence, indignation, the Old French air, of the same mean-

VOL.

I.

34
ing, dire, valiant, spirited,

AISLE.
and
s'direr,

ALCOVE.
Ende vonden de dore
akerre staende.

to

be

irri-

tated

Wallewein. 9368.
:

Mfes tous les chevaliers que

li

sires avoit,

See Char, Chare.

Pas de

si

grant air la

dame ne grevoient
Dit de Guil. d'Angl. 202.
in

Akimbo.
from
;

It.

schemhare, sghembare, to go aside

Comma

fessoient ceuls qui ces enfans estoient.

schimhiccio,
;

and out

sedere

a crankling or crooked winding a schimhiccio, to sit crooked upon


it

Si \x^s-alre besoigne

one's legs, as tailors do, with the legs akimbo, as

Ne

fu,

cent anz a raais, jostde.


Benoit, Chr. des

were
II.

asghemho, aschemho, asckencio, aslope, ascance


It.

Dues de Norm.

21421.

Gael, cam, crooked, awry.


arsy-versy.
to the legs.

gibbo, crookedly,

Errant vint k sa huche celui qui s'alra, Le pan en a trait hors, a I'enfant I'a get<J, Et jure que jamais nul bien ne li fera. Dit de Guil. d'Angl. 199.

Alarm.
call to

Alarum.
Florio.

Gr. anan^og, crooked, especially applied

It.

aW

arme, to arms

the

defence on being surprised by an enemy.

Also the Spanish airado, angry, indignant, of all which latter words the Latin ira is probably the
root.

This said, he nms down with as great a noise and shouting as he could, crying a/' arme, help, help, citizens, the castle is taken by the enemy, come away to defence.
Holland's

Eir, in a passage from Robert of Gloucester referred to in Coleridge's Glossarial Index under air,
is

Phny

in Richardson.

more probably

allied to

one of the words above

cited than to the Latin a'er.

Hence, E. alarum, a rousing signal of martial music, a surprise Fr. allarmer, to give an alarum unto to rouse or affright by an alarum Cotgr. and
;

For as this schippes with gret eir come toward londe In Temse, as thei al the world ne schulde hem at stonde.
Eob. of G.
p. 51.

generally, to alarm, to excite apprehension.

The

alarum or larum of a clock


denly
sleep.
let off

a loud ringing, sudfor the purpose of rousing one out of


is

The Old Dutch


Ende

erre is also a cognate word.

Alas.
die coninc wart al erre,
hiet Isingrine vaen.

From

Lat.

lassus,

Prov.

las,

wearied,
las !

wretched.
v. 2834.

Hence

the exclamations,

La^ ! Ai

Eeinaert de Vos, "Willems,


Cleoraades was droeve ende erre, Hi en waende nimmermeer keren.

Helas

Ah
!

wretched
farai
?

me

Alas

Las

que
!

cum

sui trahitz.

Wretch

what

shall I do, as I

am

betrayed

Ibid. V. 6630.

M.]
a

AislCi

The

side divisions of

a church, hke wings


Fr.
aisle, aile,

M'aviatz gran gang donat Ai lassa ! can pauc m'a durat.

Kaynouard.
has lasted.

on either side of the higher nave. wing, from Lat. axilla, ala.

Ah
nez, the nostrils

You have given me great joy, wretched me how little it


!

By

a like analogy, les ailes

du

les ailes

d'unforet, the skirts of a forest.


is

Cotgr.

Las ! tant en

ai puis soupird,

[There

aisle is that

no doubt that the true etymology of given in the text, but the word, from
as
significance,
alley,

Et doit estre la^se clamee Quant ele aime sans estre amde.

R. R.
xvf^^i^

Alchemy.
als into gold.

The

science of converting base metapxvfua


;

similarity of sound, as well

was

Mid. Gr.

Suidas.

often confounded with both isle

and hence, in modem Latin, insula and ambulatorium have been used for aisle. See the examples in the Glossary of Architecture, s. v. aisle. M.] small flat island in a river, for eyot, from Aiti eye, an island. Ajar. On char, on the turn, half open, from AS.

and

Diez.
eyelids,

Arab, al-ktmid, without native root in that language.


Alcohol.
Arabic, al kohl, the impalpable powder

of antimony, with which the Orientals adorn their

anything reduced to an impalpable powder,

the pure substance of anything separated from the

more

gross,

ceorran, to turn.

To

alcoholise, to

a pure well-refined spirit, spirits of wine. reduce to an impalpable powder, or

Like as ane bull dois rummesing and rare When he eschapis hurt on the altare, And charris by the ax with his neck wyeht Gif one the forehede the dynt hittis not richt. D. V. 46,
I

to rectify volatile spirit.

Bailey.

Alcove. Sp. alcoba, a place in a room railed off to hold a bed of state ; hence a hollow recess in a wall to hold a bed, side-board, &c. ; Arab, al-gobbah,
15.

vault, tent.

Diez.

Ane

schot

Persavit the

The schot Chy verand

wyndo imschet ane litel on char mornyng bla wan and har I closyt and drew inwart in hy

[Cabrera thinks the Spanish alcoba a native word Arabized by the Moors, the root being the Lat. cuhile.

for cald the sessoun

was sa snell. D. V. 202,

name
24.

for silo, or grain-cellar,

Santa Rosa gives cova as the Portuguese which the Arabs call
Strom, Sondmors Beski-ivelse,
I. c. x.,

Swiss achar, ajar.

mazmorra.
says:

Stalder.

Du. aen karre, akerre.

ALDER. ALIGHT.
Til den ene Siden af Eog-Stuen, og under eet Tag med den, bygges altid en saa kaldet Kofve eller Senge-Kammer.

35
is

Here
is

hofve

is

used for hed-chamher, and this word

by no means likely to have been taken fx-om the Arabic. See Cove. The word was used in Anglo-Saxon also at a period when it could not have been borrowed from the Arabs, for in Archbp. Alfric's Vocabulary, Nat.
Ant.
bur."

upon a tree on a branch, offers itself steadily to our view, like an object suddenly displayed by a ray of light falling upon it. Hence to alight, AS. alihtan, to light on anything,
Conversely, a bird
it

said to light

when

stops its flight, and, setthng

especially on the ground,

and consequently

to de-

scend from a carriage, from on horseback.


lar

A simiby
say-

metaphor obtains
it

in

New

Holland, where the

M.]
Du.

I.

p.

25,

we

find "cubiculum, bed-cofa, vel

natives express seeing or finding an object

ing
air; Prov. E.
aller,

makes a

light.

Alder.
erle ;

AS.
els;

owler ; G. elkr,
Lat.

Sw. al ; Pol.

olsza, olszyna ;

" Well me and Hougong go look out for duck, aye, aye. Bel make a Ught duck." Which rendered into EngUsh

alnus.

would

be,

"We

don't see

any duck"

[don't light

on any.]

Aldennan.

AS.

ecdd, old; ealdor,

parent, hence a chief, a ruler.

an Hundredes
;

elder, a

Mrs. Meredith.

ealdor,

[The cases

in

ruler of a hundred, a centurion

ealdor-Mscop, an
prsefectus,

alight, occurs are few,

which the Saxon verb alihtan, to and we must look to the cogits

archbishop
princeps.

ealdor-man,

a magistrate,
;

nate languages for illustrations of

etymology.

In

all

the Gothic dialects, the

noun

light,

lumen, and

Ale.
alus,

AS.

eale,

eala, ealu, aloth

Icel. ill; Lith.


;

the adjective light, levis,

have a certain resemblance,


in

from an equivalent of Gael. 61, to drink Bohem. piwo, beer, from pitt, to drink.
Alert.
Lat. erigere, erectus,
It.

as

and

in

some of

their derivatives they coincide ex-

actly, though, in

most cases, plainly distinguished

ergere, to raise
;

up

erta,
;

the steep ascent of a

hill

erto, straight,

erect

star erto, to stand

up

star

Verta, aUerta, to

be upon one's guard,


inence.

literally, to

stand upon an embrisk, lively,

Hence

alert,

on one's guard,

nimble.
In
this place the prince finding his rutters [routiers] alert

vowel or consonantal elements of the radical. The resemblance between the Saxon verbs alihtan, to illuminate, and alihtan, to alight, appears to be accidental, and the words nearest corresponding to them in the Teutonic and Scandinavian languages are evidently derived from different roots. The most obvious explanation of alight would be
either the that

with the advice of his valiant brother, Sir Roger he sent his trumpets to the Duke of Parma.
(as the Italians say),

by descending from a carriage or a horse we

lighten the vehicle or the animal just as

we

lighten
is

Williams, a" 1618, in Rich.

a vessel by discharging the cargo.

Again, there

To Alegge.
Alembic.

Lembic.
From
the

See Allay.

still.

It.
; it

lamUcco,
does not

a connection between the notion of thus lightening that upon which a weight rests, and lifting the
itself, and hence the German den Anker and the Danish at lette Anheren, to lighten, for to lift, the anchor. In these cases, no one doubts that the verbs are respectively from the adjectives leicht and let, both of which signify levis, and have no relation to the root light, lumen. The verb alight, as an intransitive, has no precise etymological correlative in the Gothic dialects, but the Danes

lembicco, Sp. alamhique, Arab, al-anhiq

weight

appear, however, that the word admits of radical

explanation in the latter language.

Diez.

lichten,

N. E. gates, ways Icel. gata, a path, Sw. gata, way, street. All ways, at
Algates.
;

all

events, in one
Algates

way

or another.

by

sleight or

by violence
all

Fro' year to year I win

my

dispence.
Friar's Tale.

say,

Always

used in the N. of England in the sense of however, nevertheless. Brocket. Swor


itself is

lifted

jeg loftede hende af Sadelen, I lettede hende af Sadelen, I lighted her from the saddle. In this latindifferently,

her from the saddle, and jeg

gates, in

such a manner.

Algebra.

The

science of calculation
is also

by symbols.

from our English alight from the saddle, only in the substitution of a transiter case, the phrase differs

Sp. algebra, which

used in the sense of setting

dislocated or broken limbs, said to be from Arab, algabr, the putting together of broken things, though

ive) verb,

the connexion in sense

To

Alight.

Light.

is

not very clear.

Diez.
is

an intransitive (perhaps originally reflectand in changing the grammatical subject So with respect to the Dutch of the proposition. " iemand uit den zadel ligten," to lift one out of the
tive for

To

light on

a thing

to

saddle, to help one dismount,

it

can hardly be doubted


is

come upon it suddenly, like a ray of light striking upon some reflecting object, and making it conspicuous amid the surrounding shadow.
I hope by this time the Lord may have blessed you to have light upon some of their ships. Carlyle's Cromwell,

that ligten, though used transitively,

cognate with

the English to alight, and there

is

no question that

ligten is from the adjective ligt, levis, rather than from the noun licht, lumen, or its corresponding adLigten is used in many other phrases where jective.
its

2, 384.

origin

is

equally unequivocal, as, " een schip lig-

86

ALL.

ALLEDGE.
Thomalin why sitten we soe As weren overwent with woe Upon so faire a morrowe, The joyous time now nigheth

ten" to lighten or discharge a ship, " iemand de beurs Kgten," to lighten one's purse, " den hoed lig-

ten" to raise the hat, " de hand ligten" to raise the


hand.

fast

That
the bird alights or lights upon a tree, "
it

shall alegge this bitter blast,

When
stops
tion

And

slake the winter sorrowe.

its flight."

The

connection between this nois

Shepherd's Calendar.

and

either literal sense of light

not very ob-

vious, but
landic, in

we find an analogous expression in Icewhich the verb at letta, from lettr, levis, is
Thus
in Njala, ed. 1772, p. 61

In the same way the Swed. has wiidret logger sig warken Idgger sig, the wind is laid ; the pain abates.

So

in Virgil, venti posuere, the


If

wind was

laid.

employed.

Ok lettu

eigi ferS sinni fyrr

enn

|)eir

komu i

Flidtshh'3

by your art, my dearest father, you have Put the wild waters in this roar, alay them.
Tempest.

and did not lighten (cease or intermit) their travel This use of the word till tliey came to Fliotshlid.
is

So

to allay thirst, grief,

&c.

very common in Icelandic.

The

other form, confounded with alegge from alec-

The

phrase, to light upon a thing,

may

be to

gan

in the

modern

allay, is the old allegge,

from Fr.

come suddenly upon it, as the bird does to the branch on which it lights when it ceases its flight, but it must be admitted that the analogy is not very clear. M.]

aUeger,

It. alleggiare,

Lat. alleviare, to lighten, miti-

gate, tranquillise, thus

coming round

so exactly to

the sense of alay, from alecgan, that

it is

impossible

sometimes
Lat.
leu
;

to

say to which of the two origins the


referred.

All.

Goth. aUs

Icel. allr
I,

AS.

eaU.

Notwith-

word should be

standing the double


suspect that
ei,
it is

I have long been inclined to


ee, e,

levis, light,

easy, gentle,

becomes
;

in Prov.

a derivative from the root a,

whence

leviar, leujar, to

assuage

alleviar, al-

aye, ever.

Certainly the significations of ever

leujar,

O. Fr. alleger, to lighten, to assuage, precise-

one implying continuance in time, the other continuance throughout an

and

all are closely related, the

same way that from brevis, abbreviare, are formed Prov. breu, abreujar, Fr. abbreger, OE.
ly in the

extended
ject.

series, or the parts of

The

sense of the original


to

a multifarious obcb, however, is not


is

abregge, to abridge.

Que m'dones joi


Qu'elle

e m'leujes

ma dolor.
ma
douleur.

always confined

continuance in time, as
Ihre.
"

dis-

me

donnSlt joie et m'allegeat

Urar hornet war swa The aurox horn was as fagurt som gull saei." fair as if it were all gold. So ce-lius, all-bright AS. celc, each, <B-tid, modern Sw. all-tid, all time.
tinctly pointed out

by

Rayn.

Per Dieu cdeujatz m'aquest fays For God's sake lighten me tliis burden.
!

So

in Italian,

is

probably

ce-lic,

ever-like,
all

implying the application


series.

of a predicate to

the

members of a

In

Fate limosina et dir messi accio che s'cUkggino inostri martiri. that our torments

every, formerly evereche, everilk, for cefre-telc, there


is

may be

assuaged, or allayed.

a repetition of the element signifying continuance. But every and all express fundamentally the same Every one indicates all the individuals of a idea. every man and all men are the same thing. series The Gr. 6^, whole, appears to spring from a totally
;

She (Old Age) wepeth the time that she hath wasted

And

of her olde vanitie.

That but afome her she may see In the future some small socoiu'e,

To

leggin

her of her dolour.

R. R.
R. R.

different conception.

Alkalit

Arab,

al-qali, the salt

of ashes.

Diez.
all

In modern chemistry generalised to express


salts that neutralise acids.

those

It would have brought my life again, For certes evenly I dare well saine The sight only and the savour

Aleggid

much

of

my

languor.

To Allay, formerly written aUegge, as to say was formerly to segge. Two distinct words are confounded in the modern aUay, the
first

In the

original,
voir sans plus, et I'oudeur

of which
I,

Le

Si m'cd^geoient

ma douleur.
Fr. Alleguer, to alleadge, to pro-

should properly be written with a single

from

AS.

alecgan, to lay down, to put down, suppress,

To AUedge.
of.

tranquillise.

Speaking of

Wm.

Rufus, the Sax.

duce reasons, evidence, or authority for the proof

Chron. says,
Eallan folce behet eallan tha imrihte to aleggenne, the on
his brothor

Cotg.

Lat. legare, to intrust or assign unto

allegare, to

timan wasran

translated in R. of Gloucester,

depute or commission one, to send a message, to so" Petit a me Rabonius et amicos licit by message.
allegat."
this,

He

behet God and that

Rabonius asks of

folc

an beheste that was

me and
it

sends friends
to signify,

To alegge all luther lawes that yholde were before And better make than were suththe he was ybore.

(to

support his petition).

Hence

came

to

adduce reasons or witnesses in support of an ar-

ALLEGIANCE. ALLOW.
gument.
the

37
;

From

the language of lawyers probably


into general use in

icet

recta

hnea h primo occupante

odals-madr,

word came

England and

dominus
dorsen.

allodialis, stride

primus occupans.

Hal-

France.
Justinus which that hated his foUe

Dan. Sw.
lers,

odel,

a patrimonial estate.
still

The landed
called udalIcel. odal

Answered anon

right in his japerie.

^proprietors of the Shetland Isles are

And for he wold liis longe tale abrege He wolde non auctoritie allege. Merchant's
Thei woll a
leggen also

according to Sir Walter Scott.

The

Tale.
it,

Nolite judicare

and by the godspell preoven quenquam. P. P.

from Lat. aUegare, spelt and same manner as allegge (the modern allay), from AS. alecgan, and there is so little difference in meaning between laying down, and bringing forward reasons, that the Latin and Saxon dei'ivatives were sometimes confounded.
find alledge,
in the

Here we

abandoned goods, at leggia fyrer odal, to abandon a thing, to leave it to be taken by the first occupier. If Mid. Lat. alodis, alodum is identical with the Icel. word, it exhibits
is

also used in the sense of

pronounced

a singular transposition of syllables. Ihre would account for allodium from the compound " alldha
odhol," mentioned in the Gothic laws,

an

ancient

inheritance, from alldr, aetas, antiquitas, and odal,


inheritance, as allda-vinr, an ancient friend, alderhcefd,

a possession of long standing.

And
Pull

See Ihre

in v.

eke

this noble

duke

aleyde

another skill, and seide Gower in Rich. She had well deserved wrecke.

many

Od.
[Ihre supposes the root of odel to be od, aud, or
6d, primarily

meaning
is

possession,

and

this is con-

Here

aleyde

is

plainly to be understood in the sense

firmed by the legal signification of the word, which,


in
strictness,

of the Lat. allegare.

a prescriptive
in

title

acquired by

Allegiance.

See Liege.

thirty years' continuous possession.

It

was

also the

To
ter, to

Alleviate.
go.

See Allay.

highest

title

known

Scandinavian jurisprudence,

Alley.

Fr. alUe, a walk, path, passage, from al-

Alligator.

The American
;

crocodile,

from the

Sp. lagarto, a lizard

Lat. lacerta.

In Hawkins'

gartoes.

voyage he speaks of these under the name of alaLagarto das Indias, the cayman or South
alligator.

and the domain of the crown was said to be held by it. Examples of its use in this latter sense will be found in Harallds Saga ens Harfagra, c. vi., in the Heimskringla, and in the Saga Olafa Tiyggvasonar, c. 13, 97. M.] To Allow. Two words seem here confounded

American

1.

from Lat. laudare,

to praise,

and

2.

from

locare,

Allodial.

Allodium, in Mid. Lat., was an estate

to place, to let.

Blackstone.
puted, and

held in absolute possession without a feudal superior.

From

the Lat. laus, laudis,

was formed Prov.

The

derivation has been

much
it

dis-

laus, lau, praise, approval, advice.

Hence

lauzar,

little

light has

been thrown upon

by
ap-

alauzar, O. Fr. loer, louer, alouer, to praise, to ap-

the various guesses of antiquarians.

The word

prove, to recommend.
"

In like manner the Lat. lau-

pears as early as the ninth century under the forms


alodis, alodus, alodium,

do was used for approbation and advice.

alaudum, and in Fr.

aleu,

Laudo

igitur ut

ab eo suam filiam primogenitam

aleu franc, franc-aloud, franc-aloi, franc-aleuf. Tiie

petatis duci nostro

conjugem,"
"

I recommend.

"

general sense
possession.
riae,

is

that of

an

estate held in absolute

vos illuc tendere penitus dislaudamus,"

hoc

est,

gavensi."

" Meaj prajdium possessionis hereditaalodum nostrum qui est in pago Andi" Alaudum. Charta an. 839, in Due.

suade you.

Ducange.
li

we

Et
il

dis-

Et

leur

demanda que
il

looient a faire, et

loerent tons
li

que

descendist."

"

Et

il li

dirent que je

avois loe bon conseil."

meum
in die

sive hjeredltatem

quam

dedit mihi pater

mens

Joinville in

Raynouard.

In the same

way

in

nuptiarum mearum." " Paternas ha^reditati, quam nostrates alodium vel patrimonium vocant, " Haec It is often opposed to a fief. sese contulit." quae de allodiis sive praediis in autem fuerunt ea

English
This
Pirst

feudum commutavit Adela."

an es" Habemus vineje agripennum tate free of duties. unum allodialiter immunem, hoc est ab omni census " Reddit ea terra et vicai'iae redhibitione liberum." 2 den. census cum ante semper alodium fuisset."
It
is

tjiken for

And And

the sum of what I would have ye weigh, whether ye allow my wlaole devise, think it good for me, for them, for you, if ye Uke it and allow it well Perrex and Porrex in Richardson.
is

Especially laus was applied to the approbation given by a feudal lord to the alienation of a fee depending upon him, and to the fine he received for

A. D. 1078.
It

permission
Icel. odal,

to

alienate.

"

Hoc donum

can hardly be wholly distinct from


is

Adam
came

Maringotus, de cujus feodo erat."


signifying consent to

Due.

laudaint

which
tarium

used in

much
;

the same sense, allodium,


odals-jord, praedium herediscil-

From
to

a grant, the word


itself.

praidium hereditarium
;

be applied to the grant


iis

odal-borinn, natus ad heredium avitum,

concessit

et laudavit

terras et feuda

" Comes eorum ad

38

ALLOY. ALOFT.
fidelitatem et servitlum."

suam

" Facta est hasc

laus sive concessio in claustro S. Marii."

Due.

Here we come very near


of

the application of allow-

ance to express an assignment of a certain amount

it be of the same colour that the fyre is. Thenne take him out, and lete hym kele and ye shall fynde him well alayd for to fyle. Thenne rayse the berde wyth your knyfe, and make the poynt sharpe. Thenne alaye hym agayn. JuUana Berners, h. III. (1).

fyre tyll that

money
"

or goods to a particular person or for a

special purpose.

And

his

allowance was a continual allowa7ice


all his

Capgrave has alay in an uncommon sense, derived no doubt from the debasement and supposed corruption of coin

given by the king, a daily rate for every day


life."

2 Kings.
this sense,
;

by the admixture of
into a

inferior metal

Thei
to

to

went

In

however,

allow

is

from the Lat.


Prov. alo-

sine spered the dore,

chamber al be her one, and the Saraand than took oute a knyf alayed with
twies.

locare, to place, allocare, to appoint to a certain place

or purpose

It.

allogare, to place, to fix

venym, and smet the Prince M.]

Chronicle,

p. 162.

gar, Fr. louer, allouer, to assign, to put out to hire.

To
lure.

Allnre.
Ally.

To tempt by

the offer of a bait or

" Le
rantes

seigneiu- peut saisir


siir

pour sa rente

les bestes pastu-

vassal, ains a

son fonds encore qu'elles n'apparticnnent a son ceux qui ont allonges les distes bestes. Cou-

To

Fr. allier ; Lat. ligare, to

tie

alligare,

to tie to, to unite.

tnme de Normandie

in

Raynouard.

To

allow in rekeninge

allocacio.

Pr.

Pm. Wallon. alouwer, depenser.

alloco.

Almanac.
explanation
is

Apparently from the Arabic, but no


given us from that language.

Allowance

Almond.
Fr. amande,
lou, amello.

Gr.

anvydaki]
;

Lat. amygdala, Wallach.

Grandg. Again, as the senses of Lat. laudare and allocare coalesced in Fr. allouer and E. aUow, the confusion seems to have been carried back into the contemporary Latin, where allocare is used in the sense of approve or admit; essonium allocabile, an admissible excuse.

migddle, mandule
It.

Sp. almendra, Prov. amandola,

mandola, mandorla, Langued. amenGr.

Alms.
poor.

Almenry. Aumry.

eTieefioawv,

properly compassionateness, then relief given to the


This, being an ecclesiastical
expression, passed

[The overruling of a
by
in law-Latin

position or objection taken


is

direct into the Teutonic languages

under the form

counsel, or the denying of a motion,

expressed
it

of G. almosen,
almose, Sc.

AS.

celmesse,

celmes,

OE.

almesse,

allowed.

by the phrase non M.]

allocatur,

is

not

Alloy.

The

proportion of base metal

mixed with
the law
is

gold or silver in coinage.

From
aloi.

Lat.

lex,

or rule by which the composition of the


governed.
It. lega,

money

Unusquisque denarius cudatur et fiat ad legem undecim denarioDucange. In the mining language of rum." Spain the term is applied to the proportion of silFr. hi,

"

awmous, alms ; and into the Romance under the form of Prov. almosna, Fr. aumosne, aumone. Hence the Fr. aumonier, E. almoner, awmnere, an officer whose duty it is to dispense alms, and almonry, aumry, the place where the alms are given, from the last of which again it seems that the old form awmbrere, an almoner, must have been
derived.

Pr. Pm.

When aumry

is

used with

ref-

erence to the distribution of alms, doubtless two


distinct

" The extraction for week was 750 cargos of clean ore, average from nine to ten marks per monton, with an

ver found in the ore.

the
ley

words are confounded, almonry and ammary


This latter word in English was spe-

or ambry, from Fr. armoire, Lat. armaria, almaria,

creased proportion of gold."

Times, Jan.
to

in-

a cupboard.

2,

57.

cially applied to

From
metal

signifying the proportion of base metal in

the coin, the term aUoy


itself.

was applied

the base

in v. Ambre, Ammery, Halliwell. Aumry. Ambry, a pantry. Then as an aumry or receptacle for broken victuals would

broken

victuals.

Bailey,

a cupboard for keeping cold and

[Warkworth,
loy,

in his Chronicle, uses delay for al:

occupy an important place in the


daily dole of charity

the prefix de having here a privative force

Kynge Eduarde chaunged the coyne of Englonde, by whiche he hade grete getynge for he made of ane olde noble a ryall, the which was commaundyde to goo for x. s nevere the latter the same ryoUe was put vlii d. of aley, and so weyed viii d. more by delaynge ; and smote hym Warkworth, Chronicle, p. 4. in to a newe prynte.
; ;

seems to have led to were a contraction of almonry, from which, as far as sound is concerned, it might very well have arisen. And vice versa, almonry was sometimes used in the sense of armarium, almarium, a cupif it

office where the was dispensed, the association the use of aumry or ambry, as

This suggests the etymology of the French delayer,


to dilute.

Juliana Berners employs alloy for anneal or tem-

per

Almonarium, cdmorietum, ahneriola, a cupset up broken victuals to be distribBailey. See Ambry. uted as alms to the poor. [The root here discussed is evidently the source of aumere or awmere, a purse, used by Chaucer and
board.

board or safe to

Te

shall

put the quarell (needle) in a redde charkcole

other early writers, as the purse contained the small

ALOFT. AMATE.
coin usually given to beggars.
terb. V.

39
to be sounded madness keeps aloof, we would bring him on to some confession

Kosegarten,

Wor-

Ambare, Anbare, says this word is used in Livonia in the sense of " speicher, vorrathshaus,

Nor do we But with a

find

him forward

crafty

When
Of
AlpinCi mountains
Europe.
tain.

his true state.

r-

Hamlet.

etc.,"

and remarks

Russian source.
Alofti

M.]
up

that

Hupel

refers the

word

to a

On
the

loft,

in the air.

G.

lufi, Isl. lopt,

OE.

lift,

air,

the sky.

Of the nature of things found in lofty from the Alps, the highest mountains in Gael. Alp, a height, an eminence, a moun;

must distinguish along, AS. andlang, G. entlang, entlangs, langs, Sw. cendalangs, It. limgo, Fr. le long de, through the length of, from along, in the sense of causation, when some consequence is

Alon^.

We

Altar.

The

fire-place

on which

sacrifices

were

made

to the gods.

Lat. altare, which Ihre would

explain from Icel.


or perhaps

eldr, fire,
cer?i,

and

ar, or
;

am, a hearth

said to be along of or long of a certain agent or efficient principle.

AS. em,

a place

as Lat. lueerna,

latema, a lantern, from luc-ern, leoht-ern, the place


coU
it

All

tills

is

long

of you.

Mid. N. Dream.
making,
Tale.

of a light.

To
it

Alter.

To make something
alter,

other than what

Some Some

said said

was it was

long on the fire

is

Lat. alterare, from

the other.

So G.

long on the blowing.

Canon Yeoman's

dndern, to change, from ander, the other; and the


Lat. muto finds an origin of like nature mu, another, whence muduma, muudma,
in Esthon.

In the former sense long


agreeing with the object
osition along, as in

is

originally

an adjective

to change.

now governed by the prepAS. and langue dceg, through the


In the
to,

Always.
way,
for the
;

AS.

eallne wceg, ealle wcega, the

whole
jeden

way, altogether, throughout.

The

Servians use put,


;

long day, through the length of the day.


latter, it is

number

of times a thing happens

the OS. and


of,

AS.

gelang,
to

owing

in

put, once

dva put, twice, &c.

consequence
"
sin,

from gelingen,

happen, to succeed.
It

[In like manner, the Danes say eengang, one


going, for one time, tre gange, three times. So in Swedish, N. T. Matth. xxvi. 75, " tre resor skalt du

Mir gelang
that I

ubilo an diu daz ih

nals din scale."

Notker.
men bedon

min frio wolta happened evil to

me

evil to

would be my own lord, not thy servant, me was along of this, that, fcc.
that
scoldi

Quad

Up

to

them alomahtigon Gode


is

Thar

thiu helpa gelang


gelimlco.

Manno
It is with

HeUand,
that
is

33, 44.

Almighty God
is

the happening of

help
that,
life is

to

every man. It

along of Almighty
is

Stc.

AS.

"

aet

the
it

ure lyf gelang,"

our
along
that
that

God

neka mig," three journeys, for thrice, shalt thou deny me, and in Luke xviii. 12, "jag fastar tva Kilian resor i veckone," I fast twice a week. ascribes to reyse, a journey, the sense of " mael, vice, vicem," and gives as exemplifications, " Een, twee, M.] dry, reysen, semel, bis, ter." Amalgam. A pasty mixture of mercury and another metal, from Gr. fialayim, an emollient, probably a poultice, and that from fialaaau, to soften.

Diez.

along of thee,

springs from thee, " Hii sohton on

it is

Amanuensis.

Lat. from the habit of the scribe

of thee that

gelang waere,"
was,

that that

they inquired along whose was, from whom was. Lye.


fault
it

we

live.

hwom of whom
it

or secretary signing the documents he wrote, as


see in St. Paul's Epistle.

we
was

happened

the hand of so and

so.

manu Hence a manu


"

,"

from

servus

a slave employed as secretary.

After all, the expression long of or along of may be simply the equivalent of Fr. selon, which is derived, not, as Diez suggests, from confusion with Lat. secundum, but from long and the particle si, se, ce,
so,

To Amate.
Upon

To

confound, stupefy, quell.

the walls the Pagans old and


stiU,

young

Stood hushed and

amated and amazed. Fairfax in Boucher.

here, this.

O. Fr. amater, mater, mattir, to abate, mortify,


fesoient

Trop

miex

cortoisie

A toute gent lone ce que erent.


Fab. et Contes,
1.

make
It.

fade,

from mat, G. matt,

dull, spiritless, faint.

matto, mad, foolish;

Sp. matar, to quench, to

160.

slay.

They did better curtesy to each along of what they had, according to what they had.
Alooft
to

To

loof or

luff"

in nautical language

is is

But when I came out of swooning And had my wit and my feehng, I was all mate and wende full wele

turn the vessel up into the wind.

Aloof, then,
to the

Of

blode to have lost a

full

grete dele.
Tl.

to the

windward of

one, and as a vessel

wind-

R. 1737.

ward has it in her choice either to sail away or to bear down upon the leeward vessel, aloof has come
to signify out of danger, in safety from, out of reach of.

In the original Je fus moult vain. Derived by Diez from the expression
at chess,

checTc-mate,

but the word mate has too wide a class of

40
relationships to be explained

AMAY. AMBER.
from so restricted a
foolish
;

ambagt, a handicraft
Icel

ambagts-mann, an artisan.

source.

Gr.

fiarnv,

in vain,
;

ftaTcuog,

Lat. fat-

um,

insipid, foolish

fatisco, to

grow

faint or

weary

It. ambasciare (per^ haps originally to oppress with work), to trouble, to

ambatt, a female slave.

fatigo, to weary, baffle, or confute.

To Amay. Amaze.
;

grieve
to discourage,
;

amhascia, anguish, distress,

shortness of

It.

smagare,

breath.

dispirit

Sp. desmayer, to discourage, despond


faint
;

des-

Amber,
alambre.

it.

ambra, Fr. amhre,

MHG.

amber,

mayar

se, to

O. Port, amago, fright

Prov.

dmer ; Arabic, anbar ; Sp. Port, ambar, alambar,


Diez. It is singular that a substance coming from so small a number of places should have had so many different names. Lat. succinum,

esmagar, esmaiar, to trouble, to frighten, to grieve

Esmay, Hence E. amay, dismay, simply may.


take thought.
Cotgr.

Fr. s'esmaier, to be sad, pensive, astonied, careful, to


thought, care, cark.

or

Gr.

TfksKTpov

OG. glees,
its

according to Tacitus
;

bemstein, from

inflammable nature

Germ. Bohem. cis;

Beryn was

at coimsell, his hert

was

full

woo,

And his menye


So

(attendants) scry, distrakt,

and

all

amayide.

tec.

Chaucer, Beryn, 2645.


for

[We learn from Kohl,Inseln u. Marschen Schlesw.


Holsteins,
dialects
glees.

He

ought that Beryn coud ethir speke er pray myght in no wyse pass, full sore he gan to may.
Ibid. 1685.

IH. 247, that in one of the North-Frisic amber is still called by its ancient name, In Anglo-Saxon, it was called glcer, sap,
Icel. riif,

The Prov. esmagar


cab. de Berri
;

is
;

united with E. amaze,


"s'emeger, s'etonner "

provincial Fr. emeger

Vo-

by

the

the soft

g and z

readily interchangIt.

ing, as in It. prigione,

E. prison;

cugino, E.

cousin, &c.

The Romance forms


strong, with the

are, according to Diez, de-

The Scandinaseems to stand quite alone, and has become obsolete even in Sweden, where bernsten is used instead. In OG. agstein, from a confusion with gagat, jet, and with agat, agate, was sometimes used for amber. See Grimm, Worterb. v. Agstein.
smilting, Nat. Ant. I. 34, 38, 288.

vian word, Dan. rav,

rived from the Goth, magan, to have power, to be

There

is

no doubt that the European amber

is

negative particle dis.

Compare

derived from the Arabic dnbar, though this latter

Dan. afmagt, a swoon. See Dismay.

Ambassador.
or ministry
;

Goth. Andhahts, a servant, and;

hahti, service, ministry

OHG.

amhaht, a minister
;

word always means ambergris, as amber also generally does in the European literature of the Middle Ages. The common Persian name for amber is karuba, or harba, from hah, straw, and rubudan, to
carry
off,

ampahtan,

to minister

Mod. G. ampt,

referring of course to

its

property of at-

employment, office. In Middle Lat. amhascia, ambaxia, or ambactia, was used for business, and particularly applied to
the business of another person, or message commit-

This name the Orientals introduced into Spain, and carabe is found in many old Spanish authors, as well as in French and
tracting light substances.

and hence the modern sense of embassy, It. ambaseiata, as the message sent by a ruling power to the government of another state ambassador, the person who carries such a message. " Quicunque asinum alienum extra domini voluntatem praesumpserit, aut per unum diem aut per
ted to another,

duos in ambascia sua,"

Lex. Burgund. in Ducange.

Sal. In another bascia fuerit edition, " Si in jussione Regis fuerit occupatus." Ambasciari, to convey a message. " Et ambasci-

occupatus." Lex

in his

own business. " Si in dominica am-

some more Northern writers. The oldest example of the use of amber by a European writer appears to be that cited by Sophocles, Byzantine Glossary, from Constantinus Porphyrogenitus. Ducange, under ambar, ambra, and amhrum, cites several examples, in some of which the word has evidently the modem meaning; in others, e. g. from Johan. de Janua, and from the
Hist. Transl. S. Sebastiani,

as

evidently that of

ambergris.

Jacques de Vitry, A.D. 1240, cited by Laborde, Notice des Emaux, Glossaire, uses amber
the

ari ex illorum parte quod mihi jussum fuerat."

Hincmar. in Due. The word ambactus is said by Festus to be Gallic " ambacttis apud Ennium lingua Gallica servus ap; peUatur " and Caesar, speaking of the equites in Gaul, says, " circum se ambactos, clientesque habent."

modern sense, as does also Joinville, but A.D. 1298, also quoted by Laborde, The same author gives in the sense of ambergris. an extract from the Comptes royaux of 1391, in which express mention is made of ambre griz, and this is the earliest example I have met of that
in

Marco

Polo,

form.

In Harpestraeng's Laigebog, of the

thir-

Hence Grimm

explains the

word from

bak,

as Jaegers, supporters, persons standing at one's back, as henchman, a person standing at one's haunch or
side.

teenth century, p. 51, the animal origin which is ascribed to amber, and the description of its sensible
is

and medicinal

properties,

show

that ambergris

meant, and the same observation applies to the

The

notion of manual labour

is

preserved in Du.

passage in the 14th chapter of El Conde Lucanor,

AMBER. AMERCEMENT.
mentioned as one of the odoriferartificial clay which was prepared for Queen Romaguia to tread. Like examples might be cited by scores, and in fact, so exclusively
is

41
spermaceti, referring

where alambre

ambergris, amber, and


all to

ous ingredients in the

their true origins,

them and specifying the medi-

cinal

and other uses of each of them.

is

the signification of ambergris ascribed to

ambar

Although, then, spermaceti has been used as a medicine, the sperma ceti of the old materia medica
is

in Portuguese, that in the great Dictionary of the

generally ambergris, and Shakespeare's parmaci-

Portuguese Academy, published in 1793, no other meaning is given to that word, though alambre is
defined

ty or parmacetie, 1

Henry IV.

i.

3,

must probably be

understood as referring to this latter substance.

The word
for

by the common English meaning of amber. is used in German and in Danish only ambergris, bernstein and rav being employed in

those languages respectively as the

name

of amber.
wolilrie-

John Hawkins, Voyage, (Hak. Soc.) 73 " The fynnes are also esteemed for many and sundry uses as is his spawne for divers purposes this we corruptly
in spite of the authority of Sir

But

who

says,

Grimm

defines

amber or ambra, " ein

call parmacittie,

of the

Latine spermaceti,"

it is

chendes harz das einige mit unrecht


pix," a strange oversight,

dem

bernstein

vergleichen," Molbech, " et slags veUugtende har-

when

it

is

so universally

known
resin.

that ambergris

is

an animal product, not a

in

The two name in

substances were constantly confounded


the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries,

commentators are right in summarily disposing of this word as a corruption of spermaceti, for the dropping of the s before another consonant is very uncommon in the Anglicizing of foreign words, and besides, Shakespeare's learned contemporary, Minshew, in his Guide into the Tongues, 1617, defines ^armacefie, confectio optima
stiU not certain that the

though sometimes distinguished by descriptive epithets.

civitate

Thus

in the

German Regimen Even

Sanitatis,
is

usitata.

M.]

Parmce

ita dicta, aut

k ducibus Parmce

1484, in the chapter on the plague, ambergris

called

Ambry, Aumbry, Aumber.


ner
;

sideboard or

ambra

citro (ceti),

whale-amber.

as late as the

cupboard-top on which plate was displayed


in

Skin-

seventeenth century, travellers very often used amber


for ambergris,

whose time the word was becoming obso-

Purchas,
passages.

II.

examples of which may be found in 772, 836, 1546, and in many other
not be-

lete.

Amber and ambergris were confounded,

cause of any resemblance in sensible qualities, but

Fr. armoire, a cupboard. Sp. armario, almario, G. aimer, a cupboard. Mid. Lat. armaria, almaria, a chest or cupboard, especially for keeping books, whence armarius, the monk in charge of the books

because both were supposed to be a bitumen rising

of a monastery.
"

from the bottom of the sea, and more or less hardened by air and sun, and this imaginary community of origin led to

saurum
libris

Purpuram optimam de almaria tollens " " theet almarium cum ejus pertinentiis, videlicet

name

the ascription of the same See Gorop. Becanus, Gotodanica, Sir T. Browne, Vulgar Errors, c. xxvi. 686, 687 When the animal origin of ambergris was generto both.
;

ally recognized,

a new confusion arose, and the

name sperma

ceti was now applied both to ambergris and to the oleaginous or sebaceous secretion taken from the head of the spermaceti whale. Kosegarten quotes this passage from Der Garde der Suntheit, cap. 40
:

Due. " Bibliotheca, sive armaecclesia;." Gloss. ^Ifr. rium vel archivum, bochord." The word was very variously written in English. " Almoriolum Pictorial Vocab. in an almery," National Antiquities. And as the term was often applied to a cupboard used for keeping broken meat, of which alms would mainly consist, it seems to have contracted a fallacious reference to the word

aJm^, and thus to

the ofiice

become confounded with almonry, where alms were distributed.

Unde darmede werpet


ambra, dat
dat lant.
is

dat meer ok stncke


ceti,) irnde dryfft

fit

walrath,

(sperma

van der den det up

Diez, is a which arms were kept, " armarium, reposiGloss. Lindenbr. torium armorum."
original meaning, according to

The

chest in

The

title

of chap, xviii. book xxi. of Olaus


is

Magceti,

Ambush.
wood, thicket
shelter,
;

From
It.

It.

bosco,

Prov.

bosc,

a bush,

nus, Historia de Gent. Septent.,

De

spermate

imboscarsi, Prov. emboscar, Fr.

quod Ambra
id
est

dicitur et ejus medicinis, and he quotes Platearius as asserting that " ambra sit sperma ceti,

embuscher, to go into a wood, get into a thicket for

then to

lie in wait, set

an ambush.

balenae,"
it

Avicenna as maintaining the old


" manatio fortis in mari," but the

Amenable.
duct.

Easy

to

be led or ruled, from Fr.

opinion, that

is

amener, to bring or lead unto, mener, to lead, to con-

description of the properties of the substance shows

See Demean.

that both Olaus

Magnus and

his authorities

meant

Amercement.
court
:

Amerciament.

A pecuniary

ambergris.
III.,

Kaempfer, Amoenitates Exoticae, Fasc.

penalty imposed upon offenders at the mercy of the


it

minutely describes ambra grisea,and subalbida,

vulgo sperma ceti dictum, but properly distinguishes

certain,

differs from a fine, which is a punishment and determined by some statute. Bailey.

VOL.

I.

42

AMOUNT. AN. AND.


Me
For and
reweth sore I am unto hire teyde. I should rekene every vice "Which that she hath, ywis I were to nice.
Squire's Prologue.

In Law Latin, poni in misericordid was thus to be placed at the mercy of the court; etre mis a merci, or ctre amercie, to be amerced, and misericordia was used for any arbitrary exaction.

Concedimus etiam eisdem abbati et monachis et eorum Buccessoribus quod sint quieti de omnibus misericordiis in
perpetuum.

swete and wel beloved spouse dere. There is a counscil, and ye wol it here.

Which

that right fain I wolde imto

Charter Edw.

I.

in

Due.

you sale. 2nd Nun's Tale.

And I were
Et inde coram eo
diis et

so apt to quarrel as thou art,

placitabuntur, et de omnibus misericorsolidos.

emendationibus debemus habere 11

Due.

buy

the fee simple of

my

life

for

any man should an hour and a half.


or simply

We find an if and and if,

an

for if.

When
court,
it

a party was thus placed at

the

mercy of the

I pray
him make

thee, Launce,

was the business of affeerors appointed for that purpose to fix the amount of the amercement.
See Affeer.

and if thou

seest

my

boy bid

haste.

But and

if that

wicked servant say


dalliest,

in his heart, &c.

Amonnt. From mont, hill, and vol, valley, the French formed amont and aval, upwards and downwards respectively, whence monter, to mount, to rise Hence up, and avaler, to send down, to swallow. amount is the sum total to which a number of charges rise up when added together.
Amnlett worn about
Lat.

Nay, an thou

then I

am

Ben Jonson
In the same sense the O. Swed. cen
if

thy foe. in Richardson.


; cen fee fldger,

the cattle escape

while

om

ten corresponds exof,

actly to our

an

if,

om, formerly
if.
still,

being the exact


cen is also used

representative of E.
in the sense of and,

The Sw.
yet.

amuletum, a ball or anything

Ihre.

the person as a preservative or

charm
on,

against evil.

From Arab, hamala, to carry. To Amuse. To give one something to muse

It is extremely difiicult to guess at the sensible image which lies at the root of the obscure significa-

tions expressed

by the
it

particles

and conjunctions,
;

occupy the thoughts, to entertain, give cheerful Formerly also used as the simple muse, occupation.
to

the most time-worn relics of language

but in the

to contemplate, earnestly fix the thoughts on.

seems that both sense and form might well be taken from the E. even, in the sense of continuous, unbroken, level.
present instance

Here I put my pen into the inkhorn and fell into a strong and deep amusement, revolving in my mind with great perFleetwood in plexity the amazing change of our affairs.

Kichardson.

The poetical contraction of even into e'en shows how such a root might give rise to such forms as Icel. enn, 0. Swed. cen, Dan. end. With respect to meaning, we still use even as a conjunction in cases
closely corresponding to the

See
is

to

Muse.

Swed.

cen,

An.

The

indefinite article, the purport of

which

end.

Thus we have Swed.

cen-nu translated

and Dan. by

simply to indicate individuality.


one,

It is the

same

word with the numeral

AS.

an, and the differ-

ence in pronunciation has arisen from the slighter accent being laid upon the word when used as an
article

Ihre, etiamnum, even now, i. e. without a sensible break between the event in question and now ; eendock, quamvis, even though, or although ; cen, yet,
still,

continuously

"

he

than when as a definite numeral.

So

in

there.

So

in Danish,

om

is still

there,"

dette

he continues end skulde ske,

Breton, the indefinite article has become eun, while

the numeral

Dan. een, one, en, a, an. And. There is no radical distinction beAn. tween an and and ; which are accidental modifica-

is

unan.

tions of spelling ultimately appropriated to special

applications of the particle.

In our older writers

use of an in the sense in which

and vice versa and in First, an for and.

was not unfrequent to make we now employ and, the sense of an or if.
it

happen ; end ikke, ne quidem, end nu, even now. Wlien one proposition is made conditional on another, the two are practically put upon the same level, and thus the conditionality may fairly be expressed by even conAnalysing in this point of tracted into cen or an. view the sentence above quoted.
even
if

that should
;

not even then

Nay, an thou

dalliest,

then I

am

thy

foe,

it must be interpreted, Nay, understand these propositions as equally certain, thou dalliest here, I am

He nomc with hym of Engelond god knygt naony one An myd grete poer and muche folc thuderwarde wende
anon,

thy
to

foe.

It

prove a

fact or no,

depends upon you whether the first is but the second proposition has
to give to

the

same value which you choose

the

So that he sone come bysyde hys fone echon, An bylevede hym there al nygt, and al hys ost also, An thogte anon amorwe strong batayle do. R. G. 319.

former.
It will subsequently

be shown probable that the

conjunction */

is

another relic of the same word.

Secondly,

and

for if or an.

On

the other hand, placing two things side

by

side,

ANCHOR. ANGER.
or on a level with each other,
treated in the

43

may

press that they are to be taken

together, to

be used to exbe
;

ogies hitherto proposed for this


able,

word are very probofier is scarcely

and pei'haps that which I now


so.

same manner, to form a single whole and thus it is that the same word, which implies conditionality when circumstances show the uncertainty of the first clause, may become a copulative

more

The

Icelandic arinn,

fire,

whence the Danish

arne,

arnested, Prov.

Dan.

a-ar, a-arste, a-anste, fire-place,

when

the circumstances of the sentence indicate

such a signification.

Anchor.

Lat. anchora, Gr. ayKvpa.


it is

There can

be no doubt that

which gives rise to oyKog, axKuv, an elbow, recess, corner aymg, a valley Lat. angulus, an a swelling oyKTj, oyKivog, a hook angle, uncus, a hook, crooked, and E. hooh, hang,
; ; ; ; ;

from the root signifying hook, the Gr. ayKvlog, curved, crooked

seems a possible root for the first syllable, and we may suppose iron to be the latter element, however disguised by the old orthogi-aphy, and thus the word would correspond exactly to the Flemish hrand-ijser The form andogs, fire-dogs, given in composition. by Halliwell under andiron, gives some support to
this suggestion.

It is

an interesting

illustration of the influence of

trade in introducing foreign terms, that andiron occurs in the commercial regulations of Catalonia.

angle, a fish-hook, &c.

In

Unco

alliget anchora

morsu.

Virg.

the Catalonian Tariff of 1491, printed in the Capi-

Anchoret. A hermit. Gr. avaxupvrv^, one who has retired from the world from avaxupeu, to re;

tire.

Anchovy.

Fr. anchois,
;

It.

ancioe, Gr. a^?, Lat.


arise. It. {apj-

Drets de Cathalunya, 1635, folio 14, we under the head of Obra feta de ferro o de acer, among many other words strange to the Peninsular (pickaxes), ganiuets de tallar dialects, picasses (knives), loces (locks), streps (stirrups), and endetols dels

find,

apua, aphya (apya)

whence might

rins,

nga) acciuga, Pied.


Diez.

Sicil.

anciova, Genoes. anciua.

the

cavalls de foe, all of which are explained by commerce between England and the port of Barcelona. Though not exactly in place, it may

Ancient.
fore,

Lat. ante, Prov. antes,

It.

anzi,

be-

not be amiss here to observe that the etymology of


stirrup from stige-rap, a stying or
clinihing-rope,
first, and by the Low styeroppen, stirrups, which occurs in the Pilgerfahrt des Ritters Arnold von Hai-fF, An. 1496 bis 1499, first printed at Coin, 1860, p. 118, and in which the adverb oppe, uppe, or up, is evi-

whence anziano, Fr. ancien,

ancient, belong-

ing to former times.

given by Alfric,

is

confirmed as to the

Ancle.

AS.

ancleow,

G.

enkel.

Probably a
the same root

parallel formation with Gr. ayKvlr], a loop, the knee,

made doubtful German form

as to the second, element

or bending of the leg; and from


ayKuv, the elbow, or

bending of the arm ; It. anca, the haunch, or bending of the hip OHG. ancha,
;

Bav. anke (genick), the bending of the neck. And. See An.

dently the last

member

of the word.
is

Stirrup, or

one of
fire.

its

Continental cognates,

much more

prob-

Andiron.

Originally the iron bars which sup-

ably the source of the Prov. estreup, Sp. estribo, Fr.


etrier,

ported the two ends of the logs on a

wood

than any of the roots suggested by Diez and

AS.

brand-isen, brand-iron.

But

this could

have been corrupted

into andiron.

never The Mid. Lat.


;

other etymologists.

Anent.

M.] Anenst. In
;

face

of,

respecting.

AS.

has andena, andela, andeda, anderia

grand chenet de cuisine. Diet. Wallon. The Flemish wend-ijser probably exhibits the true origin,

Fr. landier,

from wenden,

to turn

wend-ijser, hrand-ijser,

crateuterium, ferrum in quo veru vertitur,


i.

Kil.,

e.

the rack in front of the kitchen-dogs or andi'^Lander, Gall, lan-

rons, for supporting the spit.


dier, Lat.

verutentum

item hajc andena."

Cathol-

foran ongean, over against, oppoThe word anent, howsite, in front, Sc. foreanent. ever, does not seem to come directly from the AS. ongean. It shows at least a northern influence from the Isl. giegnt, Sw. gent, opposite, gent ofwer, over against. Hence on gent, anent, and with the s, so commonly added to prepositions (comp. ante,
ongean, opposite
before,

Prov. antes, AS.

togeanes,

&c.),

anentis.

icon Ai-m. in Due.

In modern Engli.-h the term has been transferred to the moveable fire-irons. [There can be no doubt that the Mid. Lat. andena,
etc.,

^'Anentis

God."

men,

it

is

impossible,

but not anentis


as alongst

Wicliff.

Hence Anenst,

from

along, whilst from while, against from again.

the French landier (O. Fr. andier), and the

Anger.

Formerly used

in the sense of trouble,

English andiron are the same word, the Mid. Lat. forms being the oldest of all. The early orthography
of andiron, as given in the Glossary of Architecture,

torment, grievance.

He that ay has May not know


The
That
angijr
is

'

levy t fre
well the propyrte,

andime, aundhyryns, hawndymes, hawndirynz, andyorones, does not suggest the word iron as an element in the compound, and wend-ijser would hardly be Latinized andena. Indeed, none of the etymol-

na the wrechyt dome eowplyt to foule thyrldome. Bruce,


fele angirs I

i.

235.

Shame From whom

have had.

K. R.

44
In the
original,

ANGLE. ANNEAL.
amel, or glaze
fus puis moult grev^.

with the stuff nellure, one part

whereof
of lead.

Par qui je

Cotgr.

is

of fine silver, two of copper, and three

Then

as
it

From

the sense of oppression, or injury, the ex-

formed from Fr. emailler


neeler or neller
into enneal, anneal.

the E. enamel was seems probable that


like

pression was transferred to the feelings of resentment naturally aroused in the mind of the person aggrieved. In the same way, the word harm signifies injury, damage, in English, and resentment,

was converted by a

addition
neller.

Sherwood.
less brittle,

To

enamel, esmailler,

anger, vexation, in Swedish.

Afterwards the term was transferred to the tempering of glass in an enamelling furnace. [The only proper meaning of anneal is, to temper glass or metal by slow cooling, so as to render
it

The idea of injury is very often expressed by the image of pressure, as in the word oppress, or the Fr. grever, to bear heavy on one. Now the root ang is very widely spread in the sense of compression, tightness. G. eng, compressed, strait, narrow
;

and Bailey's definition, and Fuller's use, of the word are erroneous, because there is no process by which coloring matter can be made to " go quite through " glass, except by mixing it with the
silex, potash, lead,
&;c.,

Lat. angere, to strain, strangle, vex, torment


gttstits,

an-

in the original fusion of the

narrow

angina, oppression of the breast


;

materials in the melting-pot.

Annealing, mistakenly
or

angor, anguish, sorrow, vexation


press, strain, strangle,

Gr. ayxu, to com(as


It.

applied to painting glass with ground colors,

whence
;

ayxi

presso),

overlaying
amelling,

it

with colored glass,

is

analogous to enit

near

ayx(r9ai,

to

be grieved

ayxovrj,

what causes

and Palsgrave even uses

for glazing

pain or

grief.

pottery with lead


I

developed in the
trouble

Both physical and metaphorical senses are well Icel. ; angr, narrow, a nook or
;

ANEBL a

potte of erthe or suche lyke with a coloure.


etc.

[Fr.]

Je plomme,

corner, grief, pain, sorrow


;

angra, to torment, to

krahha-angar, crabs' pincers.

Hence

anneal, in this sense, might naturally be con-

To An^le.
AS.
roede,

To

fish
;

with a rod and Kne, from

Du. anghel-snoer, anghela fishing-line, fishing-rod ; anghelen, to angle. Chaucer has angle-hooh, showing that the proper meaning of the word angle was then lost, and by a
angel, a fish-hook

founded with enamel, as black enamel might, for a similar reason, with niello, and there is much confusion in the use of all these terms in the history of
art.

Again, the processes of annealing (tempering)

further confusion
rod.

it

was subsequently applied

to the

and metals, and of enamelling them, or coating them with easily fusible materials, as well as of
glass

A fisher next his trembling angle bears. Pope.


Anguish.
anguish.
Lat. angustia, a
strait,

applying the metallic


requiring

niello,

resemble each other in

whence

It.

exposure of the object annealed, or enamelled, or ornamented with niello, to a moderate


the

angoscia (as poscia, from postea), Fr. angoisse, E.

heat, for

a considerable time, and hence the term


to either of the others.

See Anger.

appropriately belonging to one of these arts might

To Anneal.
that the colour
It is

A staining and
may

baking of
it.

go quite through

glass, so

be popularly transferred

Bailey.

much

suspected aneyUng of glass (which answereth

In the example cited by Richardson from Gower, aneU seems rather to mean glazed than tempered,

to dyeing in grain in drapery), especially of yellow,


in our age as to the perfection thereof.

Fuller's Wortliies
oncelan,
cBlan, to

is

lost

and therefore tends


is

to support

Wedgwood's

theory,

but inasmuch as annealing, in

its

only proper sense,

of Kent, in Richardson.

not a " process in the jtne arts," but must have

Commonly
kindle, set

referred to
fire, light

AS.
up
;

ancelan,

to

been known at a very early stage of art


iron-worker as well as glass-maker,
it

on
is

from

burn.

But the AS.


think
the
it

a very unusual source for the desigterm was derived from Mid. Lat. nigellum, a kind of black
silver.

nation of a process in any of the fine arts, and I

to every seems most probable that the common derivation from AS. I see no reason to doubt ancelan is the true one.

more
niello,

likely that the

that " anelyn, or enelyn metalle, or other lyke," in

It.

the Pr.

Pm. means

simply annealing in the ordinary

enamel on gold or

To ornament
to

in

this

sense of tempering, for otherwise a more specific

manner became
loosely to
eral.

in Fr. neUer or neeler,

which seems

have been applied

enamelling in gen-

D'une bande d'or ndelle Aux manches et col oulle'e.


R. R. in Diet. Etym.

Also written noiele, noele, and


period nigellatus, mcellaitts.

in the

Latin of the
en-

Neller,^ to varnish,

word would have .been gi^en. This is confirmed by the fact that this process is not known by a name cognate with enamel or with niello to any of the Continental nations, who would certainly have been quite as likely as the English to borrow a designation for it from The French term for anneal, to temthat source. per, is recuire, the German, anlassen, which, it may
definition of the

view of the question

ANNOY. ANTICK.
be observed, has some resemblance
is

45
;

to anneal.

It

anger, offence, injury

Pro v.

enicei,

enoi.

The

singular that this

ascribed to

meaning is not among those anlassen in Grimm's Worterbuch, though


other

Prov., says Diez, must originally have said " amors

m'es en

oi,"

amor mihi

est in odio
enois.

then, taking

given by

all

German

dictionaries,

general

enois as a noun,

amors m^es

In the 0. Venet.
;

and

special.

dialect, the Lat. is retained

Theophilus,
fusible colors,

who

treats of painting

on glass with

a inodio,"
this

under the name of pictura in vitro, and of niello, which he calls nigellum, employs no word cognate with anneal or enamel, and he styles
the annealing furnace clibanus
refrigerii.

" a te inodio,"

In accordance with derivation O. Fr. enuier was construed with a


noja.
;

equivalent a tua

unaltered

" plu te sont

to the It.

piu

ti

sono a noja

The-

dative
Rois.

" icest afaire al rei enuiad."

Livre

des

The

foregoing derivation seems conclusive,

ophilus, ed. of 1843, pp. 81, 101, 152.

otherwise that of Kilian would have been satisfactory enough, from nood, need, compulsion, necessitas, labor, difficultas
;

example of the Latinized anamelatus, enamelled, given by Ducange is from a document in Rymer, of the year 1429, but the word occurs in a list of relics dated A.D. 1372, in the App. to
oldest

The

noode, noye, invitus, et aegre,


;

invite, moleste, gravate

noode hehhen, aegre ferre,

aigre pati

noeyen, noyen, officere, nocere, molestum

743.

Smith's edition of Bede's Eccl. Hist. pp. 741, 742, Enamel is found in Chaucer and anneal,
;

esse

noeyelick, nocivus, molestus, infensus.

Anon
ever

anelid
7,

tyil,

in the older Wycliffite text of Isaiah xvi.


later has

intermissione

AS. on an, Lye

in one, jugiter, continue, sine


at

one time, in a moment


in oppo-

11,

where the

bakun

tijl,

the Vulgate,

murus

cocti lateris, Coverdale, hryckwaU,

and the
Kir-

and anon, continually. Answer. AS. andswarian, from and,

modei'n version,

the

corresponding

Hebrew

Hareseth and Kir-Haresh.


occurs,

In

this passage, then,

probably the oldest in the language where the word


it

means simply baked or

fired,

and cannot,
its
:

without some violence, be referi'ed to niello as


source.

and swerian, Goth, svaran, to swear. Icel. svara, to answer, to engage for. It is remarkable that the Latin expression for answer is formed in exactly the same way from a verb spondere, signifying to engage for, to assure. The simpler idea
sition,

The

couplet in the

Roman

de la Rose

of speaking in return

is

distinctly expressed

by the
cur-

Goth, anda-vaurd, G. ant^wort,


Si estoit au col bien orlee D'une bende d'or n^d^e, etc.
is

AS. andwyrd,

R. R. 10G7.

rent side by side with the

synonymous andswar.
insect, contracted
sister,

translated

by Chaucer

Ant. emmet ;
amita.

The well-known
like

aunt,

a parent's

from from Lat.

And And

with a bend of gold tassiled knopes fine of gokl amiled.

Anthem.
choirs

A divine song

or

choruses.

sung by two opposite


Lat.

Bailey.

antiphonia
0wvj?,

Here, certainly, the poet would have used annealed, had that been then understood to be the English
equivalent of neelee, instead of employing a com-

Gr.

avTKpuveia,
;

from

avTi opposite,

and

voice.

Fr. antienne

AS.

antefn,

whence anthem,

as

from

AS.

stefn,

E. stem.

mon word
of

for enamelled.
list

EnameUez

is

used in an
is

[In the

Anglo-French

of jewels dated in the third year

as a native

AS. antefn, if the word is to be considered compound of an and starfn or stefen, stefen
to
avTL-

Henry
to

V., printed

by Hunter

in his Historical

used, not in the sense of stem, but of voice, and thus

Tract, Agincourt, p. 19.

Enamel and anneal

thus

in composition antefn exactly corresponds


(puvEia,

appear
in

have been contemporaneously employed England at an early date, and probably the true
between them, though
writers,

but as the disappearance of the s


for,

is

not easily

accounted
of the

antefn

distinction

sometimes

lost

sight of

by non-professional

was not only

Greek term. M.] Lat. Antick. Antique.

is

probably a mere corruption


anticus,

from ante,

understood, but observed in the dialect of the artisans

before, as posticus, from post, behind.

who

practised these processes.

Laborde, Notice

At
turies

the revival of art in the 14th and 15th cen-

des

Emaux

exposes dans
p.

les Galeries

du Mus^e du

the recognized

models

of imitation

were

Louvre, IL

284, article Esmail de Niellure, cites

chiefly the remains of ancient sculpture, left as the

numerous examples of the use of both words and sometimes of the confusion of them, and it is noticealjle that in

legacy of

Roman

civilisation.

tion of the

term antique

to

Hence the applicawork of sculptured orfigures

one of them, of the year 1380, ennelee,

namentation, while

individual

suggested as a possible form by


occurs.

M.]

Wedgwood,

actually

imitation or supposed imitation of the ancient


els,

wrought in mod-

were called antiques, as the

originals are at the

To Annoy.
over much.
odio,
it

It.

annoiare, Fr. ennuyer, to annoy,


afflict,

present day.

vex, trouble, grieve,

weary, irke, importune


in odio
;

Cotgr.

From

At the entering of the


fountain of embowed
the old

est

mihi in

is

hateful to me.

Hence

Sp. enoyo, enojo.

palays before the gate was builded a work engrayled with anticke workes, God of wine called Bacchus birUng the wine, which

46
by the conduits

ANTLER. APPOINT.

in the earth ran to the people plenteously Hall's Chronicles in with red, white, and claret wine. Kichardson.

Apansii^e.

Lat. panis,

bread,

whence Prov.
;

panar, apanar,

to nourish, to

support

Fr. apa-

nage, a provision for a younger child.

Again from the same author.


the nether end were two broad arches upon three antike pillers, all of gold, burnished, swaged, and graven and above the arches were full of gargills and serpentes

Apart.
rate.

Apartment.

Fr. a part, aside, sepaset aside,

At

Apartment, something
set aside for

a suite of
finally ap-

rooms

plied to

a separate purpose, a single chamber.


Originally a

made sundry

antikes
is

and devices.

Ape.
a certain
effect

monkey

in general

latterly

But
aiming

as

it

easier to produce

applied to the tailless species.


gestures,

To

ape, to imitate

by monstrous and

caricature representations than


in art,

at the beautiful

the sculptures

by by

Appal.
it

from the imitative habits of monkeys. Wholly unconnected with pale, to which

which our medieval buildings were adorned, executed by such stone-masons as were to be had, were chiefly of the former class, and an antick came to
signify a grotesque figure such as

is

often referred.

To

cause to pall (see Pall), to


lose

deaden, to take
the like.

away or

the vital powers,


terror, horror, or

whether through age or sudden

we

see on

the

spouts or pinnacles of our cathedrals.

An
which

old appalled wight, in Chaucer,

is

man who

Some

fetch the origin of this proverb (he looks as the

has lost his vigour through age.


grievous disease came upon Severus, being appalled with age, so that he was constrained to keep his chamber. Stow, Chron. in R.

devil over Lincoln) from a stone picture of the Devil

doth or lately did overlook Lincoln College. Surely the architect intended it no further than for an ordinary anticke. Fuller in Richardson.

Now

for the inside here

grows another doubt, whether

And among
his

grotesca, as the Italians, or antique work, as

should be received.

Eeliquiae Wottonianae in
and

we

call

it,

quickened again the

other of his famous deeds, he revived and faith of Christ, that in some places of
sore appalled.

ditto.

kingdom was

Fabian in R.
Hence
fit,

The term was next

transferred to the grotesque


devils,

Apparel.

From

Lat. par, equal, like, the


to, It.
It.

M.

which were favourite subjects of imitation in masques and


characters, such as savages, fauns,
revels.

Lat. diminutive pariculus, gave rise

parecchio,

Sp. parejo, Fr. pareil,


are, Sp. aparejar,

like.

apparecchi-

Prov. aparelhar, Fr. appareiller,


like, to

That roome with pure gold

it all

Wrought with wild


In
tlie

antickes

was overlaid which their follies playde

properly to join like to


outfit,

preparation, habiliments.

Diez.

to suit.

Appareil,

riche metal as they living were.

Spencer.

And whanne sum men


apardid with good stones.

seiden of the

To dance

the antichs

is

explained by Bailey to

Wiclif in Richardson.
E.
dress, the

Temple

that

it

was

dance after an odd and ridiculous manner, or in a ridiculous dress, like a jack-pudding. To go antiquely, in Shakespear, to go in strange disguises.
In modern language antic
gestures, such as
is

Eke
is.

Parson's Tale.
Then

if

he apparailh his mete more deliciously than nede

like Fr. habiUer, or

word was

applied to extravagant

specially applied to clothing, as the necessary prep-

those

adopted by persons repancient

aration for every kind of action.

resenting the characters called antics in

To Appeal.
to call

Lat. appellare, Fr. appeler, to

call,

masques.

Antler. Fr. andouiUers, the branches of a stag's horns ; but projierly andouiller is the first branch
or brow-antler, sur andouiller the second.

on one for a special pui-pose, to call for judgment, to call on one for his defence, i. e. to accuse

As

the

him of a crime. Apple. AS.

eepl,

Isl.

apal,

W.

apal, Ir. avaU,

brow-antlcr projects forward the word has been derived from ante, before, but the explanation has not

Lith. obolys, ^uss. Jabloko.

To Appoint.

The

Fr. point was used in the

been

satisfactorily

made

out.

sense of condition, manner, arrangement


der, trim, array, plight, case, taking,

the
is
;

or-

Formerly written anvilt or anvild ; AS. anjilt ; PI. D. ambolt ; Du. aenheld, ambeld, a block to hammer on percutere, viUan Gloss. Pezron Otfried. JUlist, verberas. So Lat. incus, incudis, from in and cudere, to strike G. amboss ; OHG. anapoz, from an and bossen, to strike. Any. AS. eenig, from an, one, and iff, a termination equivalent to Goth, eigs, from eigan, to have. Thus from gabe, a gift, wealth, gabeigs, one having wealth, rich. In like manner, any is that which partakes of the nature of one, a small quantity, a few, some one, one at the least.
Anvil.
;

one

in.

Cotgr.

JSn piteux poind, in piteous case

en ce poind, to dress in this fashion.

Nouv.
son
;

A poind,
;

aptly, in

Cent Nouv. good time, in good sea-

habiller

tunity for

prendre son a poind, to take his fittest opporquand il fut a poinct, when the pi-oper

time came.

Hence appoind,
fitting,

fitness,

opportunity, a
;

thing for one's purpose, after his

mind

and ap-

poincter (to find

pronounce

fitting), to deter-

mine, order, decree, to finish a controversy, to accord, agree,

make a

comj)osition between parties,

to assign or grant

over unto.

Cotgi'.

APPRAISE. ARBITER.
To AppraiSCt
value
on.

47

Lat. pretium, Fr. prix, a price,


as E.
set

apprecier, to rate, esteem, prize, set a price

borrowed the name of a native fruit from the Romans, and apricot, supposed to be from the Latin
prcecox, because the fruit ripened earUer than the

Cotgr.

praise, to price on.

The PL D. laven is used both commend, and also as appraise, to

To

praise, in fact, is only to exalt the

common peach, with which it was confounded, is probably a case of accommodation from the Oriental
harkuk.

price or value of a thing, to speak in


tion.

commendaLat.

See Sophocles's Glossary,

s.

v. npatKOKcov.

Apprehend.

Apprentice. Apprise.
to take the

M.]

Apron.
of the
called

A cloth worn in front for the protection


by corruption
in the
for

prehendere, to catch hold of; apprehendere, to seize,

clothes,

and metaphorically
stand, to learn.

meaning,

to

under-

Fr. apprendre, appris, to letim,


to

N. of E. Halliwell. Naprun, or barm-cloth. Prompt. From O. Fr.

nappem,

napron.

Still

whence the E. apprise,


of learning a trade.

make a

thing known.

naperon, properly the intensitive of nape, a cloth,


as

Fr. apprentis, a learner, one taken for the purpose

napkin

To Approach.

Lat. prope, near,


;

whence M.

Lat. propiare, appropiare


char, Fr. approcher, to

Approbation.
nounce good.

Diez. draw Approve. Approver.


near.

Prov. appropjar, apropLat.

Naperon is explained by Hecart, a small cloth put upon the table-cloth during dinner, to preserve it from stains, and taken away before dessert. Diet. Rouchi.
nappe.

Roquefort.

is

the

diminutive.

Naperon, grande

prohus, good, prohare, approhare, to


good, consent unto.

deem

good, pro-

Fr. approver, to approve, allow, find

Cotgr.
in

And therewith to wepe She made, and with her napron feir and white ywash She wyped soft bir eyen for teris that she outlasb.
Chaucer, Beryn. Prol. 31.

Hence an Approver

law

is

one who has been

The

privy and consenting to a crime, but receives par-

n to words common, and frequently we are unable


loss or addition of

an

initial

is

very
say

to

don in consideration of
his principal.

his giving evidence against

This

false thefe this

sompnour, quoth the

frere,

whether the consonant has been lost or added. Thus we have nauger and auger, newt and ewte, or eji, nawl and awl, nompire and umpire, and the

Had alway

bandis redy to his bond,

same phenomenon
languages.
;

is

common

in other

European

Tbat tellitb bim all the secre they knew, For their acquaintance was not come of new

Tbey werin
Apricot.

his approvirs privily.

Triar's Tale.

Arbiter.
Lat. arbiter

Arbitrate.
is

The primary sense of commonly given as an eye-witness,

Formerly apricoek, which is nearer They were considered by the Romans a kind of peach, and were called pr<zcoqua, or prcecocia, from their ripening earUer than the
the true derivation.

from whence that of an umpire or judge is supposed to be derived, as a witness specially called in for the purpose of determining the question under
trial.

But there

is

no recognized derivation

in

ordinary peach.
Maturescunt aestate prcecocia intra triginta annos reperta primo denariis singuUs venimdata. Pliny, N. H. xv.

Latin which would account for either of these significations. The true explanation seems afforded

et

11.

by the Fin. There is a common tendency


ful questions of sufficient interest

in

an uninformed

Martial alludes to the peach being grafted on the


apricot,
Vilia

state of society to seek for the resolution of doubt-

matemis fueramus Praecoqua ramis


in adoptivis Persica cara

lots in
lot, is

some shape or

other.

by the casting of Thus in Latin sors, a

Nunc

sumus.

is

taken in the sense of an oracle, and sortilegus a soothsayer, one who gives oracles, or answers

They were
ladius

also called

describes

the

Mala Armeniaca ; and PalArmenia or Prcecoqua as a


sort, called

questions
is

by the

casting of lots

and

this doubtless

the origin of E. sorcerer, sorcery.

species of peach.

Dioscorides, after speaking of

short,

lot,

shortdr, a soothsayer.

Now

Albanian, one of the

peaches, says the smaller

Armenians,

in

Gr.

TzpaiKOKia,

are more digestible.

The word was


whence the Mod. Gr.

also written in Gr. npsKOKKia or

Arab. Barkokon.
TVpaLKOKKtlOV.

N. and Q. No. 273.

(iepiKOKKta,

we know from Pliny, N. H. 1. was introduced into Italy in the time of that writer, and there is no doubt that it came to Rome from Armenia. It is now called harkuk in Persian, and the same name is given to a species of plum by the Arabs. These nations would not have
[The
c.

apricot, as

XV.

12,

upon which the cunning man of the present most frequently consulted is the finding of lost property, and a dispute upon such a subject among a barbarous people would naturally be referred to one who was supposed to have supernatuThus the lotsman ral means of knowing the truth. or soothsayer would naturally be called in as arbiter
points

day

is

or dooms-man.

Now we

find in Fin. arpa, a lot,

symbol, divining rod, or any instrument of divination


;

arpa-mies, (mies
;

= man,) sortium ductor, arbiby


lot,

ter, hariolus

arpelen, arwella, to decide

to

48
divine

ARBOUR. ARMS.
arrant cheat, erz-bosewicht, an arrant rogue, erzwucherer, an arrant usurer.
or
notorious,

arwata, conjicio, auguror, aestimo, arbitror ; arwaaja, arbiter in re censenda ; arwelo, arbitrium, arwaus, conjectura, aestimatio opinio, conjectura arbitraria. It will be observed in how large a pro;

So

in E. arch, arrant
&,c.

an arch-rogue,

arch-traitor,

Bailey.

portion of these cases the Lat. arbiter and its derivatives are used in explanation of the Fin. words

Arcbt
boy.

Sly, mischievous.
;

G. arg, bad, wicked,

mischievous, petulant

ein arger Knabe, an arch

derived from arpa.

Du.

ArbonTi

From OE.

herbere,

a place for the

cul-

versutus.
enfant,

erg,

mains, malignus, and also callidus,

Biglotton.
ruse.
arrig,

tivation of herbs,

a pleasure-ground, garden, subse-

quently confined to designate the bower or rustic

trick.

un petit Dan.

Ein erg Kind, un malin Op een ergje nit zijn, to plot


ill-tempered, ill-natured
;

det

which commonly occupied the most conspicuous situation in the garden ; and thus the etymological reference to herbs being no longer apparent, the spelling was probably accommodated to the
shelter

arrigste snavs, arrant trash, the


Icel. argr, lazy,

most wretched
is

stuff.

cowardly, and this

probably the

source from whence the bad signification of the word

has arisen.

Among warlike barbarians the reproach


to include all the evil

notion of being sheltered


This path
I followid
till it

by

trees or shrubs (arbor).

of cowardice was the most offensive that could be

me

brought

made, and the charge was felt that could be said of a man.

y wrought, Wliich that benchid was, and with turfls Freshly tumid The liegge also that yedin in compas And closid in all the grene herbere,
right plesaunt herbir wel

To a

new

Memento, Dux Ferdulfe, quod me esse inertem et inutilem dixeris, et viUgari verbo Ai-ga vocaveris. Paul Wamefrid.
Si quis alium

With Sycamor was

set

And
As
It
is

sliapin

was

this

and Eglatere, herbir, rofe and all.

Argam per furorem

clamaverit.

Lombard. Leg. in Due.

Gr. apyog slow.

a pretty

parloiu*.

Archives.
he,

Gr.

apxetov,

the com-t of a magistrate,

Chaucer, Flower and Leaf.

receptacle where the public acts were kept.

The

growyth in a gardyn, quod That God made hymselve

term would thus appear to be connected with apxuv, a ruler, apx^i, government, rule (principatus), and
not with apxatog, ancient.

Amyddes mannes body, The more (root) is of that


Herte highte the herber

From

apxecov

was formed
in

stokke.

Lat. archivum (as Argive from Apjewi), a repository


for records or public documents,

That

it

mne groweth. P.

and hence
is

mod-

P.

2.

331.

ern languages the term archives


records themselves.

applied to the

The word is still used in its ancient meaning at Shrewsbury, where the different guilds have separate
little

Area.

Lat. area, a threshing-floor, a bare plot


flat surface.

pleasure-gardens with
its

their

summer-

of ground, a court yard, an extent of

houses each within

own

fence, in the midst of

an open field outside the town, and over the gate of one of these gardens is written " Shoemakers' Ai*bour."
This lady walked outright
into a fine close arbor
:

Applied in modern E. to the narrow yard between the under-ground part of a house and the ground in
front.

Arm.
till

Sax. earm, Lat. armus, the shoulder-joint,

it

was of
it

trees

he might see her enter whose branches so

especially of a brute, though sometimes applied to

man.

interlaced each other that

lence of eye-sight.

could resist the strongest vioArcadia in Richardson.

Anus.

Army.
As
it is

Lat. arma,

W.

arf, Gael,

arm,

a weapon.
of offence,
the same

the

arm

itself is

the natural

Arch<

A curved line, part

of a circle, anything

possible that the

weapon word arm in the


of the bodily

of a bowed form, as the arch of a bridge.


arcus, a bow,

Lat.

sense of weapon

may be

simply an application of

which has been referred


Gr.
apxv,

to

W.

gwyrek,

word

as the designation

curved, from gwyro, to bend.

Umb.
apxetv,

Archi
first.

From

beginning,

to

be

From

the verb armare, to arm, are formed the

Apxi'

was used

in composition to indicate the

participial nouns. It. armata, Sp.

armada, Fr. armee,

chief or principal, becoming arch in the English

of which the two former are confined by custom to

In G., under by analogy to the high dignities of the empire, and thus joined with words not derived from Greek; erz-herzog,
version, as in arch-bishop, arch-angel.

the form erz, the particle was extended

a naval expedition, while the Fr. armee, and our army, which is derived from it, are applied only to

an armed body of land

forces,

though fonnerly also

used in the sense of a naval expedition.

arch-duke

erz-Pfalz, the palatinate of the Rhine ; ; Erz-kammerer, arch-chamberlain, &c. It was then used to express eminence in evil, acquiring the sense of E. arrant; ^rz-betriiger, an

At Leyes was he and

at Safalie

Wlianne they were wonne, and in the grete see In many a noble arme had he be.
Prol. Knight's Tale.

ARQUEBUSS. ARRAY.
ArquebllSS.
It.

4^

arcMhiso, affording an example


It is

German
triiger,

inflection en.

of a foreign word altered in order to square with a

an arrant rogue.

Brem. Worterb.
yr,

JtJen

argen drog, ein Erzbe-

commonly derived from implement of analogous effect before the invention of fire-arms, and huso, pierced, hollow. But Diez has well observed how incongruous an expression a hollow bow or pierced bow would be, and the true derivation is the Du. haech-huyse, haeck-husse, properly a gun fired from a rest, from haeck, the hook or forked rest on which
supposed etymology.
arco, a bow, as the only
it is

[It is

by no means

clear, that there is

any conprobably

nection between arrant and the Swiss urig, as used


in the phrase uriges wetter, but urig is
allied to the

which occurs both as a noun and as an adjective, and in numerous derivatives and compounds. The radical notion seems
Swedish
to

be, confusion, physical or mental,

wild, irreg-

ular action.

Thus yr och dam, a whirlwind of dust,


delirious, att yra, to whirl or drift,

supported, and busse, G.


haecke-busse
it

bilchse,

a fire-arm.

yr

i hufvudet,

became harque buss, and in It. In archibuso or arcobugia. as if from arco, a bow. Scotch it was called a hagbut of croche ; Fr. arqueJamie son. bus a croc. [The etymology of arquebuss from arco and bvso was first proposed by Polydore Vergil in 1. 11. c. 11,

From

of snow or dust, yrvdder, written also urvader, wind

with drifting snow,

also,
:

a flash of lightning.
"

So,

of the delirium of fever

Sa

talar

ban \ feberyra"

Thus he speaks
Axel.

in feverish delirium.

Tegner's
ant appears

The form arwe, in Kyng Alisaunder, favors the supposition of the derivation of this

of his treatise
tion of

De Rerum

Inventoribus, the

first edi-

word from a root

which appeared in 1499. The suggestion of Minshew, that the name was taken from the curved form of the breech has been adopted by some
military writers, but the derivation in the text
is

terminating in a guttural.
to

The ending

be due

to

a confusion of arwe with errant.


vol. II. v.

In Richard Coer de Lion, Weber,


3821,

the

we read
to stand
:

" Frensche
it

men am
is

arwe, and

most probable, although the usual description of the old hackbut does not seem to apply to the word as used by Arnold von Harff, A.D. 1496-99, p. 10.

feynte."

In the Glossary,
"

said that this line

ought
ical
is

Frensche

men

ar

narwer
If

This
so, it

does not appear to be the correction of a typographerror, but a conjectural emendation.


is

Dae bij stont eyne runde lade oflf tzwen stercken raderen, dar in geladen waeren vierindtzwentzich kuefferen haichenbussen die man vmb moecht keren, so dat man ahnail moecht
drij

doubtful whether the suggestion

well founded,

zo samen loss schiessen.

M.]

for the context requires the sense of timid, cowardly.

The most

frequent old use of the word

is

as

an

In the Latin of the Middle Ages, rationes was the term for the pleadings in a suit
rationes exercere, or
tere or

To Arraign.

intensive of coward.

This probably

is

the primary

meaning of arwe, which the Pr. Pm. explains by


"ferefulle."

ad

rationes stare, to plead

mit-

M.l
It.
;

ponere ad rationes, or arrationare (whence


to call

To Array.
furnish a house

arredare, to prepare or dispose

in O. Fr. arraisonner, aresner, aregnier, arraigner),


to arraign,
i.

before-hand, to get ready.

Arredare una

casa, to

e.

one

to account, to require

uno

vascello, to equip a ship.

him
like

In to plead, to place him under accusation. manner was formed derationare, to clear one

Arredo, household furniture, rigging of a ship, and


in the plural arredi, apparel, raiment, as clothing is

of the accusation, to deraign, to justify, to refute.

the equipment universally necessary.

O. Fr. arfit

Arrant.
used in
"

Mere, downright, thorough, but only a bad sense, as an arrant fool, thief, knave.
unmixed.

royer, arreer, to dispose, set in order, prepare,

out.

An

erraunt usurer."

urig, pure,

P. P.
;

The

simple verb

is

not extant in Italian, but


Icel.

is

pre-

Swiss, urch, urchig,

served to us in the

reida,

the fundamental

Stalder.
;

Goth, airkns, good,

sound
uine
cious
;

airknitha, genuineness

OIIG. erchan, gena preboth

AS.

eorcnan-stan
Swiss,
"

Icel. iarkna-steinn,

stone.

uren,

urig,

thoroughly bad,

abandoned.

Es
to

ist

uriges wetter,"

when

it

rains and snows.

[From App.
all

Eng.

edition.]

ences are, I believe, erroneous.

The above referThe connexion is in

meaning of which seems to be to push forwards, to Thus, hann reidir nu sverdit, he wields a lay out. sword hann reidir fram mat, he brings out food hann reidir nufeit, he brings forwards money, pays down money hann reidir til rumit, he prepares the he carries hay bed hann reidir hey a hestinom on a horse. Skipin reiddi at landi, the ship was borne to land hann reidir sig uppd Gud, he rests
;
; ; ;

probability with the forms mentioned under Arch.

upon God.
arrange.

Sw. reda,

to prepare, to set in order, to

G. arg, bad of its kind, great, exaggerated ; ein arger Schelm, an arch rogue. AS. earg, timid, evil, wretched
Index.
;

Reda

ett

skepp, to equip a vessel; reda


;

OE.

arwe, arrant.

mat, servir des mets


dinner.
to red, to

reda
is

til

middagen,

to

prepare red

Coleridge,

Gloss.

The same word

preserved in the Scotch,


;

Now thou
And

seist

he

is

the beste

thou art as arwe coward.


is

Alisaunder. 3340.
Low
7

knyght

red up, to put in order, to dress

the road, to clear the

way.

Jamieson.

to

The

termination ant
I.

probably from the

The meaning of the Lat. paro, paratus, seems to have been developed on an analogous plan. The

VOL.

50

ARREST. ARTILLERY.
If the etymology proposed by Diez
one,
it

fundamental meaning of the siniple paro seems to

is

the true

be to lay

out, to

push forwards.
;

Thus separo

is to

is

singular that the Castilian Spanish


t

word

lay things by themselves


;

comparo, to place them

should be generally written with


still

instead of d, and
as dar senaxih
it

side by side preparo, to lay them out beforehand and the It. parare, to ward off. See Curry. [K apparel (see that word) and its Continental related words are derived from par, there would be the same argument for referring the verb paro to the same root, and the word separo, which means to disjoin, to unmatch, finds a more satisfactory explanation in this etymology than in the primary M.] meaning ascribed by Wedgwood to paro.

more

so that no such

compound

is

used in the East at present.

In Turkish,

is

always written and pronounced tersane or ters khane ; the Egyptian Arabs use the same form, and Delia
Valle, Let. IV.
s.

9,

says

Dicono anche
per arsenate.

ters

ckane, cio^ casa di scudi, e s'intende

To
stand

Arrest.
still.

Lat. restare, to remain behind, to


arrestare, Fr. arrester, to bring

it

It.

one

examples of the use of the word, a place of work," but a shed, a covered ship-house, or collection of ship-houses. Thus,
In the
earliest
signifies not "

to stand, to seize his person.

in

Mid. Lat. adripare, to come to ArrivCi then generalised, It. shore, from ripa, bank, shore

To

Ramon Muntaner, c. E puix ell endrefa tots

xxxvi.
ses darasanes, axi

en Valencia,

arrivare, Sp. arribar, Fr. arriver, to arrive.

Diez.

com en

Tortosa, e a Barcelona, que Ics galees estiguessen

a cubert.

Arrow.

Icel. or, gen.

aurva, an arrow

or-var-

And

in

nar, missiles, probably from their whirring through the air ; " orvarnar flugo hvinandi yfir haufut theim,"

Columbus, Navarrete,

Las Casas's account of the I. 72


:

first

voyage of

the arrows flew whizzing over their heads.


Sverris. p. 26.
Icel. Orre,

Saga

Hallo una almadia d canoa * * varada debajo de una atarazana 6 ramada hecha de madera y cubierta de grandes
hojas de palma por manera que ni el sol ni el agua le podian hacer dano.

a grouse, or gorcock,
his flight.

from the whirring sound of


to whirl, hurl.

Sw. hurra,

Hence,
tion

For the derivation from the whirring sound of its flight compare \i.freecia, an arrow, with Yr.frissement (Tun
arrow.

nally a building erected for the shelter

would seem that an arsenal was origiand protecof vessels and munitions of war, and not a place
it

trait,

the whizzing sound of a

flying

of labor, and, consequently, that the derivation given

Cot.
It.

by Delia Valle
arzana, darsena, tarzana, a dockSp.

is

probably the true one.

M.]

Arsenal.

Art.
effect
skill,

The

exercise of skill or invention in the

yard, place of naval stores and outfit, dock.

production of some material object or intellectual


;

atarazana, atarazanal, a dock, covered shed over a


rope-walk.

the rules and

method of well doing a thing


is

work.

Diez.

From

the Arabic ddr ganah, place of


;

contrivance, cunning.

atelier,

magasin.

Roquefort.

O. Fr. arsenac

Arab, dar-senaah,

Ai't

and

part,

when a person

both the contriver

of a crime and takes part in the execution, but com-

conservationem in locum perdictum conservatur navigium, Arsena vulgariter appellatur. Sanutus in Due.
Oportet ad
illius (navigii)

monly

in the negative, neither art

nor part.

From

trahi coopertum, qui locus, ubi

the Lat. nee artifex nee particeps, neither contriver

nor partaker.
Venet. artidoco ; Sp. alcachofa Artichoke. Diez. Arab, al-charschufa ; It. carciofa.

[The

old etymology of arsenal, arx navalis, though


is

certainly plausible,
linguists are
ental.

probably erroneous, and most


in treating the

now agreed

word

as Ori-

Article.
joint,

Lat. articidus, diminutive of artus, a

Moorish proper names by the Spaniards, Arabic words which have become generally naturalized in Europe are commonly found in Spanish in forms nearest to
In
spite of the strange corruptions of

a separate element or member of anything, an instant of time, a single member of a sentence, formerly applied to any part of speech, as turn, est,
quisque (Forcellini), but ultimately confined to the
particles the

their original orthography

natural result of the

and an, the

effect of

which

is

to desig-

long residence of the Moors in the Peninsula.


oldest Spanish

The
is

nate one particular individual of the species mentioned, or to

and Portuguese forms of the word


Arsenal

show

that the assertion applies to

some

are atarazana, atarazanal, and tarafana.


said
into Spain, "

by Cabrera to have been introduced from Venice k fines del siglo XVI.," but daragana occurs many times in Aragonese documents of the fourteenth century published by Capmany, arazana in one of the thirteenth century, and Ducange says that aparivah)Q was applied to the "armamentarium Constantinopolitanum, longe antequam Turei Constantinopolim pervenissent,"

one individual, and not to the kind at large. Separated into distinct members; Articulate. specially applied to the speech of man.
Artillery.
ars,

We

find in

Middle Latin the term

and the derivative artijicium, applied in general to the implement with which anything is done, and specially to the implements of war, on the same principle that the Gr. (ivx^^vri, the equivalent of the Lat. ars, gave rise to the word machina, a

ARTILLERY. ASKANCE.
machine, and on which the word engine from the Lat. ingenium, a contrivance.
statute of the year
is

51
prata,

derived

Nom
nem

teem ouro, nem

nem

dinheiros,

nem

joyas,

Thus a

outras cousas dartdharya,

senom alguas cousas que

fazem com as pedras, deque se aproveitam


cuitellos.

1352 enacts
sit

M.l
is

em

lugar de

ausa venari in nemoribus connulla persona subpoena perdendi seu instrumenta cum Ducange. venatio quibus

Quod

ASt
that as

The comparison

sulum

artes,

of the G. dialects shows a contraction from aU-so ; AS. eallswa


as (Schiilze, Schmeller), O. Fris. alsa, " Als auch wir

fleret

praedicta.

G.

also, als,
als,

Cum magnis bombardis


From
craft,

et plurimis diversis artifkialibus.

alse,

asa, ase, as (Richthofer).

Due.
ars seems to have been formed the Fr. verb

vergeben unsern schuldigern," as we also forgive


our debtors.
ita,

artiller, in the

general sense of exercising a handi-

Schmeller.
Fris.

Also,

sic,

omnino,
fine as

taliter,

Kilian.

" alsa

grate

bote alsa" G.

or performing skilled work, subsequently ap-

" eben so grosse busse als," as great

Fris.

plied to the manufacturing or supplying with munitions of war.

" alsoe graet als," " alsoe graet ende alsoe lytich als,"
as great
as.

sense

we

find artiliaria,

In testimony of the more general and thence the modern Fr.

and as small as

" alsoe ofte als," as often

atelier,

a workshop
eligantur

In OE. we often find


legales

als for also.

Quod
cial!

duo

homines qui vadant

cum

offi-

Scliyr

Edward
;

that

had

sic

valour

rum.

ad visitandum omnes
Stat.

artiliarias exercentes artem

panno-

A. D. 1360,
is

in

Due.

Was dede and Jlione Stewart alsua, And Jhone the Sowllis als with tha And othyr als of thar company.
Bruce,
xii.

The word
in general

applied to the sense of implements


Schir

795.

by Rymer.

Decem et oeto discos argenti, unum calicem argenteum, unum parvum tintinnabulum pro missa, &c., et omnes alias
artiliarias sibi

competentes.
artillerie, is

day wald nocht His cot armour but Gib Harper, That men held als withoutyn per Off his estate, had on that day All hale Schir Edwardis array.
that
;

Edward

ta

ArtiUement,

given by Roquefort in
i.

Bruce,
e.

xii.

782.

the sense of implement, furniture, equipment, as

whom men
in

held as without equal of his


ein soldier, als er

sta-

well as instrument of war.

tion.
instru-

cum aliis artiliariis et Tres bombardae grossae mentis, de quibus erant onerati innumerabiles carri. A. D. 1482, in Due.

MS.

A statute of
stood

Edward
est

11.

shows what was under:

ist," such a In expressions like as great as, where two as correspond to each other, the Germans render the first by so, the second by als ;

So

German, "
is.

one as he

Schmeller.

by

artillery in that

day
sit

in

OE.
as.

the

first

was commonly written


Thai wer

als,

the sec-

ond
Item ordinatum

quod

unus

artillator

qui faciat

balistas, carellos, areos, sagittas, lanceas, spiculas, et alia

arma neeessaria pro gamizionibus castrorum.

water cummyn als ner As on othyr halff their feyis wer.

To Weris

Jonathan in the Book of Samuel has done with his bow and arrows, it is said, " And Jonathan

When

Bruce, xiv. 102.

gave

his artillery to the lad,


to the city."

and

said.

Go

carry

Of all that grete tresoure that ever he biwan Als bare was his towere as Job the powere man.
E. Brunne.

them

[In Arnold von Harff's Pilgerfahrt, p. 217,

is this

But
more

this is
less

passage

having
waeren mit kameren gar ordentlich

probably only because the second as, emphasis upon it than the first, bore

Dae
zogen

inne ouch eyn schoene artalarey stunt ind des hertartzerer

contraction, just as

we have

seen in the correfirst

vmb dese
but

sponding Frisian expressions that the

as

is

ren-

artalarey geloseirt.

dered by
artzierer,
hogenschiitze,
it

alsoe,

the second by
is

als.

In other cases
als,

The Glossary
as fire-arms

defines

the Frisian expression

just the converse of the

had now become common,

may mean

G.
as
;

Fris. alsa longe sa

hackbutteers, or other soldiers


ilar

armed with some sim-

Fris. asa fir sa

G.

= G. so

lange

as long
;

so weit als, as far as

Fris.

weapon.
been suggested, and not without plausibility, is derived from the Italian artiglio,

alsa fir sa, in so far as.

It has

Ash.
2.

1.

The

tree.

that artillery

Dust. Goth, azgo,

AS. cesc, Isl. ashr. AS. asca, Isl. asha.


Isl. ceskia,

Eshei-

Lat. articulus, the talon, claw, or weapon, of a bird or

thon. ask, refuse, dung.

beast of prey.

To Ask.
schen.

AS.

acsian, ascian,

G.

Azurara, Chronica do Descobrimento e Conquista


de Guine, p. 377, uses artelharya in the sense of
valuable objects, delicate or skilful workmanship
:

Askance.

Askaunt.
may be

with scant, scanty,

illustrated

Perhaps the connexion by comparison

52
with
It.

ASKEW. ASSEMBLE.
scarso
;

cogliere scarso, to strike obliquely

Assassin.
;

Hashish

is

the

scarso, scarce, scanty, stingy.

Du.

schaers,
;

a razor

Schorrs

afcheren,

to

shave close

schaers,

close,

stingy, hardly.

The fundamental

idea

is

that of
so
;

skimming transversely along a


ing close to
it,

surface,
it

and

movthen

as opposed to striking

direct

through the notion of closeness expressing tightness,


scantiness,

want.
;

It.

schiancio,

athwart, across,

against the grain


slip aside,

scanzare, scansare, to turn aside,


;

walk by
side.

cansare, to balk, avoid

aside or aslope, to step aside.

Florio.

by going Perhaps
bescans,

use among the Hence Arab " Haschischin," a name given to the members of a sect in Syria who wound themselves up by doses of hashish to perform at all risk the orders of their Lord, known as the Sheik, or Old Man of the Mountain. As the murder of his enemies would be the most dreaded of these behests, the name of Assassin was given to one commissioned to perform a murder assassination, a murder performed by one lying in wait for

ing drug prepared from

name hemp in

of an intoxicat-

natives of the East.

from canto, a
larity.
is

Piedm.

hescant,

per

that special purpose.


ITnstitut, 1818.

Diez.

De

Sacy.

Mem.

de

aslope, the prefix bes signifying inequality, irreguIt is

however worth remarking that there

a numerous class of forms related to some of the

foregoing in the same


giare, to change.

way
It.

as

It.

cambiare to can-

To Assay. Lat. exigere, to examine, to prove by examination " annulis ferreis ad certum pondus exactis pro nummo utuntur," iron rings proved of a
;

Thus

aschembo, parallel with

certain weight.

Caisar.

Hence, exagium, a proof;

aschencio, aslant, aschembrare, or E. to scumble, with


It.

exagium

solidi,

a proof

shilling.

aschinciare, to go

awry

E. to scamp

(to

his work, to do it in

an

insufficient, superficial

scamp man-

ner), with scant;

shimping, scanty (said of dress

De ponderibus quoque, ut fraus penitus amputetur, a nobis agantur exagia (proof specimens) quffi sine fraude
debent custodiri.

when
ure

cut too short or narrow for the person

Halre-

Due.

liwell),

with shinching (shinch, to give scant measHall.).

From exagium was formed


trial,

the
;

It.

saggio, a proof,

To

this

modification
Celtic

must be

sample, taste of anything

assaggiare, to prove,

ferred Gr.

aican^og,

crooked,
Icel.

cam, crooked,

try, taste,

awry, and probably

shammr, short
oKaiag,

essay.

Mur.

whence Fr.

essayer, to try,

and E. assay,

Diss. 27, p. 766.

Askew.

Awry.
left,

Gr.

Lat. sccevus, prop;

To Assemble.
gether, at once,
is

The
tlie

origin of Lat. simul, to-

hand Icel. skeifr, Dan. skiev, G. scheef. Perhaps related to shave, from the notion of skimming the surface (see Askance), and probably connected with Gr. amlrivog,
erly oblique, then

on the

left

probably the radical sam, very


sense of same,
It.
self.

widely spread in
together
to

From

simul, insimul, were formed


;

insieme, Fr. ensemble,

assembler, to
flock together

unequal, oblique,
to scrape ?)

oKoTdog,

distorted,

(ohoITm, oKaXevu,

meet or

draw together, s'assembler, whence E. assemble. In


;

G.

schiel, oblique,
;

scMelen, to squint
;

Du.

schuins, oblique

E. squint

Icel. skachr, ob-

lique.

To

after, to

Aspire. Aspirate. Lat. aspirare, to pant pretend to, from spirare, to breathe. The
is

we have Goth. samana, sammath, AS. samod, together, i. e. to the same place ; te somne, together samnian, somnian ; Sw. sammla, samka, Dan. sande,
the Teutonic branch
;

of language

sama, the same

sanke, G. versammeln, to collect, to assemble.

In

used for the strong breathing employed in pronouncing the letter h, thence called the aspirate, a term etymologically unconnected with
also

Lat. aspirare

OE.

asseinble

was often used

in the special sense of

joining in battle.

By Carhame

assemhlyd thai
as I harde say.

the spiritus asper of the Latin grammarians.

Thare was hard fychting

Ass.

Lat. asinus, G.

To
spring

Assail.
;

Assault.

esel,

Pol. osiol. Lat. satire, to leap, to


to

Wyntown
assaillir, to

in

Jam.

Fr.

saillir, to sally,

leap

Than bathe the fyrst rowtis rycht tliare At that assemble wencust war. Ibid.

assail, to set

upon, whence assault, assailing or

set-

ting upon.

And

in old Italian

we

find sembiaglia in the

same

cleared place in a wood. Fr. essart, Assart. Mid. Lat. exartum, essartum, assartum, sartum.
Essarta vulgo dicuntur

sense.

"

La

varatta era fomita.

Non

poteo a sio patre

dumeta
evulsis

quaelibet

terra

quando nemora, vel succiduntur, quibus succisis subvertitur et excolitur. Lib. Scacch. in
forestae,
et

dare succurso.

Non

poteo essere a la sembiaglia."

radicitus

bat."

In the Latin translation, " conflictui interesse nequiHist. Rom. Fragm. in Muratori.

Due.

Et quicquid in toto territorio Laussiniaco diruptum et exstirpatum est quod vulgo dicitur exsars. Chart. A. D.

from Dampier, a native word, or had the people of Mindanao borrowed it from earlier English visitors ?
[Is samo, in the following passage

1196, in Due.

From

ex-saritum, grubbed up.

They would always


Diez.
Lat. sar-

be praising the English, as declaring


all

that the English and Mindanaians were

one.

This they

rirey sarire, to hoe, to

weed.

exprest by putting their two fore-fingers close together, and

ASSESS.
that

AT.

53

saying that the English and Mindanaians were aamo, samo, M.] Dampier's Voyages, 1708, 1. 359. is, all one.

To
from
fort.
;

Assoil.

To

acquit.

Lat. ahsolvere, to loose

O. Fr. ahsolver,

absoiller, assoiller.

Roqueis

AsseSSt The Lat. assidere, assessum, to sit down, was used in Middle Lat. in an active sense

To

[The connection between

absolvere

and assoil

for to set, to

impose a tax
to fix

assidere talliam

in Fr.

asseoir la
individual.

taille,

a certain amount upon each

confirmed by the use which Wycliffis and Langlande make of assoil and soil in the sense of solve.

To whom spak Sampson,


est generaliter

Y shal purpose
soylen to

to

yow
;

Provisum
1232.

quod

praedicta

hoc modo assideatur et

colligatur.

quadragesima Math. Paris, A. D.

tous word, the sothe if ye

which
not

if

ye

me, &c.

a dow* * * for-

mowen

assoyle, &c.

And
cioun.
fuit quodlibet

Et

foedum militare assessum tunc ad 40

Judges
Or

they mighten not bi thre days soylen the proposixiv. 12, 13, 15.

sol.

Due.

Lord, who shal wonye in thi wones, And with thyne holy seintes,
resten in thyne holy This asketh David
hilles 1

In legal language, are funds for the satCommonly derived isfaction of certain demands. from Fr. asseZf but in OE. it was commonly written
Assets.
asseth.

And David

assoileth it hymself, &c. Piers Ploughman, v. 1828-1882.

M.]

And
And

if it suffice

not for

asseth.

P. Plowman,
lie

p. 94.

To Assna^e.
able.

From
sweet,

Lat. suavis, sweet, agreesoft,

Barabbas. Wiclif,

Pilat willing to

make aseeth Mark 15.


make

to the people left to

hem

Prov. suau, sweet, agreeable,


soef, souef,
soft,

tranquil

O. Fr.
zar,
soften.

gentle

Prov. assuau-

And

though on heapes that


shall

him by

assuavar, assuaviar, to appease, to calm, to

Yet never

Asseth unto his greediness. R. R.

his richesse,

Hence, O. Fr. assouager,


to

to soften, to allay, to
alleviare,

answering
satisfacio.

assuaviar,

as

alleger

Pr.

Make Pm.

aceethe

(makyn

seethe

"

Now then, rise and go forthe and

do aseethe
servis tuis

Vulgate.

to

thy servauntis "

K),

abreger to abbreviare, agreger to aggraviare, soulager


to solleviare.

spekyng
satisfac

Wicliffe

Mais moult m' assouagea V oingture


translated

R. R.

" Therefore I swore to the

by Chaucer,
softening with the ointment.

hows of Heli
giftis."

that the wickedness of his

hows

shall

not he doon aseeth before with slain sacrificis

and

Now

Wiclif.

In the Vulgate,

eayi'e^Mr.
satisfy.

Assyth,
" I have

To Astonish.
ner, to astonish,

Sithe, to

make

compensation, to

gotten
sythe.

my

heart's site

on him."

Lye
;

amaze, daunt
of.

in Junius, v.

numme
use.

or dull the senses

Astound. Stony.
;

Fr. eston-

also to stonnie, be-

Gael, sioth,
;

sith,

peace, quietness, rest from


calm, pacify, assuage,
;

astonish shows that estonnir

war, reconciliation
reconcile.

sithich,

According

to

Cotgr. The form must also have been in Diez, from Lat. attonare, attoni-

W.

hedd, tranquillity, heddu, to pacify

turn (strengthened to extonare), to

thunder

at,

to

Pol.

Bohem.

syt, syty, satisfied, full

Bohem.

sytiti,

stun, to stupefy.

So

in E. thunder-struck is used

to satisfy.

for
;

a high degree of astonishment.


is

But probably

The
iatio,

Lat. satis, enough


s<Bttr,

Icel. scett, scetti, reconcil-

the root ton in attonitus

used rather as the repre-

reconciliatus,
;

contentus,

sedia, saturare
less all

G. satt, full, satisfied, fundamentally related.

are

consentiens

sentative of a loud overpowering sound in general,

doubt-

than specially of thunder.


loud continued noise
dunt, to confuse
;

Thus we have
a blow
;

din, a

dint,
;

to

dun, to

make
;

To

Asseverate.
;

Lat. asseverare, to affirm ear-

an importunate noise

dunt, a blow or stroke

nestly, to maintain

from

severus, serious, earnest.

by

noise, to stupify.

to

Halliwell.

So perseverare,
Assize.

to

continue earnest in the attainment

AS.

stunian, to strike, to stun, to


;

make

stupid with
to

of an object, to persevere.

Assizes.
d^assize,

noise
assidere

stunt, stupified, foolish

G. erstaunen,
to,

be

From
;

was formed
of bread, the

in the condition of

O. Fr.
tled
;

assire, to set,

whence

assis, set, seated, set-

At.

Icel. at,

one stunned. Dan. ad, equivalent to E.


;

before

assise,

a set rate, a tax

assize,
;

a verb,
upon.

at segia, to say

Lat. ad, to

Sanser. adhi,

settled rate for the sale of

bread
to

also a set day,


set

whence cour

a court

be held on a

day, E. assizes.
Ballivos nostros posuimus qui in baliviis suis singulis mensibus ponent unum diem qui dicitur Assisia in quo omnes illi qui clamorem facieut recipient jus suum. Charta Philip August. A. D. 1190, in Due.

erly say, with most biographical dictionaries,

[Doubts have been raised whether we can propChaucer


at

was born

London, or whether, in London


expression.
at
to,

is

the

only proper

mode of

The primary meaning of and in reference to persons,


more or
less closely to the

seems

to be, by, near,

with, or, after a verb

Assisa in

It. is

used for a settled pattern of dress,


size,

of hearing or asking, from or

of,

thus corresponding
bei,

and

is

the origin of E.

a settled cut or make.

German

the Latin

54

AT.
or
ajOMc?,

ad

and the French prls or chez. Such, at Thus, Matth. ix. 9, sitandan at motai, sitting ai the receipt of custom
least, is its force in Ulphilas.

as

sie the engil

in
in.

Erodes uuas an Jerusalem ; viii. 5, thar godes an Nazarethburg ; and, generally, constructions where the modern English employs
iii.

10,

Mark

i.

33, va^ at daura, at the door

Mai'k

ii.

2,

At

is

not used in the Heliand with the names

ni gamostedun nih at daura, found no room about, or near, the door ; Mark ii. 3,jah qemun at 'imma,

of towns, but
uuihe,

they come unto him

Mark

iii.

9, ei

skip habaip visa

we find, with verbs of rest, an themu an themu huse, at, or in, the temple, the house, and at minurnu hus, at them uuiha, endi at thera
burg, at iro herton, at or in

at 'imma, that a ship should wait on or near

him

my

house, the temple,

Mark vi. S,jah niu sind soistrjus


are not his sisters here with us
;

'is

her at unsis, and


viii.

the city, their hearts, and at allon tharabon, in all


troubles. Hence, in the Old Saxon, the language most closely allied to Anglo-Saxon, these prepositions were not clearly distinguished, and it appears equally difficult to discriminate satisfactorily between

John

26, patei

kausida at 'imma, which I have heai'd of \J'rom] him. There is, I believe, no case in Ulphilas where at
is

used directly with the proper

though in
galeilaie,

Mark

vii.

tion
tion,

du

is

came to the commonly used


is

name of a place, we have qam at marein Sea of Galilee. The preposi31,


for to after

the a, an, and

et

of the Old Frisic.

In Anglo-Saxon, though particular writers prefer the use of one or other of the prepositions iet, at, or
on, in, before the

a verb of moto,

but in

sometimes employed for

as well as

eral

names of places, they are in genemployed almost indifferently. Thus in the

for into,

and the substantive verb, and

all

others im-

Introduction to Bede's Eccl. Hist.,


translation,

King

Alfred's
cet

plying rest or position, take in before the names of


places.

mid dam brodrum


;

dcere

cyricean

Ldndesfarena, with the brethren of the church at


at,

In Icelandic,

which in many cases


a,

is

used in-

Lindesfarne

also,

1.

IV.

title

to

c.

2,

Putta for

terchangeably with

probably another form of the

Damiano

cet

Hrafeceastre

to

bisceop wees gehalgod,

same word,
the

is

often

name of a

person, house or

employed with the genitive of some equivalent

Putta was consecrated bishop, in the place of Damian, title to c. 5, sinode de geworden wees at Rochester
;

word being understood, precisely as we say in English at Mr. Johnson's, and very frequently with the
dative of the
rest

cet

Heortfeorda, synod that was holden at Hartford.


in the

So
(Et

De
I.

Sanctis in Anglia sepultis, Klipstein's

name

of a place, after verbs both of

Analecta,

Thus, in Ynglinga Saga, c. 14, I. Heimskringla, 17, pa var Fridfrodi at Hledru, Fridfrod was then at Leire Y. S. c. 33, Adils do at

and motion.

Upps'olum, Adils died at Upsal


goda,
at
c.

Saga Hakonar Heimsk. 160, Enn er peir komo nordr Hdkonarhello, and when they came [or arrived]
;

32, 1.

Thonne resteth St. Aethelbriht thdm biscop-stole cet Hereforda, at Hereford; Thonne resteth St. Aethelbert on thdm mynstre cet Beorcingan ; Thonne resteth St. Dunstonus, Arcebisceop, and St. Augustinus cet Cantwara hyrig. On the other hand, in the same fragment, p. 168, nu resteth on Legeceastre, in Leicester p. 169, thonne
168, 169,
;

northwards

to

or at Hakonarhella.

resteth St.
said, is
at,

Ealhmund on
cet,

Northworthige.
is

The

preposition a, which, as I

have

probis

In the Anglo-Saxon Gospels, on


quently than

used more
;

fre-

ably to be regarded as another form of

em-

before the names of places

in the

ployed in the same way, and though

i,

in, is often

used before the dative of the name of a place, a occurs hardly less frequently in the same connection.
Thus, Njdla,
c.

6,

Riitr reid a HauskuUzstadi,


;

rode at [to] HauskuUstad

Njala,

c.

99,

Rut hann Mo a

Saxon Chronicle, they are employed indifferently. Langlande in Piers Ploughman most frequently has at ; Chaucer appears to make no distinction between the prepositions in question the Morte d' Arthur pre;

fers at ;

Capgrave and Pecock use

at as often as

m,

Sdmstodum, he lived at Samstad. Knytlinga Saga, c. 110, Sveinn konungr var pa i Roiskeldu, King Sweyn was then in Roeskilde Harallds Saga ens Harfagra, c. 29, I. Heimsk. 106, Guthormr hertogi vard sottdaudr i Tunsbergi, Duke Guttorm died of
;

as do

also the English translations

of the Bible,

except the authorized version, which has in oftener than at. In short, so far as usage goes, the authority for at is quite as strong as that for in,

and upon

precedent alone,

we cannot

establish

a distinction

sickness in Tunsberg.

between them, in

this particular application.

Some

In

fact, in

Icelandic these prepositions,

when

in-

dicative of rest or position, are used almost indifferently, as

persons prefer in in speaking of a great city, at with reference to an insignificant borough, and would say

may be

seen by a passage in Vatnsdaela


d, at,

Saga, where the whole three,

and

i,

are em-

ployed in a single period

" Jokull bid i Tdngu, Smidr a SmidstoSum, p<5rir Hafursjjid bio at Nautabui, f)at heitir mi Undirfell." Vatnsdgela, c. 27. In the Old Saxon of the Heliand, an, in, occurs
:

Chaucer was born in London, Shakespeare at Stratford-upon-Avon, and, etymologically, there seems to be some foundation for this distinction, but practically
it

would be well
is

to

precision of locality
to fix the place

employ aimed at,

at,

in,

when no strict when we wish

with the substantive verb before the names of towns,

or boundary.

with topographical exactness of limit Thus, the sessions of Parliament are

ATONE. ATTIRE.
holden at London, Fleet-Street
seat of the

55
S'attacher
is

the is in London American government is at Wasliington, Pennsylvania-Avenue is in Washington. The distinction would be somewhat analogous to that between the French a and dans, though perhaps less
;

fasten on, to begin a quarrel.

also

used in the same sense


grapple, fight with.
It.

il
;

s'attacher a, to coape, scuffle,

Cotgr.
;

Attacar un chiodo, to fasten a nail

la

guerra, to

commence war
;

la battagha, to en-

strongly marked.
Vivre a Paris ne signifie pas vivre dans Paris ; mais a fait

gage in battle
il

fuoco, to set

on

fire

attaccarsi

fuoco, to catch fire

di parole, to quarrel.
is

considerer Paris
vivre.
point,

comme un

point ou Ton s'est fixe pour

To
nality.
rel

attach one, in legal language,

to lay hold

C'est lorsque le lieu n'est pas considere

mais

comme un

espace, que I'on dit dans.


s.

Diet, des Dif. de la

Langue Franfaise,

v. a.

Laveaux, M.J

comme un

of one, to apprehend

In like
to

him under a charge of crimimanner we say to fasten a quar-

on one,

pick a quarrel with one.

Atone.

To

bring at one, to reconcile, and thence

To
touch,

Attain.
attingere,

Fr. attaindre, from Lat. tangere, to


to

to suffer the pains of

whatever

sacrifice is

necessary

reach

to.

In the same way,


attaindre (0. Fr.
or attain unto, hit

to bring about a reconciliation.


If gentilmen or other of that coritrei

destraindre, to distrain, from distringere.

Attainder.
attainder

Were

wroth, she wolde bringen hem at on,


ripe

Attaint. Fr. Roquef.), reach


to

So wise and

wordes liadde she. Chaucer in Rich.


(that
is

or strike in reaching, to overtake, bring to pass,


also to attaint or convict, also to accuse or charge

One God, one Mediator


oessor, or

to say, advocate, inter-

with.

Cotgr.

The

institution of a judicial accu-

an atonement-maker), between God and man.

sation is

compared

to the pursuit of
suit,

an enemy

the

TyndaU

in Rich.

proceedings are called a

Fr. poursuite en jugeplaintiff" is

Lod. Is there division 'twixt my Lord and Cassio ? Des. A most unhappy one I would do much T' attone them for the love I bear to Cassio. OtheUo.
;

ment, and the agency of the

expressed

by the verb prosequi, to pursue. the metaphor the conduct of the

In following out
suit to

a successful
is

issue in the conviction of the accused

expressed
signifies

Ye

witless gallants, I
set

beshrew your hearts

That

Which never can be

such discord 'twixt agreeing parts set at onement more. Bp. Hall in Rich.
join in one.

by the verb

attingere, Fr. attaindre,

which

the apprehension of the object of a chase.

Quem fugientem
Hence
suit
;

dictus

Raimimdus

atinxit.

So

to one, to unite, to

the Fr. attainte d'une cause, the gain of a

David
liir

saith the rich folk that

herte to treasour of this

of deth.

Chaucer in Rich.

embraceden and oneden all world sliall slepe in the sleping

actaindre le meffait, to fix the charge of a

crime upon one, to prove a crime.

Carp.
by
it,

du

fet,

convicted of the fact, caught

Put together and onyd, continuus


but not onyd, contiguus.

Pr. Pm.
is

put together

brought home to one.

Roquef.

Atains having it
O. Fr.

To Attempt.
Attire.
also

Lat. tentare, to endeavour

The idea same way in

of reconciliation

expressed in the

tenter, temter, tempter, to try, to

endeavour.

Fr.
II ot

O. Fr. atour, attour, a French hood,


tire

any kind of

or attire for a woman's head.

amis

et

anemis
a

Or

sont-il tot

un

mis.
1.

Damoiselle
181.

d^ atour,

the waiting-woman that uses to

Fabliaux et Contes,

dress or attire her mistress

Cotgr.,

tire

woman.

Attoure, tired, attired, dressed, trimmed, adorned.

[The Fardle of Facions applies atone


stand or cessation of a battle

to the still-

Attoumer,
mistress.

to attire, deck, dress.

Attourneur, one

that Avaits in the

chamber

to dress his

master or his
that of pre-

Those battayles are attoned by the women of mooste auncient age. For when they be ones comen into the middle emonge them * * * the battaile sodenly ceaseth. Fardle of Facions, 1555, folio F. iiii, b reprint, 300.
;

The

original sense of attiring

was by a

paring or getting ready for a certain purpose, from


the notion of turning towards
it,

similar train

The resemblance between


Silhne,

atone and the

German

of thought to that by which the sense of dress, clothing, is derived

Danish forsone, both in form and theological meaning, is striking, but probably accidental. M.]

from directing

to

a certain end, pre-

These words, though To Attach. Attack. now distinct, are both derived from the It. attaccare, to fasten, to hang, originally apparently to tack

paring for

it,

clothing being the most universally


all

necessary of

preparations.

He

attired

him

to battle

with

folc that

he had. R. Brunne, in Rich.

or fasten with a small nail or point.

Venet. tacare

What

does the king of France

"?

atires

him good

navie.
Ibid.

Piedm.

tache, to fasten.
in Fr. the double form, attacher, to tie, to

Hence

To bank over

the soud plankes thei over kast,

fasten, to stick, to attach,

and

attaquer, properly to

Als William thereon suld go he stombled at a nayle

56
Into the waisc tham fro
lie

ATTITUDE.
tomblcd top over
taile,

AVAST.
suit at law.

The Judge was termed

auditor,

His knyghtes up him

lyft

and did him

eft atire.

the term

was

in particular applied to persons

and com-

R. G. 70.

missioned to inquire into any special matter.

The

The change from atottr to i. e. set him to rights. attire is singular, but we find them used with apparent indifference.

term was then applied


desires of the parties,

to the notaries or officers


all legal acts, to

appointed to authenticate

hear the

and

to take

By her atire so bright and shene Men might perceve well and sene
She was not of Religioun, Nor n' il I make mencioun Nor of robe, nor of tresoiir, Of broche, neither of her rich
Riche atyr, noble vestm-e, Bele robe ou riche pelure.

writing ; also to the parties " Testes sunt hujus rei visores et auditores, &c.

them down in witnessing a deed.

Hoc viderunt et audierunt isti, &c." At the present day the term is
attour.

Ducange.

confined to the

R. R.

investigation of accounts, the examination

ance of which

is

and allowtermed the audit, the parties exam-

Polit.

Songs.

ining, the auditors.

Au^er.
O. Fr. Atirer,
regler.
attirer, atirier, ajuster,

An

implement

for drilling holes,


is

by

convenir,

turning round a centre which


pit of the stomach.

steadied against the

accorder, omer, decorer, parer, preparer, disposer,

Roquefort.

Formerly written nauger, Du.

Attitude.

Posture of body.
action,

It. atto,
;

from Lat.
attitudine,

agere, actum, act,

posture

It.

In cases like these, which are very numerous in language, it is impossible prima facie to say whether an n has been added in the one
evegher, nevegher.

pi'omptness, disposition to act, and also simply posture, attitude.

case or lost in the other.

In the present case the

form with an

initial

is

undoubtedly the original.


force of the element

Attorney.

M.

Lat. attomatus, one put in the

turn or place of another, one appointed to execute

AS. naf

naf-gar, naf-bor.
is

The

explained from the Finnish napa, a navel,

an

office

on behalf of another.

Li atorn^ est cil qui pardevant justice est atorn^ pour aucun en Eschequier ou en Assise pour poursuivre et pour Jus Municipale Normannorum, in defendre sa droiture. Ducange.

and hence, the middle of anything, centre of a cirIn composition it signifies cle, axis of a wheel. revolution, as from meren, the sea, meren-napa, a from rauta, ii'on, napa-rauta, the iron whirlpool stem on which the upper millstone rests and turns
;

Auburn.

"Written also ahron.

Applied only to

maan-napa, the axis of the


borer, the equivalent of

earth.

"With kaira, a

the colour of the hair.

Perhaps from the reddish brown colour of a young


wild duck.

exactly corresponding to the


the
tool,

O. Fr. halhran, albran

Sp. halbrent,
year, or

centre-bit,

AS. gar, it forms napa-kaira, common E. name of a piercer acting by the revoluLap.

cdbrent, albran,

a wild duck in

its first

when
is

tion of the tool

round a fixed axis or centre.

moulting, a teal or pochard, the last of which

nape, navel, centre, axle.

conspicuous for a bright chesnut head and neck.

The

other element of the word, corresponding to

Fr. albrenner, to hunt the young wild duck or the


old one Avhen she moults.
;

the Fin. kaira,

AS. AS.

gar,

is identical

with the E. gore,


i.

Leduchat G. halh-ente, the plotus anomalipes. Ade"With the London poulterers, a pochard is lung.
halher-ente,

From

in the sense of being gored

by a

bull,

e.

pierced

by

his horns.

gar, a javelin, gara, an angular

point of land.

called a half-bird.

Aught or Ought.
nought, nothing.

Something
d-wiht,

as naught or

must be remembered that sporting occupied a much more important place in the thoughts of our ancestors than with ourselves, and they were proIt

; modfrom , G. aiv, ever, and wicht, Goth. See "Whit. waihts, a thing.

AS.

OHG.

eo-wiht

ern G. icht

portionally better
chase.

acquainted with the beasts of

Aunt.

Lat. amita.

A similar contraction takes

It is certain that the aspect of the bird

was

place in emmet, ant.

sufficiently familiar with the

French

to give rise to

the metaphor hallehrene, heavy-looking, drooping as

a moulting duck, or a ragged hawk. Cotgr. [The examples of the use of amber to denote the color of the hair cited by Richardson suggest the possibiUty that auburn may be a corruption of that word. M.]

To Avail. ! To be of service. Fr. vahir, to be worth Lat. valere, to be well in health, to be able, to be worth. To vail his flag, 2. To Avail or Avale, to lower. Fr. a vol, downwards, a motit et to lower his flag.
;

Audience.

Audit.
was

a val, towards the hill and towards the vale, upwards and downwards. Hence avaler, properly to let down,
to lower,

In the law language of


specially applied to the

now used

in the sense of swallowing.

the middle ages audire

justice, whence audiwas frequently used as synonymous with judgment, court of justice, &c, and even in the sense of

solemn hearing of a court of

entia

nautical expression for hold, stop, Avast. Avast talking ! cease talking It. bastare, to stay. Bret, basta, bastout, basta ! enough cease suffice
!

to satisfy, provide for, suffice.

AVAUNT. AVERAGE.
Avaunt.
forwards

57

Begone

Fr. avant, before

en avant

arising from goods thrown overboard

Altieri

an

equal distribution of the loss

Avenn^i Fr. avenue, the approach to a place ad and venire, to come. Applied in E. to the double row of trees by which the approach to a house of distinction was formerly marked.
Lat.

To Aver. Aver. Fr. averer, from Lat. verus, true.


Aver.

to maintain as true,

Hence, finally, in the an average is an equal distribution of whatever inequalities there may be among all the individuals of a series, and then the value of the individual so compensated. The origin of average in the latter
sense became

among the shippers. modern sense of the term,

much obscured when by

the practice

beast of the plow.

The

Fr. avoir

of assurance the nautical average came to signify a


contribution

(from habere, to have) as well as Sp. haher, was

made by independent

insurers to com-

used in the sense of goods, possessions, money. This in Mid. Lat. became avera, or averia.
Taxata pactione quod
equis et armis
salvis corporibus suis et averts et

pensate for losses at sea, instead of a contribution by those who received their goods safe, to make

cum

pace recederent.

A.D. 1166, in Due.


cum
Averos nostros.

good the loss of those whose wares were thrown overboard for the general safety.

In istum sanctum locum, venimus

[The derivation of average from G. haferei


A.D.
819.

is

Chart. Hisp.

improbable, because the latter word does not occur

Et in toto quantum Rex Adelfonsus tenet de rege Navarrae melioret cum suo proprio avere, quantum voluerit et poterit.
Hoveden,
in

Due.

any of the old Scandinavian or Teutonic sea-codes, and is of recent introduction into the Gothic languages. Hence, the Romance nations, who have
in

Averii, or Averia, was then applied to cattle in


general, as the principal possession in early times.

used average, or at least avaria, for six centuries, could not have borrowed from the Germans or
Scandinavians a word which those tribes did not
themselves possess.
Garnett's suggestion that the
better

Hoc placitum

dilationem non recipit propter averia,

i.

e.

animalia muta, ac diu detineantiur inclusa.

word
ou

originally

meant harbor-dues agrees


its

Regiam Majestatem.
Si

with the earliest examples of


supposition,
it

use, but

on that

come jeo bayle a un home mes


boeufs a arer la terre et
11

berbits a campester,

mes

occist

mes

avers.

but from hofn,


Littleton.

Icel.,

should be derived, not from haf, sea, haven, Eng., havre, Fr., harbor.
gives historical support to
is

The only term which


the theory that average
hafnartoll,

We
plough

then
;

have averia carrucce, beasts of the


finally

a Scandinavian word
harbor-fees,

is

and the word avers


l.

came

to

be con-

ihofn,

toll,)

port-charges,

fined to the signification of cart-horses.

Average was the duty work done for the lord with the avers, or draught cattle, of the " Sciendum est quod unumquodque averatenant.

Average,

which I have met in but a single instance, namely, in Grdgds, Um scipa-mef)fer|), cap. ii. "Allir menn scolo gialda hafnartoll, nema, etc.," All men shall

pay harbor-fees, except, &c.


is,

If this

is

the source

gium
2.

gestivale fieri

Augusti."

Spelman

debet inter
in

Hokday
is

et

gulam
dif-

of average, the derivation proposed

by Wedgwood

Due.
a totally

of course, erroneous.

Average, from the G. haferei,

The
the

earliest instance I

have observed of the use of


is

word from the foregoing. The primitive meaning of haferei seems to be sea-damage, damage suffered on the conveyance of goods by sea, from
ferent

word we are considering


1.

in the Assises de
c.

Jerusalem,

p. 77, ed.

Kausler, 1839, in

xlv.,

Assises de la baisse Court:

the Scandinavian haf, hav, the open sea, pointing to


the shores of the Baltic,
tical

where

so

many

of our nau-

for tant

Et saches que celui aver qui est gete ne come 11 costa o ces ovaries.

deit estre conte

of the word. This in Fr. became avaris, decay of wares or merchandise, leakage of wines, also the charges of the carriage or measuring thereof Cotgr. ; avarie,
rise, for the origin

terms took their

Or, according to another text

tant

Et sachies que selui qui est gete ne doit com il cousta o toutes ses avaries.

estre conte fors

damage

by a vessel or goods from the Diet. Etym. Marehandise avariees, damaged goods. But when goods were thrown overboard for the safety of the vessel, it was an obvious equity to divide the loss amongst those who profited by the sacrifice. Hence haferei was applied to the money paid by those who receive their goods safe, to indemnify those whose goods have been thrown overboard in a storm.
suffered

departure to the return into port.

The

old Venetian version gives, as the equivalent

et spese, and the meaning plainly is accompanying charges, of all sorts, duties included. In the Consulado del Mar, which dates from about the middle of the thirteenth century, this word occurs

of averies, datii

several

times.

Thus

in

c.

59, ed. of

Capmany,

1791, p. 30:

E
be
li

I'eseriva pot

Kiittner.
It.

valega

Avaria, calculation and distribution of the loss

dels altres,

pendre de quascun mercader penyora que axi be dels personers com e de pelegrins, h de mariners, h de tota persona
lo ndlit e les averies,

VOL.

T.

58

AVERAGE.
the sense of contribution for maritime loss or injiiry
is

que deia donar nolit 6 avertes. E deuense donar los loguers e les averies en presencia del cartolari de la nau.

in a translation of the

Code of Olcron, printed

in

In

this case averies

must mean duty, or some other

the

Appendix

to the

Costumb. Mar. de Barcelona,

known and regular charge, because there could be no previous estimate of a pledge to meet so uncertain a thing as damage at sea. In c. Ill, p. 247, where it is twice used, the meaning appears to be the same, though Capmany,
mistaking the sense of the word, has placed this chapter among those referring to loss by throwing

from a manuscript of the year 1436, ix. p. 34. These authorities, and others that might be cited
to the

same purpose, are not

easily reconcilable with


is

the supposition that average

derived either from


is

haf or from hofn, and believe that Santa Rosa

there
is

good ground to

right in conjecturing that

goods overboard, git, in none of which does avarie occur, or indeed in any chapter treating of damage
at
sea.

avaria and the Oriental avania are the same word, though he gives no reasons for this opinion.

An
is

The same remark

applies to the corre-

its officers

avania is an imposition by the government or upon foreign merchants or others. Avania

sponding chapters in Las Partidas, which provide


for the apportionment of loss

and damage

at sea, butj

travellers

very frequently met with in the narratives of old and merchants in the East, in the sense
is

do not use avaria or any cognate word. In the treaty of 1323 between Jaume II. of Aragon and the King of Tunis, sec. iv. Capmany,
rV. 83, it is provided, respecting goods secretly landed in the Tunisian territory by subjects of the King of Aragon, " qu'en pagas lo dret e les averies The word can que pagar s'en deuen e no als."
here

of arbitrary exaction, and there


Aavaniet, a plural form,

a long history of

these impositions in the Life of Sir


is

Dudley North.

now

in popular use in

Syria

to

express government exactions, the singular

signifying aid, help, just as benevolence, in the fiscal


dialect of

European governments, sometimes meant


Indeed,
in

a compulsory tax.
Consellers and

a decree of the

mean only

duty, or perhaps fine, imposed by

the government.

In the Privilegios de Valencia,


the sense of
official

folio

170
is

b, in

royal ordinance of 1398, in Latin, averia

used in

dues or

fees,

the year 1480, in Catalan,

folio

and in another, of 213 a, averies is

Prohomens of Barcelona, recited in an Ordinance of Don Jaume II., A. D. 1315, even so humble a word as almoyna, alms, is applied to an extraordinary impost levied by the city government to defray the expenses of a naval armament against the Moors
In Dei nomine. Ordonament que han fet los Consellers Prohomens de la Ciutat de Barcelona sobre I'almoyna qui cs ordonada a fer armada contra los enemichs de la Fe, e a defeniment dels navegants, h de tola la terra.
e los

employed
peses."

in the

same

sense, " averies, Solaris e des-

In an Ordinance of the Prior and Consuls of the Casa de la Conti*atacion de Burgos, dated 1511, Costumb. Mar. de Barcelona, App. 58, averias is repeatedly used for duties, and in no other sense. See also sec. xviii. and xix. of Ordinances of 1554, p. 172, same vol.
In the Drets de Cathalunya, Capitols de Cort de
1585,
c.

Capmany,

11. 77, 80.

Turkish dictionaries give one or two other words similar to avania, the etymology of which is doubtful,

44,

it is

provided, that

and Mouradja d'Ohsson, Tableau de I'Empire Othoman, VII. 239, defines avariz a tax of five hundred aspers paid by every quarter in Turkish
cities.

Lo

receptor de les haueries de les copositions que fa la


lo receptor dels salaris dels

Eegia Cort, y

Doctors de

la

It is not certain that average, in the mercantile

Ileal Audientia de quarata sous

en

auall, sien tenguts, etc.

sense of ratable contribution, or in


ceptation of arithmetical mean, has
Avith the

its

popular ac-

In the Reportori general dels Furs de Valencia,


1

any connection
It

608, p. 260, there

is

indexed a decree that averies

word we are considering.

seems rather
esti-

shall not be paid twice to official persons,

a provision for avertes to the procuradors Jiscals. In fact, averia, as may be seen by the Spanish
erence
is

made

to

and refthe payment of

to

be from Mid. Lat. adverare or averare, to

mate, ascertain, to

make just

or equal, to apportion,

and the resemblance between adveratio and avaria


is

very probably purely accidental, while averaggio,

and Catalan
guages,

dictionaries,

still

retains in those lan-

average would be regularly formed from averatio.

among

other meanings, that of duty or other

But

if

we

reject this last derivation,

we must
all costs

re-

contribution imposed

by

superior authority.

member

that in

making up

the accounts on goods in

The Grdgds and

other Northern codes contain


the
loss

the hands of a supercargo or factor,

and

provisions for apportioning

by throwing
date, is

charges, whether for freight, duties, commissions, or

goods overboard, or other damage at sea, but in

none of them, except those of recent

any

such word as haferei, averie, or average, to be found, and the first unequivocal example which I have

damage at sea, would be grouped and they might very naturally take their general name from the most constant of them, namely, the duties and fees, or avanies paid at the
contributions for
together,

been able

to find in

Spanish of the use of averia in

port of entry, but

when

the system of contribution

AVOID.
for maritime losses

AWARD.

59

was established on a generally

recognized basis, these contributions, as the heaviest


of
the
all

the charges, might appropriate to themselves

name which had been

assigned

to

the whole, and

the obvious etymology of adveratio, estimation, just

apportionment, would facilitate the change of meaning and of form.

velopment within the E. language of a word agreeing so closely in sound and meaning with Lat. evitare, Fr. eviter ; but in cases of this kind it will, I believe, often be found that the Latin word only exhibits a previous example of the same line of development from one original root. I cannot but believe
that the radical

meaning of Lat.

vitare is to give

The

application of the term to

damaged goods,

as

marehandises avarices, would readily follow, as the


loss upon which had been estimated or apportioned among the shippers by the same vessel. One other possible etymology may be noticed. Special imposts levied on particu-

wide berth to, to leave an empty space between oneself and the object. Fr. vuide, vide, empty, waste,
vast,

designation of articles the

with.

wide, free from, not cumbered or troubled


Cotgr.

To

shoot wide of the


;

mark
;

is

to

miss, to avoid the


vacuitas.

mark

OHG.

wit,

empty

witi,

Graff.

lar occasions are called in


to

Spanish arbitrios, a word

which avaria offers a certain analogy in form and a precise coincidence in meaning, but arUtrio seems more probably a translation of the Arabic avania than the source of avaria. " Cedula del
II. en la qual confirma ciertos que habia impuesto la Ciudad de Barcelona para los gastos de una esquadra que armaba contra los Moros." Capmany, II. 77. M.] To Avoid. Properly to make void or empty, to make of none effect.

The ordinary measure of Avoir-dll-poise. weight. O. Fr. avoirs de pois, goods that sell by
weight and not by measurement.

To Avow.
when
call

Avouch.

Under the

feudal system,

the right of a tenant was impugned he had to


his lord to come forwards and defend his This in the Latin of the time was called

Rey Don Jayme

upon

arbitrios

right.

advocare, Fr. voucher a garantie, to vouch or call to

warrant.

Then

as the calling on an individual as

lord of the fee to defend the right of the tenant

involved the admission of


feudal tenancy,
it

all

the duties implied in

And what if summe of hem beleyvden not, wher unbeleve of hem hath avoided the feith of God ? God
bede.

the
for-

WicUf.

was an act jealously looked after by the lords, and advocare, or the equivalent Fr. avouer, to avow, came to signify the admission by a
tenant of a certain person as feudal superior.
Nihil ab eo se tenere in feodo aut
cabat.

Shall their unbelief

make

the faith of

God
it

withvoid,

out effect ?

To avoid a

contract, to

make

and hence to escape from the consequences of it. " To confess and avoid," in legal phrase, was to admit some fact alleged by the adversary, and then
to

Chron. A. D. 1296.

Ita

quoquo modo alio advotamen quod dictus Epissi

copus et successores sui nos et successores nostros Comites


Elandriae qui pro tempore fuerint,
advocabit,

indiguerint auxilio,

make

it

of none effect by showing that

it

does

not bear upon the case.


Tell

me your

fayth, doe

you beleeve

that there

is

a Uv-

ing God that is mighty to punish his enemies ? If you beleeve it, say unto me, can you devise for to avoyde hys vengeance ? Barnes in R.

Here the word may be interpreted either way Can you devise to make void his vengeance, or to
escape his vengeance, showing clearly the transition to the

nee alium dominum secularem poterunt advocare. Charta A. D. 1250. Donee advocatus fuerit ut bm-gensis Until he shall be Stat. Louis le Hutin. 1315. noster. acknowledged as our burgess. Recognoscendo seu profitendo ab ilUs ea tanquam a superioribus se tenere seu ab ipsis eadem advocando, prout in quibusdam partibus GalUConcil. Lugdun. A. D. canis vulgariter dicitur advouer. personis laicis tanquam k superioribus ea quae ab 1274. A. D. 1315, in Ecclesia tenent advouantes se tenere.

Due.
Finally, with

modern meaning.
:

passages from Milton

So

in the following

advocare, and E.

some grammatical confusion, Lat. avow or avouch, came to be used

in the sense of performing the part of the vouchee

Not

diffident of thee

Thy
The

do I dissuade absence from my sight, but to avoid attempt itself intended by our foe.
also used as Fr. vuider, vider la

or person called on to defend the right impugned.

To justify a
tify, to

thing already done, to maintain or jus-

affirm resolutely or boldly, to assert

Bai-

ley.

To avoid was
house, to

1 could

maison, Piedm. voide na ca, to clear out from a

With

barefaced power sweep

make

it

empty,

to quit, to

keep away from

And
Et

bid

my

will avouch

it.

Macbeth.

him from

my

sight,

place.
praedicti

was enacted that all Scots dwelling within England and Wales should avoid the realm within
it

Anno H. VII.

amentum justum eo quod,

Vicecomites advocant prgedictum attachion &c. Lib. Alb. 406.

40 days of proclamation made.

Rastal,
thou

in R.

Await.
?
i.

Avoid thee, fiend, what Begone, keep clear of me.


It is singular that

tel'st

me

of supping

e.

Wait.

To wait till something happens. See Wallon. awaiti, to watch, waiti, to look.
The
primitive sense of

Award.
should thus witness the dein the It.

ward

is

shown

we

guardare, Fr. regarder,

to look.

Hence

60

AWE. AWK.
cegir,

to

Prov. Fr. eswarder (answering in form to E. award), inspect goods, and, incidentally, to pronounce
;

am

amazed, I
;

am

terrified
;

ogn, terror

ogna, to terrify

ognar-mal, threats

Gr.

ayq,
;

Hecart.
An

them good and marketable


award
is

eswardeur^ an inspector.
place the

der, ayoLOfMc, aya^ofiat, to

wonder

at, to

be angry

wonDan.

ave, chastisement, correction, awe, fear, discipline.

accordingly in the

first

"

At
;

staae under eens ave "

to stand in

taking a matter into consideration and pronouncing

one

"

At

holde

straeng

ave"

to

keep a

strict

awe of hand

judgment upon
judgment.

it,

but in later times the designation

over.
Isl.

has been transferred exclusively to the consequent


In like manner in
tion, determination,

agi, discipline.

Goth, agis, fear

ogan, to

fear

inagjan, ogjan, to threaten, terrify.

Gael.

OE.

the verb to look is very

agh, fear, astonishment, awe.

often found in the sense of consideration, dehbera-

award, decision.
difficulties

When

William Rufus was in


he determined

with his

brother Robert, about the partition of the Conqueror's inheritance, to

See Ugly. [Scandinavian etymologists have suggested a possible connection between the Icel. cegiligr, terrible, (Bgishjalmr, the fear-inspiring helmet of Fafnir, and the divine klyic of the Grecian mythology, rjv nipt
fiev iravTTi ^ojiog

go to the King

kcne^dvuTai,

but

if alyig is

derived from

of France to submit the matter to his award.


says (in Peter Langtoft, p. 86)
:

He

al^,

the resemblance cannot well be other than acci-

dental.

M.]

Therfore am I comen to wite at yow our heued The londes that we have nomen to whom they shall be
leued.

Awhape.
astonishment.

To dismay;

properly, to take

away

the breath with astonishment, to stand in breathless

And

at

your jugement I

will stand

and do
strif

With

thi that it

be ent (ended) the

bituen us tuo.

Ah my dear

Philip said, blithely, and sent his messengers

TiUe Inglond to the clergy,

And

askid

if thei

erles, barons, ther pers. wild stand to ther lokyng.


is

gossip, answered then the ape, Deeply do your sad words my wits awhape. Mother Hubbard's tale in Boucher.

where looking

W.

chwaff, a gust

Lith. kwapas, breath

Goth.
Goth.

used exactly in the sense of the


in

afhvapjan,

Icel. hejia, to

choke, to suffocate

modern award. These senses of look are well exemplified


passage from R. G. p. 567.

afhvapnan, a

Icel. Tcafna, to

be choked

Sw. quaf,

choking, oppressive.

Awk.
Was And

Awkward.

Perverted, perverse, indi-

To

chese six wise

men

hii lohede there

rect, left-handed, unskilful.

Three bishops and three barons the wisest that there were And hot hii might accordi, that hii the legate took, And Sir Henry of Almaine right and law to look Tho let tho king someni age the Tiwesday Next before All Hallow tide as his council bisai, Bishops and Abbots and Priors thereto, Erles and Barons and Knightes also. That hii were at Northampton to hear and at stonde

I for this nigh wrackt upon the sea, twice by awkward wind from England's bank Drove back again imto my native clime 1

2 Hen. VI.
Indirect, unfavourable wind.
is to

To

ring the bells

awk

ring

them backwards.
the chief point of god-

They with awkward judgment put


liness in

To

the loking of these twelve of the state of the londe.

outward things, as in the choice of meats, and neglect those things that be of the sovd. Udal in K.

to the

award or determination of these twelve.

There it was dispeopled the edict I wis That was the ban of Keningworth, that was lo this That there ne should of high men desherited be none That had iholde age the King but the Erl of Leicetre one Ac that all the othere had agen all hor lond, Other hor heirs that dede were, but that the King in his hand It hulde to an term that there ihked waa, Five year some and some four, ever up his trespas.
!

That which we in Greek call apiarepov, that is to the awk or left hand, they say in Latin sinistrum.
Holland,

say,

on

PUny

in R.

The word seems formed from


ab,

the Icel. af,

Lat

E. oj^of, signifying deviation, error, the final k being an adjectival termination. Thus, Icel. af-gata,
iter

devium, divortium

af-krokr, diverticulum,
;

a
a

side

way

ofugr, inversus, sinister


left
;

ofug-fieiri,
;

flat-fish

with eyes on the

side

ofug-nefni,

Awe.

Fear, dread, reverence, and then trans-

a name given from antiphrasis


obliquum, impertinens, offensum
ofga, to change, degenerate.

ofug-ord,
iifgar,

verbum

ferred to the cause of fear, assuming the signification of anger, disciphne, chastisement.

absurditas

But her

fiers

servant (Una's Lion)

full

of kingly

aw

And

high disdaine, whenas his soveraine dame So rudely handled by her foe he saw, With gaping jaws full gredy at him came.
ege, oga, egisa, fear, dread.
Icel. tegir, terri;

Sw. afwig, inside out, awkward, unskilful afwig-hand, Dan. avet, crooked, preposthe back of the hand.
averse, disinclined,
;

terous, perverse.

G. ah in composition indicates the contrary or


negation
false
;

AS.
ble
;

ahgrund, abyss, bottomless pit


;

ahgott,

agia, to be an object of wonder or fear

mer

god

abhold, unkind

ablemen, to unlearn

AWL. AWNING.
caerglauhe, false belief; aher papst, aber-hdnig, false

61
It should

pope, false king.

In aben, inside out.

Schmeller.

pawlin hung over any part of a ship.


observed that

be

of

In Flemish we see the passage towards the u or w awk aue saghe, absurda narratio, sermo absonus
; ;

many of our sea terms are of Low German origin. Awning is rightly traced by the
J.

Rev.

Davies

to the PI.
is

D. havenung, from haven,


a building or bush.

aue gaen, aue hanghen, &c.


belief, superstition
;

auer gheloove, perverted


aver-recht,

a place where one pare Dan. avne,

sheltered from wind and rain,

auer-hands, ouer-hands (as Sw.


aversa, praepostera
recto,
;

shelter, as in the lee of

Com-

afwig-hand), manu
over-recht,

contrarius

prajposterus, sinister

auwiis, auer-wns, foolish, mad.

and with respect to the loss of the initial h, which is very unusual in a Teutonic derivation, E. average, Dan. haveri. The contracted
;

awn

G. forms are very numerous ; OHG. Prov. G. ; abich, abech, dbicht, abechig, cewech, awechi {alles thut er awechi, he does everything awkly), affig, affik, aft, aftik, and again cebsch, dpisch, epsch, verkehrt, linkisch, link, and in Netherlandish, aves, aefs,

The

different

abuh, abah, aversus, perversus, sinister

forms havenje, haavje, explain the E. hove, shelter. Hal. Hier hebbe ik haavje, here am I in shelter.

Brem. Wort.
der the shore.

So

in

E. we speak of hoving un-

One day as he forepassed by the plaine With weary pase, he far away espide

obliquus

aafsch, aefsch, aafschelyk, aversus, pre-

posterus, contrarius.

A couple

(seeming well to be his twaine)


did hide. F. Q. in R.

Kil.

Diefenbach would unite with the foregoing the

Which hoved close imder a forest side As if they lay in wait, or else themselves

AS. awoh, OS. avuh


wrongfully, which
separate from
to look

(=

Prov. E. ahuh), awry,


it

undoubtedly
abuh.

is

not easy to

[There

is

substantially the

same objection

to this

OHG.

We

should then have


af,

on AS. awoh as formed from the prep, ab,

etymology as to that discussed in a preceding note, namely, that havenung in PI. D., though it means
generally a shelter, was never used in that language
in the specific sense of

au, with an adjectival termination,

and from thence


error,

must suppose the AS. woh, wog, bending,


radical part of the word.
;

awning, and

it

is

not prob-

wrong, to be derived, altogether losing sight of the

able that the English would adopt a

Low-German

Wyrcan woh, to work wohdom, unjust judgment woh-fotede, crooked-footed. There is a similar difficulty with respect to Goth, ibuks, retrogade, which Diefenbach also regards as an equivalent form, while he somewhat arbitrarily rejects the Slavonic opak, awry, crossways, wrong, Bohem. paciti, to twist, Pol.
iniquity
;

generic term to express the species of a thing which

we have no
from the

reason to believe that they borrowed


Grcrmans.
the
root

Low

Whatever may be

of the Mid. Lat.

auvanna, auventus, Fr. auvent, (see Ducange, s. v.) they seem to be the same word as awning, and the

French

is

a much more obvious and familiar source

opaczny, wrong, perverted

connecting the Slavonic

of derivation than the

Low German.
vanoue, in Sp. banova, a

forms with Fin. Lap. paha, Esthon. pahha, bad,

The Old Catalan word

pahhem

(comp.), worse, left hand, pahho-pool, inside


left,

coverlet, is possibly cognate,

and the following pas-

outwards, on the

on the wrong

side.

Compare
Lap.
aba-

sage from the Conquesta de Valencia by

King Don

Bohem. paciti

se,

to decline, to refuse, with


;

Jaume shows how


awning.

it

might acquire the sense of

paha-stallet, to refuse, Lat. tergiversari

OHG.

hon, aversari, abominari, with Esthon.

paha melega

(meel

= mind),

against one's will, Lap. pahak, un-

nos ala nit per

la

serena faem barraques de tapits e

vanoues qns portauen.

wiUing, disobedient.

Conq. de

VaL

1515, folio A.

iiii,

10.

The

addition of the particle ge gives rise to Prov.


left

E. gawk, the
Fr. gauche,

hand, gawky, an awkward person, hand, awkward, unskilful.


to

But

this is

most probably an accidental resemblance,


(obviously the

left

In the

because envannum

same word as

forms like dpisch, cebsch, the G. has gdhisch, gdwisch, inverted, left-handed, " ein wort gdbisch nehmen," to understand one perversely, to take
it

same way corresponding

auvanna, though not in Ducange) was contemporaneously used in Valencia in the sense of a projecting covered porch or veranda.

awkly.

similar modification

An

Ordinance of King Jaume

II.,

dated in 1321,

appears in E. gaby, an awkward person, corresponding to gawky, as G. gdbisch to F. gauche.


fenbach, V. Ibuks.

provides that envanna shall not extend over

more
and a

See DieIt.

than one fourth of the width of the


later decree

street,

AwL
lesina.

Icel. air

G.

ahle,

Du.

else,

Fr. alesne,

that "

by Maria, Queen of Aragon, ordains enuanna que in vulgari nuncupantur baradats

sive exides

domorum "

(in another sentence called

Awilt
of corn.

A
Isl.

scale or

husk of anything, the beard ogn, agnir, chaff, straw, mote Dan.
;

enantamenta) might be removed by the city authoristreets. See and CXCIV. b. These envanna, or verandas, were permanent awnings, and
ties as

encroachments upon the public

avne

Gr.

axvn, chaff ;

Esthon. aggan,
(sea

chaff.

Priv. Val.

LXVII.

b,

Awning.

Awning

term), a

sail

or tar-

G2

AWNING. AZURE.
and
tille

I have no doubt that the two words are identical.

privily pirith

See Balluster. In most of the cases wliere the verb hove occurs, as it does very frequently in the prose Morte d' Arthur and other old English books, it means simply person waiting in the open air to wait, to loiter.

the

dame

passe,

and

naturally seeks the shelter of trees or other cover,

on hir sete, with liir softe plumes and hoveth the eyren that she hue laide, and with hir corps kevereth hem, &c. Pol. P. and Songs, I. p. 393.
sesith

and hence the meaning of shelter is probably a secondary one, and the verb to hove quite unrelated to the supposed PI. D. root. The Anglo-Saxon hof, house, dwelling, G. hof, is probably the root of hovel, but not of hovyn, which
might seem
the
to

But

this is, so far as I

am

aware, a solitary instance,

and certainly contrary to established usage. Aye is used in two senses


1.

M.]

Ever, always, as in the expression for ever


;

and aye
2.

and
affirmative
particle,

mean

to

brood over, in the poem on


II.,

As an

synonymous with

deposition
I.

of Richard

Pol.

Songs,

388:
Byth 80 the hende egle. The eyere of hem alle, hasteth him in harvest
to hovyn his bryddis,

Poems and yea and yes. The primitive image seems


root aiv.
outlast
;

to consist in the notion

of continuance, duration, expressed in Goth, by the

Aivs, time, age, the world

us-aivjan, to
;

du aiva in

aivin, for ever


;

ni in aiva,

niaiv, never.
aiuv,

and berieth himself besely


to breden

hem

ffeedrin, &c.

But though the most obvious


in this passage

interpretation of hovyn
it is

would

be, to brood over, yet

not

the true one, for the verse in Deut. xxxii. 11, cited

by

Way in

Pr.

Pm. voce

hovyn, of which this

is

always an age. OHG. eo, io ; G. je, ever, always ; AS. dva, a ; O. Swed. cb, all, ever. The passage from the notion of continuance, endurance, to that of asseveration, may be exemplified by the use of the G.je,ja; Je und je, for ever and ever ; von je her, from all time wer hat es je geseDas ist je wahr, that is hen, who has ever seen it.
Lat. cevum, ce-tas

Gr.

aui, aet,

ite version,

paraphrase, and which reads, in the earlier Wycliff" As an egle forthclepynge his bryddis

certainly true

es ist

je nicht

recht, it is certainly

not right

Es hann ja

einen irren, every one

may

and on hem houynge," is, in the later version, " fleynge on hem," and in the Vulgate, " super eos
to flee,

volitans," corresponding to the authorized translation, "fluttereth

over them."

be mistaken ; Thid es doch ja nicht, by no means do it. In the same way the Italian gia ; non gia, From this use of the word to imply certainly not. the unbroken and universal application of a proposition, it

In the Pr. Pm. we find : " hovyn* yn water, or Supernato ; hovyv! yfl the eyre, as other lycoure. byrdys (as, bryddys or skyis (clouds), or other lyke, K. hovun in eyire, as byrdys or askes, P.) ; supervolo, supervolito ; hovyv! on hors, and a-lydyn', sirocino," all of which meanings exclude the notion of shelter. The true analogy is with Icel. at hefia, to lift, E. to heave, the vei'b having a reflexive force. I must, however, admit that in another passage in the poem
last cited

became adopted
In
like

to stand
to,

by

itself as

an
so,

affirmative answer, equivalent


just so.

certainly,

even

manner the

Lat. etiam had the

force of certainly, yes indeed, yes.

In Frisian, as in English, are two forms, ae, like coming nearer to the original root aiv, and ea, corresponding to Gr.je,ja, AS. gea, E. yea. In yes we have the remains of an affix, se or si, which in AS. was also added to the negative, giving nese, no,
aye,

hove signifies to hrood.


than Cometh * * * another proud partriche, and precyth to the nest.

as well asjese, yes.

Azure*

It.

azzurro, azzuolo ; Sp. Port. aztd.

From

Pers. lazur, whence lapis lazuli, the sapphire

of the ancients.

Diez.

BABBLE. BACHELOR.

63

B.
To BabblCt
Fr. haKller, Du. babelen, behelen,
;

confundere verba, blaterare, garrire

Gr.

pa[3a^eiv.

nukki, a doll of rags

of thread, a
tow, a doll
;

Kil.

From
the

ba, ba, ba, representing the inarticulate

Hung, bdb, a skein or bunch Du. poppe, a bunch of flax or Bohem. pup, an excrescence, pupen, a
;

doll.

attempts of a child at talking.

See Babe.

bud, pupek, a navel

Pol. pupka, pupeczka, a doll, a

same principle a verb of the same meaning with babble was formed on the syllable ma.

On

baby.

The
word

Gael, has mab, bob, maban, baban, a tassel

And And And

sat softly

adown
on

or bob, and these very words


for

become

in

W.

the

seid

my

byleve

son,

doubtless through the notion of a


to dress negli-

so I bahlede

my

bedes,

They

brouglite

me

aslepe

baby.
gently

Halliwell) they have


exactly as the

In the E. mop, mab {mab,

the original sense of


is

On
Hence
to

this

matere I might
full long.

Mamden

P. P.
lips, in
is

a bundle of rags, while the diminutive moppet

used as a term of endearment to a child, a


pet
I
!

little

mop-

mumble, to chew with gums and


also used.

Hung, bdbam, pupa,

deliciae

which sense the Du. babbelen

meae

The simplest articulations, and those Babe. which are readiest caught by the infant mouth, are the syllables formed by the vowel a with the primary consonants of
especially the former

the labial and dental classes,


;

of these, therefore,

is

ma, ba, pa, na, da, ta. Out very generally formed the

limited vocabulary required at the earliest period

of infant

life,

comprising the names for father,

mother, infant, breast, food.

Thus

in the nursery

It. poppa, vulg. E. bubby, Swiss biibbi, the must then be referred to the notion of protuberance characteristic of a bunch or bundle, and must be classed with the E. bob, a lump, Hung, bdb, a bunch of thread, &c., Bohem. pup, excrescence Du. poppe, above mentioned. See Boy. From ba, the sound Baboon, Baber-lipped. made by the collision of the lips, are formed, Prov. G. bappe, the chops or mouth Fr. babines, the large

The

breast,

language of the

Norman English papa, mamma,

lips of

a beast

Sp. befo, the lip of a horse, a perlips,

baba, are the father, mother, and infant respectively,

son with large

and

for a like reason the

OE.

the two latter of which pass into


baby, babe, while the last, with

mammy and

bobby,
It.

baber-lipped, having large lips.

a nasal, forms the


is

Hence

also doubtless It. babuino, Fr. babouin,

bambino.

baboon, an animal

In Saxon English father

dada, daddy, dad,

feature of his

E. whose large lips form a striking face, when compared with man, whom
root.

answering to the Goth,


abba.

atta, as

papa,

to

Hebrew
name

he in some degree resembles. BachelOFi Apparently from a Celtic


bachgen, a boy, baehgenes, a
little,

W.

Lat.

mamma

is

applied to the breast, the

young

girl,

from bach,
geneth,

of which, in E. pap, Lat. papilla, agrees with the

and probably

geni, to be born,

whence

name

for father.

Papa was

in

Latin the word with

genaith, a girl, a daughter.

From

bach are formed

which infants demanded food, whence E. pap. In the same way it may be concluded from the Goth, daddjan, to give suck, that the breast was in
that language called dada, agreeing with the prov.

the diminutives baches, a

little

darling, bachigyn, a

very

little

thing.

Whether the
tic baches,

root geni be really concerned in the


little

matter or no, there can be


or bachgen,
is

doubt that the Celgirl,

Swed. dadda, nurse, Swiss dodo, mother, OHG. deddi, vulg. Eng. diddy, titty, the breast ; Icel. totta,
to suck.

the origin of the Fr. bacelle,

bacelote,

bachele,
;

bachelette,

a young

servant,

apprentice
that

baceller, to

make

love, to serve as apbacelerie, youth and study of chivalry.


;

It

must be confessed
is

a different origin from

prentice, to

commence a study

the foregoing

suggested by the

OE. use

of the

bachelage, apprenticeship, art

word babe or baby in the sense of a

doll. Fr. poupee, a babie, a puppet or bable, also the flax of a distaff. Cotgr. It. poppara, a sucking girl, also a child's

Hence by a secondary formation


bachelier,
tice to

bacheler, bachelard,

young man, aspirant to knighthood, apprenarms or sciences. A bachelor of arts is a


to the degree of apprentice or

playing baby or puppet.


Florio.

Pupa, puppa, a

child's

playing baby, puppy or puppet, to play withal.

young man admitted


E.
it

student of arts, but not yet a master.

In ordinary
Prov.

has come to signify an unmarried man.

We
doll is

must remember that the primary form of a


a bundle of rags.
Fris. dock, a little bundle,

as of thread, straw, &c., also

doll

G. doche, a

bundle, a skein, a child's puppet, baby, or doll.


Kiittner.

was used of the young student, Then, as young soldier, young unmarried man. in the case of many other words signifying boy or
bacalar, bachallier,

youth,

it is

applied to a servant or one in a subordi-

Esthon. nuk, a knob, bunch, doll

Fin.

nate condition.

u
Vos e mi' n fesetz per totz lauzar Vos com scnher e mi com bacalar.

BACK.

BADGE.
turning away, seems distinctly traceable, but at this
point

we become

involved in a labyrinth of words

You and
Lord, and

made

ourselves praised

among

all

you as

I as servant or squire.

Aytan can dura batalha Nos fay gran dan sirventalha, Fanan van man bacalar.
long as the battle lasts the servants do us great damRayn. age, many a bachelor goes robbing.

word Awkward), in which the same fundamental notion of perversion is expressed by apparent derivatives from the prep, ab, af, with an adjectival termination, ug, ig, &c. I find it impossible to draw the line distinctly between the
(indicated under the

two.

As

Back,
er's vat,

St

A second meaning of Back is a brewThe


;

or large open tub for containing beer.

word

is

widely spread in the sense of a wide open


Bret, bac, a boat

Where

the bachelor
It

is

classed

among the

sirventalha

vessel.

Pr. bac, a

flat

wide ferry

or valetaille.

has nothing to do with the posses-

boat

Du.

back, a trough,

bowl, manger, cistern,

sion of a bacele, or certain portion of land, as ex-

basin of a fountain, flat-bottomed boat, body of a

plained

by Diez.
functions of a knight were complete
at the

wagon,

pit at the theatre


It.

Dan.
a

bakke,

tray.

Of

The
he rode

when

this

the

bacino
It.

is

the diminutive,
bacinet,

whence E.
or bason-

his banner,

head of his retainers assembled under which was expressed by the term " lever banniere." So long as he was unable to take this step, either from insufficient age or poverty, he would be considered only as an apprentice in chivalry, and was called a knight bachelor, just as the outer barrister was only an apprentice at the law, whatever his age might be. The haccalarii of the south of France and north of Spain seem quite unconnected. They were the tenapts of a larger kind of farm, called haccalaria, were reckoned as rustici, and were bound to certain duty work for There is no appearance in the passages their lord. cited of their having had any military character whatever. One would suspect that the word might
be of Basque
origin.
1cq\.

basin,

bason;

bacinetto,

shaped helmet.
the foregoing Dan. bakke and gammen, a game, may doubtless be explained the game of Back-gammon, which is conspicuously a tray-game, a game played on a tray-shaped board, although the word does not It is exactually appear in the Dan. dictionaries. ceedingly likely to have come down to us from our
(also bakke-bord),

Backgammon.

From

tray,

Northern ancestors, who devoted much of their long


winter evenings to games of tables.

To make or leave a blot at Backgammon is to uncover one of your men, to leave it liable to be taken, an expression not explicable by the E. sense
of the word
blot.
;

But the Sw.


blotte sig, to

blott,

Dan.

blot, is

naked, exposed
; JJiih.

expose oneself; Sw.


to

Back,
face.

hak

pahala.

the body opposite to the face, turned

The
;

root seems preserved in


se,

The part of away from the Bohem. paciti,


bend

gora

blott,

point, to

at Backgammon, make a blot.

make an exposed

Backet.
carbon.
pail.

In the N. of E. a coal-hod, from back,

to twist

Pol. paczyc
;

to

warp

(of wood), to

in the sense of

out of shape

wspak, wrong, backwards, inside outspite,


;

Hecart.

a wide open vessel

Rouchi, bac a
is

The
;

Fr. baquet

a tub or

wards ; pakosd, malice, wrong way, awry, cross


equivalent to Lat.
tion.
re,

perversity

opak, the

opaezny, wrong, perverted


;

Bacon.

O. Fr. bacon

bacquier, a sty-fed
;

hog

Buss, opako, naopako, wrong


again
;

paid

in composition,

O. Du. baecke, backe, a pig


vleesch, pork, bacon.

baecken-vleesch, baecklittle

paki-buitie, regenerais

Port, bacoro, a

pig.

Du.
Pied.

So

in

E.
it

to

give a thing back

to give

it

baggele, bigge,

bigghe, a

pig;

baeckelen, bagghelen,

again, to give

in the opposite direction to that in

vigghen, to pig, to produce young.


biga, a sow.

Kil.

which it was formerly given, and with us too the word is frequently used in the moral sense of perverted, bad.

Bad.
sus,

G.

bose,

Du.

boos, malus, pravus, perver-

malignus.

Pers. bud, bad.

Unconnected, I beof office or service

A back-friend
to

is

a perverted friend, one who does


;

lieve,

with Goth, bauths,

tasteless, insipid.

injury under the cover of friendship

to back-bite is

Badge.

A distinctive mark

speak evil of one

to back-slide, to slide out of

the right path, to

fall into

error

Icel.

bak-radudur,
of the

ill-counselled; bak-bord,
ship.

the

left-hand side

Esthon. pahha-pool, the back side, wrong

side

pahha, bad, ill-disposed

Fin.

Lap. paha,
Goth.

bad

OHG.

abah, abuh, apah, apuh, aversus, per;

versus, sinister

abahon, aversari, abominari

ibuks, backwards.

To

this

extent the connection

worn conspicuously on the dress, often the coat of arms of the principal under whom the person wearDu. busse, stadt-wapen, ing the badge is placed. spinther, monile quod in humeris tabellarii et caduBage or bagge of armys Kil. ceatores ferunt. Perhaps the earliest introPr. Pm. banidium duction of a badge would be the red cross sewed on their shoulders by the crusaders as a token of their

with a root bak, bah, pak, pah, signifying twisting,

calling.

BADGER. BAFFLE.
But on

65
bafouer, to hoodwink, deceive,
baflfle,

The

his breast a bloody cross he wore, dear resemblance of his absent Lord,

French has
words unto
fair
;

For whose sweet sake that glorious badge he wore.


F. Q.

disgrace, handle basely in terms, give reproachful

Crucem assumere dicebantur (says Ducange) qui ad sacra bella profecturi Crucis syrabolum palliis suis assuebant et aiBgebant in signum votivaj illius expeditionis. Franci

words.

Cotgr.

beffler,

to

deceive, mock, or gull with

Of

these the former

may

be

audientes talia eloquia protinus in dextra fecere Cruces


suere scapula.

borrowed from the E. bafful, which seems to have been applied to a definite mode of disgracing a man, indicated by Hall as in use among the Scots.
actually

sign of the cross, then, was in the first instance, " assumentum," a patch, botch, or bodge ;
boetsen, interpolare,

The

And furthermore the erle bad the herauld to say to his master, that if he for his part kept not his appointment,
then he was content that the Scots should hafful him, which a great reproach among the Scots, and is used when a man is openly perjured, and then they make of him an image painted reversed with the heels upward, with his name, wondering, crying and blowing out of [on 1] him with horns in the most despiteful manner they can. In token that he is to be exiled the company of all good creatures.
is

ornare,

ang.

botche, bodge.

to

Kil.

G.
soft,

batz, batze, botzen,

thing

to strike with

a coarse patch something


the

Sanders;
flat,

a dab or lump of some^sly. patschen,

as the hand, to dabble


batzen,
to

or paddle in
patch.

Sanders.
find

wet.

G.

dabble,

The

radical

notion

of patch,

Again, in the F. Q.
First he his beard did shave

badge, will thus be something fastened on, as a dab

of

mud thrown

Hence we

against a wall and sticking there. badged used by Shakespeare in the

Then from him

reft his shield,

and foully shent. and it r'enverst


blent,

sense of dabbled.
Their hands and feces were
all JcK/jrerf

with blood.

And And And

blotted oiit his

arms with falshood


all

himself baffuld, and his armes unherst.

broke his sword in twayn and

his

armour

sperst.

Macbeth.

Now

the Sc. has bauch, baugh, baach (ch guttu-

Bad^er

This word

is

used in

two

senses,

ral), repulsive to the taste, bad, sorry, ineffective.

apparently distinct, viz. in that of a corn-dealer, or carrier, one who bought up corn in the market
for the

bauch tradesman, a sorry tradesman


Without
estate

purpose of selling

it

in other places

and

A youth, though sprung from kings, looks baiigh


Ramsay Beauty but bounty's but bauch. is good for nothing.

secondly, as the

name

of the quadruped so called.

in

and blate. Jam.

NoAv we have in Fr. bladier, a corn-dealer (marchand de grain qui approvisionne les marches a
dos de mulcts

Beauty without

Hecart),

goodness

the diminutive of which

To

bauchle,
;

bachle,

bashle, is then, to distort, to

(according to the analogy of bledier, blaier, belonging


to

misuse

to

bauchle shoon, to tread


is

them awry

com,

blairie, terre de blairie,

corn country) would

bauchle,

an old shoe, whatever


is set
is

treated with con-

be blaireau, the actual designation of the quadruped badger in the same language, which would thus
signify

tempt or derision.

One who

little

corn-dealer, in allusion doubtless to that animal, with

laughing-stock

up as the butt of a company or a said to be made a bauchle of; to

some of the habits of

which the
familiar.

bauchle, to treat contemptuously, to vilify.

spread of cultivation has

made

us

little

But

further, there can

be httle doubt that E.

badger, whether in the sense of a corn-dealer or of

the quadruped,

is

directly descended

from the Fr.

Wallace lay still quhill forty dayis was gayn And fyve atour, hot perance saw he nayn Battaill till haifF, as thair promyss was maid. He girt display again his baner braid
EapreitTyt Edward ryclit gretlye of this thing, Bawchyllyt his seyll, blew out on that fals king

bladter, the corrupt pronunciation of which, in anal-

ogy with soldier, solger, sodger, would be bladger ; and though the omission of the I in such a case is a somewhat unfamiliar change, yet many instances

As a tyrand turnd bak and tuk


;

his gait.
tlie

If this passage be compared with


Hall,
it

extract from

may be

given of synonyms differing only in the preservation (or insertion as the case may be) or omission of an I after an initial b or p. Thus Du.

be seen that the affront put by Wallace on the king's seal in token of his having broken his word was an example of the practice which Hail
will
tells

and blaffen, to bark paveien and plaveien, to pave pattijn and plattijn, a skait or patten ; butse and blutse, a bruise, boil E. botch, or blotch ; baberbaffen
; ; ;

us was used in Scotland under the


the guttural ch

name of

baffulling,

being

represented in

English by an
has

f as

in

many

other cases.

The G.

lipped, P. P.,

and

blabber-lipped,
tired,

having large unbette

bafel, bofel, pofel,

synonymous with

gainly lips
blette,

fagged,
;

from flagged, Fr.


;

and

spoiled goods, refuse, trash.

beets

Berri, batte de pluie, a pelting shower


o'

make a

bafel

of,

to bauchle.

Sanders.
Kiittn.

Sc. bauchle
verbafeln, to

The
is,
!

origin

of rain, Sc. a blad


ser, to

weet

Rouchi, basser, Fr. blas-

as well of the Sc. as of the

G. term
!

I believe,
!

foment.
Baffle.
I.

the interjection.

To

Formerly written

baflul.

The
9

Bah Pooah
!

Sp.

Faugh Baf
!

Baw
all

Pah

Pooh

Fr.

of which are represen-

VOL.

66
tations of the strong

BAG.
exspiration

BAGGAGE.
Nous composons par traictie fait avecques cculx la disme que devons en toile, en drap, en coussins, en banquiers et
en autres
telles

accompanied by
instinctively

a projection of the
quently in the
disgust,
first

lips,

by which we

defend ourselves against a bad smell, and are conseinstance expressive of physical

bagues.

Ibid, xxxii.

and then of contempt.

etymological connection between O. Fr. bagues and the Icel. haugr is by no means improbable,

[An
it

but
Buffa, the despising blast of the
slurping.

is

"Way in

mouth

that

we

not clear that hagues and hagage are

dif-

call

v.

Chyrp.
;

Hence also Port, hafo, breath Prov. O. Sp. hafa, Fr. mockery, jest ; Sp. hefar, It. heffare, to jeer heffler, to mock. From the notion of mocking to that
;

ferent forms of the same word. The Fr. hagage formerly was, and the Sp. hagaj'e still is, used in the sense of beast or carriage of burden. Thus Bran-

tome,

Hommes
que

Illustres, etc.. Life of Sancerre, quot-

ing a capitulation, says


Item,
ledict sieur

of frustrating the efforts of any one, in which the E.


haffle is

comte

et ses gens pourront sortir

now

used,
;

is

an easy

transition, as

shown

in

other instances

Sp. hurlar, to mock,

scoff,

gibe,

also to frustrate one's views, destroy one's hopes.

amies et bagues sauves, et tout ce qu'ils pourront charger et porter


la ville

de

Ubrement

et avec la suite de leur vies,

sur leurs bagages, etc.

Neumann.

Here bagues and bagages are

plainly distinguished.

The
the
bit,

Sp. hefar, to jeer,

make a

lip,

laugh at

also

Salvk defines bagaje

move the lips and catch at the chain of would look like a derivation from hefo, the and the supposition is supported by lip of a horse the Genoese fa heffe, to pout, make a mouth at,
(of horses)
;

La
y
el

bestia de carga.

Llamase tambien

asi la

conjimto de bestias cargadas que sirve en


this

misma carga \m ej^rcito.


animal
is

But the application of

word

to the

point the lips at one, Fr. faire la lippe


is

but there

probably a derivative sense, the conveyance taking


the designation of the thing conveyed.

no real repugnancy

in these derivations, the

word

The Ara:

from a representation of the sound made by an exspiration through the prohefo being itself derived

gonese provincial haga, defined by the dictionaries

jected

lips.

La cuerda d soga con que


of this word
que llevan
is

se atan

y aseguran

las cargas

los

Bft^t

The etymology
to
;

machos

il

otras caballen'as,

perplexed

by

similarity
to
it

forms probably having no true


haich,

and which

also signifies

a knot in a cord or rope,


the

relation

W.

a burden, a load

Bret.

suggests a probable etymology of baggage, as

heac'h, he&h, bundle,


difiiculty
ves,
;

burden, load, and, figuratively,


;

with

life

O. Fr. hagues, goods vie et hagues sauand property ; Icel. haggi, a load, a
is

name of a package bound with a haga or cord, as is common in all countries where beasts of burden are
used.

This derivation finds support in the O. Fr.

bimdle, hoggull, a bundle.

verb baguer, which occurs in the fragment of Gilion with Gael,


halg, holg, hag,

The

true connexion

de Trasignyes published by Serrure,

p.

208

a leather bag, wallet, quiver, belly, blister ; Goth. halgs, a leathern case, a skin ; G. halg, the skin of

Es

flrent trousser et baguer leur tresor et richesses sur

chevaulx et mules, chameoulx et dromadaires.

an animal stripped haga, a wine skin.

off whole, husk, peel;

Lomb.

and on

p.

209

Ba^^age.
and not the
inclined at

Fr.

See Belly, Bulge, Baggage. hagage, from O. Fr. hagues,

Aprbs ce

qu'ilz eurent bagu leur bagues, etc.

goods, signifying the collective goods of an army,


collective hags or packages, as
first to
is

So, in an Ordinance of Charles of Burgundy,

Anno

we

are

1473, cited by Carpentier

suppose.

The

origin

the Icel. haugr,

AS.

heag, a ring of

la premiere fois chacun troussera, baguera, et se armera de menues pieces.

silver or gold,

which was used as a type of value, a


In these examples, trousser and baguer seem to mean, respectively, to fold or roll up, and to cord, These pasthe packages constituting the baggage. sages will recall to every Oriental traveller the cording of the luggage, which is one of the most important among the preparations for a march, and as the word baggage came into use at a period when, in
Europe, as well as in the East, almost all personal luggage and camp-equipage was transported upon
beasts of burden,
tion,

ring being the simplest and most convenient form in

which the precious metals could be made up or


worn.
rewarder.

a giver of jewels, a munificent Danes doubtless it passed into France, giving rise to the Fr. hague, a valuable, and finally a portable possession of any kind.
heah-gyfa,

AS.

From

the

Un riche
fille.

et puissant

homme qui entre


II.

ses riches hagues

et innumerables tre'sors se tenoit plus enrichy d'une belle

Cent. Nouv. Nouv.

and of course, corded,

this deriva-

en sa chambre et illec prepara et ordonjoyaulx qu'elle avait attains et mis dehors pour festoier son amoureux. Ibid. c.

En la fin monta
les bagues et

which

is
it

proposed by Diez, though he has not

na

supported

by

citations,

seems as natural as that

of package from the verb to pack.

BAIL.
Indeed, package, which

BALCONY.
i

67

word,

is

is a comparatively modern very probably identical with baggage, and

rier,

Roquefort.
or pale.

advanced gate of a city, palissade, barricade. It is probably the same word as paling
Fr. balises, finger-posts, posts stuck up in

the substitution of

any
flax,

difficulty.

p Baga

for h is too

common

to create

signifies, further,

the boll of

and
it

it is

possible that in the sense of a rope or

a river to mark the passage. Balle, barriere Hecart Bale, poste, retrauchement revenir a ses
; ;

cord

may have

taken

its

name from

that of a charit

bales, to

return to one's post, at the

game

of puss in

acteristic part of the vegetable

manufactured.
Bail.

M.]
to

from which

was

the corner, or cricket.

Hence

the bails at cricket,

properly the wickets themselves, but

now

the

little

Bailiff.

The

Lat. lajulm,

a bearer,

sticks at the top.

was applied
the
it

in later times to

cliild

about.

was applied

a nurse, viz. as carrying Mid. Lat. hajula, It. hdlia. Next the tutor or governor of the chilto the foster-

Bait.

Baize.

See Abet. Coarse woollen

cloth.

Formerly

bayes.

Du.

baey, baai, Fr. bage.

dren, probably
father.
Alii hajuli,
1.

in the first instance

To Bake.
bake, roast, &c.

To
;

cook in an oven.
e.

servuli,

vel nutritores

rint nutrire filios et familias

dominorum.

quia consueve de Reb.


Vitalis

dress or cook by dry heat to Bohem. pek, heat peku, pecy, to pec, an oven pecene, roast meat
;

pekar, a baker

Pol. piec, a stove

piec, to bake, to

Aragon.

in

Ducange.
the child under the care of the Bajulus
tutor
jieyaq

roast, to parch, to
full
;

burn

pieczywo, a batch, an oven-

When

piekarz, a baker.
baka, to warm Kongur bakade sier vid elld, King warmed himself at the fire. Heimskr.
;

was of royal rank, the consequence, and the

became a man of great (3aiov2.og was one of the

Isl.

the

chief officers of state at Constantinople.

Prov. E.

to

beak, beke, to bask, to

The name was also applied to the tutor of a woman or a minor. Thus the husband became the Bajulus uxoris, and the name was gradually extended to any one who took care of the rights or person of
another.

Du. zig bakeren, PI. D. bcickem, to G. bdhen, to heat, semmeln bdhen, to


to beath

warm warm
toast

oneself;
oneself.

bread

kranke glieder bahen, to foment a limb.


ing
set in

Holz bdhen,
calefacere,

wood, to heat wood for the purpose of mak-

In

this sense is to

be understood the ordi-

it

a certain form.
baths.

Gr.

/?u,

nary E. expression of giving bail, the person who gives bail being supposed to have the custody of him whom he bails. From bajulus was formed It. bailo,
balivo (bajulivu^)
;

Lat. Bajte,

warm
;

See Bath.

The
;

root

is

common
to

to

the Finnish class of languages.

Lap.

pak, paka, heat

Fr.

bail,

bailli,

E.

bail, bailiff.

The

bail are persons

who

constitute themselves tu-

tors of the person charged,

and engage

to

produce

pokes, to melt with heat pakestet, be hot, to bask; paketet, to heat, make hot. [Barbour, in The Bruce, uses bake precisely as the Icelanders do the verb at baka

him when

required.
pro pupillis.
Usatici

Tutores vel hajuli respondeant Barcinonences in Due.

And as thai ner war approchand, Ane Inglis man, that lay hekand Him be a fyr, said till his fer, &c.
Bruce,
b.

Et

le roi I'a

comme

hail d'elle.

re9ue en son hommage et le due son baron Chron. Flandr. in Due.

XIV.

v.

325-7. M.l

Balance.
ance
;

Lat. lanx, a dish, the scale of a bal-

Et mitto ilium (filium) et omnem meam terram et meum honorera et meos viros qute Deus mihi dedit in hajulia de Deo et de suis Sanctis, &c. Ut sint in bayoliam Dei et de Sancta Mariil, &c. Testament. Regis Arragon. A. D.

bilanx, the

implement for weighing, composed

of two dishes or scales hanging from a

beam

sup-

ported in

the middle.

It.

bilancia,

Sp. balanza,

1099, in

Due.
Fr. bailler, to hand over, from bajulare, in

Prov. balans, balanza, Fr. balance.

The change from


The
the sense of

i to

fluence of the second a, or

a may be through the init may be from a false

making one a
it

bail or

keeper of the
intrusted

reference to the O. Fr. baler, baloier, Venet. balare,


to

thing handed over, giving


Finally, every one to
to execute not

into his bail or control.

whom power was

on his own behalf was called a bailiff, bajulius or ballivus, from the regent of the empire (as we find in the case of Henry of Flanders
" Principes, barones et milites exercitus

la

move up and down, to see-saw. Barbican. From the Persian bdBalcony. An open chamber over khaneh, upper chamber.

the gate in the Persian caravanserais

it

still

called

by

that

name, according

to Rich.

The term was

me

imperii

then applied to the projecting platform from which

Ballivum elegerunt ") to the humble bailiff in husbandry who has the care of a farm, or the officer who executes the writs of a sheriff. Bail, 3. Bail is also used in the sense of post or
bar.

such a chamber looked down upon the outside. As this balcony over the gateway is precisely the position of the barbican in a castle wall, it is probable that the latter name, in Mid. Lat. barbacana,
is

The

bails

were the advanced

posts set

up outbar-

only another corruption of the same word which


If

side the solid defences of a town.

Fr.

bailie,

gives us balcony.

we compare

the various

modes

68

BALD. BALE.
is

of writing the word from whence our belfry


rived,

de-

white

mark on

the face.

Thus

the Fin. paljas,


(jiaXiog,

and especially the two, helfredum, bertefredum,


harha-cana by persons by

bald, is identified with Gr. ^alio^,

we

shall find nothing startling in the conversion of

having a white streak on the

face.

Du.
bles,

bald-fiiced,
blesse,

hala khaneh into

whom

blaze on the forehead, a bald forehead,


;

bald.

the elements of the

word were not understood.

A barbican was a defence before a gate, originally,


doubtless, a

mere projecting window from whence

the entrance could be defended, or the persons ap-

Kil. Gael, ball, a spot or mark Bret, bal, a white mark on an animal's face, or the animal itself, whence the common name Ball for a cart-horse in England. As the common word for a mark of this
kii\d
is

proaching submitted to inspection, the word being

in

E.

blaze,

Sw.

blaesa,

Dan.
pile.

Uis, the terra

probably brought from the East by the Crusaders.

bal, in

the

same

sense,

may

probably be identical

Balcony

is

much

later introduction,

and has accord-

with

Icel. bal,

a blaze, a funeral

Gudm. the

ingly better preserved the true form of the original.

white mark on a dark ground being compared to a


;

European sense of the term, flame, Gael, maol, bald maolan, a beacon. Fin. chamber over a gate," pallaa, to bum, palo, burning, paljas, bald. A bcdd and I am aware of no authority for assigning such head is remarkable as smooth and shuiing. a position to a barbican. The balcony is everywhere His head was hailed, and shone as any glass. Chaucer. " a platform on the outside of a window," as Richbalcony, in the
is

[A

certainly not " an open

and the barbican, except sometimes always an outwork, a tete de pont, a lunette or a hornwork to cover the entrance to a castle, an antemurale, as the Mid. Lat. writers explain it, and built substantially on the
ardson defines
it,

Balderdasht

Idle, senseless talk

in old naval architecture, is

use coarse language.

to balder, to

Halliwell.

W.

baldorddi, to

babble, prate, or talk idly.

Du.

balderen, to bawl,

make an

outcry, to roar, said of the roar of can-

non, cry of an elephant, &c.


blaterare, debacchari, minari.
blaterare,

same

level as the gate or bridge

it

covers.

Delia

bolderen, bulderen,
Kil.
Icel.

buldra,

Valle, Persia, Lettera IV., says

Dan.

buldre,

to

make a
&;c.

loud noise, as
;

In mezzo

al cortile

sta fabbricata

come una un uomo,

pic-

thunder, the rolling of a waggon,


to

also to scold,

cola stanza, o per dir meglio loggia, perchc attorno h aperta

make a

disturbance.

The

final syllable
;

seems
to

to

da
vi

tutte le parte, alta


si

da terra quanto e
Gli

alto

clie

express a continuation of the same idea


dash, chatter, talk
;

prov. Dan.

ascende per

tetto.

*****

piii scalini, e

coperta solo di sopra col


cioe casa

dov-dash, chatter

fit

deave

chiamano balachane,

one.

Bav.
;

ddtscli,

noise of a blow with the open

di sopra, perchfe sono alte, etc.

hand

dcitschen, to clap,

smack,
;

tattle

Gael. baUart,

He

adds that they were used as reception-rooms,


of the

noisy boasting, clamour

ballartaich, ballardaich,

sleeping apartments, &c.

loud noise, shouting, hooting.

The same

terminanoise

The meaning

Persian word, therefore,

tion in like

manner expresses continuance of


;

afibrds little countenance to

Wedgwood's

derivation

in plabartaich,

a continued noise of waves gently


clapartaich,

of balcony, none whatever to that of barbican, and

beating on the shore, unintelligible talk

with respect to the former word, I

am

inclined to

agree with the writer of an article in the Atlantic

a clapping or flapping of wings. From the same analogy, which causes so many words expressive of
the plashing or motion of water to be applied to

Monthly, who prefers the etymology which Wedgwood's observations on Balk suggest. M.]

rapid
signify

or

confused talking, balderdash


drink,

is

used to

Bald.

Formerly written
it

balled, baUid,

whence
is

washy
1.

weak

liquor.

Richardson explains

as if

it

signified
root,

made round
too

Bale.
bealwes,

Grief, trouble, sorrow.


destruction,
;

AS.

bealo, gen.

and smooth

like a ball.

The

however,

torment,

wickedness;

Goth.

widely spread for such an explanation.


Esthon. paljas, naked, bare, bald
;

Finn,

balva-vesei,

wickedness
;

bal-veins,

torment

Icel. bol,

Lap. puoljas, bare


is

calamity, misery

Du.

bal-daed, malefactum, malefi;

of trees

Dan. baldet, unfledged.


used
in

cium.
ail, to

Pol.

bol,

ache, pain
;

bolec,

Bohem.
ill.

boleti, to

Besides signifying void of hair, hold


the sense of having a white
the case of the

ache, to grieve

mark on

the face, as in

plague, a pestilence.
blister,

common

sign of the bald-faced stag,

boil,

may

ball, a a bubble, exhibit the original development

bolatvy, sick,

W.

Perhaps

Icel. bola,

and the

a black bird with a conspicuous excrescence of white skin above its beak, G. blassbald-coot,

of the signification, a boil or blain being taken as


the

type of sickness, pain, and evil in general.


bolyat',

ente, bldss-huhn, also the bald-kite,

cheval belle-face.

faced, white-faced.

Nordfoss

or buzzard.
v.

Fr.

Russ.

to

be

ill,

to

grieve

bolyatchka,

in

bldsig.

Bald-

pustule.

Halliwell.

The

real identity
is

of the word bald in the two senses

witnessed

by the analogy of the Slavonic languages. Pol. Bohem. lysy, bald, marked with a white streak; Pol. lysina, Bohem. lysyna, a bald pate, and also a

Sw. bal ; It balla ; Fr. goods packed up into a round or compact mass. See Ball. To Bale out water. Sw. balja, Dan. balky Du. baalie, Bret, bal; Gael, ballan, a pail or tub
2.

A package

of goods.

baUe, bal, a ball or pack,

i.

e.

BALK.
G. halge, a washing-tub, perhaps from a water-skin being the earliest vessel
water.
halg,

BALL.
word
for both is the same,
it

69
is

a skin,

true, but the Ice-

for holding

landic bdlkr, a partition or division,

which Wedgis

wood supposes
halle,

to

correspond to E. balk, a ridge,

Hence Dan.

Du.

haalien, to

with a bowl or
pail.

pail, to bale out.

Fr. bacqueter, in the same sense,

empty out water In like manner from bacquet, a

not necessarily, hardly even probably, identical with


Icel. bidlki,

a beam.

Again, with the clumsy implements of primitive agriculture, balks in ploughing must have been very
frequent,

To Balk.
over.

To

balk

is

to pass

over in plowing, to

and they doubtless had acquired a name

leave a thing unaccomplished, to disappoint, skip

before land became valuable enough to need to be

For so well no man halt the plow That it ne balketh other while, Ne so well can no man afile His tonge that somtyme in jape Him may som light word ourescape.

marked by regular boundaries, and hence the sense of partition is a later meaning of balk than that of
accidental omission, which
is

possibly the

radical

Gower in R.

meaning of the word. There is, however, a more familiar root from which the word is probably derived, namely, that discussed under Bulge. Balk
in ploughing
is,

between one diand another, the partition over which you must skip in passing from one division to the other, and specially a ridge of green sward left by design between different occupancies in a common field. Halhwell. Icel, bdlkr, the division between the stalls in a cow-house. Sw. balka, to partition
balk, then, is the separation

in

Prov. Dan.,
PI.
to

bulk, evidently the

vision of a thing

same word as the


words are used also
is

D. huU, a hillock, and both signify a lump or clod, which


of balk, namely, a

precisely the radical notion

large

lump or

clod

of ground unbroken by the

off.

This third the merry Diazome we call border city these two coasts removing, Which Uke a balk with his cross-builded wall. Disparts the terms of anger and of loving.
Fletcher in R.

The PI. D, bolt, a hummock in a low meadow, is doubtless another form o^ the same root, and the idea of bulging or swelling, rounded prominence, appears to be the primary meaning of all this numerous and widely diffused family of words.
plough.

The forms
identical

deboyschatus, carved or engraved,

and

debuxatus, designed, in Ducange, the latter evidently

with the modern Sp. dibujo, give some

Then, as
applied to

it

appears, from the resemblance


field,

in
is

shape to a balk in a ploughed


a

the term

countenance to the supposition of Genin, that the Fr. bois, O. Fr. bos, is the root of ebaucher, but
Diez's derivation, which refers these words, as well
as the Italian bozzo,
etc., to a common origin with a hump, lump, or projection, is at as probable as the view taken in the text.

hewn beam, Sw.


;

balk,

Dan.
to

bieelke,

Picard. bauque
to

and

in

French, for the like reason,


roughbalks

a course of bricks, bauche ; ebaucher,


is

the

modern

bosse,

hew, to hew into the form of a beam.


are the beams of which the roof

The

least

composed.

Most
cal with

etymologists, I think, will find

it

more
is

dif-

ficult to believe,

than to " doubt, that balk

identi-

His owen hand than made ladders three To climben by the ranges of the stalkes Unto the tubbes honging in the balkes. Chaucer.

It.

valcare, valicare, varcare, to pass over,"


to stride, will

and the Latin varicare,

be accepted as

A
fold
;

hay-loft

is

provincially

termed

the

balks

the source of the Italian verb which so nearly cor-

responds to

it,

until stronger evidence is

produced

(Halliwell),

because situated

among

the

rafters.

than yet appears in behalf of the Gothic balk.

Hence
a

also probably the Ital. balco, or palco, a scafloft-like erection

M.]

supported upon beams.


is

"We cannot doubt that balk

identical with It.

valcare, valicare, varcare, to pass over,

which Diez
;

would derive from Lat. varicare,


is

to stride

but

it

plain that balk cannot be derived from valcare,

while the Itahan word might easily have arisen

from a Gothic source.

Ball. Ballad. Ballet. It. ballare, to dance, from the more general notion of moving up and down. Mid. Lat. ballare, hue et illuc inclinare, vacillare. Ugutio in Due. Venet. balare, to rock, to see-saw. O. Fr. baler, baloier, to wave, to move, baler des mains, plaudere manibus (Diet. to stir Etym.) as to dance was plaudere pedibus.

[Beams for houses were in use, and must have had a name, long before the plough was invented, and it is therefore an inversion of the natural order of derivation to suppose that balk, a beam, was so called because it resembled an unploughed ridge, nor indeed is there any such resemblance between the two objects that the one is likely, in any case, to have given name to the other. The Anglo-Saxon

Job ne fut cokes (a kex or reed) ne rosiau Qui au vent se toume et baloie.
It. ballare, to

shake or jog, to dance.

Hence,

ballo,

a dance, a
in

ball.

Ballata, a dance, also a song sung

ballad.
ballet

dancing (perhaps in the interval of dancing), a Fr. ballet, a scene acted in dancing, the
of the theatres.

70
It is probably

BALL.
an old Celtic word.

BALLAST.
\

Bret. haUa,

to walk, bale, the act of walking, or

movement of
halla,

one who walksBall.


Sp. hala, Fr.

Balloon. Ballot.
halle,

It.

palla,
is

haps not word for word, an Ordinance of the year 1454, write the word barlast, a form which, according to the rules of Danish orthoepy, can hardly be a corruption of baglast.

ball,

of which balloon
ball,

the

The

context of the passage in the


to, in

Dansk Soret

augmentative,

ballot,

little

the diminutive.
pelotte,
pellet,

above referred

Another form of the diminutive gives Fr.


hand-ball, peloton, a clue of thread, &c.
;

E.

small ball.

which the word occurs in the participial form, leaves the meaning disputable, and it may signify ballasted, having taken in ballast, or, possibly, laden, having taken in cargo

With
and
its

It.

palla must be classed Lat. pila, a


pill.

ball,

dim. pilula, a

Nor can we
;

separate the

forms with the vowel o

Sp. bola, a ball, a bowl,


;

Kommer Schifftil StadzensBroeellerLandfestatschibbe goods up, da schuUe schiff, som barlastid er, som fore ligger, vdlegge oc gifFue rum den, som vpschibbe vil. 10.

Du. bol, bolle, a globe or sphere, and specially the head bolleken, capitulum bol, bolleken, the bulb of an onion poUe, pol, polleken, the head or top of anyFr. boule, a ball, and the dim. boulet, a bullet
; ; ;

If a vessel comes to the city-wharf to unlade, any


ship
in the

which is ballasted [or perhaps, laden] and lies way, shall move out and give place to the ship which wishes to unlade. It should be added
is

thing.

that opskibe

also equivocal, as

it

signifies

both to
true

Ballast.

Dan.

bag-lest.

The

first

syllable of this
It is

ship goods (by lighterage), and to unship, or dis-

word has given a great deal of trouble. plained bach, by Adelung, because, as he
ballast
is

ex-

charge.

The

latter

is

here doubtless the

says, the

meaning.
the

put in the hinder part of the ship.


is

the hold

never called the back of the ship.


is

But The

But it is much more probable that in this instance meaning of barlastid is the ordinary one of havballast,

true explanation

given by the Prov. Dan.

bag-Ices,

ing taken in
tion to

and being therefore

in a condi-

the back-load, or comparatively worthless load one


brings back from a place with an

move

out into the stream with safety, and

empty waggon.
a return

this opinion is

confirmed by two passages in an Or-

"When a
cargo,

ship discharges, if

it fails

to obtain

dinance of King

Don Jaume
11. 24.

I.

of Aragon, of the

it is

forced to take in stones or sand, to pre-

year 1258, Capmany,

serve equilibrium.

This

is

the back-load, or ballast


to

of a ship, and hence the

name has been extended

narii

the addition of heavy materials placed at the bottom

Dominus navis cujuslibet vel ligni, et nautffi atque marieorimdem non dimittant vel desemparent navim vel lignum * * quousque merces omnes * * sint discaricatae in terra, et

of an ordinary cargo to keep the balance.


carried by the canal lines in 1854 than 25,000 tons, and this was chiefly carried as back-loading, for want of other freight. Eeport Pennsylv. R. 1854.

saonata et ormejata.

quousque ipsa navis vel lignum

sit

I.

The whole amount


less

was

Shall not leave the ship until the goods are dis-

charged, and the ship ballasted, &c., the taking in


of ballast or heavy freight
vessel

immediately after the

BaUast,

inutilis sarcina.

Kil.

[This etymology, though very plausible, is, I think, unsound. It is not true, as a general rule,
that

was lightened by discharging being necessary for her safety. There is another provision to the same effect in X., the word there being written
saorrata, instead of saonata, which, in
I., is

probis

homeward-bound ships sail without cargo, or in ballast, more frequently than outward-bound, and
is

ably a misprint for saorrata.

Neither form

in

therefore back-loading
tion for the

not an appropriate designais

heavy material which


is

employed

to

Ducange or Carpentier, but the word is evidently from the Lat. saburra, and its meaning seems to be Capmany, however, understands it to signify clear.
discharged of ballast, and translates
it

steady sea-going vessels.

" deslastradas,"

The word

of recent introduction into all the


it,

which

is

certainly an erroneous interpretation.


beballastet,

languages which use


the compound,
to
last,

and the second element

in

The form

which I have not met with

has been taken, without dispute,


burden, a word Teutonic in

elsewhere, occurs in the PI. D. text of the See-

be the Gothic
though
it

last,

Recht of Frederic
IV.
col.

II.,

A. D. 1561, Westphalen,

origin,

has been introduced into the Ice-

1833, in a provision corresponding to that

landic, as well as the


ish.

modern Swedish and Danbaglast is quite modern,

just cited,

and which

it

serves to explain

The Danish form

and

may have

originated in a confusion with baglces,

back-loading.
sen, 1510, the

All the older authorities, as Peder-

Neen Bossman schal sick scheden van synen schipper, wenn dat Schip in den Haven kahmen is, ehr idt is gelosset und aflftackelt, imd wederiimb beballastet.
but the word

Oresund Tariff of 1558, the Gammel Dansk Soret, printed in the 6th volume of the Ny Dansk Magazin fi-om a manuscript of the sixteenth century, and Hvitfeldt, 1652, p. 859, citing, but per-

Palsgrave gives " balast of a schyppe, Fr. lestage," is not common in early English writers.
is

Saburra

explained by lastage in the Pictorial VoI.

cabulary in Nat. Ant.

275, and Richardson's

first

BALLAST. BAMBOOZLE.
example of
then,
ballast
is

71

from Hackluyt.

We

find,

nishes a probable explanation of the use of ballast


in the dialect of civil engineering, for filling in with

neither in the Danish and English original

forms of
loading,
lable

ballast, nor in the appropriate sense of the word, any support for the derivation bag-last, back-

small stones and gravel.


BRllllSt6r<
bannisters

M.]

Fr. ballustres,

ballisters

(corruptly
little

and the origin and meaning of the


remains unexplained.

first syl-

when placed

as guard to a staircase),

still

round and short

pillars,

ranked on the outside of


&c.

An anonymous contributor, A.
Nieuw
of the
landish
Archief,
first
is I.

D.

J.,

in

De Jager's
explanation
in

cloisters, terraces, galleries,

Cotgr.

Said to

479, proposes a

new

be from balaustia, the flower of the pomegranate,


the calyx of which has a double curvature similar to
that in

element of the word.

Balg

Nether-

the equivalent of buik, the hull or hold of

which balusters are commonly made.

But

and the writer in question supposes ballast to be the lading, whether of valuable cargo or mere heavy rubbish, which is placed in the hold of the vessel. In support of this opinion, which is not hastily to be rejected, he cites two instances of the form balglast, one from an old drama, Crispyn en Crispiaan, the other from Jan Vos, a writer of the seventeenth century. Were these authorities two centuries older, they would be almost decisive, but
ship,

such rows of small pillars were doubtless in use


before that particular form was given to them.

The

Sp. barauste, from bara or vara, a rod, seems the


original

form of the word, of which balaustre (and


is

thence the Fr. ballustre)


to

a corruption, analogous

what is seen in It. bertesca, baltresca, a battlement; Lat. urtica, Venet. oltriga, a nettle. Sp. baranda, railing around altars, fonts, balconies,
&c.
;

barandado, series of balusters, balustrade


balustrade, small
railing.

they are too

modem

to

be so considered.

Ten Kate,

barandilla, a small

Aenleiding, II. 143, after defining boke, beuke, buik,


venter, alvus, navis concavitas, gives as derivatives

[The Sp. baranda, or rather barandado, a


cipial form,

parti-

seems to be the source of the English

overbuiken and verbmken, onerare ventrem, saburrare.


in

veranda, which the dictionaries treat as of Oriental


origin.

These verbs

are, I believe, not

now

current

In Old Catalan, the corresponding barandat


in the precise sense

Dutch, at least in any such sense, and I am not sure whether saburrare is used in this definition figuratively with reference to the

was used

veranda, and not simply in that of a railing.

which we now give to See

human

stomach, or

with the

literal

meaning,

to ballast.

Plautus uses

a passage cited from the Priv. Valentiae, in note on the word Awning.

my

the participle of saburrare in the sense of

crammed
ides

with food, and


well

Ben

Jonson, Every

Man

out of his

Humor, Third Sounding, has: "when


ballac't,

Enuanna que domorum.


If,

in vulgari

nuncupantur barddats sive ex-

his belly is

and his brain rigged a little." But if verbuiken had in Dutch the literal meaning of ballasting a ship, it would strongly confirm the derivation of ballast from balg. Further research in the
Gothic literature of the sixteenth century will probably enable us to decide the question.

em
dat,

word,

however, veranda can be shown to be an Eastit will follow that the Old Catalan baranthan derived from bara or vara.

Sp. baranda, barandado, were more probably


it

taken from

M.]

As
but

I have observed,

it

has been taken for granted


is

that the final syllable last


lest,

the Gothic

last,

burden,

Balm, Balsam. Fr. baume, from Lat. balsamum, Gr. (iaXaafiov, a fragrant gum. In O. Baltic. The Baltic sea, mare Balticun.
Bcelt, as two of the entrances are still Great and Little Belt. The authorities are not agreed as to the grounds on which the name

Romance, as ballast in the Gothic languages, and the Mediterranean navigators are by no means Hkely
lastage, lastre, etc., are as old in the

Sw. called

called the

to

North.

have borrowed a word of this sort from the It is worth noticing as a curious and sug-

is

given.

To Bam.
a
ceive,

To make

fun of a person.

bam,

gestive analogy, that in Spanish, lastre signifies not

false tale or jeer.

Bret, bamein, to enchant, de-

only ballast but also the waste stone from a quarry


" Piedra tosca, ancha
la superficie

endormir par des contes.


deceiver.
to deceive,

JBamour, enchanfun of a per-

y de poco grueso, que

esta en

ter, sorcerer,

de la cantera, la cual no es a proposito

To Bamboozle,
son.

make

para labrarse."

This precisely describes the material generally used for ballast, and this or some allied root may be the source of the second element of the

There are a

set of fellows

they

call

word we are considering.


cognate word,
le
is

The Italian lastrare, a defined " metter nella nave a suolo

boozlers that play such tricks.

Arbuthnot in R.

banterers and bam-

Sc. bumbazed, puzzled, astonished.

mercanzie a guisa di lastre," to stow merchandise on shipboard, layer by layer, like pavingslabs,

and

in the Sicihan dialect

we have

balata,

lastra, lapide.

In any event, the Spanish

lastre fur-

Bumhazed the gudeman glowred a wee Syne hent the Wallace by the han' " It's he, it can be nane but he " The gude wife on her knees had faun.
!

Jamieson.

72

BAN.
to

BAND.
bandon, at his

Perhaps from him,


to

hnm, and Du.


noise
;

haesen, delirare

own

discretion.

OE. bandon was

confuse

with

verbaesen

stupefacere,

used in the same sense.

See Abandon.

attonituin rcddore.

Or

bamboozle

may

be a mixture
forbid,

of bain iind

tlie

Du. verbaesen.

To
The

Baili

To

proclaim,

command,

de-

nounce, curse.

Oncques Pucelle de paraige N'eut d'aimer tel bandon que j'ai, Car j'ai de mon p^re congid De (aire ami et d'etre aimee. R. R.

moaning of the word seems to have been to summons to the army. In the commencement of the feudal times all male inhabitants were in general required to give personal attendance when the king planted his banner in the field, and sent round a notice that his subjects were summoned to join him against the enemy.
primitive
askjt of the Kyng Til have the vaward of liis batayl,

Never maiden of high

birth

had such power or

freedom of loving as I have.


Les saiges avait
et les fols

Commundment

a son bandon.

R. R.
prise,

Translated by Chaucer,
Great loos hath Largesse and great For both the wise folk and unwise Were wholly to her bandon brought,
i.

He

Quhatcver thai ware wald it assayle, That he and liis suld have always Quhen that the king suld Banare rays.

e.

were brought under her power or command.

Wyntoun,

v. 19. 16.

Band, 1. That with which anything is bound. AS. band, Goth, bandi, Fr. bande, It. banda. From
the verb to bind, Goth, bindan, band, bundun.
cially applied to

Now

this calling out of the public force

was called

Spe-

bannire in hostem, bannire in exercitum, popvlum in


hostem convocare, bannire, exercitum, in Fr. banir
I'oust ;

a narrow

strip of cloth or similar

material for binding or swathing


the term

AS.

theodscipe ut abannan.

In

Layamon

streak of different colour or material.


is

we
to

constantly find the expression, he bannede his

applied to the strip

hence a stripe or In It. banda of anything lying on


;

jferde,

he assembled his host. The expression seems arise from JBann in the sense of standard, flag,

the edge or shore, a coast, side, region. border, margin.

G. bande,

ensign (see Banner).

The

raising of the King's


is

Band,

2,

to Bandy.

In the next place

Band
perIt.

banner marked the place of assembly, and the primitive meaning of bannire was to call the people to the JBann or standard. The term was then applied
to

applied to a troop of soldiers, a

number of
purpose.

sons associated for some

common
is

Sp.

summonsing on any other public

occasion,

and

thence to any proclamation, whether by


junction or forbiddal.

way

of in-

Si quis Icgihus in utilitatem Regis sive in hoste (to the

host or army) sive in reliqnam utilitatem bannitus


etc.

Leg. Eipuar.
non

ftterit,

some doubt how this signification has arisen. It seems however to have been developed in the Romance languages, and cannot be explained simply as a body of persons bound together for a certain end. It has plausibly been deduced from Mid. Lat. bannum or bandum, the standard or banner which forms the rallying point of a company of soldiers.
banda, Fr. bande.

There

Exercitum

in auxilium Sisenardi de toto regno

diae bannire praecepit

Fredegarius.

nitus fuerit et

venerit.

Capitul. Car. Mag. A. D. 813.


ost

BurgunBandus, says Muratori, Diss. 26, tunc (in the 9th century) nuncupabatur legio a bando, hoc est vexillo.

Si quis

cum

armis ban-

Se il avenist que le ennemis de la Croix.

Assises de Jerusalem.
gcnerale per tutto
'1

Roy chevauchat a

bani centre les

So

in Swiss, fahne, a

company, from fahne, the enis

Face bandire

hoste

regno.

John

sign or banner.
senses.

Sp. bandera

also

used in both

Villani in Ducange.

under which a band or company of footmen serve, also the band or


Fr.
enseigne, the colours

In like manner we find bannire ad placita, ad molendinum, fec., summoning to serve at the Lord's
be ground at his mill, &c. word acquired the sense of proclamation, extant in Sp. and It. bando, and in E. Iianns of marriage. In a special sense the term was applied to the public denunciation by ecclesiastical authority Sw. bann, excommunication bann-lysa, to excomcourts, to bring corn to

company But if

itself.

Cotgr.

Thus

the

were the true derivation it would be a singular change to the feminine gender in Banda. The real course of development I believe to be as
this

seen in Sp. banda,

side,

then party, faction, those

who

side together (bande, parti, ligue


to

Taboada).
It.

Bandear,

form

parties, to unite

with a band.

bandare, to

side or to

bandy

(Florio), to

bandy

municate

{lysa, to publish) ; banna, to reprove, to take one to task, to chide, to curse, E. to ban.

being explained in the other part of the dictionary,


to follow

faction.

To

bandy, tener da alcuno,

was somewhat further developed, passing on from proclamation to command, permission, power, authority. A son
signification

In Fr. bandon the

sostener

il

partito d'alcuno.

Torriano.
soil,

Unnumbered as the sands Of Barca or Gyrene's torrid

BANDITTI.
Levied to side with warring winds, and poise Their lighter wings. Milton in R.

BANK.
with whack.

73

slay,

Compare

also
to

Lat. Icedere, to

hurt, with illidere, collidere,

strike.

Kings had need beware how

they side themselves,

and make

To Ban^.
To bang

An

imitation of the sound of a blow.


falling

themselves as of a faction or party, for leagues within the state are ever pernicious to monarchy. Bacon in R.

Thus we speak of a thing


the door, to shut
it

bang

upon one.

with a loud noise.

Fr. bander, to join in league with others against


Cotgr., se reunir, s'associer, se joindre.
It is in this sense that the

Roqueused by

With many a stiff thwack, many a bang, Hard crab tree and old iron rang. Hudibras.

fort.

word

is

Sw. bang,
tumultuously

stir,
;

tumult

"

Romeo.

bdngas, to

med buller och bang," make a stir banka, to


;

Draw Ben voglio,. beat down

their

weapons

knock, to pummel.

Gentlemen, for shame, forbear this outrage, Tibalt, Mercutio, the Prince expressly hath Forbidden bandying in Verona streets.

The
spring
;

addition of an initial s gives Sc. spang, a

E. spank, to slap with the open hand, to do a thing with violence, as to go along at a spanking
pace.

The

prince had forbidden faction fighting.


of bandy

Sp. ban-

dear, to cabal, to foment factions, follow a party.

The Susu, a language


bangbang, to drive in a

of the
nail.

W.

of Africa, has

The name
in

is

given in English to a game


into

which the players are divided


tries

two

sides,

each

To Banish.
nire,

Bandit.

From Mid.

Lat. ban-

of which

to

drive a

wooden

ball with bent

bandire, to proclaim, denounce,

was formed

sticks in opposite directions.

the O. Fr.

publicly order one out of the realm,

The zodiac is the line the shooting stars, Which in an eyebright evening seem to fall,
:

compound for-bannir (bannire foras), to and the simple bannir was used in the same sense, whence E.
banish.

Are nothing but the

balls

they lose at bandy. Brewer, Lingua, in R.

Fr. bander, to drive the ball from side to side at

Tennis.

Hence

the expression of bandying words,

the same verb the It. participle bandito one denounced or proclaimed, put under the ban of the law, and hence, in the same way that E. outlaw came to signify a robber. It. banditti acsignifies

From

retorting in language like players sending the ball

quired the like signification.

Forbannitus

is

bandy or tennis. Diez would explain Sp. bandear, Prov. bandeiar, in the sense of waving like a banner in the wind.
to side at

from side

the Leges. Ripuar. in the sense of a pirate.

Diez.

used in

Los estandards dressatz contra

'1

vent banoians.
its

But

it is

certain that the Sp. bandear, in one of


is froii

senses at least,
to penetrate

banda, a side
side.

to traverse,

Another meaning given by Taboada is " brimbaler, secouer par un branle reit^re," to shake backwards and forwards, to swing to and fro, from side to side. Banditti. See Banish. large dog kept for a guard, and Bandog. therefore tied up, a band-dog. Du. band-hond, canis
from side to

is in E. so much associated with the noa band of robbers, that we are inclined to understand it as signifying persons banded together. [The Mid. Lat. abannatio, banishment for a year, deduced by some from annus, suggests a possible etymology for banish. M.] Bank. Bench. The latter form has come to us from AS. bcence, the former from Fr. banc, a

The word
tion of

bench, bank, seat

banc de

sable,

a sand-bank.

It.

banco, panca, a bench, a table, a counter.

Bantze,

a desk.

Vocab. de Vaud.

But natheless I took unto our dame Your wife at home the same gold again

vinculis assuetus, et canis pecuarius, pastoralis.


Kil.

Upon your

bench

she wot

it

well certain
tell.

By
crooked
;

certain tokens that I can here

To Bandy. See Band, 2. Bandy. Bandy legs are

Shipman's Tale.
legs.

Fr.

Hence

It.

banco was used generally for a mer-

bander un arc, to bend a bow, &c. a bow.

bande, bent as

chant's counting-house or place of business,

whence
un-

the mod. E.

Bank

applied to the place of business

Bane.
bana,

Goth, banja, a blow, a wound;


;

OHG.

of a dealer in money.

When

man becomes
is

death-blow

Mid.

HG.

bane,

destruction

able to keep his engagements, his credit as cracked or broken, and his

spoken of
busiIt.

AS.

bana, murderer.

Icel. batia, to slay, bana-sott,

bank or place of

death sickness, bana-sar, death-wound, &c., ben, a

ness being broken up, he becomes a bank-rupt.


banca-rotta, banca-fallita, a

death-wound,

now

a wheal.

Referred by Diefen;

bach to the root bang, a blow Icel. banga, banka, to strike. So the verb schlagen, which in G. signifies to strike,

that hath broken his

bankrupt merchant, one credit from Lat. ruptus, bro;

ken.

slay,

becomes in E. to slay. Icel. drepa, seems identical with E. drub, to beat vega, VOL. I. 10
;

to to

G. bank, a bench,
stratum of earth.

stool, shoal,

bank of a

river,

The

Icel.

has two forms of the

74
word, hechr, a bench, raised
seat,

BANNER. BARBAROUS.
and hakki, a bank,

but

if tliis bantering,

shore, fog-bank, back of a knife, leading us to infer

thing, &c.

Swift in
A
to

as they call

it,

be so despicable a

R.
child in swaddling clothes,
it is

a derivation from the


elevation.

back, taken as type of a gentle

Bantling.
from
reifa,

Thus Dorsum was


;

applied in Latin to
hill,

the bands in which

a sand-bank
rising bank.

dorsum jugiy the slope of a

wrap.

from wrapped. In Icel. reijiingr, In a similar manner are

formed yearling, an animal a year

Baimer.
the

The word Ban

or

Band was used by

Lombards

in the sense of banner, standard.


appellant.

Vexillum quod Bandum Due.

Paulua Diaconus in

old, nestling, a young bird still in the nest, &c. Bar. A rod of any rigid substance. It. barra, Fr. barre, and with an initial s. It. sbarra, OHG. sparro, Sw. sparre, E. spar, a beam or long pole of wood. The meaning seems in the first instance a

In the same place is quoted from the Scoliast on Givgory Nazianzen

branch
Bret,
tree).

Celtic bar,

summit,

top,

then branches.

barrou-gwez, branches of a tree (gwezen, a


Gael, barrack, branches, brushwood.

Ta Ka%mfuva napa
Ki^uv mnrdrjiioTa kcu

"Pufiaiovc ciyva kcu j3av6a tovtu 6

Am-

Hence
a
bar, to

Fr. barrer, to bar or stop the

aijfieia KoJici.

way

as with
;

hinder

barriere,

a barrier or stoppage

barreau,

Hence

It.

bandiera, Fr. banmere, E. banner.


in
all

the bar at which a criminal appears in a court of


justice,

The

origin is

probability Goth, bandvo,

and from which the

barrister addresses the

bandva, a sign, token, an intimation

made by

bend-

court.
l. The barb of an arrow is the beardon the head of an aiTOw directed backwards for the purpose of hindering the weapon from being drawn out of a wound. Lat. barba, Fr. barbe, a

ing the head or hand.

Icel. benda, to bend, to


;

beck-

Barb.

on

banda hendi, manu annuere. The original object of a standard is to serve as a m.ark or sign for the troop to rally round, and it was accordingly very generally known by a name
;

banda, to

make

signs

like jag

beard.

having that
Gr.
oTifutav,

signification.

Icel. merki, Lat.

signum,
or

row.
2.

Flesche barbelee, a bearded or barbed arCotgr.

OHG.

heri-pauchan, a war-beacon

Fr. Barbe, E. Barb, also signified a Barbary

war

signal

Fr. enseigne, a sign or token as well as


;

horse.
3.

G. Barbar, O. Fr. Barbate.

Leduchat.

an ensign or banner
According
to derive
to

Prov. senh, senhal, a sign


bandiera
derived from

The term

barb was also applied to the trap-

senhal, senheira, banner.

pings of a horse, probably corrupted from Fr. barde,


It.
is

Diez the

as

banda, a band or strip of cloth, and he would seem

Goth, bandva, a sign, from the same source,

Cotgr.
(3apl3apoc,

guages.

no corresponding term appears in other lanBarde, barbed or trapped as a great horse.

the ensign of a troop being taken as type of a sign


in general,

Barbarous.
language

The

original
is

import of

the

Gr.

which

is

surely in direct opposition to

Lat. barbarus,

to designate

one whose

the natural order of the signification.

Besides

it

we do

not understaiW.

Thus Ovid, speak-

must be by no means assumed that the earliest kind of ensign would be a flag or streamer. It is quite as likely that a sculptured symbol, such as the Roman Eagle, would first be taken for that purpose.

ing of himself in Pontus, says,


Barbarus hie ego

sum

quia non intelligor

ulli.

Gr. Bap^apo^uvog, speaking a foreign language.


as the Greeks and

Then

Banneret.

Fr. banneret.

A knight banneret was


a baron, privifield, either in

Romans

attained a higher pitch

a higher class of knight,


leged to raise their
virtue of the

.inferior to

of civilization than the rest of the ancient world,


the word

own banner in the number of their retinue,

came

to signify rude, uncivilized, cruel.

or from hav-

The

origin of the

word

is

an imitation of the con-

ing distinguished themselves in battle. Qui


tantae

fused sound of voices by a repetition of the syllable


bar, bar, in the

erant nobilitatis

gaudcrct insignibus.

Life

ut

eorum

quilibet vexilli

same way

in

which the broken sound


is

of Philip August, in Due.

of waves, of wind, and even of voices

represent-

ed by a repetition of the analogous syllable, mur,

They were
illarii,

called in the Latin of the period vex-

mur.

milites bannarii, bannerarii, bannereti.

We speak of the murmur of the waves, or of a crowd of people talking. It may be remarked,
indeed, that the noise of voices
is

Bannister.

See Balluster.
It.

constantly repre-

Banqnet.
or table
;

banchetto, dim. of ban,co,

a bench

sented by the same word as the sound

made by

the

hence a repast, a banquet.

movement of

water.

Thus

the Icel. skola, as well

To Banter.
When
it banter,

To mock

or jeer one.

as thweetta, are each used in the sense both of wash-

wit hatli any mixture of raillery, it is but calling and the work is done. This poUte word of tlieirs waa first borrowed from the bullies in White Friars, then fell among the footmen, and at last retired to the pedants

ing or splashing and of talking.

The E.
much and

twattle,

which was formerly used


well as the
ly,

in the sense of tattle, as


foolish-

modem

twaddle, to talk

seem frequentative forms of Sw.

twcetta, to

wash.

BARBEL. BARGAIN.
G. waschen,
har or hor
is

75
BardeUe, a bar-

to tattle.

'

In like manner the syllable

such as houses are covered with.


delle, the quilted or

used in the formation of words intend-

ed to represent the sound


borrelen signifies in

made by

the

water or the indistinct noise of talking.

movement of The verb


outcry
;

are backed.

Cotgr.

canvass saddle wherewith colts


Sp. barda, coping of straw

or brushwood for the protection of a

mud

wall

Du.

to

bubble or spring up, and

albarda, a pack-saddle, broad slice of bacon with

in Flanders to vociferate, to

make an

Sp.

which fowls are covered when they are roasted;


albardiUa, small pack-saddle, coping, border of a

borhotar, borhoUar, to boil or bubble


;

up

barbulla,

a tumultuous assembly Port, borbulhar, to bubble or boil It. borboglio, a rumbling, uproar, quarrel
;

garden bed.
Gothic source
skirt,

The

general notion seems that of a


if

covering or protection, and

the
it

word be from a

barhugliare, to stammer, stutter, speak confusedly.

we

should refer

to Icel. bard, brim,

Fr. barboter, to

toil,

dabble in the mud, mumble,

border, ala, axilla.

Hatt-bard, the flap of a


;

mutter

barbeloter, to

mutter

hat

shialldar-bard, the edge of a shield

hval-bard,

Sainte

dame

comme

il il

barbote
barbelote
!

the layers of whalebone that

Ses mots tant qu'on n'y entend rien

Diet.

Etym.

Diez.

a whale's mouth. Arabic derivation

hang from the roof of But Sp. albarda looks like an


Arab.
to

al-barda'aJi, saddle-cloth.

Barbeter, to grunt, mutter,

murmur

barboter, to

Bare.
qualified.

Exposed

view, open, uncovered, un-

mumble
ing-pot.

Cotgr.
to

or mutter words, also to wallow like a seeth-

The

syllable bar

seems in the

same way
ish,

be taken as the representative of sound

conveying no meaning, in Fr. baragouin, gibberjargon, " any rude gibble-gabble or barbarous

speech."

Cotgr.
A

G. baar, bar, Icel. ber ; G. baares geld, ready money. From baren, to bear, according to Schwenk, because what is borne is made conspicuIt must be admitted that the Icel. bera is used ous. in several idiomatic expressions, which would seem to
countenance the foregoing derivation.
there
it

We may also quote Gr. jSop^opv^u,


;

Thar bar

a,

grumble (Lowndes, Mod. Gr. Lex.) Port, borborinha, a shouting of men. river fish having a beard at the corBarbel. ners of the mouth. Fr. barbel, barbeau. Cotgr.
to rumble, boil,

stands up,

is

plain to see.

Honum

barst

konungr i drauma, the king appeared to him in a dream. The E. bear is used somewhat in the same
manifest, to press

Barber. Fr. barbier, one who dresses the beard. Barberry. A shrub bearing acid berries. Prov. Fr. barbelin. Diet. Etym. Barbaryn-frute, barbeum,

sense in the expression to bear witness, to make it it on the senses of the audience.

The
call

origin

may perhaps be
;

preserved in the Fris.

tree, barbaris.

Pr. Pm.

baria, to cry aloud, baer, clear

Wiarda

baria, to

Barbican. Bard. l.
to

W.

See Balcony. bardd; Bret,

one to justice bare, accusation, complaint Bargain. O. Fr. barguigner, to chaffer, bargain,

barz, the

name
it

of

or

more properly (says


is

Cotgr.) to wrangle, haggle,

the poets of the ancient Celts, whose office

was sing the praises of the great and warlike, and


to the gods.
Gallice cantator appellatur qui

brabble in the making of a bargain.

The proper
and
it

meaning of the word


frequently used in
skirmish.

contest, debate,

was

hymns

OE. and

Sc. in the sense of fight,

Bardus

laudes canit.
Bap^ot

fiev vfivrjTCU

Festus in Diet. Etym. Strabo, km


noiriTac.

vironim fortium

lb.

And mony tymys ische thai wald And harcjnne at the barraiss hald, And wound thair fayis oft and sla.
Barbour
in

Et Bardi quidem fortia virorum illustrium faeta heroicis composita versibus cum dulcibus lyrae modulis eantitftrunt. Luean, lb.

Jam.

Ha lugeing
Quod my

land, battal

thou us portendis,

father Anchises, for as weill

kend

is,

Hence
2.

in poetic

language Bard

is

used for poet.


to the

Sp. barda, horse armour covering the front,

Horsis are dressit for the hargane fele syis. Were and debait thyr stedis signifyis.

back, and flanks.

Applied

in

E. also

orna-

D. V.

in

Jam.

mental trappings of horses on occasions of

state.

immediately on the other part came in the fore eiglit knights ready armed, their basses and bards of their horses green satin embroidered with fresh devices of bramble bushes of fine gold curiously wrought, powdered all over. Hall in R.

When

have seen under Barbarous that the syllable bar was used in the construction of words expressing the confused noise of voices, sounding indistinct
either

We

from the language not being understood, or

from distance or simultaneous utterance. Hence it has acquired the character of a root signifying confusion, contest, dispute, giving rise
to It. barvffa,

Fr. bardes, barbes or trappings for horses of service or of show.

Barder, to barbe or trap horses,

fray,

altercation,
;

dispute;

Prov. baralha, trouble,


sba-

also to bind or tie across.

Barde, a long saddle for an ass or mule, made only of coarse canvass stuffed with flocks. Bardeau, a shingle or small board,

dispute

Port, baralhar, Sp. barajar, to shuffle, en;

tangle, put to confusion, dispute, quarrel

It.

ragliare, to put to rout

Port, barafunda, Sp. bara-

76
hunda, tumult, confusion, disorder
to strive, struggle
; ;

BARGE. BARON.
Port, harafustar,

nagh, a limpet, a shell of the same conical shape

It.

baratta, strife, squabble, dis-

with barnacles.
pets
;

Gael, baimeach, barnacles, limSpectacles, also irons put on the

pute

barare, to cheat, harattare, to rout, to cheat,

W.

brenig, limpets.

also to exchange, to chop,


ratiere,

whence E.
;

barter, It. ba-

Barnacles.
noses of horses to

a deceiver, cozener, cheat


barretor,

E. barratry, a
strife.

make them

stand quiet.

Bailey.

term applied to different kinds of fraudulent proceeding


;

one who

stirs

up

Nor
;

is

the root confined to the


barti, to scold
strife,
;

Romance tongues
;

Lith.

barnis, strife, quarrel

Icel. baratta,

contest

bardagi, battle.
is

Probably the first of these meanings is the oi'iginal. Limousin bourgna, to squinny, half shut the eye, look through the comer of the eye ; Wallon. boirgni, to look through one eye in aiming. Lang, bomi, blind ; bornikel, one who sees with difficulty, who
half shuts his eyes, has
tacles.

As

Fr. baragouin

used

to represent the con-

fused sound of people speaking a language not understood by the hearer, the verb barguigner signifies
to wi-angle, haggle, chaffer, bargain.

Vocab.

weak
.

eyes'

berniques, spec-

de Berri.

As

these were origi-

These words seem mere a term common to all the Romance as well as Teutonic and Scandinavian tongues. Prov. barca, barja. O. Fr. barge, Du.

Bar^e.

Bark.

Cot.

1.

varieties of pronunciation of

made to hold on by pinching the nose, the term might naturally be applied to a horse's twitch. In like manner I should be inclined to explain the It. briglia, a bridle, whose origin is unknown, from
nally

G.

brillen, spectacles.

Camus, bemac.

Vocab.

in

National Antiquities.

barsie,

O. Sw. bars, a boat belonging to a larger

ship.

Barca est quae cuncta navis commercia ad littus portat. Rayn. Naus en mar quant a perdu sa barja. Ibid. Sigurdr let taka tua skip-bata er barker ero kallaIsidore in
tfiir.

[The meaning of spectacles is not assigned to barby the Pr. Pm., Mnshew, Phillips, Halliwell, or Richardson, and it must be presumed to be altogether a modern use of the word, (which itself is as
nacles

Ihre.

old at least as the thirteenth century,) unless

some
is,

early authority can be produced for


believe, the first author

it.

Joinville

The

origin is probably the Icel. barki, the throat,

who employs barnacles, and as

prow of a ship, pectus navis, and hence probably (by a metaphor as in the case of
then the bows or
Lat. puppis) barkr
ship.

he applies
practised

it

to

by the Saracens,

came

to

be applied to the entire

word.

It is

a species of torture by compression, it is probably an Oriental extremely doubtful whether spectacles


in the time of Joinville,

were known
2.

and the sup-

Bark.

The

outer rind of a tree


Icel.

any hard
;

crust growing over anything.


to skin over
;

borhr

at barka,

posed original resemblance between the barnacles or " irons put on the noses of horses " and spectacles
does not exist, because the earliest spectacles were
single glasses, like the
sible,

barkandi, astringent.

AS. beorcan, from an imitation of the sound. Hence probably Icel. barki, the throat. The Goth. adj. barizeins indicates a Barley. noun, baris, barley AS. bere. The E. barley seems
;

To Bark.

modern

eye-glass.

It is pos-

indeed, that barnacles, as a

name for

spectacles,

tioned, but

was taken from the iron implement above menit seems more natural to connect it,
bericle, besicle,

derived from

bread-plant, from bara, bread, and

which might be explained llys, a plant. Barm. l. Yeast, the slimy substance formed in the brewing of beer. AS. beorm, G. berm, Sw. herma. Dan. bcerme, the dregs of oil, wine, beer.
barllys,
2.

W.

through the Fr. berniques, with 0. Fr.


vericle.

The

latter

form

is

the earliest cited in the

title bericle, II.

Emaux, "Pour un vericle encern^ en maniere de lunette." The etymon of


sense of spectacles by Laborde, Notice des
163, A. D. 1372
:

A lap, bosom.

See Brim.

bericle

has been generally supposed to be

beryllus,

Bam. AS.

berern, bcem,

commonly explained

beryl, used both as the

name of a
word
is

precious stone and

from bere, barley, and em, a place, a receptacle for barley or corn, as bceces-em, a baking place or oven, Uhies-em, a lantern. (Ihre. v. arn.) But probably
merely a misspelling, and the word is simply the Bret, bem, a heap. Acervus, bem ; Gl. Cornub. Zeuss. So Icel. hladi, a heap, a stack,
berern
is

of a fine transparent glass, but the form vericle

seems

to indicate that the

a diminutive from
its

the Latin vitrum, while some of


videre as
its

uses point to

root.

Fuster quotes a stanza from

Jaime Bertran, a Valencian poet of the early part of the sixteenth century, in which vericle is used for
mirror

hkida,
hoys,
lofl,

Du. baenn, berm, a heap; berm Kil. Swab, baam, barn, haycorn-shed, bam. Prov. Dan. baaring, baaren,

a barn.

meta

faeni.

Vos gran Priora, d'aquella Senesa


Qui sou
lo vericle.

baarm, a load, so
at once.

much

as a

man

can bear or carry

The

Barnacle. conical shell fixed tp the rocks within the wash of the tide. Named from the caplike shape of the shell. Manx baym, a cap bar;

present meanings of the word in Catalan are a

steel mirror,

and a small crystal receptacle for the


placed within the monstrance.

host, wiiich

is

M.]

Baron.

It.

barone, Sp. varon, Prov. bar (ace.

BARONET. BARRAGAN.
haro), 0. Fr. her (ace. haron), Fr. baron.

77
stuflf.

Origi-

sayle of a shippe, or such like,


ilia

Dicitur propne casa

nally man, husband.

Prov. "

Lo

bar non es creat

piscatorum juxta mare.


into

per la femna mas la femna per

lo baro."

The man

was not created for the woman, but the woman for the man. Plence manly, courageous. In the sense
of man, in the Leg. Rip.
Tarn baronem quam feminam.

lish,

Barrack is, then, of recent introduction and as it has been very long in use
languages,
it

Eng-

in all the

Romance
take
it

is

certain that

we

did not

Barum

vel feminam.

Leg. Alam.

from the Celtic. The earliest examples given by Carpentier are of the years 1319 and 1381, but the use of it is older. Thus, in the Privilegia ValentijB, in an Ordinance
directly

In the Salic

Law it

signifies free

born

in the capit-

of King

Don Jaume

I.

dated in 1249, granting cer-

ularies of Charles the

Bald barones are the nobles

tain licenses to the inhabitants of

a new town, or

or vassals of the crown.


Baro, gravis et authenticus
vir,

rather suburb, founded near the recently conquered

John de Garlandia,
married man, Baron

Moorish

city of Valencia,

we

find

A. D. 1040.

Concedimus vobis unirersis


it

et singulis habentibus barra-

In our own law

was used and femme, man and wife.

for

quas sive patua aut loca determinata ad ediflcandum infra

murum
on the precise formation

ville

nove maris

Valentiae, etc.

We

have not much

light

of the word, which would seem to be radically the

same with Lat. vir, Goth, vair, AS. wer, W. gwr, Quel, fear, a man. The feudal tenants next below the Baronet. degree of a baron were called baronetti, baronuli, baronculi, baroncelli, but as the same class of tenants were also termed bannerets, the two names, from their resemblance, were sometimes confounded, and in several instances, where baronetti is written in the printed copies, Spelman found bannereti in the

Also in the Conquesta de Valencia, by King Don Jaume, who died in 1276, prefixed to the Priv. Val., edition of 1515, folio A. iiii, p. ult. b. in a passage cited in my note on Awning

E nos ala nit per noues qns portauen.


So
in

la

serena faem barraques do tapits e va-

B. d'Esclot, about A.D. 1300,


les baraques.

c.

146,

meseren foch a
in

And
Si

Ramon Muntaner,

about 1330,

c. xlvi.,

ed.

MS.

rolls

of Parliament.

Still

he shows conclu-

of 1562,

sively, by early examples, that baronettus is not a mere corruption of banneretus, but was used in the

q tanta ne feu venir quen

la ciutat

cabre, ans feyen barraques, e cases de fusta en

de Tortosa no podia queu metien.

sense of a lesser Baron.


Barunculus
in Nat. Antiq.

a baronet. Nominale

Escolano, Ilistoria de Valencia, 1611, employs the


of the 15th Cent.

word
racas

in the precise sense last given

by Minshew

was not until the time of James I. that the baronets were established as a formal order in the
It
state.

EI pueblo

* * no era mas que vna agregacion de Col. 271. y chofas de Pescadores.

bar-

Barraca was
Originally a hut

also used in Italy

and Portugal

at

Barrack.
es

made

of the branch-

a very early period.

The

Spaniards, Portuguese,

of trees.

Gael, barrack, brushwood, branches,


booth.

and
this

whence barrachad, a hut or

Italians are much more likely to have taken word from the Orientals than from the Irish or other Celtic tribes, and we find a satisfactory etymon

barrack,

Before the gates of Bari he lodged in a miserable hut or composed of dry branches and thatched with straw.
Gibbon.
It should

in the Persian baran-gir,

from baran,

rain, defined

by Richardson, Persian and Arab.

be observed

that,

whenever
is

soldiers'

barracks are mentioned, the word


the plural number, pointing to
diers' lodgings

always used in a time when the sol-

a shed a tent or cloth stretched upon poles under which goods M.] and baggage are kept from rain." coarse kind of linen cloth. BaBarracan.
built for shelter against rain," or in har-khanah, "

Diet., "

were a

collection of huts.
this

ragant,

Dutch
tow.

gi'ogeran.

Cotgr.

Irish barrack,
lint,

[Richardson observes that


in

word " is not found our early lexicographers," and he cites for it no

tow

Manx

barragk, tow, the shorts of

made of

Cregeen.

clotk

older authority than Swift.

Minshew does
edition

not con-

tain the English barrack, but in the Sp.

ulary at the end of the


into the

first

Eng. vocabof his Guide

Tongues, 1617, we find the Spanish barraca

[In no dictionary of any modern dialect, which I have been able to consult, is barragan or barracan defined as linen or tow cloth, but always in terms which imjsly that the material is coarse wool or hair.

thus defined
tuguriolum ex veUs seu carbasis confectum. Bouldier's tent or a bootli, or sucli Uke thing made of
Militis

A
tlie

This word, or a very similar but probably unallied one, is very widely diff'used, and, as appears

from Santa Rosa, was used as early as the year

78

BARRATRY. BARTH.
Barrow.
those
2.

892, though Ducange's oldest example, harracanus,


is

A mound either of
AS.

stones or earth

from

St.

Bernard, in

tlie

twelfth centuiy.

Many

over the graves of warriors and nobles, especially

German

forms of a word apparently cognate, cur193, and in

rent in the Aliddle Ages, are given by Schmeller,

Bayr. Worterb.
it

I.

some of the

citations

Dunmaila hill, mound, rampart, heap, tomb, sepulchre, from beorgan,


killed in battle, as the

barrow

at

raise in

Westmoreland.

beorg, beorh,

is

evidently employed to signify a fine cloth of


material.

OE.

berwen, to shelter, cover.

silk or other delicate

broigen or broigam

is

a cloth

The Prov. Dan. made of flax and

tow, and may, therefore, safely be referred to the


Celtic harrach.

Worliton raid stanura anne steapne hex)rh him ofer. stones a steep mound over him. Joshua vii. 26.

They made with

But on the other hand, we find in Arabic barkan and barankan, as the name of a coarse, black, woollen garment still used in' Morocco, and barragan always means in Spanish and Catalan, as well as in the ordinary dialect of commerce, a sort of w-ater-proof
cloth of coarse wool or goat's hair.

The OE.
tical

bear,
bier,

a tomb,

is

wholly

distinct,

being iden-

with

applied to a permanent instead of a

transitory receptacle of the corpse.

A passage
ture
:

in the

Amante

Liberal of Cervantes

implies that barragans were of Moorish manufac-

AS. bearg ; Bohem. braw, a cashog; Russ. borov\ a boar. Barter. Barter or traflScking by exchange of goods seems like bargain, to have been named from the haggling and wrangling with which the bargain

Barrow-ho^.

trated

is
el

conducted.
in

En

qual

(el

baxel) venia

un judio
;

que toda

la

manner

See Barbarous and Bargain for the which the syllable bar acquires the force

mercancia del baxel d la mas era suya era de barraganes y alquiceles y de otras cosas que de Berberia se llevaban a Levante.

of a root signifying confused noise, squabble, tumult.

From

this root

were formed words


signifying, in

in all the
first

Ro-

mance languages,
noisy contention,
profit,

the

instance,

Hence

it

appears probable that the


is

common

bar-

strife, dispute,

then trafficking for

ragan, coarse woollen,


barchent,

an Oriental word, and that the resemblance between this form and the obsolete
etc.,

then cheating, overreaching, unrighteous gain.

tow, linen, or silken cloth, which latter

may

be

Celtic, is accidental.

Barratry. Barrel. It. rique, a wooden whether this be


ful.

Barrator.
vessel

M.]

Al is dai, n' is ther no night Ther n' is haret nother strif.

Hickes

in Rich.

See Barter.
bars or staves, but

They run
head in Do.

like

Bedlem

barreters into the street.

HoUins-

barik, Sp. barril, barrila, Fr. bar-

made of

the true derivation

may

be doubt-

Noble fathers, I am such a person whom ye knowe to have been a common baratour and thefe by a long space of yeares. Elyot in Do.

Barren.
non accipiens
Kll.

Bret, brec'han
;

O. Fr. brehaigne, babraech, sterilis,

O. Fr. bareter, to deceive,


Cotgr.

lie,

cog, foist in bargain-

raigne ; Picard. breine


;

Du.

semen

braeckland, uncultivated, fallow.

ing, to cheat, beguile, also to barter, truck,

exchange.
;

Sp. baratar, to truck, exchange


;

baraes-

tear, to
;

bargain

baraleria, fraud, cheating,

and

Barricade. Formed from Fr. barre, a bar as cavalcade, from cavaUo, a horse and not from Fr. barrique, a barrel, as if it signified an impromptu barrier composed of barrels filled with earth. It is
;

pecially fraud committed

by the master of a ship

with respect

to the

goods committed to him.

Baratry is when the master of a ship cheats the owners or insurers, by imbezzUng their goods or running away with
the ship.

hard

to separate

barricade from Fr. barri, an ob-

Bailey.

struction, fortification, barrier.

But according
at

to Blackstone barratry consists in

Barrier. See Bar. The advocate who pleads Barrister. Bar of a court of Justice. See Bar.

the

Barrow.
bier or

1.

An

implement

for carrying.
It.

AS.
a G.
bier.

up quarrels and suits between In Scotland, again, the term is applied to the simony of clergymen going abroad to purchase benefices from the see of Rome. Jamieson.
the offence of stirring
parties.

berewe, from beran, to carry.

bara, a

litter,

bahre,

implement for carrying a dead body. a barrow, todtenbahre, or simply bahre, a

[The words apparently cognate with barter are by no means confined to " the Romance languages."

We

find in Willems's edition of Reinaert de Vos, p.

This word introduced into Fr. became Mere, perhaps through Prov. bera, whence E. bier, alongside of
harrow.

15, the verb baraten ; p. 82,

and

in

numerous other

passages, baraet; in Hoffinann von Fallersleben's


edition of the Piatt Deutsch text of the
v.

[The French bar, a hand-barrow, is doubtless cognate, and as it more closely corresponds to the radical, it must be considered more directly derived from
it

3154, 5553, 5561, berdt

and

in Tristan

same poem, und

Isolt,

trick.

M.]

\\b%S, pdrdt, always in the sense of cheat or

than biere

M.]

Barth.

Sec Berth.

BARTIZAN. BASTE.
Bartizan.
See Brattice.
lime-tree beaten out and
tlie

79

made
fabrics.

into a material for

Barton.
and yards.

court-yard, also

demesne lands
the outhouses

mats and other coarse


bass-matting
ter,
;

of a manor, the manor-house

itself,

bast-reb, a bass rope.

Dan. bast-maatte, Du. bast, a hal-

Halliwell.

AS.

beretun, beoriun, here

rope for hanging,


Bot ye
salle

OE.

baste.

wic, a court-yard, corn-farm, from here, barley,


tun, inclosure, or wic, dwelling.

Bosworth.
mean
;

and
;

take a stalworthe baste

And

binde

my

handes behind

me

faste.

Base. It. W. and Bret,


thick.

basso, Fr. bas, low,

Sp. baxo

MS. HalhweU.
Dan. baste, Sw. basta, to bind, commonly joined with the word binda, of the same sense. Sw. at basta og binda, to bind hand and foot. Dan. Icegge een i baand og bast, to put one in fetters and it is remarkable that the same expression is found in Turkish besst, a tying, binding, besst-u-bendet, to bind. Lap. haste, the hoops of a cask. Bastard. Apparently of Celtic origin, from
;

bus, shallow, low, flat.

The

original

meaning, according to Diez, would be pressed down,


" Bassus, crassus, pinguis."
" Bassus, curtus, humilis."

Papias.

Gl. Isidore.

" Ele a basses

handles
king.

et basses

jambes."
fiaa-LX.L(rKo<;,

Basilisk.

Gr.

from

ySacrtXcvs,

A
is

fabulous serpent, said to kill those that


it.

look upon

There

not one that looketh upon his eyes, but he dieth

Gael, baos, lust, fornication.


de bas.

O. Fr.

Jils

de bast, Jils

presently.

The Uke
it

property hath the

basilisk.

A white

spot or star

carieth on the head

coronet or diadem.

come

near. Holland's

and settith it out like a If he but hiss no other serpent dare

He was

begetin o bast,

God

it

wot.

Arthur and Merlin.


RG.
516.

Fhny

in Rich.

Late sibi submovet omne Vulgus et in vacua, regnat BasiUscus arenS. Lucan.

Sir Richard fiz le rei of wan we spake bevore Gentilman was inow tliei he were a bast ibore.

sets

Probably from reports of the cobra capel, which up its hood when angry, as the diadem of

This man was son to John of Gaunt, descended of an honorable lineage, but born in baste, more noble in blood than notable in learning. Hall in HaUiwell.

the basilisk.

So Turk, chasa,

To Bask.
a
fire.

To

heat oneself in the sun or before


elld,

a bastard.
erate.

F. Newman.

fornication, chasa ogli (ogli=son),

Du.

verbasteren, to degen-

Icel.
;

baka sig vid

to

warm

oneself at
;

the

fire

Prov. E. to beak, to bask in the heat

PI.
to

{Bastard, as applied to ships, has been thought

D.
is

sich hakern, to bask, to

warm

oneself.

It will

be from the Greek

/Sacrra^w,

and not

allied to the

subsequently be argued that the verb bada, to bathe,

common word
At
c.

another form of the same root, signifying origi-

nally to heat.
tially reflective,

Now
and

the meaning of bask


it is

is

essen-

the Archynale there be closed within

=*

an
7.

galyes, grete bastardes

and

sotell,

&c.

probable

that, like

E. busk,

Guylforde's Pylgrymage, p.

to

betake oneself, to get ready, from Icel. at buasc,

for at

bua

sig, to

bask

may be from
or bada

or badasc, for baka


or pakestet, to bask.

sig,

sig.

a form at bakasc, Lap. bakestet

But I am

inclined to think

it is

bastard in a special application.

merely the common In a privilege of

See Bake, Bathe.


masg, a mesh, lattice-work.

King Don Martin

of Aragon, dated 1397, Costumb.


p. 194, is this provision:

Basket.
It is

W.

basg, netting, plaiting of splinters


;

Mar. de Barcelona,
Item
vii
:

basged, basgod, a basket

mentioned as a British word by Martial.


Barbara de
pictis

que ultra

les dites coses, la deta Ciutat


soti'l,

do * * *

quintars per galea

e ix quintars per galea bas-

veni bascauda Britannis,

tarda, e xiii quintars per galea grossa, etc.

Sed me jam mavult dicere

Roma

suam.

Here, as well as in

many

other cases, the word

Bason. Fr. bassin, the word coiTesponding


open
vessel.
It.

It.

bacino, the diminutive of

means merely a

vessel upt corresponding to the or-

to

E. back, signifying a wide

See Back.
basso,

M.] dinary standards of size and burden. To Baste, l To stitch, to sew with long stitches

Bass.
music.

the low part of the scale in

for the

in

shape while
a long

purpose of keeping the pieces of a garment It. Sp. it is permanently sewn.


stitch,

Lend me your hands, lift me above Parnassus, With your loud trebles help my lowly bassus.
Sylvester's Dubartas.

basta,

preparatory stitching, the stitches


Sp. bastear, embastir.
It.

of a quilt or mattrass.
consuere.

imbastire, Fr. batir, to baste, to stitch


besten,

Bassoon.

It.

bassone,

an augmentation of basso ;
;

leviter
It.

Fris. Sicamb.
bestan,
to

Kil.

OHG.

an instrument of a very low note.

Bast. Bass. Du. bast, bark, peel, husk bast van koren, bran, the thin skin which covers the grain ; Dan. Swed. Ger. bast, the inner bark of the

patch, as

imbastire, to baste on a piece of cloth.


:

Nay, mock not, mock not the body of your discourse is sometimes guarded with fragments, and the guards are but Much Ado about Nothing. sUghtly basted on neither.

80
Derived by Diez from
satisfactory.
bast, as if that

BASTE.
were the subis

BAT.
The
tion

root of E. baste, to beat,


is

and the Scandina-

stance originally used in stitching, but this

hardly

vian verbs above cited,

probably a direct imita-

of the sound of a blow, parallel with Dan.

It

seems

to

me

that the sense of stitching, as a

bask, a slap, a sounding blow, the

sound of a blow,

preparation for the iinal sewing of a garment,

may and
one.

with
!

naturally have arisen from the notion of preparing,


contriving, setting up, which seems to be the general

" Bats

PL D. bats or babs in the same sense. gav ik em eenen." Smack I gave him
!

Hand-balsche, a

flat

bat for striking the hand.

sense of the verb bastire, bastir, in the languages.

Romance

Tims we have Sp.


baida)
build,
;

bastir, disposer,

preparer (TaFr. bastir, to

It.

imbastire, to lay the cloth for dinner, to

box on the ear. Dan. at baske eens box one's ears. Irish batta, a blow, Gael. bat, to beat, Fr. battre, and E. beat, as well as Sw. basa, s. s., all arise from similar imitations, and
Oor-batsche, a
(jren, to

devise or begin a business (Altieri).

naturally preserve a general resemblance of radical form.


3.

make, frame,

erect, raise, set up, also to

com-

pose, contrive, devise.

Bastir a quelqu^un son rou-

To pour

dripping over a joint of meat while


it

let,

to

teach one beforehand what he shall say or do.

roasting, to hinder

from burning.

This perhaps
bastir, sig-

Cotgr.

Prov. guerra

bastir, to set

agait bastir, to lay an ambush.

on Rayn.

foot

a war

may

be another application of the Fr.

Sp. basti-

nifying preparing in general.

The verb however

mento, victuals, provisions, things prepared for future


use, also the basting or preparatory stitching of

does not appear to be used in this particular application in

garment, stitching of a quilt or mattrass.

To

baste

any of the Romance tongues, while the Danish has at baste en steg, explained by Molbech,
stripping the thin outer skin off a piece of meat, to
let

a garment would be to set it up, to put it together, and frm this particular kind of stitching the signification would seem to have passed on to embrace
stitching in general.

ly done
at

brown before the fire. As basting was formerby rubbing the meat with a piece of bacon the end of a stick, or by letting the bacon drop
it
it,

A silver nedil forth I drowe


And gan
With a
this nedill threde anone,

over

the signification

may

be derived from the


frotter, to rub, to

sense of beating.

Compare Fr.

For, out of toune

me

list

to

gone
Chaucer. R. R.

chafe, also to cudgel, thwack, baste, or


ly.

threde hasting

my

slevia.

knock sound-

Cotgr.

Sitze und
It is

beste

mir den

errael wider in.

Minnesinger in Schmid.
doubtless from the sense of stitching that

These all bound together in one chain, almost dead with famine and wasted with torments, having liad their naked Oldys bodies basted or dropped over with burning bacon. in Richardson.

must be explained the It. basto, imbasto, a packsadFr. bast, dle, pad for the head to carry a weight on but (whence the E. military term of a bat-horse), bastine, a pad or packsaddle, which was originally nothing but a quilted cushion on which to rest the Thus Baretti explains Sp. bastear, to pack a load.
;

Bastinado.
Sp. Fr. baston.
ner, to cudgel.

Sp. bastonada, a blow with a stick,

Fr. bastonnade, a cudgelling, baston-

In English the term

is

confined to

the beating on the soles of the feet with a stick, a


favourite punishment of the

Turks and Arabs. For


2.

the origin of baston see Baste,

saddle with wool,

i.

e. to quilt

or stitch wool into

it

and Cotgr. has bastine, a pad, packsaddle, the quilted saddle with which colts are backed. 2. To beat or bang soundly. Bailey. This word probably preserves the form from whence is derived the Fr. baston, baton, a stick, an instrument

Bastion. It. bastia, bastida, bastione, a bastion, Florio. Fr. a sconce, a blockhouse, a barricado. bastille, bastilde, a fortress or castle furnished with bastion, the fortification towers, donjon, and ditches

a bell. Dan. boste, to drub, Sw. bosta, to thump, to knock. Perto belabour haps in the use of the E. term there is usually an erroneous feeling of its being a metaphor from the
for beating, as well as besteau, the clapper of
Icel. beysta, to beat, to
;

thrash

Cotgr. termed a bastion or cuUion-head. All from bastir, to build, set up, contrive. Sc. back, bak, Bat. 1. The winged mammal. bakie-Urd ; Sw. nattbaka, Dan. afto?i bakke, the
night-back, evening-back.
bat.

It. vipistrello,

the night-

Fl.

Bakke, flyinge best, vespertilio.

Pr.
the

notion of basting meat.

To

Pm.

Apparently from

blatta, blacta, originally

rep-

ba^te one's hide

to

resenting the squeak of the animal, and applied, in


Lat. blatta, to a

give him a sound basting.

But

say, Sir,

is it

dinner-time?

S. Dro. No, Sir, I

loss

of the

moth or nocturnal compare badger from


blatta,

beetle.
bladier.

For

think the meat wants what I have. Ant. In good time, Sir, what's tliat ? S. Dro. Basting. Ant. Well, Sir, then 'twill be dry. S. Dro. If it be. Sir, I pray, you eat none of it. Ant. Your reason ? S. Dro. Lest it make you choleric

Mid. Lat.
tilio),

blacta, batta

(lucifuga, vesper-

vledermus.

Blactera est sonus vespertilionis.

Placta, fledermaussgedon, the cry of a bat.

Dief.

and purchase Errors in Rich.

me

another dry basting.

Comedy

of

Sup. to Due.
is

It will

be seen that the form blacta

related in like degree both to bai

and

bak.

BATCH.
It

BATTLEDOOR.
bums
i.
;

81
basking in the sun
it
;

seems strange to confound under a common so different as a bat and a moth or beetle, on the score of their both flying by night,

bad-Jisk, fishes

badda

name animals

vidior, to beathe
e. to

wood, as
set.

is

provincially termed,

heat

it

at the fire for the purpose of

making
to fo-

but the notions of our ancestors on the classification


of natural history were very unsettled, and
the lantern fly of the

it

take a certain

we

find

warm.
ment,
root.

Flem.

betten, to

foment, to

Kil.

The Germ,

bdhen, to

warm,

West

Indies spoken of in

may

probably be another form of the same

Cotgrave as a bird.
Cucuye, an admirable bird in Hispaniola, having two eyes in her head and two under her wings, which are double, a greater and a smaller pair, &c.

Ifolz bdhen, to

bdhen, to toast bread.

warp or beathe wood brot Hence probably may be ex;

plained the
to

name

of Baias, as signifying
its

warm baths,
elld, to

which that spot owed


oneself at the

celebrity.
;

It is difficult

to separate Icel. baka, to heat

baka sig vid

A case more exactly in point is the application of


the
at the
in

warm
As

fire

Prov. E. to beak, PI. D.

the owl to a moth, from flying about same time of evening, aS is provincially used England (Hal.), and also in Gei*many Eule,

name of

sich bakern, Swiss bdchelen, to bask, to

warm

oneself.

the Slavonic pak, heat, undoubtedly exhibits the

Eulchen, a moth.

Adelung.

final

The
is

derivation of hat or bak, from blacta, hlatta,

we must suppose that the k was softened into an h in G. bdhen, to which the form baden would correspond in the same way
root of these latter forms,

confirmed by the

OE. form

hlak.

as E. abide, to abie.

It.

badare, to Fr. beer, bayer, to

But at that yche breyde That she furthe her synne seyde. Come fleyng oute at here mouthe a hlak That yche blak y dar wel telle That hyt was a fende of helle. Manuel des Pecches.
2.

gape, to look.

11,864.

To Batten.
to get better, to better,

To

thrive, to feed, to

become

fat.

Goth, gabatnan, to thrive, to be profited,

Icel. hatna,

staff,

club, or

implement
it is

for striking.

In

some parts of England


putting a clung
bat,

the ordinary word for a

become convalescent. Du. bat, bet, See Better. Batten. In carpenter's language a scantling of wooden stuff from two to four inches broad, and about an inch thick. Bailey. batten fence is a
more.

stick at the present day.

A
;

Sussex

woman

speaks

fence

made by

nailing rods of such a nature across


bat in the sense of rod
;

or a dry stick, on the

fire.

In
into

uprights.
first

From
of wood.

perhaps

Suffolk batlins are loppings of trees


faggots.
gel,

made up
a
staff,

used adjectivally, bat-en, made of bats, as wood-

Bret, baz, a stick

Gael,

bat,

cud-

en,

made

bludgeon, and as a verb, to beat, to cudgel.


bot,

Hung,

stick.

The

origin of the

word

is

an

Batter. Battery. Battery, a beating, an an-angement for giving blows, is a simple adoption
of Fr. batterie, from battre, to beat.

To

imitation of the sound of a blow

by the
battre,

syllable bat,

From

battery

the root of E. beat.

Bat, a blow.

Halliwell. The lighter sound of the pat adopts the latter syllable to represent a gentle blow, a blow with a light instrument. The

It. batter e,

Fr.

W.

baeddu.

was probably formed


to batter

to batter

under the conscioussignify-

ness of the root bat in the sense of blow, whence

in

would be a regular frequentative,

ing to give repeated blows, and would thus seem to

imitative nature of the root bat is apparent in Sp.

batacazo, baquetazo, the noise


ing.

made by one

in fall-

be the verb from which battery had been formed in the internal development of the English language.

Batter.

Eggs,

flour,

and milk beaten up


It.

to-

Batchi
at one time,

A batch of bread is so much as is baked


G. gebdck, gebdcke.
l.

gether.

Battle.
fell,

Battalion.
latter sense.

battere,
It.

Fr.

battre, to

To Bate.
down,
2.

Fr. abattre, to
;

beat, or

break

beat

se battre, to fight,

whence

battaglia, Fr.

quell, allay

Sp. batir, to beat, beat down,

bataille,

lessen, remit, abate.

men
;

a battle, also a squadron, a band of armed arranged for fighting. In OE. also, battle was

A term in falconry
ailes.

to flutter

with the wings.

used in the

Fr. battre les

Scaffaldis, leddris

and covering,

[So in Italian
Godi Firenze, poi che se' si grande Che per mar e per terra hatti V ah, E per lo 'nfemo il tuo nome si spande Dante, Inferno, c. xxvi

Pikkis, howis, and with staff slyng.

To

ilk lord

and

his bataill,
assaill.

Wes
M.]

ordanyt, quhar he suld

Barbour in Jam.

Hence

in the augmentative

form

It.

battaglione, a

G. baden, to bathe. The original meaning of the word seems to be to warm, thence to bathe in hot water, and finally to immerse in water generally. Swed. badda sig i solen, to bask in the sun; solen baddar, the sun VOL. I. 11
Icel. bada,

Bath.

To Bathe.

battalion, a

main

battle,

a great squadron.

Florio.

is

Battledoor. The bat with which a shuttlecock struck backwards and forwards. Sp. batador, a
beetle,

washing

flat

board with a handle for beat-

ing the wet linen.

82

BATTLEMENT. BAY.
Battlement.
It
e.

may

be doubtful whether an
built with battlements, as
itself, is to

What doth

cleer perle in a hawdij boote.

embfUtled wall,

i.

a wall

Lydgate.

well as the word battlement

be explained

W.

baw,

from the notion of putting


batiUe, built as

in battle-array,

preparing
with

bowels.

dirt, filth,

excrement.

Halliwell.

To baw, to void the From Baw an interjection


!

the building for defence, or from the Fr. bastille,

of disgust, equivalent to
tion of the

Faugh

being a representa-

bastille or fortress, furnished

turrets, " turriculis fastigiatus."

exspiration naturally resorted to as a

term

in

OE. was

often battaling.

Jam.

Diet. Trev.

The

defence against a bad smell.

In supFaugh
!

port of the former origin

may
a

be cited

It. battagliere,

I have

kno\m a

charnel-house smell sweeter.

B. and F.

a battlement on a

wall,

flat

roof on a house or
I

Florio. and fight. Bauble. Originally an implement consisting of lumps of lead hanging from the end of a short stick, for the purpose of inflicting a blow upon dogs or the like, then ornamented burlesquely and used by a
castle for people to stand

Ye baw quoth a brewere woU noght be ruled


!

By

Jhesu

for all

your janglynge

With

Spiritus Justicia.

P. P.

for they beth as

bokes

tell lis

Fool as his emblem of


librilla,

office.

*'

Babulle or bable
"

li-

Above Goddes workes. " Ye baw for bokes " quod oon

brandi

pegma," " Librilla dicitur instrumentum


bable or a dogge malyote."
in

Was broken out of

Helle.

P. P.
The
It.

Pegma,
Sc. bauch, disgusting, sorry, bad.
interjection oibo !
fie,
!

baculus

Pr. Pm., and


The
as a verb, to
;

cum massa plumbi


word

summitate pendente."

Jam.

authorities in note.
is

fie

upon

(Altieri),

and Fr.

origin of the

bab or bob, a lump, and

bah

move

quickly up and

down

or back-

wards and forwards. Gael, bab, a tassel or hanging bunch E. baUyn or waveryn, librUlo, vacUlo.
Pr.

a plaything or trifle seems a difierent word, from Fr. babiole, a trifle, whimwham, guigaw, or small toy to play withal. Cotgr. But here also the derivation may fundamentally be
in the sense of

Pm. BavMe

pooh nonsense Sp. baf! expressive of dismust all be referred to the same origin. Fr. pouofi ! faugh an interjection used when anything filthy is shown or said, whence pouacre, rotten, filthy, and hence also either lazy, slothful. Cotgr. In
!
!

gust,

like

manner Gael, ceach


;

expressive of disgust

ceachaith, dirt, filth


less.

ceach-arra, dirty, sordid, worth-

To Bawl.

Formed from baw,


by the

the representation

the same, for bable

of a

doll,

was formerly used from whence the notion of a

in the sense
child's play-

of a loud shout, as Fr. miauler, E. to mewl, to


the noise represented
syllable miau,
is

make
mew.

Fr. poupee, a a trifle, might easily arise. babie, a puppet or bable, also the flax on a distaff.
thing,

The sound
bow
;
;

of a dog barking

represented by bau,
;

Lat. baubare, E.

bow-wow

Piedm.ye

bau, to

Cotgr.

bark
the simplest form of a doll
is
is

baule, to bark, to talk noisily, obstrepere.

Now
clouts,

a bundle of

ZaUi.

and that indeed

the meaning of the word.

Yet
these

as soone as
in R.

we

In the sense, therefore, of a doll also, the word bauble may be from bab or bob, a lump or bvmch. Compare Fr. poupee, a doll, with poupe de chenilles, a bunch of caterpillars ; poupe de filasse, a handful
of flax.
doll,

Turks came yalping and

should once heare those hell-hounds, balling upon us. Sir T.

More

Icel. baula, to

low or bellow as an ox.

Bawson.

A
foot,

name

of the

badger,
It.

from the

Hung,
little

bub,

a bunch, a

tuft,

and buba, a

streaks of white on his face.

balzano, a horse

girl.

Bandrick.
baudre
;

Baldrick.
is

with white legs.

Fr. balzan, a horse that hath a


the wliite of his leg or foot, also

Prov. baudrat, O. Fr.

OHG.

balderich, Icel. beUi,

belt.

white leg or
his body.

Diez.

more generally a white

Baudrick in OE.
lai-.

used for a sword-belt,


faggot.

scarf, col-

Cotgr.

spot or

mark

in

any part of

Prov. bausan, O. Fr. bauQant,


Provin. E. bawsoned,

a horse marked with white.

Bavin. A brush fagot. Lacombe.

O. Fr.
It.

baffe, faisceau,

Bawdekin.
also the

Cloth of gold.

baldacchino,

s. s.,

having a white streak down the face. From Bret. bal, a white mark on the face of animals, or the animal so mai'ked, whence the E. name of a carthorse. Ball.
object.

canopy carried over the head of distinguished persons in a procession, because made of
cloth of gold.
is

Gael,

ball,

spot,

plot of ground,

an

BaU-seirc, a beauty-spot, ballach, spotted,

The

original

meaning of the word

speckled.

E. pie-bald, marked like a


Sei'v.
bijel,

pie.
bielo,

Proba-

from Baldacca, Bagdad, because cloth of gold was imported from Bagdad. Bawdy. Filthy, lewd ; in OE. dirty.
stuff,
Ilia

Bagdad

bly connected with Pol. bialo, Russ.


bjly,

Bohem.
a mark,
Catalan

white.
to
1.

white,

bilyega,

bilyejiti,

mark.

See Bald.
in the line of coast

overeat slop

it is

not worth a mite

It

i all

hawdif, '"id to-tore also.

Chaucer.

Baj)

A hollow

badia, from badar, to open, to gape, dividere, dehis-

BAY.
cere
;

83

hadarse^ to open as a blossom, to

split.

See

" at Bay," below.

From

Cat. hadia to Sp. bahia,


It.

the step

is

the same as from


It.

tradire to Fr. trahir,

ing the mouth, arose two forms of the verb, one with and one without the addition of a final d to the root. 1st, It. badare, having the primary signification of opening the mouth, then of doing
is

to betray.

baja.

Fr. baie.

whatever
; and open the

Bay,

S.

Bay-window.

The same fundamental

marked by involuntarily opening


intently,
baer,

the mouth, as

idea of an opening also gives rise to the application of the term Bay (in Architecture) to " a space left
in

gazing, watching

desiring,
baier,

waiting
to

a wall for a door, gate, or window "

2ndly,

Fr.

halier,

beer,

(in Forti-

mouth, to

stare, to

be intent on anything.
is

fication), to " holes in

barn of two bays, is one of two divisions or unbroken spaces for stowing
of a cannon."
Bailey.

a parapet to receive the mouth

From
a hada, amuse ;

the former verb


to

the

It.

expression tenere

keep one waiting,

to

stare

a hada d!uno,

to

keep at a bay, to stand watching one.

com,

(fee,

one on each side of the threshing-floor.


Earth that by the yearly birth
fill.

nare.

Tal parve Anteo a me, che stava a hada, di vederlo chiSuch Antaeus seemed to me, who stood watching

By

Nature made
large-bayed

to

till,

liim stoop.

The

bam

doth

Drayton in R.

Non

ti

In great public libraries cases may be erected abutting into the apartment from the piers of the windows, as they do not obstruct the light or air, and afford pleasant hays in which to study in quiet. Journal Soc. Arts, Feb. 25,

will not

terro con verso lungo et dubbii discorsi a hada. keep you waiting with a long story, &c.
si

I Pisani

e comminciarono vi I'assalto per tenere


i.

mostrarono di volergli assalire di quella parte i nemici a hada.

1859.

e.

in order to

keep the enemy in check, or

at bay.

A
itself

bay-window then

is

a window containing in
in modern meaning of the word
;

a bay, or recess in an apartment

Ne was there man so strong but he down bore Ne woman yet so faire but he her brought
Unto his hay and captived her thought.

times,

when

the architectural

F. Q.

was not generally understood, corrupted into Bowwindow, as if to signify a window of curved outline.
Fr.
bee,

he brought her

to stand listening to

him.

a hole, overture, or opening

other part of a house, &c.

in the wall or
beie, baye,

Cot.

window

bayen-stein, window-sill.

Swiss

Stalder.

hay, large

window

in

a handsome house.

Schmid.
its

Swab.

So well he wooed her and so well he wrought her faire entreaty and swete blandishment That at the length unto a hay he brought her So as she to his speeches was content To lend an ear and softly to relent. F. Q.

With

Bay-tree.

The

laurus nobilis or true laurel of


bear-

the ancients, the laurel-bay, so called from

when, weary of running, he turns and faces his pursuei-s, and keeps
stag
is

The

said to stand at hay,

mg

bays, or berries.
royal laurel
is

them
tall
it

in
is

check for a while.

As

this crisis in the


les

The

a very

and big

tree

and

chase
the

expressed in Fr. by the term rendre

haies or berries (baccae)

unpleasant in

taste.

Holland's PUny in R.
is

which

bears are nothing biting or

garland of bays

commonly represented with


a berry, is perhaps not which itself seems to be
Gael, ba-

term at bay has been supposed to be derived from the Fr. aux demiers abois, at his last gasp, put to his last shifts, which however, as may be seen from the foregoing examples, would give
abbois, the

berries between the leaves.

but a partial explanation of the expression.

The word
from a Celtic

hay, Fr. baie,

[The Itahan

stare a hada, to stand at bay, aifords

directly from Lat. haccee,


root.

TV. bacon, berries.

a strong argument in favor of the derivation here proposed, which is also confirmed by the analogy
of the English exjjression to stand at gaze

gaid, a cluster of grapes or nuts.

Prov. haca, haga,

Sp. haca. Mod.


berry.

Sp. baya, the cod of peas, husk,


the cod or husk of beans or the

It. haccello,

Nor

The adverse

legions.

Par. Lost, VI. 205.

stood at gaze

like, especially beans.

Bay. Lat. hadius, Sp. hayo. It. bajo, Fr. bai. The Sp. has also hazo, chestnut, yellowish brown pan hazo, Fr. pain bis, brown-bread, tending to
show
biso,

See also the examples from Drayton and Beaumont and Fletcher, in Richardson. On the other hand, the French phrases tenir les
abbois,

that

it is

the

same word with

It. bigio.

Venet.
;

Du

Fouilloux, Venerie, chap,

xliii.,

rendre

les

grey.

Fr. basane, dusky, of a tawny hue

hasaner, to

wax

bleak, tawny, swart

Cotgr.

se
to

abbois, etc., are not easily reconciled with the sup-

position that abbois

is

from

beer,

and

it

may be added
is

tan with the sun.

that the action expressed

by

this

verb

too

tame

To Bay.

To bark

as a dog.

It.

abbaiare, Fr.

to correspond with that of

a stag at bay, or with the


bark, Fr. aboyer,

abhayer, Lat. haubari, Gr. Bau^etv, Piedm. fe bau, from an imitation of the sound. See Bawl.

energetic and picturesque dialect of the chase.

The
tive of

derivation from bay, to


it is

At Bay.

It

has been shown under Abie, Abide,

seems more natural, because


a
crisis in

more

truly descrip-

that from ha, representing the sound

made

in open-

the chase of which the

huntsman

84
is

BAYONET. BEAN.
usually
first

apprised

by the

violent barking of

hek

the hounds, and before he comes within sight of the animal at hay, but, still, the verbs tenir and rendre

and discover his hed quhen he met ane Dane. den in Jam.

Bellen;

have as

little

appropriateness in this view of the

case as in the other.


Sir Richard Guylforde, Pylgrymage, 62, employs the verb
to

Compare Esthon. nokkima, to peck as a bird nokkutama pead, to nod with the head. Bead. A ball of some ornamental material, pierced for hanging on a string, and originally used
for the purpose of helping the

bay in an unusual manner

memory

in reciting

This sayd tempest and ye peryllous rode that more daungerous to vs than any perell were in byfore, for we were so he hayed, that we had no remedy but truste to our ancre holde, and laye amoste harde abrode the grete vggly rokkes, &c.
there was

we had that we

a certain tale of prayers or doxologies. AS. bead, See To Bid. To bid one's bedes gebed, a prayer.
or beads was to say one's prayers.

Beadle.
oflicer in

AS.

bydel, the

messenger of a court,
It.

attendance on the dignitaries of a univerFr. bedeau,


bidelh.

This may possibly be embayed, inclosed in a bay from which the ship could not run out, but this hardly appears from the context, which describes the sliip as driven back to the coast of a desert
island, and the sense
is

sity or church.

Probably an

equivalent of the

modern

waiter, an attendant, from

AS. bidan, to word attendant


to wait.

wait.

It will

be observed that the


in Fr. atfendre,

also has

a like origin

doubtful.

M.]

Bayonet.
Said
to

Fr.

baionette,

have been invented

at

a dagger. Bayonne, or

Cotgr.

Home

is

he brought and

laid in

sumptuous bed
abide

been
Diez.

first

used at the siege of Bayonne in

1665.
i.

to

have

Where many skilful To salve his hurts.


e.

F. Q.

leeches

him

wait upon him.

To Be.
heothach,

AS.

bean

Gael,

heo,

alive,

living

Beagle.
scent.

small kind of hound tracking

by

a beast, living thing; Ir. bioth, life, the world ; Gr. ^los, life. The Irish verb substantive is formed from a root hi, the W. from a root ha, bu. The immediate shore of the sea, the Beach.
part overflowed

"

The Frenchmen

lowing their prey."

stil

like

good

hegeles fol-

Hall's Chron.

by the

tide.

Thence applied

to the

pebbles of which the shore often consists.

We haled your bark over a bar of heacTi, or pebble stones,


into a small river.

Hackluyt in K.
is

to Fr. beugler, to beUow, however not applied to the yelping of dogs. Moreover the name, according to Menage, was introduced from England into France, and therefore was not likely to have a French origin. It may be a corruption of Beadle by comparison to a catchpoll

Commonly
is

referred

which

tracking a criminal.
I believe that beach

In Italy at

least

we

see the
beagle,

a modification of

Icel. bahki,
;

opposite metaphor.

"Bracco, any kind of


&;c.,

a bank, a shore, or of AS. becc, a brook compare ripa, a bank, and rivus, a brook, It. riviera, a shore, and Fr. riviere, a river. In Norfolk bank is com-

hound, bloodhound,
beadles or sergeants,

by metaphor,

constables,

monly used instead of


Philolog. Trans, vol.
vii.

beach.

Miss

language."

and catchpolls

in the rogues

Florio.

Gurney

in

Beak.

A form

that has probably descended to

us from a Celtic origin.

Gael. beic.

" Cui Tolosae

So in Robert of Gloucester, speaking of Conqueror landing in England.


His

W.

the

nato cognomen in pueritia Becco fuerat; id valet

gaUinacei rostrum."
Fr.
bee,

Suetonius
pig.
It

in Diez.

It. becco,

Bret, bek,

W.
a

forms a branch of
action done with

folc went up to lond, him selven was the To hank over the sond plankes thei over cast.

last,

a very numerous class of words clustered round a


root pik, signifying
point, or

Beacon.

Beck. Beckon.
;

any

OHG.

O. Sax. bohan ; AS. beacen, a sign, fora-bauhan, a presage, prodigy bauhnjan, Icel. hakna, AS. beacnian, nutu significare, to beckon.

bauhan a nod; OHG.

a pointed thing.

The term The

beacon is confined in E. to a fire or some conspicuous object used as a signal of danger.

Boom. Goth. Bagms, Isl. badmr, G. Beam. baum, Du. boom, a tree. AS. beam, a tree, stock, post, beam. The boom of a vessel is the bea7n or pole by which the sail is stretched, coming to us,
like

most nautical terms, from the Netherlands or


Icel.

seems preserved in E. beck, to bow or nod; Catalan becar, to nod; Gael, beic, a curtsey, perhaps from the image of a bird pecking ; Gael. beic, a beak.
origin

North Germany. Bean. G. bohne


vos, Lat.

baun.

Gr.

Ti-vavos,

Kva-

ffa, beans, ffaen, a single bean, the addition of a final en being the usual

faba, Slavon. bob.


individuality.

W.

Than peine I me to stretchen forth my neck, And East and West upon the peple I becke, As doth a dove sitting upon a bem.
Pardoner's Tale.

mark of

Bret,
;

fa

or fav, beans, or
single

the plant which bears

them faen or faven, a


en,

bean, plur. favennou or faennou, as well as

fa

or

fav.

Thus
to

the

final

signifying

individuahty,
is

He

(Hardicanute)

made a hiw

that every Inglis

man

sal

adheres

the

root,

and Lat faba

connected

BEAR.
through
boJine,

BECOME.
wade through
beaver.
2.

85
the water like a beaver.

Oberdeutsch

hohn

(Schwenck)

with

G.

Secondarily

E. hean.

applied to a hat, because

made of

the fur of the

Bear. The wild beast. G. bar, Icel. Uorn. To Bear. Lat. fero, fer-re ; Gr. ^epeti/ Goth. bairan, to carry, support, and also to bear children, The latter sense may have been to produce young.
;

The moveable
of a child's

part of a helmet, which,

up, covered the face, and

when when down occupied the


slobbering cloth.
Fr.

place

bib

or

developed through the notion of a tree bearing fruit, or from the pregnant mother carrying her young.
It is singular,

baviere,

from baver, to slobber. It. bava, Sp. baba, Fr. bave, slobber, from an imitation of the inarticulate

however, that the forms corresponding


should be so distinct in
to

utterance of the slobbering infant.

The O.

Fr. bave

to the two

significations

expressed as well the flow of saliva as the babble of


the child,
ative.

Latin, fero, to carry,

and pario,

bear children,
light, inclines

produce, bring forth.

The

connection of the latter

with appareo, to appear, to come to

Diez. Beckon. Beck,


1,

whence baveux, bavard, Prov.

bavec, talk-

A
As

nod or

sign.

See
seems

one

to suspect that parere, to hear

children,

may
neu-

Beacon.

originally

have

signified to bring to light, as the


to light.

Beck,
is

S.

brook.

rivus, a brook,

ter parere, to

come

See Bare.

connected with ripa, a bank, while from the latter


derived
It.

From

bear in the sense of carrying

we have Goth.

riviera, signifying both a river

and a

haurthei, Icel. byrdhi, E. burden ;

from the same in

bank, and Fr. riviere, formerly a bank (Diez), but

the sense of bearing children, Gth. gabaurths, birth.

now a
with

river only,

it is

possible that Beck, a brook,

The

Icel.

burdr

is

used in the sense of a carrying,


Russ. boroda

G. bach,

Icel. bechr,

may
is

be fundamentally the same


It
is to

bearing,

and

also in that of birth.

Icel. bechr,

a bench, bakki, a bank.

be

Beard.

G.

bart,

Bohem. brada,
Perhaps radborder, edge.

remarked that beck


first

not a river, where the water


little

the beard, chin.


ically identical

Lat. barba,

W.
a

barf.
lip,

catches the eye, but a brook, in which at a

with

Icel. bard,

distance the broken banks are the conspicuous object,

Beast. Lat. bestia ; Gael, blast, an animal, perhaps a Hving thing, beo, living W. byw, living, to
;

while the water


l.

is

often not seen at


attain to

all.

To Become,
tion, to

To

a certain condi-

live.

assume a certain form or mode of being.


to attain to, to arrive at.

Beat.
a root

AS.

beatan

It. battere,

Fr. battre

from

AS. becuman,

bat, imitative

of the sound of a sharp blow,

as pat imitates that of a

more gentle one.

See Bat.

is formed beetle, boytle a bat for washing, a heavy log for stamping pavement, driving in piles, &,c.. Pi. D. betel, botel, a clog for a dog bliteln, to flat turf with a beetle. Fr. batail, the clapper of a bell bate, a paver's beetle ; It. battaglio, any kind of clapper, the knocker of a door. [The Latin batuo, from which the It. battere and

From

the verb to beat

Thaet thu mage becuman to tham gesailthan the ece thurhwuniath. That thou mayest attain to those goods which endure for ever. Boeth.

(Bailey).

AS.

bytl,

G. bekommen,
Kuttner.
It

to get, receive, obtain, acquire.

be observed that we often use indifferently become or get ; " He got very angry,"
will

"

He became

very angry," are equivalent expres-

sions,

implying that he attained the condition of In a second sense to become

being very angry.


is to be fitting G. bequem, convenient, fit, proper E. comely, pleasing, agreeable. This meaning is to be

Fr. battre are probably derived,


the same radical.

may

be referred

to

2.

To

beat, in

the nautical sense of

or suitable.

advancing against the wind by frequent tacks, is a different word, and is evidently allied to the Icel.
at beita,

explained from

AS. becuman,

to

come

to or upon,
fell

which has the same


is

signification.

Orkneyis

to befall, to haj)pen.

He

hecom on sceathan, he

inga Saga, 1780, p. 278.

The

origin of this sense

among
to

of beita

obscure.

Beit or

beiti,

a ship,

consid-

Thcem godum becymth anfeald yvel, Bosworth. the good happens unmixed evil.
thieves
;

ered by Icelandic scholars a derivative from the

Now
rests

the notion of being convenient, suitable,

fitting,

verb at

beita.

Beitidss

is

used in Forn. Sog.,

II.

330, and III. 26, for sail-yard, and this may be the meaning oi betas in v. 11491 of the Roman de Brut, which the editor supposes to be the Spanish beta, cordage, especially that manufactured from the esparto, broom, or bass-weed. M.] Beauty. Fr. beaute, from beau, bel, It. beUo, Lat. bellus, pretty, handsome, agreeable. Beaver, l. The water quadruped. G. biber,

on the supposition of a purpose to be fulfilled, If the accidents or or a feeling to be gratified. circumstances of the case happen as we would have
them,
if

they

fall in

with what

is

required to satisfy

our

taste,

judgment, or special purpose,

we

call

the

arrangement becoming, convenient, proper, and we shall find that these and similar notions are com-

monly expressed by derivatives from verbs signifying to happen. Thus in OE. to fall was constantly
used in the sense of falling or happening rightly,

Lat. fber, Lith. bebrus, Slav, bobr, Fr. bievre.

Perto

haps from Pol. babrad, to dabble.

Bobrowac,

happening as

it

ought.

86

BED.
Do no
favour, I do thee pray,
It fitllith notfiing to thy

BEESTINGS.
occurrence, as in It prigione, Fr. prison ; cogionare, E. cozen; It. cugino, E. cousin.

Venet
exactly

name

To make
The

fair

semblant wliere thou mayest blame. Chaucer, R. R.

To

plaister or

bedawb

witli

oniament

is

angel came to

Rome

the image represented by hedizen.


sone

Real, as fell a king to done.

K. Robert in Warton.

get or rough-cast
fivce is all to

The same metaphor is seen in Fr. crespir, to parfemme crespie de couleurs, whose
;

c.

as became a king to do.


In darkness of unknovrynge they gonge Without light of understandynge Of tliat that faUeth to ryghte knowynge. Prick of Conscience.

ing.

bedawbed or

plaistered over with paint-

Cot.

i.

6.

of that that belongeth to right knowing.


til

So

in Icel. " all-vel

Hofdingia fallinn" every

way
in

madhouse, from the hospital of St Bedlam. Mary, Bethlehem, used for that purpose in London. The honey-producing insect AS. heo ; Bee. Icel. hy-fiuga ; G. hiene. Gael, beach, a bee, a wasp, a stinging fly beach-each, a horse fly speach, a blow or thrust, also the bite or sting of a venomous
;

suited to a prince.

G.

gefallen, to please, to fall in

creature, a wasp.

So Finn, pmkia,
to sting
;

to

push with

with our

taste, as fall itself

was sometimes used

the liorns

Lap. pustet,

Finn, pushiainen,
Slav.

E.

a wasp.

With shepherd sits not following flying fame, But feed his flock in fields where falls him best.
Shep. Cal.

Beech.

tree.

G. buche,
fagus, Gr.

Icel.

beyke,

buk, huka, bukva,

Lat

<f>rjyo<s.

On

the

same

principle,

AS.
;

limpian, to happen,

hove,

Beef. Fr. bceuf, an ox, the meat of the ox. from Lat. hos, hovis, an ox.
l.

It.

to appertain, limplice, fitly

gelimpan, to happen,

Beer.

Originally, doubtless, drink,

from the
imis

gelimplie, opportune.

AS.
to

titnan, getiman, to
befit,

hap-

root pi, drink, extant in

Bohem.
beer.
root,

piti, to drink,

pen, G. ziemen, to become,

E. seemly,
tidig,
fit,

suitable,

perative pi,

whence piwo,
to drink,

The
which

Lat. hihere

proper
derly.

O. Sw. tida,

happen,

decent,

a reduplicated form of the


in Gr.
TTio), TTivo),

also appears

decorous, E. tidy,

now

confined to the sense of orfall,

In like manner Turk, dushmak, to


to fall to the lot of

to

cup or implement for drink


the same word hior
is

and in Lat. poculum, a potus, drink. In Gael,

happen,

his duty, to

any one, to be a part of be incumbent upon him. place to lie down, to sleep on. Goth. B6d. hadi, Icel. hedr, G. hett. Confined to bed. AS. led-rida, Bed-ridden. one who rides or is permanently borne on his bed.

used in the sense of water.

Beer seems to have been used in OE. in the sense of drink, comprehending both wine and ale.
Rymenild
ros of

The

beer al forte

benche shenche

[The PI. D. bedde-redig, see Neocorus, I. 499, which is, doubtless, identical with the AS. hed-rida, can hardly be a compound of hedde and the root of The AHD. hettiriso must also be the verb to ride. the same word, and Grimm, I think, is right in considering it a compound of hett and the verb risan,
labi, ruere.

After mete in Bothe wyn and

sale,
ale.

An horn

hue ber an hond, Per that was law of lond

Hue drone of the beere To knyght and skyere. Hue


fulde the horn of

1114. 1156.
K. Horn.

wyne

Ant dronk

to that pelryne.

This etymology seems to be confirmed by a passage cited by Richthofen under hed : " Dat hi oen eene bloedresene to hed lidse." Lidse signifies to lie, and may be etymologically connected with rtsan,
to
fall.

2.

pillow-beer,

a pillow-case.

cover, case, pude-vaar, a pillow-case.


biere.

Dan. vaar, a G. kiissen-

M.]

PI. D. biiren, kussen-biiren, a cusliion-cover

beds-buren, a bed-tick.

Properly a cover that

may

Bedizen. To load with ornament, to dress with unbecoming richness and to dizen out was used in the same sense. The only etymology suggested has
;

be slipped on and
to

off.

Finn, wdarin, I turn (a garpadja-p66r, a pillow-case


or

ment), 'Esihon. pdordma, to turn, to twist; pSdrma,


turn, to

change

been the Prov. E. to dize, to put tow on a distaff, to clothe the distaff with tow, which gives a very inadequate explanation of the word.

pillow-beer (paddi, a pad or cushion).

Beestings.
calved, which
is

The
thick

first

milk after a cow has

and clotty.

G.

hiest-milch, also
hyst.

Perhaps bedizen
rough-cast, to

be from Fr. hadigeonner, to colour with lime-wash, erroneously

may

hienst, hriest, briesch-milch ;

AS.

heost,

The
that is

meaning of the word


curded or
supposed
sela
heesty,

is

curdled.

Fr. caUeboute,

modified in form,

by the analogy of bedawh, as

if it

were derived from a simple verb to dizen, which latter would thus be brought into use by false etymology. The passage from a soft ^r to is of frequent

newly delivered.
to

as the milk of a

woman La mar
come

Cotgr.

O. Fr. mer
"

hetce,

a sea

surround the earth.

betada,
ele (la

que environna

la terra," "ainsi

BEET.

BEGUINES.
pose-pilte, a beggar-boy.

87

nier) fust hietee" in the Latin version of the passage " coagulatum." " Sang vermeilh betatz" red curdled

Mod. Gr.

dvXaKo<;,

a bag,

blood.
betee
sea,

Roman
in

a scrip

dvXaKitjm, to beg.

de Ferabras in Diez.

The mer
Fr. beton,
coaguli

was from

Mid. G. called leber-mer, the loppered


Icel.

beest.

leberen, to curdle or lopper.

Cotgr.

dbrtstur, colostrum,

colostrici ferculum,

sheep or cow.

Haldorsen.
herb.

a dish of curdled biestings of

In Northamptonshire
is

the milk of a fresh-calved

cow

called cherry-curds.
bette

Beet.
Beetle.

A garden
Gr.

Fr.

or bhtte ; Lat.

Begin. AS. aginnan, ongmnan, beginnan. Goth. In Luc. vi. 25, the latter is used as an " Unte gaunon jah gretan auxiliary of the future. duginnid," for ye shall lament and weep. In a similar manner gan or can was frequently used in OE. " Aboutin undern gan this Erie alight." Clerk of Oxford's tale. He did alight, not began to alight, as alighting is a momentary operation.
duginnan.

beta, blitum ;

ySXtrov, spinach.

The

general

name

of insects having a

The tother seand the dint cum, gan provyde To eschew swiftlie, and sonc lap on syde
That
all his

horny wing cover.


familiar.
bitela."

structive qualities of those with

Probably named from the dewhich we are most


the
biter.

Into the are

force Entellus can apply

AS.

hitel,

" Mordiculus

D. V.

142. 40.

Down

Gl. ^Ifr. in Nat. Ant.

duschit the beist, deid on the land can ly Spreuland and flychterand in the dede thrawes.

To Be^.
it

Skinner's derivation from bag, although


first, is

D. V.
Scotland went he then in And all tlie land gan occupy.

appears improbable at

certainly the true

To

one.

The Flem.

beggaert (Delfortrie) probably ex-

Barbour.

hy

Bruce.

hibits the original

begger,

form of the word, whence the E. and subsequently the verb to beg. It must
a time when
is

The verb

to

gin or begin appears to be one of

that innumerable series derived fi-om a root gan, gen, ken, in all the languages of the

be borne in mind that the bag was a universal characteristic of the beggar, at
all his

alms

stock, signifying to conceive, to bear young, to


to

Indo-Germanic know,
yivofxaL,

were given

in kind,

and a beggar

hardly ever in-

be able, giving in Gr.

yiyvofiai,

yevo9,

troduced in our older writers without mention being made of his bag.
way, no longer wold he reste With scrip and tippid staff ytuckid hie In every house he gan to pore and prie And beggid mele and chese or ellis come. Sompnour's Tale.
his

ytyvwoTKw, yivwcTKw, in Lat. gigno, genus, in E. can,

ken, kind, &c.

He went

to, to

The fundamental meaning seems to be to attain acquire. To produce children is to acquire,


;

to get children

bigitan in Ulphilas
is

is

always to

find

in

AS.

it

both to acquire and to beget, to

get children.

Hit

is

beggares rihte vorte beren Ixtgge

geises for to beren purses.

Ac

beggers

Ancren with bagges

on bac and bur-

lliwle, 1G8.

To begin may be explained either from the fundamental notion of atUiining to, seizing, taking up, after the analogy of the G. anfangen, and Lat. incipere,

Reicheth never the ryche Thauli such lorelles sterven.

P. P.

the

from G. fangen and Lat. capere, to take or meaning may have passed through a similar
;

Bidderes and beggeres Fasto about yede With hire behes and hire bagges Of brede full ycrammed. P. P.

stage to that of Gr. ytyvo/xat, yiverat, to be born, to


arise, to

begin

yevccrts, yeverr), origin,


is

beginning.

It will

be observed that get

used as an auxil-

Bagges and begging he bad his folk leven.

P. P. creed.
full

iary in a

manner very
;

similar to the

OE.
Icel.

gan, can,
" at

above quoted
talad," to

" to get beaten ; "


;

geta

And
Of

yet these bilderes wol beggen a bag a pure poor man. P. P.

of whete

be able to talk
to

" abouten undern

gan

this earl alight,"

about undern he got down.

And
But
That maketh
cal Songs.

thus gate 1

[Analogous
hotel

our use of get in such phrases as

Without bagge other

my wombe

one.

P. P.
bags.

beggers

go with bordons and

Politi-

and to the Icelandic at geta talad, is the modern Danish employment of at faae, OG. fahen, to get or possess, as an auxiliary Naar jeg faaer Bogen laest, when I have got the book read,
to get beaten,
:

So from Gael, bag {baigean, a little bag), baigeir, a beggar, which may perhaps be an adoption of the E. word, but in the same language from poc, a bag or poke, is formed pocair, a beggar air a phoc, on
;

(finished reading the book)

I did not get

it

done.

M.]
;

jegj^^ det ikke

giort,

Begone.
with woe.
tion
;

Gold-begone,

covered with gold

D. V.

ornamented with

gold,

woe-begone, oppressed

the tramp, begging, hterally, on the bag.

From W.

Du. begaan,

affected,

touched with emo-

ysgrepan, a scrip, ysgrepanu, to go a begging.


It.

begaen ziin met eenighe saeche, premi cura


rei,

bertola,

a wallet, such as poor begging friars


;

cujus

laborare, solicitura esse.

ali-

Kil.

use to beg withal


for scraps

bertolare, to shift

and

victuals.

Florio.

up and down Dan. pose, a bag

BeguiueS.
See Bigot.

Women

of a certain religious order.

88

BEHAVE. BEHOVE.
To Behave.
The
notion of behaviour
is

gener-

keep, to hold.

To

hold a doctrine for true

is

to reit

ally expressed

by means of verbs

signifying to bear,

gard

it

as true, to look
is to

upon

it

as true

to hold

to carry, to lead.

cruel act

regard

it

as such.

The

Lat. servare,

to keep, to hold, is also

found

in the sense of look-

Ye

here at your will But your bearing be full ill.


shall dwell

K. Kobert
It.

m Warton.

commonly expressed, as in the hold, by the compound observare.


ing,

case of E. be" Tuus servus

servet Venerine
portarsi, to

faciat

an Cupidini."
to

Let your

behave ; portarsi de Paladino^ for

Florio. a man to behave or carry himself stoutly. G. hetragen, behaviour, from tragen, to carry. In

slave look whether she sacrifices to

Cupid.

Plautus.

Venus or
is

to

The verb

look itself
after,

fre-

quently found in the sense of looking


to,
It.

seeing

accordance with these analogies we should be inclined to give to the verb have in behave the sense
of the Sw. hcefwa, to
lift,

taking notice or care of (Gloss, to R. G.).

The

guardare, to look, exhibits the original meaning

to carry, the equivalent

of the Fr. garder, to keep or hold, and the E. ward, keeping.

of E. heave, rather than the vaguer sense of the


auxiliary to have, Sw. hafwa, habere.

But

in fact

The

supposition then that the notion of preserv-

the two verbs seem radically the same, and their


senses intermingle.

ing, keeping, holding is originally derived

from that
it

Sw. hcefwa in

seed, to

carry

of looking,

is

supported by

many
(sc.

analogies, while

corn into the barn

hcef tig bort, take yourself off


;

seems an arbitrary

ellipse to explain the sense of

hafwa
fram,

bort, to

take away, to turn one out

hafwa
G.

behold as " to keep or hold

to bring forwards.
;

AS. habban,

to have, haf-

any
for

object)."

Richardson.
to

the eyes fixed

upon

jan, to heave
well or

uf-haban, us-hafjan, to raise.

To Behove.
the
is

gehaben, to behave, and (as Fr. se porter) to fare


ill.

To be expedient, to be required accomplishment of any purpose behoof,


;

what
use.
so gret

so required,

hence advantage, furtherance,

So strong and that an other hit scholde Ae66e unethe. R. G.


Mid hym he had a
stronge axe
17.

AS. behofan,

be

fit,

right, or necessary, to

stand in need of; behefe, advantage, behoof.

Command, injunction. AS. behat, gehat, vow, behces, vow Hces, command promise behatan, gehatan, OE. behete, to vow, to promise AS. hatan, to vow, promise, command
Behest.
; ;
; ;

Hest.
to

Radically connected with the verb to have, as


Lat. habilis,
fit,

suitable,

handy, with habeo.

The
in the

connection

may

probably be explained from the use


se,

of habeo, with or without the reflective

sense of holding or keeping oneself in a cex-tain

Du.

heeten,
;

command,
to

to

name,

to

call,

to

be

manner, being constituted

in

a certain manner with

named

heeten willekom, to bid one welcome.

Icel.

heita, to

name,

be named, to vow, exhort, invoke.


call,

(Andrews, 4.) respect to any person or thing. " Bene habet, jacta sunt " Bene, male se habere."

Goth, haitan, to

to

command.

The

general

fundamenta defensionis ; "


qui sic habet," but so
it is.

it

is well.

Cic.
is

" Atrightly

meaning seems to be to speak out, an act which may amount either to a promise or a command, according as the subject of the announcement is what the speaker undertakes to do himself, or what he
wishes another to do
;

Habilis then

constituted, constituted so as to

meet a particular
signifies
is

end, just as habitus, which

properly

the spe-

condition, bearing, constitution of anything,

or the object of the speaker

may be

simply to indicate a particular individual as

the person addressed,

when

the verb will have the

cially used in the sense of a perfect condition. So from Du. hebben, to have, is formed hebbelyh, fit, convenient from Icel. hafa, to have, hcefr, hcefilegr,
;

sense of calling or naming.

fit,

convenient, hcefi (corresponding to Lat. habitus)


et gesta

Behind.

At

the back

of.

The

relations of

mores
jus,

(Anderson)

place are most naturally expressed

by means of the different members of the body. Thus in Finnish the name of the head is used to express what is on
the top of or opposite
to,

meta, scopus (Haldorsen).


not within

congruentia, proportio, " Thad er ecki mitt

hcefi," that is

my

competence

" thad er

ecki hcefi" that is not right, that does not


hcefa, fas
;

behove

the

name

of the ear to

hof

originally apparently the habit or

express what
hdntd, the

is

on the side of anything.

So from

condition of things, then a right condition, right

tail,

are formed hanndssa, behind, hdnnit-

measure, moderation.
sig, to

Sw. hafwa,

to

have

hafwa
hofwa,

a follower, and as the roots of many of our words are preserved in the Finnish languages, I doubt not that we have in the Finnish hdntd the origin of our behind, at the tail of.
tdd, to follow, hdntyri,

turn out, to be in a certain condition

To Behold. To look steadily upon. The compound seems here to preserve what Was the original
sense of the simple verb
to hold.
of,

AS.

healdan, to

fit condition, measure, bounds, moderaOfwer hbfwan, beyond measure det dr icke min hofwa, it is not for me to do so and so, it does not behove me hans hSfwa ar at tiga, it becomes him, behoves him to be silent. Hence hofwas, to become, befit, behove, to be wanted for a particular

condition,

tion.

regard, observe, take heed

to tend, to feed, to

purpose.

BELAY.
[From
or
conti'ol,

BELL.

89

the Swedish hafwa, to have,

is

formed a

species of frequentative, hdfda, to possess

and enjoy

especially used of lands or other imper-

accordance with a certain standard of fitness. In this sense we have Goth, galauhs, filu-galaubs, precious, honoured, esteemed ungalauh kas, cis ari/Atav
;

ishable property.

Hence comes

Jidfd, title

session, prescription,
fitting

or behooveful

custom established as by long usage, and finally the

by poslegal and

o-Kcos,

a vessel

made
;

for dishonour, for purposes of

low estimation
price
rate.

PI.

D.

laven,

upon

one's wares, to estimate

Du. loven, to fix a them at a certain

plural form hafder, the institutions, laws,

and course

of public actions and events which constitute the


history of a people.

to

To believe, then, Goth, laub^'an, galaubjan, is esteem an assertion as good for as much as it lays
;

Geijer entitles his history of

Sweden, Svea Rikets Hdfder. To Belaji Du. heleggen,


spread, beset, garnish
;

M.]

claim to

if

a narration,
it it

to

esteem

it

true or in ac;

cordance with the fact


promise, to esteem
border, orna-

professes to describe

if

to lay around, over-

as in accordance with the in-

helegsel, fringe,

tention of the promiser.

ment.
All in a woodman's jacket he was clad Of Lincohi green belayed with golden lace.

The

sense of praising

the same radical notion.

may be easily deduced from To praise is essentially to


es-

F. Q.

prize, to put a high price or value on, to extol the

worth of anything, to express approval, or high

Du. De hahel aan de heeling heleggen, to lay the cable round the bits, to make it fast, iu nautical language,
to helay.

timation.

Hence

to simple approbation, satisfaction,


is

consent, permission

an easy progress.
mil erven
lave,

PI.

D.

to

der swaren lave, to the approbation or satisfaction of

To Belch.
to hohe, to

AS.

healcan, healcettan

OE.

to hoik,

the sworn inspectors

with the con-

throw up wind from the stomach with a sudden noise. Doubtless an imitation of the sound.
in PI.

sent of the heirs.

In middle Latin the consent giv-

Another application of the same word is and Du. holken, hulken, to bellow, to roar.

D.

en by a loi'd to the alienation of a tenant's fief was expressed by the term laus, and E. allow, which has

been shown
civil

to

be derived from laudare,

is

used in

Beldam.

Fair

sir,

and Fair

lady,

were

the sense of approving, esteeming good and valid,

terms of address, in Fr. heau sire and hel dame. Then, probably because a respectful form of address would be more frequent towards an elderly than a young person, beldam became appropriated to signify an old woman, and finally an ugly and decrepit
old

giving leave or permission, and sometimes in a sense closely analogous to that of believe.

The

principles

which

nate ; those that


ples allowed

men

all mankind allow for true are inof right reason admit are the princi-

by

all

mankind.

Locke.

woman.
Bell.

Fr. heffroi, 0. Fr. herfroi, heffroit, a Belfry. watch tower, from MHG. hercvrit, hervrit, a tower
for defence; OYLQr. frid, a tower, turris, locus securitatis

From AS.
bell,

hellan, Icel. helia, boare, to re;

sound, to sound loudly

Sw.

hola, to

bellow

North-

amptonshire, to
(Sternberg).

to

make a loud
noise.
boant.

noise, to cry out


is

Schilter,

and hergan,

to

protect.

The

bell,

then, Icel. bialla,

an imple-

word became

singularly corrupted in foreign lan-

ment

for

making a loud

M. Lat. under the forms helfredum, hertefredum, hattefredum. It. hettifredo, a little shed, stand, or house, built upon a tower for soldiers to stand centinel in also a blockhouse or a sconce. Floi'io. Li England a false etymology has conguages, appearing in
;

Templorum campana
Icel. hylia, resonare,

Ducange.

tions of the
is

specially
is

and E. peal, are other modificasame imitative root, of which the latter applied to the sound of bells. The same
found in Galla,
ring.

fined the

name

of helfry, properly belonging to the

imitation
to

church tower, to the chamber in the upper part in which the bells are hung.

make

bilbil, to

Tutschek.
is

bilhila, bell

bilbil-goda,

[The number of

imitative words

employed

to

To

Believe.

It is not obvious

how

to

harmonise

express the sound of the bell


ilization

very great, and no

the senses of believing, praising, permitting or giving leave, promising, which are expressed in the
different

one of the material appurtenances of European civhas more universally impressed rude tribes
than the sound of small
bells.

word or
to

slight modifications of
;

Teutonic dialects by essentially the same it ; PI. D. loven, loven,

Las Casas,

in his

account of the

first

voyage of Columbus, founded

to believe

Du.
;

loven, to praise, to promise, orloven,

no doubt mainly on the great discoverer's papers,

give leave

Dan.

lov, praise,

reputation, leave
;

Icel. lofa, ley/a, to praise, to

give leave

AS.

leafa,

geleafa, belief; gelyfan, to believe, lyfan, alyfan, to

give leave

G. glauhen,

to believe, lohen, to praise,

erlauhen, to permit, verlohen, to promise or engage.

Otra cosa tanto no deseaban [los Indios] como cascabeles llcgo la canoa a bordo quando Uamaban y mostraban los pedazos do oro, diciendo chuq chiiq por cascabeles, que estan en puntos de tornarse locos por ellos.

Que aun no

The fundamental
to sanction

notion seems to be to approve, an arrangement, to deem an object in

Navarrete,

I.

114.

The

Icelandic

historians

speak of the klokna

VOL.

I.

12

90

BELLOWS. BERTH.
bells,

hUod; the sound of the small church-service


almost every j^eople
Estrup, Reise
to

the vessel

as particularly attractive to the heathen natives,

whom

the bell

and has become


for
it.

to bend cloth, to stretch G. Tuch an einen Rahmen spannen.


;

it

on a frame,

For the

deri-

vation of the

word

see Bind.

kno>vn has fashioned an onomatopoetic


i

name

Beneath.
:

Normandiet,

p.

2,

gives this im-

itative inscription

on an ancient bell at Pontoise " Unda, Unda, Unda, Unda, Unda, Unda, Unda,

accurrite cives

Bellows.

M.] Belly, The word


!

Benefice. Benefactor. Benefit. Lat. benefacere, to do good to one benefactor, one who does good ; bene/actum, Fr. hienfait, a good deed, a
;

See Nether.

"

benefit.
halg, holg, is

The

Lat. beneficium, a kindness,


to

was

in

used

Mid. Lat. applied


the kindness

in several Celtic

and Teutonic languages

to signify

an estate granted by the king or other lord to one for life, because it was held by
of the lord.
" Villa

any

inflated skin or case.


;

Gael, balg, bolg, a leather

quam Lupus
visus fuit."

bag, wallet, belly, blister

halgan-snamha, the swim;

quondam per beneficium nostrum tenere


" Similiter villa

ming

bladder, balgan-uisge, a water bubble

Gael.

quam ex

munificentia nostra ipsi

builge,

bags or bellows, seeds of plants.

Bret, belch,

bolch, polch, the bolls or

husks of flax

AS.

bcelg,

bag, pouch, cod or husk of pulse, wallet,

blcest-bcelg,

Caddono concessimus." " Quam fidelis noster per nostrum beneficium habere videtur." The term had been previously applied in the Roman law to estates
conferred by the prince upon soldiers and others.

a bellows; G.

balg,

skin, husk,

pod, the skin of

those animals that are stripped off whole, blase-balg,

Ducange.

The same name was given


life,

to estates

a blowing-skin,

bellows.

Icel.

belgr,

skin, leather sack, bellows, belly.

an inflated Sw. balg, a bel-

conferred upon clerical persons for

for the perin

formance of
times the

ecclesiastical services,

and

modem

lows, vulgarly the belly.

name

of benefice

is

appropriated to signify

The
bubble

original
(stiU

signification

is

probably a water-

a piece of church preferment.

preserved by the Gaelic diminutive


application of the term to the belly,

Benison.
to bless, to

bolgan), which affords the most obvious type of inflation.

The

Fr. benisson, a blessing, from pronounce happy, to wish well O. Fr. beneigon, beneison, from benedictio.

benir,
to.

Fab.

the sack-like case of the intestines, as well as to a

et Contes, 2. 302.

bellows or blowing-bag, needs no explanation.

It

Bent.
sen,

The

flower-stalks of grass remaining un-

seems that bulga was used for womb or belly by the Romans, as a fragment of Lucilius has
Ita ut quisque nostrum e

eaten in a pasture.

Bav. bimaissen, bimpsen, bins-

G. binsen, rushes.

OHG.

pinoz, pinuz.

hdga

est matris in

lucem editus.

To Benum. See Numb. To Bequeath. To direct


property after one's death.
cwcethan, to say.

the

disposition

of

It is probable that Gr. ^oX^rj, Lat. volva, vulva,

AS.

becwcethan, from

the
tion

womb,

is

a kindred form from another modificais

See Quoth.
bereafian, to deprive

of the word for bubble, from which

also

bvlbus,

a round or bubble-shaped

root, or

a root
of,

To Beray. See Bewray. To Bereave. AS. reafian,


to strip.

consisting of concentric skins.

See Reave, Rob.

In E. bellows, the word, like trowsers and other names of things consisting of a pair of principal members, has assumed a plural form. To Belong. Du. langen, to reach to, to attain,
porrigere, attingere, pertingere
to, to
;

Berry.
Goth, basja

A
;

small

eatable

fruit.

AS.

beria

Du.

besje.

Sanscr. bhakshya, food,

belangen, to attain

concern, to belong, attingere, attinere, pertinere,

pervenire.

Kil.

G. gelangen,
;

to arrive at, to be-

come one's property zum Konigreiche gelangen, to come to the crown belangen, to concern, to touch. Was das belanget, as concerning that. Du. belang,
;

from bhaksh, to eat. Hence on the one side Lat. bacca, a berry, and on the other Goth, basya, G. Beere, E. berry. Kiihn, Zeitschr. vol. vi. p. 3. Berth. The seamen call a due or proper distance between ships lying at an anchor or under sail a birth ; also the proper place aboard for the mess

to put their chests, &c. in, is called the birth of that

mess.

propinquus, proximus,

affinis.
to, to

moor a
touch one, exis

Harris
ship.

in

Todd.

Bailey.

Convenient ship-room to Probably the original sense

To

belong

is

thus to reach up

that given

by Jamieson

size, bulk,

burden.

pressing the notion of property by a similar meta-

phor to the Lat.


Belt.

attinere, pertinere, to

hold to one.

The bustuous barge


Sa huge of
Icel. byrdi,
birth

yclepit
ciete

ane

Chimera semyt sche.

D. V.
Hence

Icel. belti ; Lat. balteus.

Bench.

See Bank.
Icel.

Dan.

byrde,

a burden, from bear.

To Bend.

benda

AS. bendan.

Fr. ban-

the word might easily have been used to signify

der un arc, to bend a


spring.

bow ; hence to exert force, se bander, to rise against external force ; bandoir, a

room

for a ship of such a bulk or burden,

and then
of giving

sea-room generally, as

when one speaks


i.

an object a wide
sails is to stretch

berth,

e.

leaving considerable sea-

To

bend

them on the yards of

room

for

it.

BESEECH. BET.
2.

n
Yet could he not beteem of any other bird than eagle for to seem.
Golding's Ovid in Rich.

A berth, in the sense of a place in a ship boardlie

ed off for one person to


dersen.

in,

may be

hyrda, area e lignis compacta, area grandis.

Repositorium, area

shelves,

Ana cupboard
secondary
viz.

the Icel.

The shape

where the original has dignetur.

Haldorsen, from bord, a board.


old Northman's ship.

A shelf would probmay be a


;

ably be the only berth allotted to a seaman in an

Ah!
es.

said he, thou hast confessed


it

could teem

to

rend thee in pieces.


x. 88.

But

Dialogue

and bewrayed all, I on Witch-

it

Percy Soe.

application of berth in the former sense


for a

room

man to lie in. To Beseech. Formerly


His heart
is

The
beseek.

Icel.

translated

tima is used in the same sense, being by Andersen, sumptum facere andeo, by

When men

hard that will not meke of mekeness him beseke. Chaucer, R. R.


entreat, soto entreat,

in one's heart to

Haldorsen, a se impetrare, to bring oneself, to find do a thing, to allow it to happen.

To

seek something from a person, to

licit.

So Lat.

peto,

to

seek,

and

also

beseech.

Beseem.

Seemly. Beteem.
to

The
It.

verbal

element in these words must not be confounded with


seem, the equivalent of the Fr. sembler,
It corresponds

sembrare.

the Icel. scema

O. Sw. scema,

tcema
to

be

fitting, to befit,

G. ziemen, geziemen, Du. taemen, betaemen, become, the initial s, t, and z

interchanging, as in Du. saert, taert, G. zart, tender.


Kil.

was shown under Become that the notion of fitting or suitable is commonly expressed by means of a verb signifying to befall, to happen; what falls in with our taste, wishes, or with the reIt

being

teem it to rend thee in pieces I could find becoming to rend thee in pieces, or I could let it happen to tear thee in pieces. [The Danish temmelig, tolerable, is considered by most Northern etymologists, and I have no doubt justly, as Teutonic, and borrowed from the German ziemlich. The same is probably true of the O. Swedish tcemelig, there being no ON. form from which these words are likely to be derived. The Icelandic scema, and its numerous derivatives, are apparently secondary forms from the noun somi, honor, ornament, decorousness, which cannot be traced to any more radical Scandinavian word, unless we suppose it to be from the widely diffused root sam, together, like, in which case the notion of congruity, fitness, might be taken as its primary sigI could
it

nification.

quirements of the case.


the

Now

the O. Sw. tima, as


signifies

The

connection between this root and tima does

AS. gatiman, gatimian,


time, the course of

to

happen
not vice

not appear to

me

to

be made

out.
;

M.]

whence

events, and

Besom.
besen.

AS.

besem, besm

versa, as Ihre supposes.

Wallon. aioumer, to hapIt

AS.

besmas, rods.

PL D. bessen, G. In Devonshire the name

pen, from toumer, to


er

fall.

may

be doubted wheth-

timan, to happen, be not a modification of the


root with the Goth, quiman,

same
come.

AS. cwiman,

to

bissam or bassam is given to the heath plant, because used for making besoms, as conversely a besom is called broom, from being made of broom-twigs. The

It is certain at least that the senses of the


related, as seen in the Lat. venire, to

proper meaning of the word seems twigs or rods.

two are closely


come, evenire,

Du. brem-bessen, broom


Biglotton.

twigs,

scopje

spartiaj.

and many examples may be shown of, the interchange of an initial tw and kw or qw ; as G. quist, Du. twist, E. twist, a twig or branch G. queche, zwecken, E. squitch, twitch, couchgrass. Du. quinkelen, E. twinkle; Du. quetteren, E. twitter ; G. hunft (in zukunft, the future) for Jcumft, from kommen, to come zumft, gezumft, zunft,
to

happen

Best.
stead
is

See Better.

Bestead.

AS.

stede,

place,

position.

Hence
is

applied to signify the influences arising from

relative position.

To

stand in stead of another


;

to

perform the

offices

due from him

to stand

one in

good

stead, or to bestead one, is to

perform a service-

conventus, conventio, conveniens, in which the k of

kommen, venire, seems changed into a . Diefenbach in v. gatiman. Thus become, beseem, and the Du. betaemen, which are used in precisely the same sense, as well as comely and seemly, would be brought
into radical relation with each other.

able office to him.

The dry

fish

bestead us in the

was so new and good as it did very greatly whole course of our voyage. Drake.

On

the other

hand

to

be hard bestead
it

is

to

be
to

placed in a position which

is

hard

to endure.

The connexion of the E. teem., beteem, with the Du. betaemen, Sw. taema, is obscured by the verb
being used in a causative sense.

To Bestow.
on a

AS.

stow,

a place;

to bestow,

be-place, to give a place to, to lay out, to exercise


definite object.

To

teem or beteem

must be explained
to

to

make

suitable, to

deem

suita-

To
ger

Bet.

From

abet,

in the sense of backing,

ble, to vouchsafe, to deign, to aiford, as Lat. dignari,

encouraging, supporting the side on which the wais laid.

deign or

deem worthy, from

dignus.

92
Gif thou wilt holden that thou

BETEEM.
me
That
I sliall

BIAS.
Bevel.
Slant, sloped
off,

wed

the

maiden

fair.

Halliwell.

bet

awry.

Fr. beveau, an

instrument opening like a pair of compasses, for

i.

e.

will hold the

what you promised or engaged to me, if you promise with which you encouraged

me.

Buveau, a square-like instrumeasuring angles. ment having moveable and compass branches, or one branch compass and the other straight. Some call
it

no etymologist doubts that the German OG. wad, a pledge, the Swedish vad, a bet, and the AS. wed, a pledge, are identical. In the Gerjednes betweox Dunsetan, Ges. der Ang.Sachs., Schmid, Anhang, i. 3, we find " Gif bad
tl believe
wette,

a bevel.

Cotgr.

bet, the

Beverage. A drink. Lat. bibere, to drink It. bevere, whence beveraggio ; Fr. beuvrage ; E. bever;

age.

Bevy.

It.

beva, a bevy, as of pheasants.

Florio.

genumen sy," etc., if a pledge be taken, &c. Bad and wed are unquestionably the same word, and hence our bet, by the same logical process as the German and Scandinavian corresponding words from M.] a cognate root meaning pledge. Beteem. See Beseem.

Fr. bevee, a brood, flock, of quails, larks, roebucks,

thence applied to a company of ladies especially.

To Bewray.

Properly to accuse, and then to


Goth, vrohjan, to accuse,

point out, to discover.

Fris. wrogia, ruogia, wreia, to accuse,

AS.
G.

vregan,

vregian, Sw. roja, to accuse, discover.

riigen.
is

To Betray.
deliver

Lat. tradere, to deliver up, then to


to

To bewray

or beray, in the sense of dirtying,

up what ought

be kept,

to deliver

breach of

trust, to betray.

It. tradire,

up in whence Fr.
inflections

explained by the Yv.faire caliges, to bewray or accuse his hose, viz. by the sense of smell.
ariier, to dirty.

Wallon.

trahir, as envahir,

from invadere.
in

The
ss,

of Fr. verbs in ir with a double


traJiissais,

as trahissons,

Beyond.
Bezel.

E. by a final Thus from ebahir, ebahissais, abash; from sh. In like manner from polir, polissais, polish, &c.
are

commonly rendered

Basil.
is

See Yonder.
Sp. Usel, the basil edge of a

which were formerly ornamented with a border ground slanting from the genplate of looking-glass,

trahir

we

formerly had trash and hetrash, as from

eral surface of the glass.


joiner's tool

When
to

the edge of a
it

obeir, obeissais, obeish.

ground away

an angle

is

called

In the water anon was seen His nose, his mouth, his eyen sheen, And he thereof was all abashed His owne shadow had him betrasked.

R. R.

a basil (Halliwell), in Fr. tailU en biseau. Biseau, CotgK. a bezle, bezling or skueing. The proper meaning of the word seems to be a paring, then an edge pared or sliced off, a sloping

In the original
Et
il

s'ebahit
si le trahit. is

edge.
Tayllet le payn ke est paree, Lea Hseaux (the paringes) b, I'amoyne soyt done.

maintenant

Car son iimbre

Bibelsworth in Nat. Ant. 172.

Her acquaintance
First soft

perillous

and after noious, She hath The trashid without wene.

E. R.

To
made

like guzzle,

BeZZle. To drink hard, to tipple. Probably, formed from an imitation of the sound
in greedy eating

Bien

t'a trahie.

Probably the unusual addition

and drinking.

of the particle be to a verb imported from the Fr.

Yes, s'foot I wonder


looks now.

how

the inside of a taveme

was caused by the accidental resemblance of the word to Du. bedriegen, G. betriigen, to deceive, to
cheat,
It.

Oh when
!

shall I bizde, bizde ?

Dekkar in

R.

which are from a


is traditor,

totally different root.


;

From

To
ery.

bezzle

was then applied

to

wasting in debauch-

tradire

Fr. traitre, a traitor

and from

Fr. trahir, trahison, treachery, treason.

Better.
ter,

Best.

Bias.

Fr. biais, bihais, Cat. biax, Sardin. biascia,

Goth,

batizo, batista ;

AS.

be-

It. sbiescio,

Piedm.

sbias, sloped, slanting

Fr. biai-

tera, betest, jtetst, better, best.

OE. bet, better. Between. Betwixt,


more,

Du. bat, bet, See To Boot.

bast, bet-

ser,
It.

Sard, sbiasciai, to do something aslant.


bieco, sbieco,

The

from obliquus, has a singular reused in precisely the same a change of form would be very
probably from the notion of
It.

different

From

The AS. has tweoh, a form of twa, two, and thence twegen, twain. the former of these are AS. betwuh, betweoh,
by two,
in the

semblance to
unusual.

sbiescio,

sense, though such

betweohs, betweox, betwuxt,

middle of

The
aslope
;

true origin
slipping.

is

two, which

be compared as to form with amid, AS. amiddes, amidst, or with again, against. In
like

may

sliding or

sbiagio,

sbiesso,

bending,
to

sbisciare, bisciare,

sbrisciare,

sbrissare,

manner from twain


The He

is

formed between, in the

creep or crawl sideling, aslope, or in and out, as an


eel or

middle of twain.
of

a snake,

to glide or slip as

Man

tliat

me

clepeth

shrisso, sbiscio, oblique, crooked,

upon ice sbriscio, winding or crawl;

By

twene us and Irlonde.

R. G>

ing in and out, slippery, sliding

biascio, bias-wise.

BIB.
Compare
Sw.
slant,

BIG.
In this sense the word
gebeden ; G.
is

93
the correlative of Groth.
;

formerly

sklent,
;

with

W.

ysglentio,

slinta, to slip or slide

slope with slip.

bidjan, bidan, bath, or bad, bedun

AS. biddan, bced,


a
reflec-

To Bibf
to drink

Lat. hibo, to drink,


;

much

biberer,

whence Du. biberen, bibaculus, a bibber, one who

bitten, bat ; Icel. bidhja, or, in

tive form, beidast.


2. To Bid in the sense of offering, bringing forwards, pressing on one's notice, and consequently ordering or requiring something to be done. Goth.

drinks in excess, Fr. biberon.

Bib. Fr. bavon, baviere, baverole, a cloth to prevent a child drivelling over its clothes. JBaver, to
slaver or drivel.

mouth.
cloth.

See Beaver. Fris. babbe, the Perhaps the word has once been a bib-

bid

bjudan in anabjudan, faurbjudan, to command, forAS. beodan, bead, geboden ; G. bieten, to offer, ;

verbieten, to forbid;

Bice.

An

inferior blue,

OE.

asure-bice (Early

praebere, praestare.

Du.

bieden, porrigere, offerre,

Kil.

E. misc. Hal. 78) ; Fr. bes-azur, the particle bes being often used in composition to signify perversion,

To
is to

hid the banns, G. ein paar verlobte aufbieten,


bring forwards the announcement of a marit

inferiority. Prov. beslei, perverted belief; barlume (for bis-lume) weak light Piedm. bes-anca,
;

riage, to offer

to public notice.

Mnem einen guten


is

tag bieten, to bid one good day, to offer one the wish

crooked

ber-laita (for bes-laita), Fr. petit-lait,


;

whey

of a good day.

To

bid one to a dinner

properly
to dinner,

Cat. bescompte, miscount


Diet. Wallon.

Fr. bestemps, foul weather.

the same verb, to propose to one to

come

To Bicker.
pute, wrangle.
fight

Bickering.
broil,

although

it

might well be understood

in the sense

To

skirmish, dis-

of the other form of the verb, to ask, to pray one


to dinner.

It is especially applied in Sc. to a with stones, and also signifies the constant motion of weapons and the rapid succession of strokes

Gericht bieten, to
tice
;

Analogous expressions are G. einen vor summon one before a court of jus-

einen vor sick bieten loosen, to have one called


respect to logical pedigree, the meaning of

in

a battle or

or the noise occasioned


stones,

cessive strokes,

rapid motion.

Jamieson.

by throwing of

by sucor by any
probably

before him.

With

The

origin

is

bid, in the sense of

ask

for,

pray,

may

plausibly be

the representation of the sound of a blow with a

derived from Goth, beidan,


look for.
fact that

AS.

bidan, abidan, to

pointed instrument by the syllable pick, whence the


frequentative picker or bicker would represent a
succession of such blows.

To

bicker in

NE.

is

ex-

prayers.
first

To pray is merely to make known the we look for or desire the object of our The Lat. peto, qucero, signifying in the
for,

plained to clatter, Halliwell.

Du.

bickehr, a stone-

instance to seek or look

are also used in

hewer or stone-picker
biekel, hickel-steenken,

hickelen, bicken, to

hew stone

the sense of asking for.

The

Icel. leita is

used in
leta,

a fi-agment of stone, a chip,

each sense (Ihre


look

v.

Leta), and the Sw. has

to

explaining the Sc. bicker in the sense of throwing


stones.

for, anleta, to solicit, just as the

two ideas are


ask,

Bickelen, to start out, as tears from the eyes,


in

expressed in E. by seek and beseech, for beseek.

from the way

which a chip

Hence

Sc. to bicker, to

from the pick. move quickly. Jam.


flies

The

Icel. bidill,

suitor,

from

bidj'a, to

seems

essentially the

Amang the

Ynglis archaris that hardy war and wycht Scottis bykarit with all their mycht.
i

ant or beadle,

same word with AS. bidel, an attendfrom bidan, to abide or wait on.

Wallace in Jam.
like

The arrows
It

struck

upon them

blows from a

Swollen, bulky. The original spelling Big. seems to be bug, which is still used in the N. of England for swollen, proud, swaggering.

stone-cutter's pick.

lent

must be observed that the word pick (equivato the modem pitch) was used for the cast of
"

But when her circling nearer down doth pull Then gins she swell and waxen bug with horn. More in Richardson.

an arrow.

Bug
R.

I hold

you a grote

I pycke as farre with

an arowe as you.

heart."
in

Palsgrave in Halliwell.

Addison.
original
;

as

Lord."

Halliwell.

" Big-swollen

" Big-uddered ewes."

Pope

To Bid.
1.

Two verbs

are here confounded, of dis-

The

form of the root

is

probably seen in

tinct foi-m in the other

Teutonic languages.

the Icel. bolga, a swelling, bolginn, swoln, from belgia,


to inflate

To Bid
For

in the obsolete sense of to pray.

E.

bulge, to belly, to swell, bilge or bulge,

far lever

And

he hadde wende hidde ys mete yf he shulde

the belly of a ship, related to big or bug, as G. and


in a strange lond.

Gael, balg, an entire skin, to E. bag.


the
I

The
;

loss of

R. G.

gives Dan. bug, belly, bulge,

bow

bugne (an-

Bidders and beggars are used as synonymous in

swering to

Icel. bolgna), to bulge, belly,

bend.

Com-

P.P.
For he that beggeth other biddeth but if he have need He is false and faitoiu* and defraudeth the neede.

pare also Sp. buque with E. bulk.

To

inhabit

Big. AS. byggan, Icel. byggia, to build, to ; O. Sw. bygga, to prepare, repair, build, in-

94
habit.
is

BIGARROO. BIGOT.

A simpler
;

and probably a contracted form


ho, to

tiary order, or third order of penitence, consisting

seen in Icel. hua, O. Sw. hoa,


;

arrange, pre-

both of

men and women, who,


and works of

without necessarily

pare, cultivate, inhabit

Du. houwen,

to cultivate, to

build

G. bauen,

to cultivate, to dwell, to build.

Big;arr00.

Fr. bigarrean, a kind of cherry, half


;

white, half red, from bigarre, motley


gearre, btgerre, fantastical,
toyish,

bizarre, bi-

humorous, also

diversified in colour (having colours oddly assorted).

Cot.
;

It.

hizzarro, fantastical, giddy -headed,

whim-

sical

ghiribizzi,

humorous

fantastical conceits.

toys,

sudden humours,

Fl.

high degree of nervous excitation, whether

from actual sensation or mental passion, is manifested by shivering, horripilation, and hence the image of shivering (as explained under Caprice) is used to signify a sudden fancy or unreasonable desire, the motives to which not being apparent, the
attention of the bystander
is

bound themselves The same outburst of religious feeling seems to have led other persons, both men and women, to adopt a similar course of life. They wore a similar dress, and went about reading the Scriptures and practising Christian life, but as they subjected themselves to no regular orders or vows of obedience, they became highly obnoxious to the hierarchy, and underwent much obloquy and persecution. They adopted the grey habit of the Franciscans, and were popularly
quitting their secular avocations,
to

strict life

charity.

confounded with the third order of those friars under the names of Beguini, Beghardi, Beguttce, Bizocchi, Bizzocari (in Italian Beghini, Bighini, Bighiotti), all of
Ital. bigio,

directed to the bodily

symptoms of the Thus from It.

affection.

which are apparently derived from " Bizocco," says an biso, grey. author quoted in N. and Q. vol. 9, 560, "sia quasi
Venet.
higioco et higiotto, perche
si
i

brisciare, to shiver, brezza, chill-

Terziari di S. Fi-ancesco

ness or shivering, are formed ribrezzo, chillness or


shivering, also a sudden fear or astonishment, also

skittish

or humorous

toy

ribrezzoso, startling,

trembling, full of astonishment, also toyish, humorous,


fantastical,

suddenly angiy.

Fl.

Now

in

words beginning with br, cr, &c., the Uquid is very apt to be lost, as shown in numerous examples under Cuddle. Thus the It. has sbrisciare and sbisciare, to crawl, and the It. brezza is represented in

France they were called Ducange. From les petits freres bis or bisets. bigio, grey, was formed bigello, the dusky hue of a dark-coloured sheep, and the coarse cloth made from its undyed wool, and this was probably also the meaning of bighino or beguino, as well as bizocco.
veston di bigio."

So

in

"

che

I'abito higio

ovver beghino era comune degli


to
is

nomini di penitenza," where beghino evidently implies

French by a double form, brise and bise, a chilly wind. "We shall thei-efore not be without the support of strong analogies, if
identity of ribrezzo
sionate.

that designated

a description of dress of a similar nature Bizzocco also by the term bigio.

mentioned in the fragment of the history of


of the 14th century in a

Rome
that
it

we

recognise the radical

way which shows

and

hizzarro, fantastical, pas-

must have
as
is

signified coarse, dark-coloured cloth, such

Altieri.

used for the dress of the inferior orders, probhiso,

The
lects.

root

be traced in some of the G. diaSwab, biz, anger ; hizzel, excitation of the


long
tart,

may

ably from

the other form of higio.

"Per

te

Tribuno," says one of the nobles to Rienzi, "fora


piu convenevole che portassi vestimenta honeste da
hizuoco che queste pompose," translated by Mui-atori,

palate, eager desire, bizzeln, to tickle the palate, to

make one
Swiss,
der.
bitz,

for,

to

make

uneasy.

agreeably sharp in

taste.

Schmid.

Stal-

"honesti plebeii amictus."

It

must be remarked

that bizocco also signifies rude, clownish, rustical,

Bi^ht or Bought.
rope.
Icel. bugt,

bend of a shore or of a a flexure, buga, to bend, to curve.


;

apparently from the dress of rustics being composed


of bizocco.

In the same

way

Fr. bureau

is

the col-

AS. bugan, bigan

G. hiegen,

to bend. in the

our of a brown sheep, and the coarse cloth made

[We

find boughting as

a participle

Fardle

of Facions, 1555
Cabanes not far from the Sea, vx)on the where nature hath made great carfes, diepe into the grounde, and hollow Guttres, and Criekes into the maigne lande, howtyng and compassyng in and out, to & fro, many sondric wayes. Affrike, F. v, last p. M.J
little
:

from the undyed wool. Hence the OE. borel, coarse woollen cloth, and also unlearned common men. In a similar manner from bigello, natural grey or
sheep's russet,

Thei haue

clieues sides

a blockhead.

homespun
Flor.

cloth, bighelloiie,

a dunce,

From

bigio

would naturally

be formed
cal

higiotto, highiotte, and as soon as the radimeaning of the word was obscured, corruption would easily creep in, and hence the variations bi-

Bi^ht. See Bought. Bi^Ot. The beginning of the 13th century saw the sudden rise and maturity of the mendicant orders of St Francis and St Dominic. These admitted
into the ranks of their followers, besides the pro-

gutta, begutta, bigotto, beghino, begardo.

We
fratres

find Boniface VIII., in the quotations of

Du-

cange and his continuators, speaking of them as


" NonnuUi viri pestiferi qui vulgariter Fraticelli seu

de paupere

vita,

aut Bizochi sive Bichini

fessed

monks and nuns, a

third class, called the ter-

vel aliis fucatis nominibus nuncupantur."

Matthew

BIGOT.
Paris, with reference to A. D. 1243, says,

BILLET.
a bigot has come
to signify

95
a person unreasonably
in opposition.

"Eisdem
in

temporibus quidam in Alemannia prajcipue se asserentes religiosos in utroque sexu, sed


muliebri, habitum religionis sed

attached to particular opinions, and not having his

maxime

mind open

to

any argument

levem susceperunt,
ullo claustro

Bilberryt

The

fruit of the

vaccinium myrtillus,
is

continentiam
lius

vitte

private voto profitentes, sub nulcoarctati,

while that of vaccinium uliginosum

called in the

tamen rcgula

nee adhuc

N. of E.
blaa, blue
;

blae-berry,

contenti."

They were however by no means

con-

from the dark colour. Dan. Sw. bldmand, a negro. In Danish the
as the fruit of the myrtillus
is

fined to Italy.
talibus plurimi

"Istis ultimis temporibus hypocri-

names are reversed,

maxime
jugum

in Italia

Provinciae provincia, ubi tales


vocantur, nolentes

Alemannia et Begardi et Beguini


et

called blaa-bcer, that of the uliginosum boUe-bcer.

subire veraj obedientiaj

The

hilbery,

according to Outzen,

is

also

named

nee servare regulam aliquam ab Ecclesia approba-

from its dark colour, and he gives several examples of an obsolete bel, belg being used in the sense of
black, dark
;

tam sub manu


Fraticelli, alii

praeceptoris et ducis legitimi, vocati

bel scedeuuit, schwarz-beschattet, black-

de paupere

vita, alii Apostolici, ali-

shadowed

bel baaren,

beaten black and blue

belg-

qui Begardi, qui ortum in Alemannia habuerunt."

Alvarus
vulgariter
tertio

bundin, the black bottoms in which Odin's horses

Pelagius in Due. "Secta quasdam pestifera illorum qui Beguini


appellantur qui se fratres pauperes de
ordine S. Francisci communiter appellabant."
in vita Job. xx.

pastured; Dan. bcelg mork, pitch dark.


V.

Outzen

in

biligjack.

Bernardus Guidonis
"
videlicet ordinis
S.

Bilbo. A slang term for a sword, A Bilboa blade.

now

obsolete.

Bilboes.

Among
is

mariners, a punishment at sea


laid in irons or set in

Capellamque seu clusam hujus modi censibus et redditibus pro septem personis religiosis, Beguttis
Augustini dotarint."

when
boia,

the offender

a kind

of stocks.

Du.

boeye,

a shackle.

Lat. boja, Prov.

Chart.
et

O. Fr.
ferreae

buie, fetters.

A.D. 1518.
"Beghardus
mulieres
et

tam
Beguina

quam
first

ligneae.

Festus

Bojce, genus vinculorum


in Diez.
for.

This

tertii ordinis."

Begutta sunt viri Breviloquium in Due.


et

leaves the

syllable

unaccounted

They
quidam

are described more at large in the Acts of


of Treves,

the Council

A.D. 1310.

"Item cum
Trevirensi
fictae

Bilge. The belly or swelling side of a ship. See Bulge. To Bilk. To defraud one of expected remuneration
;

sint laici in civitate et provincia

a slang term most likely from an affected pro-

qui sub pretextu cujusdam religionis

Beghar-

nunciation of balk.
Bill.
1.

dos se appellant,
longis

capuciis

cum tabardis et tunicis longis et cum ocio incedentes, ac labores

An

instrument for hewing.


;

axe

AS.

Jnl,

a sword, axe, weapon


;

G. beil, an Sw. bila, an

manuum

detestantes, conventicula inter se aliquibus

axe, plog-bill, a plough-share

temporibus faciunt, seque fingunt coram simplicibus


personis expositores sacrarum scripturarum, nos vi-

mason's pick
stone.

billen

Du. bille, a stoneden molen-steen, to pick a millan axe, a hatchet.


Gael.

Kil.

W.

bwyell,

tam eorum qui extra

religion em

approbatam validam

buail, to strike.
2.

mendicantes discurrunt, &c."

The

bill

of a bird

"Nonnullae mulieres sive sorores, Biguttae apud vulgares nuncupatae, absque votorum religionis emissione."

identical with the

foregoing.

may very likely be radically The Du. bicken is


AS.
In the

used both of a bird pecking and of hewing stone


with a pick
;

Chart.

A.D. 1499.
it

bicken or billen den molensteen.

From
ular

the foregoing extracts

will readily

be

bile,

the

bill

of a bird, horn of an animal.

understood

how

easily the
to

aspirants

superior

name, by which these sechohness of life were


feeling.

designated, might be taken to express a hypocrite,


false

pretender
find
;

to

religious

Tartuffe.

same way are related Pol. dziob, the beak of a bird, dziobac, to peck, to job, and dziobas, an adze Bohem, top, a beak, tipati, to strike, topor, an axe. A bill, in the sense of a writBill. 3. Billet.
;

Thus we
hypocrite
the

in It.

Ugotto, hizocco, a devotee, a


bigot,

ing,
bill

used in legal proceedings, as a


of exchange,
hill

bill

of indictment,
is

Piedmontese
sense.

bisoch, Fr. bigot, in

in parliament,

properly a

same

Sp. bigardo, a

name given
life,

to

sealed instrument, from


Bull.

M.

Lat. bulla, a seal.

See

person of religion leading a loose


ceit,
;

bigardia, de-

billet

is

the diminutive of this, a short

dissimulation G. beghart, gleischner (Frisch), a bigot or hypocrite, a false pretender to honesty or


holiness.

note, the note

hypocrite."

Ludwig. Speight

^^

Bigin, bigot,

superstitious

Du.

billet, billet,

which appoints a soldier his quarters. inscriptum, symbolum, syngraphum.


Fr.
billot,

Kil.

in Richardson.

Billet

3. Billard.

a stick or log of

In English the meaning has received a further development, and as persons professing extraordi-

wood

cut for fuel, an ingot of gold or silver.

nary zeal

for religious

views are apt to attribute an


to their paiticular tenets.

an ingot, a young stock of a tree to graft on CotRoquefort. grave ; a stick to rest on Langued.

Bille,

overweening importance

bilio,

stick to tighten the cord of

a package.

Fr.

96
hillard or hiUart,

BILLOW.
a
sliort

BIRD.
form with the thinner vowel and abstract signification should be derived from that with the broader vowel and concrete signification, than vice versa.

cudgel, hence the cudgel in the play at trap


hillard, or the stick

and thick truncheon or and a


;

wherewith we touch the

ball at

billyards.

O. Fr. billard also signified a


stick in walking,
;

rests
billet

on a
of

man who
Billette,

Thus I suppose the Gr.


from
So/Aos,

Se/Aw, to build, to

be derived
hang, from
treating as

lloquef.

a house, Lat. pendere,

to

wood

billettes

d'un espieu, the cross bars


it

pondus, a weight, the last of these forms being


identical with the

near the head of a boar spear to hinder

from runbole,

word which we are

ning too

far into the animal.

the root of bind, viz. bund, bundt, bunch.

Lith.

The

origin of the

term

is

probably from
to

the

pundas, a

truss, bundle, also

a stone weight, a weight

trunk of a
diminution.

tree, the o

changing

an

i to

express

A like change takes place in the other


from
bidla,

sense of

billet

BilloWi
bolghe,

Sw.

bolja,

a seal. Dan. bolffe,


swell.
(i.

Icel. bylgia,

hdghe, fluctus maris, unda,


bidgja,
to

procella

Du.
Kil.

from O. Sw.
rage).

Du.
e.

belghen,
to

AS.

helgan, abelgan, to

be angry

swell with

The original meaning of pondus would thus be simply a lump of some heavy material, doubtless a stone. Another form of derivative from the same root is the verb to bend, to make into a hump or prominence, in the same way as from bug or bog, a prominence ("W. bogail, the navel, boglyn, boss, knob, knot ; Hung, bog, knob, knot,
of 48 pounds.

bud, bulb),

is

derived the G. biegen, to


to turn),

The mariner amid

Parallel with bind and bend


the swelling seas

Who seeth his


"

back with

many a billow beaten.


Gascoigne in R.

wend (G. wenden,

bow or bend. we have loind and which may have ai'isen

Had much

ado to prevent one from sinking, the

btllowe

was so great."

Hackluyt

in Do.,

where

from the actual change of the initial b into a w. The Sw. binda is G. winde, E. hind-weed. The term bine or hind is applied to the winding or twining stem of climbing plants. Thus we speak
of the hop-bine for the shoots of hops. hind-wood, bin-wood, or ben-wood,
plied to ivy.

we

see billow not used in the sense of an individ-

The wood-

ual wave, but in that of swell.


in Gr. otS/Att 6aXxi(T(rr}s, the swelling of the and in Lat. " tumidi fluctus," " tumens aequor," and the like are common-places. See Belly.

bine designates the honeysuckle in England, while


is

So

in Scotland ap-

sea,

Here we

see the root in the precise

Bin*

Bing.

The proper meaning

is

a heap.
com.

Like ants when they do

spoile the bing of

Surrey in R.

Then
fine the

as side-boards or walls

heap

to

were added to cona smaller space, the word was transa gran-

form of the Lith. pinnu, pin-ti, to twine. [The Swedish and Danish hunt, bundt, are modern words, unknown to the Old-Northern language, though it possesses the verb at binda, to hind. They are, moreover, participial in form, with the regular vowel-change, and therefore derivatives of the verb
at binda, not the

ferred to a receptacle so constructed for storing corn,

source of it. con-esponding word, bundin, hundin sddkorn, a bundle or sheaf of


seed-corn, occurs in Snorro's Edda, II. 493, but this
is

wine, &c.

Sw.

binge, a heap, a division in

ary or
heap.

bin.

Icel.

bunga, to swell, to bulge, bunki, a

also participial,
is

and

all

these words

mean

that

Fr. bigne, a

bump

or knob.

which

bound, and therefore presuppose the verb,

The grete bing was upbeilded wele Of aik trees and fyrren schydis dry.
Gloss.

the origin of which must be sought elsewhere.

D. V.

Mons. ptgo, acervus.

AS.bindan, Goth, bindan, band, bundun. This word is I beUeve derived from the notion of a bunch or lump, expressed by Sw. bunt, Dan. bundt, G. bund, a bunch, truss, bundle, the primary notion of binding being thus to make a bunch of a thing, to fasten it together. In like manner from knot, Lat. nodus, a knob, I would derive the verb to knit, to bind together, as
knit together.

To Bind.

Bine. Bindweed.

See Bunch.

M.] Binnacle. See Bittacle. AS. birce ; Sw. b/ork Birch.


(z

Lith.

herzas

Fi'. j)

Sanscr. bhurja.

Bird. AS. hrid, the young of birds ; eames brid, an eagle's young ; G. brvi, a brood or hatch of young. See Breed. "We find the use of the word in this
original sense as late as Shakespeare.

Being fed by us you used us so

As

that ungentle gull the cuckoo's bird

Useth the sparrow.

H. IV.

v. sc. 1.

when we speak of one's limbs being The idea which is expressed


;

firmly
in

The proper
is

designation of the feathered creation

E.

by

ture,

i. e. to form a knotted strucrendered in Icel. by binda, to bind at binda ndt, to knot nets for fish, to net. Lith. pinnu, pinti,

the verb knit or net,


is

E. fowl, which in course of time was specially applied to the gallinaceous tribe as the most important kind of bird for domestic use, and it was perin

haps

this appropriation

of the word which led to the


of the young animal as the

to wreathe, to plait.

It

seems more in accordance

adoption of the

name

with the development of the understanding that the

general designation of the race.

A similar transfer

BIRTH.
of meaning has taken place in the case of pigeon,

BLAB.
tional watch,

97
from wachen,
to watch, corrupted in

from
eon,

Ital.

pippione, piccione, properly a young pig-

Fr. to bivouac, from whence


term.

we have adopted
direct
original.

the

and of Fr. poule, a gallinaceous bird, E. poultry, from Lat. pullus, the young of an animal. Birth. AS. heorth, Sw. hord, G. Gehurt, from

But we formerly had the word


in

from

German
when

a sense nearer the


is

JBiovac,

bihovac, a night guard performed

by the whole army

AS.

heran, to beai', to bring forth.

Bishop.
overseer,
eveque,
it

Lat. episcopus, from Gr.

overlooker.
affords a

When

See To Bear. CTrto-KOTros, an compared with Fr.

there

apprehension of danger.

Bailey.
;

Sp. vivac, town guard to keep order at night night guard, small guard-house.

remarkable proof how utterly

Neumann. To Blab. Blabber. Blabber-lip. BlubTo


blab,

bivouac,

unlike the immediate descendants of the same word


in
It.

ber-lip.
chatter
;

to

talk

much,

indistinctly,
let

to

different languages

may

become.

Episcopus
Blind,
;

then to talk indiscreetly, to

out what

vescovo, Fr. evesque, eveque.

should have been concealed.


propius videre
a pair of Lowthian hipps mak and mair perfyte Than thou can blebyr with thy Carrick lijjs. Dunbar in Jamieson.
I half
Sail fairer Inglis

Bisson.

Bisom.Bisen.Bizened.
Du.
hij sien,

on

me

properly near-sighted.
bij siende, hij sienigh,

lusciosus et

propius admota non videt.


Bit,
bites
beitsl.

myops, qui

nisi

Kil.

The
Sw.

part of the bridle which the horse

or holds in his mouth.


hetsel.

AS.

hitol.

Icel. bitill,

And

"Why presumest thou so proudly to profecie these things wost no more what thou blaberest than Balaam's asse.
HalUweU.

Bitch.
bitch
to
;

AS.

hicce ; Icel. bihkia,

little

dog, a

Dan.

blabbre, to babble, gabble.

PI.

D.

blabbern,

G.

applied also to other animals, and especially

plappern, to speak quick, confusedly, thoughtlessly

a small poor horse.


;

Swabia, a pig
female stag.

G. betze, or petze, a bitch, in a bear. Fr. hiche, a hind or Something of the same confusion is
petz,
;

Bohem.

bleptati, to babble,
;

chatter

Lith. blebberis,

a babbler

Gael, blabaran, a stammerer, stutterer,

blabhdach, babbling, garrulous.

All founded on a
collision of the

seen in G. hiindinn, a female dog


stag.

hindinn, a female

representation of the sound

made by

wet
Bite.

lips in

rapid talking, and accordingly

we

find

G. beissen. frame of timber in Bittacle or Binnacle. the steerage of a ship, where the compass stands.
bita,

To

Goth, beitan, Icel.

the

same

radical syllable

employed

to

signify the

sound of something wet or


against anything,

soft falling

or striking

Bailey.

Fr. habitacle, Sp. bitacora.

a habitacle, dwelling or abiding place. Cotgr. In Legrand's Fr. and Flemish dictionary habitacle is
lodge (logement) near the mizen mast for the pilot and steersman. " Nagt huis, 't

Habitacle,

and hence to designate the object making such a sound, a lump of anything wet or
soft,

drop of liquid, bubble, &c.


Gael, plab
is

The

used

to signify "

soft noise, as

explained a
huisje,

little

of a body falling into water, or water beating gently

't

kompas
Goth,

huis."
haitrs, Icel. beitr, bitr,

on the beach " plabraich, a fluttering noise, a ping, as of wings plabartaich, a continued
; ;

flapsoft

Bitter.

apparently

sound, as of water gently beating the shore, unintelligible talk; plabair,

from

its

biting the tongue.

a babbler.

Armstrong.
soft,

Peper

aer bitter

och bitar

Then we have
fast.

Sc. blab, bleb, or blob, h drop of

Pepper

is

bitter

quoted by Ihre.
of a weapon.
"

and bites hard. Hist. Alex. Mag., Applied in Icel. to the sharpness

water, blot of ink, bubble,

lump of anything
lip.

as

a large gooseberry, a coarse

Hin

bitrasta sverd "


is

Wit hung her

6^06,

the sharpest
it

even humour seemed

to

mourn.

sword.
bite.

When

Collins in Halliwell.

an edge

blunt

we say

will not

Hence a
bite, cut,

blabber lip, baber-lip (P. P.), blubber lip,


lip
;

In a similar manner Gael, beum,


beum, bitter; Gr.
TrLKpo<;,

and

a large coarse
lipped
;

Gael,

blob,

blobach,

blubber
;

bitter, is

founded on the

PI.

D. fiabbe, a large coarse mouth


loll it out.

root pik, used in the designation of sharp


objects.

and pointed
It. hittore ;

babbe, bappe, the chaps.

the tongue, to

Outzen. To HalliweU.

Fris.

blabber out

Bittern.
Fr. butor
Bitts.
bitas,
;

A bird of the heron tribe.


bittour.
bitts

The same

train of thought is exhibited in

Gael.

OE. The

Sp.

bitor,

rail.

plub, a sound as of a stone falling into water, the


bites,

of the anchor, Fr.

Sp.

noise of liquor in a cask,

are two strong posts standing up on the deck,

lump
idly
;

and as a verb,

to

any great and soft unwieldy speak inarticulately and rap-

round which the cable is made fast. Icel. biti, a beam in a house or ship, a mast bita-hofud, a bulk;

plubraich, gurgling, guggling, paddling in the

water, a continued noise of agitated water.

head.

Sp. bitones, pins of the capstern.

The
in

latter

word

illustrates clearly the

formation
inco-

Bivouac.
open
field

The

lying out of an

army

the

of the English verb blubber, to

make a broken

without shelter.
I.

VOL.

G. bei-wache, an addi13

herent noise in weeping.

As

a substantive the word

98
llubber
Avtis

BLACK.
used for bubbles,
agitiition

BLADDER.
or swart a thing by displaying
Cotgr.
in
it

froth,

foam, because

in the hot sun.

produced by the

of liquids.

Bleak of colour,
sun,

That he has seen blubbers upon the water of the AUochy gram but does not know what they were occasioned by. Jamieson. That by blubbers he means air-bubbles.

the

imbrunire.

Torriano.

pallido, livido.

To

bleak

Icel.

bleikia,

mundare, albare, insolare.


to bleak, radically identical

Here we

see the verb

with bleach, apparently


signification.

And

at his

mouth a

Wo6er stood of foam.

Chaucer.

used in a diametrically contrary


the one case the word
living skin, which,
is

In

applied to things like the

to any spongy substance, and spespongy tissue filled with oil in which the body of the whale is enveloped.

Hence applied

cially to the

exposure to the sun, take a dark


to textures

on losing their natural colour by tint on the other,


;

which are rendered white by the same


is

whose whole body being encompassed Cetaceous fishes Eay in R. round with a copious fat blubber.

process.

In the North of England blake


blakeling, a

used in the

sense of yellow, applied to butter, cheese, &c.

The

directly imitative origin of these words, blaby

yellow-hammer.

blob, blabber, blubber, is

further supported

by the

fact

as a paigle (cowslip)."
Icel. blakki,

Ray.

A
It.

Brockett.

"As

blake

that they are accompanied

by a

series of parallel

candor sine macula.

Haldorsen.

forms, differing only in the final consonant being a

dental instead of a labial, and having nearly the

sound and wide variation in meaning of many of these words


biacca, white lead.

The

similarity in

same meaning

as the foregoing.

designating colours are exceedingly puzzling.

The sound

of driving rain or of a blow with a

Blackguard.
sion
to the

A name originally given


in dirty

in deri-

wet object is represented in Sc. by the syllable blad; a Mad of weet, a heavy fall of rain ; a bladdy day, a showery day. "A man may love a haggish that would not have the bag bladed in his teeth." Sc. blad, a spot of dirt on the cheek proverb. a

lowest class of menials or hangers-on

about a court or great household, as scullions, linkboys,

and others engaged

work.

large piece of anything, especially of something soft


blads and dawds, large leaves of greens boiled whole.

slave that within this twenty years rode with the Black Guard in the Duke's carriage (i. e. with the Duke's Webster. baggage) mongst spits and dripping-pans.

Gael, blad, a mouth, a foul mouth


lous, abusive,

bladach, garru-

wide-mouthed

bladair, a babbler, sy-

I am degraded from a cook, and I fear that the Devil himself will entertain me but for one of his blackguard, and O. Play in Nares. he shall be sure to have his meat burnt.

nonymous with plabair. The OE bloderit is used by Chaucer in the sense of blubbered, signifying noisy weeping, deformed by Aveepiug.
She bloderit so and wept, and was so high on mode, That \mneth she myght speke but other while among Wordis of discomfort, and hir hondis wrong.
Beryn. 464.

The word
the

is

well explained in a proclamation of


in 1683, cited in

Board of Green Cloth


late

N. and

Q., Jan. 7, 1854.

"Whereas of
terless

a sort of vicious idle and masloose


fellows,

boys and rogues, commonly called the Black-

guard, with divers other lewd and

To
mouth

bludder,

bluther, to

in taking liquid, to

make a noise with the make a noise in crying


speak indistinctly,
to

vagabonds, vagrants, and wandering


the same

men and womthose so called

en, do follow the Court to the great dishonour of

to blether, blather, bladder, to

Sw. bladra, ble, and bladra, as OE. blubber, a bubble, Lat. blaterare, G. plaudem, to babble.
talk nonsensically.

Jamieson.

We do

strictly

charge

all
all

to babblister.

the Blackguard as aforesaid, with


masterless

other loose idle

men, boys, rogues and wanderers, who

Black. Bleak. The original meaning of the word black seems to be pale. "Se mona mid his
blacan leohte," the

have intruded themselves into his Majesty's court and stables, that within the space of 24 hours they
depart."

moon with her


to fade
;

pale light

" blac-

Bladder.
blister,

AS.
;

blcedre.
blatter,

Icel. bladra,

hleor ides," the pale-cheeked maiden.

Pol. blako-

bladder

G.

a pustule

a bubble, Bav. blatter,

wac, to lose colour,


to wither.

Russ. bleknut, to fade,

bubble, blister, bladder.


blasen,

Commonly

referred to G.

G. bhich, Du. bleeh, pale. Then as a pale complexion takes a bluish tint, the designation has passed on to mark the darker colours of the spectrum, and finally, in E. bhick, a total absence of
all colour.

O. H. G. platen (Adelung), to blow, as from Gr. <f>v(ra<i}, to blow, (pvcra, a bellows, bladder, <^ucrafrom Cat. bufar, to blow, bufete, a Ais, a bubble
;

blister;
blister,

The

Icel. blackr is

explained by Ander-

bldsa, to blow, Udsa, a bladder, G. Mase, a bladder, bubble, blister. And

from Sw.

sen, glacus seu subalbus

scurus,

and

in like

; by Haldorsen, fusctts, obmanner the E. bleak is used to

doubtless, as far as the

meaning

is

concerned, the

derivation

is

perfectly satisfactory.

The form

of

signify pale or light coloured, as well as livid or

the

dark coloured.

HoUyband.

Fr. blesmir, to

wax

pale or bleaked.

Hasler, to sunburn, to

make

bleak

word however makes me think it more probable that it is derived in a manner analogous to E. blabber, blubber, of which the latter is also used to sig-

BLADE. BLAZE.
nify a bubble [see Blubber under Blab],
imitation of the noise

99

from an

to blanch, to

make

or become white

blanc, blanque,
ticket,

made by

the agitation of liq-

a blank

ticket,

a white or unwritten

a ticket
to

uids.

Blether, a bladder, also to

make a

great noise.
chatter,

that does not obtain the prize.

Hence applied

an

Halliwell.
;

Bladder,

Blather,

Blether,

occasion on which the result hoped for has not hap-

foolish talk

to hludder, hluther, to blubber, disifigui'e


;

with weeping
water, to

to hluiter, to blurt, to

make
is

hlddra, to babble.

of voices

Jamieson. Sw. must be observed that the sound commonly described by means of words
a rumbling noise.
It
first

mix up with

Blank verse, verse void of the rhyme to which the ear is accustomed. To blank, or blanch,
pened.
to disappoint, to omit, pass over.

Now,

Sir,

concerning your travels

not blanch Paris in your way.

I suppose you will Reliqu. Wott. in R.

expressing in the
uids.

instance the agitation of liqIcel. sJcola

The G. waschen, and


all

and

thwcetta,

are

used both in the sense of washing and in

that of prattling.

From the
wash, E.
idly,

last

of these are derived

The Judges of that time thought it a dangerous thing to admit if s and an's to qualify the words of treason, whereby every man might express his maUce and blanch his danBacon in R. ger.

the

Sw.

twcetta, to

twattle, tattle, twaddle,

to talk to purl

much and
;

and Du.

borrelen, to bubble,

Fland. horlen, to vociferate, to

shout.

The

original root of the

word

is

seen in the G.
blank, shin-

blinken, to shine, to glitter, as Lat. candidus, white,

Kil.

In accordance with these analogies, I suppose

from candere,
ing, polished.

to shine, to glow.

Dan.

word bladder, blather, blether, signifying idle talking, to have been used in the first instance to represent the sound of paddling in water, and thence to have been applied to the bubbles produced by such agitation, then to any inflated pellicle, as a bladder. Perhaps the Sw. lodra, E. lather, may be evidence
the

Blanket.
cloth.

From
;

being made of white woollen


Cotgr.

Fr. blanchet, a blanket for a bed, also white

woollen cloth

To

Blare.

Blatter. Blatant.
blanchet, whitish.

To

roar, to
bla-

bellow.

Du.

blaeren, probably contracted

from

of the former use of blather in the sense of froth,


bubbles.

deren, as blader, blaere, a bubble, blister, or as E.

smother, smore,
Icel. blad, the leaf of
;

Du. modder, moere, mud.

The

pres-

Blade*

tree,

blade of a

ent forms then should be classed with blether, blather,


bladder, the

sword, or of an oar

G.

blatt,
;

leaf of a tree, sheet of


blad,

origin of

which has been explained


through his only pains and
list

paper, flap of a coat, &c. board.


thin

Du.

leaf, plate,

under Blab.
She
him.
(the ship) roade at peace in R.

and

The term is generally applied flat. It may be a modification


Fr. plat
;

to

anything

of the root

excellent endurance

Jiat, It. piatto ;

Du. G. plat ; Gr. irXarvs, broad. But perhaps a more definite origin may be found in the notion of foam, or a mass of bubbles, which we have above endeavoured to indicate as the original signification of Bladder. The old Dutch form of the word is blader, a leaf, bladeren, leaves, branches G. blatterig, leafy. And we have in foam a most complete example of leafy structure. BlaiUi AS. blegen, Dan. blegne, Du. blegne, Icel. blina, a boil, pimple, blister. Perhaps from blegen, which Schwenk and Adelung give as an old Swabian form of the G. blcihen, to blow. Or it may be Dan. bleg, pale OHG. a pale or discoloured spot.
;

Spenser
s.

however envy

to blatter against

Blateroon, an
baladron,
s.

empty

boaster.

Spenser.

Sp.

baladrar, to bellow, talk loud and

much

Du.

balderen, to bellow, to cry, the place of

the liquid being very easily transposed in these imitative verbs.

Du.
er
;

blaet, blatero,

ventosus, magniloquus, a boast-

blaeten, hlaeteren, blaterare, stulte loqui, proflare

fastum.
boasting,

Hence Spenser's
ill-speaking

blatant beast, the noisy,

beast.

Gael.

More,

a loud
Ir.

noise

blaodhrach,

blorach,

clamorous, noisy.

blaodh, a shout, blaodhrach, brawling, bawling.

blaken, macula.
ligo.

pale, wan, bleak, whitish, dead-coloured.

Lye. Compare E. Blame. Blaspheme.


Hence

Blast.
blcBst,

A gust
To

of wind.
blast,

AS.

blcesan, to

blow

Schilter.

AS.

blceco, pallor, viti-

blast.

to destroy, to cut olf pre-

blemish,

from Fr. blesme,

maturely, as fruit or vegetables struck by a cold or


pestilential blast of air.

Cotgr.
to

Gr.

/3A.ao-</>r;/xtv,

speak impiously.
proach, defame.

Lat. blasphemare, to revile, reItal.

biasimare, Fr. blasmer,

and E. blame.
Et per consilium eorum ita convenienter tibi respondebo quod cum tecum loquar non credo te me inde hlasphematuruiii. Eadmer. Hist. Novorum, p. 86.

Blatant. See Blare. AS. blase, blcese, strong flame. Blaze. 1. blasere, an incendiary Icel. blysa, a torch, a lamp Du. bios, blys, Dan. blus, a torch blossi, a flame redness Sw. brasa, fire, and, as a verb, to blaze

Sp. brasa, Fr. braise, live coal ; embraser, to set on blaze is so intimately connected with a blast fire.

of wind, as to render

it

extremely probable that the

Que quand
m'en blamiez.

je parle avec vous je ne crois pas que vous

word

blaze,

a flame,

is

radically identical with

AS.
ob-

Blank.

Blanch.

blcesan,

G.

blcesen, to

blow.

If the fire
it

were named
it

Fr. blanc, white; blanchtr,

from the roaring sound which

produces,

is

100

BLAZE.
wind by which the conflagraaccompanied and kept up, and which, indeed,

BLEAR.
senses, in that of praise,
bre,

vious that the designation would be equally appropriate for the blast of
tion is
is

commendation
of.

blason fune-

a funeral oration

blasonner, to extol, to publish

the praises, proclaim the virtues

Cotgr.

Du.

the immediate cause of the roaring sound.

On

blasoen, thraso, gloriosus, magniloquus, also pra;co-

the other hand, a connexion

may

be suspected with

nium, laudes (Kil.),


or proclaimed

i.

e.

the matter trumpeted forth

Icel. lios, light, It/sa, to shine, as in Pol. lysk, polysh,


lilysk,

by a

herald,

flash,

gleam.

consist in the first place of the titles

which would ordinarily and honours of

2.

white mark on the face of an animal, a

the party on whose behalf the herald appeared.

white mark on a tree


tion of the bark.

made by
hlcesa,

stripping off a por-

In the former of these applica-

tions are found


hlesse

Sw.

Dan.

blis,

G.

hldsse,

Du.

(Kil.).

As

Kilian has also blencke, macula

Then, as the purport of armorial bearings was to typify and represent the honours and titles of the bearer, and to tnake him known when otherwise concealed by his armour, the term was transferred
to the armorial bearings themselves, or to the shield

emicans, a shining spot, probably the signification

of a white spot on a dark ground

may

arise

from
bleis,

the notion of shining like a blaze or flame,


bless, bles.

Jam. It is remarkable, however, that a streak or mark of this nature is frequently designated by the same term with baldness. Tlius the Du. blesse signifies not only a white streak on the
forehead, but a bald forehead.
lysy,

Sc

on which they were painted. The other derivation, which Diez treats as hardly doubtful, is from AS. blcese, a torch, a flame, splendour. The term would then be applied to the armorial bearings painted in bright colours on the

Kil.

Bohem.

Pol.

a baldpate, a blaze or white streak on the forehead. The E. bald is also used, in both Mid. senses, as has been observed under that word.
bald
;

lysina,

same way as we speak of an illuminated MS. a MS. ornamented with coloured paintings Fr. planches illuminees, coloured prints. Prov. blezo, a shield, properly a shield with
shield or surcoat, in the

armorial device
blue.

" blezos cubertz de teins e blancs

Gr.

PaXLo<i, (fiokios, Bret, bal,

marked with a blaze

e blaus," shields covered with tints of white

Finn, paljas, bald.

Bohem.
;

pies, Russ. pljesch, bald-

ness, the priestly tonsure

pljeschina, a bald spot.

origin

and word might spring from the same by a somewhat different train of thought.

Or

the

Hung,

pilis, baldness.

l. Blaze. Blazen. spread news, to publish. AS.

To

The AS.

blcese, blase, is

To blow
blcesan,

abroad, to
blaesen,

festatio,

declaratio.
is

Du.

patet,

it

manifest.
like

Lye. Anders.
the

used in the sense of maniIcel.

blaser vid, visui

to blow.

ative
that love to wide yhlowe

blason,

Hence the derivsynonymous cognisance in

Remembering him

Yelt bitter fruit although swete sede be sowe. Troilus and Cressida, i. 385.

Enghsh, might be used to signify the armorial bearings of an individual, as the device by which he was

known

or

made manifest when completely

cased in

And

armour.
sain, that

through thy medling


it

is

ihlowe

Your bothe But now. Mend


hearken his

love, ther

was

erst not

knowe.
Ibid.

To Bleach.
blcEc,

To make

white.

AS.

blcecan,

from

pale.

Icel. bleikia,

Du.

blaken.

See Black.

vertue and worthiness. Golden Book

Cornelius, sith I have blasened his vaunt


in

Bleak.

R.

cold, exposed,

In a secondary sense bleak is used for from the effect of cold in making the

complexion pale and


Utterers of secrets he from thence debarred, Babblers of folly and blazers of crime. F. Q. in R.

livid. See Black. Blear, l. Blear-eyed; having sore inflamed eyes, like one that has long been Aveeping. PI. D. blar-

ren, to blare or roar, to cry or weep.

"

He

blarrede

Sw. Sron-ilasare, a whisperer, backbiter.

Per-

sinen langen tranen," he cried

till

the tears

ran

haps the expression of blazing, or blazening, abroad, was partly derived from the image of blowing a
trumpet, as
tues.

down.
2.

Hence

blarr-oge or bleer-oge, a crying eye, a

red watery eye.

when we speak

of trumpeting one's virto

The term

blear, in the expression


is

"to blear

Du. " op een trompet blaazen"

sound a

one's eye," to deceive one,

totally different

from

trumpet.
2.

the foregoing, and seems identical with blur, a blot

To
;

portray armorial bearings iu their proper

colours

whence Blazonry, heraldry.

Fr. blason, a

or smear concealing something that had originally been distinct.

coat of arms, also the scutcheon or shield wherein

arms are painted or figured


ing of arms.
sion

also blazon or the blaz-

Cotgr.

has given rise to


proposed,

theories are

The origin of this expresmuch discussion, and two each of much plausibility.
!

He that doeth wickedly, although he professe God in his wordes, yet he doeth not for all that see God truely for he is seen with most purely scowred eyes of faith, which are blurred with the darkness of vices. Udal in Richardson.
:

In

this sense

it

agrees with Bav. plerren, a blotch


" Pra;stigiae,
"

First from the E. blaze, blazen, to proclaim, to trumpet forth, whence the Fr. blason used, among other

plerr, geplerr, a mist before the eyes.

pier vor den augen

"

Der Teufel macht ihnen

BLEAT. BLEND.
ein cities plerr vor den augen," the devil

101

vain hlur before their eyes.

Schmeller.
blered

makes a So in

Ne

For ich

speddestu nogt mid thine unwrenche (trick) am war and can well blenche.

Owl and

Nightingale, 170.
it,

P.P.

To
He
blessede

blink the question

is to

shrink from

to

wink

them with

his

buUes and

hure eye.

at

it,

avoid looking

it

in the face.

a similar metaphor Pol. tuman is a cloud, as of dust or mist tumanic, to cast a mist before the
;

By

eyes, to

humbug.

In the same sense we have flinch, quinch, and wince or winch, the fundamental meaning of each of, which is rapid vibration, and thence an involuntary start.

To

Bleat,

An

imitative

word intended

to rep-

resent the sound


{3Xr]xao{jLaL,

made by sheep

or goats.

Gr.

To flinch

is

the equivalent of the


;

Du. flikken, G.

G. blohen,

to bleat as sheep, or to

low as

flinken, to glitter

flink, quick, active

oxen.

of Du. quincken, micare, motitare

to quinch,
;

Kil.

while

Bleb. Bleed. See Blood. stain in a man's reputation, a Blemisll.

A drop of water, blister.


A

See Blab.
spot,

wince or winch

is

a modification of wink, the vibra-

tion of the eyelids.

fault,

a disgrace.

Bailey.

From

the 0.

hlesmir, tacher, souiller, salir, to spot, to soil.

quef.
is

The modern

sense of the

Roword Heme or hlesme

Fr.

to

Fi'om the sense of rapid vibration blench came be used for a trick, a movement executed for the
is

purpose of engaging attention, while the agent accomplishes a purpose he


desirous of concealing.

pale,

wan, bleak, dead-coloured.

Cotgr. hlesmis-

Gif Imndes urneth to him-ward (the fox)

sure, blemissement, paleness, wanness, bleakness.

As
and

AS. Mac

includes the notion of pale and dark,

wan

itself signifies not


it is

only pale but livid or dark

of hue,

probable that bleme was applied to the


lifeless flesh,

He gength wel swithe awaiward And hoketh pathes swithe narewe And haveth mid him his blenches yarewe. Owl and Nightingale,
It
is

375.

dark colour of

and thence

to a bruise,

then applied to rags flickering to and fro in

spot, or blemish.

shen or hlenschyn

The Promptorium has


obfusco.

hlemys-

the wind for the purpose of frightening birds, by the

German
Lyke

hunters termed flindern, from their flicker-

Diez the proper meaning of hlemir is to bruise or make livid with blows, from Icel. bldmi, the livid colour of a bruise, livor, sugillatio, color plumbeus bldma, to become livid. Sw. blema, a boil, wheal, pimple Pol. plama, a stain, spot, blot,
According
to
; ;

ing or fluttering motion.


as the

good husbande when he hath sowen his

groundc, setteth up cloughtes or thredes which some will call shailes, some blenckam, or other hke shews to feare Sir T. Elyot in R. away byrdes.

a blot on one's name or reputation plamiS, splamic, splamid sie, to stain one's honour or reputo spot tation, to disgrace one's name. So in Sw. Jldck, a
; ;

The term seems thence


to beaters set to frighten

to

have been transferred back the game and drive


of words

them
cited,

in the

way

of the sportsmen.

spot, blot, stain

blemish in one's reputation.

Widegren. Blench. Blencher. Blanclier. To blench


sometimes used
in the sense of
feel blank, to

Jldck,

p&

ens goda namn, a spot, a

To Blend.

A numerous class

may be

with or without the nasal, representing the

is

blanking one, to

make him
nought

discomfit,

confound him.

Swab. sound made by the agitation of liquids. blotzen, to churn, to dash cream up and down with a Du. plotzen, plonsen, to fall into water plunger
;

" Bejaune, a novice, one that's easily blankt


to say

when he should speak."

and hath

with a sudden noise, to plunge.


potters' language,
fluid consistency.
is

To

blunge clay, in
to

Cotgr.

to

mix

it

up with water

For now if ye so shuld have answered him as I have shewed you, though ye shuld have somewhat blenched him
therwith. Sir
J.

Du.

blanssen, to dabble in water.

Biglotton.

Sc. to bluiter, to

More
it

in Richardson.

noise, to bluiter

up with water,
;

to dilute too

bluiter, liquid filth

to bluther,

make a rumbling much bludder, to make a


any
this

At

other times

wink the eye,

synonymous with blinJc, to shrink from a dazzling light, boggle


is

noise with the

mouth

in taking

liquid.

Jam.
it

To

blunder water, to

at something, start back.

and muddy.
what would you ask
in Nares.
still

stir

or puddle, to

make

thick

Halliwell.

Of

latter the

E.

What
Speak

is 't

you

blend,
?

freely.

B. and F.

blench at ?

AS.

blendian, Icel. blanda, to mix, seems the

And thus

thinkande I stonde

Without blenchinge of mine eie, Eight as me thought that I seie Of Paradeis the moste joie. Gower

simple form, but by no means therefore a previous one in the order of formation, as will be remai-ked in the observations on the origin of the word Blink.

Sw. blanda vatn


in R.

vin, to

dash wine with water.

(i.

Afterwards applied
eral,

to the notion of
is

And now

are these but

refous

mansbond

whether the subject matter

mixing in genwet or dry, allost.

e.

slaves) raskaile of

though in the
ye
blenk.

latter case the consciousness of the

For these ne

shalle

R. B. 115.

imitative source of the

word

is

wholly

102

BLESS.
Bless.
;

BLINK.
shine,
blick,

To
blithe

Bliss.
;

AS.

Uithe, joyful, merry,


;

to

glance, to look

Du. Uicken,
;

to glitter

blis,

joy, gladness, bliss

blithsian, hlissian,
;

flash,

a glance, a wink

blick-ooghen, to

wink

to rejoice, be glad

bletsian, to bless, to consecrate

blicksem, lightening.
to shine, to glitter;
glitter,
glitter.

With

the nasal, Du. blincken,


to twinkle, shine,

Uetsung, a blessing.
du, joy
;

OHG.

blide,

glad, joyful; bli-

G. blinken,

Paradises blidnissu, the joys of Paradise similar development has taken bliden, to rejoice.

and

also to wink, as the result of a

sudden

place in the Slavonic languages.


btagat/a, goods, riches
;

Russ. blago, well

The sound
ter,

of k before an
t,

s,

as in
blitz,

Du.
a

blicksem,

blajennii

happy Serv.
;

blag, good,

sweet

(Fr. j), blessed, blago, money, riches


;

readily passes into a

giving G.
;

flash, glitglitter,

glimpse,

lightning

blitzen,

to

flash,

Pol. blogi, blissful, sweet, graceful, lovely


blaze, happily, fortunately, well
;

Bohem.

lighten.

The

insertion of the nasal, as in the case

blahy (obsolete),

of blick and blink, gives blinzen, blinzeln, to twinkle,

happy

blaziti, blahoslaviti

(= bene dicere), to make

wink, blink.

Kiittner.

Blinzler, a blinkard

blinz-

happy, to pronounce happy, to bless ; blazeny, blahoslaveny, blessed, happy ; Blazena, Beatrix.

dugig, blink-eyed, weak-eyed.

Sc. blent, a glance

From

the action of the hand

making the

sign of

the cross while blessing oneself or others, the verb


to bless is

sometimes found in the singular sense of

; Dan. blende, to dazSw. blund, a wink, a wink of sleep blunda, to shut the eyes. The term then passes on to designate the complete privation of sight. Du. blindselen,

Swiss blenden, a flash of light


;

zle

to brandish.

caecutire, ccultare, to

person.

Kil.

be blind, to act like a blind G. blinzel-maus, or blinde-kuh, blind-

Their burning blades about their heads do

bless.

F. Q.

man's-buff.

The

origin of blind

would thus be the figure of


is

Scarce had I laid hands on my truncheon when they blest my shoulders with their pines in such sort, as they wholly deprived me of my sight. Shelton's Don Quixote in R.

blinking under a strong light, and blink itself

sometimes used

to express
is

absence of vision.
it,

To
to

blink the question

to shut one's eyes to


it.

For

the

same reason a man

is

said to bless the

Nares. world with his heels when he is hanged. [In bidding adieu, or taking leave, it was formerly,

make

oneself wilfully blind to

horse's

blinkers are the leather plates put before his eyes to

prevent his seeing.


find the simple

and
part.

in fact

still

is,

customary to invoke in some

Nor ought it to startle us to form of the word derived from a freFor


tliis,

form, the divine blessing on those from

whom we

quentative, as blinzeln, blindselen.


lieve, is

I beis

Hence, in German, die Welt segncn, or das Zeitliche gesegnen, to bless the world, or temporal This is things, is to take leave of them, to die.
probably the origin of the phrase
text.

much more

frequent phenomenon than

commonly

thought, and an instance has lately been

given in the case of blend.

Words aiming

at the

M.]

last

quoted in the

direct representation of natural sounds are apt to

appear in the

first

instance in the

frequentative

Blight.

A hurt done to com or trees that makes


if

them look as
D. verblekken,
from

they were blasted.

form.
It
is

Bailey.

PI.

remarkable that

in addition to the

words with

to

burn up.

"De Sonne

het dat

an

initial

Koorn verblekket," or " Dat Koorn is verblekket," blekken, to shine, to lighten. Perhaps the notion originally was that it was blasted with lightning. OHG. bleg, blich-Jiur, lightning. Brem. Wtb. Or

lux, light

I,

which

may

be gi'ouped around the Lat.


;

as Fr. luiser, to shine


;

lustre, brilliancy
liget,

Icel. Uos, light

Pol. lysk, a flash

two

AS.

lig,

a flame,
Thus,

lightning

similar classes
gl.

may be

pointed

out with an
With an

initial bl

and

it

may be from

the discoloured faded appearance of

the blighted corn.

AS.

blcec,

pale, livid.

initial

I.

With

bl.

With

gl.

Blind. blindr, G.
does not

Deprived of
bli7id.

sight.

Goth, blinds,
to

Icel.

Lat. lux

Gr. (pio^, flame


(pTieyu, to

Thence applied
;

anything which
blind-netel,
;

lucere

bum
0. glUhcn
E. to glow

AS.

lig

fulfil its

apparent purpose, as a blind entry,

Icel. loga

g^^^_
>

O. bliihen
E. to blow

an entry which leads to nothing

AS.

Dan. lue
0. lohe E. low

""^

dead

nettle, or nettle

fenster,

thiiren,

which does not


taschen, false

sting

G. blinde
doors,

wmdows,

. to look

pockets.

G. blicken, to shine, to look O. blinken, to shino


Icel. blys,

Du. glicken,

to shine

blind is something employed to blind one or prevent one from seeing, as a window-blind, to prevent one looking through the window.

Icel. Uoa, light

a torch

Ir. glus, light

lysa, to shine

Sc. blceze,

blasge

Sc. glcis, splendor

Fr. luiser, to shine

AS.
Icel. blossi,

glisian,

gllsnian,

to shine

The
next

origin of the

word must be treated

in the

Or. /Icvffcru, to see

flame
to

E. gloss
Sc. gliss, to glance, to

Dan. blussc,
E. blossom
Pol. lysk,

glow

article.

look
Sc. glisk,

Blink.
ment.

wink, a look, a gleam, glance, mo;

flash

Pol. blysk, a flash

a glance

AS.

E. lustre

Russ

blistat, to shine

E. glister, glisten

blican, to glitter, dazzle

G. Uicken,

to

G. blust, blossom

BLISTER.
PI.

BLOOD.
the signification of the
first

103
element of the word had
it

D.

bl'iise,

bleuster,
blei-

a beacon-fire;

stern, to glisten

reference to the process by which


Du.
Sc.

was cured, and

Q. blinzen, blinzeln, to twinkle


Sc. blent, a glance

glinsteren,

to

hence

to blote

has been supposed to

mean

to

smoke,

sparkle
glint,

flash,

to cure
I

by smoke.

glance

Dan.
Icel.
litr,

glindse, to shine

E. glance
colour,
lit,

dred herrings.

have more smoke in my mouth than would B. and F. in Nares.

blote

a hun-

G. bUithe, a flower

Sc. gleit, to shine


Icel. glita, to glitter

aspect

You

stink like so

Q. loderen, to blaze

Du. bloeden,

to blos-

Du. gloeden,

to

burn

som W. blodau,
Du. locdte,
fire

the chimney.

B. Jonson,

many

hloat-herrings

newly taken out of

Ibid.

flowers
gloedte, fire irons
Sc. glede,

irons

Blob.
glit-

Blab. Bleb.
blotted, blurred.

A small globe
soft

or bub;

hot coals

ble of liquid or

lump of anything wet and

a bhb
the

Dan. glindre, to
ter

of

dew

a blob of ink, a blot ; a blister, a gooseberry.

W.

Uathr,

shining,

Sw.

glatt,

shining,

Blobbit,

Jamieson.

From

smooth AS. lioma, a beam of G. blume, a flower light G. flimmen, to gleam liat. lippus, a winker Gr. (iTxiTU, to see
polished,

smooth Du. glimmen, to burn E. gleam


clean,

sound of a drop falHng.

Dan. glippe,

to

wink

A
to

Gr. /ljU77W, to shine


L. lampas, a

Du. glim pen,


to

to blaze

lamp

See Blot. The stem or trunk of a tree. Bailey. Blocli. solid mass of wood, stone, or the like. Hence, block up the way, to close it with a solid mass.

0. Sw. glimma, glimba,

shine

glimber,

Gael,
or log

bloc,
;

round, orbicular.
bloc, in bulk, in

Fr.

bloc, blot,

a block

splendour Icel. glampa, to shine,


to glitter

en

the

lump or mass, taken

altogether. Sc. blad,

Dan. glimt, a flash


E. glimpse

0.

levin, lightning

Sc.

glevin,

gliff,

to glow a glimpse; to

glifiin, to

wink

It may be formed like clot, clod, blot, from the sound of a small mass of something soft thrown against the ground. See Blot. The primary meaning would thus be a small mass of anything, an unformed mass, as distinguished

Blister.

bubble, blister, pimple.

Du. Uuyster ; Lat. pustula, pusula, a Both the English and the

Latin word are fx"om the notion of blowing, expressed by cognate roots, which differ only in the

an Z after the initial b. must be referred to AS. blcesan, to blow, whence blast, bluster, to blow in gusts, to puff" and be noisy, Bav. blaustern, to breathe hard, while Lat. ptistula, pusula, must be classed with forms like Gr. <f)va-ao), to blow, G. bau^en, busten, pausten, Sw. pusta, to blow, puff", swell. The I, it must be observed, in imitative roots is an exceedingly moveable element, and easily changes its place, or is inserted or omitted. Thus we have blab and babble, bubble and blubber, Langued. blouca and Fr. boucler, to bubble, buckle, blouquette and bouclette, a little buckle, W. blisg, plisg, shells, husks, and pisg, pods, blisters.
insertion or omission of

from things fabricated out of it, the unhewn bole of a tree, any lump or mass of things. But as the original meaning of Fr. boucle or the equivalent blouque (Hecart) seems to be a bubble, then anything I'ound and prominent, as a buckle, or
as in Prov. bocla, bloca, the boss of a buckler, per-

The E.

blister

haps the same figure


bulk

may

lie

at the root of bloc in

the sense of a round unshapen mass.

Compare E.

and Pol.
also

bulka, a bubble.

Blond.
flaxen
;

Fr. blond, hght yellow, straw-coloured,


(in

Diez suggests that the word may be a nasalised form of Icel. blaud, Dan. blod, soft, weak, in the sense of a soft tint, a supposition which is apparently supported by the use of the word Mode in Austria for a weak, pale tint. Schmid. It is certain that we have in E. blunt a nasalised form of the. foregoing root. But it is probdeer-coloured.

hawks or
Cotgr.

stags) bright

tawny

or

to

Blithe.
mild, gentle
joyful.

Goth. WeeV^s, mild, merciful;


;

Icel. blidhr,

ably not to this root that blond


the Pol. blady, pale, wan,
It.

is to

be referred, but

OHG.

blide,

Du.

blijde,

as in E. blithe,

biado (of which the evi-

See Bless.
Bloat.

To

Bloated. Bloater.
Sw.
biota,

dence exists in biadetto, bluish, sbiadare, to grow pale.

To

Note, to
fire.

swell, also to set

a smoking or drying by the


Idgga

Diez,
marked

See Blue), blue, pale


Florio.

biavo, blue, straw-coloured.


blois, bloi,

O. Fr.

Bailey.

Icel. blautr, soft, soaked.

blot,

Dan.

yellow, blue, white.

Roquefort.
is

blue

bloi,

blond,

Prov.

bloi, blou,

Mod,
as if

soft.

Sw.

i blot, to soak, to steep.

fair in colour, as the skin or hair.

It should

be re-

Hence E.

having an unsound swollen look, soaked in water. In like manner the Fin.
bloated,
hostia,

that the

Du. blond

used in the sense of

the Hvid colour of a bruise as well as in that of flaxen, yellowish


;

kostua, signifying in the first instance to soak, is also

blond en blaauw slaan, to beat one


;

used in the sense of swelling


inde humiditate tumidus.
is set to

subhumidus,

black and blue

Sw.

blotfisk, fish

which

Blood. Bleed.
for the

blondheid, couleur livide.

Halma.

Du.

bloed,

G. Mut.

Doubtless

fish.

soak in water preparatory to cooking, cured

named

Ihre.

When

fish
it

ported into England,

under this name was imwas naturally supposed that

same reason as Du. bloedsel, prov. E. blooth, G. blut/ie, a flower, from the bright colour which these objects exhibit, from G. blu/ien, to glow.

104
Both
bleed.
hlat
is

BLOOM. BLOW.
and hliithe are written hluat by Otfricd, and used in the Swabian dialect in the sense of
to

hluhen

Schilter.

Schmid. Erploten, be red with See Blow. Bloom. Blossom. See Blow. from an Blot. Blotch. The word
rage.
2. 2.
blot

Blot at Backgammon. See Backgammon. To Blow. 1. AS. blawan, to blow, to breathe


G.
blcihen, to

puff up, to

blasen, to blow.

inflate, a parallel form with In like manner Lat. jia-re, to blow,

corresponds with Sw.Jldsa, to puff, to breathe

hai'd.

arises

attempt

to

represent the sound of a drop of

liq-

Blush.

Kil.

To Blow.

3.

Bloom.
is

Blossom. Blowze.
show
flower.

To come
sense

into flower, to

uid or portion of something wet or soft falling on the ground.

The primary
ours, to glow.

to shine, to exhibit bright col-

Finn, plattata, leviter


represent
blot, or

ferio,

sclopum edo

surdum,
the
Platli,

to strike

with a sound such as that which

Du. G. bluhen,

bloeden, Moeyen, bloemen, florere.


to shine with bright colours, to

Germans
a spot,

by the
hlatte,

syllable Klatsch

blossom, to flourish.

We

have before observed (un-

such a sound as that just mena small portion of

der Blink) that the root signifying light and the connected ideas
is

tioned.

Prov. Dan. Mat,


;

developed in a threefold form,


initial,

anything wet
or
filth
;

en blat vand, skam, a drop of water

with a simple

as

or with

bl,

gl.

With

the

blcek-blatte,

a blot of ink
blatte, to fall

bladde), a

cowdung

(Sw. kodown, throw down.


;

koblatt

former
lue,

we have AS. lig, a G. lohe, OE. and Sc.


initial bl,

flame, Icel. loga,


low,

Dan.

a flame, a blaze.
flame, erpluhites,

The

Sc. blad represents the noise of a blow, espe-

With an

OHG. pluhon, to

cially

a blow with something


;

soft

a " blad

o'

weet"

exarsisti, bluh,

a heavy fall of rain a blad, a lump of anything Then soft, a dirty spot on the cheek. Jamieson. as a lump of something wet thrown on the ground

a flower. Schmid. The passage to forms with a final


Icel.

s is

seen in

Lat. lucere, Fr. luiser, to shine,


class of related forms.
Icel. lysa, to shine,

whence a numerous lios, Dan. lys, light


initial bl,

spreads itself
Blotter, to blot

flat,
;

Fr. se

blottir, to

squat or

blotte, bloutre,

a lump, clod.

Cotgr.
;

lie close.

and with an
blus,

Icel.

blys,

AS.

blysa,

Dan.
"

a torch.

Du.

blose,

rubor,

plet, a blot, spot ; pletter i solen, spots in the E. plot of land, a spot or small portion of land G. plotz, a blow or the sound of it ; platzen, platschen, as Sc. blad, to sound like a blow, to plash platz-regen, a heavy fall of rain blcitz, a spot, a

Dan.
;

purpurissum, the redness of the cheeks, whence E.

sun

Blowze.

A girl whose

face looks red by running

abroad in the wind and weather

and

blot
If
let

Schwenck.
no man can

E. Match, to spot or

blot.

like to

us learn

Boul.

Harmar in K.

much more

to detest the spots

be smutted and blatched in his face, and blots of the

Swab. Uatsche, prov. E. a blanch, a blotch of pustules run together. Du. blutsen, to strike ; bluts koorts, the
Blotch-paper, blotting paper.
Halliwell.

spotted fever.

Kil.

But we may arrive at Match or blotch from the same fundamental source by a somewhat different
In these imitative roots a final t and k interchange very frequently, as well as an initial bl
connexion.
or pi, and
vlecke.
gl, kl.

is called a blowze, have a Mowzing colour." Kennet in " To be in a blowze, to look red from Halliwell. heat." Halliwell. Du. blosaerd, a red-cheeked person. Dan. Musse, to blaze, to flame, blicsse i ansigtet, to glow in the face, to blush, in which sense the Du. blosen is also used. PI. D. Miise, bleuster, a beacon fire Nord-bliise, the Northern lights hleustern, Meistern, to shine, to glitter de Bakken bleustert, the cheeks glow. Brem. Wort. Swab, bluh, Mut, Mitst, a flower, the part of a plant that exhibits glowing brilliant colours. Schmid. Then with a derivative m, AS. blosm, blostm, Du. blosem, a blos-

said to

som.

Again corresponding to AS. leoma, a beam of light,


bl

Icel.

Komi, splendour,

the form with an initial

Thus we

firid

Sax. Meek, a

blot, stain, spot

Du. placke, phcke, of ground plack;

gives E. bloom, originally to shine, to gleam.

Jamieson.

verwer,

a dauber; placke, a blow; plack-papier,

blotting paper.

The sone wes brycht and schynand

clere

Kil.

AS.

Mcbco, blcecthe, vitiligo,

discoloured spot on the skin, a bloach, blatch, blotch.


Parallel with the foregoing, but with an initial kl

And armouris that bumyst were Swa blomyt with the sonnys heme
That
all

the land

was

in a leme.

Barbour.

instead of M, pi,

we have Du.

kladde, a blot, spot,

And

blemish

klad-papier, blotting paper, waste paper

Mad-boeck, Sw. kladd, a


blur,

memorandum book,
;

explain-

he himself in broun sanguine wele dicht Above his uncouth armour blomand bricht. D. V.
It is

ing Jamieson's blad, a portfolio


spot
;

G.

kleck,
;

blot,

then applied to the bright colour of the


;

klecken,

to blot, daub, scribble

kleck-

healthy cheek, the lumen purpureum juventae


the delicate tint on certain
fruits,

to

papier, kkck-buch,
book.

blotting

paper,

memorandum

and generally

To

the latter form the Sc. clatch corresponds

through the Gothic tongues furnishes the designation of


Icel. blomi, blomstr,

as bloach or blatch to
clatch of lime, as

Du.
as

Kilian's bleck, plack.


is

much

in a wall; to ckUch, to

thrown from a trowel daub with lime. Jam.

a flower, for the reason above mentioned. Du. bloeme, bloemsel, G. blume,

E. bloom, flower.

BLOW. BLUE.
sense by old English navigators.
luyt, III.

105
application to the coating of fat
is

[Blooming and bloom are employed in an unusual Thus, in Hack-

Hence the modem

with which the whale

enveloped, consisting of a
filled

48
it is is

network or frothy structure of vessels


reported of a trueth that
to

with

oil.

And

yet

whole bay

more subject

many blooming

* * all that and smoother-

ing heates, &c.

whose whole body being encompassed Cetaceous fishes with a copious fat blubber, which doth the same thing to Ray in Richardson. them that clothes do to us.

And

in Darapier,

Voyages, 1703,

529

Sea-winds are warmer than land-winds, unless it be when a bloom, as we call it, or hot blast, blow from thence.

See, also,

same author,
filled

530, and II.

pt.

3,

47.

Bohem. blubonciti, to bubble up. At the present day the ordinary application of the verb to blubber is to weep in a noisy manner, making an incoherent noise with the mouth, and
thence to disfigure the face with weeping.

And

perhaps hloomed

signifies " inspired

with genial

warmth," "

with glowing emotion," in this pas:

Her swollen eyes were much

disfigured

sage from Hooker, Ecel. Pol. V. 3


This
rites

And

her

fair face

* * might be exemplified even by heapes of and customes, now superstitious in the greatest part
first

with teares was foully blubbered. F. Q.

In the same way


noise with the

to

bladder or bluther, to

make a

of the Christian world, wliich, in their


nings,

originaU begin-

mouth

in taking

any

liquid (Jam.), is

when

the strength of vertuous, deuout, or charitable

used in the sense of blubbering or weeping.


HeracMtus
if

affection bloomed

them, no man could justly have condemned

as euill.

he had seen
bluthered out his een.

He would have
These senses of hloom, as well as that given by
Halliwell, the hot stages of a fever, are doubtless

Cleland in Jam.

connected with the radical discussed in the text,

Her sweet

bloderit face.

Chaucer.
It.

because
of heat.

we

M.]
We
It

associate a glowing color with the notion

Bine*
fem. blava.

OHG.

blao,

blaw
little

hiavo,

Pro v.

blau,

are in some doubt of the origin of comes very near Gr. irXrjyiq, a stroke, from TrXrjcra-iii, to strike Lat. plaga, a blow, a stroke, Goth. Uiggwan, OHG. bliuwan, to strike. Swab.

Blow.

Notwithstanding the
I have
little

apparent resemblance,
Gael, glas, pale, or gr,
br,

this

word.

doubt in identifying the foregoing with


;

W.
is

glas, blue, green, grey, pale

wan.
gliihen,

The interchange

of an

initial gl, bl,

blduen, to strike, to throw.

On

the other hand,

it

very frequent.
bliihen,
;

We

may

cite

for

example G.

may

be named from the

livid

mark produced by a
blue, livid
;

E. glow, blow; Gr.


Lat. glans
;

yXrjxoiv, ^Xrfx<i>v,

blow on the body.


blowen, to strike
blawels, livid

Du. blaeuw,

blaeuwe

a herb
blast,

Gr.

/3aXavo<s,

ooghe, Fris. en blau ach, a black eye


;

blauwel, a beater.

marks.

Fris. blodelsa
" Si quis

Du. blaeuwen, Kil. PI. D. and blawelsa,


sanguinis
lajserit."

blaodh, a shout; glagaireachd

Ir. glaodh and and blagaireachd, a

boasting; Bret, bruk,

W.

grug, heath.
;

We
O.

thus identify the Celtic glas with G. blass, pale

wound and
"

bruise.

aUum ad
bloot et

Fr.

bloes, blois, bloi,

blue

blazir, to

effusionem vel livorem vulgo blawe dictum

thence, to fade, to spot, to bruise

make blue, and Roquef Lan;

Ad

livorem et sanguinem, quod


"
hir

mus."

Wort.

here neither bruise


blau schlagen.

Hamburgh Archives, A. D. 1292, nauder blaw Nis nor wound. Wiarda. Brem. Wort. From

blawe
in

dici-

gued. blazi, faded, withered, bruised


fade,

Brem.

grow

pale, dirty

Raynouard.
d
;

Prov.

blezir, to

The
It.

usual

ni blodelsa," there is

interchange of a final z and


pale, the evidence of
ish,

connects these with


hiado, blue,

Blduen,

Pol. blady, pale, wan, bledniec, to fade

the sense of

which

is

seen in biadetto, blue-

striking that of casting or

throwing might be a sec-

and sbiadare,

to

become pale or wan.

Flor.

ondary application, as in Swab, blduen.


fort,

RoqueO. Fr. blau, coup, tache, meurtrissure a blow, a bruise. Du. placke, macula, labes, a
;

blot, spot

placke van slaegen, ictus, a bruise.

Bi-

glotton.

These words seem diand are intended to represent the noise made by a mixture of air and liquid shaken together, or spluttering out together, " The whence the sense of bubble, froth, foam. water blubbers up." Baker Northamptonshire Gl.

Blnbber.

Blnther.
by

Hence we pass to Prov. blahir, to become pale or livid, in the same way as from It. tradire, to Fr. trahir. The change from a medial c? to y is still more familiar. We find accordingly It. sbiavare, as well as sbiadare, to become pale, and hiavo (Diez), The Romance blave is moreas well as hiado, blue.
over, like the Celtic glas, applied to green as well

rectly formed

imitation,

as blue.

Mavoyer, verdoyer, devenir vert

verdure, herbe.

Roquefort.
brown

blavoie,

Hence we may explain


biava, corn, originally

the origin of the

It.

biada,

" Blober upon water, bouteillis."

Palsgr.

growing corn, from the brilliant green of the young corn in the spring, contrasted with

And
VOL.

at his

mouth a

blubber stode of fome.

the

tint

of the uncultivated

Chaucer.
I.

country.

" Biada, tutte le semente ancora in erba."

14

106

BLUFF.

BLUNT.
dobbelen, to dabble
to

Alticri. The gradual change of colour in the growing plant from a bright green to the yellow tint of the reaped corn (still designated by the term

mix

it

up with water.
is

Biglotton

E.

to blunge clay,

Halliwell.

To

blunder

then, for the

hiadd)

may

perhaps explain the singular vacillation

synonymous
factor.

dabble, used for the

same reason as the work of an unskil-

in the meaning of the It. biavo, which is rendered by Florio, pale straw-coloured. It is remarkable however that the E. hlake (identical with AS. hlac,

ful performer.

Promptm.

Blunderer or blunt worker, hebc-

G.

hleich, pale) is provincially

used in the sense of


as a cow-

What blunderer is yonder that playeth diddil, He flndeth false measures out of his fond fiddil.
Skelton

yellow.
slip.

As

hlake as

a paigle, as yellow
gan wake

R.

Hence a
Toward Aurora a-morwe
as I

blunder,

an

ill-done job, a mistake.

A
To

fiklefare ful eerly tok hir flihte

fore ray study

sang with her fetheris Make. Lydgate, in Percy Soc. x. 156.


yellow.

Like drunken sots about the street we roam: Well knows the sot he has a certain home,

Fieldfare,

AS. fealo-for, from feah,


is

Yet knows not how to find the uncertain place, And blunders on and staggers every pace. Dryden in R.
is here synonymous with flounder, the meaning of which is, like Du. flodderen (Weiland), to work in mud or water. To blunder
it

The Du.
O. Fr.
fort.

blond

also applied to the livid color of

The word

a bruise, as well as the yellowish colour of the


blot,

Thus

Lat. blavus,

Roquebecomes difficult to separate Mid. blue, from the Lat. Jlavus, yellow. Boblond, jaune, bleu et blanc.
it

hair.

original

out a speech, to bring


ing
noise.

out hastily with a splutter-

G. herauspoltem or herausplMzen,

hem, plawy, yellowish red, Pol. phwy, pale yellow,


discoloured {plowieS, to
to fade),

blurt or blunder out something.

to

Kiittner.

grow yellow,

to lose colour,

See Blurt, Blunt, Bodge.

G. falb, and E. faJlow, fawn-coloured, red-

BlunderbnSSt
in his work, does

Primarily a
it

man who

blunders

dish yellow.

in a boisterous, violent
to

way

Du. blaf, planus, aequus et amplus, superficie plana, non rotunda blaf aensight facies plana et ampla, a bluff countenance blaf van voorhooft,
Blnfft
; ;

subsequently applied
noisy kind of gun.
PI.

short,

wide-mouthed,

D.

buller-hak,
;

having a bluff forehead, a forehead not sloping but rising straight up. Kil. So a bluff shore
fronto,

blustering fellow
his business with
polterer,

buUer-jaan, Sw. Indler-bas, a G. poUer-hans, one who performs

is

opposed to a sloping shore.

Maffart, a plain

coin without

image or superscription. Kil. Uuff manner, a plain unornamented manner.

much noise, bawling, and bustle a blunderbuss, blunderhead, a boisterous Kiittner. From G. bullern, poltem, violent man. The Du. has donder-bus, a blunto make a noise.

The word is probably derived in the first instance from the sound of something falling flat upon the ground. Du. ploffen, to fall suddenly on the ground, to plump into the water. Halma. It then signifies something done at once, and not introduced by degrees or ceremonious preparations a shore abruptly rising, or an abrupt manner. In like manner from an imitation of the same sound by the syllable phmp, Du. plomp, abrupt, rustic, blunt. See Blunt. Blunder* The original meaning of blunder seems to be to dabble in water, from an imitation of the sound. It is a nasal form of such words as

derbuss, from the loud report

bus,

a fire-arm.
Pol.

Halma. Blunket.
azure, blue.

light

blue

colour.

bleknt,

Probably radically identical with E. bleak, pale, wan, as the senses of paleness and blue colour very generally run into each other.

Blunt.

Before attempting to explain the formait

tion of the word,

will

be well to point out a sense,


it

so different from that in which


that
it is

is

ordinarily used,

not easy to discover the connexion.

Bare

and

blunt,

naked, void.
merchants which were wont

It chaunst a sort of

To skim

those coasts for


this isle

bondmen

there to

buy

blother, blviter, bluiter, all

representing the agitation

Arrived in

though bare and Hunt

of liquids, and then generally idle talk.


der, earth talk
;

Dan. pludidle

To

inquire for slaves.

F. Q.

and water mixed together, puddle,

The large plains


Stude
blunt of beistis

pluddre, to dabble in the mud, to puddle,

mix

and of

treis bare.

D. V.

up

turf

and water.
stir

water, to

or puddle, to

Then with the nasal, to blunder A modification of the same root, without the nasal," make water thick and appears with the same meaning in Swiss blutt, naked,
blunder,

muddy
trouble.

and

metaphorically,

confusion,

bare, unfledged

Sw.

hlott,

G.

bloss. It. biotto, btosso,

Halliwell.

naked, poor

Sc.

blozct, blait.

To

shuffle

btunder

and digress so as by any means whatever to an adversary. Ditton in Richardson.

Woddis, forestis, with naked bewis blout Stude strippit of tharc wede in every hout.

D. V.

Analogous forms

ai-e

Du.

blanssen,

in

't

water

The

blait

body, the

naked body.

Jamieson.

BLUNT. BOAR.
The two
senses are also united in Gael, maol, bald,
"

107

wiliiout horns, blunt, edgeless, pointless, bare, with-

out foliage, foolish,

silly.

Maolaich, to

make bare
to repre-

blade reason " is used by Pierce Plowman a pointless, ineffectual reason. Thus we are brought to what is now the most ordinary meaning
for

or blunt.

of the word hlunt, viz. the absence of sharpness, the


is

Now

the Swiss hluntsch, hlunsch,


is

used

natural connexion of which with the qualities above

sent the sound which

imitated in English and

mentioned
is

is

shown by the use of the Latin obtusus

other languages by the syllable plump, viz. the sound

in the foregoing passages.

An active intelligent lad

of a round heavy body falling into the water


sc/ien, to

blunt-

make a

into the water.

noise of such a nature, to


Stalder.

plump
is

A similar

sound

resented by the syllables plotz, plutz

Kiittner

rep;

and it is the converse of this metaphor, when we speak of a knife which will not cut as a blunt knife. The word dull, it will be obsaid to be sharp,

served,

is

used in both senses, of a knife which will

whence Du.
the water
;

plotsen, plonsen,

plompen, to

fall into

not cut, and an unintelligent, inactive person.


hluntschi,

G. platz-regen, a pelting shower of

rain.

We

have then the expressions, mit etwas heraus-platplumpen,


to hlunt

zen, or heraus

blunder, or blab out a thing

Kiittner
it.

a thing out,
;

to blurt,
it

Swiss a thick and plump person. Stalder. It will be seen that the G. plump, respecting the origin of which we cannot doubt, is used in most of

to bring

the senses for which

suddenly
plotz,

out, like

a thing thrown down with a noise,

ing to account.

we have above been attemptPlump, rough, unwrought, heavy,


dull, blockish, awkPlomp, hebes, obtusus, stupidus,

such as that represented by the syllables hluntsch,

clumsy, massive, thick, and, figuratively, clownish,

plump

to

plump out with

Swab, platzen,

raw, unpolished, rude, heavy,

to

throw a thing violently down.


Perad venture
it

ward.
keep in good silence
in Richard-

Kiittner.

were good rather

plumbeus, ang. blunt.

Kil.

thyself than blunt forth rudely.


son.

Sir T. More

to

In like manner from the sound of a lump thrown on the ground, imitated by the syllable hot, is formed

The term

hlunt

is

then applied to things done sud-

denly, without preparation.


Fathers are Won by degrees, not bluntly as our masters Or wronged friends are. Ford in R.

Du. hot, hotte, a blow ; hot-voet, a club foot plump, sudden, blunt, dull, stupid, rude, flat. zeggen, to say bluntly. Halma.

hot,

Bot

Blur.
ler.

A smear, a blot.

discoloured spot, especially on the skin.

Bav. plerren, a blotch, Schmel-

As

the Du. has hlader, hlaere, a bladder

ader,

an unpolished, unceremonious manner, exactly corresponding to the G. plump.

A hlunt manner is

an ear of corn, and the E. to slubber or slur over a thing, it is probable that blur may be from
aere,

Plump mit

etwas umgehen, to handle a thing hluntly, awkwardly, rudely. Kiittner. It is from this notion of suddenness, absence of preparation, that the sense of bare, naked, seems to be derived. To speak bluntly is to tell the naked truth, Sw. hlotta sanningen. The syllables hlot, hlunt, plump, and tlie like, represent the sound not only of a thing falling into the water, but of something soft thrown on the ground, as Sw. plump, a blot, Dan. pludse, to plump down, Prov. Dan. hlatte, to fall down, fling down Mat, a portion of something wet, Molbech. Then as a wet lump lies as cow-dung. where it is thrown, it is taken as the type of every-

bludder, bluther, blubber, to

mouth, disfigure with crying


to dirty, to blubber.

Jam.
;

make a
;

noise with the


hluter, to blot,

Halliwell.

The Sp. borrar, to blot, to efface horron, a blot, horroso, botched, bungled a rough sketch seem related to the E. word through an elision of the I, as in G. hlasen and hausen, to blow Du. blaffen,
; ; ;

haffen, to

bark

E. spirt and

splirt, blotch

and

botch,

&c.

To
ing,
ter,

Blurt.

To

bring out suddenly with an ex-

plosive sound of the mouth.

a burst of tears.

Jamieson.
;

Sc.

a blirt of greetRelated to Mutsplirt, to

bludder, as splirt to splutter.

thing inactive, dull, heavy, insensible,


qualities are expressed
root,
hlait,

and these

out.

To

spurt

Halliwell.

It.

boccheggiare, to

make mouths,

by both modifications of the

or blurt with one's

mouth

chicchere, a flurt with

with or without the nasal, as in E. hlunt, Sc.


dull, sheepish.

Then cometh indevotion, through which a man is so blont, and hath swiclie languor in his soul, that he may neither rede ne sing in holy chirche. Chaucer, in Richardson.

mouth. Florio. Blush. See Blow, 2. Bluster. To blow in pufFs, blow violently, swagAn augmentative from Mast. Bav. hlasten, ger. Schmelblaustern, to snuff", to be out of temper.
one's fingers, or blurt with one's

We
Non

Phenicianis nane sa

blait breistis

has.

D. V.
and
in

ler.

obtusa adeo gestamus pectora Pcsni.

Bofl;.

A large
to

snake.

mud, mire, puddle, or bog


Sc. Blaitie-hum, a simpleton, stupid fellow,

serpent that lives in


well,

any filthy a certain venomous the mud, and swimmeth very


It.

boa, bora,

also

the

same

sense, a hluntie.

dus, obtusus, inanis.

Du.

hlutten,

homo

stoli-

and grows

a great bigness.

Florio.

Kil.

Boar.

AS.

bar,

Du.

beer.

As

the

AS. has

also

108
eafor,

BOARD. BOG.
and Du. ever-svnn,
it is

probable that hoar has

The sound

of a blow with a wet or

no

radical identity with

G.

eher, Lat. aper.

represented in G. by the syllable patsch


patschen, to smack, to
;

Board. Du. herd, G. hrett, a board or plank. AS. hord, an edge, table, margin, Du. hoord, a margin, edge, border.

body is whence dabble or paddle patsche, a


flat
;

puddle, mire, mud.


stantly represented

Now

unskilful action

is

con-

Fr. hord, edge, margin.


table,

Icel.

hord, a border,

outward edge, board,


i.

whence

patsch thun, to
"

by the idea of dabbling ; einen commit a blunder, to fail, to bodge.

hord-vidr, literally edge-wood,

e.

planks or boards.

Med
upp
vseri.

hord-vidr

Sverris Saga,

endilongum baenum var umbiiiz & hiisum uppi, reistr & utanverdora thaukom sva sem viggyrdlat
c.

"

Hast scho' wide' patscht ? " Have you failed again ? SchmelEtwas auspatschen," to blurt a thing out.

ler.

156.

Along the town preparations were made up on the houses, planks raised up outside the roof^, like
the parapets (vig-gyrdill, war-gii'dle) raised on board

formerly bodies, woman's stays Bodice. from fitting close to the body, as Fr. corset from " woman's bodies, or a pair of bodies, corps. Sherwood's Diet. corset, corpset."
;

a ship
flated

in

a naval engagement.

Boast,

To

talk big, to puff oneself, to use in-

Thy

bodies bolstred

out with bumbast and with bagges. Gascoigne in R.

language, to threaten.

Sche wald nocht

tell for host

nor yet reward.


Wallace.

i.

e.

thy bodice stuffed out with cotton.

Bodkin.

A small instrument for pricking, a dagLith. hadyti, to stick,


bod,
;

Turrnis thare duke reulis the middil oist With glave in hand maid awful fere and

ger or large blunt needle.


boist.

thrust with something pointed, as a horn, needle,

D. V.

in

Jam.

bayonet
hodetz,

Bohem.

a prick,
bodnu,
;

stitch

hodak,

and snorting is the natural expression of pride or anger. G. hausen, pausen, Vor hoffart pausten, to blow, to swell the cheeks. pausten, to be puffed up with pride. Baus-hack, having puffed up cheeks haus-hackige reden, pompous language. Dan. puste, PI. D. puusten, Fris.
act of puffing
;

The

prickle, point,

bayonet
bodilo,

busti, to prick.

Russ.

a spur,

a sting

hodat, to butt, strike

with the horns.


butt, to

and E. push with the horns, exhibit another modifibouter, to thrust,

French

cation of the root.

Body.

AS.

hodig, Gael, hodhag.


bottich,

It

seems the

poesten, to blow.

In a similar way poffen, to blow,

same word with the G.


quoted by Schmeller
bottich, hodi, the
;

a cask, the two being


potacha, a cask

to swell, proflare fastum,


glorias,

fumos jactare,

efflare

inanes

spelt without material difference in the authorities


hottig, potig,

grande loqui

Poffer, jactator, thraso, miles

gloriosus, arrogans, ventosus.

Kil.

body of a
pottich,

shift

potahha, potacha,

Boat.
Icel. hdtr,

AS.

hat,

Du.

hoot.

It. hatello,

Fr. hateau,

bodies, corpses

botich,

a body.

In like

W.

had, Gael. hdta.

It

seems the same

word with hack, a wide open vessel. Bret, hag, hak, a boat, whence Fr. bac, a ferryboat. To Bob. Bobbin. To move quickly up and down, or backwards and forwards, to dangle whence hoh, a dangling object, a small lump, a short

manner E. trunk and G. rumpf signify a hollow We speak case as well as the body of an animal. of the barrel of a horse, meaning the round part of
his body.

The

Sp. barriga, the belly,

is

identical

with Fr. barrique, a cask.

The

signification of the root hot, of

which the E.

thick body, an end or stump

also

a quick turn,
that to
tricks.

body and G. bottich are derivatives,


ing, hollow.

is

a lump, the

whence,

to boh, to cheat, in

the

same way

thick part of anything, anything protuberant, swell-

diddle signifies deceiving one

by rapid
;

Gael.

W.

hot,

a round body

both, the boss


;

babag, a tassel, fringe, cluster pieces of thread.

haban, a tassel, short

of a buckler, nave of a wheel, hothog, round, rounded

must be explained Fr. hohine, E. bobbin, a ball of thread wrapped round a little piece of wood, a little knob hanging by a piece of thread. " Pull the bobbin, my dear, Red Riding-hood. and the latch will fly up." To Bode. To portend good or bad. AS. hod, gehod, a command, precept, message hoda, a messenger; bodian, to deUver a message, to make an announcement. See Bid. To Bodge. To make bad work, to fail.
the last

From

Wallon. bode, rabode, thick -set, stumpy; Grandg. belly, calf of the leg.

hodene,

The primary

sense of body

is

then the thick round

part of the living frame, as distinguished from the

limbs or lesser divisions

then the whole material

frame, as distinguished from the sentient principle

by

which

it is

animated.

In like manner from


hole,

bol, signi-

fying anything spherical or round, E.


of a tree
;

the stem

Icel. bolr,

the trunk of the animal body, or


shirt
;

stem of a
leg,

tree,

body of a

Lap.

boll,

pall, pal-

the body.

With With

this

we

charged again

but out alas

We bodged again as I have seen a swan,


bootless labour

Bog.

The word has probably been

introduced

swim

against the tide,

from Ireland, where bogs form


the country.
to

so large a feature in

And

spend her strength with over-matching waves. H VI.

Gael, hog, to bob, to move, equivalent

E. gog

in gog-mire,

quagmire

Ir.

hogadh, to

stir,

BOGGLE. BOISTEROUS.
shake, or toss
thing
soft,
;

109

Gael, hog,
;

soft,

moist

hogan, any-

The name
kind
is

of an imposthume or swelling of this

a quagmire

Ir.

hogach, a bog, moor, or

usually taken from some designation of a

marsh.

bubble.

Thus G.
skin.

blase is

a bubble in the water or

To Bo^^lCt
ties

To be

scrupulous, to

make

difficul-

blister

about a thing like a startlish horse passing an From hogh, a ghost or hobgobobject of terror.
lin
;

blain.

Ray.
;

on the

bleb,

a bubble, a
in Fris.

blister or

The word koppar


and bubbles
boils.

signifies

pocks or

bogle-ho,

a scarecrow.

Jam.

pustules in Icel.,
kopet, the

See Bugbear.

water

Outzen.

Dat waer

Finn, kupla, a

We start and boggle at every unusual appearance, and Glanville in cannot endure the sight of the bugbear. Todd.

bubble, blister, boil.


ter, boil

So

in Icel. bola,

bolu-sott, the

You

tous
boggle

shrewdly, every feather starts you. All's well that ends well.

Boisterous. Boistons. Bnstnons. Boisand bustuous were formerly used in the sense

small-pox.

a bubble, blisSee To Boil.

of rough, rude, uncultivated, unomamented, violent,


strong, large.

To

Boil.

Boil.

Boll. Bole. Bowl.


is

Lat. hullire, bullare, Fr. houilUr, Icel. bulla, to bubble up, to boil.

The origin

doubtless an attempt

to represent the noise

Sc. buller is explained

made by boiling water. The by Jam. a loud gurghng noise,


rumbling of the
is

And for rude words and boistous percen the heart of the hearer to the inrest point and planten there the sentence of things so that with Utel help it is able to spring, this boke that nothing hath of the great flode of wytte, ne of
semelyche colours, is dolven with rude words and hoystous and so drawe together as to make the catchers thereof more ready to hent sentence. Chaucer, Testament of Love.

the sound of water rushing violently into a cavity, bubbling.


Icel. built, the

intestines.

Then
bles of
bulla
is

as the boiling of water

produced by bubLat.

steam rising rapidly


applied
first to

to the surface, the

In the same short preface


different sense.

it

is

used in a widely

a bubble, then to any small

spherical object, a boss, stud,

lump of lead on which


a solemn docball,

the seal

was stamped

to authenticate
little

In winter whan the weather was out of measure boistous and the wyld wynd Boreas maked the wawes of the ocean
se to arise.

ument.
button.

Lap. pdllo, a

a silver knob or

A bubble affords

As
so natural a type of roundness
bol, bul,

boystous as is here at baie.

Chaucer.
rudis,

as to lead to a very general use of the root

" Boystows,

rudis

"

" bustus,

pul, in expressing the notion of roundness, swelling,

" rudis indoctus, boystous."

Pr.

rigidus

"
;

Pm. and
by

Notes.

protuberance, inflation.

Douglas translates
a bubble, pustule, boil
;

Virgil's violentia

bustuous-

Thus we have
Sw.
bula,

Icel. bola,

ness.

Lyndsay speaks of the

" busteous blast " of

a bump, swelling, dint


;

boil or swelling

builen,

Du. hiile, puile, a puilen, Sw. bulna, to swell,

the last trumpet.


It became a very frequent epithet of the wind, and hence perhaps the association with the idea of blustering led to the modern form of boisterous, applied exclusively to noisy, violent action, to which boistous was far from being limited in early times.

to bulge

OE.

bollen, bolne, swollen.


bolnun with pride.

Ye ben
Du.
bol,

Wickliff
;

in R.

swelling, cavernous

bol, bolle,

a globe or

sphere, the head or bulb of an onion, a round loaf


bolleken, the boll or

seed-vessel of the flax plant.

Time makes the tender twig Turberville To bousteous tree to grow.

in R.

Sp. bola, Fr. boule, E. bowl, a ball or sphere of wood,


lead,
fec.

Fin. pullo, a drop of water

pullo-poski,

The

real origin

is

the

W.

bwyst, wild,

whence
vxiist,

swollen cheeks, pullakka, round, swollen, pullistaa,


to puff up pulli, a round glass or flask Icel. bolli, a cup, teacup ; E. bowl, a round hollow vessel as well as a solid ball.
; ;

hwyst-jil, wild

beast; bwystus, brutal,

ferocious.

Spurrell.
wild, desert

It is the
;

same word with the G.


loose,

Pol. pusty, waste, desert, empty, void,

The

idea of roundness

is

then

made

to include

and Du.

figuratively, wild,

wanton, frolicsome

woest, wuest, vastus, desertus, et sordidus, turpis,

cylindrical as well as spherical


Icel. bolr, the bole

curvature, giving

deformis,

incultus

woest mensch,

or round trunk of a tree, or of

rusticus, durus, indomitus

homo

agrestis,

Kil.

a sense in which
authors.

the animal body

W.

bol, boly,

the belly

Lap.

boll,

boistous is frequently used

by our early

pall, palleg, the body.

A similar
of a bubble
boil,

series of designations

from the image


kuppi, a cup

In PI. D. the word becomes buster, wild, fearful, savage (approaching the form of the E. boisterous) ;
" een biistem oord," a waste ground.

may be
;

seen in Fin. huppa, a bubble,


;
;

tumour

kuppelo, hupula, a ball

kupu, the crop of a bird, belly, head of cabbage, whisp of straw ; kupukka, anything globular.
Boil.

Du. and
'

bijster,

hideous, frightful, bewildered, troubled,

as an adverb, frightfully, violently.


stad bijster

Brem. Wort. Halma.

An

inflamed swelling.

Du.

buile,

G.

beule.

De

maecken," to lay waste the town.

Kil.

110
Bold.
Daring,
courageous.

BOLD.
Goth,
baltha

BONE.
bout

van

het schouder-blad, caput scapulae, the

knob

OHG.

bald, free, confident, bold.

G.
;

bald, quick.
ballr,

of the shoulder-blade.

Icel. baUdr, strong, brave,

handsome

strong,

The primary meaning


onions "are called bolzen.

of bolt

is

thus a head or

courageous

Dan.

bold, intrepid, excellent, beautiful

knob, and in some parts of

Germany

bulbs and

Sw.

b&ld,

proud, haughty, warlike.


prince.

AS.

balder,

bealder,

hero,

havde, merry, cheerful.

Cotgr.

Fr.

baud, bold, insolent

The

origin

is
;

seen in Sw. buJta, Lat. pultare, to

knock, to beat

Bole.
throat.

The round stem


And by

of a tree, column of the

thump or blow.
bus, tuber, a

Du.

bulsen,

pulsare

E.

polt,

Halliwell.

tlie throte-boUe

he caught Alein.
Chaucer.

club foot.

See Boult.

hump

or lump.

Hence Du.
Kil.

buJt, gib-

E.

polt-foot,

"

A captain which
throte-boUe."

own

Hall

with a leaden sword would cut his in R.

Bomb. Fr. bombe, It. bomba, an iron shell to be exploded with gunpowder. From an imitation of the noise of the explosion. It. rimbombare, to resound. In E. we speak of a gun booming over the
Du. bommen, to resound, to beat a drum, whence bomme, a drum bombammen, to ring bells. Dan. bommer, a thundering noise bomre, to thunder, to thump Gr. ySo/i^etv, Lat. bombire, to buzz, to hum W. bwmbwr, a murmur. " I bomme, as a bumble-bee doth or any flie. Je bruie." Palsgr.
water
; ;

The

origin, as has
bol,

been shown under Boil,

is

the

root bid,

representing a bubble, and thence ap-

plied to anything ix>und


belly
;

and swelling, as

W.

bol,

the

Sw. bal, the trunk of a man's body, or of a tree. Another development of the same root is the following Boll. Bollt The round heads or seed-vessels of flax, poppy (Bailey), or the like. Du. bol, bolle, a head
Icel.
bolr,

in

boUcken, capitulum, capitellum.


'polc'h, belc'h ;

Way. Bombast.

Bombasine.
;

Gr.

poixfiv^, the silkIt.

Kil.

Bret, bolc^h,

worm, raw
Altieri.

silk

^ifx^vKia, silk dresses.


stuff",

bombice,

W.

bul, flax-boll.

a silk-worm, bombicina,

tiffany,

bombasine.

Bolster.
case

The meaning

of this

word

is

a bag or
signi-

The
stuff".

material called by this name, however,


it

made prominent by

stufiing,

from a root

has repeatedly varied, and

is

now

applied to a

fying protuberance or inflation.


boulting-sack in the Pr.
starre, taratantarum."

It is applied to

worsted

Pm.
It has
it

" Bulte-pooke or btd-

a much wider applia mattras or


is

cation in Dutch,

where

signifies
it

pil-

low, or the stuffing with which

filled,

as well

was introduced it was confounded and Mod. Greek /Sa/x/3aKLov Mid. Lat. bambacium. It. bambagio, whence It. bambagino, Fr. bombasin, basin, cotton stuff"; E.
cotton

When
;

with

silk,

and

called in Mid.

as the casing of grains or fruits, the husks of nuts

bombase, bombast, cotton.

or of corn, cods of peas and beans, &c., also the


puffiness of

a well-fed body

" bolster, pinguis cor-

Need you any ink and

bombase.

HoUyband in R.
bombast

pora, bucculentus, malis plenioribus et inflatis."


Kil.

As
came

cotton

was used

for padding clothes,

to signify inflated language.

Bolster
bulte,

is

related to

Du. buU, a bulch or hump,


a protuberance, swelling,
to bolsa,

a mattras, Sp.

bulto,

a pillow-case, and perhaps


holster,

a purse or pouch,

Lette none outlandish tailor take disport To stuffe thy doublet full of such bumbast.

as Dan. blomster, a flower, to E. bloom, or as E.

Gascoigne in R.

pistol-case,

hulse, the

Bolt.

Sw. holster, a covering, to Du. husk or case of grain, &c. 1. knob-headed arrow for a cross-

Wlien the name passed

into the languages of

North-

ern Europe, the tendency to give meaning to the

elements of a word introduced from abroad, which


has given rise to so

bow.
2.

many

false etymologies, pro-

bar of iron or wood to keep something


object to another
its
;

fast

or to fasten one

originally

duced the PI. D. baum-bast, G. baum-wolle, as if made from the bast or inner bark of a tree; and
Kilian explains
it

rod with a large head to hinder

passing through

boom-basg?i, boom-woUe, gossipium,


;

an opening,
iat

for the

purpose of fastening something

lana lignea, sive de arbore


boom-sye,
i.

vulgo bombasium,

q. d.

G. bolzen, a cross-bow bolt, also a large nail with a broad head and opening below (i. e. a bolt for a shutter). Kiittner. Swiss bolz, a perpendicular beam standing on another, whence
the other side.

e.

sericum arboreum, from boom,


silk.

tree,

and

sijde,

sij'e,

Bond.
pi.

A.S. bindan, band, bunden, to bind


tie,

band, an implement of binding, a string,


bande, bonds,

G. band
;

Fr. boulon, a long bigheaded peg of wood with which carpenters fasten
bolz-gerade, bolt upright.

pieces of timber together.

agreement
a penalty

ties.

Kil.

O. Du. bond, a ligature, tie, In legal language, a bond is an

Cotgr.

Du. van <'

bout, boui-pijl, sagitta capitata

instrument by which a person binds himself under


Kil.
;

bout

to

perform some
bein,

act.

been, the

thigh

bone, from

its

large head

Bone.

G.

the leg, bone of the leg, the

BONFIRE.
sbaiik;
achsel bein,

BOOT.
stab,

Ill
;

brust-bem, the

shoulder-bone,

letter

O. Slav, bukui, a

letter

Russ. bukva,

breast-bone.

Du.

been,

a bone in general and also


is to is

bukvdry, the alphabet.


the origin
letter
b,

Diefenbach suggests that

the leg.

Now

the office of a bone

act as a sup-

is

buki, signifying beech, the


first

name
is

of the

port to the

human

frame, and this

especially the
is

the

consonant of the alphabet, although


Gael, alphabet that letter

function of the leg bone, to which the term

ap-

in the

OG. and

named
mostly

propriated in G. and Du.

We
W.

may

therefore

faii'ly

identify bone with the

from the birch instead of the beech. Boom. In nautical language, which
derived from the
lects,

is

bon, a stem or base, a stock, stump, or trunk

Low German and Scandinavian diabeam


or pole used in keeping the

and in fact we find the word in W. as in G. and Du. assuming the special signification of leg W. bonog,
:

a boom

is

sails in

position, or

a large

beam

stretched across

having a stem or stalk, also thick-shanked ; bon-gam, crook-shanked bondew, bonfras, thick-legged, ft-om
;

the

teu, bras, thick.

Bonliret
fires

A large fire

lit

in the open air on oc-

mouth of a harbour for defence. Du. boom, a tree, pole, beam, bolt. To Boom. To sound loud and dull Du. bommen. See Bomb.

Kil. like

a gun.

casion of public rejoicing.

Named

from the beacon-

Boon.
Bailey.

A
The
13.

favour, a good turn or request.


latter is the original

formerly in use to raise an alarm over a wide

meaning.
is

AS.
(E.

Dan. baun, a beacon, a word of extent of country. which we have traces in several English names, as Banbury, Banstead. Near the last of these a field is still called the Beacon field, and near Banbury is a lofty hill called Crouch Hill, where a cross (or
crouch) probably served to

ben, bene, petition, prayer.

Thin ben

gehyred,

Luke

i.

Icel. beidne, petition, fi'om beida

bid), to ask.

Boor.
boer,

peasant, countryman, clown. Du. G. bauer, from Du. bouwen, to till, cultivate,

mark

the place of the

build,

G. bauen,

to cultivate, inhabit, build


till,

Icel.

former beacon.
the

The

origin of the
tall,

word

is

probably

bua, to prepare, set in order, dress,

inhabit.

W.

ban, high, lofty,

whence
;

ban-ffagl,

lofly

From

the sense of inhabiting

we have

neighbour,

blaze, a bonfire.

cons in E.

Banns, or
called

Many lofty hills are called Bea- G. nachbar, one who dwells nigh. and Ban in W. as the Brecknockshire From the participle present, Icel. buandi, Vanns, in W. Banau Brychyniog, also comes bondi, the cultivator, the possessor
farm, master of the house, hus-band.

boandi,

of the

Brecknock Beacons. [The Danish baun, a beacon, is from the Icelandic bakn, a signal, and is identical with the Swedish bak, PI. D. bake. See Beacon. M.]

See Bown, Busk, Build.

Boot.

Fr.

botte.

Du.

bote,

calceus rusticus e crudo corio.


sen, short boots.

Schm.
Du.

Bonnet.
dress.

Fr. bonnet.

Gael, bonaid ;

a headorigin.

Kilian's time the

bote

Kil. Swab, boswould appear that in was similar to the Irish


It

boten-schoen, pero,

The word seems

of Scandinavian

brogue and Indian mocassin, a bag of skin or leather,


enveloping the foot and laced on the instep.
thus doubtless the same
It is

From

bo, boa, bua, to dress, to set in order,


;

bonad,

reparation, dress.

Hufwud-bonad, head-dress waggbonad, wall hangings, tapestry. But bonad does not appear to have been used by itself for head-dress. Irish boinead, a bonnet or cap, is referred to beann, the top or summit (equivalent to W. penn, head), and eide, dress.

word with the

It. botta,

Sp.

Prov.

bota, Fr. botte,

ing liquids.

To Boot.
succour.

See Butt. Bootless.


Bailey.

a hollow skin, a vessel for hold-

To

boot,

to

aid,

help,
evil,
is

Boot of

bale,

remedy of
to

rehef from sorrow.


give
it

To

give a thing to boot


it

to

Booby. The character of folly is generally represented by the image of one gaping and staring
wondering at everything. Fr. badaud, a fool, dolt, ass, gaping hoyden Cotgr. ; from badare, to gape. gaby, a silly fellow, gaping about with a vacant stare. Baker. Gawney, a simpleton, ibid. ; from AS. ganian, to yawn. On the same principle from ba, representing the sound naturally made in opening the mouth, Ir. bobo! an interjection of wonder Sp. bobo, Gr. Pa(3aL Rouchi, baia, the mouth, and figuratively a foolish gaping imbecile babaie, baiou, in the same sense. Hecart. Walon. bdber, boubair, bdbau, boubie ; It. babbeo, a booby, simpleton, blockhead.
about,

into the bargain, to give

improve the

conditions already proposed or agreed on.

Clement the cobeler cast

off

hus cloke

And

ny we fayre nempned it to selle Hick the hakeneyeman liitte hus hod after There were chapmen ychose the chaffare to preise That he that hadde the hod sholde nat habbe the cloke, The betere thing by arbitours sholde bote the werse. P.P.
to the

i.

e.

should contribute something to


Bootless,

make

the bar-

gain equal.

without advantage, not con-

tributing to further the end


boete,

we have

in view.
;

Du.
to

baete,

aid,

remedy, amendment

boeten,

Book.

AS.

boc

;
;

Goth.

boJca,

letter,
;

writing

mend, and hence to fine, to expiate; boeten den dorst, to quench one's thirst; boeten het vier, AS.
betan fyr, to bete the
fire,

bohos, the scriptures

bokareis,

a scribe

G. buch-

properly to

mend

the

fire,

112
but used in the sense of laying or lighting
it,

BOOT.

BORE.
melior, melius,
is

ignem, admovere
incendiary.

titiones.

struere

wanting in most languages, and

Kil.

Fr. bovie-feu, an

of course
is

its

non-existence in the Gothic dialects

not an anomaly.

But many
and there
is

etymologists find a

it

For the derivation of the word see Abet, where is deducted from the setting on of dogs, an image
! !

positive in the supposed Sanscrit

cognate bhadra,

which furnishes a designation for the act of blowing up the fii-e in otlier instances. Thus from uzz izz the cry used in irritating a dog and setting him on
to fight, the It.

no obvious reason why the Persian positive beh, good, and its comparative behtar, better, should not be considered as closely related words, and as pointing to the historical orifortunate, excellent,

has uzzare, izzare, aizzare, adizzare, dogs on to


fight, to

gin of the latter word.

atizare, attizzare, to set

provoke,

Since

my

note to Abet was put to press, I have

to stir
fire

up the

the

From the notion of mending the met with an example of bet in Kyng Alysaundre, which had escaped my notice hitherto, and which signification may have been extended to that
fire.
;

of mending in general

or the figure of urghig for-

appears to
of the

me

to

throw some

light

on the meaning

wards dogs

may have been

used

to

express the idea

word

of driving forwards, pushing on towards an object,

and thus of obtaining a better position. If the latter be the path by which the idea of mending has been attained, it is probable that the Du. bade, advantage, utilitas,

Arme the quyk in armes, And thy barouns, and hieth


In
this

bet !

3756.

instance,

bet

has evidently precisely the

commodum, lucrum,
better

et medela,

reme-

dium;
Kil.
;

baet, bat, bet, potius, melius,

magis, plus

and the E. same manner. It


puslied

must be explained

in the

same force as in go bet ! and there is little doubt that it is an adverb qualifying hieth in this phrase and go in the other. I see no objection to supposing
that
it

will

advantage

literally signifies furtherance, the

be observed that the word being

may be

simply the

verb

bet, better.

Hie

better !

common comparative make greater haste

ad!

and thus the equivalent baete, above mentioned, might well be derived from a verb signifying to urge or push onwards, while the adverb baet, bat, bet would signify in a higher or further degree, in a condition more conducive to the object
forwards,

M.] Boothi
sense of
boards,

This word

is

very widely spread in the

slight erection,

a shelter of branches,

&;c.

Gael, both, bothag, bothan, a bothy,

cottage, hut, tent, bower.


hut, a shop
;

Bohera. bauda, budka, a


;

of desire.

budowati, to build

Pol. buda, a booth

mannan, what boots it a man, what does it better a man, might have been translated, what does it advance a man, what does
boteith
it

The Goth, hwa

or shed, budowac, to build.

Icel. bud,

a hut or
;

tent,

a shed, a shop.
bod, a cupboard.

O. Sw. scedes-bod, a granary

mai-

Du.

boede, boeye, a hut, cupboard,

further him.
It is

barn, cellar.

For

to

naught honest, it may not avaunce have dealing with such base poraille.
Chaucer.
Friar's Prol.

Neither G. bauen,
the

to build,

nor E. abode, affords a

satisfactory explanation.

In the Slavonic languages

word

signifying to build seems a derivative rath-

[The extraordinary theory advanced under Abet


is

er than a root.

See Bower.

here carried a step further, and


all

it

is

argued, that

Bootji

It is admitted that Fr. butin. It. bottino,

not only

the large class of words discussed un-

are derived from G. beute.

The Sw.

byte points to

der that and the present head, but the comparative


better, which is common to all the Gothic languages, and even the Persian, are derived from " the cry bet, used in setting dogs on their prey." Of course, historical evidence is not to be expected with regard to the origin of so ancient a word as better, but we have a right to ask some proof of the antiquity and wide diffusion of the alleged root, or at least of some imitative analogy from which its meaning might be deduced. Such proof is wholly wanting.

the verb byta, to exchange or divide, as the origin

of the word, the primary signification of which would


thus be the division of the spoil.
HalfVa bytning af
alt that rof.

A half share of all that spoil.


Hist. Alexand.

Mag.

in Ihre.

in Icel. grip-deildi

In like manner the booty taken in war is called and hlut-skipti, from deila and

sMpta, to divide.

The sense, so many of


parative,

to improve, repair, restore,

the

common to words which Wedgwood derives,

BoraclliOt
drunkard.
wine.
swell.

wine-skin,

and metaphorically a
borra, to

Sp. borracha, a leather bag or bottle for

directly or indirectly,

from bet, is in its nature comand the want, in the Gothic languages, of a primitive to which better can be fairly referred,

Gael, borracha, a bladder, from

See Burgeon.

may

be considered

as, negatively,

a confirmation of

Fr. bordure, a border, welt, hem or Border. gard of a garment, from bord, edge, margin. IceL
bord, limbus, ora, extremitas

our author's theory. But the positive to the corresponding comparative, as, for example, the Latin

To

Bore. Burin.

bordi, fimbria, limbus.


Icel. bora,

G. bohren,

Lat.

BOREAL. BORROW.
forare.

113

Hung, furni,
;

to bore, furo,
;

a borer

Fin.

puras, a chisel, terebra sculptoria


terebro, sculpo

purastoa, scalpo,

Boron^lli A word spread over all the Teutonic and Romance languages. AS. burg, burh, hyrig, a

Ostiak. por, par, a borer, piercer.


little

The

Fin. purra, to bite, leaves

doubt as to
is

the primitive image from

whence
to

the expression

whence the frequent occurrence of the terminanames of English towns, Canterbury, Newbury, &c. Goth, baurgs, Icel. borg. It.
city,

tion bury in the

taken, the action of biting aifording the most obvi-

borgo, Fr. bourg.

Gr.

Trupyos,

a tower,

is

probably

ous analogy from whence


anything.

name

the operation of a

radically

connected.

cutting instrument, or the gradual

working a hole

in

burgum vocant."

Vegetius

" Castellum in

parvum quern Diez. Hence must

The

Icel. bit is
;

used to signify the point

or edge of a knife
in E. of

biir,

sharp, pointed.

We
is

speak

an edge that will not

in the sense of Icel. bit

and it that the term


bite,

doubtless

have arisen burgensis, a citizen, giving rise to It. borgese, Fr. bourgeois, E. burgess, a citizen. The origin seems to be the Goth, bairgan, AS.
beorgan, to protect, to keep, preserve.
to save, to conceal,

centre-bit is

G. bergen,
to save.

applied to an instrument for boring.

The

corre-

withhold

Dan. Merge,

sponding forms in Lap. are pdrret, to


thence to eat
;

bite,

and

Sw. berga,
bergas, the

to save, to take in, to contain.

Solen

and parrets, an awl, a borer. The analogy between the operation of a cutting instrument and the act of gnawing or biting leads to
the application of Fin. puru, Esthon. purro, to anything comminuted

sun

sets.

The

primitive idea seems to

bring under cover.

See Bury, Borrow.

[This word
in the

is

almost as "widely spread

among
is

the

Oriental as the European nations, and borj

found

by

either kind of action, as Fin.


infants,

sahan puru, Esthon. pu purro (saha saw; pu wood), OHG. uzboro, urboro, sawdust, the gnawings as it were of the saw

puru, chewed food for

which

Arabo-Maltese dialect, in the double sense has in the Gothic languages. M.] plain rude fellow, a boor. Bailey. Borrelt Frequently applied to laymen in contradistinction to
it

or borer.

the

more polished

clergy.
as nice fresche

Another derivation from Fin. purra, to bite, is purin, dens mordens vel caninus, the equivalent
of the
It.

But wele I wot

and gay
ben,

borino, bolino, a graver's small pounce, a

sharp chisel for cutting stone with

Som of hem ben as bord folkis And that unsittynge is to here

degre.

Flor.

Fr. and

Occleve in Halliwell.

E. burin, an engraver's
he
bites

chisel, the tool

with which

The

origin of the term

is

the O. Fr. borel, buret,

into his

copper plate.

Compare Manx,

coarse cloth

made

of the undyed wool of brown


it

hirrag,

a sharp-pointed tooth, or anything pointed,


Fin. puras, a chisel, differs only in

sheep, the ordinary dress of the lower orders, as


still

Gael, biorag, a tusk, which are probably from the

same

root.

termination.

Savoy and Switzerland. See Bureau. In like manner It. bizocco (from bizo, grey), primarily signifying coarse brown cloth, is
is

in parts of

[Bosworth, Ang.-Sax. Dictionary, defines bor by


burin,

used in the sense of coarse, clownish, unpolished,


rustic, rude.

and

refers for authority to a

tonian Collection,

MS. in the Cotwhich I suppose may be the Angloat the

Altieri.

[In the

Roman

de

la

Rose, v. 1215, 1216,

it

is

end of the Vocabularies in Vol. I. of the Nat. Antiq. where the Lat. scalprum is translated bor. But although bor was used in the sense of graver by the Anglo-Saxons, it appears not to have been known in early English. Burin is comparatively modern, and is taken not directly from the AS. bor, but from the French burin. This word, doubtless originally from a cognate Gothic root, if not from the AS., is older in all the Romance languages than in modern English, though with some difference of orthography, and as appears from Santa Rosa, it occurs in Portuguese " Tres in the form barim as early as the year 1359 escudelas de prata chaans, com os sinaes do dito M.] Vasco de Sousa, feitos ao barim." BoreaL Lat. Boreas, the North Wind, borealis, northern. Russ. borei, the N. wind burya, tempest,

Saxon vocabulary printed

said of Franchise:

Vestue ot une sorquanie, Qui ne fu naie de borras.

Chaucer

translates this

And

she had on a suckeny, That not of hempe herdes was, &c.

The

authorities cited

by Ducange under Birrus do


stuffs,

not seem to confine the term to woollen

though

wool was doubtless the most common material for The word had a variety coarse and cheap cloths. of meanings, and it sometimes designated simply a

storm.

[The

terrible

north-wind which sweeps over the

Karst, and plunges of the Adriatic,


is

down upon

Trieste and the head

called the Bora.

M.]

and was at others applied to fine and M.] To BorroWt Properly to obtain money on security, from AS. borg, borh, a surety, pledge, loan. " Gif thu feoh to borh gesylle," if thou give money on loan. G. biirge, a surety, bail; biirgen, to become a surety, to give bail or answer for another.
russet color,
costly fabrics.

AS.
15

beorgan, to protect, secure.

VOL.

I.

114

BORSHOLDER. BOTTLE.

Borsholder.

Borowholder.
By
the

A head-borough

projection from within instead of without, the Sc.


boss, bos, hois, is

or chief constable.

general system of bail

Saxon laws there was a tliroughout the country, by


for his neighbour.

used in the sense of hollow, empty,

poor,

destitute.

boss

which each man was answerable

emitted by a hollow body.

" Ic wille that selc man sy under borge ge binnan burgum ge butan burgum." I will tliat every man be under bail, Laws of Edgar in Bosbotli within towns and without.

hollow bucklers.

D. V.

Jam.
The

sound, that

which is Bos bucklers,


of the

boss

the hollow between the ribs and the side.

Jam.

side,

worth.

large jar
" borhes ealdor," the chief of the " borh,"

Hence

or system of bail, corrupted,

when

that system

was

a small cask or de Trevoux. Bosse, tonneau. Vocab. de Vaud. Du. buyse, a jar, and also as E. boss, a pipe, cock, water-conduit,
;

boss is then a hollow vessel,

Fr. busse, a cask.

Diet,

forgotten, into hors-holder, horough-holder, or head-

"

The Bosses
In the

at Belinsgate."

Stow.
is

borough, as if from the verb to hold, and horough in


the sense of a town.

latter sense the origin

probably from

the notion of a tap or stopper (Fr. bouscher, to stop,

Boshi
hosh,

A word lately introduced from our interTurk.


Sc. hoss, hollow, empty, poor.

from

bousse, bousche,

a bunch) regulating the flow of


is

course Avith the East, signifying nonsense.

water, the
case of

name of which
doccia, to
is

transferred, as in the

empty, vain, useless, agreeing in a singular

It.

the pipe or spout through

manner with
son.

Jamie
Cotgr.
;

which the water


[Bosse
is

Boss.

Fr. hosse, a bunch or hump, any round

swelling, a wen, botch, knob, knot, knur.

Du.

hosse, busse, the boss or

knob of a buckler

bos,

bussel,

a bunch,

tuft,

bundle.

See Dock. French in the sense of rilievo or relief; demi-bosse, half-relief, une figur en ronde bosse, a fully detached statue, and from this application of the word comes our emboss, to ornament with figures in relief, usually by beating upon
conveyed.
often used in

The words signifying a lump or protuberance have commonly also the sense of striking, knocking, whether from the fact that a blow is apt to produce a swelling in the body struck, or because a blow can only be given by a body of a certain mass, as we speak of a thumping potato, a bouncing baby ; or
perhaps
Jacere,
it

the reverse side.

Pecock uses the word much

in the

French sense

grauen ther yn ymagis * * * boocing and seeming as though thei were going and passing out of the wal. Also * * * he graued in a greet outboocing ymages of cherubyn, &c. Repressor, I. 138. M.]

He ordeyned

to be

may be
cast.

that the protuberance is consid-

Botchi

Du.

botsen, butsen, to strike, botse, butse,


boil, botch.
It.

ered as a pushing or striking out, as projection from


to

The
;

Gael,

cnoc,

an eminence,

a contusion, bump, blain, pock ; bozzare,


boc,

bozza, a lx)tch,

to blister, swell, bladder.


;

Gael.
;

agrees with E. knock


blow.

while Gael. C7iag signifies


;

a blow, a stroke

boc,

a pimple, pustule

It.

both a knock and a knob


little

cnap, a knob, a boss, a

piece.

HalUweU.

E.

cob,

a blow, and also a lump or

A bump

is

used in both senses

a bubble, bunch, bud ; buccia, a bud, cod, husk. For the connexion between the senses of a blow and a protuberance, see Boss.
boccia,

of a blow and a protuberance.


signifies

Bunch, which now a knob, was formerly used in the sense of

To Botch. To mend by patching, hence Bailey. work clumsily and ill-favouredly.


boetsen, butsen.

knocking.

swelling,

Du. butsen, botsen, bump, botch.

to strike

butse, botse,

to

do Du.

Kil.

From
from
give
;

the notion of striking,


cob, to strike.

as the

synonymous
batschen,
batsch,

cobble,

Swiss

Corresponding to boss in the sense of a lump

we

batschen,

to

a sounding

blow, to

have Du. bossen, It. bussare, Fr. bousser (Roquefort), to knock ; Bav. buschen, bauschen, bossen, to strike so as to give a dull sound, and on the other hand G. bausch, a projection, bunch, whisp of straw
or the like.

smack

or patch.

a lump

batschen, patschen, to botch

Stalder.

Bote.

House-bote, jire-bote, signifies a supply of

wood
hot,

to repair the house, to

mend

the

fire.

AS.
bethia,
;

from

betan, to repair.

A
Du.
It.

final ss

exchanges so frequently with a


E.
butt, to strike
;

t,

that

Both.
hede
;

See Boot. AS. Butu, hutwo, batwa; 0. Sax.


beggia
;

the foregoing must be considered as closely related


to forms like the
bot, botte,

Icel. badir, gen.

Goth, ba, baioths


;

with the head

Sanscr.

ubhau

Lith. ahbu, abbu-du


oha, oba-dwa
;

Lett,

ahbi,

impulsus, ictus

Fr. bouter, to thrust

abbi-diwi ;

Slavon.

Lat.

ambo.

i.

and here also we find the same connexion with the notion of a lump or round mass. Fr. bot, a luncheon or ill-favoured big
buttare, Sp. botar, to cast,

Diefenbach.

Bother.
nifies

From

the Irish, where the word sig-

grief,

affliction.

Garnet.

Phil.

Trans,

piece of
foot

ill-favouredly round, as pied-bot,

a club

171.

botte,

a bunch, bundle

W.

bot,

a round body.

Bott.
botu^,

A belly-worm, especially in horses.

Gael.

Spurrel.

a bott

Then from the peculiar resonance of a blow on a hollow object, or perhaps also from lookmg at the

in barley.

boiteag,

a maggot.

Bauds, maggots

Bailey.

Bottle.

This word has two very distinct mean-

BOTTOM. BOULT.
ingg, which however may be reduced to the same uUimate root: 1. a hollow vessel for holding liquids; 2. a small bundle of hay. In the former sense it is immediately from Fr.
houteille, It. bottiglia,
hotte,

115
of the Rose, translates the bouton of
first

the

Romaunt

the original, the

half dozen times

it

occurs, v.

1646, 1654, 1656, 1662, 1673, byknoppe,but afterwards, generally, and I believe uniformly, by ho-

the diminutive of

It. hotte,

Diez. a vessel for holding liquids. See Butt. Fr. bouteille is also a water-bubble, in Halwhich sense bottle is provincially used in E. liwell. Prov. hotola, a tumour, tubercle.
houte,

Fr.

thum.

M.]

The branch of a tree. AS. hog, boh, from bugan, to bow, bend. Bough-pot, or Bow-pot, a jar to set boughs in for ornament, as a nosegay.
Bon^h.
And And
be handsome and boughs and rushes flowers for the windows and the Turkey carpet." -r" Why would you venture so fondly on the strowings, There's mighty matter in them, I assure you,
care

Bret, hotel foenn

In the second sense, " a bottle of hay " is the Fr. hotel, hoteaic, the diminutive ;
hotte,
;

"

Take

my house

the

new

stools set out,

of

a bunch, bundle

hotte

de foin, a whisp of
origin of the

hay
Fr.

Gael, hoiteal, hoitean, a bundle of hay or straw.


hot,

a lump.

For the primary

word, see Boss.


[Gazi, quoting Hesychins, says that the Gx*eek
the name of a flask or jar covered with wicker-work or plaited thongs, was pronounced jivrlvyj by the people of Tarentum in Magna Graecia, and
Trvrivq,

And

in the spreading of a bough-pot."

B. and F. Coxcomb,

iv. 3.

Bought.

Bont. Bi^ht.
when

The

boughts of a

rope are the separate folds

coiled in a circle,
coils

that this latter form


(3vTLov, (3ovTLov,

was gradually corrupted


ftovTTLov,
hottiglia.

into

from AS. bugan, to bow or bend ; and as the come round and round in similar circles, a
with a slight difference of spelling,
intervals, as
volta,
is

bout,

aud
its

wlicuce probably the

applied to the

Italian hotte

and

diminutive

The

Glos-

turns of things that succeed one another at certain

sary of Sophocles gives several other closely alHed


forms, and this must be regarded as a
ble etymology than that

a bout of

fair or foul

weather.

So

It.

more probaproposed by Wedgwood,


irurivr]

a turn or time, an occasion, from volgere, to


bight is

turn.

though

it

plained.

M.]

leaves the primary sense of

unexdepth.

A
the

merely another pronunciation of the The Bight of Benin,

same word,
hotm,

signifying in nautical language a coil of

Bottonii
"

AS.

the

lowest

Caedm. Du. Fyre to botme," to the fiery abyss. hodem ; G. hoden ; Icel. hotn, Dan. hund, Lat. fimdus. The Gr. /3v9o<;, /Sev^os, a depth, and a^vcrao^, an abyss or bottomless pit, seem developments of the same root, another modification of which may

part,

rope, the hollow of a bay.

bay of Benin. Dan. See Bight. gulf, bay.

hugt, bend, turn, winding,

Bolt. To sift meal by shaking it To Boult. backwards and forwards in a sack or cloth of loose Du. buydel, bulga, crumena, sacculus. texture.
Kil.

It,

be preserved in
bottom, foundation

Gael, hun, a root,


;

stock,

stump,

G.
;

heutel,

a bag, a purse, the bolting-bag in a


buylen,

W.

bon, stem

or base, stock,

mill

Du. huydelen,
to

G.

heuteln, to boult meal.

butt end.

See Bound.
is

Ostiak, pede, sole, bottom


sole,

Fr. Muter, Rouchi. butter. Mid. Lat. buletare,


burattare,
huratello,

'Wotiak, pydes, ground,


2.

bottom.

boult meal

burato,

boulting

A bottom

also used in the sense of a ball of

little

boulting sieve or bag.

cloth,

Flor.

thread,

whence the name of the weaver in Midsummer Night's Dream. The word bottom or hothum was also used in OE. for a bud. Both applications
are from the root
tion,
hot, both, in

have seen under Boss a number of words, each of them traceable to a syllable representing in the first instance the sound of a blow, then signifying a knob, lump,
case
;

We

the sense of projec-

swelling,

inflation,

receptacle,

round lump, boss.


bobbin,
hot,

See Boss.

bottom of

signifies a short thick mass. a round body both, boss of a buckbothel, pothel, a blister, pimple ler, nave of a wheel Richards ; botJiog, round, hotwm, a boss, a button ;

thread, like

The W. has

Fr. boiiton, a bud.

See Button.

[The edible part of the artichoke is the bud, still commonly called the artichoke bottom. Digby uses button for incipient bud

And new

parts flocking

clog that issue, and

still from the root, must they not grow into a button, which will be a bud 1

Digby, Treatise of Bodies, chap.

24.

I believe that hothum

is

merely the French bouton,

a shoot or bud, a button, as the English button unquestionably is. It is remarkable that Chaucer, in

and a similar train of thought seems to have led to the designation of a sack or envelope by the term buU, bolt. We have the Lat. pultare, Sw. hdta, E. polt, a thump or blow poltto beat, to knock Halliwell Dan. foot, as Yv. pied-hot, a club-foot Du. bult, pult, a clod or clump, Sw. bylte, a bundle hulte, a straw mattras, or sack a hump, a boil, stuffed with straw ; Sp. bulto, a hump, bulk, pillowWith the t exchanged for an s we have Lat. case. E. hulch, hulse pulsare, Du. hulsen (Kil.), to knock Dan. poise, a sausage (a skin (Halliwell), a bunch stuffed with mincemeat) E. pulse, sack-fruited vegetables Sp. bolsa, a purse, and (with the same interchange of I and r which we saw in buletare, burat;

tare) It. horsa

and E. purse.

116
Instead of
hovlt,

BOUNCE. BOURDON.
the

word bunt is used in Somerwhence bunting, the loose woven woollen texture employed in the first instance for that purpose, and then for making the flags of
setshire for sifting meal,
ships, in

The
their
fixed.

entire

value of such bounds depends


Gael,
bunaiteaeh,
steady,

upon
firm,

fixedness.
It is

remarkable that we find very nearly

the same variation in the


for bound, as

which

latter sense

it is

now

generally used.
in

And
butt
;

here also the meaning seems developed

a
to

bottom,
root.

mode of spelling the word was formerly shown in the case of which was also referred to the same Celtic

similar manner.

To

bu?it, to

push with the head,


;

Dan. bundt, a bunch, bundle


sail,

E. bunt, the

belly or hollow of a

the middle part of a sail

formed into a kind of bag to receive the wind.


Hal.

Bown. The meaning of bound, when Bound. we speak of a ship bound for New York, is prepared
for,

ready

to

go

to,

addressed
all

to.

The barons were


Primarily to
strike,

bone to

make

the king assaute.

To Bonnce.
anything in
spring.

then to do

R. Brunne in R.

a violent startling way, to jump, to Bunche, tundo, trudo he buncheth me

and beateth

me

to-bounced, contusa.

he came home with Pr. Pm.


is

And bed hem all ben boon, beggeres and To wenden with hem to Westmynstere. He of Amid

othere

his face all

P. P. in Ibid.

Bums

The sound of a blow or Buns ; whence

imitated in PI. D.

by

bumsen, bamsen, bunsen, to

a thing so as to give a dull sound ; an de dor bunsen, to knock at the door.


strike against

adventure happed hire to mete the toun right in the quikkest strete As she was boun to go the way forth right Chaucer in R. Toward the garden.

It is the participle past buinn, prepared, ready, of

Yet

And

he bet and bounst upon the dore thundered strokes thereon so hideously That all the pece he shaked from the flore And filled all the house with fear and great uproar.
still

the Icel. verb bua, to prepare, set out, address.

Bourd.

A jest, sport, game.


root.

Immediately from

Fr. bourde in the same sense, and that probably

from a Celtic
till

Bret, bourd, deceit, trick, joke


;

r. Q.

Gael, burd, burt, mockery, ridicule


taunt, repartee.

buirte,

a jibe,

An
it

de dor ankloppen dot idt bunset, to knock

As

the Gael, has also buirleadh,


it is

sounds again.
it

He fuh

dat

et

bunsede, he

fell

so

language of
It.

folly or ridicule,

probable that the

that

sounded.

Hence bunsk

in the sense of the

burlare, to banter or laugh at,


to the

must be referred
well-known
inter-

E. bouncing, thumping, strapping, as the vulgar whapper, bumper, for anything large of its kind. "Een bunsken appel jungen " a bouncing apple

to the

baby. Brem. Wort. Du. knock. Halma. See Bunch.


to

same root, according change of d and I.

The
is

notion of deceiving or making a fool of one

bons, a blow, bonzen,

often expi-essed

by reference

to

some

artifice

em-

ployed for diverting his attention, whether by sound

To Bonndt
original

Fr. bondir, to spring, to leap.

The

or gesticulation.
for deceiving him,

meaning is probably simply to strike, as that of E. bounce, which is frequently used in the same sense with bound. The origin seems an imitation of the sounding blow of an elastic body, the verb bondir in O. Fr. and Prov., and the equivalent bonir
in Catalan, being used in the sense of resounding.

Thus we speak of humming one and in the same way to bam is to


a bam, a
to false tale or jeer

make fun

of one

Hal.

from Du. bommen,

No

ausiratz parlar, ni

motz

brugir,

Ni gacha

frestelar, ni cor bondir.

hum. Now we shall see in the* next article that the meaning of the root bourd is to Macleod hum. Gael, burdan, a humming noise, Shaw bururus, warbling, a sing-song, a jibe, Bav. burren, brummen, sausen, purling, gurgling. brausen, to hum, buzz, grumble Sw. purra, to take

hear talking nor a word murmur, Nor a centinel whistle, nor horn soimd. Raynouard.
will not

You

one

in, to trick, to cheat.

Bourdon.

Burden.
The

Bourdon, the drone of

Langued. bounbounejha, hum, to resound.

to

hum

boundina, to

a bagpipe, hence musical accompaniment, repetition


of sounds with or without sense at the end of stated
divisions of a song.

Bound.
limit,

Boundary. mere, march.


vocant,

Fr. bome, bone, a bound,

Sp. bordon

is

also used in

Cotgr.

Mid. Lat. bodina,


illi

the sense of burden of a song.

butina, bunda, bonna.


bonnets

" Multi ibi limites quos

And
With

there in mourning spend their time


wailful tunes, while wolves do

suorum

recognoverunt

agrorum."
to

howl and barke


Spenser in R.

" Alodus sic est circumcinctus et divisus per bodinas


fixas et loca designata."

And seem

to bear a bourdon to their plaint.

a monastery in Poitou.
bodinare, to set out

Charter of K. Robert Ducange. Bodinare,

de-

by metes and bounds. Probably from the Celtic root bon, bun, a stock, bottom, root (see Bottom). Bret, men-bonn, a boundary stone

His wife him bore a burden a full strong Men might hir routing heren a fttrlong.

Chaucer in B.
Fr. bourdon, a drone of a bagpipe, a drone or
dor-bee, also the

(men

= stone)

bonnein, to set bounds, to fix limits.

humming

or buzzing of bees.

BOURDON. BOX.
Cotgr.

117
Gael, bogha, a curve, vault,
is

Sp. hordon, the base of a stringed instru-

bow
swell,

to

shoot with.

ment, or of an organ.
noise, the only character

The meaning

of the word

arch, bow.

The

origin

exhibited in
bogel,

W.

bog,

obviously has reference to the droning or

humming
humsup-

a rising up, whence

a nave,

navel,

common

to the

drone of a

boglyn, a boss, knob, bubble.

From

this primitive

bagpipe and the drone bee.

Gael, burdan, a

ming
durd,

noise, the imitative character of

which

is

ported by the use of durdan in the same sense

image I believe the verb bugan, to bow, to be formed, and not vice versa. So from bouk, a bunch (evidenced by Fr. bouquet, Russ. puk, a bunch), Dan.
bukke,

hum

as a bee, mutter.

The

Bret, has bouda,

to buzz,

hum, murmur, related

to bourd, as

E. sup,
s. s.

Du. bukken, to bunch oneself, to bow. Bowels. It. budelle, Venet. buele, O. Fr.

boel.

sop, to L. sorbere, or

Bourdon.
grim's
staff,

Borden.
staff,

E.

bubble, to

OE.

burble,

Fr.

bourdon.

A
;

pil-

Mid. Lat. botellus. Si intestina vel botelli perforati claudi non potuerint. Leg. Angl. in Diez. Bret.

the big end of a club, a pike or spear

bourdon d'un moulin k vent, a mill-post.


Prov. bordo, a
done, a
staff,

Cotgr.
It.

bouzellou, bouellou.

W.

poten, the belly, a pudding.

crutch, cudgel, lance

bor-

Probably from the rumbling of the bowels. Bret. bouad, to hum, to murmur. Fin. potista, rauce ebullio
ut puis fervida, mussito, potina, a murmuring.

a prop.

In

Bonrn.
2.

l.

A limit.
a brook

Fr. borne, a corruption of

like

manner the

Icel.

bumbr, the belly, seems related

bonne, identical with E. bound, which see.


Sc. burn,
;

to bumla, to resound, Gr. f^ofjLJSvXia^oi, to

rumble

GrOth. brunna,
;

a spring,

the Russ. brioche,


to

Bohem.

hrich, the belly, to bruceti,

Du.

borne, a well, spring, spring-water


;

Gael,

bum,

hum,

to

fresh water

Gr. ^pveiv, to burst forth as a spring,

bruire, to
Altieri.

or a flower-bud.

See Burgeon.

buzz and the W. bru, the belly, to It. rumble as the guts do in one's belly. The word guts itself is probably from a
;

To Bonse.
en
;

To

drink deeply.

Du.

buys,

drunk-

similar origin.
in the
s.
s.

Icel. gutla, to

guggle

OE.

gothel,

buysen, to drink largely, to indulge in his cups,


Sc. boss, a grande bou;

from buyse, a large two-handed flagon


jar or flagon
teille.

Roquefort.
to

O. Fr. bous,

bout, outre,

His guts begonne to gothelen Like two greedy sowes. P. P.

See Butt.
Hal. Icel. bur, Bower. NE. boor, a parlour. utibur, an outhouse a separate apartment AS. bur, a chamber swefn-bur, a sleeping-room cumena bur, guest-chamber fata-bur, a wardrobe
; ; ; ; ;

We shule preye the hay ward hom to our hous


Drink

him dearly

of full good bous.

Man
So from Du.
yen
;

in the

Moon

in N.

and Q.

kroes, kruys, vas potorium, kroesen,


;

Sw. honse-bur, a hen-coop


with
Icel. bua,

W.

bwr, an inclosure, in-

krosen, potare, to carouse

from kroeg, a crock, kroe-

trenchment, bwra, a croft by a house.

Unconnected
oiKTjjxa

from

W. pot,
To
;

a pot, potio, to tipple.

To Bow.
buga, beygia
beugen.

bend.

AS.

beogan, bugan

Icel.

G. bauen, to inhabit. Ihre quotes from Hesychius (Svptov,

^v-

Goth, biugan, baug, bugun, G. biegen,

ptoOev, otKoOev.

The board
in

in

cupboard

is

a corruption of the fore-

To bow

OE. was used


Heo

in the sense of bending

going bur, from the attempt to give meaning to the

one's steps, proceeding in a certain direction.


bugen ut of France

elements of a compound word

when no
rolling
vessel.

longer un-

derstood in their original form.

Into Burguine

Bowl.

A
also a

wooden

ball

for

along the

Howel
Beh

of Brutaine

to than kinge.

Layamon.

ground

round drinking
Icel. bolli,

Fr. boule

in both senses.

a teacup.
is

See Boil.

And

so boweth forth by a brook " Beth buxom of speche," Till ye finden a ford " Your fadres honoureth."P. P.

Box.

hollow wooden case, as well as the

name of a
for turning

shrub, whose

wood

peculiarly adapted

boxes and similar objects.


Gr.
ttu^os,

AS. box
Trufts,

in
;

both senses.

the box-tree,
articles

box
it

Forth hii gonne bouwe In to Brutaine And hii full sone To Arthure come. Layamon.

Lat. buxus, the box-tree and

made of

the box-tree

Jesus bowide awey place. Wiehf, Job. 5.

And

fire

the people that was set in the

G. buchse, a box, the barrel of a gun, buchsbaum, It. bosso, box-tree, bossola, a box, hollow place Fr. buis, Bret, beuz, Bohem. pusspan box-tree ; pusska, a box.
; ;

A Bow.

Generally anything bent or rounded,

as a bow to shoot with, the rounded front of a ship, a curving of the back in sign of obeisance. G. bogen, a curve, arch, vault, bow. Svv. bage, an arch, bow. Dan, bug, bow of a ship, belly, bulge bue, a
;

little box PI. D. Hence, with an inversion of the s and k, as in AS. acsian, E. ask, we arrive at the E. box, without the need of resorting to an immediate derivation from the Latin.

Du.

busse,

a box, bussken, a

biisse,

bilske.

The box

of a coach

is

commonly explained

as if

118
it

BOX.

BRACK.
turb, quarrel
;

had formerly been an actual box, containing the implements for keeping the coach in order. It is more probably from the G. bock, signifying in the first instance a buck or he-goat, being applied in general to a trestle or support upon which anything See Crab, rests, and to a coach-box in particular.
a buck, is applied to a coach-box, while the plural kozli/ is used in the sense of a sawing-block, trestle, painter's eaCable.
koziel,
sel,

Bohem.

breptati, to stutter,

murmur,
as scrawl

babble.

From brabble seems to be formed brawl ;


from scrabble
arare.
;

crawl from Du. krabbelen, unguibus

In like manner the Pol.

different meanings of the word be reduced to the idea of straining, compressing, confining, binding together, from a root brak, which has many representatives in the other

Brace.

The

brace

may

all

&c.

To Box.
Dan.
flap,

To

fight

with the
;

fists.

From

the

bask, a sounding blow baske, to slap, thwack, by the same inversion of s and k, as noticed under Box. It is plainly an imitative word, parallel

with

OE. pashj

to strike.

European languages. See Brake. To brace is to draw together, whence a bracing air, one which draws up the springs of life a pair of braces, the bands which hold up the trowsers. A brace on board a ship, It. braca, is a rope holding up a weight or resisting a strain. A brace is also a
;

pair of things united together in the


Shall pash his

first

instance

coxcombe such a knock


O. Play in HalliweU.

As

by a physical
breeches, &c.

that his soule his coiu"se shall take.

and then merely in our mode of considering them. From the same root are bracket,
tie,

Swiss batschen, to smack the hand


give a loud smack, to
fall

batschen, to

Bracelet.
the wrist
;

Bracelet, an ornamental

with a noise.

bracer,

a guard

to protect the

band round arm of an


O.
Fr.

G. bube, Swiss bub, bue. Swab, hiak, Boy< showing the passage of the pronunciation to E. boy. Lat. pupus, a boy, pupa, a girl, a doll, which last is probably the earlier meaning. The origin seems the root bob, bub, pop, pup, in the sense of something
protuberant, stumpy, thick and short, a small lump.

archer from the string of his bow.


bracelet,

wristband,

or bracer

Fr. brasselet, a
Cotgr.
;

brassard, Sp. bracil,

armour

for the

arm, from bra^,

the arm.

Brach.
bracco ;

Properly a dog for tracking game.

It.

Fr. braque, bracon, whence braconnier, a


Sp. braco, a pointer, also (obsolete) point-

Lat. bubo, a swelling, Russ.

pup\ navel, Bohem. pup,


It.

poacher.

excrescence, pupek, navel, pupen, bud.

puppa,

ing or setting.

Neuman.

The name may


direct, to

then

pupa, a child's baby, puppy, or puppet, to play withal, by metaphor a pretty girl, a dainty mop. Florio. Now the meaning of doll or of mop is a bundle of clouts, and poupe has the same sense in Fr. poupe de chenilles, a cluster of caterpillars.
Cotgr.
"

be derived from the Fr. braquer, to

bend.

Moppe
to

or popyne."

Prompt. Parv.

The word have been transferred to a baby or young person, and in the case o^ puppy to the young of a dog. See Baby. The word bob or mob in Welch is a son, in Gael, a tassel, identical with E. map or mop, a bunch of rags. In a similar manner from Bav. butzen, botzen, a
poppet or puppet, a dressed-up image.

seems then

Braquer un canon, to level, bend a cannon against braquer un chariot, to turn, set or bend a chariot on the right or left hand. Cotgr. See Brake. Or it may be from Dan. brak, flat Sp. braco, flat-nosed, from the blunt square nose of a pointer or dog that hunts by scent, as compared with the sharp nose of a greyhound. Brack. A breach, flaw, or defect, from break. Fr. briche, a brack or breach in a wall, &c.

Cotgr.
Floods drown no
fields before

they find a brack. Mirror for Mag. in R.

bud, a lump, butz, butzel, a person or animal of small


size
;

butt, bott,

anything small of

its

kind, whether

man, animal, or plant. Fr. un bout d^homme, W. pwt ddyn, a short thick man, from pwt, anything Hence, as the sense of someshort and stumpy. thing small of its kind might easily pass into that of a young animal, Schmeller would explain the It. putto a boy, and probably the Fr. petit may be a diminutive of the same root.

find time in eternity Deceit and violence in heavenly justice Ere stain or hrack in her sweet reputation.

You may

B. and F.

G. hrechen, to break (sometimes also used in the


sense of failing, as die

Augen

brechen ihm., his eyes


;

are failing him), gebrechen, to want, to be wanting

want, need,

fault,

defect;

breach, want, defect.

Du.

braecke,

ghebreck,

Kil.

AS.

brec, PI.

D.

brek,

To Brabble.
like

A
;

variation of babble, represent-

want, need, fault

Icel. brek,

defect

On

the

same
moral

ing the confused sound of simultaneous talking.

In

principle from the Icel. bresta, to crack, to break, to


burst, is derived brestr,

manner the It has bulicame and brulicame, a


Fr. boussole, Sp. bruxtda, a combrostia, a box. stammer, jabber, confuse,
;

a crack, flaw,

defect,

bubbling motion
pass

or physical.

Fr.

boiste,

Prov.

Du.

brabbelen, to

dis-

ceptation

Probably the sense of brack in the foregoing acmay in some degree have been confounded

BRACK. BRAG.
with that of G. brack, refuse, damaged
try,
;

119
to strut, to

bracken, to

Langued. braga,
equipage,

to pick

out and

condemn the damaged.

See

Broker.

Brack.
table

cases
tions.

Water rendered unpalaby a mixture of salt. One of the numerous in which we have to halt between two derivabracha,

Brackish.

une chose. Vocab. de Vaud. In like manner to crack is used


noisy ostentation.

riches, &c.

make ostentation of his Swiss Rom. braga, vanter


for boasting,

But thereof

He
suppuration,
;

set the miller not a tare cracked host and swore it nas nat

so.

Gael,

putrefaction

brack

Chaucer.

shuileach, blear-eyed
filth
;

Prov, brae, pus, matter, mud,


filth

Then

cease for shame to vaunt


in craking wise.

el

brae

e la

ure of the world


or puddle
brClique,
;

O.

mud,

clay.

Rayn. Fr. Hecart.


;

ordura del mun, the


It.

braco, hrago, a

brae, braic, bray,

mud

and ordbog Rouchi

And crow

Turberville in R.

On

the

Then

as an adj.,

or brag,
rattle, to

may

same principle the Dan. braske, to boast be compared with Lith. braszketi, to
in the sense of brisk, proud,

Monstrelet
fies

ville

Prov. brae, bragos, O. Fr. hrageux, foul, dirty. " La ou y avait eaues et sourses moult brageuses."
in

be noisy.

Brag was then used


smart.

in the first

which signiinstance water contaminated by dirt,


brack,

Rayn.

Thus

might easily be applied to water spoilt for drinking by other means, as by a mixture of sea water.

How

Seest thou thilk same hawthorn stud bragly it begins to bud. Shepherd's Cal.

Equivalent forms are Gael, breagh,


inclined to think that
is

fine,

well-

But upon the whole I am

dressed,

splendid, beautiful,

Sc.

bra',

h-aw, Bret.
fine.

the application to water contaminated with salt

brao, brav, gayly dressed,

handsome,
to

derived from the G. and Du. brack, wrack, refuse,

damaged
probis.

dicitur
Kil.

de mercibus quibusdam minus


corrupts?.

Thus we are brought bravery, dressed, showy


;

the

OE.

brave, finely

finery.

Brak-goed, merces submersaj, salo

sive

aqua marina

Kil.

PI. D. brakke
;

From royal court I lately came (said he) Where all the braverie that eye may see
Is to

grund, land spoilt by an overflow of sea water

Du.

be found.

Spenser in R.

brakke torf, turf made offensive by a mixture of sulphur (where the meaning would well agree with the sense of the Gael, and Prov. root) wrack, brack, acidus, salsus. Kil. See Broker. From the sense of water unfit for drinking from a mixture of salt, the word passed on to signify salt water in general, and the diminutive brackish was

The

sense of courageous comes immediately from

the notion of bragging and boasting.

Gael, brabh;

dair, a noisy talkative fellow, blusterer, bully

brabh-

dadh, idle talk, bravado

Fr. bravache, a roisterer,


bravare and Fr.
;

swaggerer, hravacherie, boasting, vaunting, bragging


of his

own

valour.

Cotgr.
fine.

It.

appropriated to the original sense.

braver, to swagger, affront, flaunt in fine clothes

Sp.

bravo, bullying, hectoring, brave, valiant

sumptuous,
also

The

entrellis eik far in the fludis brake

I sal slyng.

D. V. in R.
is
;

expensive, excellent,
fine,

Fr. brave, brave, gay,


apparel)
;

gorgeous,

gallant
;

(in

proud,

Bracket.
wall.

bracket

properly a cramp-iron

stately,

braggard

also

valiant, stout, courageous,

holding things together

then a stand cramped to a


to-

that will carry no coals.

Faire

le

brave, to stand

Brackets in printing are claws holding

upon terms,

to boast of his

own

worth.

Cotgr.

gether an isolated part of the text.


the sense of constraining.

From

brake in
It

She (Penelope) was not


fair

told his foe

holding things together

Fr. brague, a mortise for


Cotgr.
;

Piedm. braga, an
together.

iron for holding or binding anything


Zalli.

nor equal t' overcrow. [Compare bragHalliwell.] ging, the crowing of a black cock.

The

poorest guest her son pleased

t'

entertaine

See Brace, Brake.

To Bra^.

Brave.

Primarily to crack, to

make

In his free turrets with so proud a straine Chapman in R. Of threats and bravings.

a noise, to thrust oneself on people's notice by noise,


swagger, boasting, or by gaudy dress and show.
Fr. braguer, to flaunt, brave, brag or jet
it
;

[Bravo very early had

in

Spanish the signification

of wUd, as applied to animals, and this


primitive sense of the word.

may

be the

braguard,

gay, gallant, flaimting, also braggard, bragging. Cotgr.


Icel. braka,

Dan. brag, crack, crash

braka, to crash, to crack, also insolenter se

gerere
;

of

Don Alonso
find

el

Thus in the eulogy Sabio upon King Don Fernando,

Icel.

we

Haldorsen

Gael, bragh, a burst, explosion


;

bra-

gaireachd, empty pride, vain glory, boasting

Bret.

braga, se pavaner, marcher d'une maniere fiere, se donner trop de licence, se parer de beaux habits.

Et todas las cosas ha de suyo complidamiente non tan solamiente de pan, et de vino que a muclio ademas muy bueno, mas aun de carnes tambien de bestias bi-avas, como Rodriguez, Mem. para la Vida de Don Ferde criadizas.

nando UL,

p.

223 M.]

120
Bra^g^et.

BRAGGET. BRAKE.
Sweet wort.

must be explained the expression of breaking


horses, properly braking or subduing them.

in

Hire mouth was sweet as braket or the meth. Chaucer.

To

the
It.

and that from bragio, sprout ; i. e. sprouted com. To Braid. See Bray.
brag, malt,

From W.

to

same head must be referred brake, a horse's bit. braca, a horse's twitch. AS. bracan, to pound, knead or mix up in a mortar, to rub, farinam
mortario subigere
ferent ways, to
;

to

in

Sp. bregar, to exert force in

dif-

To Brail. From Fr. braies, breeches, Brail. drawers, was formed brayele, brayete, the bridge or
part of the breeches joining the two legs.
modification of this

bend a bow,

to row, to stiffen against

difficulties (se raidir contre.

Taboada), to knead, Prov. brega, Correze bredgea, hredza, to rub (as in

A slight
in a long-

washing linen
mortar.

Beronie),
Fr. broyer
is

Fr. broyer, to bray in a


also used for the dress-

was

brayeul, the feathers about

The

the hawk's fundament, called


brayle in a short-winged,

by our

falconers the

ing of flax or hemp, passing

winged hawk.
itself, is

and the pannel

Cotgr.

From

hrayel, or

from braie

it through a brake or frame consisting of boards loosely locking into each other, by means of which the fibre is stripped from

also derived Fr. desbraiUer, to unbrace or

the stalk or core, and brought into a serviceable


condition.

let ler

down the
(though

breeches, the opposite of which, brail-

As

there

is

so

much

of actual breaking

it

does not appear in the dictionaries),

in the operation,

it is

not surprising that the word

would be to brace, to tie up. Rouchi breler, to cord a bale of goods, to fasten the load of a waggon with
ropes.

has here, as in the case of horse-breaking, been con-

founded with the verb break,


Biglotton.

to fracture.

We have
linum.

Hecai't.
brails, the

thus Du. braecken het vlasch, frangere

Hence E.
brail
to

thongs of leather by which


;

Fr. briser, concasser le

lin.

So

in

G.

the pen-feathers of a hawk's wing were tied up

to

jiachs brechen, while in other dialects the words are

up a

sail,

to tie

it

up

like the

wing of a hawk,
breghe,

kept
flax
;

distinct.

prevent

its

catching the wind.

PI.
It

Brain.
breyne.

AS.

braegen

Du.

breghen,

ture.

PI. D. braken, Dan. brage, to brake D. braeken, Dan. broekke, to break or fracis remarkable that the term for braking
is

Brake.

Bray.

flax in Lith.

braukti, signifying to sweep, to brush,


Icel.

The meanings

of brake are

to strip.

The

brak

is

a frame in which skins

very numerous, and the derivation entangled with influences from diflTerent sources. brake is

are Avorked backwards and forwards through a small

opening, for the purpose of incorporating them with


the grease employed as a dressing.
brego,

1.

A bit for horses

a wooden frame in which the


;

feet of vicious horses are confined in shoeing

an

a spinning-wheel.
subigere
is

Voc.

Swiss Rom.

de Vaud.

In like
of dress-

old instrument of torture

an inclosure for cattle a carriage for breaking in horses an instrument for checking the motion of a wheel a mortar ; a bakers' kneading trough ; an instrument for dressing flax or hemp ; a harrow. Halliwell. 2. A bushy spot, a bottom overgrown with thick tangled brushwood.
;
; ;

manner Lat.
ing.

used for any

kmd

Sive

rudem primes lauam glomerabat


digitis

Seu

subigebat opus.

Ovid.

in usus

In the case of the N. E. brake, Gael, braca, a


harrow, Dan. brage, to harrow (Lat. glebas subigere,
segetes

subigere

aratris),

the

notion

of breaking

The plant fern. The meanings included under


3.
all

down
the
first

the clods again comes to perplex our deriva-

head are

tion.

reducible to the notion of constraining, confining,


it is

In other cases the idea of straining or exerting


force
is

compressing, subduing, and


root brak, by which this idea

is

very likely that the conveyed, is identical


It is certain
dialects,

more

distinctly preserved.

Thus

the term

brake was applied to the handle of a cross-bow, the


lever

with Gael, brae,


that the

W.

braich, Lat. brachium, the arm,

as the type of exertion and strength.

word

for

arm

is,

in

numerous

used
Bret.

in the sense of force,

power, strength.
bress,

Thus

breach, Sp. brazo,

Walloon

Wallachian bratsou,

Turk
brake

bazu, are used in both senses.

was drawn up, as in Sp. un canon, to bend or direct a cannon. The same name is given to the handle of a ship's pump, the member by It. which the force of the machine is exerted. braca, a brace on board a ship.

by which the

string

bregar el arco, to bend a bow, Fr. braquer

It will
is

be found in the foregoing examples that


in

After

all,

the verb to break

is

used metaphorically

used almost exactly in the sense of the Lat.

subigere, expressing

any kind of action by which

something

is

subjected to external force, brought

a sense so closely agreeing with that of the foregoing brake, and the two are confounded in so many instances, that we are led to suspect a fundamental
connexion between them.
the brake of a wheel
is

under control, reduced to a condition in which it is serviceable to our wants, or the instrument by which
the action
Icel.
is

Thus we speak of breakan implement for resisting

ing or diminishing the force of the wind, just as


the force of traction, and diminishing the velocity.
i

exerted.

braka, subigere, to subdue.

In

this

sense

BRAKE. BRAN.
If the words are radically identical, the notion of
Port,
brejo,

121
sweet broom, heath, or
;

ling, also

must be derived from the force exerted in breaking a body, and the Gael. hrac, Lat. hrachium, the arm, must be so named as the bodily organ of force, and not vice versa. See Branch.
strain or exertion of force

marshy low ground or fen Grisons bruch, heath. It may be however that the relationship runs in the opposite direction, and E. brake, brog, G. bruch,
gebroge, gebruche, &c.,

with Bret,

briigek,

may be so called in analogy a heath, from brug, bruk, heath, or

BrakCi
derivation.

3.

In the sense of a thicket, cluster of


is

with

It.

brughera, thick brakes of high-grown ferns

bushes, bush, there

considerable difficulty in the

The
is

equivalent word in the other Teufrequently


hroeck^

overgrown with brakes or fern, heath (Bret, bruk, brug), broom, or other plants of
(Flor.), as places

tonic dialects

made

to signify

a marsh

a like nature.

The

relation of brake

to

bracken

or swamp.

Du.
;

PL D.

hrooh, a fen, marsh,

may

originally
to

G. hruch, a marsh, or a wood in a marshy place hrook, grassy place in a heath Overyssel Almanach NE. brog, a swampy or bushy

low wet land

heath,

have been that of the Bret, brug, brugen, a single plant of heath. See

Brush.

place
lium,

exercitur.

Halliwell M. nemus, sylva aut Due. 0.


;

Bramble.

Broom.
;

AS.

Lat. brogilum, broilium, bro-

mel ; Du. braeme, breme

saltus in

quo ferarum venatio


bregiUe,
broil,

Du. brem, brom, broem,

PL

bremel, PI. D. brumSw. G. brom, bramble; D. braam, G. bram, also

Fr.

brogille,

pfriemkraut, pfriemen, broom, the leafless plant of

broiUet, breuil, copse-wood,


bles,

brushwood.

brake, thicket.

cover for game, bramG. gebroge, gebruche, a Inquirers have thus been led in Prov.

which besoms are made.


It will

be found that shrubs, bushes, brambles,


in the
first in-

and waste growths, are looked on

two

directions, the notion of wetness leading

some

stance as a collection of twigs or shoots, and are

to connect the

)8pxw, to moisten,

word with E. brook, a stream, Gr. and Lat. riguus, watered, while

commonly designated from the word twig. Thus in Lat. from virga, a rod
gultum, a shrub
;

signifying

or twig, vir-

others have considered the fundamental signification


to

be broken ground, with the bushes and tangled

a shrub

growth of such places.

from Servian prut, a rod, pruiye, from Bret, hrous, a bud and thence a shoot, brouskoad, bruskoad, brushwood, wood composed of
;

The

latter supposition has

a remarkable confirma-

twigs.

Bav.

bross, brosst,

a shoot, Serv.

brst,

young
a

tion in the

Finnish languages, where from Esthon.

sprouts, Bret, broust, hallier, buisson

fort

epais,

murdma,

to break, is

formed murd, gebiisch, gebroge,


;

a thicket, brake, bush, pasture, quarry from Fin. miirran, murtaa, to break, murrokko, sylva ubi arbores sunt vento diffractae et transversim collapsae,

thick bush, ground full of briers, thicket of brambles

Cotgr.

Fr. broussaille, a briery plot.

In like

manner the word bramble is from Swiss brom, a bud, young twig (brom-beisser, the bull-finch, E. budbiter or bud-bird
;

arborum vel nemorum diffractorura et And this probably was the original meaning of G. bruch, gebruche, gebroge, E. brog or
multitudo

Halliwell); Grisons br umbel,

coUapsorum.
brake.

break of such a kind, or overthrow of trees by the wind, is most likely to take place in low

FL bud It. bromboli, broccoli, cabbage sprouts Piedm. bronbo, a vine twig Bav. pfropf, a shoot or twig. The primary idea is a knob or knop, something
;

di

breaking or bursting

out,

a sense preserved in the


to

wet ground where their roots have less hold, and when once thrown down, in northern climates, they stop the flow of water and cause the growth of peat and moss. Thus the word, which originally designated a broken mass of wood, might come to signify a swamp, as in Du. and G., as well as in the case of the E. brog above mentioned. A brake is explained in Palmer's Devonshire Glossary as " a bottom overgrown with thick tangled brushwood."

Du. propje, a bunch, related

pop,

s.

s.

(Bohera.

pupen, Serv. pupak, Russ. pupuishka, a bud), as brush to bush, Du. strobbe to stobbe, a stub or stump ;

E. shrub or scrub to Lat. scopa, a twig. The pointed shape of a young shoot led to the use of the G. pfriem in the sense of an awl, and the word bramble itself was applied in a much wider sense than it is at present to any thorny growth, as AS. brcembel-eeppel, the thorn apple or stramonium,
a plant bearing a fruit covered with spiky thorns,

Brake.

Bracken.
word
it

3.

It

may be

suspected that

and

in

Chaucer

it

is

used of the

rose.

brake, in the sense o^ fern, is

a secondary applicais

tion of the
to

in the sense last described, that

And

swete as

is

the bramble flower

That beareth the red hepe.

Sir Topaz.
and
briers.

say,

that

may

be so named as the natural


It
is

growth of brakes and bushy places.


that

certain

AS. Thomas and


iii.

bremelas, thorns

Gen.

we

find

closely

resembling forms applied to

18.

several kinds of plants the natural growth of waste

Bran.
Fr. bran.

Bret, brenn,

W.

bran.

It.

brenna, brenda,

places and such as are designated


bruch, &c.
brok, sedge
;

by the term
;

brake,
Icel.

The fundamental

signification
;

Thus we have W.
I.

bruk, heath

served in Fr. bren, excrement, ordure


dorele, ear

burkni, Dan. bregne, bracken or fern

wax

berneux, snotty

seems preRouchi bren Russ. bren, mud,

VOL.

16

122
dirt
;

BRANCH. ERASE.
Bret. bren7i hesken, the refuse or droppings of

To Brandish.
make
hand.

Brandle.

To

brandish,

to

the saw, sawdust.

Bran
is

is

the draff or excrement

of the corn, what


lis

cast out as worthless.

shine with shaking, to shake to and fro in the


Bailey.

Fr. brandir, to hurl with great


thing shake

force, to

make a

by the

force

it

is
;

cast

ressemblent le buretel Selonc r Ecriture Divine Qui giete la blanche ferine


lui et retient le bren.
-

with, to shine or glister with


diller, to

a gentle shaking

branor

Fors de

Ducange.

flash.

brandle, shake, totter,

also to glisten

Cotgr.

So Swiss gaggi,
brein, breun, stink
;

chaff,

from gaggi, cack. Gael. breanan, a dunghill, W. brwnt,

Commonly explained from the notion of waving a brand or sword. But this is too confined an origin Manx brans, dash, for so widely spread a word.
Rouchi braner, Bret. branseUa, Fr.
bransler, branler,
it

nasty.

iBren was used

for bran in Spanish, also, early in

to shake.

If the sense of hurling be the original


It.

the thirteenth century


Otra cosa signiflca esta voz paladina, Al obisxK) que exia detras essa cortina, La que partie la casa, el bren de la ferina. Gonzalo de Berceo, El Sac- de la Missa,
St. 78.

may
stone.

perhaps be from

brano, a fragment, as

we
flat

speak of quoiting away a thing, from quoit, a

M.]

Brandy. Formerly brandy-wine, G. branntwein, Du. brandwijn, brandende wijn, aqua ardens, vinum
ardens.

Brank. We have seen under Brace Branch. and Brake many instances of the use of the root brak The in the sense of strain, constrain, compress.
nasalisation of this root gives a form brank in the

Kil.

The inflammable

spirit

distiUed

from wine.

Kil. Du. brandigh, flagrans, urens. [I believe there is no doubt that in the compound

branntwein the passive not the active participle of


brennen constitutes the
first

element.

This is shown
is

same

sense.

Hence

the Sc. brank, a bridle or bit

not only by the form brannt, which


also

passive, but

to brank, to bridle, to restrain.

The

witches' branks

by the common use of brennen

in the sense of

was an
halter.

iron bit for torture

Gael, brang, brancas, a


It.
;

The game form becomes in


;

branca, bran-

chia, the fang or claw of a beast

brancaglie, all

manner of gripings and clinchings among masons and carpenters, all sorts of fastening together of
stonework or timber with braces of lead or iron.
Florio.

Brancare, to gripe, to clutch.


or arms, Bret.
branco, Fr. branche, the branch of a tree.

Weinbrenner is a distiller of wine, branntwein is gebrannter wein, distilled wine. See Grimm, M.] Worterbuch, Brennen, f. Brandle. This word has two senses, apparently very distinct from each other, though it is not always 1st, easy to draw an undoubted line between them. BaUey, and 2nd, as to scold, to quarrel, to bicker
distil.

Then by comparison with claws


brank,
It.

Fr. brandiUer,

to

brandle or brandish.

The

It.

brandolare

is

explained by Florio, to brangle, to

Brandt
conflagration,

burning fragment of wood.

Icel.

shake, to shog, to totter.

brandr, a firebrand, glowing embers.

a firebrand.
it

G. brand, a sword is called a


like

The tre hrangillis, hoisting to the fall With top trimbling, and branchis shakand
In
this application the

all.

brand because
flaming torch.
ple

glitters

when waved about

D. V. in Jam.

The
tizo,

Cid's

was named

from Lat.

sword on the same princititioy a firebrand.

word seems

direct

from

the Fr. branler, the spelling with ng (instead of the

Diez.

nd
derivation from brennen, to burn,
if it

The
It.

would leave

nasal sound of the Fr. n.

nothing to be desired
brano, a piece or

stood alone.

But we

find

bit,

brandone, a large piece of


;

an attempt to represent the In the same way the Fr. bransle, a round dance, became brangle or brawl in E. ; It. branla, a French brawl or brangle.
in brandle) being

anything, a torch or firebrand

Fr. brin, a slip or

Flor.

sprig, small piece of anything, bois de brin, uncleft

From

the sense of shaking probably arose that

wood brandon, a tavern bush, a stake. Icel. brand, a post, bar, rod. Thus the brand in firebrand might
;

of throwing into disorder, putting to confusion.


this usurper's faction brangled, then bound up and afterward divided again by want of worth in Hume in Jam. Baliol their head.

The corremerely a fragment or billet. sponding form in Gael, is bruan, a fragment, morsel, splinter, which with an initial s becomes spruan,
signify

Thus was

again,

brush-wood, fire-wood.
not, as

Sc. brane-wood, fire-wood,

To

embrangle, to confuse, perplex, confound.

The
direct

Jamieson explains it, from AS. bryne, incendium, but from the foregoing brano, brin, bruan.

sense of a quai-rel

may

be derived from the idea of

confusion, or in that sense brangle

may be a

Quhyn thay had beirit lyk baitit.bullis, And brane-wod brynt in bailis.

imitation of the noise of persons quarrelling, as a

nasalised form of the Piedm. bragale, to vociferate,

When they had bellowed like baited And brushwood burnt in bonfires.

bulls

make an
Brase.

outcry.

Braser. Brasil.

To

brase

meat

is

ERASE.
to pass
coals.
it

BRATTICE.
Barros, Dec.
I.

123
liv.

over hot coals

a hraser, a pan of hot


brazeiro,

V. cap.

ii.,

says

" tanto que

It.

hracea, hracia, hragia, Fr. braise, Port.


;

daquella terra [San eta Cruz] come90u de vir o pdx)

braza, live coals, glowing embers

a pan

of coals.

The

woi'd bresil, hrasil,

was

in use before the dis-

covery of America in the sense of a bright red, the

when Brazil was have been named from furnishing a better red dye than those formerly known.
colour of braise or hot coals, and
it

discovered

seems

to

Diez.

Diez seems
riving the

to put the cart before the horse in de-

lute, to solder iron.

word from the Icel. brasa, to braze or It is more likely derived from
G. brausen, prasseln,
faire
fracas, to

vermelho chamado Brazil, trabalhou [o demonio] que este nome ficasse na boca do povo, e que se perdesse o de Sancta Cruz, como que importava mais o nome de hum pao que tinge pannos, que daquelle pao que deo tintura a todolos sacramentos per que somos salvos, por o sangue de Christo Jesu que nelle foi derramado;" and Damiao de G^es, Chr. de Dom Emanuel, pt. i. cap. 55, observes " a * qual * agora se chama do Brasil, por caso do pao vermelho que della vem," though he does not
:

agree with

De

Barros in ascribing

this etymological

the roaring sound of flame.


to roar, to crackle

transgression to the influence of Satan.

burn.

Lye.
;

AS.

bra^tlian, to brustle, crackle,

Brass.

Bronze.

M.]

AS.

brcBS,

from being used


Icel. bras, sol;

Sw. brasca,

make
fire.

display

Milan, brasca, to kindle, set on


Gris. brasca, sparks.

E.

in the brazing or soldering of iron.


der, especially that used in the

Diez.
also as

Sw.

brasa, to blaze,

on

fire

a noun, a roaring fire. Fr. embraser, to set Wallon. bruzi, braise, hot ashes Pied.
; ;

working of iron at brasa, ferruminare, to solder. Probably from the glowing coals over which the soldering is done Fr. braser Vargent, le repasser un peu sur la braise.
;

bruse, It. bruciare, Fr. brusler, bruler, to burn.


bricstle, to

Cotgr.
It.

The same correspondence

is

seen between

crackle, to make a noise like straw or small wood in burning, to rustle. Halliwell. Fr. bruire, to murmur, make a noise, and bruir, brouir, to burn.

bronze, burning coals, bronzacchiare, to carbona-

do, as rashers

Roquefort. Rayn.
the

"

tut son corps arder et bruir."

to braze, to copper,

upon quick burning coals, bronzar, and bronzo, brass, pan-metal.

Florio.

Brat.

[Bresil or brasil

was used both

in

English and in

child.
brat,

Bailey.

A rag, a contemptuous name for a


AS.
brat,

young

a cloak, a clout.
apron,

W.

Romance

languages, at a very early date.

Thus

a rag.

Gael, brat, a mantle,

cloth

in the Libertas civium Londinensium,Anhang,xxiii.


to

Schmid, Ges. der Angel-Sachsen


Et
si

a banner. For the application to a child compare Bret, tnd, pil, a rag trulen or pilen (in the
bratach,
;

feminine form), a contemptuous


piper vel cuminura vel gingiber vel alumen vel 6rasil

name

for

a woman,

vel laco vel thus attulerit,

non minus quam xxv.

slut.

libras

simul vendat.

brattice is a fence of Brattice. Bartizan. boards in a mine or round dangerous machinery,

In the treatise of Neckara, de Utensilibus, supposed


to belong to the twelfth century, Nat. Ant. I. 107,

from Sc. bred, G. brett, Du. berd, a plank or board, as lattice, a frame of laths, from Fr. latte, a lath.

the Lat. granee (gen. grancB)


interlineary gloss

is

translated in the

A bretise or bretage
plied to

is

then a parapet, in the


it is

first

by

brasyl.

instance of boards, and in a latinised shape

ap-

from Muratori a document of the year 1193 in which mention is made of " grana de Brasile," and Laborde, Notice des Emaux, II. 174, quotes numerous passages in which this word occurs,
cites

Ducange

any boarded structure of defence, a wooden tower, a parapet, a testudo or temporary roof to cover an attack, &c. Sc. brettys, a fortification. Jam. Betrax of a walle (bretasce, bretays), propugnaculum.
of rampart or fence of war
block-house.
tesche,

fx'om authors

who wrote before the year 1500. In the Catalonian tariifs of 1221, 1243, 1252, and 1271, it is found in the forms, brasiU, bresil, brazil,
brasil.

Pr. Pm.

It.

bertesca, baltresca,

a kind
;

made upon towers

Altieri.

Fr. breteque, bretesque, bre-

and

See Capmany,

Mem.
So

Hist, de Barcein the

lona, III. 168, lb. II. 17, 20.

Chronique

a portal of defence in the rampire of a town.

Cot.

du Roi Guillaume d'Angleterre, published by Michel, we find, p. 119, "en alun et en bresil;" p. 127, " Grain et alun, bresil et cire ; " and p. 129,

Dua3 testudines quas Galilee brutesches appellant. Math. A.D. 1224. Circumeunt civitatem castellis et turribus ligneis et berteschiis. Hist. Pisana inMur. A.D. 1156.
Paris.

Lk

ai-jou

molt garance et waide


et laine.

Et bresil et alun et graine, Dont jou gaaing mes dras

A
was

wooden defence of the foregoing description


called

round the deck of a

by the Norsemen

The

province of Brazil was certainly so

named
to

girdle.

"Med

on the top of a wall, vig-gyrdill, a battleendilongum baenum var umbiiiz a


ship, or

because a dye-wood, which gave a color similar


that already

husum

uppi, reistr

known

as hrasil,

was found

there.

De

kom

sva sem viggyrdlat vaeri."

upp bord-vidr a utanverdom thauAlong the town

124

BRAVE. BRAY.
roar,

things were prepared up on the houses, hoarding being raised up out on the roofs like the battle rampire on board a ship.

and make a hideous

noise.

Cotgr.

Prov.

bruzir, to roar or bellow.

Then

as parapets

Sverris Saga 275. and battlements naturally took

Gr.

/3pax(o, to crash, roar, rattle,

resound

fipvy^ia,

to roar.

Icel.

brak, crash, noise


;

wapna-brak, the
;

the shape of projections on the top of a building,

clash of

arms

Dan. brage,

to crash, crackle

E.

the term bretesche was applied to projecting turrets

bray, applied to loud harsh noises of

many

kinds, as

or the like beyond the face of the wall.

the voice of the ass, the .sound of arms, &c.

Un

bouturcs,

ne peut faire bretesques, possesseur d'un heritage saillies, ni autres choses sur la rue au prejudice

Heard ye the din of

battle bray ?

de ses voisins.

Due.

With a terminal d we have Prov.


to

braidir, braidar,

cry

Port, bradar, to cry out, to bawl, to roar as

Now

this is precisely the

ordinary sense of the

the sea.

OE.

to braid, abraid, upbraid, to

cry out,

E. bartisan ; " the small overhanging turrets which project from the angles or the parapet on the top of

make a

disturbance, to scold.

a tower."

Hal.
is

Whereat he (H. IV. on being told that his son had been committed by Gascoigne) a while studying, after as a man
ravished with gladness abrayded with a loud voice. Elyot in Boucher.
all

That the town Jam. steeple.

colours be put

upon the

bertisene

of the

The word

also used in the sense of

stone or wood.

Jam.

a fence of
accordingly

Quoth Beryn to the serjauntes, That ye me hondith Or what have I offendit, or what have I seide 1

so

Sup.

It

may

be explained as a corruption of bratticing, brettysing, bartising, equivalent to the Du. borderinge, coassatio, contignatio.

Trewlich quoth the serjauntis it vaylith not to breide (there is no use crying out) With us ye must awhile whether ye woU or no. Chaucer.

Kil.

Brave, Brawl.
2.

See Brag.
1.

kind of dance. Fr. bransle, branle,

done on a sudden or with violence we find the verb to bray or braid used to express any kind of sudden or
as things

Then

are accompanied by noise,

from branler,

to shake.

See Brandish.

Brangle.

violent action, to rush, to start, to snatch.

dispute or squabble.

Certainly from the

And

thai (the winds) thereat


their clousouris brays

confused noise, whether contracted from brabble, as

About

having full great disdain with many ane rare. D.V.

scrawl from scrabble, or whether


of crier.

it

be from Fr.
at

magno cum murmure


Circum
claustra fremunt.

hraiUer, frequentative of braire, to cry, as criaiUer

Dan.

bralle,

to talk

much and high


disturbance.
;

hralh op, to scold and


hraodhlach, brawling,

make a

Gael.

Ane Gan
Syne

blusterand bub out fra the North braying


oer the foreschip in the baksail ding.
stikkis
all

D. V.
is,

noise, discord
is

hraoilich,

dry to kyndiU there about

laid

loud noise.

The term brawl

also applied to the

Quhill
i.

in flame the bleis of fyre upbradis.

D. V.
Beryn.

noise of broken water, as a brawling brook.

See
e. starts
It.

crackling up.
uncoverid, the sword was out ybrayid.

Bray.

Brawn.

The muscular

part of the body.

The cup was

hrano, brandiUo, brandone,

any

piece, cob, luncheon,

or coUop of flesh violently pulled away from the


whole.
braede,

A forgyt knyff but baid he bradis out.


Wallace IX. 145.

FlorJo.

OHG.

brdto (ace. braton), Fris.


flesh,

braeye,

a lump of

pork, calf of the leg.


brazen, braon, O.

flesh of a leg of

But when

as I did out of slepe abray.

F. Q.

Diez. Kil.

Prov. bradon,

Fr. braion, Lorraine bravon, a

lump of flesh, the buttocks, muscular parts of the body Wallon. breyon, a lump, breyon d^chaur, bribe de viande, bas morceau de viande fraiche, breyon de Remade. Westphal. gambes, the calf of the leg.
;

The miller is a per'lous man he seide And if that he out of his slejw abreide He might don us both a villany. Chaucer.

The
braid.

Icel.

bragd

is

explained motus quilibet

celeri-

or ; at bragdi, instantaneously, at once, as

OE.

at

bran, Cologne hroden, calf of the leg, buttock

Sc.

brand, calf of the leg;

Sp. brahon for bradon, a


It.

And

His bow he hadden taken right at a braid he gun it bende.

R. R.

patch of cloth.
tear piecemeal.

0. Fr. esbraoner,

sbranare, to

To Bray.

Braid*

Icel. augnabragd, a wink, twinkling of the eye. Then, as the notion of turning is often connected

Many

kinds of loud hai-sh

with swiftness of motion, to braid acquires the sense


of bend, turn, twist,
plait.

noise are represented

by the

syllable bra, bru, with

or without a final out loudly

d, g, k, ch, y.

And
sound
j

with a braid I tumyt

me

about.

Fr. braire, to bray like an ass, bawl, yell, or cry


;

Dunbar
On
syde he bradis for to

in

Jam.
Jam.

bruire, to rumble, rustle, crash, to


;

eschew the

dint.

very loud and very harshly

brugier, to bellow, yell,

D. V.

in

BRAY.
Icel. hregda, to

BREEZE.
Originally probably the
poui*, as

125

braid the hair, weave nets, &c.


also applied to the gestures
is

word

signified

steam, va-

The

Icel.

h-agd

is

by
a

the G. hrodem, hrodel, hroden.

which an individual

characterised, and hence also

to the lineaments of his countenance, explaining

The caller wine in cave is sought Mens brothing breists to cule.


Himie
in

very obscure apphcation of the E. hraid. Bread, Bailey ; to hraid, to pretend, to reappearance Halliwell. To pretend is to assume the semble.

Jam.

See Broth.

Breeches.

Lat. bracce, bracece


It.

Bret, bragez

; ;

appearance and manners of another.

"

Ye

hraid

Icel. brok, hrcekur ;

brache

Prov. hraga, braia


is

of the miller's dog," you have the manners of the miller's dog. To hraid of one's father, to have the
lineaments of one's father, to resemble him.
hragr, gestus,
Icel.

O. Fr. bragues, braies.

The

origin

the root brak


;

in the sense of straining, binding, fastening

the

mos

at

hraga

eftir

einum, to imitate

or resemble one.

On
to

the

same principle may be explained a pas-

sage of Shakespeare, which has given

much

trouble

commentators.
Since Frenchmen are so braid, will, I'll live and die a maid.

Marry who

must be supposed) a bandage wrapped round the hips, and brought beneath between the legs. Hence the Lat. subligar, suhligaculum, from ligare, to bind. Piedm. hraga, braca, a cramp-iron for holding things together, a horse's twitch Fr. braie, braies, a twitch for a horse, bandage or truss for a rupture, clout for a child, drawers. Bracha, a girdle. Gl. Isidore and
original breeches being (as
it
;

Tatian.

The meaning

is

simply, " since such are the

man-

The

breech,

Prov. braguier, braia,

is

the part of

ners of Fi'enchmen, &c."

the body covered by the breeches. the sense of flogging,


is

To

Breech, in

In support of the explanation of hraid in the sense of gesture, countenance, resemblance, comp.
Icel. svip,

not originally from striking

on the breech.

Prov. G.

any rapid movement svipa, to whip, do quickly, turn svipr, vibration, moment, countenance,
;

schen, britschen, to lay

(Westerwald) has pritone on a bench and strike


hridsen, de bridse geven,

him with a
PI.

flat

board

Du.

features.

met de bridse slaan, xyligogio castigare.


2.

Biglotton.

a mortar. Sp. hregar, to work up paste or dough, to knead Fr. hroyer, Bret, hraea, Prov. Cat. hregar, to rub W. hreuan, a mill, a brake for to bray in a mortar.
or grind
in
;

To Bray.

To rub

down

hemp

or flax.

See Brake.
hrice, Fr. hreche,

Breach. AS.
in a wall, &c.

a breach or brack

Cotgr.

From

the verb to break.

Bread. Icel. brand. G. brot. To Break. Goth, brikan, brak, G.


frangere, fractus
;

smacking on the breech, einem de britze geven, to strike one on the breech so that it smacks (klatschet). From an imitation of the soundSwiss bratschen, to smack, to give a sharp sound brdtsch, such a like a blow with the flat hand sound, or the blow by which it is produced brutscher, an instrument for smacking, a fly-flap, &c.

D.

britze,

an instrument of

laths for

brechen, Lat.

Breeze.

Fr.

brise,

a cool wind.

It.

brezza, chilfrost.

Gr.
rog,

p-qyirufxt,

to break, paKo<s,
;

ness or shivering, a cold and windy mist or

rag

Fin. rikkoa, to break, to tear


to tear
;

Bret, regi, rogi,

Brezzare, to be misty and cold, windy withal, also


to chill

to break,

rent.

and shiver with


origin
is

cold.

The origin is doubtless a representation of the In like mannoise made by a hard thing breaking.
ner the word crack
is

The
by the
to fry
;

the imitation of a rustling noise, as

Sc. brissle, properly to crackle, then to broil,

used both to represent the


itself,

Swiss Rom.

noise of a fracture, and to signify the fracture

murmur.

Vocab.
;

hrire, to rattle (as hail),

simmer,

de

Vaud

brisoler,

bresoler, to

or the permanent effects of


is

it.

The same

relation

roast, to fry

Vos qui bresole, the singing bone.

Gl.

seen between

Liat.

fragor, a loud noise, and fran-

gere, to

fracasser, to break.

break; Fr. fracas, a crash, disturbance, and The Lat. crepo and E. crash

are used to signify both the noise

made

in

breaking

and the fracture itself. The Swiss has bratschen, to smack or crack, bratsche, a brack, breach, or wound.

Gen^v. Then from a simmering, twittering sound the term is applied to shivering, trembling, as in the case of twitter, which signifies in the first instance a continuous broken sound, and is then used in the We have thus It. brisciare, sense of trembling.
brezzare, to
chilly,

shiver for cold.


It.

Compare OE.

griU,

Bream.
rinus
latus.

broad-shaped fresh-water
Fr.

fish,

cyp-

with

griUare, to simmer, Fr. griller, to

brame,

Du.

braessem.

Swiss

crackle, broil.

bratschig, ill-favouredly broad.

AS. hreost, Goth, brusts, Du. borst. Breast. Perhaps the original meaning may be a chest. Prov. brut, bruc, brusc, the bust, body ; brostia, brustia, a
box.

While they have suiFrid colde full stronge In wethers grille and derke to sight. R. R. Par le froid et divers temps.

Breeze.

Brize.

AS.

hriosa, brimsa,
is

a gadfly.

The second
AS.
brceth,

of these forms

identical with the

G.

Breath

an odour,

scent,

breath.

hreme, bremse, a gadfly, perhaps from G.

brummen,

126
Fris. hrimme, to

BREEZE. BRIEF.
sense of a sop to stop the
for the purpose of obtaining

hum, Gr. ftpefieiv, from the droning sound with wliich the gadfly heralds his attack. But if Breeze, Brize, be an independent form, it may still be named from the buzzing or Mzzing (as
it is

mouth of some one, a gift an undue compliance.


the

The

origin of the

word

is
;

W.

briwo, to break

briw, broken, a fragment

bara briw, broken bread.

pronounced in the N. of E.) of the

fly.

Prov. Fr.

brife,

a lump of bread.
piece

A fierce loud buzzing breeze, their stings draw blood,


And
drive the cattle gadding through the wood.

Brick.

of burnt clay.

Hdcart. Thomson.
;

The

radical

Dryden

in Baker.

being one of
break.

Du.
tail,

hies-hout,

scarabeus

alis

strepitans.

meaning is simply a bit, a fragment, the numerous words derived from Lang, brico, or brizo, a crum bricou, a little
break
to

Kil.

bit

bricounejha, to
little

pieces

bricalio,

Fr. hezer, a cow to run up and

down holding up her

when

the brizze doth sting her.

crum,

bit,

corresponding to

OE.

brocaly, bro-

Cot.

The

ken

victuals.

AS.

brice, fracture,

fragment, hlafes

word of this kind is of frequent occurrence. Du. bommen, G. brummen, to hum. The Prov. bruzir, to murmur, and more exactly the Russ. briosjat, to buzz, agrees
addition or loss of an r in an imitative

brice,

a
is

bit

of bread.

In some parts of France

brique

lump of bread.
thing broken.
stone.

with E. brizze.
fort.

ders sold

The ashes and cinby the London dustmen for brickmaking are known by the name of breeze. In other parts of England the term briss or brist is in use for dust,
rubbish.
bruss,

Voc. de Vaud. Breeze. Briss. Brist.


Briss

Swiss Rom. brison, bruit sourd et

lop or slice

Diez. Brique, fragment of any Genev. of a any crum, a of something. Goth, Bride. Bridal.
Gl.

still

used in this sense, briqv^ de pain, a


Bricoteau,
jot or

quoit

Cotgr.

It. briccia,

col-

Florio.

bruths,

daughter-in;

law

OHG. bride. W.
;

briit,

sponsa, conjux, nurus

G. braut,

priod,

appropriate,

fit,

appropriated,

owned
son)
;

also

married, a married
;

man

or

woman
(mab

and

buttons,

sheep's

droppings
off.

the dry spines of furze broken

Dev.
rubbre-

priodas, a wedding priod-fab, a bride-groom


priod-ferch, a bride (merch
;

= maid).

Priodi,

Gl. Piedm. brosse, orts, the offal of


in feeding cattle
;

hay and straw

to appropriate

Sp. broza, remains of leaves, bark Fr.


bris, debris,
;

priodor, a proprietor. Diefenbach compares Lat. privus, one's own, privatus, appropriate, peculiar.

of trees and other rubbish;


bish
;

bris

de
bits

charbony

tilles, little

of

wood
; ;

Berri

coal-dust
;

bresilles,

Bridegroom, AS. bryd-guma, the newly-married

briser, to

break,

man
self.

guma, a man.
marriage

Bridal,
feast,

for

bride-ale,

AS.
it-

burst, crush, bruise

Bret, bruzun, a crum, morsel

bryd-eale, the

then the marriage


to

G. brosame, a crum
to crush
;

Du.

brijsen, brijselen, to bray,

So
;

in

O. Sw. fastningar-ol, graf'bl,


last of which,

arf-bl, the

Gael,

briste, to burst,

the

To Brew. ML. forms,


Gael.

break ; Dan. See Brick, Bruise. The origin of the word is shown by
bris,

brisd, brist, to

feast of espousals, of burial, of succession

the

break, faU.

dead

from the

Prov. E. arval, fubriiche ;

neral.

brasiare, braciare, braxare, Fr. bras-

Bridge.
brygga, as

AS.
so,

bricge ;

G.

O. Sw. bra,
applied not

ser, to

brew, from brace, brasium, 0. Fr. bras, braux,


braicJi,

sugga, a sow,

bo,

bygga, to prepare,
bra
is

breiz,

W.

brag,

sprouted corn, malt-

gno, gnugga, to rub.

The Sw.

So

Icel.
;

brugga, Sw. brygga, to brew, from AS. brug,

malt

" brug, polenta."

only to a bridge, but to a paved road, beaten

way

Gl.

AS.

in Schilter.

Dan.
pave.

bro, bridge, pier, jetty,

pavement

brolegge, to

The Teutonic

verbs, G. brauen,

brew, are in like

Du. brouwen, E. manner from a form similar to

"

Han

last

broa twa rastin af Tiwede," he

made two
Tiwede.

Wallon, bra, brau, Wallach. brake, malt.


If the foregoing were not so clear, a satisfactory
origin

leagues of road through the forest of


Ihre.
;

At Hamburg a paviour
pavement
; ;

is

called

steen-brygger

Pol. bruk,

Lith. brukkas,

might have been found in


Jj-di.

W.

berwi, to boil,

pavement, stone-bridge
to press
;

brukkoti, to

pave

brukkti,

the equivalent of

fewere, whence

berw, berwedd,

ibrukkti, to press in, imprint.

The

orig-

and berweddu, to brew. Gael, bruith, to Kil. boil, and 0. Du. brieden, to brew. It is remarkable that the Gr. ftpa^w, ^paa-cno, to boil, would correspond in like manner to the Fr. brasser, which however is undoubtedly from brace,
a
boiling,

inal sense thus

seems
this

to

be to ram,

to

stamp.

Bridle.
hride.

AS.

bridel;

OHG.

bnttil,

pntil ; Fr.

Perhaps

may

be one of the cases in

malt.

BrewiS. See Broth. Bribe. Fr. bribe de pain, a lump of bread briber, to beg one's bread, collect bits of food.

Hence OE.
birbone,

bribour, a beggar, a rogue It. birbante, a cheat, a rogue, with transposition of the r.
;

which the derivation of the word has been obscured Icel. bitiU, Dan. bidsel, a the insertion of an r. bridle, from bit, the part which the horse bites or holds in his mouth. So It. bretonica, betonica, betony ; brulicame, bulicame, boiling up ; brocoliere, E. buckler ; Icel. brush" and buskr, a bush Du. broosekens, E. bus-

by

kins

E. groom, AS. guma.

bribe

is

now

only used in the metaphorical

Brief.

From

Latin breve or brevis, a

summary

BRIER.
or any sliort writing.

BRIGHT.
Malandrini dicuntur."

127

Applied especially

to

a letter

breves qualiter utuntur equites illarum partium qui

In the G. hief it has been appropriated to the sense of an epistle or In E. it is applied to the letter of the Archletter.
or command, to the king's writs.

Due.

From
at sea,

brigante, in the sense of

a robber,

It.

bri-

gandare, to rob, to rove, to play the pirate or thief

bishop or similar

official

authorising a collection for

and hence a brigantine, a small


for the

any purpose
to

to the

summary

of instructions given
client.

proper for giving chase or fighting


sel

Bailey

light pinnace
;

a ves-

a barrister for the defence of his


" Dictante legationis suae brevem."

employed

purpose of piracy.

Ducange.

brigandine was a kind of scale armour, also

Brier.

AS.

brcsr,

brere,

but probably from the

Normans.
brieve is
yere,

In the patois of Normandy the word Fr. hrustill preserved (Patois de Bray)
;

from being worn by the light Breton glossary quoted by Ducange has " Brigandinou, Gall, brigandine, Lat. squamma ; inde squammatus, orne de bricalled briganders,

troops called Brigands.

a heath, from Bret, hrug, hruk,

W.

grug, Gael.
hrughiera,

gandine."

fraoch, Grisons bruch, brutg, heath.

It.

The
is

sense of strife or combat expressed

by

briga,

a heath

brughera, thick brakes of high-grown ferns.

a particular case of the general notion of exertion

Florio.

M.

Lat. bruarium, a heath, barren land

Due. rough with brambles and bushes. two-masted vessel. Probably conBri^t tracted from hrigantine. Sp. bergantino, a brig or

of force.
is,

See Brake.

In the same

way

to sti-ive

in the first instance, to exert one's force in the


to

attempt to do something, and, secondarily,


with another.

contend

Neumann. Brigade. A division of an army, from Fr. brigade, and that from It. brigata, a company, troop, crew, brood. Trovar si in brigata, to meet together.
brigantine, two-masted vessel.

[The mere opinions of Brantome upon etymological questions

are not entitled to

much

consideration,

but

The Prov. has


lens

briguer, in the sense of Fr. frayer,

worth noting that he derives brigand from brigandine, the designation of the soldier from that of his armor
it is

to circulate, consort with.

"

Mes

se

a servir

als va-

homes

e a briguar ab lor."

He

set himself to

and to associate with them. serve The primary meaning of Sp. bregar. It. brigare, seems to be to exert force bregar el arco, to bend a
of merit,
;

men

Lcs uns se sont appelles brigands, a cause des brigandines ils ^toient arm^s et endosses. Des Hommes, 2 Partie, Premier Discours, De tous nos Couronnels, etc.
et arraes dont

bow

It.

brigare, to strive for, to shift for with care,

fact that in the

This derivation receives some support from the Middle Ages troops were most comthe

labour, and diligence, h-iga, necessary business.


Florio.

monly known by
or defensive
;

name of

their

arms offensive

Brigata, then, would be a set of people en-

thus, arquebusier,

archer, baletrier,

gaged

in

a common occupation.

Brigand.
briga, strife,

Brigantine. Brigandine.
M.
Lat. briga, jurgia, rixa, pugna.

mousquetier, lanzknecht, piquier, etc.

his

It.

Bright.
manifest
brcehtm,
;

Brilliant.
biartr,

M.]
;

Goth,

bairhts,

cleax,

Icel.

AS.

beorht, bright

bearhtm,

Due.
then
it

It.

brigare, to strive, brawl, combat.

Probably

bryhtm,

a glittering,
sound,

twinkling,
noise.

was

in the sense of skirmishers that the

name

Bav.

bracht,

clang,

Schmeller.
bright
it-

moment.

of brigand was given to certain light-armed foot-soldiers,

OHG.
self

praht, pracht, clear sound, outcry, tumult,

frequently mentioned

by

Froissart

and

and, at a later period, splendour.

The E.

contemporaries.

Latin glossary quoted by Duc'est

was formerly applied


Heo
That

to sounds.

cange has " Veles, brigant,

une maniere de gens " Cum 4 millibus peditum armatorum, duobus millibus brigantum et ducentis equitibus." Chron. A.D. 1351, in Due. They were also called brigancii or brigantini.
d'armes courant et apert k pie."

song so
far

schille

and so

brihte

and ner me

hit iherde.

Owl and The


seolfe coe that

Nightingale, 1654.

wel can

flgte

He mot

raid

me

holde mid ri^te


hri^te.

" Briganciis et balestrariis Anglicis custodiam castri

For both we habbeth stevene In like manner the G. prahlen


ondly, to glitter, to shine.

muniendi reservavit."

Ibid. 1678.

The passage from the sense of a light-armed soldier to that of a man pillaging on his own account,
is

signifies in the first

instance to speak with a loud voice, to cry, and sec-

easily understood.

It.

either

by sea or

land.

hrigante,

pirate, rover

Adelung.
;

The

origin

Flor.

A similar change has


It.

of both these words


briegen, to cry

is

the imitative root brag, brak,

taken place in the meaning of the


later times

malandrini, in

representing a sudden noise.

a robber or highway-man, but classed by Thomas of Walsingham with the Brigands as a species of horse-soldier.

Schmid

Swab, bragen, bragen,


bray, braid.
all

OE.

The phenomena from whence

representative

" Reductus est ergo et coram consilio demonstratus Brigantinorum

more semivestitus gestans

sagittas

words are immediately taken, must of course belong to the class which addresses itself to the ear, and we find accordingly that the words expressing attributes

128

BEIGHT.
heU, clear, transparent,

BRINDLED.
contraction of hriUer from hreziUer, and the correspondence of the pair with griller, gresiUer ; griller

of light are commonly derived from those of sound.

So G.
ram,

from

hall,,

a sound,

clangour.

The

Ir. glor,

noise, voice, speech, glo-

d'impatience.

is

Diet. Trevoux.

to sound,

show the

origin of Lat. clanis, clear,

It. hriUare, to

quaver with the voice.

Fl.

with respect either to sound or colour, and the E.


tinkle, that

[Brilliant

applied to sounds in English in a


It. brillare,

of Fr.

etincelle,

a spark.
splendour,

'glamm, glamr, tinnitus, glamra, to resound,

From Icel. may be


to

sense different from that of the


It

to quaver.

means

clear,

smooth and sonorous, as when we

explained
shine,

glampi,

glitter,

glampa,

speak of the brilliancy of tone of a piano-forte.


tion of
ties,

corresponding to the Gr. Xainrw, Xa/xvpos.

ludicrous inversion of this principle, in the applica-

Du.

schateren, scheteren, to

make a

loud noise, to

words expressive of sound

to visible proper-

shriek with laughter, schiteren, to shine, to glisten.

has been lately common, as when, speaking of

In Finn, there are

many examples
;

of the same

transfer of signification

from the phenomena of the


hilia, clare tinniens,

a person who wears a flashy article of dress, one says " He had on a very loud waistcoat." M.l

one sense to those of the other


clare
lucens, splendens
;

kilist&a, tinnitum
reflecto.

clarum

moveo, splendorem clarum


as glass
ter
; ;

Wilista, to ring,

willata, wileUa, wilahtaa, to flash, to glit-

kajata, to resound, re-echo, also to reflect, shine,


at

appear

a distance, himista, to sound clear (equiv-

G. hrdme, brame, Lith. bremas, Pol. bram, border, brim; border, margin, edge. Hung, perem, prem, a border, fx-inge (Lat. fimbria), Du. hreme, bremel, a border, lap, fringe Icel. harmr, the edge, border, lip of a vessel, lap of a garment hence the bosom, originally the lap folding over the
;

Brinii Rim*

alent to the E. chime), kimina, sonus acutus, clangor

breast.

E. barm, the lap or bosom

barm-cloth or

himmaUaa, hiimottaa, to shine, to glitter hommata, homista, to sound deep or hollow homottinniens,
;

barm-shin, an apron.

The E.

ryme, which seems identical with rim,

is

taa, to shine, to

shimmer.
is

In like manner in Galla the sound of a bell


itated

im-

used for the surface of the sea (Hawkins' Voyage). In the same way Sw. bryn is used in the sense both
of border or edge and surface, vattu-bryn, the of the water
;

by the word

bilbil,

whence

hilhil-goda (literally,

ryme
Irryn,

to

make

hilhiV), to ring, to glitter,

beam,

glisten.

ogne-bryn, the eye-brow.

Dan.

Tutschek.

brow of a

hill,

surface of the ocean.

The meaning of the Fr. hriUer, to shine, seems to have been attained on a principle exactly similar. "We must premise that an initial hr and gr, as well as hi and gl, frequently interchange, as in Langued.
brezil,

ready

is said of sows from the peculiar cry of the animal on that occasion. AS. bremman, Du. brom-

To

BrilUt

To

brim, G. brdhnen,

to take the boar,

Fr. grezil, small gravel,

parched, broiled.

It.

brullo,

grullo,

men, Fris. brimme, Gr. ySpc/xeiv, Lat. fremere. It. bramire, O. Fr. bramer, to roar ; b7-am, a cry of desire or pain. sire

Flor.

We

have then
;

in Fr. the

verbs grisser, to creak, crackle

gresiUer, grisler, to
;

Florio

It.
;

bramire, a longing or earnest de;

bramare, to desire

make a
ler,

crackling noise, as of meat in broiling

gril-

burn with desire


stigh,

Du. bremen,

to

Kil.

to creak, crackle, broil;

and corresponding
of gr, Sc.

to

ardens desiderio.

bremstigh, brumstigh, brunKil.

these, with

an

initial Ir instead

brissle,

Swiss Eom.
ler, to

hrisoler, hresoler

(Gloss. Genev.), to
hreziller, hril-

broil, to parch, identical

with the Fr.

it cannot be doubted that the original meaning of the Sc. brissle was derived from the crackling noise made by meat

twinkle, glitter, sparkle.

Here

[The German brunstig is doubtless from hrunst, Grimm distinand that from brennen, to burn. guishes between brunft, allied to brummen, which is applied only to wild animals, and hrunst, from brennen, used of domestic creatures precisely as

heat in the

in broiling, as in

AS.

brastlian, to crackle, to burn.

Bninst, 8.

same M.]

acceptation.

"Worterbuch,

we use
s.

v.

In Fr.

hreziller, briUer (related to

each other as gre-

siUer, griUer), the

meaning

is

transferred from the

domain of the ear to that of the eye, from the analogous effect produced on the sensitive frame by a crackling noise and a sparkling light. So Fr. petiller,

Brimstone! For brynstone, burning stone, from AS. bryne, a burning. Brindled. Brinded. Sc. Sprainged. Streaked,

coloured in stripes.

Icel.

brondottr,

s.

s.

brand-

krossottr, cross-barred in colour,

from brandar, beams,


in

to crackle, to sparkle, to

shake, to long for a

posts, bars.

A brindled cow

is

thing.

vache brangee, from bringe, a rod.


initial s, Sc.

Normandy called Hence with an

The verb briUer itself seems to have the sense of shaking or trembling in the expression briUer apres,
greedily
to covet with impatience.

spraing, a streak, sprainged, striped or

streaked.

Cotgr.

properly to tremble

Instead of briUer in this application the Swiss Rom. uses hresoler (il hresole d'etre marie ; os qui bresole, the singing bone), strongly confirming the

and Fr. bringe is traced Fr. brin, a morsel, a slip or sprig of an herb Berri, hringue, a crum, a morsel bringe, a rod or twig, brindeUes de See Brand. balai, the twigs of a besom.
identity of Icel. by-and
It.

The

through the

brano, brandello, a bit


;

BRINE.
Brine.
i-um
Kil.
sea.

BROACH.
originally merely to crackle or

129
simmer.

Jisc-bryne.G\.
The AS.
;

AS.

hryne, salsugo.
JElfr.

Liquamen vel gaDu. brijn, pickle.

Hence

ribrezzare, to shiver for cold or for fear, to astonish

uses brym as a poetic

name
; ;

for the

or affright with sudden fear; ribrezzoso, starthng,


trembling, full of astonishment, humorous, fantastical,

Icel. brim, a;stus litoralis

maris

brim-sior, a
brim-saltr,
is

stormy sea very


salt.

brim-hUod, roar of the sea

suddenly angry.
as the
efi'ect

As

brimi

is

flame, the term


;

probably
f^pefx-w,

Then

of shivering, or the emotions

derived from the roaring of the sea


Fris. brimme, to roar.

Gr.

[So, from brennen, to burn, the

Germans have

brandung, breakers
1st das Kappeln und Thiirmen der See mit heftigem Ueberschlagen und Schaumen der Wellen verbunden, so sagen die Scliiffer, " die See brennt," und nennen die Sache * * "Es brannte fiirchterlich," selbst eine Brandung. Oder auch " die ganze See stand in Brand," babe ich die Seeleute sagen boren, wenn sie von einem grossen Sturme M.] Kohl, Schl.-Holst. I. 309. erzalilten.
:

which produce it, is to erect the hair, to birstle, brissle might properly be used in the sense of startling, ruffling, setting the hair on end, whence a birstle, bristle, would signify an erect hair, the true equivalent of the It. riccio. See Caprice. Traces of the original meaning may be seen in the Sc. expression, to set up one's birse, to put one
in a rage
;

birssy,

hot-tempered, to be compared with

the

It.

ribrezzoso, angry.
it

A cold bleak day


;

is

called

a birssy day, because

makes us shivery and goosecompare


It. brezza,

skinned, setting the hair on end

Brisk.
rude, harsh
taste.
It.

Fr. brusque, lively, quick, rash, fierce,


;

a cold and windy mist or

frost.

vin brusque, wine of a sharp, smart

The

initial b is

represented by the syllable he in

hrusco, eager, sharp, brisk in taste, as un-

the Fr. herisser, to set up his bristles, to

make

his

ripe fruits, sour, grim, crabbed.

hair to stare

se herisser, his hair to stare, also to

liquor,

Probably derived from the sound of sparkling produced by a quick succession of small bubbles coming to the surface and bursting. It. frizzare, to spirt, frisk, or startle, as good wine doth, to bite or burn, to be tart upon the tongue as sour wine or fruit is, also to frisk or skip nimbly

shiver or yearn through fear.

Cot.

From

the

same source is Lat. ericius, a hedgehog. In like manner the Lat. erica corresponds to Bret, brug,
heath
;

the Lat. eruca to

It.

bruco,

caterpillar.

The connexion with


Brittle.

the Celtic

name

for heath meets

us again in a very puzzling

frizzante, brisk, tart, or smacking

upon the tongue,

Brickie.

manner under Brush. Formerly written brotil,


Icel. briota, Port.

by metaphor quick and nimble-witted. Serv. vrtzanye, vrtzkanye, spirting, moving quickly backwards
and forwards.
gay-

apt to break, from


britar,
brittle.

AS. hytan,

to break.

Fr. /risque, frisk, Hvely, brisk, spruce,

Dan. bryde, In the N. of E. and


used in the sense of

to

break, brodden,

Sc. brickie, brockle,


brittle,

bruckle, are

from break.
Bret, bresk,

The same connexion


or chuck for joy.

of ideas

is

seen in

It. hril-

The

PI.

D.

bros, brittle, is the equivalent derivative


bris,

lare, to twinkle, to sparkle as

wine doth, also

to skip

from the Gael, form


brusk, fragile.

Fr. briser.

Fl.

Brisket. Fr. brichet, the breast of an animal, a very gristly piece of meat. Perhaps from Icel.
briosk,

Sw.

brush, gristle.

On

the other hand the

Bret, bruched (Fr. ch), the chest, breast, craw of a


bird, tends to

broach a drawing off the liquor, and hence metaphorically, to broach a W. business, to begin upon it, to set it a going.

Broach.
is

Abroach, Brooch.
it
;

To

cask

to pierce

for the purpose of

connect the word with

Slavonian
belly,

procio, to thrust, to stab

Gael, brog, to goad, to

forms, Russ. briocho,

Russ. hrioshko,

Bohem. brich, bricho, the Bohem. brissko, little belly.


byrst
brust.
;

spur, and, as a noun, an awl.


broche, a spit, a stitch
;

Prov. broca, Fr.

See
Sc.

brocher, to spit, stitch, spur

Bowels.
Bristle.
hirs, birse,

Prov. brocar.

It.

broccare, brocciare, to stick, to spur.


;

AS.

Sw.

borst,

Du.

borstel,

Sp. broca, a brad or tack, a button

broche,

clasp,

N. E.

A thick elastic hair,


Com.
;

strong

enough
Zeuss.

to stand

up of

itself.

bros, aculeus.

a brooch,

i.

e.

an ornamented pin

to hold the parts

of dress together.
Lat. brocchus, bronchus, a projecting tooth
brocco,
;

Wallach. borzos (struppig), bristly


;

Swiss

It.

borzen, to stand out

Fr. a rebours, against the

grain

rebrousser, to turn

up the point of anything.


;

a stump or dry branch of a tree so that it prick, a bud, a peg; sbrocco, sprocco, a skewer,
sprout, shoot.
It is probable that there is a fundamental connexion with the verb to break, the notion of a sharp point being obtained either from the image of a

Cotgr.

M.

Lat. reburrus, rebursus, sticking up

" In sua primaeva aetate habebat capillos crispos et

dicam rebursos ad modum pini ramorum qui semper tendunt sursum." Vita abbatum S. Crispini in Due.
rigidos et ut ita

The
a
fit

It. brisciare,

brezzare, to shiver for cold as in

broken

stick (brocco, stecco rotto in

Altieri), or

modo che punga from that of a splinter or small frag-

of an ague, has under Breeze been connected


brissle, birsle, birstle, to broil, to scorch,

ment, which in the case of wood or similar material


naturally takes the form of a prick, or finally from

with the Sc.

VOL.

I.

17

130
the pointed form of a
into

BROAD. BROIL.
bud or
shoot, breaking out

bord, a border

ornamented with
silk.

gold, silkes-borda,

growth.
also

It.

hrocco, a

bud, broccoli, sprouts.

border ornamented with


It

a So from Pol. bram,

Compare

E. prick with Sw. spricka, to crack,

a border, bramowanie, embroidering.

to shoot, to bud.

may happen

here, as will often be found to

A similar
brote,

relation

may be

observed between Sp.


brot,

be the case

in other instances

where the derivation


roots,

a bud, a fragment, Prov.

a shoot or

seems to halt between two


themselves modifications
of

that these are


original.

sprig,

and forms

like the Icel. bripta, Port, britar,

common

to break.

Thus

Broad. AS. brad; Goth, braids ; Icel. breidr ; G. breit. We may remark a frequent connexion between words signifying edge, side, border, and Thus Lat. lattis, lateris, a those signifying broad.
and latus, broad AS. side, a side, and sid, wide Dan. bred, an edge or border, and breed, broad Sw. bradd, edge, and bred, broad bred-vid, side by side, having the sides or edges opposed, or
side,
;
;
;

a point, and bord or bred, an edge, agree in being the extremity of a thing. The Icel. brydda is both to sharpen or furnish with a point, and also to sew on a border or fringe to a garment. Combrod,

pare also

AS.

brerd, breard,

a brim, rim, margin,

with Sc. braird, the shoot of com,


instigate.

AS. onbryrdan,

to

Broil.
quarrel.

else
at,

opposed in the direction of breadth (vid

= near,

Disturbance,
Bailey.

trouble,

a falling-out, a

The

sense has been somewhat

modified in later times by a confusion with brawl.

upon).

The

radical notion seems to be extended in the

The bark that hroild in rough and churlish seas At length doth reach a port and place of ease.
Turberville in R.

direction of the edges, extended from edge to edge.

See Spread.

But
It.

that thou wilt in winter ships prepare


trie

Brocade.
with gold and
Fr. brocher, to

broccata, a sort of cloth

wrought

And

the seas in hroile of whirling windes.

silver.

Commonly
that,

explained as from

Surrey in R.

stitch, in

the sense of embroidered.

The proper
whence
shufile,
It.
it

sense

is

that of Fr. brouiller (from


to

But Muratori shows


fundamental origin,

though from the same the line of development has

immediately comes),

jumble, trouble,

confound, to

make a

hurly-burly.

Cotgr.

been something
stump, or snag,
silk

different.
is

The

It.

brocco,

a peg,

broglio.

Gael, broighlich, noise, bawling, con;

also applied to

a knot or bunch in

or thread, whence broccare, to boss, to stud


;

fusion, tumult

broigJdeach, bustling, noisy, tumult-

uous.

From

a direct imitation of a confused sound.


is

Florio

broccoso,

broccuto,

knotty,

broccata

was used
pile,

to signify stuff

knobby and ornamented with


;

The word

hurly-burly

a parallel formation within


Fr. brouhaha, brouhoux,

the limits of E.

itself.

a raised

forming knots or loops, or bossed with gold and silver.

stuff

emface

storms, blusters, hurly-burlies.

Brock.
of the

A badger, from the white-streaked


Gael,
broice,
;

See Brawl. upon hot coals. Bailey. Contracted from Fr. brasiller, to roast on the braise,

To

Broil.

To
;

roast

animal.

a mole, a

freckle,
;

or glowing coals

or perhaps

we should
brusciare,

rather say

brucach, spotted, freckled


broc,

breac, speckled, piebald

formed
ciare,

like Fr. brasiller, brusler, bruler, or It. bras-

a badger

brocach, Sc. broukit, brooked, streaked

brasciuolare,

brasolare,

brucilare,

or speckled in the face.


broc,

Dan. broged, parti-coloured,


atoms
Bret, bric'h,
briz,

brusuolare (the last to be argued from brasciuole,


brasuole, brusuole, fried or boiled steaks), bruUare,
to burn, parch, scorch, broil.
brissle, to

a badger.
motes,

"W. brech, brych, brindled, freckled,


spots,
;

brychau,

Florio.

Sc. birsh,

speckled, parti-coloured, streaked, brizen, a freckle.

parch or
character

broil.

In

all

these words the

For the same reason the badger


son, q. V.

is

also called

Baw-

imitative

of the designation from the

crackling sound of flame

Brocket.

A hart of two years old.


The
pricket.

Fr. brocart,

felt

in

a lively manner.

and burning grease is Compare G. prasseln,


brastlian, to crackle, to

because the animal at that age has a single sharp


broche or snag to his antler. the
fallow-deer of

to crackle, rustle,

and AS.

same age was termed a

burn, Grisons brascla, sparks; E. brustle, to crackle,

Cot.

make a

To Broider.

Fr. broder, Sp. bordar, to orna-

noise like straw or small

wood

in burning.

Halliwell.

ment with needle-work. seem to have coalesced

Here two
in

distinct

images

a common

When
He

he

is falle in

such a dreme

Gower
in R.

signification.

routeth with a slepie noyse


bromtleth as

The
and

Bret, brouda, to embroider, to prick, to spur,

And

W.

brodio, to embroider, to

dam,

point to an

When it is
It.

a monkes troyse (pancake) throwe into the i)anne.

origin in Bret, broud, a prick, sting, Gael, brod, E.


brod, prod, to prick.

On

the other hand the Sp.

brustolare, to scorch, broil, carbonado.

bordar seems derived from borde, bordo, a border, because a border of needle-work was the earliest

With an
in

ser, to crackle,

mode of ornamenting a garment.

Ihre has guU-

gr instead of br the Fr. has grisa shell the fire, or salted fish on coals, grislement, a crackinitial

creak, gresiUer, to crackle as

BROKER. BRONZE.
ling noise as of

131
quoted with or without brack, the term

meat

in broiling

griller, to broil,

of tallow

is

precisely analogous to the Sc. brissle, and E. broil.

brack signifying the


brackers or sorters.

The

Italian

has the double form

parched, broiled.

brullo,

grullo,

Tooke's

ofiicial

inspection

of sworn
1.

Catherine,

38.

Florio.

If

we advance another

step in the inquiry

and

Broker.

The custom

of employing a broker in

seek the origin of the term brack, wrak, in the sense


of rejection,

the purchase of goods arises from the advantage of having a skilled intermediary, capable from long
practice of forming a critical

we

shall

probably find the original

image

in the act of spitting, as the liveliest expres-

in question, of pointing out their latent defects,

rejecting whatever falls

judgment of the goods and below the degree of excelcase.

lence called for

by the circumstances of the


:

and contempt for the rejected object. G. brechen, Du. bracken, to vomit Prov. E. whreake, tussis, screatio Junius wreak, a cough Hal. hrak, any refuse matter. Icel. hraki, spittle Fr.
sion of disgust

To find fault is accordingly recognised in Plowman as the specific duty of a broker Among burgeises have I be
Dwellyng
at

Piers

raquer, racher, cracker, to spit

ra^aille,

refuse

Prov. raca, an old worthless horse, analogous to

Bohem.

London,

brakyne, an outcast or rejected sheep. The Langued. brumo, phlegm, spittle, has exactly the

And

gart Backbiting be a brocour,

force of G. brack in the expression brumos de boutigo,


is

To blame mens ware.

marchandises de rebut;

On

this

principle the G. designation


blur, stain, fault
;

mdkler,
criticise,

wares.

See
is

G. brack-gut, refuse
is

"Wreak.

from makel, a

mdkeln, to

In the sense of blot or stain there

a singular

censure, find fault with, [and thence] to follow the

confusion with brack, a breach or fiaw, from break.

business of a broker,

buy and sell by commission. For the same reason the 0. Fr. term was correctour, Lat, corrector, correctarius, whence the modern courtier, a broker. Per manus et mediationem quorundam J. S. et A. G. brocariorum et
Kuttner.
correctariorum ejusdem barganei.

Lib. Alb. 396.

Vous jurrez que vous ne marchandirez dez nuUez

marchaundisez dez queux vous ferez correctage. Sacramentum Abrocariorum in Lib. Alb. To correct an exercise is to point out the faults.

Now

in

D.) and Slavonic dialects

most of the Teutonic (especially the PI. is found the root brak
vile,

or wrak in the sense of rejection, refuse,


aged, faulty,
inspect,

damto

giving rise

to

a verb signifying

make

selection, sort, try out, reject, cast out.

Danish vrage, to refrom the Icelandic reka, to drive or drift, with which our wreck, the French varech, sea-weed and other things thrown upon the beach, the PI. D. wraken, and the other analogous Gothic words cited in the text are allied. The form vagrek, wave-wreck, which occurs in the Heimskringla, would seem to show that the w or w in vrag, wreck, was a remnant of the first element of a compound, but this is not the fact, vrage being formed from reka, just as the Dan. vrangt, wrong, is from the Icel. rdngt ; vrede, WTa,ib, from reidi. The great importance of the law of wreck in the Middle Ages has made that title one of the most conspicuous in the Old-Northern jurisprudence, and the
that the
ject, find fault with, is

[There

no doubt

Lith. brokas, a fault,


hrokoti, to

weak

place, matter of

blame
hrlik,
;

provisions with respect to the right of property in


goods,

blame, to

criticise

(makeln).

Russ.
to sort

and

especially in whales

and other large

fish,

refuse

brakovat, to pick

and choose,
;

bra-

wrecked, or drifted ashore by the waves, are very

kovanie, inspection, rejection

Pol. brak, want, lack,

minute and
ern codes.
is

specific in the

refuse

brakowad, to garble, to pick, to be wanting.


:

Gragas and other NorthHence, the wide diffusion of the word

In the Teutonic class Du. brack, rejected, damaged braeck goed, goods damaged by sea-water. Kil. PI. D. braken, to garble, inspect, try wraken, to pronounce unsound, to reject Dan. vrage, to re;

easily accounted for.

landic,

to

slaae vrag paa, throw blame upon, find fault with. G. hrack-gut (Sanders), PI. D. wrack-good, refuse goods. Pro v. brae, refuse, filth, mud, ordure, and as an adj. vile,
ject, find fault with, to sort
;

goods

hrekia and hrcekia also occur in Iceand the suggestion of Wedgwood that the " original image is in the act of spitting," Icel. hraki, spittle, is not improbable. M.] Br01ize> It. hronzo, Sp. bronce, pan metal. Florio. This word shows the same relation to It. bronze, glowing coals, which E. brass does to Sp.

The forms

dirty,

abject.

Fr. bric-a-brac, trumpery, brokers'


broker seems to have

brasa, embers.

Bronzare, to brase, to copper.

Fr.

goods.

See Brackish.

braser Targent, le repasser

un peu sur

la braise.

The name
early

the shores of the Baltic,

come to us from with which much of our


on.

Cotgr.

Icel. brasa, to

braze or solder iron with a

lute of brass.

It

would appear then that the use of

In those countries the term broker, bracker, or wracker is used to signify public inspectors, appointed to classify goods

commerce was carried

the metal in soldering, an operation performed over

hot coals,
bronze
it

is

the origin of the designation both of

bronze and brass.


It. is

according to their quality, and to reject the damaged

and unsound.

Adelung.

In Petersburgh the price

whether

It may be doubted whether the a nasalised form of brace, embers, or be derived from the root bren, to burn.

132

BROOD. BROW.
Sc. has hrunds, brands, embers, to brund, to

The

emit sparks.

Jam.

boiled

bruithean, heat,

warmth

bmthcKan, broth

Grisons hrinzla, brascla, a

brothaire, a caldron.
hrothas, broth;

Gael, bruich, hruith, to


broie, to

boil,

spark, sbrinzlar, to sparkle.

The

use of the word bronzed in the sense of tanned,

sunburnt, is probably not originally derived from comparison with the colour of the metal bronze, but

from the primary sense of the


to scorch, tun, or sunburn.

It.

bronze, embers.

Abbronzare, abbronzanchiare, to roast on the embers,

Brood. Breed. AS. brad, a brood; brid, the young of any animal bredan, to nourish, cherish, keep warm. Du. broeden, to sit on eggs, to hatch G. brut, the spawn of fishes, progeny of birds, insects, and fishes briiten, to hatch, bring eggs and spawn into active life. PI. D. brod, brot, fish-spawn broden, broen, to hatch, bridde, a chicken. Commonly referred to the notion of warming, in which sense the OHG. bruoton is used by Notker, " also unsih diu uuoUa bruotet unde uuider froste skirmet," as wool warms us and protects us against frost.
;
;

G. brodem, broden, steam from heated bodies, in which sense the Sc. broth is sometimes used a person is said to be in a broth of sweat who is steaming with sweat. Du. broem (for brodem), spuma, sordes seu strigmata reBret,
broud,
hot.
;

Manx W. brwd,

boil, broit, broth.

Florio.

rum

decoctarum.

The

origin

is

a representation of

the simmering of boiling water.


brudi, to

Limousin broudi,

make a

confused noise of winds, waves,


to bubble

&c.

PI.

D. bruddeln,

up with

noise.
is

The

softening

down of

the consonant (which

barely pronounced in Gael, hrothas) gives the

OE.

browys, brewis, brewet, pottage, broth, and Sc. brose.

The AS. has


cabbage soup

briw, infusion, ceales


;

bnw,
;

kail brose,

Sc
;

broo, bree, pottage

made by pour-

ing boiling water on meal, infusion


juice of malt, ale

the barley bree,

Gael, brigh, juice of meat, sap,


;

pith, vigour, strength

Ir.

hruth, strength, vigour,


It.

Bret, broud,
hot,

hot,

burning, fermenting.

W.

brwd,

rage, heat

explaining the Prov. briu, and

brio,

warm

brydio, to be hot.

O. Du. brieden, to
brode,
broe,

mettle, spirit.

brew.

See Broth.

[Brodio, bodrio, and bodia, broth, though now, I

[The Prov. Dan. braade,

and the

believe, disused, occur in O. Sp.,

and brou

is

still

Prov. E. bradow, as well as the AS. form brcedan,


confirm the supposition of the earlier English etymologists, that this

used in Catalan, as

it

was

as early as the beginning


:

of the fourteenth century

word

is

cognate with broad, the

E
M.]

vehe

aquell corate que tenia

radical notion being that of protecting, cherishing,

argent plena de 6roM que bevia.

D'Esclot,

huna

scudella de

cap. clxiii.

warming, by extending the wings over the young. The Prov. Dan. verbs above cited are also applied to domestic fowls when they bathe themselves in sand, and spread their wings and bask in the sun,

Brothel. Sp. borda, a hut or cottage Fr. borde, house or cottage of timber, hut, hovel. Commonly derived from the boards, of Cotgr.
;

little

and in like manner to the spreading of clothes to dry after washing, " at broe eller braade Klaeder." Molbech, Dial. Lex. s. v. Broe. M.] Brook. AS. broca, a brook ; W. bruchen, the bubbling or springing up of water, a spring, a source Gael, bruich, to boil, seethe, simmer, from the murmuring noise. Gr. Ppvx<Ji, to roar, ySpuw, to spring, Bohem. bruceti, to murmur. The meaning of the word brook in the low G. dialects is very difierent, signifying low wet land. Brem. Wort. ; a grassy place in a heath. Overyssel Almanack. It is possible that brook in the E. sense may be

But the Wallach. borwhich the fabric consists. deiou is an under-ground hut as well as a house of
ill

fame.

The

diminutive

bordeau, bordel, was originally


little

used in the innocent sense of a

cottage.

Ne laissent en Chartrain ne en Dive bordel, Ne maison en estant qui soit fors du chastel.

Due.

Domunculum circumdedit cum familia. Sorengus vero expergefactus de bordello exiit et fugiens in vivariam exire
voluit.

Due.

Brother.
bhratr
;

term widely spread through the


Sanscr.
;

connected with

Russ.

breg,

Gael, bruach,

Manx

branches of the Indo-Germanic stock,

broogh, brink, verge, bank, as Fr. riviere, a river.


It.

Zend, brdta

Gael, brathair

W. brawd
protecting

riviera, a shore,

from ripa, bank.


digest, to
;

To Brook.
bruks, useful
tus.
;

To

bear patiently.

AS.

brucan, to use, eat, enjoy

Groth. brukjan, to use

; Lat frater. The ridge surrounding and Brow. AS. braew, bregh ; Pol. brew ; the eye.

Slavon. bratr

Russ. brov,

G. brauchen,

to use.

Lat.^rm*, Ji'uc-

brow.

Bohem.
Kil.

braubiti, to border.

eye-lid, eye-brow,

See Bramble. Broth. It. brodo, Fr. brouet, broth Du. broeye, brue; OIIG. brod, G. briihe, PI. D. broi, properly lx)iling water briihen, broien, to scald, pour boiling
;
;

shrub with Broom. G. pfriemkraut, awl-plant.

leafless pointed branches.

ing.

Du. brauwe, and also border, margin, fur edg;

Icel. bra, eye-hd, eye-lash


;

brun, eye-

brow, edge, eminence


of a
hill,

Dan.

surface of the ocean

der, surface.

W.

bryn,

brow Sw. bryn, edge, bora hill. G. augen-braune,


bryn, eye-brow,
;

eye-brow.

water over.

Ir.

bruithim, to boil

bruithe, sodden,

The AS. forms appear

related to the Russ. breg,

BROWN. BRUSH.
Boliem. hreh, Gael. hruacJi, a brink, bank, shore Serv. breg, a hill, bank, shore.
or brizo, a
bit
;

133

crum

briketo, brizeto, bricdlio,

little

brizal, dust,

fragments

brizal de carbon,

du
ex-

Brown.

Ger. hraun,

Icel. brun, It. bruno,

Fr.

bris de

charbon de terre, coal dust.


Assault, onset, heat.

See Breeze.

brun, perhaps burnt colour, the colour

of things

Brunt.
the meaning

Commonly

burnt, from Goth, brinnan, G. brennen, to burn.

plained from G. brunst, heat, strong passion.


is distinctly

But

Bro^vn study.
cupe, la tete basse.

0. Fr. enbwns, soucieux, preoc-

the front of an assault.

That
n'i

in

all

haste he would join battayle even with the

Unques

vout doner respons,

hront or brest of the

van garde.

Hall in Kichardson.
many

Mais tuz pensis e tuz enbrons Tint un baston, si'n na reiees Les cendres qu' out aplaniees.

The

shot of arblasters

overthrew

a horse and
first

man, and

specially the fore rydars that put themselfe in

Chron. Norm. 7817.


It.

In deep thought he drew lines with a stick in the ashes.


Vol.
2.

354.

prese with their longe and sharpe launcys to win the bmnte of the field. Fabyan in Kichardson.

imbronciare, to huff and snuff with anger


broncio, anger, grief, trouble
; ;

The metaphor

is

really derived

from the practice

Fl.

far

il

broncio, to

of hanging a bell on the leading beast of a herd,

pout at one

bronjtare, to huff

and

snuff, to snort.

which the others then readily


expression of bearing the

follow.

Hence

the

Browse.
broust, a

Fr. brouter, brouser, brouster, to knap

bell for

being the

first in

or nibble off the sprigs, buds, bark, &c. of plants


sprig,

Bret, brons, brous, a


hrotishaol, brocoli,

young branch, or shoot. Cotgr. bud brous-koad, brush-wood


;

cabbage sprouts

brotis-gwezen,

shrub
to

broust, briar, thick

bush

hrousta, to browse,
to shoot, bud,

company. Now the Servian has bronza, a cattle bell, from the material of which it is made, and the thing must once have been known by the same name in the language of the Grisons, in which brunza now signifies the first of a train of baggage
animals, the bell-mule, while the diminutive brun-

grow into a bush. grow brossa, O. Fr.


;

Prov. brotar,
broces, brasses,

Catalan brossa,
to sprout,

zinna
zinna
za

is is

applied to a cattle

bell,

and poHar

la brunfirst

Sp. broza, thicket,

brushwood;
;

brotar,

actually used in the sense of being the

bud, break out as small-pox, &c.

Gris. bratissa, low

in anything.
it

If

we read

the phrase portar la brunto

shrubs, as rhododendrons, juniper, &c.

Prov. brus,

would exactly correspond


lost in its
it

our expression

heath.

Fr. brogues, brosses, brousses, brouches, brouic,

bruc, bushes, briars, heath.

Roquefort.
Serv.

of bearing the brunt, and the meaning of the word

M.

Lat.

brunza being

adoption into English in the

bruscia, brozia,

dumetum.

sd

quam de

arabili."

Due.
It.

" Tarn de teri'a bruscobrst,

form of

brunt,

would acquire from the context the

sprouts

sense of onset, shock.

brstiti, to

browse.

OHG.

bros, sprout.

Bav.

bross,

brosst,

a bud, a sprout.

brocco, sprocco, broccolo,

shoot, sprout.

The larke and lynnett singith well, The thrissel dowe his best. The robbyn beares away the bell

Here we
Celtic,

find throughout the


families,

Romance, Teutonic,
signifying
twigs,

And
Brush.
elastic

passeth

all

the rest.

and Slavonic
sproc,

a variety of forms, broc,

On Eobert

Earl of Essex.

Camd. Misc.

3.

bros,

brost,

spross,

sprot,

An

sprouts, or bushes and scrubby growths, composed of twigs, or broken up into a multitude of points. There can be little doubt that they are all derived from the notion of breaking out, which we find expressed by similar modifications in
shoots,

twigs for

implement made of bristles or whisking away small extraneous


It
is

plants

matters from a surface.

singular that the

word

may

be derived with equal propriety from the dust


it is

or rubbish
als of

used to remove, or from the materiitself


;

which

it is

composed.

Catalan brossa,
;

the termination of the root, brik,

bris, brist, brit, to

quisquiUae, sordes, faex


brusg,

brossar, detergere

Gael.

break or burst. Broach.

See next
brysan,

article,

and

also Brush,

Bruise.

AS.

OE.

brise, to crush.

a crum. It. brusco, hruscolo, a mote, fescue brusca, a brush Swiss bruske, Piedm. brosse, remnants of hay or fodder, orts, brossa, a brush Sp.
; ;

broza, chips, dust, rubbish, brozar, to cleanse, broza,

" And he that schal but on


Wiclif.

falle

whom

it

schall

on Mle,

this stone schall


it

be broken,

schall al to brisen him.

a brush
rubbish.

Gael, bruis (in the

pi.), shivers, splinters,


;

fragments, bruis (sing.), a brush

E.

bris, brist, dust,

Fr.
Cotgr.
hrisar,

briser, to

break, crush, bruise extremely.

O. Fr. bruiser.
to

Diez.
;

Piedm.

bruscia,

brustia,

a horse-brush,

wool-card, brustie, to brush, Lang, broustia, a flax

Prov. brisar, desbris,

comb, G.

borste, biirste,

Sw.

borste,

a brush.

break

to bits

Gael,

brisd,

brist

In E. also the word brush had formerly the sense


of dust or
(Agea)
flue.

Port, britar, to break.

A modification

of the same root which gives the


final

said. Sir

E. break, the interchange of the

consonants

That

if

ye

list

being clearly shown in the derivatives, Prov. brico

And

that

is,

by your speche now right well I here ye may do the thing that I most desire, this your heritage there you Uked best

134
That ye might give
pikid
:

BUBBLE. BUCK.
and ever among, the brush away she

sound of a blow, from which the designation of a


knob, hump, or projection
is

commonly

taken.

Fr.

From

her clothes here and there, and sighid therewithal. Chaucer. Beryn.
cajoling her husband, she kept picking the

While

Palsgrave
bump.
tury,

bube, a push, wheal, blister,

watery bud, hunch or

Cotgr.
in

" Burble in the water

bubette."

Pr.

Pm.

Hung,

bob, bub,

pup, a

dust or bits of flue from her clothes to hide her em-

bunch, hump,

tuft, top,

buborek, a bubble.

barrassment.
clear

To

britsh

then would be to dust, to


equally

To Bubble.
Buccanier.

See Dupe.

away

the brush or dust and rubbish.


is

A set

of pirates in the 17th cen-

On
is

the other hand, the derivation

satis-

who

resorted to the islands and uninhabited

factoiy from the twigs or bristles of which the brush

places in the
ties

West

Indies,

and exercised

their cruel-

composed.

The

Lat. scopce signifies in the

first

principally on the Spaniards.

The name,

ac-

instance twigs, and in the second place a besom,

cording to Olivier Oexmelin,


of adventurers in the Indies,

who wrote a
is

history

while the word besom


rods.

itself

properly signifies twigs,

derived from the

good between G. horste, Sw. horst, a bristle, and G. borste, biirste, Sw. borste, a brush N. E. brmt, a bristle, and Piedm. brustia, a brush, wool-card. Bav. bross, brosst, a
relation holds
;

The same

language of the Caribs.


those savages
their flesh

It

was the custom of


prisoners
to

when they took

cook

on a kind of grate, called barbacoa (whence the term barbecue ; a barbecued hog, a hog

bud or sprout
brtcc, brus,

Bret, brous, a bud, shoot

brous

dressed whole).

The

place of such a feast

was

koad, brush wood,

wood composed of

twigs.

Prov.

brusc (Diet. Castr.), heath, quasi twigs, a

shrub composed of small twigs; Langued. brousso,

tuft

of heath; Fr. brosse, a bush, bushy ground,


;

Cotgrave the wooden gridiron itself), and this mode of dressing, in which the flesh was cooked and smoked at the same time, was called in Fr. boucaner. Hence those who escalled boucan (or according to

also

brossettes, a head-brush, wool-card, flax-comb small heath whereof head-brushes are made.

tablished themselves in the islands for the purpose

Cotgr.
Florio.

It.

brusca, ling

or heath for brushes.

of smoking meat were called buccaniers.

Diet.
I.

Etym.

The term bocan

is still

applied in the

W.

Icel. bruskr,

a bush of

hair, tuft of grass

to a place used for the drying of produce.

or hay, a brush.

Perhaps the explanation of the double origin is to be found in the fact that the words signifying mote, dust, rubbish, and those signifying a spiig, twig, bush, are both derived from modifications of
the multiform root signifying break, appearing in
Gx)th. brikan,
britar.

Our next illustration represents the Bocan, or huilding used for drying and preparing cocoa and coffee. The building is regularly constructed with two floors, the upper They are divided by partifor coffee, the lower for cocoa. tions of open lath-work, which is also used in a great portion of the ends and sides of the main building, to allow a
free current of air.

Illust.

News. March

28, 1857.

Gael,

bris,

brtst,

Fr.

briser,

Port.

broust,

The Bav. bross, brosst, Bret, brous, O. Fr. a bud, twig, or shoot, seems named from
;

[The
ride,
lis

earliest
is

example I have observed of the use


in Laudonniere, Ilistoire de la Flo-

of this word

bursting (Icel. brista) or breaking out


arate twigs or bristles

or the sep-

1586, Preface:

may

be considered as splin-

ters, as It. brusca, bruscolo, bruschetta,

little

piece

mangent

toutes leurs viandes rosties sur les charbons

of

wood or straw, fescue, mote. But see [The resemblance between the Latin
its

et boucanes, c'est-k-dire quasi cuictes h la fumee.

Bristle.

scopce

and

Hackluyt, III. 307, translates this


caned."

" dressed in

the English sweep, with

various Gothic cognates,


is

the smoake, which in their language they call bou-

deserves notice.

From

scopa, a twig,

Capmany, II. 425. The O. Catalan scobar, to flog. Italian scopa is used as the name of an arborescent
shrub, a broom, and a scourge.

formed the

M.]

Bubble.
to

It.

bubbola.

From an
liquid.
;

imitation of the

sound made by the bubbling

Bohem. bublati, murmur, buhlina, a bubble Pol. b(^bel, a bubble, a tumour Lith. bubseti, to bubble, boil bubauti, to
;

bellow as a bull
to beat
;

bubenti, to

thunder gently

bubiti,

would appear that boucan is probably a M.] To Buck. 1 Formerly, when soap was not so plentiful a commodity, the first operation in washing was to set the hnen to soak in a solution of wood This was called bucking the linen, and the ashes. ashes used for that purpose were called buck-ashes. The word was very generally spread. In G. it is
Hence,
it

Floridian, not a Caribbean word.


.

bublett, to

bump

as a bittern.

Sc. bub,

beuchen,

bauchen, beichen, buchen,

biichen,
;

biiken.
It.

blast of wind.

Sw.
tion

bi/ka,

Dan. byge

Fr. buquer, buer

buca-

and a lump or swelling are very generally designated by the same word, either because a bubble is taken as the type of anything round and swelling, or becau.se the same articulation is used to represent the pop of a bubble bursting, and the
bubble

tare; Bret. bugd.

Sp. bugada, lye.


discussed.

The

deriva-

has been
:

much

The more
;

plau-

Dan. bog-aske, the ashes of beech-wood, but the pracchiefly employed in making potash tice of bucking would have arisen long before peosible are

BUCK.
pie resorted to

BUCKET.
hardly

135

any particular kind of wood


buck ashes, supposed
dish, in the

for the

supply of ashes.
2. It. hucata,

to

be so called
that the

from huca, a term


is

hole,

because the ashes are strained

through a pierced
in

same way
filter,

bugada is still employed in Catalan for lye, but is known in Spanish, and the glossary to the edition of A. March of 1555 explains it by lexia. It has also found its way into Mod. Greek, and /xTToyuSa and oAecro-iySa (lessive) are in common use
in the Levant.

Sp. colada, lye, bucking, the linen at


to buck, lessi-

buck, from colare, to strain, to


ver, faire la lessive.

The frequency

of words resembling buck in their

But

the analogy does not hold,

elements, and signifying to knock, butt, beat, as O.

because bucare does not appear ever to have been

Fr. buquer, Dutch beuken, boocken and boken, (Kilian,)

used in the sense of straining or

filtering.

and the

like, suggests the possibility that

bucking
is
still

The
soft,

true derivation

is

seen in Gael, bog, moist,


Bret.
ideas of

clothes was, originally, beating them, which

tender, and as a verb, to steep or soak.


soft,

common

part of the process of cleansing clothes


this supposition derives

bouk,

tender, boukaat, to soften.

The
;

by washing, and
tation in Nai'es

some con-

wet and soft commonly coalesce, as G. erweichen, to soak, from wetch, soft It. moUe, soft, wet Lat. molPol. mokry, lire, to soften, and Fr. mouillir, to wet. wet ; miekki, soft mieknac, to soak, to soften moc; ; ;

firmation from the phrase to beat a buck, in a quo-

Faster
If I

am

out of breath, I

am

sure

were

to beat a brick I can strike

no harder.

zyc, to

soak foul linen before washing.


for flax.

Bohem. mok,

a steep

To

buck then would originally be

On

the other hand, in two instances cited


is

by Rich-

to set the linen to soak in lye,

and as

and

b so

ardson from Fabian, bucked


to seed-corn, evidently

applied to ground, and

often interchange

(comp.

W. maban

and baban, a

meaning water-soaked, and in

baby), the word

is

doubtless identical with mok, the

root of the Slavonic words above mentioned, and of

Beronie's Diet, du Bas-Limousin, bougna is defined " demeurer quelque temps dans I'eau ou dans quelque
autre liqueur, tremper, macerer
;

the Lat. macero, to soak.


tural termination
is lost,

In Lat. imbuere, the gutunder consideration,


into

" also, " couver,"

as in Fr. buee for buquee.

and

" infuser."

[The word
is

buck, in the sense

of comparatively recent

introduction

the

The Cimbric of the Sette and the Tredici Comuni, which often curiously illustrates the relation
between Gothic and Romance words, shows a probable connection between the Gael, bog and the Ger-

Gothic, if not into the


oldest

Romance languages. Grimm's

example

is

of the sixteenth century, and he

supposes the

German

derivation, in

bauchen, etc., to be of Romance which opinion Burguy coincides, but

man
and

suggests as the ultimate source the Gael, root, bog,

In the Cimbric, b takes the place of w, ei. Hence weich becomes boch or boach, and Schmeller, Cimb. Wort., defines
weich.

or oa often that of

mentioned in the text. In one of the various readings


tion of Reinaert de Vos, v. 219,

boach, boch,
in

Willems's edifind for


:

inbochen,

by G. weich. It. moUe boachen, bochen, by G. weichen, einweichen, It. ammoUire,


;

we

inzuppare.
Historically,
it

Dien
that

gi leit in

uwen

is

museel,

more probable

that the

lan-

you thrust down your throat (museau, muzzle),


Dien scoot
gi al in

guages of Southern Europe have borrowed the word, thus transformed, from a Gothic than from a
Gaelic root, but there cannot be

buuckzeel.

much doubt

that the

primary sense
"Willems defines buuckzeel,

is

to soak,

and either of the

by "

buiksel, doorzyger,

bog or weich, affords a satisfactory etymon.

M.]

radicals,

loogpyp
lixivium

gelyk

men by het linnenwaschen


which
latter
It.

gebruikt."

Bncki
deer,

The male

goat, also applied to the

Kilian has butseel, uter, vas vinarium, and buycksel,


;

and then

to other wild animals, as


It.

lavatio lixivio,

word he supbucata.

W.

bwch, Gael, boc, Fr. bouc.

male a buck-rabbit. becco. Probably

poses to be related to the Fr. buee,

named from

the tendency of the animal to butt or


Fin. pukkata, to butt
;

I should sooner have supposed the buuckzeel of

strike with the forehead.

Reinaert de Vos to be a derivative of O. Dutch buuc,


Reinaert, v. 6292, G. bauch, the belly, but if Wil-

Esthon. pokkama, to butt, to kick


stick, to butt.

Hung,
;

bokni, to

Pol. puk, knock, rap, tap


;

Gael, boc,

lems

is

right in explaining
earliest

it

as

a leach-tub,

it

is

a knock or blow

Fr. buquer, bucquer, to knock at a


;

probably the

instance of this use of the

door, to butt or jurr

Dan. bukke,

to

ram down a gun.


rebuter,

word yet adduced.


Ausias March employs bugada for
tears, alluding

The sounds
very nearly.
to repel
;

of butt and buck approach each other

Compare E. rebuke with Fr.

no doubt

way

something in the same as in the example cited by Richardson from


to their acridity,

a log or trunk of a bukr, the trunk or body of an animal.


Icel. butr,

tree,

and

Piers Ploughman, under

Buck
feta la bugada, etc.

Bucket.
Canto
IIII. St. 4.

Fr. baquet, a pail or bucket, a small

Mos

ulls d'a90

han

shallow and open tub.


trough.

Cotgr.

Dim. from

bac,

De Amor,

See Back.

Russ. buk, a washing vessel.

136

BUCKLE. BUDGET.

BacklCf

We

have seen under Boss that words

The
for

fabric must, of course,

have been remarkable


it

signifying protuberance are generally derived from

its

lustrous whiteness, a quality inconsistent with

a representation of the sound of a blow, or perhaps


of a thing cracking or bursting.
ptikawka, a pop-gun

looseness of texture, and Willems defines

" zeker

The

Pol.

pvk !

is

fyn linnen."

He

also speaks of its importance in

used in imitation of the sound of a smart knock;


;

the commerce of Bruges, and refers to a passage in


the Lammentatie van Zeger van
court's

Russ. pukat, to crack, to burst

open as a bud, to spring, sprout; Russ. puk, a bunch, bundle, whisp Fin. puka, a hump ; satulan puka, the saddle-bow heina-puka, a hay-cock Rouchi poquer, to strike, poque, a pustule, ulcer, pock It. hucchia, huccia, boccia, a
se, to
; ; ; ;

Bohem. pukati

work on the trade of

that city.

Male in BeauBuckram is

often mentioned in the

Catalonian Tariffs in the

Drets de Cathalunya.
ent qualities,

In that of 1542, six differboth plain and colored, are enumerated,

bunch, bud, bubble


.

Icel.

bukr, the trunk, body,

belly, the protuberant or thick part of

a thing

Sp.

buque, bulk, the hull of a ship


ach, bag
;

buche, craw, stom;

Sw. buka,
;

to swell, to

bulge

Gael, boc, a
;

blow, a stroke

boc, to swell, to blister

W.

bog,

swelling, rising up, boglyn,

a
;

boss,

knob, bubble;

Dan.
ance
;

bug, belly, bulge,

bow

bugle, boss, protuber;

bugne, to bulge, to swell


;

Hung,
;

bog,

a knob,

knot, bud, bulb

It.
;

boccula,
botccle,
;

a bubble

Fr. boucle, a

bubble, curl, buckle

swollen, hulching, bear;

ing out in the middle


,

Pol. pukiel, a lock of hair

G.

buckel,

a hump-back, hunch, boss, stud.


Fr. bouclier, a shield with a central
boucle,

BuckleFt
boss,
scvii.

from

protuberance, Mid. Lat. bucula


Icel.

Gl. Isidor.
;

hugr, convexity

W.

bog,

bugnir, a shield, from a swelling or rising up.

The Prov. has


whence
chiete,

bocla

and

bloca, the boss of


It.

shield,

bloquier,

Sp. broquel.

brocchiere, broc-

a buckler, of which the last corresponds to

the

W.

form bwcled.

Rouchi blouque, a buckle,

blouquette, small buckle.

H^cart.
; It.

Buckram.
open
holes.
interstices

Coarse linen cloth


;

stiffened,

with

Fr. bougran

bucherame, from
to pierce full of

and at valuations which show that it must have been a very different commodity from that now known as buckram. Under bucaranum, as well as under boquerannus, Ducange cites passages from which it appears that buckram formed the material for entire dresses, indumenta, and Kilian and Minshew describe it as tela cannabina levigata. See Ducange and Carpentier, v. Leviga and Levigare. From this definition it would seem that buckram was a bleached cloth with a lustrous surface, perhaps resembling fine Russia-duck, and its derivation remains still unexplained. If levigata, as used by Kilian and Minshew, and by some of the authors cited by Ducange and Carpentier, is the classic Latin word, it would probably mean, as has been suggested, ironed or calendered, a process which produces a brilliant surface, but there is some reason to think that leviga is a corrupted form of lixivium. In that case levigata is bucked, and the first syllable of buckram would be referred to some of the roots discussed under Buck, which see. M.] Buckwheat. A kind of gi-ain, having threecornered seeds resembling beech-nuts. G. buchicdtzen, Dan. bog-hvete, from G. bilche, Dan. bog,

buca, a

hole,

whence hucherare,

beech-mast.

Bud.
originally signified, not " coarse linen
ten, to

Not immediately from Fr.

bouter,
t

Du.
is

bot-

[Buckram

push, put forth, bud, as the final

never

cloth stiffened, with


delicate fabric,

open interstices," but a fine and and hence the etymology here proposed does not seem well founded. Ducange de-

converted into a

in the adoption of
is

a word

into E.

A nearer connexion
germ
is

Bohem.

bod, a prick, Lith.

badyti, to prick, stick, the root of

E. bodkin, an in-

fines boqurannus, " telae subtilis species,"

and he

strument for pricking.


ing, as in

The

first

appearance of the

quotes an old glossary which gives


lent of bissus.

it

as the equiva-

The

other citations under the same

expressed by the notion of pricking, piercFr. poindre du jour, the peep of day.
bodka, a point, bodec, a thorn, sting, bodlak,

that it was a costly and showy material, employed for elegant dresses, which the tissue now called buckram never could have been. In Reinaert de Vos, it is said of a comb made from the shoulderblade of a panther

word show

Bohem.
a
thistle,

&c.
Bret, boidg,
stir,

To Bud^e.

movement;

boulj'ein,

Fr. bouger, to move,

budge, probably from the


Port, bulir, to budge.

notion of bubbling, boiling.

Dit been
Claer, oft

is

gepolijst also
silver l^n,

Nao

vos bulais d'aqui, don't stir


Icel. buUa, to boil
;

ware van

budge.

buUt,

Daer

toe wit, alst

mocht syn

Budget.
gette,

A bag

or pouch.

from hence, don't motus creber.


Bailey.

Fr. bou-

Van

ivorien of bocraen.

little

coffer or

trunk covered with leather,

So

in

a passage quoted by Delfortrle from Kausler


* Met eenen kidel, * # * Ende was linyn no boucraen Maer wit sidcn al te male.
*

also a little male-pouch or budget.

Cotgr.

Dim.

of bouge, a budget, wallet, great pouch, or male of


leather serving to carry things behind a

horseback.
bucket.

It.

bolgia, bolgetta,

From

bidga,

skin.

man on a budget, leathern See Bulge.

BUFF.
BuflF.
huivol,

BUG.
puff, huff,

137

Bnffle. Buffalo.
buffle,

Lat. hubalus, Russ.

and

snuff, to

blow hard,

to storm, jest, or

Fr.

the buiFe, buffle, bugle, or wild

ox, also the skin or neck of a bufFe.

sport

buffetto,

a blurt or puff with one's mouth.

Cotgr.

The

Flo.

term was then applied


dressed
soft,

to

the skin of the buffalo

buff leather, and then to the yellowish

It. buffalo, a buffle or a bugle, by metaphor, a block-headed noddy. -^ Flo-

colour of leather so dressed.

Boggart. Bogle. The Bug. Bugbear. meaning of Bug is simply an object of terror, from the cry Bo! Boo! Boh! made by a person, often covering his face to represent the unknown, to
frighten children.
this

rio.

Hence the E. buffie-headed, confused, stupid. The name of the beast seems taken from a repreLith. bubenti, dumpf und sentation of his voice.
briillen, to

The

use of the exclamation for

purpose
"

is

very widely spread.


volta."

bau !

Far bau ! bau !


la

hohl

bellow; Hung, bufogni, to give a

coprendosi

La
Sc.

W. bw !
a'

It.

far

paura

bambini

Crusca.

Alternately

hollow sound.

Bnff.
strike

Buffet.
;

covering the face in this manner to form an object

A blow.

From
PI.

buff/ an im-

of sportive terror, and then peeping over the cover-

itation of the
;

sound of a blow.

D.

biiffen, to

ing to relieve the infant from his terror, constitutes


the

to puff,

E. rebuff, to repulse ; It. buffare, Fr. bouffer, It. buffetto, a cuff or buffet, also a to blow

game

of Bo-peep,

Teet-bo.

A
!

person

is

blurt or puff with one's mouth.


buffet, cuff; Lith. bubiti, to beat.

G. puff, a clap, In other cases,


is

he could not say Bo to a goose, when he looks as if the goose would be more likely to frighten him than he the goose.
said to look as if

as Diez remarks, the

word

for
;

a stroke

connected

The

cry

made

to excite terror is

then used, either

with a verb signifying to blow

Fr. souffet, a buffet,

alone or with various terminations, to signify an indefinite object of terror,

from souffer, to blow ; souffete, often blown upon, boxed on the ear and the word blow itself is used
;

such as that conjured up by

children in the dark.


L'apparer del giorno

in both senses.

Buff.
blow.

buff sound

is

Hung, bufogni, to dumpfen schnall geben, puffen)

a toneless sound as of a give a dull sound (einen


;

Che

scaccia V

Ombre,

il

Bau

e le Befane

La
The peep of day Which scatters spectres,

Crusca.

PI.

D.

duff, dull,

of colours, sounds, tastes, smells, een duffen toon, a deadened tone eene duffe couleur, a dull colour.
;

bugs, and hobgoblins.

Buffet.

Fr. buffet, a side-board.

Fr. biffer,
sense of buf-

In the same sense Sc. Boo, Bu-man, Bu-how (from liow, a goblin), a hobgoblin; Pro v. E. bo-

boiffer, to puff, to blow.

The primary

feter seems to have been to take out the vent peg

man, PI. D. hu-mann, Du. bullemann ; bwbach ; Du. bullebak, E. bull-beggar.

W.

bw, bwg,

of a cask, and

let in

the air necessary for drawing


air,

out liquor, as from Lith. dausa,


to give air to

breath, dausinti,

a cask in order to

let the

beer run.
de vos maibuffete's

As children be afraid of bear-bugs and Thos. Smith in Todd.

bull-begrjars.

Sir

Si vos chartiers

amenant pour

la provision

sons certain nombre de tonneaux de vin les avaient


et beus a demi, le reste emplissant d'eau, &c.

zibau,

Rabelais.

In the Italian barabao, E. buggaboo, Swiss butSc. boodieboo, Du. bietebau, Esthon. popo. Hung, bubus, an attempt is made to represent the continuance of the terrific sound by the repetition formed from the radical articulation, and a greater effect is produced on the mind of the

ing

marre a vessel of wine by often tastdeadened, as wine that hath taken wind, or hath been mingled with water. Cotgr. Hence vin de buffet, apparently wine on draught, wine drawn from the cask " qui vinum de Buffet nuncupatum vendebat." Carpentier, who does not
Bvffeter, to
it
;

of syllables

buffete,

by the more sonorous title. Far barabao is explained in Patriarchi's Venetian Dictionary, " far
child

bau

bau

"

to
il

cry boh

and
il

il

brutto barabao is

interpreted "

Tentennino,

brutto Demonio," the

understand the phrase.

Fr. buffeteur,

M.

Lat. bufe-

tarius, tabemarius, caupo.

Bufetagium, the duty

paid for retailing of wine in taverns.


buffeter
buffet,

The verb

buggaboo. In bug-bear or bear-bug, the word is joined with the name of the wild beast taken as an object of
bla<rk bug, the

may

thus be translated to tap, and vin de


;

dread.

wine on tap buffetier, a tapster. Thus buffet would signify the tap of a public-house or tavern, From thence the place whence the wine was drawn. it has been transferred in E. to the sideboard on which the drinkables are placed at meals, and in Fr. to the office in a department where other kind
of business
is

The humour of melancliolye Causith many a man in slepe


For

to cry,

fere of beris or of bolis blake.

Or

ellis

that blake buggys

wol him take.


Chaucer.

where we

find

imaginary bulls and bears classed

carried on, while in Sp.

it

has passed

with bugs as objects of nightly terror.

on

to signify

simply a desk or writing-table.


bouffon, a jester,

Buffoon. Fr. VOL. I.

from

It.

buffare, to

Other modifications are boggart, bogle, signifying an object of terror. In Southern English the latter

18

138
of these words

BUG.

BULGE.
fragments of very fine glass pipes sewn on. " Et dictae dominae nunc portant bugolos qui sic nominantur,

is obsolete, but it has left a descendant in the familiar verb to haggle, to be scrupulous,

to

make

difficulties

about a thing like a startlish

quos cooperiunt

horse passing an object of terror.


start and boggle, at every unusual appearance, and Glanville in cannot endure the sight of the bug-bear. Todd.

supra dictos bugolos."


tiae.

We

A.D. 1388.
till,

De moribus civium PlacenIcel. hia,

capillis

capitis earura ligatis

Muratori.

start
it
;

In Prov. E. a hoggarty horse is one thus liable to to take boggart at an object, to be startled by
;

to take

hug in the

s. s.

HalliweU.

Lith. hugti,

bo, G. was formed bol, a farm, byli, a habitation, O. Sw. bol, bole, byli, domicilium, sedes, villa, habitaculum, whence bylja, to raise a habitation, to build, or, as it was formerly

To Bnild.

From

O. Sw. boa,

bauen, to

cultivate,

inhabit,

to take fright, hauginti, to terrify, alarm. Bu^> 2. The name of hug is given in a seconda-

written in English, to

bylle.

ly sense to insects considered as an object of disgust and horror, and in modern English is appropriated
to the

That
alle

city took

Josue and destroyed


it

hem

that bylled

again.

Sir Jno Mandeville.


(3oXfSo<s,

it

and cursed

it

and

ica

is

tribe.

noisome inhabitants of our beds, but in Amerused as the general appellation of the beetle They speak of a tumble-bug, rose-bug.

Blllbi

Lat. bulbus, Gr.


;

a tuberous or
;

bulbous root

Lith.

bolle, bulle, bulbe,

a bulb

similar application of the

word
is

signifying an object

head

bol, bolleken

potato G. a globe, ball, van loock, the head of an onion.


bulbe, bulwis, the
;

Du.

bol, bolle,

of dread, to creeping things,

very common.

The

Gr. (3oXpa, Lat. vulva, the womb.

signifies what produces dread or disgust, a maggot. It. baco, a silk-worm, also a boa-peep or vain bug-bear; baco-baco, boa-peep. Limousin bobaou, hobal, a bug-bear, is also Fl. B^ronie. used as the generic name of an insect. So in Albanian, boube, a bug-bear, and in child's

W.

hwcai
also

From

the image of a bubble taken as the type of

and

anything round, swollen, hollow.


the

In the represen-

tation of natural sounds, the position of liquids in

word

is

very variable.

In English, as well as

bubble,

sense.

we have blob or bleb and blubber in the same The Wallach. has bulbuk, a bubble, and bulbe protuberant.
of
I

language any kind of

insect.

Hung,

buhus, buginsect,

bukat, to bubble up, to spring, swell,

bear, Serv. buha, vermin.

Lap. rabme, an

The change

into r gives Lith. burbenti, burboloti,

worm, any disgusting animal, also a bug-bear, ghost. Russ. buka, a bug-bear whence the dim. bukashka, a beetle. A bug, or black maggot or bug-bear. Torriano. Sp. coco, a worm, also a bug-bear.
;

to plash, guggle,

rumble

burbulas, a drop of water

OE.
ticle.

burble, Sp. burbuja,

a bubble.

See next ardesignation of

Bul^e.
a bubble

Bulk. Bnlch.
it

The

Bn^.
as a lord."

Swollen, tumid, proud.

Apparently the
derived.
"

is

usually taken from a representation of

original form from

whence

hig

is

Bug
bug

the pop or sound

makes

in bursting, but as

such

" Bugs' words,'* boasting, high-sounding

a representation
syllable
it

is

often indistinguishable from the

words.
words.

Pai'olone, high, big, swollen, great, or

by which we represent the sound of a blow,


is

Florio.

sometimes becomes impossible to say whether a


de-

"W. hog, swelling or rising up

bow, bulge
belly,
biika,

bugne, to bulge, to bend.


to

swell, to

Dan. bug, belly, Sw. buk, bulge, fec. See Buckle,


;

word signifying knob, protuberance, hollow,


Boss, or whether
bubble.
it

rived from the notion of a blow, as explained under


is

taken from the image of a

Boss.

The word

buckle is in this predicament.


it

Bu^lCt

1.

Same

as huffie, a buffalo.

In the sense of a prominence or swelling


:

seems

related to the Pol. puk, Gael, hoc, strike^ knock.

These are the beasts which ye and gootes, hert, roo, and bugle.

Bible, 1551.

shall eat of

oxen, shepe

Deut. xiv.

Hence bugle-horn, properly a


a horn
for drinking, or

buffalo horn, then

on which notes are played

boccula, signify a bubble, and same variation in the place of Thus we have in some the I, as in the last article. Fr. dialects blouque, blougue, for boucle (Hecart De-

But

the Fr. boucle,

It.

here also

we

find the

in hunting.

corde)
with double berd drinketh of his bugle horn the wine. Chaucer.
sits

Prov. hhca, the boss of a buckler


in

bloquier,

a buckler, corresponding
Janus

the place of the liquid

by the

fire

to blob, blubber,

And

whUe
;

the Pol. bulka, Gael, bolg, a


;

bubble (bolg-uisge, a water-bubble


bubble, blister
bag), are analogous to bulb.

Manx

bolgan, a

Gael, builgean, a bubble, pimple,


of meaning from the image of

Lat. hucvJa, a heifer.

Mid. Lat. huculus, O. Fr.

bugle, huffie, boeuf sauvage.

Roquefort.

little

The development
a bubble
bolg
is

Probably, as Buffalo, from the cry of the animal


Serv. bukati,
bellow.
2.

well exhibited in the case of the Gael.


derivatives
;

Hung,

hogni, Fr. bugler,

beugler, to

and

its

bolg,

a boss, pimple, bag,

womb,
ornament of female dress consisting of
water
;

belly,

quiver;

builgeadh,

bubbling up of

An

Ir. bolg,

a bhster, pock, pouch, belly, pair of

BULGE. BULK.
bellows
;

139

Icel.

holga,

a tumour

holgna, to swell

Gael, bolg, blow, swell, blister.


hulge,
getta,

Dan.

h'dlge,

PI.

D.
a

E. billow, the swelling waves.


a
budget, leathei'n
bucket.

It.

holgia, hol-

beam, Incelk-hoved, beam-head, corbel. In prov. Dan. bulk is used as balk in E. At Icegge bulk, to make a balk in ploughing, to leave a balk unploughed.
[Bulk, in
its
'

Fr.

bouge,

budget, wallet, swelling or strouting out in a piece

nautical meanings, including also

of work, boss of a buckler, bulging in a wall


bulge, to swell, to

E.

bunk, sometimes used for berth, or sleeping-place,

bow

of a ship, the belly

whence the bulge or or convex bottom Gael,


out,
;

bilge bulg,

both at sea and on shore,


son to suppose that

is

no doubt

allied to the

roots discussed under Bulge, Bulk, but I see no reait is

a ship's bilge, convexity, a belly, a lump, a mass.


Icel.

related to balk, a beam.


its

bulM,

a hump, a knob, corresponds


to bubble.

bucket,

Dan. pukkel, as bulb


;

G. Dan. bulk, a
to

The common
Saga,
c.

phrase, to break bulk, has

exact

equivalent in Icelandic.

Thus, in Ilaralds HardraSa

lump, a clod

E.

bulk, a

knob, heap, mass.

knobby, bulked or bumped out."


or hepe, cumulus."

Pr. Pm,

" Bosse, " Bolke

106, Forn. Sog.,VI. 378,

when a

ship

was

Cotgr.

visited to inquire if she

Tiith.
;

pulkas, a heap,
bulcke, thorax,

on board, the ek mi
think
at

officer

had certain contraband goods who boarded her, seeing signs

crowd, herd
the chest.

pulke, in bulk

Du.

Kil.

E. Bouke, body.

Chaucer.
Icel.

of bad weather, says, after a slight inspection, "

^tla

So.

ver

megum

ekki mjok rj'ufa bulkann," I


is,

bouk, trunk, body, mass, size, bulk.


swell.

bulka, to

we

cannot break bulk now, that

cannot dis-

turb the cargo for further search.


is

Afterwards,

when

merely a different way of spelling bulk, as Sc. kirk corresponds to E. church. The Grisons bulscha, a wallet, marks the passage to the Sp. bolsa, a pouch, bag, pur.^e NE. bulse, a bunch. Halli-

Bulch

King Harald was expected on board, a friend of the shipmaster says to him " Allt mun nu vera rofit,
:

baedi bulkinn

ok annat up now, bulk and all.

"

Everything will be broken


107.

c.

well

It.

borsa,

Fr. bourse, E. purse.

" Bourser,

make bulch, or bear out as a fuU purse, to bunt, or leave a bunt in a sail." Cotgr.
to purse, impurse, also to gather,

The mode of stowing goods in the ships of the Northmen was in sacks, heaped together, and protected against the weather

coarse cloth, there not being under-deck

by a covering of hides or room for

A somewhat different modification


very
bulk,

of bulk, by the
gives Sp. bulto,
(see

common

interchange of k and
hulch,
bylte,

t,

a cargo, and the mass of merchandise thus stowed and secured was called bulki. See note 50 to the

protuberance,
;

bust,

pillow-case

poem of
in the

Skjald Helgi in Vol. II. of Gronlands His-

Boult, Bolster)

Sw.

a bundle, faggot.
;

toriske Mindesma^rker.

This explains a passage

The

Icel. bukr, trunk, body, belly


;

Sw. buk, Dan.


/

bugen, G. bauch, the belly


ach, bag;

Sp. buche, craw, stom-

may

either be forms in

which the

has

been

lost,

as in the case of the Fr. bouge,

OE.

bouke,

same narrative, where it is said of one of the ship's company, that he " sat a bulkanum," was sitting on the bulk, (or heap), and another in c. 47 " Hrafn hljdp upp a bulkann " Rafn leapt up on
:

above mentioned, or
budget
;

or they

may

in Gris. bulscha, buscha, a be direct from the imitation of

the bulk.

In a very similar story in Njala,

c.

89,
:

the sound of a blow

by the
in

syllable ^m^.''

pop

[Bulto

is

used in Catalan for relieved or detached


is

See Boss. Thus the Catalonian Tariff of 1587 enumerates " Ymages de bulto grans, ymages de bulto mijans, ymages de bulto chiques," in distinction from " ymages de pinFrench.
zell."

figures just as bosse

where a fugitive was the object of search, it is said "peir toku sekka nokkura or bulkanom, en letu Hrapp koma f)ar i staSinn " They took some sacks out of the bulk (heap), and let Rapp creep into the
:

place of them.

The phrase

is

twice repeated after-

wards
c.

in the

same chapter.

So, in Eyrbyggia Saga,

Drets

39,

when a

de

Cathalunya,

f.

157.

thinks the Sp. bulto


this verse

is from Lat. vultus, from the hymn of Prudentius of the martyrs of Calahorra, &c.

Cabrera and cites


in

vessel,

he was

stranger asked a passage on board a told " at f)a var bundinn bulki, oc

honor

mega," that the hdk was bound, and could not be loosened that is, was covered with skins or cloths which were lashed down, equivalent
|)6ttuz egi leysa
;

Ilic
If,

tumor vultum
is

to the
relinquit.

modem

closing the hatches.

He

replied that

in this verse, vultus

to

be understood in the

sense of the

Mod. Sp.

bulto, it

must be considered
of the use of vultus

he had not more luggage " enn liggia megi a bulka" than could be stowed upon the bulk, and was received on board.

as an ancient provincialism.

The Platt-Deutsch

text

of

King Frederic the

Ducange
Bulk.

cites

many examples

in the sense of
2.

image.

M.]

Second's See-Recht, of 1561, uses Last ^ov Bulk:


" Efft ein Schipper gesint wert syne Last tho brekende ehr he tho der Stede kumt," etc. Westphalen, IV. 1831. Here, "Last tho brekonde " corre-

Bulk-heads

are

partitions

made

athwart a ship with boards whereby one part is separated from another. In this sense bulk is for balk,

abeam.

Bulkar, a rafter.

sponds exactly to the

Icel. at rjiifa bulkann,

E.

to

Line.

Dan.

bialke,

a,

break

bulk.

140

BULK.
Icelandic code Gi-dgas, in the
ii.,

BULL-BEGGAR.
Det svared Hr. Thor,
i

The

title

Um scipajammargir

Bunken laae

mej)ferj), cap.

provides

Hverr ma|)r

seal hufiir fa

um

voro sina sva at

seckir sc undir jammikilli hu{>

Kiaempe-Viser,
hunk became
in

Sir Thor answered, as he lay in the hunk, that is, below deck, the sleeping-places being below deck.
I.

342.

From
side

this nautical use,

Anglo-Saxon the name of a bed,


of the bedstead,

Every shipper

shall provide skin-coverings for his shall

honc-selma, a bedstead, the

goods, so that the

same number of sacks stowed under the same number of skins.

be

"We cannot indeed suppose the Icelandic hulki to be derived from the Latin, but hulga, which Ducange defines sacciis scorteus, -^Ifric, hydigfcet, a leathern
sack,
its
is

doubtless a

word of

similar origin, and finds

exact correspondent in the Bavarian hulgen, of

U. States it is still employed as the name of a box which contains a bed, and the lid of which ser\'es as a hench or seat by day. See Bartlett's Diet, of Americanisms, 2d edition, v. Bunk. This AS. use of the word, however, may be connected with AS. hcence, henc, or, as some O. English vocab^ ularies have it, hynke, a hench, Nat. Ant. I. 197,

and

in the

the

same meaning.

See also Bulge, Grimm, Worp. 15, cites


is

232.

terb.

Goropius Becanus, Gallica,

Pom-

In

ON.

peius Festus as evidence that hulga

a Latinized Gallic word, and he quotes four verses from Lucilius, in which it is thrice employed in the sense of

timbers,

the hulkastokkar were the cross or floor upon which the hulk or cargo rested, and I
in hulk-head the first

have no doubt that


from the same
Icel. hiulki, halk in

element

is

root,

The Pr. Pm. gives hulga as the equivalent of " hale of spycery or other lyke." we suppose
purse.

and wholly unconnected with the sense of a beam.

The Spanish
is

huque, Catalan huch, a ship or vessel,

bulM, either from form, or for other cause, to have

probably allied to the class of words discussed in


it

once meant a leathern sack, the transition would be easy to a pile of sacks of goods, or of unsacked merchandise, protected

the text, but whether

immediately refers

to the

cargo, or to the form of the vessel's hull, cannot well

by a

skin covering,

application of hulki, hulk, to a cargo

and thus the would be easily

be determined.

M.]

Bull.
Icel. holli,
2.

1.

The male
holle,

of the ox kind.

W.

hcla,

explained without any reference to the primitive


sense of the word, though
it is

G.

hulle.

perhaps more probis

A papal rescript, from


is

Lat, hidla, the seal afsignification

able that the meaning, mass, heap, pile,

the pri-

fixed to the document.

The primary

mary one. The English


ships or boats,

of huEa
phrase, to stow goods in hulk on board
is

a bubble, from the noise, whence huUire,

to bubble, to boil.

Thence the term was applied

to

stowing them in mass, and thus


huUci.

many

protuberant objects, as the ornamental heads

nearly corresponds to the Icelandic

of nails, the hollow ornament of gold


the neck of the

hung round
;

O.-Northern language, hanki was used instead of hulki in both the technical sense of cargo, and the famiUar meaning, heap, pile,

At a

later period of the

young

nobility of

Rome

in sub-

sequent times applied to the seal hanging by a band


to

a legal instrument.

It. holla,

seal,

stamp, round

and this form of the word is common in O. Dan. and O. Sw. Thus in Osterson Veylle, Gloss. Jurid. voc. Buncke " Fornemmeligen siges Buncke, naar saadant, [Korn, Flesk, Fisk, eller anden Vare,] er
:

glass phial, boss, stud, bubble, blister, pimple.


Billet.

See

Bnllace.

The

wild plum.

Bret, holos or polos.


It.

W.

hwlas.

Fr. hellocier, a bullace tree.

tilhobesancket udi Skibe, oc Skibene der

med

til-

bullos, sloes.

huUoi,

Florio.

ladt." As ships gradually became completely decked, the whole space below deck, as being the place of storage for the cargo, was called hunke, and this

Bull-be^g^ar.

Corrupted from "W. hivhach, Du.

huUe-hak, a bugbear,

a scare-crow, bugbear
sense).

term was sometimes applied to the deck itself, because its principal office was to shelter the cargo, or huVc. Accordingly, Molbech, Dansk Gloss, s. v., defines hunk " den Deel af Skibet som er under Daekket, den underste Deel af et Fartoi ; Skibsrum."
Phillips says
:

by confusion with mock-beggar, (mock-clown in the same

Florio.

See Bugbear.
noise,

The former

pai*t

of the word arises from PI. D. Indlem, Du. hdderen,

G. poltern,
ler-hak,

to

make a loud

Hambro'

violent fellow.

whence PI. D. hdG. poUer-hans, a noisy, Then as loud noise affects a child
huller-hrook,
is

" hulk, in sea-language,

is

the whole

with terror, huller

used as signifying terrible, dan-

content of a ship in her hold, for the stowage of goods," while Johnson defines it as " the main part

gerous

" gae du nig bi dat huUer-water" do not go

of a ship's cargo."

According to Kilian, hetick is " carina pars navis quara alvum, uterum, aut ventrem vocant ; navis
:

as a raill-dam or the like. Du. huldera hobgoblin. Kil. gheesten, lemures nocturni nigri. G. poltern,

by the dangerous water,

Hence G.
to

polter-geist,

concavitas."

Hence, we see how hunk acquired the


tion of berth

significa-

See Bully. [Grimm, "Wiirterb. v. BuUern, quotes a passage from Tieck, which well illustrates the imitative character of some of the words cited under Bull-heggar
be haunted.

BULLET. BULLION.
In dem greszen wassertiimpel, in dem furchterlichcn abgrund, da kollern die wasserteufel, und buUern und brUllen und briilkn ja so abscheulich, dasz einem horen und sehen
vergelit. M.]

141

In
utes.
all

this sense the

word appears
E.
III.
st. 2, c.

in

our early

stat-

The

Stat. 9

2, provides,

that

persons " puissent sauvement porter a les eschan-

ges ou bullion et ne mie ailleurs argent en plate,


houlet, the

Bullet.

Immediately from Fr.

dimin-

vessel d'argent et toutz

maners d'argent sauve faux


purpose of

utive of boule, a bowl to play with or to drink in.

monoie

et I'esterling counterfait," for the

One

of the numerous class of words derived apparIcel. hola,

exchange.

ently from Lat. bulla, a bubble.


ble, holli,

a bubthe

a cup.

W.

hoi,

the belly;

E.

hole,

In the English version these words are erroneously translated " that all people may safely bring to
the exchanges bullion or silver in plate, &c.," which has led to the assertion that " bullion " in the old
statutes
is

round part of a tree. As an instance of the arbitrary way in which words acquire their precise meaning, it may be observed that a bullet in E. is applied to the ball of a gun or
musket, while the
ball.
pi'ojectile

used in the modern application of unor silver.


"

coined
c.

gold

of a cannon
it is

is

called a

14,

provides,

The 27 Ed, III. que toutz marchauntz

In Fr., on the contrary, de


fusil.

houlet

de canon,

sent
et

savement porter

st.

2,

puis-

plate d'argent, billettes d'or


et

halle

tut autre

maner

d'or

toutz

moneys

d'or et

Bullion.
1.

This word

is

used in several senses.

d'argent a nostre bullione ou a nous eschanges que

boss or stud, any embossed work.

nous ferons ordeiner a nous dites estaples et ailleurs pernant illoeqs money de notre coigne con-

To beholde how it was garnished and bound Encoverde over with golde of tissue fine, The claspes and bullions were worth a thousand pounde.
Skelton in R.
After them came six disguised in wliite satyne and
greene, embroudered and set with letters and castels of fine

venablement k la value." Again, 4 Hen. IV. c. 10, " que la tierce partie de tout la monoie d'argent

que sera porte a


ferlynges "
farthings.

la hoillion

sera faite es mayles et

shall

be coined into halfpence and


all trafficking in coin

gold in

bullion.

Hall in R.

In these and other statutes

was
i.

forbidden, except at the hullion or exchanges

e.

with letters and castles of fine gold in embossed


brass-headed
Fr. houillon,

of the king
in

and similar

restrictions

were enforced

work.
Sp. hollar, to emboss
nail
; ;

France, where the tampering with the coin was

hollon, stud,

hollos de relieve,

embossed work.

stud, any great-headed or studded nail. Cotgr. Elyot translates bulla " a bullion set on the cover of a book or other thynge." " Bullyon in a woman's

carried to a much greater extent than in England, insomuch as to earn for Philippe le Bel the title of le faux monnoyeur. Hence among the French the

carrying to the Inllon their decried


familiar operation of daily
lon," " mettre
life,

money became a
bil-

girdle

clow."

Palsgrave.

and " porter au

" Bullions and orna-

au

billon," are metaphorically applied

ments of plate engraven, a hullion of bridles or poitrels for an ornament." ary in Halliwell. Here the notion embossment is plainly derived from
bubbling of boiling water.
2.

copper

set

on

to things that require

remaking.

Baret's Alve-

The

decried coin brought to be melted up was


billon,"

of swelling or
the boiling or

termed " monnaie de

Bullion
silver

is

applied to a particular kind of gold

and

lace,

from Fr.

houillon,

explained by

Chambaud

as being

made

of a very fine sheet of

gold or silver twisted.


of this kind of lace.
3.

Doubtless from houillon in

the sense of a puff or bunch, from the puffy texture

Gold or

silver uncoined.

Considerable

diffi-

culty has been felt in accounting for the


this sense,

word

in

from the use of the equivalent terms, hillon in Fr. and vellon in Sp., in the sense of base

mixed with a large alloy of copper. meaning of the word hullion, hoillon, billon, was the mint or office where the precious metals were reduced to the proper alloy and converted into stamped money, from the Lat. bulla, a seal, whence Mod. Gr. (iovXXovw, to seal, to stamp /3ovXX(DTr]pLov, the matrix or die with which coins were stamped. Diet. Etym.
metal, silver

The

original

and hence hillon and were very early used to signify the base mixture of which such coin was made, or generally a mixture of copper and silver. " Ne quis aurum, argentum vel billionem extra regnum nostrum deferre praesumat." Stat. Philip le Bel in Due. A.D. 1305. In England the fortunes of the word have been different, and the Mint being regai'ded chiefly as the authority which determined the standard of the coin, the name of hullion has been given to the alloy or composition of the current coin permitted by the Bullion or mint. Thus bullion is translated in Torriano's dictionary (A.D. 1687), " lega, legaggio di metallo," and traces of the same application are prethe equivalent Spanish vellon

served in the Spanish reckoning in " reals vellon,"


reals of standard currency.

From

metal of stand-

ard fineness the signification has naturally passed in

modern times

to all gold

and

silver designed for the

purpose of coinage.
[Redi, Etim.
Ital.,

furnishes instances of the use

142

BULLY. BUN.
projectiles.

of Uglione and lega, from Paul the Geometer, an

Schmeller,
Bollwerk.

TV".

141

Grimm, Worterword with


though

author
caccio
:

who

flourished before

the

time

of

Boc-

buch,

s.

V.

The

identity of the

the Spanish
di 4

and French
is

baluarte, boulevard,

Noi avemo

certainly probable,

not fully proved.

maniere d'argento, e Uglione basso.


higlione basso, lo

The Prov. Dan.


tition, is

bulvceg,

a bole-wall, or timber par-

Ed avemo
lega.

48 marchi di

quale ha 194 di

probably a corruption, or an accommodation,

of bolvcerk.

I suspect halssonaya and hossonoya, which Carpentier cites from an Ordinance of Peter

Bum.

M.] For bottom.

Fris. bom, ground, bottom,

IIL of

from boden, bodem,


a
floor.

Icel. bottn,
soil.

Aragon, and hossanaya, quoted by Ducange from a chronicle of the year 1209, to be synonymes, or rather corruptions, of billon. They would be easily formed from balzso, which Carpentier gives as a corrupt form of billio. The chronicle cited by Ducange employs the words " aspera moneta dicta bossanaya," but I think that this latter word
is

boeyme, terd-beame, the

AS. botm. Fris. ierdHence bom and ban,


stage, scaf-

D. buene,

boene,

G. buhne, a

fold.

To Bum.
bum,
to

Hall. hum, to make a droning sound. Du. bommen, resonare, to beat a drum; bombammen,

Boom. Bump. Bumble.


Lat. bombilare, to bumble or
;

To

the

to ring the bells.

make

description of the inferior quality of the coin, not


its

a humming noise

bombilus,

Du. hommele, hommeley

name, and that Carpentier is wrong in defining balssonaya " moneta? Barcinonensis species," for an
Ordinance of Peter IV. printed in Capmany,
117, permits the exportation of "
II.

a bumble-, or a humble-bee.

which he

is

supposed to
is

The cry of the bittern, make by fixing his bill in a


bumping or bumbling.

reed or in the mud,

called

quodcumque

ar-

gentum purum,

vel aere contaminatum, in rudi mate-

Bum-bailiff. From the notion of a humming, droning, or dunning noise the term bum is applied
to

ria vel specificata, et

tam

in petiis

quam

aliks, et

monetam

sive bossonayam, billonum vel

balgonayam

quamlibet, moneta Barchinonensi dumtaxat excepta."

All Barcelona coin being excepted, the terms in


question could not have been the designation of a
species of

Bully.
person.
chare,

Bully-rook.
Du. bulderen,

it.

M.]
Kil.

violent

overbearing
debac-

bolderen,
;

blaterare,

intonare,

saevis dictis.

minari

verbulderen,
to

perturbare
noise
;

G. poltem,

make a

Ilalliwell. Hence dunning a person for a debt. a person employed to dun one for a debt, the bailiff employed to arrest for debt. Bump. PI. D. bums! an interjection imitating Bums ! getroffen. Bang it's the sound of a blow. hit. Bumsen, bamsen, to strike so as to give a dull Halliwell. sound. To bam, to pummel, to beat. W. pwmpio, to thump, to bang. Langued. poumpi, Then, as in to knock poumpido, noise, knocking. other cases, the word representing the sound of the

bum-bailiff,

Sw.

buller, noise,
;

clamour, bustle, buller-bas, a blus-

terer

PI. D. buUer-jaan (bully-John), buller-bak,

buller-brook, a noisy blustering fellow,

from the

last

of which

is

doubtless our bully-rock or bully-rook, a

hectoring, boisterous fellow.

un faux brave. Miege in Ilalliwell. The Sw. buller-bas, on the other hand, agrees wdth E. blunderbuss, a clumsy fellow who does things with noise and
violence.

Bailey.

Bully-rock,

applied to the lump raised by the blow, or mass by which it is given, and signifies conSee Boss. sequently a mass, protuberance, lump. Thus E. bump, a swelling, W. pwmp, a round mass pwmpl, a knob, a boss Lith. pumpa, a button, pumFr. pompette, a pumple or pimple purras, a bud. on the skin Cot. pompon, a pumpion or gourd, a large round fruit.

blow

is

to the

G.

polterer,

a blunder-head, blunder-buss,

a
to

boisterous, violent, furious

bully is to bluster, to terrify

man. Kiittner. To by noise and clamour,

Bumpkin.
bonkan.

A clumsy, awkward

clown.

Manx

behave tyrannically or imperiously.

Probably from bump, signifying one who PI. D. does things in a thumping, abrupt manner. buns-wise, inconsiderately, from bunsen, to strike
Pro. E. bungersome, clumsy, lungeous,
Halliwell
beat.
;

Bulwark.
bastion, or

defence originally

made of

the

awkward

boles or trunks of trees,

then in general a rampart,

Icel.

bongun, ars rudis, from banga, to

work of defence.
boulevart,

Du.

bol-werck, block-

werck, propugnaculum, agger, vallum.

See Bungle.

Kil.

Fr.

Bun.
knob

Bunion. Bunny.

by corruption

boulevard,

primarily the

cake, properly simply a lump.


rising after
little

Bun, a small round Fr. bigne, a bump,


;

ramparts of a town, then applied to the walks and roads on the inside of the ramparts, and now at
Paris to a broad street surrounding what was formerly the body, but now is the central part of the
town.
It.

bugnet,

a knock, also clubfooted bignet, round loaves or lumps made of fine

meale, &c., buns, lenten loaves.

Cotgr.

It.

bugno,

baluarte.

bugnone, any round knob or bunch, a boil or blain.


Florio.

Hence E. bunion, a lump on

[Bulwark, in most of the earliest examples in which it occurs in the Gothic languages, signifies a frame, a scaffolding, an engine for throwing military

Forby. Gael. bunny, a swelling from a blow. bonnach, a little cake, a bannock. In the same way

the foot

from

bol,

signifying anything round, Sp. bollo,

Du.

BUNCH. BUOY.
hoi,

143

Russ. hulha, a small loaf; Gael, bullion, a

loaf,

huilionnach, a baker.
ker,

Hence Fr.

houlanger, a ba-

and not from polentarius.


origin of the

The primary

word must be sought

be regarded as a derivative from So/aos, labour, from ttovos, labour, pain ; Lat. pendere, to hang, from pondus, a weight, the last of these being probably identical with G. bund,
to build, is to

a house

Trevo/nat, to

in the notion of striking,

expressed by Bret, hunta,


;

bounta, to push, to strike

Prov. E. hunt, or punt,

to strike with the head, to kick.

Baker.
is

a bunch or bundle, Lith. pundas, a bundle, also a stone weight, a weight of 40 lb. The original meaning of the Lat. pondus would thus be a lump of

PI.

D.

hunsen, to strike.

Manx

hun, a butt end, thick end


;

Gael, bun, a root or stump


tail.

bun-feammi, a

tail,

bob-

Hence
Bun, a

the E. bunny, for a rabbit, because the

short tail of the rabbit in running


ous.

very conspicu-

Bunch, a hump, cluster, round mass of anything. To hunch was formerly and still is provincially used in the sense of
striking.

Bunch.

Bnnk. Bun^.

rabbit, the tail of

a hare.

Halliwell.

some heavy material, doubtless of stone. Words signifying a lump or mass are commonly derived from the notion of knocking, and we find Bret. bounta, bunta,_ to knock, to push E. bunt, to push with the head Halliwell bunt, punt, to kick.

Baker.

From
to

this root I believe the

Dan. bundt,
sail,

Sw. hunt,

be derived, as well as E. bunt, in the


;

Dunchyn

or bunchyn, tundo.

"

He

buncheth
bunchest

Thou

me and beateth me, il me so that I cannot sit

Promptm. me by
pousse.
thee."

sense of a pocket, protuberance

the bunt of a

the belly or protuberance, or bagging part of a


sail
;

to hunt flour, to sift it in

a bunt or pocket.

To
while

hmit in the sense of striking


bundle, are in like
bofta,

may be
butt,

considhotten,

Psalgr. in

Way.

hunsen, bumsen, to

Related on the one side to PI. D. knock. " An de dor bunsen, oder
"
to knock at the door Daal bunsen," to bang down,

ered as the nasalised form of E.


bu7it,

Du.

ankloppen dat
till it

idt bunset,"

forms of F.

E.

bottle.

manner the nasalised G. bund stroh, Fr. botte

sounds again.

defoin, a bottle of hay.

throw down with a bang. "He fult dat et bunsede," he fell with a bang. Du. bans, a knock. See Bounce. On the other hand bunch is connected
with a series of words founded on forms similar
the Icel. banga,
to
;

to

The PL D. pung, pungel, a bundle, purse, Dan. pung, a purse, a bag, exhibit parallel forms Math a final ng instead of nd, as E. bung compared with Fr. hondon. See Bind.
Bun^. The stopper for the hole in a barrel. From the hollow sound made in driving in the bung. OG. bunge, a drum 0. Sw. bungande, the noise of
to hum. So Du. hum, and homme, or bonde van t' vat, the bung of a barrel Lim. boundica, to hum, Prov. bondir, Cat. bonir, to resound, and Du. bonde, Fr. bonde, hondon, a bung. The prefix of an initial s gives G. spund, PL D. spunt, whence spunt-gat, the bunghole, and hence probably the E. spiggot, prop-

bang Icel. a knob and related with Icel. bunga, to swell out Prov. E. bung, a heap or cluster, a pocket Sw. hinge, a heap ; Wallon. bonge, hongie, a bunch Hung, bunko, a knob, a boil (bunkos hot, a knotty
; ;

Dan. hanke, O. Sw. bunga, to beat, hunki, a heap ; O. Sw. hunke, a heap,

drums.

Ihre.

Hung, bongani,
;

bommen,

to

Sw. bunke, a bowl PI. D. bunken, the large prominent bones of an animal (as G. knochen, E. knuckles, from knock) It. biigno, hugnone, any round knob or bunch, a boil or blain. Florio. Again, as we have seen E. bulk passing into Sp. bulto, and E. hult, a bag or sack, Avhile hulch was
stick)
; ; ;

erly the bunghole, but


It

now

applied to the bung

itself.

may however be
is

traced through Gris. hulscha, a wallet, E. bulse, a

bunch
hu?ik,

Halliwell
it,

stopper for a cask


the

doubted whether the sense of a not a particular application of


cluster

Sp. bolsa, a purse

so the

form

more general meaning of a bunch or

a knob or heap, passes into Dan. bundt, Sw. hunt, a bunch, bundle, truss E. hunt of a sail, the
;

mentioned under Bunch.


houcher, to stop, are

The

Fr. bouchon, a cork,

middle part of

which

is

purposely formed into a

kind of bag to catch the wind. Bailey. pocket for sifting meal, to hunt, to boult or

or

Bunt, a
sift

meal,

from bousche, bouche, a bunch and the Sw. tapp (whence tceppa, to stop, and E. tap, the stopper of a cask), is originally a whisp or bunch hb-tapp, halm-tapp, a whisp of hay
tuft,
;

whence

hunting, the fine loose-textui'ed cloth used

or straw.

for that purpose, and also applied to

Du. bond, Bundle. Bunt. AS. byndel ; something bound up.


bondel-loos, loosed

making

flags.

To Bungle.
ble, to botch.

hondel,

bundle,

To

do anything awkwardly,
Fr. bougonner
;

to cob-

Bailey.

Icel. hon-

Du. ghebondte,
;

gun, ars rudis


deator
;

bongunar-smidr, iners malleator, tuto strike, as cobble

ghebundte, colligatio, fascis, et contignatio, coassatio

a bundle.

Kil. Icel. bindini, from bonds. In these words undoubtedly the sense of
still

from O. Sw. bunga,


Icel.

from

cob, to strike.

banga, Dan. banke, to strike.

a derivation from bind


bundt,

remains.

But

this is

not the primitive relation of the words.

The Dan.

Because nailing on a patch is the most inartificial " Bout cy, bout la, bunof mending a thing. garhj, disorderly, here a piece and there a patch."

way

Sw.

bunt, a bunch, bundle, exhibits the

in its original sense,

bind

is

derived in

word and hence I believe the verb to the same way that the verb Sc/aw,

Cotgr.

Bunny. See Bun. Buoy. Du. boei ; Fr.

bouee, Sp. boya.

The

Fris.

144

BUOY.
for

has hoye, a lump or cluster, and the original huoy

an object characterized by such remarkable

would be a lump of wood. [The origin of buoy is extremely obscure, and no


derivation yet proposed
is

properties

and

uses,

and

still

more

so,

that

the

reasonably probable.
thing,
it

If

Spaniards and Portuguese should have borrowed from the Frisians an unmeaning name for an object

the

word were as old as the

would not be

surprising that

mology of the

we should be unable to trace the etyname of an object so ancient and so


;

which there is no reason to suppose the any other Northern people, invented.

Frisians, or

The

oldest

known Gothic name


which
still

for the huoy is

by maritime nations, but huoy is comparatively modern it seems to have been nearly
universally used

the Icelandic duji or duhl,

also signifies

die.

This word
in the

is

extant in Prov. Dan. and PI. D.

contemporaneously introduced into


colonies of
confined.

all

the languages

of Western Europe, and to them, and to the foreign

European

origin, the use of it

is

still

form dohher, which seems to be cognate with is hence not an unapt appellation for an object which is alternately covered by the waves and exposed to view. Dohher is used in
the verb to dip, and

We
cured

can explain

this fact

only upon the supposi-

Norway

for the large huoys at the ends of long nets,

tion, that

about the fifteenth century, some

new form

havle for the smaller floats between.

Strom, Sondto

of huoy was invented, the advantages of which seto


it

mors Beskriv.

I.

445.

a general adoption
that
it

peoples,

and

carried

its

among commercial name wherever it was

The only Scandinavian word which seems


any
relation to huoy
is

bear

the obsolete Danish hoie,

introduced.

The

generally received derivation from the Mid.

Lat. hoja, a fetter, because huoys are confined or

written also hove, a sand-bank. Dangerous sandbanks are marked by huoys, and may possibly have given their own name to that of the floating mark

chained to the anchor, or secured by a chain so as


to float over the shoal

which pointed out their


probable.

situation,

but this

is

not very

they mark,

is

improbable,

because

it

does not point to any one of the conspic-

Grimm
cradle.

cites

from an old German writer a pasbe derived from some root signi-

uous and important objects and properties of the huoy, namely, its uses as a mark or signal, its form
or material,
its
its

sage in which hoije seems to have the meaning of

This

may

constant flotation upon the surface,


its

incessant undulatory motion, or

supporting

power when attached to a net, some one of which would naturally have been seized upon as a designation, instead of the undescriptive

name

of the

means by which

it

is

confined to a particular spot.

We

cannot, however, deny the possibility of this

in French,

we have an analogous instance where hoirin means a huoy, orin, Sp. orinque, 0. Sp. coringa, (Cost. Mar. de Barcel. App. One p. 36,) evidently the same word, a huoy-rope.
derivation, because

may also have given name no such radical is known to exist. The oldest example I have been able to find of huoy in EngUsh or any of the cognate languages is in Palsgrave, Table of Substantives, " boy of an ancre, Fr. boyee," but the word must have been long enough in use to have become familiar, or it would not have found its way into Palsgrave's vocabulary.
fying to oscillate, which
to the huoy, but

It

is,

however, not in the Pr.


is

Pm.
the

A small vessel employed upon


neighboring waters
nenbojer, and
its

Weser and
to

the

called in

PL D.
is

hojer, or tun-

of these senses
other, but

is

certainly a derivative from the

name has been supposed


it

be de-

which

is

the primary signification, I

am

rived from the use to which


ing, in the spring, the huoys

applied in replacice

unable

to say.

which the

The French hois, or rather the Bas-Limousin form


of the word,
able, because
ho-i,
it

of winter have dislodged.

Chytraeus, in his
it

and storms Saxon


cm-turn

(see Beronie,) is less objection-

Vocabulary, gives hojarth, and defines

indicates the

common

material of

navigium, and hojer occurs


II. 86, 87,

still

earher in Neocorus,

ship-iwoys, but

why

should the Baltic nations take

the French

name

for so

common a
?

material as

wood

to

where mention is made of an expedition Helgoland, undertaken in a " Bojer van 25 edder

to designate so familiar

an object as a huoy, instead

of some domestic term

this

The resemblance between 26 Lasten ungefehr." word and huoy seems to indicate an etymological relationship, but it is hardly probable that vessels

I can find no authority for the existence of such a word as Wedgwood's Frisic " hoye, a lump or cluster." It is not in Richthofen, Outzen, Epkema, or any other vocabulary known to me. Epkema, indeed, Woordenb. op de Ged. van Gijsbert Japicx,

large enough to be used in general coasting voyages

would take their name from their occasional employment in placing or restoring huoys at the mouths
or in the channels of navigable rivers.

has

''hoey,

band, kluister," but these


fetter,

explanatory
or cluster."

words mean bond,

not

"lump

But if we grant the existence of hoye with the meaning ascribed to it, it is improbable that the
Frisians themselves would employ so vague a term

I have not met with huoy in 0. Fr. or O. Italian, and I believe segnale and gavitello are the only words now employed for buoy in Italian. In O. Catalan, we find senyal, gayateU, and raig ; and grupia

and grupial as well as hoya are used

for

huoy in

BUOY.
modem
the

145

In Southern France, gaviteau has This is doubtless the same as O. Cat. gayateU, but the etymology is not obvious. Grupia may possibly be a group or mass of pieces
Catalan.

bly signifies simply a large buoy.

same

signification.

of cork, and thus correspond to Wedgwood's derivation of buoy from Frisic hoye.

But grwpial does

Speaking of Don to escape from a ship which had grounded, the writer says " Langouse logo em h5a boya do navio pera escapar nela. * * E indo Do Afoso pera terra na boya" etc. Castanheda, Conquista da India, III. cap. xiv.
Alfonso de Noronha,

who attempted

not seem to have meant originally a huoy, for in the


curiously minute ship's inventory contained in the

The

participial adjective buyant occurs in v.,


xvi.,

and the noun boia in

of a translation of the

charter-party of a large vessel, of the year 1331, printed in Capmany, II. 408-414, " quatre gropials

de canem " and " decem gropials derha " are speci-

and we can hardly suppose huoys to have ever been made of hemp or of any herbaceous plant.
fied,

Code of Oleron, printed from a MS. of the year 1436, in the App. to the Costumbres Maritimas de Barcelona, and these are the earliest examples I have been able to find of either. Capmany, who strangely supposes that buyant, empty, in ballast, is the French
bougeant, moving, believes this

Gropial must have meant a species of cordage, and


here, again,
it is

MS.

to

be a copy of

possible that the

name

of the huoy-

an older
tion.

translation, but his


is

argument, founded on

rope

may have become

that of the buoy, as perhaps

internal evidence,

far

from proving his proposi-

in the case of Fr. hoirin.

Stationary channel marks, usually a pole bearing

I have had no opportunity of consulting any older Fr. text of the Code of Oleron. than one of the middle of the seventeenth century,
for buoy,

some conspicuous object, or often a large, strongly moored cask, are commonly designated in French by the term balise, which has thus become the name
of

and vuide, empty,

in the passage

which uses hoirin where the

many

geographical

localities, as, for

example, at

Sp. translation has buyant.

the

mouth of the
is

Mississippi.

Balisa, though not

ploys en vuit in the same way.

The O. Catalan emThus in an Ordiapproving certain

a Spanish word,
in

employed

for the

same purpose
of Oleron, to

nance of

Don Jaume

II. in 1315,

the old translation of the

Laws

imposts laid by the city of Barcelona, Capmany, 11.


si venen en vuyt, que no pach res," and nau 6 cocha * * qui vage 6 venga en vuyt" etc. There is some resemblance between the Fr. vuide, Catalan vuyt, and the O. Sp. buyant, and it is not impossible that the latter was borrowed from

which I shall presently refer for exemplifications of boya and hoyante : " El maestre es tenudo * * * a meter balisas en aquella canal porque sea bien
balisada"
etc.

78, 79, " e

" tota

Buoy
that
it

is first

found in

common and

familiar cur-

rency in Spanish and Portuguese, and

we may infer
it

the former.

was known

in the Peninsula earlier than in


fact that

From

the use of boya and

its

derivatives in Sp.

any other part of Europe, from the


forms and
It is
significations, at

was

and Port, we should

infer that the radical significa-

freely used in those languages, in several derivative

tion was, to float, but I

know no Romance
have given

root, of

a period when

it

was
flo-

that meaning, which could

rise to these

employed elsewhere only


tation, or supporting

in its literal acceptation.

forms, though there


that buoyant
bouillir.
is

is

plausibility in the suggestion

remarkable that in these uses the image of

the
the

participle
is

bouillant

from Fr.
the root,

power, seems always to be the


in

Still,

noun

more probably

radical idea.

Thus

De

Barros, Dec. II.

liv. I.

than a derivative, of the verb boyar or the participial adjective boyante.

ficou Tristao d'Acunha prouendo cap. u. algum corregimento, que a ndo Frol de la Mar aula mister pera poder nauegar boyante ; " Ibid. cap. iii., " E se OS outros que forao nestes feitos que contamos, traziao honra e fazenda, elle nao tinha a sua ndo menos boyante do que alii ganhara com seis naos que tinha tomado." In this example, the word is evi-

terius,)

dently used in a moral sense.


cap.
iv.,

In Dec.

II. liv.

IV.

we

Cochij pera
este

" Mandandolhe que se fossem a find tomarem carga por nao virem boyantes a
:

Reyno," that they might not return

light,

with-

Fr. buie, buee, (see Carpentier, s. v. Buhean earthen jug, might be regarded as the possible origin of boya, were it not that in countries where cork is so abundant as on the shores of the Mediterranean, an empty jug would hardly be employed as a float instead of it but earthenware has so much buoyancy that rafts composed of it are floated down the Nile the whole distance from Keneh to Cairo, and in the want of a better material, very tolerable buoys might be made of it.
;

The O.

out cargo, or in ballast.

In Spanish a vessel which has been aground, and


got
off, is

the multiform
It
is

Another not wholly improbable source of buoy is word discussed under Bottle and Butt.
true that

is

boyar

ting off

said to be boyante, afloat, and the verb employed transitively in the sense of geta ship which is aground.

we

cannot trace

all

the successive

steps of the process

by which

butta, buza, etc.,

may

In a passage in Castanheda, boya

may

perhaps

mean a launch
VOL.
I.

or small boat, though

it

more proba19

have become changed into boya, but when we find the Mid. Lat. boja, a fetter, from which buoy has been generally supposed to be derived, sometimes

146
written holgium,

BURDEN. BURN.
we may,
without violence, conceive

boya, a buoy, to be descended from a root equally

discrepant in sound and orthography.


large buoy
is

is a cask, It. botte, and in sometimes called Seetonne, a sea-cask. So far then as the meaning is concerned, a better etymon

The common German a buoy

could not be found, though

it

wants the best of


it.

proof, historical evidence, to support

M.]
bilrde,

all

Burdeilt

A load.

'AS. byrthen,

G.

from

a knob, bunch, swelling; borrachas, boasting, bravado borracha, a bladder, explaining Sp. borracha, a wine skin. OE. burgeise, 0. Fr. Burgher. Burgess. burgeois, from Lat. burgensis. Burgh. See Borough. legal term from the Lat. burgi laBurglar. tro, through the Burgundian forai Idre (Vocab. de Vaud), O. Fr. lerre, a robber; bourglare, burglator,
;

beran, to bear.

Bnrden, of a song. See Bourdon. Bureau. The Italian buio, dark, was formerly pronounced buro, as it still is in Modena and BoRuss. buruii, brown; hurjat, to Muratori. logna. become brown or russet. " Burrhum antiqui quod

burglaria.

Grancelli, roguing beggars, bourglairs.

Flor.

The

essence of the offence

is

a nocturnal

robbery of a house.

vel

Omnes burgatores domorum vel fractores Ecclesiarum murorum vel portarum civitatis regis vel burgorum incondemnentur morti.

trantes malitios^ et felonice

e.

Offl-

nunc dicimus rufum."


burel, Sp. huriel,

Festus

in Diez.

OF.

bure,

cium Coronatoris in Due.

Prov.

burel, reddish

brown, russet,

Burin.

See under Bore.

specially applied to the colour of a

brown sheep,
of the fleeces
in Pol. bury,

To Burl.
knots,

To

pick the burrs or burls,


cloth.

i.

the

then to the coarse woollen cloth of such sheep without dyeing.

made
So
felt.

from the surface of woollen

dark grey
table in

bura, a rain-cloak of

Then

as the

And
For
Du.

burlers thistle

a court of audience was covered with such term bureau was applied to the table or the court itself, whence in modern Fr. it is used to signify an office where any business is transacted. In English from a writing-table the designation has a
cloth, the

Soon the clothiers shears skim the surface sheen. Dyer, in R.

the primitive origin of the

borrel, Fris. borrle,

a bubble

word see Burr. Rouchi bourle, a

ball, bourlete,

passed

to

a cabinet containing a writing-table, or

used as a receptacle for papers.

See Borel.

Bnrganet.

O. Fr. bourguignote, Sp. borgonota,

a sort of helmet, properly a Burgundian helmet.

a little ball, bourlot, a pincushion, ball Langued. bourilion, a little bud, side bud Limousin hourlliou, a httle tuft of wool, silk, fec., a flock Gris. borla, a flower-bud, a bead ; Sp. borki, a tuft, lock, tassel ; E. burle, a knob or bump. The burl is the first budding of a deer's Halliwell.
of twine
;
;

la Borgonota, in

Burgeon.

Burly.

Burgundian

fashion.

horn.
ball.

To

about or gross, to bud forth.


geon, bourjon, the

burgeon, to grow big


Bailey.

Grandg.

Wallon.

bourlote, knob, knot, bourlot,

little

Fr. bour-

young bud,

sprig, or putting forth

of a vine, also a pimple in the face.

ridicule.

Cotgr.

The

Burlesque. It. burlare, to make a jest of, to Probably a modification of the root which gave the OE. bourd, a jest. Limousin bourdo, a lie,
a
jest,

word

is

variously written in

OE.

burton, hourion,

bourda, to ridicule, to
I is

tell lies.

The

inter-

Langued. boure, bourou, a bud, boura, bouronna, to bud Fr. ahourioner, to bud or sprout forth. Pr. Pm. Cotgr. Burryn, to bud. Hence the burr of a deer's burr, the flower-bud of hops horn is the rugged projection like buds at the root
burjown.

change of d and
burl,

clearly seen in the Gael, burd,


;

repartee

mockery, ridicule, joking buirte, a jibe, taunt, huirleadh, language of folly or ridicule.
;

To Burn.

OE.
;

bren

Goth, brinnan
to

Du. hren(neuter)

nen, bernen, harnen

AS. byman,
fire.

bum

of a deer's horn.

Bailey. a deer's horn," The primary origin of the word, as of so many others signifying swelling, is an imitation of the sound of bubbling water, preserved in the Fin. purrata, cum sonitu bullio ut aqua ad proram navis, strideo ut spuma vel aqua ex terra expressa puret, a bubble Du. borrel, a bubble, borrelen, to spring
; ;

" Buttons, the burrs or

knobs of

bcBrnan (active), to set on

Probably from the crackling sound of the


Grisons brinzla, spark
brunziti, to
;

fire.

sbrinzlar, to sparkle

Bohem.
brunnr,

hum.
brook.

Bum. A

Goth, brunna,

Icel.

G. bom, brunnen, a
water, spring-water
;

a spring ; bumach, watery.


well,

Gael,

bum,

As we have
n
in

seen the noise of water bubbling up represented by


the syllable bor,

as water.

G. perlen, to bubble up, E. purl, to

make

pur

(see Burgeon), the final

a murmuring noise.

From

the notion of a bubble

we

pass to the Gael, borr, to swell, become big and


;

a subsidiary element, as the / in purl, and the word would thus signify water

burn

may be merely

proud

Ir.

borram, to swell, to grow big and pros" Bouffer,

springing or bubbUng up.

Bav. barren,

to

hum,

to

per, explaining the E. burgen, in the sense of grow-

ing big, and also burly, big, prosperous.


to
puflT,

blow, swell up or strout out, to burgen or

wax

big."

Cotgr.

The

Gael, has also borr, borra,

buzz; Gael, bururus, warbling, purling, gurgling. Vocab. de Vaud. Swiss Rom. bomi, a fountain. [Etymologists have pointed out a supposed connection between torrent and the Latin torrere ; and

BURNISH.
the G. brunnen, E. burn, has been conjectured to be

BURY.

147

alHed to the verb brennen, to bum. The transhitor of the Early English Psalter published by the Surtees Society

seems

to

have adopted one,

if not both,
4,

of these derivations, for in Ps. cxxv.


lates the torrens of the Vulgate,

he transwhich the inter-

Or it might with much plausibility be derived from Fin. puro, Esthon. purro, anything comminuted by biting, chewing, or similar action, sawdust OHG. uzboro, urboro, sawdust. See Bore. I think however that the former is the more probable derigin.

vation of the two.


cutting wheel, rotating with a high velocity, sometimes called a Jwrr, and in this case the name is probably derived from the humming or
is

linear

AS.

gloss renders burnan,

by skaldand:

[A

swe swe burnan in su5-dsele. ge-cer ure dryht' heftned Converte Domine captivitatem nostram sic ut torrens in austro.

buzzing sound which accompanies the motion of the


Turne, Laverd, our wrecchednesse, Als skaldand in south esse.

wheel.

M.]

And

in Ps. Ixxxii. 10, "in torrente Cison" M.] lated " in scaldand Cyson."

is

trans-

Burrow. Shelter, a place of defence, safety, shelter. The same word with burgh, borough, borrow, from AS. beorgan, to protect, shelter, fortify, save.

Burnisht

Fr. brunir, to polish.

sharpen, brynsten, a whetstone

Sw. bryna, to from bryn, the brim

A rabbit
for its
bit,

burrow

is

the hole which the animal digs

own

protection.

So

in

W.

caer

is

a castle or

or edge of anything, whence bryna, to give an edge


to.

fortress, cwning-gaer, the fortx'ess of

a coney or rab-

Then

as sharpening a

weapon would be the

a rabbit burrow.
is

most familiar example of polishing metal, the word seems to have acquired the sense of polishing. So

Burrow

used in

many

parts of ^England in the

from Fin.
latae
;

tahko,

tahkoinen, angular

an edge, a margin, latus rei angutahkoa, to sharpen on a


;

sense of shelter from the wind, " the burrow side of the hedge," " a very burrow place for cattle."

Du. berghen,

to hide, cover, keep, preserve,

whetstone, thence, to rub, to polish.

So

also

from

thence bergh, a port, a

bam
;

or cupboard.

and
Kil.

Fr. jil, an edge,


to,

afftler,

OE.

affile,

to give

an edge
1.

G. bergen, verbergen,
preserve.

to hide

Icel. biarga, to save,

to sharpen.

an excrescence out of the regular surface or round the edge of a thing, as the bur of a bullet, the neck produced by the hole through which the lead has been poured into the mould ; the round knob or horn on a deer's head Bailey ; the uneven projection round the edge of a hole punched or bored in a piece of metal, fec. And secondly, the hooked seedvessel of some kinds of plant^ In the former sense the word is derived from the notion of budding, the excrescence being compared to that made by the buds which form at the root of a branch. See Burgeon. In the second sense it is derived from Fr. bourre,

Burr.

Bur.

Bur has two meanings:

Burse. Burse, an exBursar. Buskin. change ; Du. beurs, Fr. bourse, from bourse, a purse. Bursar, an officer who takes charge of the purse of
a college.
It. bolgia, bolza,

Gris. bulscha, buscha, a budget or

leather wallet

Sp. bolsa, a bag, purse, exchange.

Hence with
Fr. bourse.

the

common change
It.

of an

for

an r (as
borza,

Sp. peluca, Fr. perruque).

borsa, borsia,

From

the

It.

form bolza seems derived bolzacchini,

Sp. bolzequin, buskins, originally signifying bags of


skin into which the feet were thrust, as Sp. bolsa,

Neumann.

bag lined with furs or skins to keep the feet warm. The same change from I to r, as in

flocks or locks of wool, hair, &c., serving to stuff

and such like, also the down or hairy coat of sundry herbs, fruits, and flowers also, less properly, any such trash as chaff, shales, husks, &c. Bourre de soie, tow of silk. Cotgr. It. borra, any
saddles, balls,
;

kind of quilting or
all

stuffing,

shearing of cloth, also


nests
with.

Du. broseken (Fr. it seems that the original meaning of boot was a leathern bag, as in Sp. bota, which signifies both a leathern bag to carry wine, and also boot, a leathern covering for the leg and foot. Du. bote, boten-schoen pero, calceus
bolsa, borsa, gives It. borzacchini,

brodequin), E. buskin.

In like manner

such stuff as hay, moss, straw, chips, or anything


that birds
is

else

make

their

rusticus e crudo corio.

Kil.

Florio.

To Burst.
berstan, byrstan,
Icel.

In OE.

brest, hrast.

G.

bersten,

AS.

A bur then
like

a seed-vessel which
is is

sticks to

our clothes
off.

OHG.
break.
;

brestan, bristen,

Sw.

brista,

a flock of wool, and

not readily brushed

briota,

to

Fr. briser.

Port, britar

The Northumberland bur


ciation, as if the

a huskiness of pronun-

Gael, bris, brisd, break

brisdeach, bristeach, brittle.

speaker had some kind of bur or

The
brit.

root appears under the forms brik, bris, brist,

flocks in his throat

impeding his utterance. The primitive meaning of the Fr. bourre seems to be stuffing, what is put into a thing for the purpose
of puffing or swelling
it

Lang,
;

brico, briso, briketo, brizeto,


brist,

a morsel,
also

fragment

E.

small fragments.

Compare

out,
it

from the Gael,

borr, to

and brotil ; brittle, and, as it is still pronounced in N. of England, brickie. Serv. prsnuti,
brokil
to burst.

OE.

swell (see Burgeon), and

might also derive the

sense of a knot or flock of wool from the same ori-

To Bury.

To

cover up a corpse in the earth.

148

BUSH.
hirgan, hirgean, hyrigan, hyrigean.

BUSS.
Eythascog."
sig jarl

AS.

Du.
;

her-

Harold

the

king
"
landi."

busks

eastwards

ghen, to hide, to stow away, to keep, preserve

hergh,

through the forest of Eytha.

Epter thetta bgr


After that the

a barn, a place where corn is stowed away and preserved. G. hergen, verbergen, to conceal, to hide. To burg a corpse is to conceal it in the ground. AS. hyrigelsy a burial, a sepulchre.

sem skyndilegast ur

earl busks with all haste out of the land.

Compare

the meaning of busk in the following passage.

Bush.

Busk.

Many of the Danes privily were left And busked westwards for to robbe eft. R.
It is certain that bu^st

Brunne.
writ-

Sibriht that I of told, that the lond

had lorn
thorn.

That a swineherd slouh under a busk of

must once have been

R. Brunne.

ten buasc, and

we

actually' find truasc, jftasc, in the

The

foregoing modes of spelUng the word indicate


Icel. huskr,

For
later

Skirnis; barsc in Heimskringla, which would

a double origin, from the

tuft of hair,

have been written


to to

truast, Jtast,

barst.

The

bush, thicket {bushi, a bunch of twigs, besom), and

frequency with which

busk
is

is

used, as synony-

from the Fr. bousche, bouche, a whisp, tuft, whence bouchon, a tavern bush, boucher, to stop, to thrust in a bouche or tuft of hemp, tow, or the like. Bouchet, a bush, bramble. It has been shown under Boss that words signifying clump, tuft, cluster, are commonly derived from the idea of knocking. So from
Fr. bousser, knock,
It.

mous with
as boun
is

make one boun,

thus accounted for

simply buinn, the past participle of the

same verb bua, the deponent form of which is represented by the E. busk. To bow was used in a similar manner for to bend
one's steps, to turn.

bussare,

Du.

bossen,

buysschen, to

Boweth forth by a brook, proceed by a brook.


P. P.
Forth heo gunnen bugen In to Bruttaine And her ful sone To -SDrthure comen. Layamon

we have

Fr. bosse, bousse, a hump, hunch


;

Du.. bos, a bunch, knot, bundle


tive?), a tuft, then

bosch (a diminu-

tuft
;

van haer, a
of grapes.

tuft

of hair

van wijn
Du.
bussel,

of trees, a grove; bosch


besien,

a bunch
;

2.

410.

Fris. bosc, a troop, lump, cluster

gear-

boskjen, to assemble together, qualster-boscken,

a
;

clot
It.

In the other copy


Forth hii gonne bouwe In to Brutaine.

of phlegm (Epkema).
bussone,

a bundle
;

Bret. a bush, brake, thicket of thorns bouch (Fr. ch), a tuft, whisp. G. bausch, projection, bauschen, bausen, to bulk, bunch, bundle, whisp
;

Buss. A vessel employed in the herring fishery. Du. buyse, a vessel with a wide hull and blunt prow,
also a flagon.

swell, bulge,

Bush.

Bushel.
Du.

bunch

out.

Prov.
;

has,

a boat or small vessel


particular application of

The bush

of a wheel
in

is

the

Cat. buc, bulk, ship

Sp. bucha, a large chest or

.metal lining of the

nave or hollow box

which the
little

box, a fishing vessel.

axle works.

busse,

a box, busken, a

box
;

the many-formed woi:;d signifying bulk, trunk, body,

a box, a gun ; G. buchse, a box, radSw. hjul-bosse, the bush of a wheel Sc. bush, box wood to bush, to sheath, to enclose in a Prov. forms of the word are boistia, case or box. boissa, whence the diminutives O. Fr. boisteau, boisseau, Lat. (A. D. 1214) busteUus, a box for measurSee Box. ing, a bushel. See Busk. The bone in a woman's stays.

Dan.

bosse,

huchse,

See Boss, Box, Bulch, Bust. Gael, bus, a mouth, lip, snout Pol. buzia, mouth, lips, also a kiss Sp. buz, a kiss of reverence. So Westerwald munds, mons, a kiss, from mund, mouth. Lat. basium, It. bacio, Sp. beso,
chest.
2.

A kiss.

kiss.

Fr. baiser, to kiss.


"

[So, the Icelandic at minnaz, minnast vid, to kiss,

from munnr, mouth


vid hann
him.

Ok

minntuz

Jieir

Kari badir

Bust

To Busk.
They

To

prepare,

make

ready, to dress,

to-

Njdla,

"

They

both, Kari [and Thorgeirr], kissed


Tliis

cxlviii.

word

is

employed in

direct one's course towards.


busked and

Jamieson's generally very fine translation of the

maked them boun.


it

Sir Tristram.
it

Danish
sense.

ballad, Eline af Villenskov, printed in the

notes to Scott's

Jamieson thinks
duere vestes

probable that

may be

traced

to the Icel. bua, to prepare, to dress, at


;

bua sig, inand it is singular that having come so near the mark he fails to observe that husk is a
simple adoption of the deponent form of the Icel.
verb, ai buast for at buasc, contracted from the very

Lady of the Lake, but in a mistaken Jamieson confounded it with the verb at mene, to mean, and thus spoiled the point of the story, which turns on the deliverance of an enchanted knight from the spell that bound him, by See stanzas 26 thrice kissing a Christian woman.
and
27,
cost of

expression quoted by him,


itive

meaning of buu is bend one's steps, to betake oneself, to bow, in OE. "Haralldur kongur bist austur um
bua
sig, to

bua sig" The primsimply to bend, whence at


at

where the sense may be restored, but at the metre and rhyme, by reading kissed for minted.

Mint
is

in the eleventh stanza of the

same

translation

used, for rhyme's sake, instead of mean, which

corresponds to the a^te of the original ballad.

BUST.
Kaempe-Viser, 1812,
in Persian,
I. p.

BUT.
To
Bustle. To hurry or make a great Also written buskle.
smouldering
fire

149
stir.

175.

Bus,

kiss, is

found

and

in other languages not directly re-

Bailey.

M.] Bust. Busk. The bust is properly the body of a man, the trunk without arms or legs, then a statue representing the head and upper part of the trunk. The word husk was used in the N. of France in the same sense.
lated to English.

It is like the

of

Mount Chimaera, which


tlie

boiling long time with great buskling in

earth doth at length burst forth with violent rage. 1555. HalUwell.

bowels of the A. D.

Here we
apphed

see the

word applied
it

to the
is

bubbling up

of a boiling liquid, from which

metaphorically

Le busch de St Saulve en la chasse du dit Saint et Saint Superius sont en bon etat. Hecart. A. D.' 1776.

in ordinary usage to action accompanied with " a great stir." Icel. bustla, to make a splash

Both

bust

and busc were then used

in the sense

in the water, to bustle.


to rustle

of a body garment, a garment closely fitting the

body, and as this was supported by a


steel in fi'ont, the

stiff

bone or

So in Fin. kupata, kupista, kayn kupajan crepans ito, I go clattering about, inde discurro et operosus sum,

(parum strepo)

word busk has ultimately been con-

I bustle.
sense

To

brustle, to rustle, is also


;

fined to the piece of bone, wood, or steel in the front

of

bustle

bruslery, a

tumult

of a woman's stays or stomacher.

breessil, the act

of coming on in a

Halliwell hurry. Jamie;

used in the

Fr. bu,

bust, buste, the

whole bulk or body of a


;

son.

man from
a doublet.

his face to his middle

buc, busc, bust, the

Busy.
busy
;

AS.

biseg,

bisgung

occupation, business

long small or sharp-pointed and hard-quilted belly of

bysgian, to occupy.

Du.

besig,

Cot.

It. busto,

a bulk or trunk with-

besighen, uti, frui, usurpare

beezig,

occupied,
eene zaak

Kil.

out a head, a sleeveless truss or doublet, also a busk.

beezigen, to

Florio.

business.

make use The word

of a thing.
is

Fr. besogne, work,

referred

by Diefenbach

to

The
;

ultimate origin seems to be the root buk, but,


Pol. puk, crack,

Goth, anabiudan, to enjoin

(entbieten,

befehlen),

representing a knock or blow.

knock Fr. buquer, Lang, buta, to knock, strike. Hence, as in so many similar cases, words signifying bunch, swelling, thick end, trunk.
Icel. butr,
;

whence anabusns, command, commission. But. As a conjunction but is in every case the compound be-out, Tooke's distinction between but, be
out,

and

bot,

moreover, to-boot, being wholly unten-

E.

butt,

Gris. bust,

hist,

the trunk of a tree

Lat. busta, arbor ramis truncata.

Mid.
seen

able.

Gl. Lindenbr. in
is

AS.
butan

butan, buta, bute, without, except, besides


ce,

Diez.

The same development


;

of meaning

without law, an outlaw


;

butan wite, withbUten door, out


buiten, with-

in Icel. bolr, the


vest, doublet

trunk of a tree, body of a man,


bul, trunk, log,

out punishment

butan wifum and cilduin, besides


PI.

Dan.

body of a

shirt

women and
of doors
out
; ;

children.

D. huten
;

and

in Sp. bulto, hulch, swelling, bulk, bust.

bitten dat,

besides that
;

Du.

From

the other form of the root with a final k


t,

buiten-man, a stranger
cases in which

buiten-zorgh, without

instead of

Icel. bukr,

the trunk or body of an ani;

care.

mal, belly
breast
;

Cat. buc, bulk, belly

Sp. buche, stomach,

The

Tooke would explain the conword corresponds


of.

Lang,

busco, Fr. busche,


bust.

log, great billet

junction as signifying boot, add, in addition, moreover, are those in which the
to

Rouchi busch, a

The Prov.
buskr,
bostia,

inserts

an r

after the initial b ; bruc,

the Fr. mais, and

may

all

be reduced
is

to the original

brut, brusc, bust,

body, as in Icel. bruskr as well as


whisp, Prov. brostia as well as
hrust,

sense of without, beyond the bounds


is

Whatever

a bush,
a box.

tuft,

in addition to something else

beyond the bounds


biniian, within, the
;

The form

corresponding to

of the original object.

brut as brusc to bruc,

the breast,

would explain the G. brust, the trunk, box, or chest in which the

In Sc.

we

find ben,

from AS.

precise correlative of but, without

ut and

ben,

vitals are contained.

without the house and within


apartments.

then applied to the

Bustard.
Fr. outard.

A large bird of the gallinaceous order. A great sluggish fowl. Bailey. Sp.
;

outer and inner rooms of a house consisting of two

abutarda, or avutarda

Champagne,
It.

bistarde ; Prov.

austarda, Fr. outarde.

ottarda.
flight.

Named from
lis

its

slowness of

"

Proximae

The rent of a room and a kitchen, or what in the language of the place is styled a but and a ben, gives at least Account of Stirlingshire in Jamietwo pounds sterling.

sunt quas Hispania aves tardas appellat."

Phn.

son.

10. 22.

Hence probably

au-tarda, otarda, utarda,

Ben-house, the principal apartment.

and then with avis again prefixed, as in av-estruz (= avis struthio), an ostrich, avutarda. Diez.

The

elliptical

expression of but for only

is

well

explained by Tooke.
should say, " There
there

Where
is

at the present

day we

Port, abotarda, betarda.

bustard or bistard.

tai-de.

Sherwood.

Fr.

but one thing to be done,"

bistard, outard, hous-

is

really a negation to be supplied, the full exis

pression being, " there

nothing to be done but

150
one thing," or "there
done."
is

BUTCHER. BUTT.
not but one thing to be
tare, to cast, to

throw

Langued.

bida, to strike, to
;

Thus Chaucer

says,

thrust

Fr. houter, to thrust, to push


butt or butt

W.

pwtiaw,

I n'am but a leude compilatour.


If that

to butt, poke, thrust.

The

end of a thing

is

the striking end,

ye vouchsafe that in this place That I may have not but my meat and drinke,

the thick end.


of a tree
;

A hutt,
G.
butt,
;

Icel. bvtr, the trunk,


;

stump

Fr. bout, end Fr.

W. pwt, any
hotte,

short thick

where now we should write, " I am hut a compiler," " That I may have hut my meat and drink." As an instance of what is called the adversative use of hut, viz. that which would be translated by Fr. mais, suppose a person in whom we have little trust lias been promising to pay a debt, we say, " But when will you pay it ? " Here the hut

thing, stump.

person
Cotgr.
boil,

Schmeller
clumsy
Fr.
;

hutz,

a short thick thing or

hot, thick,

pied-hot, a
hill,

a bundle Du. Fr. stump or club foot.


; ;

Gris. hott, a
clod.

hillock

hotta,

a blow, a

butte,

M.

Lat. hotones, hodones, botontini.

a mound, a heap of earth In limitibus ubi

rariores terminos constituimus monticellos plantavi-

implies the existence of another point not included

mus de
Etym.
celery
;

terra quos hotontinos appellavimus.

Diet.

among

those to which the debtor has adverted, viz.


" Besides all that,

Fr. butter

un
;

arbre, to
butter le

heap up earth round


celeris, to earth

the time of payment.

when

will

the roots of a tree


butter

up

you pay ? "


" All the brethren are
entertained bountifully,

un mur,
E.

to support

a wall beginning
in

to bulge; butte,
to

hutt,

a mound of turf

field
at.

but Joseph has a five-fold portion."


indicates that Joseph,
treated, is put in a class

Here the but


is

support a target for the purpose of shooting

by the mode in which he by himself, outside that

Fr.
scope,

hut,
;

the prick in the middle of a target, a


to

in

which

his other brethren are included.

aim whence to make a butt of a person, make him a mark for the jests of the company.
as in G. from stossen, to strike, to thrust
anstossen, to be contiguous to, to abut on.
;

a goat (and not from houche, the mouth), properly a slaughterer of goats ; " que en carieras publicas li hoquiers el sane dels bocs no
hoquier,
hoc,

BntclieFi from

Fr. houcher, Prov. hochier, Langued.

Fr. huter, to touch at the end, to abut or butt on,

an etwas

jhieton, ni aveisson los bocs en las plassas."

tume d'Alost

in

Diet.

Lang.,

CouSo

Hence

the butts in a ploughed field are the strips

at the edges of the field, or headlands

upon which

that the butchers

the furrows abut; hut-lands, waste ground, buttals,

shall not cast the blood of the goats into the public

a corner of ground.

Halliwell.

ways, nor slaughter the goats in the


in
Italian

streets.

from

hecco,

a goat, heccaro, heccaio, a

butcher ; heeearia, a butchery, slaughter-house.


It.

But
a

It. Fr. hotte, Mod. Gr. Butt. )8ouns, a cask. O. Fr. hou^, bouz, bout, Sp. beta, a wine skin, a wooden cask. Sp. botija, an earthen

large barrel.

hoccino,

young beef or veal

flesh;

hocciero,

jar

botilla,

butcher.

The immediate

a small wine bag, leathern origin of the term

bottle.
is

probably
tree,

[Ducange gives as Mid. Lat. forms hoscida and hoviscida, and Alfric's glossary, Nat. Ant. I. 28, has
*^bucida, qui hoves mactat, hryf)er-heawere." Butcher,

butt in the sense of

trunk or round stem of a

then hollow trunk, body of a man, belly, bag


for liquors.

made
is

of the entire skin of an animal, wooden receptacle

however, must have come from houcher, which

is

similar development of

meaning

traced to hoc, upon satisfactory historical evidence.

seen in the case of E. trunk, the body of a tree or


of a man, also a hollow vessel
;

M.]
Butler.
bottle, the

G. rumpf, the body

Fr. houteiUier, as if from

houteiUe,

of an animal, hollow case, hull of a ship.


hulk

The E.

servant in charge of the bottles, of the


di*ink.

wine and
kept in

But the name must have


and the
real origin of the

arisen

before the principal part of the drinkables would be


bottles,

was formerly applied to the trunk or body, and it is essentially the same word with Lat. hidga, belly, skin-bag, and with It. bolgia, a leathern bag,
a budget.
Icel.
holr,

word

is

A similar train
the

of thought

is

seen in the

probably from hiUtery.


officer in

Butler, the officer in charge

trunk or body of an animal, bole

of the buttery or collection of casks, as Pantler, the

of a tree, body of a shirt ;


rotundity of the body, bag.
belly, is doubtless

W.

hoi,

hola, the belly,

charge of the pantry.


;

Buttery, from hutt,

The

Sp. harriga, the

a barrel
skins in

Sp. hoteria, the store of barrels or wine


ship.

earthen jug

a ram.
as to

To Butt. To strike with the head like a goat or From the noise of a blow. To come full
a thing is to come upon it suddenly, so make a sounding blow. Du. hot, tout k coup ;
staan, s'arreter tout
thrust, to

of a horse to

connected with harril, a barrel, and in E. we speak of the barrel signify the round part of the body.

hutt against

hot hlijven

h coup.

Halma.

Schmell.
a large
cal

courtaud, trapu.

Wallon. hodine, belly, calf of the leg bode, rabode, Grandg. Bav. boding, a barrel.

From

Grisons

butt,

a cask,

is

formed
cattle,

the augmentative buttatsch, the


belly.

stomach of
itself

Du.

hotten, to
;

stroke

di

hotto,

push ; It. hotto, a blow, a suddenly ; hotta, a thrust ; It. hut-

The word
a tub.

body

with G.

hottich,

seems identiThe Bavarian potifff

BUTTER. BY.
potacha,
bodi
',

151

bottig, signify

a cask or tub, while

hottich,

are used in the sense of body.

ing buttress, an arch built outside to support the side thrust of a stone roof. Mur-buttant, a wall buttress,

[The It. hotte, E. bottle, as I have attempted to show in a note on the latter word, are probably from Gr. irvTLvrj, but butt and the similar Grothic words are too widely spread, and some of them too old, to be likely to have been taken from the Italian, and hence the resemblance between them must be reBytta, evidently the same garded as accidental.

a short thick wall built to rest against another which needs support; butter, to raise a mound of earth around the roots of a tree. Boutant, a buttress or shore post.

Cotgr.

farrier's tool for paring horses* Buttrice. hoofs, used by resting the head against the farrier's chest and pushing the edge forwards. Perhaps cor-

word as butt, is found in Icelandic, but I am not aware that there is any Scandinavian root to which
it

rupted from Fr. boutis, the rooting of a wild boar,


the tool working forwards like the snout of a swme.

can be referred
Sog., X.

"

Hann

tdk byttu eina, fulla af

Fr. bouter, to thrust, boutoir, a buttrice.

Forn.
vincial

drykk, ok steypti yfir dokkuna ok ka^ldi sva eldinn."


54.

M.]

Buxoin.

AS. bocsam, buhsom,


;

obedient, from

bugan, to bow, give way, submit

Fris. bocgsum,

Butter. Lat. butyrum, Gr. fiovrupov, as if from /?ous, an ox, but this is probably a mere adaptation, and the true derivation seems preserved in the pro-

geboogsaem, flexible, obedient, humble.

Du.

Kil.

This word exhibits a singular change of meaning, from the original notion of obedience to that of brisk,
cheerful,

German

of the present day.

Bavarian, but-

healthy,

in

the

confined application of

tern, butteln, to

boult flour.

shake backwards and forwards, to Butter-glass, a ribbed glass for shaking


Buttel-triib,

modern

times.

up salad

sauce.

thick from

shaking.
i.

Butter-sehmalz, grease produced


butter, as distinguished

by churning,

e.

For holy church hoteth all manere puple Under obedience to be and buxum to the lawe. P.P.

ping, grease that sets


ler.

from gelassene schmalz, dripSchmelby merely standing.

Buhsomenesse or boughsomeness.
bowsomeness,
to wit,

Pliableness or

humbly stooping or bowing


Chaucer writes
R.
it

down
to

in

sign

Butter-fly.

supposed

from the excrement being resemble butter. Du. boter-schijte, bo-

So

called

buxomeness.

Verstegan

of obedience.
in

ter-vliege, boter^ogel.

Then

as pliableness and gentleness are the distin-

Kil.

guishing feature of woman, the word seems

Buttery.

Sp. boteria, the store of wine in ships

kept in botas or leather bags.


collection of drinkables in
butts.

So the

buttery is the
is

to have been mainly applied as a term of commendation to a young woman, and so to have passed on to desig-

a house, what

kept in

nate other admired characteristics of female society,


cheerfulness, liveliness, and

See Butler.

what tends

to

produce

Buttock.
breech.

The
bout,

large

muscles of the seat or


spike with a large head,

it,

vigorous health.

G. arsch-backe, the hind-cheeks.


a
bolt, or

From Du.

then the thigh or leg of an animal, from the large

I encountered were a parcel of buxom bonny were laughing, singing, dancing, and as merry as the day was long. Tatler.
first

The

dames

that

knobbed head of the thigh-bone.


gigot, the thigh of

Boutje, a

little

a goose, fowl, &c.

Hamele-bout,

To Buy.
The two
with rigg.

AS.

bycgan, bohte,

OE.

bygge, to pur-

Lams-bout, a leg of mutton, leg of lamb.


leg of an animal, as
it

Now

the

chase for money.

" Sellers and biggers."

Wicliff.

comes

to table, includes the

pronunciations were both current in the

buttock or large muscles at the

upper end.

tock of beef is called a but in the


liwell.

W.

of E.

Hal-

but-

time of Chaucer,

who makes

abigg, to able,

rhyme
sell.

See Abie.
;

Turk,

bid,

thigh of an animal, leg of mut-

Goth, bugjan, bauhta, to buy

frabugjan, to

ton.

To Buzz.
Fr. bouton, a button, bud, pimple, any
nourez,

To make a humming
Then
It.

noise like bees.

Button.

A direct imitation.
to buzz.

applied to speaking low,


buzzicare, to whisper,

small projection, from bouter, to push, thrust for-

indistinctly, confusedly.

wards, as rejeton, a rejected thing, from


risson,

rejeter,

a nursling, from nourrir, nourriss (pns,

Buzzard.
falconry.

kind of hawk of
;

little ;

esteem in
Prov. bu-

&c.).

So
It is

in

English pimples were formerly called

Lat. buteo

Fr. buse, busard

pushes.
ton.

Gael, put, to push or thrust, putan, a but-

zac, buzarg. It. bozzago, bozzagro, abozzago, a buz-

remarkable that Chaucer, who in general

zard or puttock.
thus

The name

is

also given to a beetle,

comes

so close to the Fr., always translates bouton,

from tho buzzing sound of

its flight,

and

it

is

to

be

the rosebud, in the R. R. by bothum and not button.

understood in the expression blind buzzard.


also say, as blind as a beetle, as Fr. etourdi

W.

both,

a boss, a nave

botwm, a boss, a button.

to

Buttress. An a wall. Fr. bouter, to thrust

having a rotundity See Bottom. erection built up as a support


;

bothog,

.:

We

comme un
By.

hanneton, as heedless as a cock-chafer,


in

from the blind way


Goth,
bi,

which they
bi, big,

fly against one.

arc-boutant,

fly-

AS.

G.

bei,

Du.

bij,

San-

152
scrit,

BYLAW. CABLE.
ahhi (Dief.).

Too used a word

to leave

any

jurisdiction.

Icel. Byar-log,

Dan.

bylove, leges

urba-

expectation of an etymological explanation, but the senses may generally be reduced to the notion of
side.

nae

Icel. hyar-rettr, jus municipii.

Subsequently apphed to the separate laws of any


association.

To

stand by

is to
;

stand aside

to

stand hy one, to

[Jornandes,

De

Bel. Get. cap.

xi.,

says that the

a hy-paih is a side path ; to pass To swear by God is to hy, to pass at the side of swear in the sight of God, to swear with him by to adjure one by any inducement is to adjure him
stand at his side

with that in view.


is

When
is

it

indicates the agent

it

because the agent

considered as standing by his

Goths called the leges conscriptse they had adopted, beUagtnes, or as by conjectural emendation the critics read, bilagines. Upon this authority, Gabelentz and Loebe and Diefenbach give bilageins as a MoesoGothic compound word. If this is so, the Dan. bylov, Sw. bylag, would seem to be a case of accommodation, the
first

work.

syllable being properly not by,

Bylaw.
Sw.
hylag,

Originally the law of a particular town.

town, but the particle bi borrowed from the Teutonic.

from

by,

a borough, town having separate

M.]

C.
Cabal.

The Jews

believed that Moses received

damentally to signify shelter, covering.


Ka-mraKL,

Mod. Gr.

in Sinai not only the law, but also certain unwritten

a covering.
Ptg. calabre, cabre
;

principles of interpretation, called Cabala or Tradi-

Cable.

Sp. cabre, cable

which were handed down from father to son, and in which mysterious and magical powers were Diet. Etym. supposed to reside.
tion,

Fr. cable, O. Fr. caabh, chaable.


loss of the

The double a in d extant


;

the O. Fr. forms indicates the


in the

Mid. Lat. cadabulum, ca-

Hence the name


cabal
is

of caballing

was applied
;

to

secret machinations for effecting a purpose

any and a
to-

a conclave of persons, secretly plotting

gether for their

own

ends.

war for hux'ling large and the Fr. chaable, Mid. Lat. cabulus, had " une grande periere que the same signification Ton claime chaable." Due.
dabola, originally an engine of

stones

Cabbage* From It. capo, O. Sp. cabo, head, come the Fr. cabocke, a head (whence cabochard,
heady, wilful), cabus, headed, round or great headed.
Cfhoux cabus, a headed cole or cabbage
busse, lactuca capitata,
;

Sed

mox

ingentia saxa

Emittit cabulus.

Ibid.
by

laitue ca-

Cot.

It.

headed or cabbage lettuce. cabuccio, capuccio, a cabbage ; Du. cabuys-

From

the sense of a projectile engine the desig-

nation was early transferred to the strong rope

koole, brassica capitata.

which the

strain of such

an engine was

exei'ted.

Kil.

Concesserint

descarkagium
fuller

sexaginta doliorum suis

To Cabbage.

To

steal or pocket.

Fr. cabas,

instrumentis, scilicet caahlis et windasio tantum.

Due.

Du. kabas, Sp. cabacho, a frail, or rush basket, whence Fr. cabasser, to put or pack up in a frail, to Du. kabassen, conCot. keep or hoard together.

Didot.

Examples of the
it

form of cadable in the form kadal, a rope


'habl, a Turk, 'havyar to

vasare, surripere, suffurari, manticulari


cisely in the sense of the

sense of cable are not given in the dictionaries, but

Kil.

pre-

would seem

to explain the Icel.

E. cabbage.

or cable.
kabbel,

It is

remarkable that the Esthon. has


to cable, as

Larron cabasseur de pecune.

Diet. Etym.
a booth or

a rope, string, band, and the Arab,

rope,

Cabin.
hut.
It.

Cabinet.

would correspond

W.
est

cab, cdban,

caviare.

capanna, Fr. cabane, a shed, hovel, hut.

The

Sp. and Ptg. cabo, a rope,

is

probably un-

Tugurium, parva casa vinearum ad tegimen


vocant.

quam faciunt sibi custodes sui. Hoc rustici capannam


Item habeat archimachin

connected, signifying properly a rope's end, as the

part by which the rope

is

commonly handled.

Isidore in Diez.

The name of
it

the engine, cadabula, or cadable, as


in

erus

capanam (parvam cameram)


:

coquina ubi
closet.

species aromaticas, &c., deponat

a store
in

a a

must have stood

French, seems a further corof the projectile engine, for

ruption of calabre (and not vice versa, as Diez supposes), the Prov.

Neckam

in Nat. Antiq.

Cappa

O. Sp. signifies

name

a mantle as well as a
radical syllable in

hut,

and as we find the same


kabat, a tunic, kabane,

the origin of which see Caliver, Capstan.

Bohem.
It.

jacket

Fr. gaban,
felt

cabarino, E. gabardine,
it

cloak of

or shepherd's frock,

would seem fun-

[A comparison of the forms collected from Ducange by Diefenbach, Suppl. 106, under Catapulta, seems to render it altogether probable that that

CABLISH.
word, rather than calahre, cahre, cahra,
of them
all. is

CADENCE.
radical

153

the source

but I think the Gothic magan, mahts, or some allied


is more probably the source of the word in Walewein, as it may be of all the others of Hke signification, though upon that supposition, the want

The

derivation of the

name

of so

common an

object as a cable from a

machine comis

paratively so rare as a military projectile engine

by no means
that there
ilar
is

likely,

and

it

seems

difficult to

doubt

of a privative

is

not easily explained.


with

a common origin for the numerous simwords mentioned in the text, as well as the ca-

The Mid.
are, in

Lat. words cited above from

signification, identical

Capmany maim and the

plum

or capulum of Isidore, which he defines " funis," and derives from capio, because wild cattle are

other words grouped ai-ound the Mid. Lat. maha-

caught with a rope.


little

Orig.

1.

XX.

16.

However

confidence

we may have

in Isidore's etymol-

ogy, his testimony proves the existence of a word

mium, and, on the other hand, the form connects them with amay, amaze, dismay, and other allied words usually referred to Goth, magan, mahts. See Amay, Amaze.

apparently identical with cable at a period

when

it

The Mid.

Lat. malemittere.

It.

malmettere, O. Fr.

could not have been derived from calabre, no such

malmettre, maumettre, has a sufficient resemblance


to the class of

word, so far as
isting.

M.]
The

we have

reason to believe, then ex-

words under consideration

to

be con-

Brushwood B., properly windfalls, Cablisll. wood broken and thrown down by the wind, in
which sense are explained the O. Fr.
cablis.

sidered as possibly either the source of them, or an

accommodation from some one of them

Vynt
"Nanil,
38.

a la

cite

caables, cables,

fet-yl,

le roy ly demaunda si Guarin fust pris. ne rien malmys." Foulques Fitz-Warin,


;

origin

is

the O. Fr. chaable, caable, an

engine for casting stones,

M.

Lat. chadabula, ca-

dabulum, whence Langued. chabla, to crush, over-

whelm

(Diet. Castr.),

Fr. accahler, to hurl down,

Fouke leva I'espee, si ly fery le dragoun en la teste auxi duremcnt come 11 poeit. E le coup ne ly nialmist de rien, ne 11 ne s'enmaya de rien pur le coup. lb. 76.

overwhelm, O. Fr. caable (in legal language), serious injury from violence without blood, Mid. Lat. cadabalum, prostratio ad terram. Due. In like

In
used

this last

in different senses,

example, malmist and s^enmaya are but not so widely different

that they

may

not be allied in origin.

M.]

manner

from trabocco, an engine for casting stones Mid. Lat. manganare, It. viagagnare, 0. Fr. mehaigner, E. maim, main,
It.

traboccare, to hurl down,


;

ack.

Very generally

used, especially in chil-

dren's language, for discharging the bowels, or as


interjection of disgust to hinder

an a child from touch!

fi'om

manganum.
in the

ing anything dirty.

[Few words much used


met with
in

Middle Ages are

caca.

a greater variety of forms than those allied to the English maim. Most of those occurring in Mid. Lat. will be found in Ducange, under mahamium and the words there referred to, but some Hispano-Latin words, which may throw light on an obscure etymology, have escaped both Ducange and the authors of the supplements. In a maritime code of Don Jaume I., A. D. 1258, Capmany, II. 29, we find " Et si aliquis marinarius
:

Langued. cacai ! fi c'est du Du. kack! phi! respuendi particula. IQl. Common to Lat. and Gr., the Slavonian, Celtic, and

Finnish languages.
disgust
;

Gael, eeach
;

exclamation of

cac,
is

dung, dirt
the

caca, nasty, dirty, vile.


!

The

origin

exclamation ach
stool.

ach

made

while straining at
such a manner
detestandi
;

Finn, akista, to strain in


Fr. caca ! vox puerilis
;

dah

! like
;

immundum

adkka, stercus, sordes

aak-

kata, cacare.

Swiss aa, agga, agge, dirty, disgustgatsch,

ing

agge machen (in nurses' language), cacare


;

infirmabitur, vel sesmajaverit in suis

membris

gaggi, gaggele, aeggi, stercus


is

filth.

Gadge

dominus ipsius navis vel


cum,"
etc.

ligni faciat dicto

marinario
viati-

provincially used in E. as an expression of dis-

sua necessaria in victualibus per totum ipsum

gust.

And

on the same page

idem marinarius accepit

Verum, si tale magayamentum faciendo


:

"

To Cackle.

Gaggle.
;

Imitative of the cry of

hens, geese, &c.


kakaloti, to chatter,

servitium dictge navis," etc.

Sw. kakla ; Fr. caqueter ; Lith. prattle Turk, kakulla, to cackle


/caxKa^civ.

The

first

of these words seems to be a reflective,

Du. kaeckelen

Gr.

s'esmajaverit,

and the
is,

syllable es,

which

is

wanting

Caddy.
nese
tea
catty,
is

Tea-caddy, a tea-chest, from the Chithe weight of the small packets in which
up.

in the second,

apparently, a privative correspond-

ing to the Gothic mis-, as in the

Roman van Wale-

made

wein
Daer nes
niet een ontgaen,

Cade. hand to
;

A
;

cade-lamb

is

a lamb brought up by
Icel.

cade, to cherish, treat as a nurseling.


;

Sine bleven doot of ghevaen,

kdd, a new-born offspring

kddra, to lick the newinfixnt.

Of mesmaect van diepen wonden.


Walewein,
v. 2501.

born young
Coddle.
treated

barna-kdd, a young

But

see

The more modern Du. mismaechen


VOL.
I.

is

by

Cadence.
low note.

Kilian as a compound of mis and maecken, to make,

It.

cadenza, a falling, a cadence, a Fr. cadence, a just falling, a pro-

Flo.

20

154

CADET.

CALIBRE.
ligni,

portionable time or even measure in any action or

sound.
It

Du. half van

hout, the pith or soft part of

Cot.
to

chacune cadence, ever and anon.


in the sense of

wood.
Icel. kaljt, the calf

seems

be used

a certain mode

of falling from one note to another, hence musical

Calibre.

Caliver* Calliper*
bore of a cannon
;

of the leg.

Fr. calibre,

rhythm.

Lat. cadere, to

fall.

It calibro,

colihro, the

E. calliper-

Cadet.
chief.

Fr. cadet, Gascon capdet, the younger


;

compasses, compasses contrived to measure the di-

son of a family

said to be from capitetum,

Sp. cabdiUo, lord, master.


Sp. gavia,
levie,

Due.

little

ameter of the bore.


caliver,

Ca^e>
coop, cage.

Lat. cavea, a hollow place, hence a den,


It.

gahhia, gaggia, Fr. cage.

seems to be that of the OE. an arquebuss or small cannon, the name of which was probably transmitted from the Fr. calabre,
earlier sense

The

Du. kauwe,

G.

kiijich.

a machine for casting stones, whence also the


of the carabine
is

name
was

Fr. cageoler, caioler, to prattle or Cajole* jangle like a jay (in a cage), to prate much to little

To

supposed to be derived.

It

natural that the names of the old siege maciiines for


casting stones should be transferred to the
efficient

purpose.
Cot.
Caitiff*

Cajollerie, jangling, babbling, chattering.

more

kinds of ordnance brought into use after

It.
;

cattivo (from Lat. captivus), captive,

the discovery of gunpowder.


moschetta,

Thus

the musquet, It

a wretch, bad

Fr. chetif, poor, wretched.

was

originally a missile discharged

from

Sw. kaka, a cake or loaf. En kaka brod, a loaf of bread. Dan. kage, Du. koeck, G. kuchen. See Cook. cuttle-fish, from the ink-bag which Calailiary< it contains. Lat. calamus, Turk. Arab, kalem, a reed, reed-pen, pen; Mod. Gr. Kokafiapi, an inkstand; KoXafjidpi Oakaa-a-Lov, a sea inkstand, cuttle-fish. Calaillity Lat. calamitas, loss, misfortune. Perhaps from W. coU, loss, whence Lat. incolumis, with-

Cake*

some kind of spring machine.


Potest praeterea
in
fieri

quod

hsec

eadem

balistae tela

trahere quae muschettce vulgariter appellantur.

Sanutus

possent

Due.

The

Port, espingarda, a gun, firelock,

is

the an-

cient springald,

a machine for casting large darts. Conversely the Lat. catapulta is used when it is re" Hung. quired to render a gun in that language.
carabcly, catapulta de coUo pendula,

carabine."

is

out

loss, safe.

Calasht
Bailey.

CalOCh*
A
It.

Dankovsky.

hood stiffened
dress.

An open travelling chariot. hooded carriage, whence calash, a with whalebone for protecting a headcalessa, Sp.

The name

of the calabre as a projectile engine

probably a corruption of the simpler form cabre,

from cabra, a goat, as the Ptg. has both cabre and


calabre in the derivative sense of a cable.

From

Fr. caliche,

calesa.

Originally

cabre, or the

from a Slavonic source.


pi.

Serv. koto, a wheel, the


Pol. kolo, a
cart,

of which, kola, signifies a waggon.

circle,

a wheel;
; ;

kolasa, a

common
;

an ugly

waggon
wheel

kolaska, a calash

Russ. kolo, kolesb, a


kolyaska, kolyasochka,

Languedocian equivalent crabe (see Capstan), through carabe to calabre, is a change exactly analogous to that from It. bertesca to the synonymous beltresca, a moveable kind of rampart, from Lat urtica to Venet. oltriga, or from It. cortina
Venet. coltrina. Or the name may have been formed direct from cabre by the simple insertion of an I, clabre, calabre. O. Sp. cabra, cabreia, cabrita, an engine for hurling stones, passing in modern times to the designation of a machine for raising heavy weights.
to

kolesnitza,

a waggon

calesh.

Calendar*
the
first

Lat. calendarium, from calendte, the


in

day of the month

Roman
to

reckoning.

Calenture*
land,

disease of sailors from desire of

when they

are
it
;

said

into the sea, taking

for green fields.

throw themselves Sp. caknLat. cali-

The

reason

why

the

name

of the goat
is

is

used to

tura,

a fever, warmth dus, hot


Calf*

calentar, to heat.

designate a machine for casting stones


that the term

probably

The young

of oxen and similar animals.

G.kaB. Calf of the leg. Gael, calpa, calba or colpa na coise, the calf of the leg. The primary meaning of the word seems simply a lump. Calp is riadh, principal and interest, the lump and the increase. It is another form of the E. collop or goUop, a lump
or large piece, especially of something
soft.

was first applied to a battering-ram, G. bock, a he-goat, a machine named by the most obvious analogy after the goat and the ram, whose mode of attack is to rush violently with their heads
in

against their opponent.

From

the

battering-ram,

the

earliest

instrument of mural attack, the

name

The
related

calf of the leg is the collop of flesh belonging to that

might naturally be transferred to the more complicated machines by which large stones were thrown, and from them it seems to have descended to the harmless cranes or crabs of our mercantile times,
designated in the case of the G. bock, as in that of
the Fr. chevre,
[It is

member.
to

W.

talp,

In like manner the E. daUop a lump. The Lat analogue


the fleshy

is

pulpa

cruris,

pulpa ; part of the leg; pulpa


is

by

the

name of

the goat.

an inversion of the history of these words

CALIBRE.
to derive calibre

CALLOUS.
diameter, would be easily derived from
it.

155
Culverin,

and

calliper

from

caliver, the latter

being the youngest of the three, or at least later


than
calibre.

The

origin of caliver

is

thus given by
:

sometimes confounded with caliver, has no etymoIt is the French coulogical connection with it.
leuvrine,

Grose, from York, a soldier of Elizabeth's time


"I

from couleuvre, a venomous serpent, and

brought up in Piemont, we had our particular calibre of harquebus to our regiment, both for that one bullet should serve all the harquebusses of our regiment, as for that our colonel should not be deceived of his arms of which word calibre came first that unapt term we use, to call a harquebus a caliver, which is the height of the bullet and not of the piece. Before the battle of Mountgunter, the princes of the religion caused several thousand harquebusses to be made all of one calibre, which was called harquebuse du calibre de Monsieur le Prince so, I think some man, not understanding French, brought hither the
I

remember when

was

first

the cannon of the

same

size,

sixteen to

nineteen

in the countie of Brisack's regiment of old bandes,

pounders, were called Schlangen in German.

But

although culverin and couleuvrine properly signify

a cannon, the latter was sometimes used for a handgun, as appears by two passages quoted by Daniel,
I. 435, from P. de Comines and Juvenal des Ursines, in the former of which men-

Miliee Fran9aise,

tion is

made of

" dix mille couleuvrines " used

in
:

one engagement, and the


" quatre mille

latter has the expression

name
Antiq.

of the height of the bullet of the piece, which

calibre is
I.

yet continued with


156.

ovj:

canoniers."

Grose, Mil.
:

word

And on
" It
is

the

same page, from Sir John Smith

Canons and couleuvrines are here distinguished, and the numbers are in both cases too great for heavy ordnance or field-artillery. M.] Fr. calicot, cotton cloth, from Calicut Calico* in the E. Indies, whence it was first brought.
que canons que couleuvrines."

ver is another thing than a

supposed by many, that the weapon called a caliharquebuse whereas in troth it is not, but only a harquebuse, saving that it is of greater circuite or bullet than the other is wherefore the Frenchman doth call it a peece de calibre ; which is as much to sale, a peece of bigger circuite."
;
;

Caliph.

The

successors

of

Mahomet

in

the

command

of the empire.

To Calkt

To

Turk, khalif, a drive tow or oakum,


to

suc(!essor.
&c.,

into

the seams of vessels

make them
stuff.

water-tight.

Lat. calcare, to tread, to press or

Prov. calca,

John Smith was obviously ignorant of the meaning of calibre, but his testimony is good evidence to show that it is the origin of caliver, not a derivative from it. See also Grose, II. 295. The caliver was not a " small cannon," but a light hand-gun, and therefore would not take its name from that of an engine for heavy projectiles. This appears from the price, which, in Elizabeth's and
Sir

calgua, Fr. cauque, a tent or piece of lint placed in the orifice of a wound, as the caulking in the cracks

of a ship.
lently
;

Gael, calc, to calk, ram, drive, push vio-

harden by pressure. [The following passage from Marco Polo countecalcaich, to cram, calk,

nances the old derivation of calk from calx, lime


con stoppa dentro & di fuori, & inchiodate Non sono impcgolate, perche non hanno pece, ma I'vngono in questo raodo. Tolgono calcina & canapo & taglianlo minutamente, & pestato il tutto insieme mescolano con vn certo olio d' arbore, che si fa a modo d'un unguento, ch* h piu tenace del uischio, & miglior del pece. Lib. III. c. 1, Ramusio, II. 49 b. M.]

Et sono

calcate

con chiodi di

ferro.

James's time, was, with


thirteen

all

the accoutrements, but

or fourteen

shillings,

(Grose, page

first

quoted,) as well as from other evidence.

Falstaff

puts a caliver into the hands of Wart, a raw recruit, " a little, lean, old chapped " man, because it was
light.

So, in Brantome, Vies des G. Cap. xxxviii.,

To

Call.

Gr. KoXeo).

Icel. kalla, to call, to say,


call.

" de bonnes harquebuses de Milan pas trop renfor-

to affirm.

Lat. calare, to proclaim, to

ProbaFin.

cees pour la pesanteur, mais assez

moderement

et

bly from the sound of one hallooing^ hollaing.


kaUottaa, alta voce ploro, ululo
;

de beau calibre"

Turk,

hal,

word

The Arabic qalab, a form, model, or mould, is the most probable source which has been suggested for calibre. The word first occurs in Spanish, and it now seems to be well established that the Spanish
Moors introduced
fire-arms into Europe.

of mouth

kil-u-kal, people's

remarks,

tittle-tattle.

Heb. kol, voice, sound. Du. kal, prattle, chatter,


Callet.

kallen, to prattle, chatter.

prostitute.

Gael,

caile,

girl,

hus-

Qua

libra,

which has been adopted by some etymologists, is supported by no historical evidence, nor by any sufficient analogy of meaning, nor indeed by anything but near coincidence in form. If a European root is insisted on, the Sp. caber, poder contenirse una cosa dentro de otra, would be less objectionable, in
spite of the difiiculty of accounting for the
I,

femme frivole Diet. Langued. et babillarde. The Fr. uses the " Chaud quail as the type of an amorous nature. Cot. comme une quaille." Gaille-coiffee, a womThe Slavonic languages have the same metaan. Bohem. korotwicka, a little partridge, and phor.
sey, quean, strumpet.

Fr.

caillette,

also

prostitute.

but in

Callous.
B.

Hard, brawny, having a thick

skin.

the want of positive proof, qalab

is

satisfactory.

Lat. callus, callum, skin hardened

by labour,

The use

of calibre as a designation of bore, or of


ball,

the hard surface of the ground.


scalp or skull, jda-kallo, a crust

Fin. kallo, the

diameter of

being established, the word calliper, as the name of an instrument to measure bore and

roads (jaa

of ice over the

ice).

156

CALLOW.
Unfledged, not covered with feathers.
calvus,

CANN.
rather perhaps a surprise of the
shirts.

Callow.
Lat.
bald.

enemy

in

their

AS.

ealo,

caluw,

Du.

kael,

haluwe,

Camlet.
It.

Fr. camelot.
It

A stuff made

of camel's

Calm.

Sp. calma, Fr. calme,

absence of

wind, quiet.

The

primitive meaning of the word,

however, seems to be heat.


heat of the day.
so, hot.
Kato), to

Diez.
is

Prov. Sp. calma, the


Ptg. calma, heat, calmo-

was distinguished by a wavy or watered surface. Camelot a ondes, water chamlet camelot plenier, un water chamelot; se cameloter, to grow rugged or full of wrinkles, to become waved
or goat's hair.
like chamlet.
[ Camlet,

The
burn.

origin

the Gr. Kavfia, heat, from

Cot.

M.

Lat. cauma, the heat of the sun.

"

Dum

ex nimio caumate lassus ad quandam

Due.
to

naret umbram."

Cauma

incendium,

decli-

calor, aestus.

though now made of coarser materials, was, when the stuff and its name wei-e introduced into Europe, a very fine and costly fabric, not woven

The word was also written cawms in OE. from cameVs hair, nor is camlet, formerly spelled The change from a m to an ^ in such a position is chamlet, etymologically connected with camel. It is much less common than the converse, but many ex- the Arabic khamlat or khamalat, and there are sevamples may be given. So It. oldire from audire, eral allied Avords, all applied to silk, velvet, or other
hear, palmento for

paumento from pavimentum,


is

soft

Sc

chalmer for chawmer from chamber.


reference to heat

and lustrous fabrics, both watered and plain. In the time of Belon, about 1550, camlet was
the fine and beautiful wool of the Anand he observes : " Tous les plus fins

The

preserved in the
moist,

mato, faint, overheated, overdone with heat.


scalmaccio,

It.

scal-

made from
gora goat,

Alt.

a sultry,

draught and heat.

faint,

or languishing

chamelotz ondez, ou sans ondes, sont

Fl.

Thus

the

word came

to

de

telles

cheures."

Observations,

faits

de

la laine

1588, p. 373.

be used mainly with a reference to the oppressive effects of heat, and gave rise to the Lang, cdouma, chaouma, to avoid the heat, to take rest in the heat of the day, whence the Fr. chommer, to abstain from work. The Grisons cauma, a shady spot for cattle, a spot in which they take refuge from the heat of the day, would lead us to suppose that in
expressing absence of wind the notion of shelter

Arnold
goods
:

von
"*

Harff classes camlet among silken * ontzellich vil die sijden werck

maichen, as fluweil, gulden ind siluer stucken, kara-

masen ind gar vil kameloth" etc. Pilgerfahrt, 203. So in the Catalonian Tariff of 1481 " drap d'or,
:

de argent, o de ceda, axi brocats de or com de argent, e altres, velluts, xamelots,

Drets de Cathalunya,

f.

39.

M.]

tafetans,"

etc.

may have

been transferred from the sun's rays

to

the force of the wind.

Or

the

word may have

ac-

quired that signification from the oppressiveness of


the sun being mainly felt in the absence of wind.

Campaign. The space of time every year that an army continues in the field during a war. B. It. campagna, Fr. campagne, the plain open field,

level country.

Greek monk. Mod. Gr. KoXoycpcs, Caloyer. KaXoyrjpos, monk, properly good old man, from xaXos, good, and yepinv, aged.

Sugar in a state of crystallisation. Candy. Turk, kand, sugar ; kandi, of or pertaining to sugar. Canker. Fr. chancre, an eating spreading sore.
Lat. cancer, a crab.

Calvered salmon.
curdle

To

carve, to

Hal.,

i.

e.

to separate, to

grow sour or become lumpy.


is

Cann.

Icel.

kanna, a large

drinking

vessel.

Hence calvered Cambering.


to

Cambrel.
it
;

for carvered, separated in flakes.

Perhaps from
it

W.

cannu, to contain, as rummer, a

A ship's deck
lie

said

drinking glass, from Dan. rumme, to contain.

But

he cambering when

does not

level, but is

higher in the middle than at the ends.


cambrer, to bow, crook, arch
ed, arched.

B.

may

be from a different source.

Prov. cane, a
also

Fr.

reed, cane, also a measure.


cloth,

Fr. cane, a measure for

cambre, cambre, crook-

being a yard or thereabouts

Sp. combar, to bend, to warp, to jut.


arched, crooked, lame.

Bret,

kamm,
an

Gr.

/ca/tTrra),

to

bend,

Ka/xTrvA-os,

crooked, hooked.
nose.

having
cambren,

aquiline

Jamieson.

E. camber-nosed,
Cambrel,
stick

joint of Cot. measure for wine. bamboo would be one of the earliest vessels for holding liquids, as a reed would afford the readiest

such-like

a can or

W.

campren, crooked-stick, a crooked


it

measure of length. Cannibal. An eater of human


tants of the

flesh.

From

the

with notches in

meat B. Cambric.
from Cambrai
toile

on which butchers hang their


sort of
fine

Cannibals, or Caribs, or Galibis, the original inhabi-

W.

India islands, the

name being

dif-

in Flanders.

de

Cambray

B. cambric.
Sp. camisa.
It.

linen cloth brought

Fr. Gambray, or
camiscia, a shirt,

Cot.

pronounced by different sections of the nation, some of whom, like the Chinese, had no r Peter Martyr, who died in 1526, in their language.
ferently
calls

Camisade.

them Cannibals or Caribees.

whence Fr. camisade, It. camisciata, a night attack upon the enemies' camp, the shirt being worn over
the clothes to distinguish the attacking
party, or

The Caribes I learned to be men-eaters or cannibals, and Hacklujt great enemies to the mhabitants of Trinidad.

inR.

CANNON.
Cannon.
It.

CANOE.
ume, mentions canoes
in these terms
in the 51st stanza, p.

157
Ixxxv,

cannone, properly a large pipe,

from canna, a reed, a tube. Prov. canon, a pipe. Canoe. An Indian boat made of the hollow
trunk of a
tree.

Da luna isola allaltra qsti


lequal

uano
e,

Yet
boat.

it

is

Sp. canoa, from the native term. remarkable that the G. has kahn, a
;

CO certe barclie che inquesta isola

0. Fr. cane, a ship

canot, a small boat.

dun legno

solo facte stanno,


etc.

&

son chiamate queste canoe,


first

Diez.

Peter Martyr, in the


original sources of in-

book of his
idibus

first

de-

[Upon examination of the


formation on this subject,
it

cade, dated "

Ex

Hispana
says, *

curia,

Novemb.
terrara

indeed, but not altogether certain, that the

appears highly probable Spanish

M.CCCC.XCIIL,"
suis lintribus,

gens

ilia in

canoa

is

"

thority

is,

from the native term." The earliest auof course, that of Columbus, in his letters
first

Canoas autem illas, ex solo cavato acutissimis lapidibus * * construunt," etc. but as the nominaligno
;

quas canoas vocant, eduxerunt.

In a letter addressed Racion of Ferdinand and Isato the Escribano de bella, begun off the Canary Islands, on the return
concerning his

voyage.

tive to vocant is not expressed, the

verb

may be

used

indefinitely as is

common

in Latin, vocant being

equivalent to the Fr. qu'on appelle, and the same


observation applies to the passage in Dati's poem.

voyage, on the 15th of February, and finished at

Lisbon on the 4th of March,

1493,

Columbus,

So
ican

far, then, it

appears that the only direct evidence

speaking of the native boats of the islands discovered by him, says " EUos tienen en todas las islas * * muchas canoas, de manera de fustas de remo
: :

in favor of the supposition that

Algunas destas canoas he visto sesenta y ochenta hombres en ella." Here, it will be noticed, he does not speak of canoa as a native term, and in the Latin version of this letter, canoa is translated scapha, without remark, as if it were a common and familiar word.
son de un solo madero;
It should

canoa is an Amerword is a single passage from Las Casas, who, as an ecclesiastic, may not have been acquainted with the Spanish names for small boats, while the familiar way in which Columbus himself uses the word in his first letter, and the fact that he nowhere speaks of it as the native name, afford good grounds for doubting whether it was new to him.
In the
letters

of Vespucci, Bandini's edition, Floris

be observed

that,

although in the Introthe editor remarks:

ence, 1745, canoe

many

times employed,

as,

for

duction to the Letters of Columbus published by the

Hakluyt Society
" It
is

in 1847, p.

ii,

example, pp. 19, 20, 35, 36, 37, 74. The only passages which allude to the origin of the name are on
p.

known whether the original, written by Columbus, in Spanish, be now in existence or not,"
not
first

20

" e sozobramo con

li

battelli

molte delle loro

yet Navarrete prints, in the


lection,

volume of

his col-

almadie, o canoe, che cosi le chiamano," and p. 74 " navigano in certi navili che si dicono canoe." The

Madrid, 1825, what purports to be a copy, made " literalmente del documento original que obra en este Real Archivo de Simancas," and in the
notes, the text is

more than once referred

to as " el

same uncertainty exists here as in Dati and Peter Martyr with respect to the nominative to " chiamano," and the ablative understood after " si dicono," but it must be admitted that in all these cases the
probability
supplied,
is that " Indians " is the word to be and it has certainly not yet been shown canoa existed in Spanish before the discovery

original de Colon."

was addressed
tions,

to

Navarrete states that the letter Luis de Santangel, but the Latin

translation has the

name Raphael,
first

or, in

some

edi-

that

Gabriel Sanchez, instead.

of America.

In the account of the


Navarrete,
I.,

voyage, by Las Casas,

Malte-Brun, Book
lent of boat
in Aino,
:

LXXV.,
La

gives, as the equiva-

which

is

founded on original papers

" in Galibi, canoua ; in

Hay tien, canoa ;

of Columbus, and partly consists of extracts from

according to

Perouse, kahani;" and

them, canoa
dia,

never used in the extracts, but alma* * con almadias, que son hechas del pie de un arbol * * y todo de un
is

Cartier, according to Hakluyt, III. 232, casnouy, in

as

" vinieron

" the language of the countrey,

pedazo," p. 22 ing in his


tas de
las

own name,

but on page 40, Las Casas, speaksays " Almadias que son nave-

un madero adonde no Uevan velo. Estas son " and after having several times used al; madia 6 canoa, he says, on p. 75, "muy grandes almadias que los Indias llaman canoas," etc. The date of Las Casas's account of this voyage is, I believe, not known.
canoas
of Dati on the discovery of America, published at Florence, " di 26 doctubre
curious

and kingdomes of Hochelaga and Canada," but there is abundant evidence that other names were used by the tribes on the coasts, as well as some of the islands, of the Gulf of Mexico, and the probability that this word was known as far as Canada is very small. In all these vocabularies, there is always cause to suspect that
one author has followed another without much
investigation.
critical

In a note

to

Ralegh's Discovery of
p. 103,

Guiana, published by the Hakluyt Society,


Sir R.

The

poem

Schomburgh says
is

that a trough used for hold-

ing an intoxicating drink at the native festivals in

1493," and reprinted in the Hakluyt Society's vol-

Guiana

called "

canaua or canoe," but

it

would be

158
contrary to almost

CANON.

CAPER.
The Doctor
here,

all observation that the same word should be used among tribes so remote and unconnected as those of Guiana and the Northern Antilles, and the actual occurrence of the word in the former region is rather an argument against the

When he

discourseth of dissection,

Of vena cava and of vena porta, The meserajum and the mesentericum.

probability of

its

existence in the latter.


it is

At
tial

the

same

time,

remarkable that

tins ini-

What does he else but cant ? or if he run To his judicial astrology. And trowl the trine, the quartile and the sextile, &c. Does he not cant ? who here can understand liira ?
B. Jonson.

ca should be found, in so

many

languages, in
Gael.
ca7t, to sing,
It.

words designating a small boat; thus the Esquikayak, the Russian-American cayouc, Samoiede cayouc, with all which the Turkish qdiq appears to be identical, German kahn. Herodotus,

say,

name,

call.

maux

Canteen. Canter.
rius,

cantina, a wine-cellar or vault.

slow gallop, formerly called a CanIf the


it

too, Thalia, p.

247, Wess., speaks of the

Indian

KoAa/Aos, which grew so large that boats were made from a single joint of it, and in a passage in Juvenal, Sat. v., canna is used for a boat made of reeds or canes. See also the words collected by Prof. Haldeman, Proc. Amer. Sci. Ass. for 1857,
p.

word had been from cnnthewould have been found in the continental languages, which is not the case.
terbury gallop.

a gelding,

Cantle.
bread,

piece of anything, as a cantle of

cheese,

&c.

B.

Fr.

chantel, chanteau,

Picard. canteaii, a comer-piece or piece broken off


the corner,

202.

bread, &c.
bread.

But whatever may be the origin of canoe, the word became current in all the languages of Southern Europe, as well as in English, immediately after
the discovery of America, and the early navigators
to the Indian Ocean, as well as other

and hence a gobbet, lump, or cantell of Du. kandi-hroodts, a hunch of Cot. Kil. Icel. kantr, a side, border Dan.

kant, edge, border, region, quarter


part, quarter, corner.

It.
is

canto, side,

A cantle
of the

then
off.

a corner of

a thing, the part easiest broken


kuun-kanta, a horn

Fin. kanta,

newly discovnot only

the heel, thence anything projecting or cornered

ered seas and coasts, applied the


to boats

name

moon

leiwan kanta,
Esthon.

resembling canoes in being hollowed out from single trees, but to all small native boats, of

margo panis

diffracta,

a cantle of bread.
It.

kan, kand, the heel.

whatever form or material.


voyagers
ological
is to

The

evidence of these

Canton.
a country.

Fr. canton,

cantone, a division of

be received with caution, both because of their general looseness and inaccuracy in all philit proves too much, Columbus, Peter Martyr, and Vespucci are conclusive evidence that the word is American, precisely similar testimony, from other

matters,

and because

for if the letters of

Probably only the augmentative of canto, a corner, although it has been supposed to be the equivalent of the E. territorial hundred, W. cantref, cantred, from cant, a hundred, and tref,
hamlet.

Canvas.
coarse

From
cloth
is

Lat. cannabis, hemp.

It.

cannevo,

navigators of about the same period, will show that


it is

canapa, hemp, cannevaccia, canapaccia, coarse hemp,

East-Indian also, which

is

not believed to be the

hempen

Fr. canevas, canvas.

To

can-

case.
tilles

If the language spoken in the Northern

An-

vas a matter

a metaphor taken from sifting a


sift

was the same as that of Guiana, the evidence of Schomburgh would be neai'ly decisive, but of that fact I do not know that we have any satisfactory

substance through canvas, and the verb

itself is

used

in like to the

manner

for

examining a matter thor-

oughly

and upon the whole, the subject merits ther inquiry. M.]
proof,

fur-

Cap.
cappa,

Cape. Cope.
Fr. chape.

very grounds.

AS.

cceppe, a cap, cape,


coat,

cope, hood.

Sp. capa, a cloak,

cover

It.

Canon.

Gr.

Kavwv,

ruler,

originally

the

straight joint of

a cane or reed.
;

Hence

canonicus,

Apparently from a root cap, signifying cover, which is found in languages of


very distinct stocks. wrap, clothe.
Gr.

regular, according to rule

canonici, the canons or

The

Sc.

hap

signifies to cover,
;

regular clergy of a cathedral.

o-K7rw, to

cover

Mod. Gr.

ca7r-

Canopy.
tain,

Mod. Gr.

KwvfxjTniov,

a mosquito cur-

TTOKt,

a cover; Turk, kapamak, to shut,

close, cover;

bed curtain, from Kiavwif/, a gnat. Cant. Cant is properly the language spoken by thieves and beggars among themselves, when they do not wish to be understood by bystanders. It
winning tone in which they demand alms. The real origm is the Gael, cainnt, speech, language, apphed in the first instance to the special language of

kapi, a door, kaput,

a cloak

kapali, shut, covered.

See Cabin.
Derivatives are
It.

It.

cappeUo, Fr. chapeau, a hat

cappuccio, a hood, whence the


friars.

name

of the cap-

therefore cannot be derived from the sing-song or

uchins or hooded

Caparison.

Sp. caparazon, carcase of a fowl

cover of a saddle, of a coach, or other things.

Cape.
Chief.

headland.

It.

capo, a

head.

See
leaps

rogues and beggars, and subsequently to the peculiar terms used by any other profession or community.

Caper.

To

caper or cut capers

is to

make

CAPERS.
like

CAPSTAN.
cjyptios, It.

159
wholly
lost,

a kid or^goat.

It.

capro, a buck, from Lat.

bricciare, gricciare, is either

caper ; caprio, capriola, a capriol, a chevret, a young


kid
;

or represented

by the

syllable

e,

he, as in Lat. erica,

met. a capriol or caper in dancing, a leap that


teacli

cunning riders
leap (done

their horses.

Fr. capriole, a
sault, or

eruca,

compared with Bret, brug, W. grug, heath, or Lat. compared with It. bruco, a caterpillar.

caper in dancing, also the capriole,

by a

horse).

goat's

Cot.

then find the symptoms of shivering, chattering of the teeth, roughening of the skin, hair
standing on end, employed to express a passionate longing for a thing, as in Sophocles' e^ptl' epoiTi, I

We

Capers.

A shrub.

Lat. capparis, Fr. cdpre, Sp.

alcaparra, Arab, algabr.

CapitaL
capital
debt,
is

Lat. capitalis, belonging to the head,

have shivered with

love.

principal, chief.

From

caput, the head.

Hence

The
in a

effect

of eager expectation in producing

the

sum

lent, the

principal part of the

such a bodily affection

may

frequently be observed

as distinguished
it.

from the interest accruing


profit.

upon
as the

Then

funds or store of wealth viewed


Lat. capitulare, to treat upon
little

means of earning
from capitulum, a

To Capitulate.
terras
;

dog waiting for a morsel of what his master is eating. So we speak of thriUing with emotion or desire, and this symptomatic shuddering seems the primary meaning of earn or yearn, to desire earnestly.

head, a separate di-

To

earne within
;

is

translated

by Sherwood

Tision of a matter.

Capon. A castrated cock. Sp. capar, to trate. Mod. Gr. airoKOTTTw, to cut off, abridge
;

casairo-

; a yearning through sudden fear, hei'issonnement, hor-

by

frissonner

to yearne, s'herisser, frissonner

ripilation.

And

similarly to yeatrn, arricciarsi.

KOTTos, cut, castrated.

Tornano.

Caprice.

It.

cappriccio, explained

by Diez from
nucia,

Many
rustle,

words signifying originally

to

crackle or

capra, a goat, for which he cites the

Comask

then to shiver or shudder, are in like man-

kid,

and mice, caprice


ziki, kid.

It.

ticchio, caprice,

and

ner used metaphorically in the sense of eager desire,


as Fr. grisser, greziller, griUer, brisoler;

The true derivation lies in a different direction. The connexion between sound and the movement of the sonorous medium is so
apparent, that the terms expressing modifications of
the

OHG.

"EUes

gris-

soient d'ax'deur de le voir, they longed extremely to

see

it."

Cot.

"

GriUer d'impatience."

Trev.
Acad.)

"II bresole (Gl. Genev.)


d'etre marie."

grezille (Supp.

one are frequently transferred

to

the

other
in the

subject.

Thus we speak of sound vibrating

The
and

It. brisciare, to

shiver, gives rise to brezza,


chillness,

ears
is

of a tremulous sound, for one in which there

shivering,

ribrezzo,

shivering, horror,
toy, ribrezzoso, hu-

a quick succession of varying impressions on the The words by which we represent a sound of ear.
such a nature are then applied to signify trembling

also a skittish or

humorous

morous, fantastical, suddenly angry.

^w.hrus,

bristling, curly,

Fl. So from krus-hufwud (bristly-head),

or shivering action.

To

twitter

is

used in the

first

one odd,

fantastic,

hard

to please.
is

Nordfoss.

The

instance of the chirping of birds, and then of ner-

exact counterpart to this

It.

arriccia-capo, or the

vous tremulousness of the bodily frame.


is

both to chirp and to shiver.

Hal.

To

chitter

It is proba-

ble that Gr. (^pio-o-w originally signified to rustle, as

Fr. frisser (frissement d'un

an arrow

trait,

the whizzing of

Cot.), then to

be in a state of vibration,

to ruffle the surface of water, or, as Fr. frissoner, to

shudder, the hair to stand on end.

^pi$o<;, bristling,

curling, because the same condition of the nerves which produces shivering also causes the hair to The same imitation of a rustling, stand on end. twittering, crackling sound gives rise to Sc. brissle, birsle, to broil, to parch, Langued. hrezilia, to twitter as birds, Genevese hresoler, brisoler, to broil, to

tingle (Vos qui bresole, the singing bone). It. brisciare, to shiver for cold,

and with an
to

initial

gr instead
frizzle,

of

br,

Fr.

greziller,

crackle,

wriggle,

grisser, to crackle. It. gricciare, to chill

with one's teeth, aggricciare, to

and chatter astonish and affright

and make one's hair stand on end. In Lat. ericius, a hedge-hog, It. riccio, hedge-hog, prickly husk of
chestnut, curl, Fr. rissoler, to fry, Mrisser, the hair
to stand

synonymous cajon'mo (Fl.), a shivering fit (Altieri), and tropically, a sudden fear apprehended, a fantastical humour, a humorous conceit making one's hair Fl. to stand on end. Fr. caprice, a sudden will, desire, or purpose to do a thing for which one has no apparent reason. Cot. [It is very doubtful whether there is anything more than an accidental resemblance between the Comask nucia, a kid, and nucc, caprice, for this latter word is found in several other languages, where The Dan. nyhke it can have no such derivation. almost exactly corresponds to the E. caprice, and the PI. D. nukk and the Du. nuk differ from it only in involving the idea of malice, which is not essential to the notion of caprice, thus agreeing more nearly with the Icel. hnickr than the Dan. word which is derived from it. Nykke, however, in Danish formerly meant much the same thing, and its signification has been softened only in recent times. M.] Capriole. See Caper. Capstern. Capstan. Crab. Sp. cabres-

on end, the

initial

mute of forms

like Gr.

tante, cabestrante ; Fr. cabestan.

The name

of the

160

CAPTAIN.

CARBOY.
eques catapultarius, equester catapult^.

goat was given in many languages (probably for the reason explained under Calibre) to an engine for throwing stones, and was subsequently applied to a

Biglotton.

Now

I have under Calibre endeavoured to show


cabre, crabe,

that the original form of calabre is

machine for raising heavy weights or exerting a heavy pull. O. Sp. cabra, cabreia, an engine for throwing stones. It. capra, a skid or such engine
to raise or
sels, also

whence the diminutive carabine, as the designation


of a firelock.
[ Clover, cited

above from Diefenbach,

is

the O.

mount great ordnance withal

a kind of rack.

also tres-

Fr. couleuvre, or couleuvrine, not the E. caliver,

Fl.

G.

a windlass, a crab or instrument to wind


a kind of torture.

Kiittner.

a trestle, up weights, Fr. chevre, a maboch,

which, as I have shown in a note to Calibre,

M.] much more modern word. The half turn which a horseman CaraCOl.

is

In the S. of France the transposition of the r converts capra into crabo, a she-goat, also a windlass for raising heavy weights (explaining the origin of E. crab s.
s.),

chine for raising heavy weights.

makes
horse.

to the right or left

also a

winding staircase.
carach,

Sp. caracol, a snail, a winding staircase, turn of a

Gael, car, a twist, bend, winding

a sawing-block or

trestles.

winding, turning.

AS.

cerran, to turn.

Diet. Castr.

The meaning

of the Sp. cabrestante (whence E.

capstem or capstan) now becomes apparent. It is a standing crab, a windlass set upright for the purpose of enabling a large number of men to work at
it,

Carat. Gr. Kepanov, seed of pulse, in Mod. Gr. a cornel-berry, seed of carrob Venet. carate, seed Arab, kirat, Sp. quilato, a small weight. of carob. Fr. silique, the husk or cod of beans, &c., and par;

ticularly the carob or carob bean-cod

also

in opposition to the ordinary modification of the


it is

among
rob, the

physicians, &c., coming to four grains.

a poise Car-

machine, where
axis horizontal.

more convenient

to

make

the

carob bean, also a small weight,

among mint-

Captain.

It.

capitano, a head man, commander,


capitis, head.

men and
Cotgr.

goldsmiths making the 24th of an ounce.


Pers. kerwan.

from Lat. caput,

Caravan.
It.

Capuchin.
Car.
Fr. char.

Cart. Carry.
In
all

See Cap.

Lat. carrus.

carro,

Caravel. It. caravela, a kind of ship. Mod. Fr. carabe, a Gr. Kapa^L, Gael, carbh, a ship.
corracle
Cot.

probabihty from the creaking of


harra, Du.
;

or

skiff

of osier covered with skin.

the wheels.

Icel.

karren,

kerren,

to

See

Carpenter.

creak, also to carry on a car

karrende waegen, a

creaking waggon.
rattle.

Fin. karista, strideo, crepo, to

vitriol.

Carboy. A large glass bottle for holding oil of Mod. Gr. KapajxTroyLa (caraboyia), vitriol,
[The resemblance between KapafjuTroyui and carand that which is contained, seems
is

So from Sp. cMrriar, to creak, chirrion, a tumbrel or strong dung-cart which creaks very
loudly.

copperas.

Neumann.
;

Derivatives are Fr. charrier,


;

boy, the contents

to carry
retta,

It.

caricare, Fr. charger, to load

It.

car-

curious, but
boyia,
is

purely accidental.

KapafXTroyta, cara-

Fr. charret, a cart.

Carabine.
terly, at least,

Carbine.

the Hellenized orthography of the Turk-

The

It.

calabrino, Fr.

ish cara boyd, black-dye, and, although the


dictionaries give
it

Mod. Gr.
I

calabrin, carabin,

was a kind of horse soldier, lata horseman armed with a carbine or

the

meaning of

vitriol, it is, as

am

informed by Prof. Sophocles, now applied only


green sulphate of
iron, or copperas.

arquebus. Les carabins sont des arquebusiers "k cheval qui vont deles compagnies des gens de guerre comme pour reconCaseneuve in naitre les ennemis et les escarmoucher. Diet. Etym.
vant

to the

Kapap.-

Carabin, a carbine or curbeene

an arquebuzier

employed in Greece in the sense of carboy, but, as everywhere in the Levant, Bap-er^dva, which is the Fr. dame-jeanne, E. demijohn, and is probably an Oriental word. See Demijohn. Carboy is a Persian word, and the name and the
TToyta is not

armed with a murrian and


on horseback.

breastplate

and serving

vessel
origin.

it

designates are unquestionably of Oriental

Cot.

Kaempfer, Amoen. Exot. Ease.

II. iv. p.

As

the soldiers would naturally be

named from
by Diez with

their peculiar

armament,

it is

inferred

377, gives an engraving of the carboy, and on p. 379 thus describes it " Vasa vitrea, alia sunt ma:

great probability that the term calabre, originally


signifying a catapult or machine for casting stones,

ampullacea et circumdato scirpo tunicata, quas vocant Karaba" and he adds that they were made
jora,

was transferred on the invention of gunpowder to a firelock, and that the calabrins or carabins were named from carrying a weapon of that nature. He might have strengthened his surmise by a reference
to the

and used to contain wine. "We find in Persian and Arabic lexicons several names of vessels of different sorts for containing fluids, apparently allied to qarabah, and both the
at Sliiraz,

E.

caliver,

which
clover.

is

of the same word.

Catapulta

donrebusse,

vel

an obvious modification donderbuchs

form and meaning of the word, a bottle covered with basket-work, remind us of the G. Korb, a basket,

Dief.

Sup.

Carabijn,

and of

Isidore's

carabus,

"parva scapha, ex

CARCASE.
vimine
facta, quas

CARESS.
ardinal
mental.

161

prsebet."

Orig.

contexta crudo corio genus navigii


lib.

From

Lat. cardo, cardinis, a hinge,

XIX.

cap. 1.

that on which the matter hinges, principal, funda-

According
lect,
is

to Diez, carrahba, in the Sicilian dia-

Gael, car, a turn, winding.

hals."

a " flasche mit weitem bauch und engem No doubt the Moslems introduced the word
It.

Care.

AS.

cearian, carian, to take heed, care,


;

into

Sicily during their occupation of the island,

be anxious. Goth, kara, care gakaran, to take care of. The


care
for, is

unkafja, careless

W.

caru, to love, to

and hence the

caraffa, Fr. caraffe, as well as

probably the same word, as well as Lat.

the Sp. garafa, which

however may have been


Tenreiro,

taken directly from the Spanish Moors.

Itmerario, A. D. 1560, c. xvi., in his journey from Tabriz to the camp of the Shah, says " E por nos
:

cams, dear, carere, to find dear, to want. Probably the origin of the word is the act of moaning, murmuring, or grumbling at what is felt
as grievous.

Fin. karista, rauca voce loquor vel


edo, strideo,

fazerem gasalhado e honrra traziam muytas garrafas de prata cheas de vinho," and in c. xvii. he speaks of ^^ garrafas grandes de prata cheas de vinho, e pequenas escudelas de prata pera beberem." Delia Valle, in his first letter, from Ispahan, A. D. 1617, in describing an entertainment, says : " Ed intorno a
loro piu caraffe di vino,"

ravum sonum
zanken
;

morosus sum, murren,

karry, asper, morosus, rixosus.

like
stri;

connexion
Icel.

may be

seen between Fin. surrata,

dere, to whirr (schnurren),

kumra,

to growl, mutter,
;

and sum, sorrow, care and G. kiimmer, grief,


intenta.

sorrow, distress

Fin. murista, murahtan, to growl,

IV. from Ferhabad and Cazuin, after speaking of the pouring of wine from the caraffa into the drinking-cups, he
in Letter

and

and murhet, aegritudo animi, moeror, cura The Lat. cura may be compared with Fin.
quirito ut infans.

kurista,
fero,

voce strepo stridente, inde murmuro vel aegre

thus describes the vessel

"

La

qual caraffa e di

forma simile a quelle di vetro che si adoprano in Napoli a misurare il vino, ma piu grande, che terrk
cinque o
sei di quelle di

allied to the

Napoli, ed e
letter

alta, col collo

molto lungo."

In the same

he speaks of the

It. calere, 0. Fr. chaloir, must be E. care. For Fr. examples, see those collected in the Glossarium Gallicum to Ducange, under Chaloir. In most cases, chaloir (with a neg-

[The impersonal

caraffa from which the Shah was served as being " di vetro," thus identifying it with the qaraba of

ative) takes the dative, but

it is

sometimes found in
:

Kasmpfer, while the others were of gold.

M.]

the infinitive with the syntax of a noun

"

Ce Ro-

bert fut fait empereur, mais

il

se maintint mauvaise-

arcaS6

Mod. Gr.

KapKaat, a quiver, carcase

Tov avOpwiTLvov

(r(i)fjuiTo<;,

the skeleton
It.

ment
loir,

-rrj^

)(cXw-

vas, the shell

of a tortoise.
fruits, also

carcasso, the hard

et mist les besognes de I'empire en non chat; Chroniques de pour une dame qu'il amoit." Flandres, Buchon, 662.-

core' or pith

of

a carcanet or border of
Fr. carpelt or

Chaloir

is little

used in French at present, but

gold

carcame, a dead carcase, skeleton.

avere, mettere checchesia in

non

calere, or cale,

non

quasse, the dead

body of any creature, a


withal
;

dead
Cot.

me ne
ian.

bird to take

down a hawk

carquois, a quiv-

er ; carquan, a collar or chain for the neck. Cat. carcanada, the carcase of a fowl.

M.]

cole,

and the

like,

are

still

current in Ital-

The

radical

To Careen. To refit a ship by bringing her down on one side and supporting her while she is
repaired on the other.

meaning seems

to

be something holding together,


or framework.

Properly

to clean the bot-

confining, constraining; shell, case,

tom of the

ship.

It.

carena, the keel, bottom,


;

or

W.

carch, restraint

Gael, carcair, a coffer, a prison.

carce,
tract.

Wallach. carcere, corquere, to bend in, to cramp an iron ring. Bohem. Jcrciti, to draw in, con-

whole bulk of a ship dare la carena alle navi, to Garenare, Fr. tallow or calk the bottom of a ship.
carener,

from Lat. carina, the keel of a

vessel.

Card.
It.

An

carere, carminare, to

implement for dressing wool. comb wool ; carduus, a

Lat.
thistle.

Venet. carena, the hull of a ship, from the keel to essere in carena, to lie on its side. the water line
;

cardo, a thistle, teasel for di-essing woollen cloth.

Lith. karszti, to ripple flax, to strip off the heads

by
to

drawing the

flax

through a comb, to card wool,

curry horses; harsztuwas, a ripple for flax, wool card, curry-comb. Gael, card, to card wool, &c., carlag, a lock of wool ; carla, a wool card. The

remarkable that the Du. has krengen in the same sense, een schip krengen, to lay a ship on its side, to stop a leak ; krengen, to sail on one Dan. krcenge, to heel over. side. Career. It. carriera, Fr. carriere, a highway,
Boerio.
It is

road, or street, also a career on horseback, place for

fundamental idea
ing,

is

the notion of scraping or scratcharises

exercise on horseback. Diez. from carrus.

Cot.

Properly a car-road,

and the expression


karri,

from an imitation of
karr-kamhar, wool
to scratch
;

Caress.

Fr. caresse.

It.

carezza, an endearment.

the noise.
to

Icel. karra, to creak, to hiss (as geese),

W.

caru, Bret, karout, to love.

Bret, karantez, love,

comb

a card Or comb
;

affection, caress.

M.

Lat. caritia, from cams, dear.

G. scharren, to scrape kratzen, Wallach. kdrtere, crepo, strido, gemo. VOL. I.


cards.

retici,

Et quum Pimzilupus intrasset domum ubi essent haevidentibus omnibus fecit magnas caritias et ostendit

21

162

CARGO.
amicitiam et familiaritatem dictia
haereticis.

CARPET.
from chorus as the origin.
to

magnam
Mur.

But we have no occasion


Robert of

in Carp.

invent a diminutive, as the Lat. corolla from the circuit of Druidical stones a carol.
karole of the stones behelde,

Carg^Ot
to load.
St.

Sp. cargo, the load of a ship.

It.

cari-

corona gives the exact sense required.

care, carcare, Sp. cargar,

Pg. carregar, Fr. charger,


carricare, to load, in

Brunne

calls

From
-

carrus,

whence

Jerome.

Due.
It.

This Bretons renged about the felde

The
caricatura, an overloaded rep-

Caricature*

Many tyme yede tham

about,

resentation of anything, from carricare, to load.

Biheld within, biheld without.

Pref. cxciV.
From
vessel,

Cark.
astutus.

Care.

AS.

cearig, sollicitus;

O. Sax.

To Carouse.
G. krause, Du.
cups, drunk.

To

hold a drinking bout.


kroes,

mod-carag, maestus.

OHG.

charag, charg, carch,


;

kruyse,

a drinking
;

G. ^arg, Dan. harrig, stingy, niggardly

kroesen, hrosen, to tipple, to tope

Icel. kargr, tenax, piger, ignarus.

W.

carcus, solici-

bekrosen, in his

Kil.

From

kroesen, krosen, is

formed

tous.

the E. carouse, as gally-pot from


e. c.
;

Du.

gleypot, clay

Fin. Mrkas, avidus, cupidus,

pabuli, greedy

pot.

So gla^

is

pronounced gelas at Ghent.-


is

harhkia, avidus sum, avide arripio

karistaa, rau-

Delfortrie.

cum sonum

cieo,

inde morose postulo, enixe peto.

The
similar

notion of drinking hard

expressed in a
to sit drinking,

clown or churl. AS. ceorl, Icel. karl, Carli a man, male person. medical term from the old CarminatiTe.

manner

in

PI.

D. kroegen,

theory of humours.

The

object of carminatives
is

is

from krug, a crock or pitcher ; Du. puUen, to drink, from j9M?, a flagon. Hebt gy eens gepuld? avez vous Halma. W. potio, to tipple, from bu un coup.

to expel wind, but the theory

that they dilute

and
car-

pot.

relax the gross humours from whence the wind arises,

[The old orthography, garouse, speaks


that garaus that

for the

combing them out


gro.ss

like the knots in wool.

It.

derivation from G. garaus, though I do not

know
sense

minare, to card wool, also by medicines to

humours fine and thin. Carnaval. The period of


It.

make

was ever used

in

Germany in any

Fl.

festivities

indulged in

in Catholic countries, immediately before the long


fast of Lent.

would be likely to give rise to the English word. The English would hardly have iorm^A garouse from gar aus, unless the Germans habitually connected
the phrase with drinking, but of this there
is

camavale, carnovale, carnasciale,


to say,

Shrove tide. Fl. This however is one of those accommodations so frequently modifying the form of words. The true derivation is seen in M. Lat. camelevamen or camis
flesh, that is

Farewell

no

evi-

dence.

levamen,

i.

e.

the solace of the flesh or of the bodily

* * * some of our captaines garoused of his wine, till they were reasonable pleasant. * * * and are themselues at their meetings and feasts the greatest garotiaers and drunkards of the world. Ralegh, Disc, of Guiana,

appetite, permitted in anticipation of the long fast.

Hak. Soc.

p. 64.

In a MS. description of the Carnival of the beginning of the 13th century, quoted by Carpentier, it is spoken of as " delectatio nostri corporis." The

" To take a pull " is a common phrase in N. England for " to take a draught," but it is applied also

name then appears under the corrupted forms of " In DoCamdevarium, Oamelevale, Garnevale.
minica in caput Quadragesimge qua3 dicitur Garnele-

a turn at anything else, and may have no connection with the Du. pullen. M.l freshwater fish. G. karpfen, Du. karCarp.
to taking

A. D. 1130, in Carp. Other names of the season were Camicapium, Shrove Tuesday, and Carnem laxare (It. carnelascid), whence the form carnasciale, differing about as much from its parent camelasda as carnaval
vale."

Ordo

per, Fr. carpe.

Eccles. Mediol.

To Carp.
garrulo.

Pr. Pra.

Carpyn or talkyn, fabulor, confabulor,

So gone they forthe, carpende fast On this, on that. Gower in Way.

from camelevamen.

Bohem.
tle,

krapati, garrire, to chatter

kfapanj,

tat-

Carol.
role.

Properly a round dance, Fr. carole, que-

chatter.
to

Port

carpire, to cry or weep.

Analo-

Bret, koroll, a dance,

W.

coroli,

to

reel, to

gous
rius,

E. chirp.
Lat.

dance.

Carpenter.
Tho
mightist thou karollis sene

carpentum, a ear; carpentor


;

And folke daunce and merle ben, And made many a faire touming
Upon
Chanson de
the grene grasse springing.

R. R. 760.

a wheelwright, maker of waggons It. carpentiere, a wheelwright, worker in timber ; Fr. charpentier, as E. carpenter only in the latter sense. Mid. Lat. carpenta, zimmer, tymmer, zimmer-spao. The word seems of Celtic origin. Dief. Sup.

a song accompanying a dance; then, as Fr. balade from It. ballare, to dance, applied to the song itself. Diez suggests chortdus
carole,

Gael, carbh, a plank, ship, chariot


litter, bier.

carhad, a chariot,

Carpet.

From

Lat. carpere, to pluck, to pull

CARRIAGE.
Dief. Sup.), was formed Mid. Lat. carpia, carpita, linteum carptum quod Fr. charpie, lint. vulneribus inditur. The term

CASE.
[Garve
is

163
used as a noun in the Fardle of Fa* where nature hath made great carfes,

asunder (wolle zeysen.

cions

" *

diepe into the grounde, and hollow

was with equal propriety applied


without further preparation.

to flocks of wool,

Criekes into the maigne lande."


Ajfrike, F. v, last p.

used for stuffing mattresses, or loose as a couch


" Carpitam habeat in
carebit."
lecto, qui

M.]

Edition of 1555,
fall

Guttres and

Cascade.
water, from
It.

It.

cascata,

Fr. cascade, a
fall.

of

Reg.
It

sacco, culcitra, vel coopertorio

cascare, to

See next

article.

Templariorum in Due. seems then to have signified any quilted fabric, a patchwork table-cover with a lining of coarse
cloth

Case.
or counter

It.

cassa,

a chest,

coffin,

shrine, trunk,

casket, or case for anything, also


;

a merchant's cash

La Crusca,

casso,

a body or trunk, also the bulk, or


Fr. casse, caisse, a box,

or the cloak of the Carmelites


;

seat of the stomach (the chest), a stomacher; cassetta,

made

of like materials

a woman's petticoat, propGarpeta, gonna,


frater

a box, casket, pan

erly doubtless a quilted petticoat.

gonnella.

case,

or chest, casket, pan, the hollow part of a

Patriarchi.

" Quilibet

habeat

horse's foot.

Cot.

eaccum in quo dormit, carpetam (a quilt ?), linteamen." Stat. Eq. Teut. in Due. On the other hand we find the signification transferred from the flocks with which the bed was stuffed to the sacking

Sp. casco, skull, potsherd, helmet (casque), cask


or

wooden vessel for liquids, hull or hulk of a ship, crown of a hat, hoof of a horse, cai'case of a house.
Icel. kassi,

coffer,

case

Du.
G.

kasse,

which contained them. Rouchi carpete, coarse loose " Eune fabric of wool and hemp, packing cloth.
tapisserie d'carpete, des rideaux d'carpeie."

for relics

kas, kast,

Hecart.

cistula, loculus.

a chest.

Halma.

coffer,

chase
chest,

Kasken, a

Kil.

kiste, kasten,

the

dim. of which, kdstchen,

corresponds to

Du.

CarriagCi The carrying of anything, also a conveyance with springs for conveying passengers. In the latter sense the word is a corruption of the OE. caroche, caroach, from It. carroccio, carroccia, carrozza ; Rouchi caroclie, Fr. carrosse, augmentatives of carro, a car.
It.

kasken.

"We have thus three equivalent forms of the root


O. Fr. hue, Imsc, and bust, the bust or body. The primary meaning seems something hollow or empty, from an imitation of the sound of a blow on an empty vessel by the syllable kass ! quash ! sometimes strengthened by a final k or t.
cos, cask, cast, as in the case of the

carreaggio, carriaggio, all

manner of

carts or

carriage

by

carts, also the carriage,

and baggage of a camp.

luggage, bag

Fl.

The

imitative character of the

word

is

well shown

It. carogna, Fr. charogne, Rouchi Carrion. carone, an augmentative from Lat. caro. To Carryt Fr. charrier, Rouchi carter, properly to convey in a car. Wallach. carare, to convey in a cart, to bear or carry.

in the following

passage from Swift.


squash,

My fell was stopped by a terrible


louder in

which sounded

my

ears than the cataract of Niagara.

OE. quash was used


violently,

in the sense of dash,

throw

break

to pieces.

Cart.

AS.

hrat.

It.

carretto,

carretta.

Fr.

charrette, dim. of carro,

a car.

The
Alexan-

evil spirite

[We

find cart, in the English form, in

ground.

Udal
the

took him,

quashing the child on the

in R.

ders Saga : " Er nv settr i einn hervelegan cart," p. 107 ; " Ek hafdi m. storra fila, JDeira er gull baru,

From

same source are the Du.


;

quetsen, to

ok

cccc. vagna,

ok m. karta,"

p. 166.

bruise, crush, injure

Christiania

bruise, press

W.

G. quetschen, to crush, crack, gwasgu, to press, Pol. ciskad, to

ed. of

1848. M.]

hurl, cisnac, to hurl or press.

Cartel. It. cartella, pasteboard, a piece of pasteboard with some inscription on it, hung up in some place and to be removed. Flor. Hence a chal-

In the languages of the Latin stock the image


gives rise to the Fr. casser, to break, burst, crash in
pieces,

quash asunder
;

Sp. cascar, to crack, crush,

lenge openly hung up, afterwards any written challenge.

break to pieces
crusli flat
;

It.

casciare, to squeeze, squash, or

accasciare, accastiare, to squash, squeeze,


to fall (to

Cartoon.
a picture.
touche.
It.

Preparatory drawing of a subject for


cartons,

to

dash or bruise together, cascare,


squash).

come

augm. of

carta, paper.

Cartonch.
It.

Cartoose. Cartridge.

down with a
Come

Fr. car-

I should be loth to see


fluttering

you

Gartoccio, a paper case, coffin of paper

for groceries,

exposed.

Fl.

paper cap for criminals ignominiously The paper case containing the

And

a young rook cry squab take you up with your brains beaten into your butB. and F. tocks.
like

down

charge of a gun.

To Carve.
carve
;

AS.

ceorfan,

Du.

Jcerven, to cut

or

Then as the sound of a blow is greatly increased when it falls on a hollow object, the syllable imitative of the

G. kerben,

to notch.

Lith. kerpu, kirpti, to

sound of a blow

is

frequently used to

shear, cut with scissors.

signify hollow,

or hollow things.

Thus from

the

164

CASE-MATE.

CATCH.
to crack, break, burst; Fr.
;

derived

sound of a blow imitated by the syllable boss is boss, hollow, empty, hollow vessel. In like manner from the sound of a blow imitated
the syllable quash ! cassf

word with Sp. cascar,


casser, to break, crush

It.

cascare, to

fall.

The

fundamental image
sion, represented
cast.
It.

is

the sound of a violent collisyllable quash, squash, cash,

by

we have

Lat. cassus,

by the
Flo.

hollow, empty, void (whence Fr. casser, to annul,


cashier), Fr. cas, hollow, or broken sounded, hoarse,

accasciare, accastiare, to squash, dash, or

bruise together.
imitative origin
fication.

The E. dash

with a like

and the senses of casse, caisse, cask, above given, in which they express a hollow receptacle of different
kinds.

is

used with a like variety of signiout of the window.

We

speak of dashing a thing down, dashit

ing

it

to pieces, dashing

See

Case-matCt
casa-matta.

Fr. case-mate

Sp. casa-mata ;

It.

Case.

Originally a loop-holed gallery exca-

vated in a bastion, from whence the garrison could

Snappers which dancers of saraCastanets. bands tie about their fingers. B. Sp. castana, a

do execution upon an enemy who had obtained possession of the ditch, without risk of loss to themselves. Hence the designation from Sp. casa, house, and matar, to slay, corresponding to the G. mordkeller,

chesnut

castanetazo, a sound or crack of a chesnut


in the fire, crack given

which bursts

by the

joints.

Hence

castaneta, the snapping of the fingers in


;

Spanish dance

castaneta, castanuela, the castanets

mord-grube, and the OE. slaughter-house. " Gasa matta, a canonry or slaughter-house, which
is

or implement for

making a louder snapping;

cas-

tanetear, to crackle, to clack.

a place

built

low under the walls of a bulwark,

Caste.
dia.

The

artificial divisions

of society in In-

not reaching to the height of the ditch, and serveth

Port, casta, breed, race, kind.


It. castello,

annoy the enemy when he entereth the ditch to " Casemate, a loophole in Flor. " a fortified wall." Cot. vault of mason's work in the flank of a bastion next the curtain, to fire on the enemy." Bailey. As defence from shells became more important, the term was subsequently applied to a bombproof vault in a fortress, for the
to

scale the wall."

Castle.

Lat. castellum, dim. of cas-

trum
kissa,

(castra),

fortified place.

G. katze, Gael, cat, Icel. kottr. Fin. kasi, Cat. probably from an imitation of the sound made

by a cat
cat.

Hal.
o'

spitting.

Cass

a word
is

to drive

away a

The
!

Fin. kutis !
Pol. kic !

used to drive them

away, while kiss

hid ! are used as E.


;

security of the defenders, without reference to the

ptissf for calling them.

annoyance of the enemy.

Cat

nine

tails.

Pol. kat, executioner

ka-

Cash.

Ready money.
is

A word
It

introduced from

towac, to lash, rack, torture.

Lith, kotas, the stalk

the language of book-keeping, where Fr. caisse, the

of plants, shaft of a lance, handle of an axe, &c.


bot-kotis,

money

chest,

the head under which


entered.

money

actuin

the handle of a scourge

kota^, the

execu-

ually paid in

is

was formerly used

tioner

kotawoti, to scourge, to torture.


;

the sense of a counter in a shop or place of business.


It.

Russ. koshka, a cat

koshki, a

whip with several

counter.

cassa, Fr. caisse, a merchant's cash or

pitched cords, cat-o'-nine-tails.

Fl. Cot.

To

Cashier.

Du.
Cot.

kasseren.

Catacomb.
Kil.

Grottoes or subterraneous places

Fr. casser,

for the burial of the dead.

The

Diet.

Etym. says

to break, also to casse, cassere, discharge, turn out of


service, annul.

that the

name

is

given in Italy to the tombs of the

From

Lat. cassus, empty,

hollow, void.

See Case. Cask. Casket. Casque. The Sp. casco signifies a scull, crown of a hat, helmet, cask or

martyrs which people go to visit by way of devotion. This would tend to support Diez's explanation from

wooden

vessel for holding liquids, hull of a ship,

shell or carcass of

a house.

It

signify case or hollow receptacle.


casket, Fr. cassette,

seems generally to See Case. Hence


It.

a coffer or small case for jewels.


casacca,

and tomba, a tomb (as the word and catatumba), or comba, a vault, which however is not satisfactory, as a shew is not the primary point of view in which the tombs of the martyrs were likely to have been considered in early times. Moreover the name was appai-ently
Sp. catar, to look
at,
is

also spelt catatomba

Cassock.
from casa, a
ing being

Gael, casag, a long coat.

confined to certain old quarries used as burial places

Fr. casaque, long man's

gown with a

close body,

near Rome.
Kvfji^o?,

Others explain

it

from Kara, down, and


catch

hut, the notion of covering or shelter-

a cavity.

common to a house and a garment, as we have before seen under Cape and Cabin. So also from It. casipola, casupola, a little house or hut, Fr. chasuble, a garment for performing the mass in, Sp.
casuUa, O. Fr. casule, M. Lat. casula, quasi minor casa eo quod totum hominem tegat. Isidore in Diez.

To Catch.
us

Chase.

The words

and chase
In the

are different versions of the same word, coming to

through different dialects of French.

dialect of Picardy,

from which much of the French


c

in our language

was introduced, a hard

commonly

corresponds to the soft ch of ordinary Fr., and a


final

ch in Picard to the hard s of ordinary Fr.


Pic. or

To

Cast.

Icel.

kasta.

Essentially

the same

Thus we have

Rouchi

cat,

Fr. chat, a cat

CATCH.
Rouchi
caleur, Fr. chaleur,

CATERPILLAR.
For

165

heat;

Rouchi forche,

Fr. force; Rouchi equerviche, Fr. ecrevisse; Rouchi In like manner Rouchi ecaches, Fr. echasses, stilts.
cacher, Fr. chasser, to hunt,

Galla catchamza, to snap, to snatch (said of dogs). the equivalence of similar forms with and withI

out an
chat,

from the

first

of which
chase, the

we have E.

catch,

and from the second


away.
is

earlier sense of catch, like that of It. cacciare, Fr. chasser, being to drive out, drive

compare G. klatschen, to G. klatscherei, Sp. chachara, chatter ; Du. klinke, E. chink. Kil. Gael, gliong, E. gingle. Rouchi clincailleux, Fr.
after

c or ^,

chatter,

clatter.

Kiittner.

quincailler, a tinman.

On
Maid thorgh
the Lundreis fro

the other

hand the

loss of the initial c gives

London

katched.

R. Brunne. 120.

" Catchyn

away

forth bestis, mino."

away, follow

after,

Catchyn Pr. Pm. Fr.


abigo."

a form lash, latch, with similar meanings to those belonging to words of the form clatch, catch,
rise to

"

or drive

above explained.
to the

chasser, to drive
It.

pursue.

Cot.

cacciare

fuora, to drive out

cacciare per terra, to cast or

lash of a whip corresponding G. klatsche and Norm, cache. As Sc. chak expresses " the sharp sound made by any iron sub-

Thus we have the

beat to the ground


Fl.

cacciuolo,

a thump, punch, push.

stance

door
origin
is

when entering its socket, as of the latch when it is shut, to click " and to chak is
; ;

of a " to

The

the imitation oi, the sound of a

shut with a sharp sound " (Jam.)


tion of

the representaits

smart blow by the syllable clatch ! passing on the one hand into catch and on the other into latch, by
the loss of the
/

a like sound by the syllable latch gives

designation to the latch of a door, formerly called


cliket,

or c respectively.
to imitate the

thwick-thwack

a word

G. klatsch sound made

principle on

from shutting with a click. And on the same which we have above explained the

by

striking with the

hand against a

partition wall

actual use of the

word
of.

catch, the

OE.

latch

was

klatsch, such

a sound or the stroke which produces KUttner. klatsche, a whip or lash. it, a clap, flap Du. Hetsen, resono ictu verberare klets, kletse, ictus
;

commonly used

in

the sense of seizing, snatching,

obtaining possession

And

if

ye

latche

Lucre

let

resonans, fragor
cachoire,

kletsoore, ketsoore,

a whip

Rouchi
or

hym

not ascapie.

P. P.

ecachoire, a whip, properly the lash

knotted piece of whipcord added for the purpose


of giving sharpness to the crack.
cache,
er's

principles

whip.
s. s.

Hecart.
Du.

Norm.

Elementary instruction in the by question and answer. Properly a system of oral instruction, from Gr.
of religion
Karrjxi-t*^,

Catechism.

Pat. de Bray.
Cot.

Fr. chassoire, a cart-

Karrjx^w, to sound, resound, to

sound in the

Galla catchiza, to crack with a

whip, catchi, a whip.

Tutschek.
struck.

ears of any one, to teach by oral instruction, teach

kaetse,

the elements of any science.

smack,
to

clap, blow,

at tennis.

and specially the stroke of a


is

ball

KaT7;x>?crts, the act of stunning by loud sound or of charming by sound,

Kil.
ball

Fr. chasse, E. chase, the distance


Arbalete
de
courte

instruction in

the elements of

a science.

H;!^^;,

which the

sound.

chasse,

a cross-bow that carries but a little way. In the sense of seizing an object the term catch is to be explained as clapping one's hand upon it, snatching it with a smack, in the same way that we
speak of catching one a box on the ear.
with and without an
laid hold of eagerly

To Cater. Cates. To provide victuals, &c. Rouchi acater, to buy, the equivalent of the ordinary Fr. acheter, O. Fr. achepter, to buy It. accat;

tare, to acquire, to get

Prov. acapta, acapte, acquiin the sense

In the

sition of

an

estate.

Neap, accattare,

sense of a sudden snatch the Sc. has both forms,


I

of Fr. acheter.
itare.

after the

c.
;

Claucht, snatched,

Diez.

From

ad-captare. Mid. Lat. accap-

and suddenly a catch or seizure of anything in a sudden and forcible way. When one lays hold of what is falling it is said that Jam. he " got a claucht of it."

Hence OE.

acates, cates, victuals, provisions pur-

chased, in contradistinction to those

then niceties, delicacies.

The

eatery

grown at home, was the storeto cater, to pur-

room where

cates

were kept, whence

Be the coler claucht him with owtyn baid. Wallace caught him by the collar without delay. And claucht anone the courser by the rene. D, V.
Gael, glac, to take, seize, catch.

"Wallace

chase provisions-

Caterpillar.

The frequency with which

the ele-

ment

cat appears in the designation of this animal


dialects
its

in different

named from
teufelskatz,

makes it probable that it is resemblance to the catkins of a nut,


to the tail of a cat or

and so originally
or catkin, a
little

a dog.

Swiss

In the

s. s.

caucht.

Lombard
little cat),

gatta, gattola (literally, a cat

Turnus

at this time waxis bauld


to caucht

Wenyng
i.

and blythe ane stound his strenth to kythe. D. V.

Fr. chenille (Lat. canicula, a


;

dog), a caterpillar

Milan can, cagnon (a dog),


half of the E.

a silkworm.

The second

word doubt-

e. to

catch an opportunity to

show

his strength.

less alludes to the destructive habits of the insect,

166
pitting the trees upon which
it is

CATKIN.
bred.

CEILING.
a horse ; yet in some parts of England they do call an horse a cable." Elyot in Way. W. ceffyl, a

The same

notion

expressed by the former element of the Swiss Teufelskatz. The Fr. chate-peleuse, a weevil
is

horse

Gael, capull, Pol. kohyla, Russ. kohuiV, a

(Norm, carpleuse, a caterpillar), is probably an accommodation from the E. caterpillar, or it may be formed from chate, chaton, a chat or catkin, with
allusion to the hairy aspect of
peloso.

mare.

Cave.

Cavern.

Lat. cavus, hollow.

The

ori-

gin of the

word seems a representation of the sound

caterpillar. It. hruco

Catkin.

Chat.
cat

kopista,

made by knocking against a hollow body. Fin. dumpf tonen, klopfend knallen, to sound
like

Loose

clusters of

ers supposed to resemble cat's tails,

male flowgrowing on cerFr. ca-

a blow
;

kopano, caudex arboris cavus pulsu

resonans

koparo, koparet, a receptacle for small


;

tain kinds of trees, as hazels, poplars, &c.


tons,

things, coffer, pit

kopera or kowera, hollow, curved,

trees.

catkins,

tails,

aglet-like blowings of

nut

crooked

kopio, empty, sounding as an


cassiis in v.
;

empty

vessel

Cot.

or

rat-tails.

Du.
Kil.
to

katten, kaitekens, rattensteertkens,

(compare Lat.

Case)

koppa, anything

But
a

it

may be

doubted whether

hollowed or vaulted
of a pipe
sect
;

kanteleen koppa, the


;

this
tion.

comparison
It

cat's tail

be not an accommoda-

sounding-board of the harp


;

box or piipun koppa, the bowl

leave out

would be a very singular perversion to all reference to the tail, which forms so
I

koppa-mato, a beetle or crustaceous inkoppa nokka, an aquiline nose, &c. koppeli, a


;

essential a portion of the resemblance.

am

in-

hut,

little

house.
to

cUned
kotz,

to believe that the original designation

cot or lock of wool, the

was a G. equivalent of which is

So from Fin. kommata, komista,


hollow sound

sound deep or
-a

rug or shaggy coverlet, also a katkin Schmid Pol. koc, a rug ; kocianki, kotki, catkins.

hollow as an empty vessel, komo, hollow, giving


;

komo-jaa, hollow ice

wuoren komo,

a cavern

in a

Russ. kosa, koska, kosilza, a lock of hair, tress.

CaveSOn.
of a horse in

similar relation holds good in Fin. between palma,

mountain (wuora, a mountain). kind of bridle put upon the nose order to break and manage him. B.

the catkin of the willow (also ctiUed palm in E. and

Fr. cavegon,

Sp. cahegon.

It.

cavezzone, augm. of

German), and palmikko, a lock of

hair.
little

The Bohem. however has

kocicka, a

See Cot. cat, and


Fr. chau-

cavezza, a halter,

A
if

also (as well as kocata, koSatkd)

a catkin.

and that from Sp. cabega, a head. accommodation produced G. kapp-zaum, as from kappen, to cut, and zaum, bridle, a severe
false

Candle. A warm comforting drink. deau, from chaud, hot


Canl.

bridle.

The omentum

or fatty network in which


It. rete,

the bowels are wrapped.

reticeUa
is

; rete

del

fegato, the caul of the liver.

A caul

also

a small

net to confine the hair, and hence a scull cap, also


the

The modem spelling has probably an erroneous notion that the word is derived from Fr. del, tilt, canopy, tester ; It. cielo, in the same senses, and also in that of E. ceiling. It was formei'ly written seel, having the meaning of
Ceiling.
arisen from

their birth.

to

membrane covering the face of some infants at The proper meaning of the word seems be a net, whence it is provincially used in the

wainscoting, covering with boards.

To

seele

a room,

lambrisser une
serie.

sense of a spider's web.


caul- work;

Hal.

Sherwood. Cot

chambre;

seeling, lambris,
to

menui-

Plancher,

plank or floor
;

Hete,

any net or

with planks, to

seele

or close with boards

plancher,

caul-work.

rete ragno,

a cobweb, also any net or

a boarded
boards.

floor, also

a seeling of boards

planche,

Flo.
ringlets of her hair
is

boarded, floored with planks, closed or seeled with


crowned.

Her head with

And

in a golden caul the ciu"ls are bound.

The
in

essential notion is thus defending the

Dryden
Fr. cole, a kind of
little

R.

against draughts

by
a

closing or sealing

cap

calotte,

a skull cap.
It. caldo,

from O. Fr.
in

seel,

seal.

"We

still

room up cracks, use the metaphor

Canldron.
a
calidus, hot.

Fr. chauderon, chaudron, chaudiere,

the sense of closing with respect to the eyes,

kettle for heating water.

Chaud,

Lat.

sealed eyelids.

Fr. siUer les yeux, to seel or sew up


It.

the eyelids. Fr. chaussee, a paved road.


;

cigliare, to

seel

Canseway.

M.

What we now

call the ceiling

a pigeon's eye. was formerly called


it

Lat. calceata, calceta, a road

calceata,

shod or pro-

the upper-seeling, Fr. sus-lambris, to distinguish

tected from the treading of the horses

by a coating
;

of wood or stone.
the stones of
sije,

Fr. chausser, to shoe


;

Port.

calfar, to shoe, also to

via strata.

Cavalry. Cavalier. It. cavaliere, Fr. chevaUer, a horseman. It. cavaJlo, Fr. ckeval, a horse,

street.

pave calgada, a pavement, Du. kaiUsije, kaussijde, kas-

from the seeling or wainscoting of the walls. The Torriano. upper seeling of a house, soffitto, cielo. When wainscoting went out of use the distinctive qualification was no longer necessary, and the term

Kil.

ceiling

which room.

seals

was appropriated up the under

to

the

coat

of plaister
in

side of the rafters

Lat

cabaUus, Gr. Ka/JoAAi/s,

OE.

caple.

" Caballus,

tThe orthography of old English words

is

a very

CEILING.
unsafe guide to their etymology, and we can di^aw no inference from the fact that ceiling was often spelt seeling, for the same orthogmphy was sometimes used in seele, a canopy, which is certainly derived from Fr. del:
In
this

CELERY.
would very
the interior

167
easily be extended so as to embrace all wood-work of the walls and windows.

I think there is little doubt that selure, in the following passage from Piers Ploughman's Creed, v. 395-402, is the same word as the celature of Lydgate,

wise the King shall ride opyn heded vndre a


iiii

and of course

if celature is

of cloth of gold baudekyn with land Papers, Cam. Soc. p. 5.

staves gUte, &c. Kut-

seele

Latin> selure

to

be referred to the same source Thanne was that chapitre house Wrought as a greet chirche,

And

on the other hand sealing

is

spelt ceeling in the

Corven and covered.

later Wycliffite version in Ecclus. xxii.

33

And

queyntelyche entayled.
selure
lofte.

Who schal gyue keping to my mouth, and a certcyn ceelyng on my lippis, that Y falle not bi tho, and that my tunge leese not me 1
Oiclo in Italian

With semeliche
Y-seet on

As

a parlcment-hous Y-peynted aboute.

and del

in

French are used

for

But

it is

more probable

that celature

is

nothing more

the under surface of a vault, whence the word might


easily be transferred to the ceiling of

than the

common

selure,

with a syllable added for

an apartment

of any other form.

So

in

Spanish

* y

en esta ciudad ha una cistema bien fermosa de ver * * la qual cistema es de bobedas de argamasa, el cielo della esta sobre quatrocientos e noventa marmoles muy gruesos, etc. Clavijo, Vida de Tamorlan, 68.

and the derivation of this word from the Fr. del is confirmed not only by the use of ceele or seele for canopy, but by that of selar, which is orthoepically, as well as orthothe sake of the metre,
latter

graphically, nearly identical with selure, for bedtester,

Fr. del de

lit

But the Spaniards apply the word not only


concave
but to
objects, as the palate, el delo

to other
la boca,

de

flat ceilings,
:

and one of Salva's


de
lisa,

definitions of

And whan these thre hem to be fastned vpon


d' Arthur,

spyndels were shapen, she made the selar of the bedde. Morte

deh
rior

is

"

En

Southey's ed.

II. 290.

los cuartos

las casas el

techo supe-

cuya superficie es

cubiculi

tectum pla-

Mandeville uses cylour, evidently the same word


as selure, and a comparison of the passage with the
oldest
light

num." These Continental words


from clear that the word
source.

are,

no doubt, the origin


it

of the present orthography of ceiling, and


itself is

is

far

French and Latin texts might throw some on the etymology

not from the same

The

application of the Fr. del to the under sur-

And of Gold and Sylver, tliat men beren in his Contree, he maketh Cylours, Pyleres and Pamnentes in his Palays, &c. Chap. xxii.

would naturally be suggested by the concave form of the vault, and the very common
face of a vault

The mode
first

of closing the eyes of falcons


thus described in the
:

ancient practice of painting the surface blue and

taken
i.

is

decorating

it

with stars would

still

further recom-

bans, a,
dyll

rev.

"

when Book of St. AlAnd he must take wyth hym neensiled.

mend

the name.

English terms of ornamental and

&

threde to ensile the hawkes that ben taken.

orflamented architecture are very generally bor-

And

in this

manere they must ben


threde

Take
und

rowed from the French, but it does not appear that sceller, to seal, or any related word was ever employed on the Continent in the sense of '^ wainscoting or covering with boards."

the nedyll
lydde,

&

&

put

it

thorough the ouer eye


faste
is

&

so of that other,

and make them

the becke that she se not, and then she

ensiled as

she oughte to be.

Some

use to ensyle theym wyth

In a passage from Lydgate, quoted in the Glossary of Architecture, where celature


is

the nether eye lydde aboue the becke on the heede


almost, but y' is the worste way, for of reason the ouer eye lidde closeth more iustly than the nether by cause of the largenesse." The lids, it will be
seen,

used, the

author of that work supposes


ccelatura
:

it

to

be the Latin

With craftye arches reysed wonder dene, Enbowed oner all the worke to cure.
So merueylous was the celature, That all the rofe and closure enuyrowne Was of fyne golde plated vp and downe. With knottes graue wonder curyous, Fret full of stones ryche and precious.

were not sewed together, which might more

appropriately suggest the image of sealing, but the


tion

upper one was drawn down and confined, an operawhich would naturally fix the attention of the
lid,

operator or spectator on the

Fr.

cil,

(properly

eyelashes, but, like the Latin dlium, sometimes eyelid,)

which I think Diez

is

right in considering the

Most

England were finished underneath with wainscoting, and the name ceiling, originally applied only to curved work of this sort,
roofs

and

floorings in

root of the word, as ciglio certainly is of the


accigliare, to seel the eyes of a

hawk.

M.]

It.

Celery.

Fr. ceUri.

168

CESS.

CHALLENGE.
ley
;

For sess from assess, but spelt tax. Cess. with a c from the influence of the Lat. census, the
rating of
erty.

kuhuja, quisquilise vel palese quae motce leviter

susurrant, chaff.

Roman

citizens according to

their prop-

To

Chaff.

In vulgar language,

to rally one, to

See Assize, Assess.

sess, tax, value.

Fr. cencer, to rate, as-

chatter or talk lightly.

From a
made by

representation of
different kinds of
cries.

Cotgr.

the inarticulate sounds

hack-Stone. See Chuck. Chafing-dish. To chafe Chafe.

animals uttering rapidly repeated


is

Du.

keffen,

to

heat

to yap, to bark, also

to prattle, chatter,

tattle.
;

by rubbing,
to

to

rub for the purpose of heating, then

Halma.
weter, to

rub without reference to the production of heat.


All good smelles be more odoriferous

caw

Wallon. chawe, a chough, jackdaw chachawer, to cheep, to cry ; chafeter, to


; ;

babble, tattle

medled and chaufed together.


Lat. calefacere,
to heat, to

they be well Golden Book in K.


if

tling

woman.
G.

Normand.

cauvette,

a jackdaw, a prat-

Pat. de Brai.

Fr. japper, to yap,

yelp.
It. calefare,

kaff, idle words, impertinence.

Kiittn.

Fr. chauffer, echauffer,

ing-dish or

warm, to chafe. Fr. chaufferette, a chafpan of hot coals for warming a room
not
fire.

Chaffer. To buy and sell, to bargain, haggle. Frequentative from G. kaufen, to buy. See Cheap.

To

where

thei'e is

Chagrin.
to
;

Fr. chagrin, care, grief.

According

Chafe. 2. In the sense of chajing with anger 1st two distinct words are probably confounded from It. riscaldarsi, to become heated with anger,
Fr. eschauffer, to set in a chafe.

Diez, from the shark-skin, or rough substance

called shagreen, Fr.

peau de chagrin, which from


grief.

Sherwood.

being used as a rasp for polishing wood was taken


as a type of the

gnawing of care or

Genoese
In like

sagrind, to gnaw, sagrindse, to consume with anger.

For certes the herte of manne by eschaufing and moving of his blode waxeth so troubled that it is out of all manere Parson's tale. De IrS. judgement of reson.

Piedra. sagri, shagreen

sagrin, care, grief.

manner It. limare, to file, metaphorically to fret Fl. far lima-lima, to fret inwardly. Altieri.
;

But
than

to chafe

has often a

much more

precise sense
to

Chair.
sit.

Chaise.
c?

Gr. KaOSpa, from KaOi^ofiaL,

this,

and

signifies to snort,
snuflP,

fume, breathe haid.

Lat. cathedra, Fr. chaire, a seat, a pulpit.


in cadena gives chain, a double

It shorfare, to huff, tuff as a cat, to huff,

or puff with snorting, to

As

the loss of a

to chafe

and
is

fret

with rage and

operation

of the

same nature

reduces

cathedra

to

anger
Fl.

tronfo, tronfio, puffed or ruffled

with chafing.

(ca'e'ra) to chair.

Prov. cadieira, cadera, O. Fr.


s

In

this application

it

the correlative of

ehayere.

the G. heuchen, to puff and blow, breathe thick and


short, to pant, parallel with

The
pulpit

which

grumble, growl, scold, quarrel.

found keifen, Bav. kauchen, to


is

conversion of the r into


Cot.,

gives Fr. chaise, a


is

now a

chair.

Then, as a carriage
in

a moveable

seat, the

word has acquired

E. the

breathe, puff.

Chafer. Cheffern. Cock-chafer ; fern-chafer. G. kcifer, AS. ceafer, Du. kever, any insect of the beetle kind, having a hard case to their wings. Fin. koppa-mato, from Ttoppa, a case, excavatum vel cavum quid, and mato (G. motte), an insect. It is probable then that the meaning of the first syllable
in chafer

sense of a carriage, pleasure carriage.

Chaldern.
of an animal

Chawdron.
a
calf's

Part of the entrails


chitterlings.

chawdron,

G.

kaldaunen, the tripes, entrails, garbage of an animal.

Kiittn. Pol. kaldun, paunch, maw, bowels ; Bohem, kaldaun, kaltaun, giblets; It. caldume, caldinelli, a meat made of minced tripes, &c. Fl. Sp.

may
E.

be case or hollow, the equivalent of

chanfaina, the pluck of lambs, calves, &c.

the Fin. koppa or Lat. cavus, and perhaps of Lat. cophinus,


case.
[ Quiver,
coffin, coffer,

Chalk.
lime.

Fr. chatUx, lime

Lat

calx, limestone,

Swab,

kober,

a basket,

Challenge.
a case for arrows, seems more probably this group of words than to the Fr. couvrir,
it.

Fr. chalanger, to claim, challenge,


;

make

title

unto

also to accuse of, charge with, call

allied to

which etymologists have generally referred M.]


to

in question for

an offence.
is

Cot.

Hence

to chal-

lenge one to fight

to call

on him

to decide the

Chaff.
lung.

AS.

ceaf,

G.

haff.

Pers. hhah.

Ademo-

matter by combat.

The

origin is the forensic Latin

calumniare, to institute an action, to go to law.

Fin. kahista, leviter crepo vel susurro,

vendo parum sti'ideo ut gramen sub pedibus euntis vel arundo vento agitata (to rustle) ; whence kahina, a rustling kahu, kahuja, hordeum vel avena vilior,
;

Due. So from dominio, domnio, dongio, E. dungeon; from somnium, Fr. songe. Prov. calonja, dispute calumpnjamen, contestation, diflBculty; cahnjar, to
dispute, refuse.

taubes

kom
;

oder hafer, light rustling com, consist;

The sacramentum

de calumnia was an oath on the

ing chiefly of husks


rustle

kuhata, kuhista, to buzz, hiss,

part of the person bringing an action of the justice

kuhina, a rustling noise, rustling motion as


;

of his ground of action, and as this was the begin-

of ants, &c.

kuhu-ohrat (phrat, barley), refuse bar-

ning of the suit

it is

probably from thence that ca-

CHAMADE. CHANCEL.
lumniari in the sense of bringing an action arose.
hero
;

169
i

Sw. dricka
verses,
i.

kapp, to drink for a wager

sagramen de calomp" Sagrament de calompnia o de vertat per la nia." Rayn. Lat. calumnia, una part e per I'autra."
al plaiz et fa

"

Can horn ven

kapp-ridande, a horse-race.

So

in E. boys

speak of

capping

e.

contending in the citation of


is

verses; to cap one at leaping


contest in leaping.

to beat

one at a
nasal)

false accusation, chicane.

Hence

(with

the

W.

by drum or trumpet given by an enemy when they have a mind to parley.

ChamadCt
From
is

signal

B.

Port, chamar, Lat. clamare, to

call.

The

chamade
Kajiapa,
roof.

call

on the enemy

to parley.

camp, a feat, game ; campio, to strive at games campus, excellent, surpassing, masterly; Sp. campear, campar, to be eminent, to excel. The word is preserved in Prov. E. camp, a game at football.

Chamber.

Fr. chambre. Lat. Camera, Gr. a vault or arched roof, place with an arched Probably from cam, crooked. Camera, ge-

"

Campar, or player

at football, pedilusor."

G.

Pr.

Pm.
Get campers a ball To camp therewithal.

wolb.

Camerare, kriimmen

gebogen, gewolbt.

cameratiis, gekriimmt,

Tusser.
;

Dief. Sup.
;

Prov. E.
It.

to cample, to talk,
;

contend or argue

ChamberlaiUi

Fr. chambellan

camerlengo,

kampeln, to debate, dispute


fle.

ciamherlano, ciambellano.

Hal.

Prov. E. champ, a scufThe origin may perhaps be found in

To Chamfer,

To

channel or

make

hollow.
;

the notion of fastening on one in the act of wrestling.

Port, chanfrar, to slope, hollow, cut sloping


echancrer, to eat into as a canker, to cut or

Fi-.

make
a
;

Lith. kabeti, to
stick to, to hold
;

hang

kimbu,

kibti, to fasten on, to


;

hollow and half round, also to pare very near, to nip


oiF; chanfrain, the front stall or forehead piece of

kahinti, to
;

hang

kabintis, to fasten

oneself on to another
svJcibti,

kabe, kabele, kablys, a


;

hook
to

barbed horse (from the hollows

left for

the eyes

?)

to

fasten oneself to another

susikibti,

chanfrain creux, a chanfering or a channel, furrow, hollow gutter or streak in stonework. Cot.

chamfer is the plain slope made by paring off the edge of a stone or piece of timber. Hal. Sp.
chafldn, bevel, obtuse angle
bevel, cut a slope.
;

embrace, fold in each other's arms.


Fin.

kimppu (Lap. kippo, kappo), a bundle, and


to

thence the laying hold of each other by wrestlers


Fin.
kimpustella,

wrestle

colluctor,

kampfen,

chaflandr, to form a

To Chamm.
so as to

cliamjt, chamhle, to

Champ. Prov. E. chew. Hal. Properly


to

Koira on kimpussani, canis est in attactu mei, the dog attacks me. Esthon. kimp, bundle,
ringen.

to to

cham,

pinch, difiiculty

kimplima, to quarrel (comp. G.


;

chew

kampeln, E. cample)
cuse, challenge, seize.
tare, certare.

make

the snapping of the jaws be heard.

Hung, tsammogni, tsamtsogni,


the teeth in chewing.

make a
lips

noise with

kimputama, to wrap up, acDu. kimpen, to wrestle, luc-

Kil.

Galla djam-djam-goda (to

make djam-djam), to smack the swine, to champ, move the jaws.


G. schmatzen s. the letter m.
s.

Tutschek.
;

in

eating as

The

cope or contend with, which seems another form of the root, is explained by Torriano " serrarsi, ; attaccarsi I'un con I'altro " " se harper I'un a I'autre."

To

differs

only in the transposition of

Sherwood.
;

Icel.

jaw

hiamsa, to

kampa, to chew kiammi, a champ, to move the jaws ; kiamt,


is

Chance.
chance

laws of which

The happening of we are more or

things governed
less ignorant.

by
Fr.

champing.

O. Fr. cheance, act of

falling,

from

cheoir,

The sound
zampettare, to
tread heavily.

of striking the ground with the foot


in the

Lat. cadere, Prov. cazer, Sp. caer, Pg.

cafiir, to fall.

sometimes represented

same manner,
;

as in It.

Prov. escazenza, accident, chance.


served that accident
the Lat. accidere, to
is

It will

be ob-

Hal.

paw

the ground

Prov. E. champ, to
Fr.

same word direct from happen (ad and cadere, to fall).


the
;

Champarty.

Partnership.
;

champ

parti,

Chance-medley. Fr. chaude mesUe, from chaud,


hot,

Lat. campus partitua

as jeopardy, from Fr. jeu

and

meslee, fray, bickering, fight

game. Champion. Commonly derived from campus, a. field of battle, fighting place. And no doubt the word might have early been introduced from Latin into the Teutonic and Scandinavian languages, giving rise to the AS. camp, fight, cempa, Icel. kempa, a warrior, champion ; Du. kamp, combat, contest kampen, kempen, to fight in single combat ; kamper, kempe, an athlete, pi'ize-fighter. It must be observed however that the Scandinavian kapp appears a more ancient form than the nasalised camp. Icel. kapp, contention kappi, athlete, VOL. I. 22
;

parti, Lat. jocus partitus, divided

conflict,

not prepared beforehand.


et

an accidental "Mellee qui

etait

meue chaleureusement

sans aguet."

M.

Lat.

calida melleia, calidameya.


quarrel, broil.

Carpentier.

Meleare, mesleiare, to

When

the element

chaud lost its meaning to ordinary English ears, it was replaced by chance in accordance with the meaning of the compound.
It.

mescolare, Fr. mesler, meler, to mingle, shufile,

jumble.

Chancel.

Chancellor. Chancery.
is

The
is

part of the church in which the altar


called chancel, from being
railed

placed

off or separated

170

CHANDLER. CHAPLET.
The thinner vowel in chip expresses the sharper sound made by the separation of a very small fragment of a hard body, and the term
is

from the rest of the church by lattice-work; Lat. cancelli. The canceUarii seem to have been the
officers

of a court of justice,

who

stood

ad

cancellos,

also applied to

at the raiUngs, received the petitions of the suitors,

the small piece separated from the block.

and acted as intermediaries between them and the judge. To them naturally fell the office of keeping
the seal of the court, the distinctive feature of the
chancellors of

modem
:

time.
;

From

chancellor

Fr. chanceUerie

E. chancery.
;

Chandler.

Fr. chandelier, a dealer in candles

Chap. A fellow. See Chubby. Chape. A plate of metal at the point of a scabbard. Hence the white tip of a fox's tail. Hal. The fundamental meaning is something clapt on, from clap, the representation of the sound made by two flat surfaces striking together. Hence It. chiap-

then, as if the essential

meaning of the word had pa, a patch of lead

clapt unto a ship that is shot

been simply dealer, extended to other trades, as corn-chandler. Ghandry, the place where candles
are kept, from chandler, as chancery from chancellor.

piece of lead to cover the touch-hole of a gun, also

a clap, and anything that may be taken hold of. Fl. Sp. chapa, a small plate of flat metal, leather,
or the like
pilla,
;

To Change.
exchange.

Prov. camMar, camjar,

It.

cam-

chapar, to plate, to coat


;

chapeta, cha-

biare, cangiare, Fr. changer.

Bret. Tcemma, to truck,

GamUare seems
champmen
for

the nasalised form of E.

chop, chap, to swap, exchange, Icel. kaupa, to deal,

as Chaucer's

chapmen.

a small metal plate Port, chapear, to plate, to apply one flat thing to another. Sp. Ghapeleta de una bomba, Fr. clapet, the clapper or sucker of a ship's pump ; Sp. chapeletas de imhomales, the clappers of the scupper holes.
in the Russ. klepan,

In Surrey whilome dwelt a company Of champmen rich and therto sad and true, That wide were sentin their spicery, Their chafiare was so thrifty and so new.

The

/ is

also preserved

strip of

metal plate, as those


capella,

on a trunk.

Man
put on fresh clothes,
skipta,

Chapel.
cape or
little

Commonly derived from

the

of Law's Tale. 140.


to

cloke of St Martin, which was pre-

In like manner Wallach. schimhare,

change, to
Icel.

may

be compared with

served in the Palace of the kings of the Franks, and used as the most binding relic on which an oath
could be taken.

E.
;

shifi.

Wallach. scMmbu, cambium, ex-

change

schimhatoriu, a money-changer.

See Chop.

Channel.

Lat. canalis, a pipe, water-conduit,

Tunc

in Palatio nostro super

Capellam domini Martini,

from canna, a I'eed. The word appears in English under a triple form channel, any hollow for conveying water, kennel, the gutter that runs along a street, and the modern canal.
;

ubi reliqua sacramenta percurrunt, debeant conjurare.

Marculfus in Due.

Hence
en
relics

it is

supposed the name of capella was giv-

Chant.
to sing.

Chantry. Lat. cantare, Fr. chanter, Hence chantry, a chapel endowed for a
mass
for the soul of the founders.

to the

apartment of the Palace in which the of the saints were kept, and thence extended

to similar repositories

where

priests

were commonly

priest to sing

Chap.
ing a
the

Chip. Chop.
in

appointed

to celebrate divine services.

These are forms havattempt to represent


of

two hard bodies, or the cracking of one, the thinner vowel i being used to represent the high note of a crack, while the broader vowels a and o are used for the flatter sound made by the collision of hard bodies. Sc. chap, to strike, as to chap hands, to chap at a door. Jam. It is also used in the sense of the E.
the

common origin sound made by

the

knocking

Ordericus
ical

Rex

sanctas sibi de capella sua reliquias deferri praecepit.


Vitalis.

But we have no occasion


a derivation.
altar

to resort to so hypothet-

chop, to strike with a sharp edge, to cut

up

into

small pieces, to cut

oflf;

Du. kappen,

to cut, prune,

hack Lith. kapoti, to peck, to hack, to cut, to paw like a horse W. coMo, to strike, to peck. Again as a hard body in breaking gives a sharp sound like the knocking of hard things together, a chap is a crack or fissure, properly in a hard body,
;

or covering of an where mass was celebrated was called capella, Mid. Lat. capellare, tegere, decken, bea hood. decken capella, ein himeltz, gehymels (eucharistie, &c.), the canopy over the sacred elements; eine Dief. Sup. And it can hardly be kleine Kirche. doubted that the name of the canopy was extended to the recess in a church in which an altar was
;

The canopy

placed, forming the capella or chapel of the saint


to

whom

the altar was dedicated.

Chaplet.

A wreath for the

head.

Fr. chapelet,

dim. of chapel, from capa, a cape or cope.

The O.

but extended to bodies


breaking, as skin
to creak,
;

and

also

which give no sound in chapped hands. Compare chark, to chap or crack. Hal. The

Fr. chapel, from signifying a hat or covering for the

head, came to be used in the sense of a wreath or


garland.
francese."
''

use of crack in the sense of fissure in the same manner.

is to

be explained

Boccacio

Gappello,

ghirlanda secondo
in Diez.

il

volgar
to

Hence applied

a circular string of praying beads, called in Sp. for

CHAPMAN. CHARLATAN.
the same reason rosario, a garland of roses, and in
It.

171

spelled charkcole, yet in the older Pr.

Pm.

it is

writ-

corona.

ten charcole. as

it is

in

Palsgrave

also.

Chapman.
Cheap.

AS. ceap-man, a merchant.

See

The

earliest notice of
is

mineral coal with which I

am
Fr. chapitre, from capitulum, a head

Chapter.
is

or division of a book.

The Chapter

of a cathedral
It.

the assembly of the governing body.

capitolo,

Sp. capitulo, cabildo, Prov. capital, Fr. chapitre.

Charcoal.
dentes edunt.
Bigl.

Du.

hrik-kolen, carbones acapni mi-

nusculi, q. d. carbones crepitantes, a sonitu

quem

ar-

Kil.

Cricken, carbones creperi.

by Ducange, under A. D. 1198, and it is worth observing that hulla (houille), by which name he says it was known in France, is evidently identical with the Cornish JIuel, which forms an element in the names of so many mining localities. Bede, although he speaks of jet as found in Engacquainted
that referred to

carbones

ferr

ei,

land, does not

From

kricken, to creak,

stridulum edere.

Minsheu.
is

sonum creperum sen

Gloucester embrace

mention sea-coal, nor does Robert of it in his enumeration of the

The E.

chirk or chark

mineral products of the island.

was

also used for a creaking or grating noise,

and

well-burned charcoal

singularly sonorous

when

shovelled up or struck together.


PI. D. klipptorf, hard strong peat

In like manner

which gives a
to clink

It is however have been in use in the time of Edward I., and in a Latin poem, entitled Cambrias Epitome, ascribed to Walter Mapes, preserved by Higden, and printed also in the Cam. Soc. edition of Mapes,

known

to

ringing sound

when

struck,

from klippen,

mention
for

is

made of " carbo sub


it

terrge cortice."

But

Du.

klinck-sout, the finest salt, the blocks of


flints.

are so hard as to ring like

which

a long time

appears

to

have been employed

Kil.

So chark-

only by smiths, and even in the sixteenth century

coal would be clinking or creaking coal.

Harrison expressed his fears that in consequence


of the general destruction of the forests, " seacole

between the sounds produced by " shovelling up or striking together " charcoal and
difference

[The

sea-coal

is

hardly sufficient to explain the ascription

of an onomatopoetic
first

name

to the former,

syllable of charcoal

is

and if the derived from chark, I


crepitation

think Kilian's suggestion, that the

of

burning charcoal gave

rise

to the

Du.

hrik-kolen,

equally applicable to the English word.

But

Kilian,

at least in Hasselt's ed. 1777, does not apply the

name

of krick-kolen to charcoal, wood-coal, generally,

it to small charcoal, " carbones minusculi," " carbones ex ramis virgultis, fascibus,

but expressly limits

aliisque lignis minutioribus."


this

The confinement
some reason
mistaken.
is

of
to

word

to small charcoal affords

suspect that Kilian's etymology

The
small

would be good merchandize euen in the citie of London." Holinshed, 1807, L 324. It was not until mineral coal came into more common use that the necessity was felt for a word which should distinguish wood-coal from it, and accordingly charcoal is not found in Anglo-Saxon, or, so far as I am aware, in any English book older than the Promptorium Parvulorum. M.] Chare. A chare is a turn of work chare-woman, one who is engaged for an occasional turn. AS. eyre, a turn cerran, Du. keeren, to turn Gael, car, Probably from the creaking sound of turn, twist. a wheel turning round, as explained under Car; and see Ajar.

Dan. krak,

krik, krikke, krcek, are applied to

Charge.
to load
;

It.

caricare, Ptg. carregar, Fr. charger,

horses, insects,

and so

forth,

and Outzen defines the

properly to place in a car.

Lat. carricare,
is to

Frisic krack, " klein, unansehnlich, der nicht sein


volliges

from carrus.

To

charge an

enemy

lay on.

Wachsthum

hat."

Hence

hrik-kolen, " car-

bones minusculi" coal made from twigs, simply small-coal.

may mean

And damned

be he

Lay on, Macduff, who first cries Hold, enough.

Chark.
gnash.
kirklys,

Chirk.
; ;

AS.

cearcian, to creak, crash,


;

But
coal
is

it

seems most probable that char in charfirst

Lith. kirkti, to cry as a child, creak, cluck

the

syllable of the Fr. charhon,

comit

a cricket

karkti (schnarren, schreien, krach;

pounded with
from mineral

coal, as

an epithet distinguishing
coal
is

zen), to whirr as a beetle, cluck, gaggle

kurkti, to
;

coal.

The word

common

to all

croak as a frog

kurkelis, the turtle

dove

czurksti,

the Gothic languages, and originally

meant woodcoal, in all of them, but when sea-coal came into use, it became necessary to distinguish the two by specific names, and in England, where French was at that period current, the compound char-coal would have been a very natural mode of designating that with which they were most familiar.

to chirp as sparrows, czirksti, to chirp, twitter.

Charlatan.
tebank,
Cot.
It.

Charade.

Fr. charlatan, a mounbabbler,


tattler.

prattling

quacksalver,

from ciarlare, to tattle, chatter. Sp. charlar (Valencian charrar, Norman charer
ciarlatore,


or

Diez), to prattle, jabber, clack, chat.

An
;

imitative

word representing the


chirping of birds.
chirp, chirk, creak, hiss.

inarticulate

chattering

We

cannot attach

much importance

to the early

Ghirlar, to prattle

chirriar, to

orthography of English words, in etymological inquiries, but it will not be out of place to remark,
that though in the

Lith. czurliwoti, to sing


also

or chirp as birds.
prattle, chatter,

Compare

Lith. czirbti, to

Book

of St. Albans, h,

iii., it

is

with E. chirp.

172

CHARLOCK. CHATS.
charer,

From Norm,
seems
to

Lang, chara,

to

converse,

Chats.
fuel.

be derived charade, a kind of riddle by

Chit. Chat-wood, Bailey. Yorkshire


;

little

sticks
;

fit

for

chat,

a twig

Suffolk

way

of social amusement.

chaits,
;

fragments or leavings of food, as turniphlackthom-chats, the

Charlock*
kedlock.

A
An

weed among com


enchantment.
Fr.

also

called

chaits, scraps of offal

young

AS.

cedeleac.

shoots or suckers on rough borders, occasionally cut

Charm.
Flo.

charme

carine, carmo, a

From

charm, a spell, a verse, a rhyme. Lat. carmen, which was used in the
" Venefici qui magicis

It.

and faggottcd.
ford, kids,

with Swiss kide,

seems the same word Welch, cedys, Staffaggots of small wood. To chit, to gerIt
kzdel,

Forby.
first

a twig

sense of magic incantation.

minate

susurris seu carminibus homines occidunt."


Inst.

chits,

the

sprouts of anything.

Hal.
chit,

Justin.

The primary import


chick, chip, is

of the syllable chat,

Hence carminare,

to

enchant

incarminatrix,

to represent the sharp

sound of a

an enchantress. From carmen was formed It. carnie and Fr. charmer, as from nomen It. nome and Fr. nommer, to name. Diez. The root of the Lat. carmen is preserved in AS. cyrm, noise, shout ; OE. charm, a hum or low murmuring noise, the noise of birds, whence a charm of

crack, then the cracking of the hard case or shell in

which something
the other

is

contained, and the peeping or


life

shooting forth of the imprisoned

within, or on

hand

it

may be

applied simply to designate

the fragments of the broken object.

In the latter
eclats,

sense chat

may be compared

with the Fr.

goldfinches, a flock of those birds.

I cherme as byrdes do

number

together.

Palsgrave in Hal.

when they make


sraale fojle

a noise a great

from the sound of a body bursting or cracking, to which it bears the


shivers, splinters, fragments,

Vor tlii ich am loth Hi me hicherm.it and

bigredeth.

relation as chape, a plate of metal, to clap. must be observed that the letters p, k, t, are used with great indifference at the end of syllables
It

same

Owl and

Nightingale, 280.

imitative of natural sounds, as in the E. clap, clack,


clatter
;

Charnel-house.
or their bones kept.
chair, flesh.

Fr. chamier, a churchyard or

G. knappen, knacken, knattern,

to crack,

charnel-house, a place where dead bodies are laid

crackle.

We

accordingly find the syllables chat or


or equivalent forms used to repre-

Cot.

Lat. caro, carnis

Fr.

chit, chick, chip,

sent a sharp note, as that

made by

the crack of a
like.

Chary.
ful,

chary.

AS. Du.

cearig (from cearian, to care), carekarigh, sordidus, parens, tenax.

is

hard substance, on the cry of a bird or the

To

chitter or chipper, to chirp as

a bird

to cheep,

Kil.

G. karg, niggardly.

to cry as

a chicken

chip, the cry of the bat.


;

Hal.
(to

To Chase.
smiths do.

B.

To work

or emboss plate as silverrelic,

Swiss kittem, to
dys, pipio.
to utter

titter
;

Russ. chikaf, to cheep or


chykkyn, as hennys byrkicken.
It. citire, zittire,

Fr. chasse, a shrine for a

peep as a young bird

also that thing or part of

a thing wherein another


rasoir, the

Pr. Pm.
E. chide,
is

OE.
Du.

enchased
razor
Cot.
;

la chasse

dun

handle of a

la chasse d^une rose, the calix of


It.

rose.

the slightest sound,

zittire,

speak in a whining tone of voice).


kitista, strideo, crepo,

to

lament

Fl.

Fin. kidata,
to

cassa

s. s.

Fr. enchasser,
it,

It.

incassare, to

queror

Swiss kiden,

sound

set a jewel, to enchase

and as the setting was commonly of ornamental work the E. chasing has come to signify embossed jeweller's work.
Chaste.
pure, chaste.
Lat. castus, pure.
Pol. czysty, clean,

as a bell

chite (Hal.), to scold (speak in

a high tone of voice).

To
to

chip

then to crack, to separate in morsels,

break open and burst forth as a blossom out of

Russ. chist\ clean, pure, clear, limpid.


in the Fin. kastaa, to

the bud, or a bird out of the egg.

The

origin

seems preserved

wet, to baptize,

whence the notion of

cleanliness as

The rois knoppis tetand furth thare hede Gan chifp and kythe their vernal lippis red.
D. V.
in

the consequence of washing.

To Chasten.
castigare,

Chastise.
To

See Cistern.
Fr.
chdtier,

Jam.

Lat.

Chat.

Chatter.

from

castus, as

purgare from purus.


talk,

The egg

is

chipped, the bird

is

flown.

Jam.

converse,

make a
It.

Du. kippen, cudere,

ferire, also to hatch.

Kil.

noise as birds do, prattle.

An

imitative word.

gazzolare, gazzogliare, gazzerare, gazzeitare, to chat

It.

schioppare, to crack, snap or pop, to burst open.


Fl.
;

In like manner Prov. E. chick, a crack or


also to germinate or

or chatter as a plot or a jay, to chirp, warble, prate.

a flaw

spring forth.

And

Fl.

Fr. gazouiller, to chirp, warble, whistle.


csatora

thus I doubt not has arisen the sense of germination

Hung,

(Hung,

cs

= E.
; ;

ch), noise, racket

belonging to chat or
;

chit.

Chit in the sense of a

csatoruzni, to

make a

noise,

chatter, talk

much
to

child

is

metaphorically taken from the figure of a

csacsogni, to chatter or prattle


ter-box,

csacsogany, a chatgadcic,
talk,

shoot, as

we speak

of olive branches, or a sprig of


aristocrat.

magpie, jackdaw Pol. gadu-gadu, chit-chat, tittle-tattle.

nobility for a

young

Malay, kata, a

or ogan, a branch, also a youth, a

So in Gael. gaUan young man geug,


;

word, speak; kata-kata, discourse, talk.

a branch and a young female.

CHATTELS.
Parallel with E. chit in the latter sense the
It.

CHEEK.
either

173

exchanging, giving or taking in exchange, and hence

has

cito, cita, citello, zitella,

Cattle. Fr. chatel, O. Fr. chapiel, Chattels. a piece of moveable property, from Lat. capitale, whence captale, catallum, the principal sum in a
loan, as distinguished from the interest due upon it. " Semper renovabantur cartas et usura quae excrevit

a young boy or

girl.

buying or

selling.

"

Hvert kaup skulu vid

tlia

gifa

theim heilaga manne."

What

give in exchange, what return shall

vertebatur in catallum."
Soc.

Cronica Jocelini. Cam. Then, in the same way as we speak at the

present day of a

man

of large capital for a

man

of

" Ek villdi kaupa skipiTobit. c. 12. I will exchange ships with nu vid yckur broedur." Kbpa jord i jord," to exchange you two brothers. farm for farm. Thus we are brought to the notion of changing, expressed by the colloquial E. chop ; Hal., to chop and change, to swap goods to coff

holy man.

shall we then we make to the

''

large possessions, catallum

came

to

be used in the
exception of

Sc. to coup

s. s.

horse-couper, a dealer in horses.


chiere. It. cera,

sense of goods in general, with the


land,

Chear.

Prov. Sp. cara, 0. Fr.


;

and was specially applied

to cattle as the prin-

the countenance

Fr. chere, the face, visage, counte-

cipal wealth of the country in


society.

an early stage of

nance, favour, look, aspect of a man.


chere, to entertain kindly,

Faire bonne
heartily,

welcome
;

make

Juxta facultates suas

et juxta

catalla

sua.

Laws

of

good chear unto


lower, hold
riere,

faire mauvaise chere, to frown,


helle

Edward the Confessor. Cum decimis omnium terrarum Ingulphus. ac bonorum aliorum sive catallorum.

down the head

chere

et

cceur ar-

a willing look and unwilling heart.


as a kind reception
is

Cot.

Rustici curtillura debet esse clausum aestate simul et

Then

naturally joined with

hieme.
captale

Si disclausum

sit

per

suum apertum.

Brompton

et introeat alicujus vicini sui

liberal entertainment, faire

bonne or mauvaise chere


in the sense of vict-

in

Due.

acquired the signification of good living or the reverse,

be observed that there is the same doumeaning in AS. ceap, goods, cattle, which is the word in the laws of Ina translated captale in the and this may perhaps be the foregoing passage reason why the Lat. equivalent captale was applied to beasts of the farm with us, while it never acquired that meaning in France. [In the Lathi text of the Fuero Juzgo, lib. VIII. tit. iii. De damnis arborum, etc., c. xv., capita, pi., is apparently used for cattle in the modern English sense of the word " Si hoc ita fecisse convincitur, per singula capita majora singulos solidos reddat, per minora capita singulos tremisses," capita majora being neat cattle and beasts of burden, capita miBut in the Spanish text, nora, sheep and goats.
It should

and hence the E. chear


Lat. cara
is

ble

uals, entertainment.

The
rendam

used in the sense of face by a


"

writer of the Cth century.

Postquam venere ve-

Cajsaris ante caram."

Diez.

Gr. Kapa,

the head.

Cheat.

The

escheators or cheaters

were

officers

appointed to look after the king's escheats, a duty

which gave them great opportunities of fraud and oppression, and many complaints were made of their misconduct. Hence it seems that a cheater came to signify a fraudulent person, and thence the verb to
cheat.

Check.
a player
is

Fr. echec, a repulse, rebuke, a metaphor

taken from the

game

of chess, where the action of

the corresponding terms are " por cada cabeza de

brought to a sudden stop by receiving

ganado mayor," and "por cada cabeza de ganado


menor."

check to his king.

To
does not appear that caput, or any derivait,

check an account, in the sense of ascertaining

But
tive

it

its

correctnes.s, is

an expression derived from the

from

was ever employed,


all

absolutely, for do-

practise of the King's Court of

Exchequer, where

mestic quadrupeds, either in Hispano-Latin or in


Spanish, and in
sense,
it

accounts were taken by means of counters upon a

cases

where

it

possesses that

checked

cloth.

refers to jumenta, animalia, or

word which has occurred before in ter. M.l Cheap. The modern sense of low in price is an ellipse for good cheap, equivalent to Fr. hon marche,

some similar the same chap-

Chawl. The Chafts. Chaps. Cheek. names of the bodily members composing the mouth
and contiguous portions of the neck and face are very ill defined. They are commonly taken from the sounds produced by a violent exertion of the TIius the same throat as in hawking, retching, &c. imitation which gives rise to the Icel. hraki, spittle, Fr. cracher, to spit, and to the E. retch, produces also G. rachen, in a proper sense a great and wide throat or gullet, a voracious beast's open and deep mouth, extended jaws, cheeks, or chaps. In contempt for a mouth.
tions of

See Chess.

from AS. ceap, price, sale, goods, cattle. Goth. kaupon, to deal, Icel. haupa, to negotiate, buy Du. hoopen, G. kaufen, to buy haufmann, E. chapman,
;

a dealer.

Slav,

kupiti,

Bohem.

kaupiti,

to

buy.

is

Gr.

KaTrr/Xos,

Lat. caupo, a tavern-keeper, tradesman.

Dief.

Ihre shows satisfactorily that the modern sense of

Kiittner.

An

attempt to rep-

buying

is

not the original force of the word, which

resent the sound of guttural exertions

by combina-

used in the sense of bargaining, agreeing upon,

g and k

gives Lap. kdkot, kaklot, to nauseate

174
(properly to retch)
;

CHEEP.
Fin. hdkaista, to vomit
;

CHEESE.
Andersen k<jestr, incaseatus, made rancid by laying up in a covered heap, used especially of
sapore
;

Bav.

gaghem, gaghezen,
manner,
the like
to stutter
;

to

cough

in

a dry and interrupted

gigken, gighezen, to

make

inartic-

seals' flesh

(havkalvekiod), which

ulate sounds in the throat in retching, stuttering, or

Schmeller

considered eatable.

Haldorsen.

is

not otherwise

AS.
in

ceahhetan, E. giggle, to

The

use of the word

kcesir, rennet,

shows that the


with

make sounds
ter
;

of such a nature in suppressed laugh-

Icelanders

recognise the

identity
to

of the process

to keck, to

hawk

spitting,

to

reach, choke,

cough, whence keeker, keckom, the windpipe.

Hal.

going on in viands subjected


that

this process

the

In like manner Icel. kok, quok, the throat, jaws, "W. ceg, mouth or throat Sw. kek, the jaw ; Du. kaecke,
;

the jaw, cheek, gills of

fish,
;

AS.

ceac, the

cheek,
;

which takes place in the formation of cheese, though it is remarkable that they use a different word, ost, for cheese itself, which seems also derived from a Finnish source.
[J.

jaw
PI.

Sc. chouks, the


kakel, the

jaws

Lith. kaklas, the neck

Grimm

supposes the Gothic names for butter

D.

gab or mouth (whence kdkelen,


Fris.

tattle,

chatter)

gaghel, the palate

to

and

Kil.

AS.

geagl, a jaw, jowl.

In close connexion with the foregoing


second series in which the final ^ or ^ into a p, h, v, or f.
is

we

find a

converted

The

transition

between the two


is

series is
is

marked
if it

by the E. cough, where the guttural


writing, while the pronunciation

retained in

have been borrowed from the Romans " Fur butter und kcise haben unsre vorfahren schon in friiher zeit den heimischen namen entsagt und von den Romanen die mit der vollkommnerenhereitung erlernten ausdriicke angenommen." Deutsche Grammatik, 1853, U. G95. This seems probable enough from the resemblance in the form of the Gothic and Latin words, and it becomes still more
cheese to

the

same as

were written with an


cough, to keck
throat.

gasp.

Tutschek. G. koppen, Schm. D. gapen,japen, kapen,


PI.
; ;

Galla cufd, to belch, to f. or clear the throat, rattle in the


kopen, to belch, to
to gape,

when we remember that although unpressed and curds are known to almost all nations that make use of milk, what is properly termed cheese
so

dried

seems to belong to civilized life. Strabo, 200, speaking of the rudeness and simplicity of the Britons, adduces as a proof of
it

yawn, stare E. gape ; Dan. gahe, whence gab, the mouth, throat of an animal Sw. gap, the throat, and E. chaps, the jaws and loose flesh adjoining.

that

many

of them

" yaAaKTOS cuTropouvTas

/at)

TvpoTTOiciv Sta -njv airupiav"


:

and Pliny,
tes,

XL 96, observes
et

"

Mirum

barbaras gen-

AS.

ceaplas, ceajlas,

geajlas, alongside of geaglas,


kakel,
kiceft,

quae lacte vivunt, ignorare aut

spernere

tot

Fris. gagl,

and

PL D.
jaw
;

above quoted.

Dan.

saeculis casei

dotem, densantes id alioqui in acorem

kicebe, Mceve, the

the jaw, muzzle, chops,

jucundum,
of Asia

pingue butyrum."

The pastoral

ti-ibes

chafi.
kicevle,

Icel. kiaftr,

jaw, cheek, throat.

to

jaw,

squabble,

wrangle.

Dan. kicegle, Du. kauwe,


gills
;

make no

true cheese at the present day.

Rubruquis
6,

in the thirteenth century, Purchas, III.

kouwe, kuwe, the throat, gullet, cheek, jaw, chin,


of a fish
;

says of the Tartars, that they dry curds, " which


call gry-ut," in the sun,

kauwen, kouwen, kuwen, to chew, to chaw and hence again the OE. chavyl-bone or chawlchawe-bone, machoPr. Pm. bone, mandibula

they
taste

and nourishment

to water,

and use them to give and Schlatter, in

vere

brancus, a gole or a chawle.

Vocab.
the

the nineteenth, describes

the only cheese of the

in

Way.

same people as

consisting of the sediment of but-

To Cheep.

To make

shrill noise like

chicken, squeak as a mouse, creak as shoes.

a young Jam.

termilk drained and dried, which they call kurt,

parently the same word as our curd.


Reisen, 258.

ii\)-

Schlatter,

An

imitative word, like peep in

same

sense.

Lith. czypti, to cheep like a chicken or squeak like

That the Icelandic words referred


troduction into that language

to as resem-

a mouse, whence czypulas, a chicken. Sc. cheiper, a cricket. Cheese. This word would seem to be derived from a Finnish source. Fin. kasa, a heap, whence ka~ saleipa, old bread, bread kept for a year. The Lapps prepare much of their food, as meat and butter, by laying it in a heap till it becomes rancid or half decayed, acquiring a flavour of old cheese. This they call harsk. From them the practice seems to have been communicated to their Scandinavian neighbours, who treat their fish and coarser flesh in this manner. Icel. kces, kos, subliquidorum coacervatio, mollium
congeries, veluti piscium, carnium, &c.
to

bling cheese in form and meaning are of recent in-

may

be inferred from

the fact that they do not occur in Icelandic poetry,


in

which almost
far there is

all

the older words of the language

are found, and hence, without stopping to inquire

how

an " identity of the process "

in the

growing rancid of meat and the formation of cheese, it may be argued that these words were borrowed by the Icelanders from the Romans, through the
Teutons.

The

general

name
word

for cheese in the


is ost.

Old-Northern

language and

its

derivatives
is

J.

Grimm

sup-

Hence

kasa,

poses that this

Lappish, because the Lap-

heap up such things for the purpose of acidifying them kasadr, kasulldin, subacidus, veteris casei
;

landers call cheese wuosta, from wuoi, milk, which he compares with E. whey, but I should infer, on

CHEESE.
the contrary, that the Laplanders borrowed
their

CHICANE.
Of the
has been proposed, nor
probable that
or
at

175

Lat. caseus no very satisfactory etymology


is it
it

from their Scandinavian neighbors, from whom they have received all the arts of civilized life which they possess. The origin of ost is to be found, I believe, in the root of the Sw. verb
for cheese
ysta, to cause to coagulate

name

will ever

be made out.

Varro, thought caseus to be, " e coacto lacte ut coaxeus dictus." There is a resemblance between Lat. caseus,
least

The Romans,

by the use of runnet or

the

MG.

has, a vessel of pottery or other material,

the like, to
late,

make

cheese, ystas or ysta sig, to coagu-

and

this

appears a more legitimate deduction

in this case than to derive the

verb from the noun

and many other words of the same meaning, which reminds us of the derivation of It. formaggio, cheese, from forma, a mould, the vessel in which cheese is
pressed, but
is

as most etymologists have done.

we

are not authorized to say that there

Pastoral nations generally do not produce curds

any

real connection

between these words.


;

M,]

by means of

runnet, but

by the spontaneous

co-

Cherish.
ish.

agulation which accompanies the souring of milk.

Fr. cherir, cherer

to chear, to cher-

Cotgr.

See Chear.
Lat. cerasus.
It.

Hence, with them, the notion of fermentation is asby whatever means, and all the Gothic languages have words
sociated with the formation of curds,

Cherry.
Fr. cerise;

cireggia,

cirieggia,

G. hirsche.
chastagne, chdchesten.

indicating the process or results of fermentation,

taigne.

which are evidently


jastr, leaven, in

allied to ost, ysta

thus in Icel.
in

Lat. castaneus; Fr. Chesnnt. Du. hastanie, G. kesten, E. Hence chesten-nut, chestnut.

Kil.

Norw.
E.

gjcest, gjcestr,

G.

giischt,

in

AS.

gist,

in

yeast,

all

of which of the

may

be

scJiach,

It. scacco, Sp. xaque, Fr. echec, G. Chess. from the cry of check! (Pers. schach, king),

considered as

primarily

imitative

hissing

when

the king

is

put in the condition of being taken.

sound which accompanies the escape of the gases developed in advanced fermentation. Compare G.
gischen,

As

game is divided into a number of equal squares of opposite colours, things so


the board in this

which Heinsius defines "


ausdriickt.."

ein

Klangwort,
prob-

welches das zischende Gerausch des ausgiihrenden

marked are called chequered. Probably at one time the game was called the game of checks, subsequently corrupted
chests in

Schaums

Hence, Lap. wuosta

is

into chess.

It

is

sometimes written
histe ;

ably a compound of Lap. wuoi, milk, and Sw. ystas,

and accordingly means coagulated mUk. Rudbeck, indeed, applies ysta to other modes of solidification, as, for example, to the hardening of amber from its supposed originally soft condition, and he translates the " concreti maris purgamentum " of Phny, lib. XXXVII. 11 "en hoop ystat saff"t
to coagulate,
:

OE. Chest. AS.


Chevisance.

cist ;

G. hasten,

Lat. cista.

See Case. Achievement, acquisition, gain or


Fr. chevir, to compass, prevail with,
to
profit in trade.

make an

end,

come

an agreement with.
;

Ohef,
achever,

properly head, then end, accomplishment


to bring to

utaf hafvet," Atlantica,

I.

449

but this

is

con-

an end,

to accomplish.

trary to established usage.

Chevron.
heraldry.
cabrio,
&,

The
;

representation of two rafters in

Some
modes of

of the words belonging to the different

Fr. chevron, Prov. cabrion, cabiron, Sp.


rafter
to

treating and employing soured milk are very widely spread. Thus lobbered milk, used in

cabrial,

a beam, cabriones, wedges


Gr.
a-Teyrj's,

of

wood

support the breech of a cannon.


tt/s

New

England, but which I find neither in general dictionaries nor in provincial glossaries, connects
with G. Lab, Dan. Lobe, Persian labwah, runnet, and with the leben, soured milk, of the Syrian
itself

KaTT/jtwAos,

capriolus.

TO epeiafia
Gl.

furcilla

irpoTOfx.o<s,

Gr. and Lat. in Due.

Wallach.

caferu, caprioru, beam, rafter.

unquestionably connected with

The word seems the name of the goat,

Arabs, or milk generally, which seems


leben, to suck,

to

be from

and as Fr. cabrer

bium, E.

lip.

and that again reminds us of Lat. laFor comparison with a different class

may

is to rear like a goat, the term be applied to rafters reared against each other

like butting goats.


literally

The Hung,

for rafter

is

szarufa,

of words, see Diefenbach, Lubja-leisei.

horn-wood.

There is in many languages a curious resemblance between the verb to run and the words expressing coagulation or that which produces it thus E. run, run;

generally applied to

hand G. boch is a piece of wood on which anythe other

On

thing rests, a trestle for sawing on, carpenter's bench,

dogs in a fire-place, painter's easel.

net ; G. laufen, lab


to run, at lobe

rennen, gerinnen

Dan.

at

liibe,

sammen, to run together, to coagulate, Lobe, runnet, and so in the other Gothic languages and even in Laplandish, according to Leem, Lappesk Nomenclator, zhiuoskom, I run forward for pleasure,
zhiuuko, fresh-milk-cheese, or curds before they are
pressed.

incidence in so

The analogy is not very clear, but the comany languages cannot be accidental.

which must originally, like chipe, have had the sense of a jag or rag. Chique, Pat. de Brai ; de chic en chic, a lump of bread Cot. chiquot, a scale in the from little to little root or end of a nail, sprig of a tree, stump of a tooth chiqueter, to cut, gash, jag, hack chiquetteres,
Cot.
chique,

Chicane.

Fr. chicaner, to wrangle or pet^fog

it.

From

cuttings, jags or shreds of

cloth.

Chicaner then

176
would be equivalent
right,
to

CHICK.
the E. haggle, to keep hackit

CHINK.
From the
tingling sound of

little

bell (Fr. grelot),

ing and snipping at a thing instead of cutting

out-

greloter is to shiver for cold.

On

the

same

princi-

and the Fr. chapoter,


;

chipoter, are

used in the

ple I regard the Ptg. chillrar, to twitter, Sp. chillar,

same sense
ter, to

chapoter, to hack or whittle, also to

haggle, paulter, or dodge about the price of; chipo-

dodge, miche, paulter.

Cot.

Chick. Du. kieken, a chicken. The shrill cry of the young bird is represented by the syllable cheip, peep, or chick, from the first of which is Lith.
czypulas, a chicken, fropi the second Lat. pipio, a

meat on the gridE. chiU, signifying properly shivering, then cold. See Chimmer, Chitter. The PI. D. kiUen, to smart, has probably the same origin. " De finger killet mi for
to crackle, creak, twitter, hiss as

iron, as pointing out the origin of the

kalte,"

my

finger tingles with cold.

young

bird,

and from the third E. chicken.

as hennys byrdys, pipio, pululo.

Pr. Pm.

Ghikkyn
Russ.
;

Du. kimme, the rim or edge of a vase, or as E. chimb, the projecting ends of the staves
above the head of a cask. the horizon. W. cib, a cup
knit the
PI.
;

Chimb.

D. kimm

s. s.,

also

chikaC, to cheep

or peep as a young bird

chij

cihaw, to raise the rim,


;

(Fr.J), a finch.

Fin. tiukkata, tiukktia, to chirp or

brow

cib-led, of

expanded rim

hyd-y-gib,

peep

like a chicken, tiukka, the chirping of a spar-

to the brim.

Fin. kippa, a cup.


Imitative of a loud clear sound.

row

Hung,
;

tyuk,

a hen, doubtless originally a

Chime.

Fin.
ki-

chicken

Lap.

tiuk, the

young of animals

in general.

himia, acute, sonorous, kimistd,

acute

tinnio;

To Chide*
as a bell.

AS.

cidan, to scold, from the notion


shrill.

mina, sonus acutus, clangor tinniens.

of speaking loud and

Swiss kiden, to resound

Fin. kidata, kitista, strideo, crepo, que-

chenkyn with bellys. Tintillo. Pr. Pm. Fin. kummata, kumistd, to sound, as a large

Chymyn

or

bell

ror, knarren, knirschen,

klagend tonen.
It.

Cllief.

Fr. chef, Prov. cap.


in capit

capo, Wallach.

capu,

pi. capete,
it

Lat. caput, the head.


is

The

loss of

kumina, resonance; komia, sounding deep, as a bell; kommata, komista, to sound deep or hollow. To Chimmer. Chymerynge, or chyverynge or
dyderinge.
fords a

the syllable

singular,

which reappears

Frigutus.

Pr. Pm.

This word

af-

however
tain.

in the derivatives capitano, chieftain, cap-

The

curtailed form agrees in a singular

way

with G. kopf, Du. kop, a cup, a head.

Child*

It is doubtful

cation of the

in

whether the Z Du. and G. kind, as

is

a modifialler,
is

in the case

mode in which the ideas of tremulous motion, sound, and light, are connected together. Pol. szemrac, to murmur, rustle ; E. simmer, to boil gently, to make a tremulous sound on beginning to boil. Hence shimmer, a
good
illustration of the

of kilderkin, Du. kindeken, a small cask, Fr.

twinkling light, and chimmer, to tremble.


caperare, to simmer, vibrate, sparkle.
Chitter.

Wallach.

O. Fr.

aler, aner, to go,

or whether the word

re-

See Bright,

lated with Goth, kilthei, the

womb, Sw.

kull,

brood,

the children of one marriage, kuUa, a maid, Bret.

kohn, young of dogs, pigs, &c. It is remarkable that the anomalous plural children agrees with the

hall

Chimney. M. Lat.
;

Fr.

cheminee.

It.

camminata, a
fire-

caminata, an apartment with a


fire-place.

Du. kinderen.
Chill.

from Lat. caminus, a fyrhus. ^If. Gloss.


place,

Oaminatum,
Kinne-backe,
;

The meaning
and Priam's aged

is

properly to shiver or

Chin.
the chin

AS.

cinne.

Du. kinne.

cause to shiver.

the jaw, cheek.


joints with
chilled fear

Gr. yews, the jaw, chin

ycvttov,

He

Lat. gena, the cheek.

Bret, gen, the


;

said,

shake.

Chapman in
or

did

R.
shivering.

Brezza,

chillness

cheek (jaw) ; genou (pi.), the mouth (jaws) awi, to open the mouth.

gen-

Fl.

Chilly

Chine.
Fr. echine,

The
It.

back-bone.

B.

Is

it

from the

weather
is to feel

is

what causes one

to shiver

to feel chilly

schiena, schena, schina, Ptg. esquena,

shivery.
is

Now

the notion of shivering or

esquina
cefii,

or from the Bret, kein, formerly kevn,

W.

trembling

most naturally expressed by a vibrating, quivering sound which passes, when the vibrations
rapid, into

the back, or finally from Fr. chignon, chesnon,


?

the cliine-bone of the neck

become very

a continuous

shrill

sound.

The
but

usual sense of twitter


it

is

is to warble like a bird, explained by Bailey to quake or shiver

Diez derives echine and schiena from the OHG. skina, a thorn, doubtless another form of Lat. spina, signifying both a thorn and the back-bone, from the
pointed processes with which
spinare, the back-bone.
is
it is

with cold.

To

chatter represents the rapid shaking

armed.

Wallach.

of the teeth with cold or the broken noise of birds, or of people talking rapidly ; to chitter, to chirp or
twitter as birds
teren, to

The

derivation of chignon

from the chainlike

Hal., then as

tremble with cold.

G. zittem, Du. citTo titter is a modificato the

posed.

neck.

links of which the spine is comO. Fr. caignon, caignole, the nape of the Roquef. Fr. chainon d'une chaine, the link
;

tion of the

same word applied

broken sounds
is to

of a chain
Cot.

du

col,

the chine bone of the neck.

of repressed laughter, while didder tremble.

shiver or

Chink.

Primarily a

shrill

sound, as the chink

CHINK-COUGH. CPHVES.
of money, to chink
tsongeni, tinnire.
witli laughter.

177
l.

Then,

in the

Hung, tsengeni, same way that the

Chitterlin^.

frill to

a shirt.

We make of
2.

word crack, originally representing the sound made by the fracture of a hard body, is applied to the
separation of the broken parts, so also

a French ruff an English chitterling. Gascoigne in Todd.

The

small entrails of a hog, from their wrink-

we

find chink

applied to the fissure arising from the fracture of a

hard body, then

any narrow crack or fissure. The same sound is represented in E. indifferently by the syllable clink or chink, and the Du. klincken, to clink or sound sharp, gives rise in like manner to the substantive
to

G. krlJs, gekrose, a ruff or frill, mesentery or membrane which covers the bowels, from kraus, curly kalhs gekrose, a calf's
led appearance.
also the
;

AS.

cinan, to gape, to chink.

pluck or chaldron
calf's

gcinse gekrose, a goose's giblets,

called chitters in the

N. of E.

Fr. freze, a

ruff,

chaldron

fresure, the inwards of an animal,

pluck, haslets, &c.

klincke,

a chink or

fissure.
first

The
provincially used in the
;

origin of the

word

in the sense of

frill

or

In like manner E. chick, representing in the


instance a sharp sound,

wrinkled structure

is chitter,

to chirp or twitter, then

and from a similar sound represented by the syllable schrick, Bav.


sense of a crack, a flaw
schricken, to crack as glass or earthenware

Hal.

is

to shiver, the ridges of

a wrinkled surface being rep-

resented by the vibrations of sound or motion.


the

In

same way the synonym

frill is related to Fr.


;

a chap,

KUttn. Chink-coug'h. Chin-cou^h.


cleft,

schrick,

friUer, to shiver, chatter, or didder for cold

and

chink.

compare Pol. kruszy6,

to shiver

kruszki, ruffs, also

The hooping
it

calf's,

lamb's pluck or gather, chawdron, &c.


;

Wal-

cough, from the sharp chink or hoop by which

is

ach. caperare, to palpitate

Lat. caperare, to wrinkle.

accompanied.

hoest, kinck'hoest, the

Du. kichen, kincken, to wheeze; kichwhooping cough.

Chivalry.
knightly class.
knight.

The manners and


Fr.
chevalerie,

sentiments of the

from

chevalier,

Chip. See Chat. Chirk. See Chark. To Chirp. A parallel form with

See Cavalry.

chirk, repreall

Chives. The fine threads of flowers, or the little knobs which grow on the tops of those threads;
chivets, the

senting the shrill noise of birds or insects,

these

small parts of the roots of plants,

imitative terms being liable to great variation in the


final consonants.
czirhti, to prattle
;

which they are propagated.


consists of the

B.

by

Chives are also


Fr. cive,
Cot.
Verte

Lith. czirszkti, to chirp, twitter


czirpti, to creak, hiss
;
;

a kind of small onion, the eatable part of which

Sp. chir-

young

fine leaves.

civette,

riar, to creak, chirp, hiss

chirlar. It. ciarlare, to

a chive, scallion or unset leek.


chives, as

prattle
tle,

Valentian charrar ;
;

Norman

charer, to tat-

green as leeks.

Body and

Soul.

comme The

chatter

Prov. E.

same

sense, to

chirm

to chirre, to chirp. In the chirming tongues of birds.

thing signified seems throughout the fine shoots of


the plant.

Fr. cheveler, to spriggle, to put forth a


;

Huloet.
Ther are
heades,
terrible

Phaer's Virg. in R.
in Hal.

Ghyrme or

chur, as birds do.

small root

chevelue,

a sucker, a small impe of a a fragment, chimp, a young


;

plant springing from the root thereof; chippe, chiffe,

[The Fardle of Facions has a word of this family


also beside these, certeine saluages with dogges

a rag, jag
shoot
;

E.

chife,

chibhle, to

break off in small pieces


;

shive,

shacke heared on their bodies, that make a very charringe with their mouthes. Asie, chap. viii.

&

small slice or slip of anything

shiver,

a scale or

fragment

PL D.
G.

scheve, the shives or

broken frag-

M.]
Chisel.
also

ments of
Fr. ciseau (for ciseT), a surgeon's lancet,

stalk that fall off in dressing flax or


schiefer,
;

hemp

chisel or

graving

iron.

schevel-steen,

Cot.

It. ciseUo,

Sp.

shives or shivers, slate

stone
all

which splits off in seem developments


last

cincel,

Ptg.

sizel.

Fr.

cisaille,

clipping of coine.

of the same radical image.

Sp. chischas, clashing of weapons.

[The analogy between


cited in this article

chives

See Chat. and the words

Chit.

See Chat.

may

well be doubted.

To

Chitter,

To

chirp or twitter.

But she withal no worde may soime, But chitre as a brid jargowne. Gower

semblance between the vegetable organs the name of chives, chivets, &c., and those designated
in Hal.

The reknown by The

by the words grouped with


Gr.
ax^^^i-v is

shive

is

remote.

one of the oldest representatives of


all

Du.
garrire

schetteren,
;

stridere,

crepare,

displodere, et

this family,

and

of them seem to involve the

schetteringe, sonus vibrans,

the voice.

quavering of
Ghytin

notion of splitting or cleaving that which was once


entire, not of organic ramification in growth.
Icel. skifa,

Kil.

From
shakyng

signifying a twittering

The
flat

sound
Hal.

chitter

is

applied to tremulous motion.


for colde.

tering, quivering or

Huloet

G.

scheibe,

E. sheave or
all

shiver, the pul-

ley-wheel of a block, are


figures as

applied to such thin,

It. squittire, to squeak or cry as a parrot, to hop or skip nimbly up and down.

would be produced by splitting laminated substances. Chives, a species of onion, is, I believe, derived from the It. cipolla. M.]

VOL.

I.

23

178
Chock-full.
measure,
lect

CHOCK-FULL. CHOWSE.

heap, g'schochet

Clmck-full. Swab, a ovei*flowmg, heaped Schmid. Li same chock


schoch,
voll,

not endure this husband-chopping.


p. 49.

Landnamabok,

full

to

full.

the

dia-

schoppen
full.

is

to

stuff,

to stop

geschoppt voll

crammed

Thus chop is connected with G. kaufen, E. cheap, chapman, &c. In Sc. coup the original sense of turning is combined with that of trafficking, deahng.

Choir. Fr. chcBur, from Lat. chorus^ Gr. x^pos? a dance in a ring, company of singers and dancers,
set of performers in the old tragedy, bearing a sort

To coup, to overturn, overset. Jam. The whirling stream will make our
i.

boat to coup,

e. to

turn over.
are forebuyers of quheit, bear and
turners thereof in
aits, copers, sell-

of accompaniment to the piece with musical recitation.

They
ers

To
from

Choke. Chnckle.
is

and

From

merchandise.

Jam.

Icel. koh, quoJc,

the throat,

formed koka, quoka^

to

swallow
;

and

Horse-couper, cow-couper, one


horses or cows
;

who buys and

sells

W.

ceg, the throat, cegu, to

swallow

cegiaw,

soul-couper, a

trafficker in souls.

to choke, or for something to stick in the throat.

Sc. chouks, the throat, jaws.

The OE.

querken, to

To turn a penny is a common expression for making a penny by traffic.


The nasalisation of chap or chop in the sense of exchanging would give rise to the It. cambiare, cangiare,

choke, stands in the same relation to Esthon. kurk,


the throat
;

chekenyd or querkenyd, suffocatus.

Pr.

Pm. As
of
is

and we actually

find

champman

for

chapman,

it

has been shown under Cheek that the origin

a merchant, in Chaucer.
neria, shop

See Change.
;

all

these terms for the throat

and adjacent parts


it

the imitation of an inarticulate guttural sound,

may

be doubtful whether

to

chuckle or speak
is

in

from a designation of the throat like Sc. chouks, or from direct


the throat like a self-satisfied person
representation of the tone of voice.

Chopino. Sp. chapin, high clog, sUpper chapiwhere clogs and patins are sold. From the sound of a blow represented by the syllable chap, chop, as Du. klompe, klopper, clogs, from kloppen, to knock, because in clogs or wooden shoes one goes clumping along, where it will be observed that
the initial kl of kloppen corresponds to ch of chopino,

And when the Pardonere them espied, anon he gan Double me this burden, chokeling in his throte,
For the Tapstere should here of
liis

to sing,

merry

note.

Chaucer.

examples mentioned under Chape. jackdaw, AS. ceo ; OE. kowe, monedula. Nominale in Nat. Ant. Du. kamoe, kae ; Lith. kowe ; Sax. kaycke ; Picard. cauc, cauvetie
as in the

Chough.

To Choose.
sen, kieren, koren.

Goth, kiusan, AS. ceosan, Du. kie-

Fr. choucas, chouquette, chouette,


Peace, chuet, peace.

whence E. chvM.

chap or chop represents the sound of a sudden blow ; Sc. chap hands, to
syllable
strike hands, to

To Chop.

The

Shakespeare.
It. civetta,

This
all

latter is the

same word with the

chap

at

a door

to chap, to hack, cut

up into small pieces. Chap, chaup, choppe, a blow. Jam. Hence to chop is to do anything suddenly, as with a blow, to turn. A greyhound chops up a hare when it catches it unawares to chop up in prison, to clap up Hal. the wind chops round when it makes a sudden turn to a different quarter. From the notion of turning round the word chop passes to the sense of exchanging, an exchange

applied to an owl in that language.


these words
is

The

origin of

bird, equivalent to

an imitation of the cry of the the E. kaw. See Chaff.


the Turkish Chiaus, a messen-

Chowse.
ger or envoy.

From

In 1609 Sir Robert Shirley,

who was

about to come to England with a mission from the Grand Seignor and the King of Persia, sent before

him a Chiaus, who took


the time.

in the Turkey and Persia merchants in a way that obtained much notoriety at

being the transfer of something with the return of an equivalent on the other side. Thus we speak of

Hence

to defraud.

to chiaus

Gifford's

Ben

became a slang word for Jonson, 4. 27. In the

chopping and changing


wickshire
Icel.

; to chop horses with one, to exchange horses. The Sc. and N. of E. coup, War-

Alchemist, which was written in 1610,


following passage

we

find the

coff,

kaup, keypa, are used in the

same

sense.

" Sidast bio hann at Holmi thviat hann keipti vid

will I tell then ? by this hand of flesh might never write good court-hand more If I discover. What do you think of me,

Dap.

And
it

Would
Tliat I

Holm-starra baedi londom oc konom oc lausa fe olio." At last he dwelt at Holm because he and Holm-

Face.

am a chiaus ? What 's that ?


The Turk was here should say, Doe you
think I

Dap.

had chopped both lands and wives and all " Enn Sigridur sem hann sitti their moveables. ddur hengdi sig i hofeno thviat bun villdi eigi manna-kaupin." But Sigrid whom he before had to wife hanged herself in the temple, because she would
starra

As one
Face.

am

a Turk

Come, noble Doctor, pray thee

let's

prevail

You
One

deal

now

with a noble gentleman.

that will thank

you

richly,

and he

is

no chiaus

Slight I bring

you

No

cheating Clim

o'

the Cloughs.

Alchemist.

CHRISM.
We are in a fair way to be ridiculous. What tliink
Madam,
chiaus'd

CION.
in the hand, the teeth to chatter
chatter, prattle
; ;

179
Fr. caqueter, to
noise like two

by a

scholar'?

Shirley in Gilford.
Fr. chrisme, Gr.
;

you,

E.

clatter,

&c.

Chrism.
consecrated

ChriSOm.
oil to

xptcr/xa,

In Sc.

we have

to chack, to

make a

be used in baptism
is

Fr. cresmeau,

stones knocking together.

the crisome wherewith a child

anointed, or

more
Some's teeth
for cold did chock

properly the cloth or christening cap that was put on

and chatter.
Cleland in Jam.

the head of the child as soon as


Cot.

it

had been anointed.


bird

Chub.

Chevin.
Fr.
capito,

fish

with a thick snout

Hence the name of the wheatear or stone-chat (a making a noise of that description), in Sc.
This imitation of the noise of pebbles knocking
together has very generally given rise to the designation of a pebble or small stone, as in E. chackstone, Sc. chuckie-stane.

and head.
Mid. Lat.

chevane,

cheviniau.
fish

Confounded
cavena,

chack or stane-chacker.

with the bullhead, a small

with a large head.


caphatenus^

capitanus,

whence the Fr. chevane, E.


bullhead, gull or miller's
kobe, koppe,

chevin.

G. forms are

haulhaupt (club-head, whence E. gidl ; capitone, a

thumb

The Turkish has


;

chaghla-

Fl.), holbe (club),

whence apparently the E. chub.

mak,
to

to

make a

rippling noise, as water running

Dief.

over rocks or stones, chakil, a pebble

Gr. KayXaivw,

Sup.
Kil.

Quabbe, quappe, gobio capitatus, capito.

move with a
; ;

rattling noise like pebbles rolled

on

Chubby.

Chuflfy.

Chuflf.

Chap.

the beach

Ka)(\r)^, xa-A.i%,

Lat. calx, calculus, a peb-

The
fullfat,

ble

so

Du.

kabbelen, to beat as

waves upon the

proper meaning of chubby, chvffy, seems to be Fr. dodu, a fat chops or chuff; cheeked.

shore, E. cobble, a pebble.

To
chuck

chuck one under the chin


to

plump, chuffy, round-cheeked, full-bodied.


jouffiu, chuffy, fat-cheeked, swollen or puffed

Joffu,

den blow, so as
in the
it

the face.

up

in

is to give him a sudjaw chack or snap. To sense of throwing may have the same

make

the

Cot.

AS.
jaws
;

geaglas, geaflas, ceaplas, ce-

origin, or

may

signify to toss like a small pebble,

ajias, the chaps,

Fr. gifle, a cheek or chap


full-cheeked.
;

as from quoit, a flat stone, to quoit a thing, to throw


it

giffard,
chiffe,

gifflard,
;

chuffy,

Wallon.

like a flat stone.

cheek

chofe,

chuffy, choufeter,

smack on the chops chofu, chofeler, to kiss on the cheeks, tap

To Chuckle. See Choke. Chunk, A log Chump.

of wood, the thick

the cheeks.
It. ciuffo,

the snout of an animal.

Fl.

Ceffo,

end of anything, a lump. piece. See Cob.

Junk, a lump, a thick

the snout or muzzle, hence

an ill-favoured

Far
eri.

ceffo, to

make faces, to Thus we may explain


It is in all

dislike a thing.

face.

Church.

AS.

cyrice ; Gr. KvptaKr], KvpiaKos, the

Alti-

Lord's house, from Kupios, the Lord.


chia, kuninges hausse.

the

OE. term

of abuse,

Dief Sup.
it

Kyrica, kir-

chuff, applied to

an old miser,
probability

surly, ill-tempered

[This etymology, though


nal and
derivative,

presents

little

diffi-

owing to a similar synecdoche that the E. chap has come to signify an individual in low and familiar language. Compare Dan. hiceft, jaw, muzzle, chaps, which is vulgarly Molbech. The used in the sense of a person. forms chubby, chuffy, correspond to the Dan. hicebe,
churl.

culty in the form of the words supposed to be origi-

probability.

nevertheless wants historical See Graff, IV. 481, and De Jager's

Archief, IIL 402.

M.]

kiceve,

a jaw.
Gael, gob, beak (snout in Irish),
is

a man, countryman, husbandChurl. man. Icel. karl, a man, male person, an old man. Du. kaerle, a man, a husband, a rustic G. kerl, a
ceorl,
;

AS.

The

ludicrous-

fellow.

ly applied to the mouth.

Compare
;

also the Pol.

Churn.
to churn.

pysk, snout, muzzle, chops

pyskates, chubby, chub-

AS. cerene, cyrn ; cernan, Du. AS. cerran, cyrran, to turn.


Fr. eidre, Lat. sicera.

kernen,

cheeked.
[

Cider.
to

Siceratoi*es,

i.

e.

Chap, an individual, appears

be merely a con-

qui cervisiam vel


sciant.
crtKcpa.

traction of

chapman, a dealer, or purchaser. The phrase " a good chap," a good customer, cited by
Todd, tends
to

Charta A. D. HOG
See Ceiling.
Fr. cendre.

pomarium

sive

piratiam facere
Diss. 24.

in

Mur.

Gr.

show

this,

and

this derivation is consells as

Cieling,

firmed by the popular phrase " he

he can light o' chaps," applied to a shopkeeper who has no regular price for his wares, but fixes it according to
the ability or gullibility of his customers.

Cinder.
ashes.

It.

cenere,

Lat.

cineres, sindel,
;

AS.
;

sinder, dross, scum, rust.

Du.

sharp sound like the Chnck. ChllCkstone. knocking of two hard substances together is imitated

M.]

slag, scoria

G.

sinter, scales, dross of iron


i.

Icel.

sindur, iron scoria,


off

e.

the scales which are driven


is

when

the glowing mass

beaten on the anvil

sindra,

to

sparkle

sindri,

flint

(what strikes

by the

syllables clack, chack, cak, clat, chat, as in Fr.


;

sparks).

claquer, to clack, chatter

Wallon. caker,

to strike

Cion.

Scion.

Fr. scion, cion, a young and ten-

180
der plant, a shoot, sprig, twig.
sense
is

CIPHER.

CLAMBER.
Du.
klateren, to clatter, rattle
;

Cot.

The proper

klater-busse, klacke-

a sucker, as in Sp. chupon, a sucker or young twig sliooting from the stock, from chupar, to suck. The radical identity of the Fr. and Sp. forms
is

husse, a

pop-gun.
Fr. clamer, to
call, cry,

To Claim.
clamare, to
call.

claim.

Lat.

From
all at
;

the imitation of a loud out-

traced

by Gr.

cricfxnv,

a tube or hollow reed (from

cry by the syllable clam.


is to

To clam a
Icel.

peal of bells
tinnitus

the root sup, sip, suck), also a waterspout (sucking

strike

them

once.

glamm,

compared with It. sione, a kind of pipe, gutter, or quill to draw water through Alt. Fl. In Fr. cion, Sp. chua whirlwind. pon, aiid E. scion or sucker, the young shoot is conceived as sucking up tlie juices of the parent

up

the water of the sea),

Dan.

klemte, to toll

Gael, glam, to bawl, cry out

glambar, clambar ;
with an
the door

Dan. Hammer ; Gael, clamras,

uproar, outcry, vociferation.


initial s

A parallel root
c,

is

slam,

instead of

as in slash
;

compared

with clush.

Lap. slam, a loud noise

uksa slamketi,

plant.

Cipher.

Fr. cMffre,

It.

cifra.

Originally the

was slammed ; nialme slam, strepitus verborum (nialme mouth) slamem, ruin, fall. Sw.

name of the figure marking a blank in decimal arithmetic. Then transferred to the other numeral figures. Marked in Arabic (from whence the notation came to us) by a dot and called pfr, the original
meaning of which seems
Circle.
differs

slammer, clank, rattle


tattle.

slamra, to gingle, chatter,

Clam.

Clamp. Clnmp.

The

idea of a

to

be a pip or seed.

Gr.

KpiKO's,

klpko<s,

a ring,

circle, clasp.

Lat. circa, around, circulus, a circle.

The Gr.

k^ikos
Icel.

lump or thick mass of anything is often expressed by a syllable representing the noise made by the fall of a heavy body. "We may cite the W. clob, a knob, a boss clobyn, a lump Lat. globus, a ball, sphere
;
;

only in the absence of the nasal from

gleba,

kHngr, hringr, a circle, a ring. In the latter language kring is used in composition as Lat. eircum.
Icel. kringla,

circle.

See Crankle.

a clod Russ. klub\ a ball Pol. kl(^b, a ball, lump, mass G. kloben, a lump, bunch Sw. klabb, klubb, a block, log, trunk, lump of wood or with the nasal, Sw. klamp, klump, klimp, a block, lump,
; ; ;
;

Cistern.

Lat. cistema, a reservoir for water.

clot.

Icel.

klambr, klumbr, a
;

lump

Du. klompe, a
mass, bunch,

The

original

meaning of the word seems a washing

clod, clog,

lump

E. clump,

W. clamp, a

Bohem. ciste, clean (the equivalent of the Lat. castus), whence cistiti, to cleanse, and cistema, a cleansing place, a cistern. So Lat. lucema, the place of a light. AS. (Brn, em, a place domern, a judgment place hiddern, a hiding place, &c. See
place.
;

lump.

The
leads
gether,

notion of a lump, mass, cluster, naturally


to

that of a

number of

things sticking to-

and hence

to the principle of

connexion beis

tween the elements of which the mass

composed.

Chaste.
Cita^del.
city.
It.

We
cittadella,

accordingly find the roots clab, clamp, clam, and

dim. of

citta,

cittade,

their

immediate modifications, applied


kloben,

to

express the

A fort built close to

city, either for the

pur-

ideas of cohesion, compression, contraction.

Thus

pose of defence or of control.

we have G.
fast,
It.

Citron.
City.
civitat

Civil.
;

Lat. citrus, a lemon tree.

a vice or instrument for holding the staple of a door kleben, to cleave, stick,
;

Fr.

cite,
;

citta,

Lat. civitas,
cit-

chng, take hold of;

civis,

a citizen

civilis,

belonging to

cream, cream run to


birdlime,

Du. lumps

klobber-saen, coagulated
;

klebber, klibber, klubber,

ies or social life.

To Claek.
imitative of

The

syllables clap, clack, clat, are

gum, substances of a sticky nature ; Prov. E. clibby, sticky Hal. Sw. klibb, viscosity ; Mib-

the noise

knocking together.
noise.

made by two hard things Hence they give rise to verbs

ba, to glue, to stick to.

The E. clamp
to

designates anything used for the

expressing action accompanied by such kinds of


Fr. claquer, to clack, clap, clatter, crash,
crack, creak

purpose of holding things together

Cot.
;

claquer les dents, to gnash the

; Du. klampen, hook things together, hold with a hook or buckle, klampe, klamme, hook, claw, hold, seize, apprehend
;

teeth, to chatter

claquet de moulin, the clapper or

cramp, buckle

klamp, klam, tenacious, sticky, and

clack of a mill hopper.

E. clack-dish, or clap-dish,

hence moist, clammy.

To dame,

to stick or glue.

a kind of
clapper,

rattle,

formerly used by beggars to extort

attention from the by-passers; clack, clack-box, clap,

the

tongue.

Hal.
a
split,

Icel.

klak,

clangor

B. Prov. E. to clam, clem, to pinch, and hence to pinch with hunger, to starve, also to clog up, to glue, Hal. Du. Memmen, to pinch, compress, to daub

avium

Du. klacken,
;

to strike, or split with noise,

smack, lash
rattle

klack,

crack, sounding blow,


;

sound of blow, clapping of hands


;

klacke,

a whip, a

a bird of prey, a hawk. AS. clam, bandage, bond, clasp, prison. G. klamm, pinching, strait, narrow, pressed close or
strain
;

klem-vogel, or klamp-vogel,

Fr. claquer, to clap at a theatre.


;

Du.

klap,

hard together,

solid,

massy, viscous, clammy

klam-

crack, sound, chatter


chatter, prattle.

klappe, a rattle; klappen, to


klekotati, to cluck, rattle,

mer, a cramp, brace, cramp-iron, holdfast.

Bohem.

To Clamber.

Climb.
To

These words are closely


clamber
is

babble

klepati, klopati, to

knock, to chatter, prattle.

connected with clamp.

properly to

CLAMOUR. CLASS.
clutch oneself up, to

181

mount up by catching hold


G. klammern, to fasten hold fast with the hands or
tight,

heap of
full

with the hands or claws.

selves, or (as

with cramp-irons,
;

to

claws Dan. Idamre, to clamp, to grasp. In like manner Du. klemmen, to hold
pinch, klemmen, klimmen, to climb.

&c., whereunto they retire themour clapper) a court walled about and of nests of boards and stones, for tame conies.
stones,

Cot.

to

Lang, dap, a stone


stones

dapas, dapie, a heap of


piled
originally a

OE. diver
claw one-

or

other

things

Prov. E. claver, a claw


self

Dan.

klavre, to

Hence the Fr. dapier,


stones, the cavities of

up without order. heap of large


artificial

up, to climb.
;

Dan. klynge,

to cling, cluster,

which afforded rabbits a secure


breed"

crowd

klynge sig op, to clutch or cling oneself up,

breeding place, then applied to any


ing place for rabbits.

to climb.

The

Fr. grimper, to climb,


to seize, gripe, grasp.

is

a nasalised

Pourta

las peiros as clapas,"

form of gripper,

to take coals to Newcastle.

Clamour.
Celtic

The
it,

equivalent of Lat. clamor, but


as the

not directly from

and Gothic

races.

word is common to the Sw. Hammer, Gael, clamSee Claim.

ras, clambar, glamhar, uproar, brawl.

The proper meaning of the foregoing dap is simply a lump, from the W. dap, damp, a lump, mass, the primary origin of which is preserved in Lang, dapa, dopa, to knock, whence dapassal,
heavy blow of a
fist,

Clamp.
Clan.

See Clam.

stick,

hammer.
tells us,

small

ti-ibe

subject to a single chief.


i.

From

Gael, clann, children, descendants,

e.

de-

Claret.
Cot.

Fr. vin dairet, vin daret, claret wine.


of white and
dairet, somefull

Commonly made, he
i.

scendants of a

common

ancestor.

W.

plant (the

red grapes mingled together.

From
tint,

W. p

corresponding regularly to Gael,

c), offspring,

what

clear,

e.

with a reddish

but not the

children.

the Lat.

The same word is doubtless exhibited in clientes, who occupied a position with re-

red of ordinary red wine.

Eau

dairette, a

water

made
Du.

of aquavitae, cinnamon, and old red rose-water.

spect to their patro7ius, closely analogous to that of

klaeret,

the Scottish clansmen towards their chief.


cloan, children, descendants
;

Manx

It. diiarello.

clienney of the chil-

dren.

Clarion. of an organ.

Clarinet.
Kil.
It.

vinum helvolum, subrubidum, rubellum.


Sp. darin, trumpet, stop

Clandestine. Lat. dandestimis, from dam, priThe root vately, and that from celo, to conceal.
which gives
rise to Lat. celo

It.

chiarino, a clairon of a trumpet

Fl., dairon, a clarion, a kind of small, straightmouthed, and shrill-sounding trumpet. Fr. dair,

produces Fin. salata,

to

ahiaro, clear.

Sp. darinado, applied to animals

hide, conceal,

whence

sala,
is

anything hidden, of which used in the sense of se-

having

bells in their harness.

the locative case, salaan,


cretly, in

Clash.

Imitative of the sound of weapons strik-

a hidden place, as the Lat. dam.

Sa-

ing together.

lainen, clandestine.

Clang;.

Clank. Clink.
;

Du. kletse, ictus resonans, fragor Lang, das, the sound of bells rung in a volley to
;

These are imita-

give notice of the passage of a corpse


dasses, to ring in such a

souna de

tions of a loud, clear sound, adopted in

many

lan-

guages.

Lat. dangor, the sound of the trumpet ; G.


klingen, to gingle,

E.

it

is

called

manner for the dead. In damming. Fr. glas, noise, crying,


G. klatschen, an
striking with the

klang, a sound, tone, resonance


clink, tingle, tinkle, sound.

bawling, also a knell for the dead.


imitation of the sound

E. dang, a loud sound


;

made by

dank, a sound made by a lighter object


sound made by a
irons,
still

dink, a

smaller thing
;

the

dank of

hand against a partition, wall, &c. If such a blow sound finer or clearer it is called klitsdi ; klitsdiklatsch ! pitsch-patsch !

dink of money

rumour.

Ilalma.
An

Du.

klank, sound, accent,

thwick-thwack. Kutt-

Gael, gliong, tingle, ring as

ner.

Klatsch-budise, a pop-gun
;

metal, clang.

flap, clap

klatschen, to

; klatsche, a lash, do anything with a sound

Clap.
hands.
cold)
;

collision of

imitation of the sound made by the hard or flat things, as the clapping of Dan. klappre, to chatter (as the teeth with
to

of the foregoing description, to patter, chatter, clatter,

blab.

Pol.
;

klaskad, to clap

G. klappen,

do anything with a dap

Mask ! plask ! thwick, thwack Mask bicza, the cracking of a whip.


uproar
;

It.

chiasso,

fracas,

Sp. chasquear,
to clash as

to

klopfen, to

knock, to beat.

Du. klappen, kleppen,


sound
;

to

crack a whip, &c.

Gr. KA,a^w,

arms.

clap, rattle, chatter, beat,


rattle
;

kleppe, kMppe, a
;

Clasp.

Related to dip as grasp to grip or gripe.


it

kleppe, a whip, a trap, a noose


;

klepel, klup-

But

clasp or elapse, as

is

written

by Cliaucer,

is

pel, a stick, club

Bohem.

klepati, to

knock,

tattle,

probably by direct imitation from the sound of a

chatter, tremble

Russ. klepanie, beating, knocking

metal fastening, as
let for

we speak

of the snap of a brace-

Bohem.

klopiti, to overturn.

a fastening that shuts with a snapping sound,

To dap

in

E.

is

used in the sense of doing any-

thing suddenly, to

dap

on,

dap

up.

or G. schnalle, a clasp, buckle, locket of a door, from schnallen, to snap. Du. gaspe, gJiespe, fibula, ansa.

clapper of conies, a place underClapper. ground where rabbits breed. B. Fr. dapier, a

Class.

Lat. classis, a distribution of things into

182
groups.
Originally clasis.
klase, a

CLATTER. CLEAVE.
Identical with Icel. klasi,

Sw. Dan.
tura.

bunch, assembly, cluster.


;

JEya-

Clag. Claggy. The primitive meanClay. ing of dag, or clog, as of dab or dob, is a lump or
-

Hasi, insularum nexus

skeria-klasi, syrtium junc-

Du.

klos,

Hot, globus, sphajra.

solid

mass of anything.
or adhere
;

Hence by
;

the

same
;

train

Kil.

of thought, as explained under Clamp, to


clog, to stick

dag

or

Clatter.

From

the imitation of the sound of a


clot,

to

cleg,
clceg,

to

cling

daggy,

knock by the syllable Du. klateren, clap.


Clavicle.
to

equivalent to clack or
;

doggy, cledgy, sticky

AS.

sticky earth, clay.

to

rattle

klaterlmsse, as

G.

kkUsch-buchse, a pop-gun.

Dan. kUeg, kleg, clammy, viscous, sticky, and, as a Dan. klag, klagge; mud noun, loam Prov. E.
;
;

The

collar-bone,

from the resemblance


auyfxxi-

cUigs, bogs.

a key, Lat.

clavts, as

Tos, the collar-bone,

Claw.
seems
sphere
to
;

Clew.
a

Mod. Gr. xAciSta tov from kXuSl, a key.

Clean.
shine.
bright,

The proper meaning


;

of the word

is

shin-

ing, polished, as Lat. nitidus, clean,


Icel. glan, shine, polish

from

nitere, to

The

origin of both these words

Gael, glan, radiant,


glan, clean, pure.

be a form of the same class with


Russ. club\ a
gleba,
clod.
ball, pellet
;

W.

dob,

clear,
is

clean,

pure

W.

a lump
;

Lat. globus, a

The word
splendid
neat.
;

fundamentally connected with forms


Icel. glitnir,
glatt,

The

b readily passes into

an

like the Icel. glitta, Sc. gleit, to shine.

m on

the one hand, and through v into a

or

u on

G.

polished, sleek, smooth, pretty,

the other.

Thus from

Lat. globus

in the restricted sense of

we have glomus a ball of thread, and the

The

introduction of the nasal gives rise to


glint, glent,

forms like Sc.

flash,

glance

same modification of meaning is expressed by the Du. klauw, klouwe (Kil.), E. clew. We have explained under Clamp the way in which the notion of a mass or solid lump is connected with those of cohesion, compression, contraction.

glindse, glandse, to glitter, shine,

whence

it

is

Dan. an

easy step to forms ending in a simple nasal, as Icel.

and Celtic glan.


Clear. Lat. clarus, Icel. klar, clear, clean, pure. This is probably one of the words applicable to
the

of a mass or lump,
together
;

Thus from clamp, climp, clump, in the sense we pass to the E. clamp, to fasten
;

phenomena of

sight, that are primarily

derived

Du. klampe, klamme, a buckle, hook, nail, pulls, seizes) klampvoghel, a hawk, a bird with powerful talons. In the same way must be explained the use of the Du. klauwe, klouwe, in the sense both of a ball and The form clew, which signifies a also of a claw.
claw (what fastens together,
ball in E., is used in Sc. in the sense of a claw.

from those of hearing. See Brilliant. G. klirren, Dan. klirre, to clink, gingle, clash, give a shrill sound Ir. glor, a noise, voice, speech ; gloram, to sound or make a noise glor-mhor, glorious, famous,
; ;

celebrated

klor, clear, neat, clean.

Lat. clarus.

Cleat.

A
;

piece of

wood

fastened on the yard-

arm

of a ship, to keep the ropes from slipping off


also pieces of

To

the yard

clew up a sail

is

to fasten

it

up, to

draw

bunch.

To

clew, to cleave, to fasten.

up into a Jam. Analit

B.

ogous forms are the Du. kleeven, klijven, kleuen,

wood to fasten anything to. worn on shoes by country Probably a modification of the word clout. people. Du. kluit, kluyte, a lump, pellet. AS. deot, clut, a

piece of iron

whence

kleuer, ivy,
it.

from clinging
is

to the tree

supports

In the same way

which formed the OE.

plate, clout.

A date

is

the thin plate of iron worn as


cleats of the

a shoe by

racers.

The

yard-arms are

diver, a claw.

probably so

named from a

similar piece of iron at

the extremity of an axletree, provincially termed Ich habbe bile stif and stronge And gode clivers sharp and longe.
clout.

The

Owl and

Nightingale, 269.

axletree.

Torriano.

clout of iron nailed

Axletree

on the end of an clouts. Wilbra-

ham.

diver or

daw

is

that

by which we

cleave

to,

To

Cleave.

This word

is

used in two opposite


to,

clew or fasten upon a thing.

senses, viz. 1, to

adhere or cling

and,

2, to

sep-

With mys he wes swa wmbesete He mycht na way get sawfte,

Jam.

arate into parts.


kleben,

In the former sense

we have G.

Du.

kleeven, klijven, to stick to, to fasten

Na

na with sfcvnis, Than thai wald clew upon his banis.


with
stavis,

Prov. E.
in

clibby,

Du.

kleevig, klevertg, sticky.

From

dob, a lump, a mass.


2.

See Clam.
in

Wyntoun

The
tions
;

root appears- in
clava,

Lat. under three modificastick, clavus,

a club or massy

nail,

from

its

use in fastening things together, and davis,

a key, originally a crooked nail. So Pol. klucz, a key, kluczka, a little hook Serv. klutsch, a key, book, bend in a stream, identical in sound and
;

word seems to which we may conceive a cluster to be composed, either by the coherence of a number of separate objects, or by the division of a single lump or block into a number of
signification of the

The double

arise

from the two opposite ways

nearly so in meaning with the E. clutch, a claw or


talon.

Thus from G. kloben, a mass, lump, separate parts. or bundle (ein kloben Jlachs, a bunch of flax), kloben, When an object is simply cleft, klieben, to cleave.
the two parts of
it

cleave together.

Du,

kloue,

CLENCH.
cleft,

CLICK.
to

183

hlouen, chaps in the skin, klouen, hlieuen, to

chink, cleave, split.

seize,

to catch.

The
;

Sc. has also deik, clek,

Kil.

The Dan.
in

uses klcehe in

deuck, duke, clook (identical with E. clutch), a hook,

the sense

of adhering,

kliive

that of splitting.

a hold, claw or talon


snatch,

to clek or deik,

to catch,

The Dan. Mov,


a
billet

a tongs, bears nearly the same reSvv. Tdafwa,

and hence

deik, chuch, lively, agile, clever,

lation to both senses.

G. hlohen^ a

vice,

dextrous, light-fingered.

One
it.

is

said to be cleuch

of

wood

cleft at

one end.

The

designation

of his fingers

who

lifts

a thing so cleverly that by-

may

either be derived

from the instrument being


di-

standers do not observe

Jam.

Now

the

OE.

used in pinching, holding together, or from being


vided into two parts.
of the body, or of a tree.

had a form, diver, a claw or


sponding
to the Sc. deik, cluik.

clutch, exactly corre-

Sc. doff, a fissure, the fork

Hence
is

the

OE.

to clever,

The same
cases, as the
klinke, to

opposition of meanings

found in other

to

claw oneself up, climb, scramble


is

Du. klaveren, Meveren, and hence also


;

Du.
;

klinche,

cleft

or fissure, and Dan.

I believe

formed the adjective

clever in the sense

rivet or fasten together the parts of a


;

of snatching, catching, in the same


deik, cleuch, above mentioned.

way

as the Sc.

cracked dish
clench.

E. a

rivet,

Du. klinken, to fasten together E. Compare also Fr. river, to fasten, to clench, and E. rive, to tear or cleave asunder, rift,

The

bissart (buzzard) bissy but rebuik

cleft.

To Clench. See Cling. To ClepCi To call. From


a blow.
sonare.

Scho was so deverus of her cluik, His legs he might not longer bruik, Dunbar Scho held them at ane liint.

in

Jam.

clap, the

sound of
klapto

Du. kleppen, crepare,

crepitare, pulsare,

finger, thievish fingers, to

De

klok kleppen, to sound

an alarm

pen, to clap, crack, crackle,


tattle, chat, chatter, to

to talk as
;

a parrot,

confess

G.

klaffen, to prate,

D. klevisk, klefsk ; klefske which everything sticks. [The Gr. kXcttto), I steal, seems quite as probably connected with this root as with Kpyirro), to which M.] it is commonly referred.
Du.
kleverig, sticky
;

PI.

chatter, babble, to tell tales.


to cry, call, speak, say.

AS.

cleopian, clypian,

Sc. clep, to tattle, chatter,

Clew. Clue. from dob (extant in


sphere, &c.), a lump.
twine,

A
W.

ball

of thread

originally

dob, a hump, Lat. globus, a


Lat, glomus, a ball of

prattle, call,

name.
appel that
gode,
is faire

Hence
ball

Du. klouwe, a
Click.

of yarn, a clew.

See

Ne every Ne is not

at iye

what

so

men

Claw, Clam.
Chaucer.

cluppe or crie.

To

Clicket.
It

To dick,

to

make a sound

Clerk,
clergy
clerk
; ;

Clerical. Clergy.
clericia,

with the tongue.


Lat. derm, the

represents a thinner sound

than clack.
(fee.)

To

stand at a shop-door (as shoemakers,

dericus, Sp. derigo, one of the clergy, a


derecia, the clergy, which in Mid. Lat. would

to invite customers.

B.

tle

(crepitare), Mick, a slap,

Du. klicken, to ratsmack klickers, the


; ;

have been
cio,

whence Fr.

clerge, as

from
li

cleri-

soles

of a shoe,

one admitted
li

to the tonsure,

Fr. derigon, derjon.


derjon."
lot,

cliquer, to

from their creaking noise Fr. clack, clap, clatter, click it. E. clicket,

Due.
the
to

"Chantent

maistre clerc et chantent

any

little

thing that acts with a clicking noise or

The
in

origin is the Gr. KXrjpos, a

from

snapping motion, as the latch or knocker of a door,


a key, &c.
child's
rattle,

apostleship.

which Matthias was elected by lot to the In 1 Peter v. 3, the elders are exhorted feed the flock of God, " not as being lords over
fjirjh'

way

Fr. diquette, a clicket or clapper, a or clack


;

cliquet, the

door, a lazar's
cliche,

clicket or clapper.
;

knocker of a Cot. Rouchi


latch,

God's heritage,"
lif in

ws KaraKv/jtcwrcs twv

" neither as having lordship in the clergie."

Wic-

KXrjptDV,

a latch or bolt
;

Bohem. Mika, a
wineket,

trigger

Wallon. dichet, a tumbril, cart that


kliket, klinket,

tilts

R.

over

Du.

a wicket or

little

is

Clever. Commonly derived from deliver, which used in Scotch and N. E. in the sense of active,

door readily moving to and fro (Halma, Biglot.)

nimble.

And

with his

salte teris

gan he bathe

The ruby in his signet and it sette Upon the wex deUvirUche and rathe.
Tro. and Cress.
2.

Rouchi clincher, to move, to stir; Fr. cligner, to wink ; din, a wink. Baker. Prov. E. click, dink, a smart blow. Norman dicker, frapper rudement une personne. Vocab. de Brai. Sc. and N. of E. deik, click, to

or

1088.

snatch, catch, seize


strike.

and gl or d are easily confounded. But the prov. Dan. has Mover, klever, in precisely the same sense as the E. clever. Del er en Mover kerl, that is a clever fellow. The word is probably derived from the notion of seizing, as Lat. rapidus from rapio ; Sc. gleg, quick of perception, clever, quick in motion, expeditious, from Gael, glac,

The sound

of an

initial dl

seize.

Hal.
Ihre.

to cleke,

to snatch, grasp,

Sw.
a

klcencka, klcenga, to snatch, to

Here, as well as in the case of the


latch, the

G.

klinke, klinge,

etymology becomes

confused between
fastening expressed

the idea of something moving

with a clicking or snapping action, and the idea of

by the

root clink, clinch, clench.

See Clinch.

184
Client.
Cliff.
cleft

CLIENT.

CLOCK.
ribs, as in

Clift

See Clan.

other cases, but

by

nails driven

through

The primary meaning seems a

the lap between the ribs and clinched on the inside.

or cloven rock, a steep face of a rock, precipi-

The Danish has


the

klinkebygning and klinkebygget in


for the

tous side of a mountain.

other MS.),

clift.

Bibelsworth.
G.
klufi,

Fourchure, the

cliff (or in

same

sense,

and

same reason.

M.]

Icel. kleyf

from
cliff.

Clink.
the

The

noise of a blow that gives a sound

clmfa, to cleave.

a fissure in a rock,
cleft,
clift

cavern, grotto, hollow place, a


cleugh, a

or

Du. Muchte, klufte, hrufte, a den, cavern, crypt. Sc. narrow hollow between precipitous banks, narrow valley, precipice, rugged ascent. E. dough, ravine, narrow glen, cliff, fork of a tree. Hal. Du. kleppe, kltppe, a rock, cliff, cave. Bav. steinkluppen, cleft in a rock. Dan. klippe, rock. Climate. Lat. dima, climate, region Gr. jcXi/m, -Tos (from kXlvw, to bend, sink, verge), an inclina-

See Clang. In imitative words same idea is frequently expressed by a syllable with an initial d, and a similar syllable without the I. Thus chink is also used for a shrill sound. So we have clatter and chatter in the same sense Gael.
;

of a high note.

gliong, E. gingle, Fr. quincailler,

Norman

cUncailler,
like

a tinman.

The E.

clink

was formerly used


Du.

chink in the sense of a crack (because things in

cracking utter a sharp sound),

parva ruptura,

fissura,

Ang.

clinke.

klincke, rima,

Kil.
first

tion, declivity, slope

a region or tract of country


its

To

Clip.

considered with respect to

inclination towards

instance.

To snip, cut with From an imitation of

shears in the

the snapping noise

the pole, and hence chmate, temperature.

made by
snap
ding, to
shrink, to

Climb.

See Clamber.

To

Cling.

Clench. Clinch.
AS. dingan,
a dry
stick.

To
to

the two blades of the shears. Compare and snip. Du. klippen, kleppen, sonare, whence the designation of different actions done

stick to, to

contract.

wither.

A Sussex peasant of the present day speaks


hat,

with a rapid, snapping action


Kil.
; ;

klippe, knippe, a trap

Sw. klippa,

to wink,

bhnk.

G.
;

klipp,

of a

dung

The

origin

is

a nasal-

clap

klippchen, knippchen, a rap or


fillip,

fillip

knippen,

ised form of dog, dag, in the sense of a

lump or

schnippen, to snap or

schnippen, to snip.

The

mass, as in Du. klonge, Swiss klungele, a ball of


thread; glungelin, globulus (Schmeller)
;

Swiss kluben,
exhibit the

kliibeln,

are used in the sense of snap-

Dan. klynge,

ping, while kluben, klupen, klumpen, to nip or pinch,

a
to

cluster, knot.

Hence Dan.

klynge, to cluster, to
sig ved, to cling

same development of meaning


to

as

is

crowd, to draw together.

Klynge
to

found in the E. dip,


klupe, the fire tongs,

compress, embrace.
in

Swiss

a thing

klynge sig op, to climb up.

Sw.

klceyiga,

and

to clutch, to climb.

Pro v. E.

squeeze, dungy, sticky.

Hal.
;

dunge, to crowd or

from their pinching, clutching action.

low language the fingers, In the same

way from G.
Cloak.
bris.
[

knippen, to snap, kneipen, kneifen, to


klocke, toga, pallium, toga
klok, a

a lump or thick mass is preserved in prov. E. dunchy, thick and clumsy ; Swiss PI. D. klunkem, small kluntschi, a ball of thread lumps, klonken, clogs, wooden-soled shoes. Then as
original sense of

The

pinch, to nip.

is

Flem.

muUe-

Kil.

Bohem.

woman's mantle.
is

Cloak, as has been often suggested,


bell,

probably

a lump

is

a mass of materials cohering together,

derived from clocca, klocke, a


of shape
case

from similarity

klinken, inklinken, as well as klingen^ inklingen, to


contract, shrink, shrivel, crease.
fasten, to clench

when

in wear.

somewhat analogous

Du. klinken,

to

the derivation of chasuble, an ecclesiastical

" Andromeda wierd aan a nail. eene rots geklonken." Andromeda was fastened to P. Marin. Dan. klinke, a rivet, somea rock.

garment, from casa, casula, a house.

M.]

Clock.

Fr. cloche, G- glocke, Du. klocke, a beU.

thing put in to fasten the parts of a broken body together.

Bav. klanken, klinken,


;

to

knot together

it was the custom to make by striking on a bell, whence the hour of the day was designated as three, four of

Before the use of clocks


the hour

known
the

gidenchan, conserere manus


klank, a noose.
latch of

giddanchit, tortus

bell, as

we now

say three or four o'clock.

It is

Fr. clanche, G. klinge, klinke, the


;

probable then that clocks were introduced into Eng-

E. to clench the fist, to hook the and contract the hand, so as to form a ball to clinch a nail, to fasten it by bending the projecting end back upon itself. Prov. E. clinch, a claw, a fang. clinch in the sense of a joke must probably be understood as the G. kniff, a pinch, and also a cunfingers together
;

a door

Low Countries, where this species of mechanism seems to have inherited the name of the bell which previously performed the same office. Sw. khcka, a bell, a clock. The word dock is a variation of clack, being derived from a representation of the sound made by a blow, at first probably on a wooden board, which is
land from the
still

ning

trick, sleight, fraud, quirk.

used for the purpose of calling to service in the


Serv. klepalo, the board used for the
brett-

I Clincher-work

and

clinker-built, in

tecture, are

from the root of

clinch.

marine archiIn this mode


to the

Greek church.
glocke,

foregoing purpose in the Servian churches, G.

of building, the planks are lapped over each other


like tiles,

from

klepati, to clap or clack, to beat

on the

and secured, not only by bolting

board.

Esthon. kolkma (with transposition of the

CLOD.
vowel, related to clock, as G. holhe to E. club), to
Btrike, to beat, kolkima, to

CLOWN.

185

make a

loud noise, kolki-

Clond. Correctly explained by Somner as clodded vapours, vapours drawn into clods or separate
masses.

laud, a board

on which one beats


to resound.

for the

purpose of
hluk, noise,

calling the family to meals.

Bohem.

outciy,

Jiluceti,

Icel. klaka, clangere.

Gael, clag,
clog,

Ir.

clagaim, to

make a

noise, ring

dag,
O. Du.
cloh,

Vapours which now themselves consort In several parts, and closely do conspire, Clumpered in balls of clouds. More in R.

bell.

Clod.

Clot.
to arise

clot,

a clod, dote, a cloud

The

closely allied

forms

clote,"

a fiery cloud.
;

clod, clog,

with numerous modifications, are found in

lump of earth
So
also

zolla delF aria, the thick


air.

the sense of a thick round mass, and

seem fundafalling to the


log, clog
;

tered clouds in the

" eene vurige


It.

Delfortrie.

zolla, clod,

and
clot,

scat-

Fl.

mentally
ground.

from a representation of the noise

from Fr. matte, motte, a clod or


Cot.

del

made by a mass of something heavy


Prov. E. dodge, a lump of clay

mattone, a curdled sky, a sky full of small curdled


clouds.

Dan. Hods, Sw. Mots, a block,

Hal.

Clowdys, clods.

Coventry

Mys-

Sw.

klot,

teries in Hal.

a bowl,
klotte,

ball,

sphere

less mass, ball,

sphere

a clod,

clot,

G. Moss, a clod, lump, shapeDu. klos, Moot, a ball ; klot, ; lump.


;

is

Clout. AS. clut, a patch. The primary sense a blow, as when we speak of a clout on the head.
klotsen, to strike.

Du.

Then

applied to a

As

dab, dob are nasalised in


clot,

damp, clump,
lump.

so,

material clapped on or hastily applied to


breach.
fx'om

lump of mend a

corresponding to clod,
log, block
;

we have Dan.
clod, globe,

klunt,

Du. Monte, a

Du.

klohber-sacn, kloter-melck, klonter-melck, clotted cream,

In the same way E. botch, to mend clumsily, Du. botsen, to strike E. cobble, in the same sense, from "W. cobio, E. cob, to strike.
;

coagulated milk.

Clove.

1.

A kind of spice resembling


(dim. of nagel, a nail)
;

little nails.
;

The

close

connexion between the ideas of a thick


striking is seen in E. clout,
kloteren,

Du.

naegel, kruyd-naegel (kruyd

= spice)
It.

G. nd-

mass and the action of a blow, Du. klotsen,


batter.

gelein, nelke

chiodo di

klunderen, to beat,

girofano, Fr, clou de girojle, Sp. davo di especias,

from Lat. clavus, a


1.

nail.

mass see Clod. The Gael, has both clod and plod in the sense of a clod, and in the same language corresponding to dog we find ploc, any round mass, a clod, block, bung, stopper; pluc, a lump, bunch,
Clog.
thick

For the sense of a

2.

division of a root of garlick.


;

kluyfken loocks
fi'om

PI.

Du. kluyve, D. Move, klaven; een klaven

krujiook, G. eine spalte knoblauch, a clove of garlick,

tumour.

To clog is to stick together in a mass, to accumulate in a mass and cause a stoppage. 2. wooden shoe, a shoe with a wooden sole. From

Du. klieven, PI. D. kloven, to cleave or split, Du. Move, a fissure. It. chiodo d! aglio. Clover. A plant with trifid leaves. AS. clcefer; Du. klaver ; PL D. klever, from kloven, to cleave.

Clown.

The

significations of a clod or

lump, of

clog in the sense of a block or

They
from

are also called dumpers.


;

klompe, klomper
It.

clumsy lump of wood. Du. klopper, PI. D. klonken. In like manner

Hal.

and of a rustic unpolished person, are often connected. Du. kloete, a ball, a
action,

thumping clumsy

lump, block, stock, also

homo

obtusus, hebes (Kil.),

whence
G.
klotz,

the

name

of Spencer's shepherd Colin Clout. unpol-

zocco, a log, zoccoK, clogs, pattens.


log,
;

Mod.
;

log, kloizig, blockish, loggish, coarse,

stump of a tree, rt,oKapov, a clog, wooden shoe G. klotz, a block, log, clog klotzschuh, a clog, wooden shoe. G. Moster, Fr. doitre, a monastery. Cloister. Lat. daustrum, from claudo, dausum, to shut.
Gr. T^oKov,

ished, rustic.

KUttner.
;

Prov. E. dodge, a lump


;

of clay, clotch, to tread heavily


blow, a clod-hopper

clunch, a

thump or

ClOShe. The game called ninepins, forbidden by 17 Ed. IV. Du. klos, a ball, bowl; klos-bane, a
skittle-ground

and clumsy. Hal. Gael, plod, a clod, E. to plod, to walk heavily or clumsily Gael, plodhaisg, a booby or awkwai'd person. Du. klotte, Monte, a clod klonen, klunderen,
clunchy, thick
; ;

to knock, to beat

Prov. E.

to dointer, clunter, to

Cloth.
clothes
;

Clothe.
;

klossen, to play at bowls.

See Clod.
clathas,

tread heavily, walk clumsily.

The word

clod

is

AS.

dath,

cloth,

frequently

used in the sense of a clown.

Now

G.

kleid, Icel. klcedi,

a garment.

Properly

clown bears the same relation to the Du. klunte as

that which covers

and keeps one warm.

W.
Bret,

clyd,

clam

to clamp, or as the

form klonen, above quoted,

warm, sheltered
ion,

Ue clyd, a

warm

place ; dillad clydklet,

warm
;

clothes
Ir.
;

{dillad,

clothes).

sheltered
ish,

cludaim, to cover up warm, to cher;

synonymous klunderen. As the initial c is easily lost from many of these words beginning with d (compare dog, log, dump, lump, clunch, lunch), it
to the

nourish

cludadh, a cover or coverture

Gael.

can hardly be doubted that clown


lown, and clout with
lotit.

is

identical with

clumhar,

cluth

mhor, warm,

sheltered

duthaich,

duth-eudaich, clothe,
shut.

make warm.

Lat. daudere, to

This loutish clown is such that you never saw so ill-favored Sidney in R. a vizor.

VOL.

I.

24

186

CLOY.
Cloy.
Fr. mcloyer clog, a thick mass. a clog or plug), to cloy, choke or piece of ordnance is said to be Cot.

COAX.
Clutter. Variation of clatter, a noise. Fr. dystere, Gr. KXvoTrjp, from kAv^w, Clyster. to wash, to rinse, as Fr. lavement, from Imwr, to

To
(to

From

stop with

stop up.
cloyed,

when something has


and
clay,

got into the touch-hole.


is

wash.

The same
sticky,

consonantal change

seen in clag, claggy,


earth.

sticky,

clammy
is

The
stop,

sense of stopping up
for

frequently expressed

Coach. The Fr. coucher became in Du. koetsen, whence koetse, koetseken, a couch, and koetse, koetsie, koetswagen, a litter, carriage in which you
to lie,

by the word

a lump or bunch, as Fr. houcher, to

may
this

from 0. Fr. bousche, a bunch, tuft. The Sw. Mump, a lump, and tapp, a bunch, whisp, are also used in the sense of a stopper. Clubi W. cloh, a boss, a knob clohyn, a large
;

[There

a coach. perhaps no linguistic improbability in etymology, but it is without historical support,


recline,
is

mass,

a lump, Russ. kluU, a ball, ball of thread. Sw. Mabb, a log. Du. kloppen, G. hlopfen, to knock. Du. Muppel, a club, cudgel. G. (with transposition

which alone can decide the question. There is no evidence to prove that the carriages now known as coaches were invented in Holland, or that the name of coach was there first applied to them. In the
fourth edition of the English translation of Beck-

of the liquid) kolbe, butt end, club, mace.

To Cluck.

Imitative of the note of a hen call-

mann's History of Inventions, Vol. II. p. 77, three authorities are cited, one of them of the year 1526,

ing her chickens.

Du.

klocken, Fr. glousser, Lat.

glocire, Sp. cloquear, It. coccolare.

Clninp.
to
bob,

Related
to hob.
;

to club as
Icel.

stump

to stub,

bump
ball,

hump

klumbr, a lump,

Du. klompe, a clod, lump. G. klumpen, a lump, mass, heap. Dan. klump-fodet, Icel. kltimbu fotr, E. club-footed ; Dan. klumpe, to clot.
klumba, a club

Clumsy.

It will

very often be found, when we


ultimate source.
the

are distracted by two plausible derivations, that they

show that both the name and the thing are of Hungarian origin, the former being derived from the name of a town, Kotcze, in Hungary. Cabrera adduces still another piece of testimony to the same purpose, from.Avila, Guerra de Alema" Se puso d dormir en un carro nia, A. D. 1553 cubierto, al qual en Hungria Uaman coche." These authorities are at least prima facie proof, and something more than verbal resemblance is reto
:

may both be traced to the same we were not acquainted with

If

quired to refute them.

OE. forms we

There

is

a term very

common

in the

maritime

should confidently derive clumsy from clump, in anal-

codes of the South of Europe in the Middle Ages,

ogy with Du. kluntet, awkward, clumsy, from klunt, a clod, log; Sw. klubbig, klumpig, klunsig, lumpish, clumsy, from klub, klump, kluns, a block, knob, lump or Du. lompsch, stupidus, piger, from lompe, a lump. But the immediate origin of the E. word is from the figure of hands contracted or stiffened with cold. PL D. klamen, klomen, verklamen, to be stiffened with cold Icel. klumsa, suffering from cramp. OE.
;

which might have given


sideration.

rise to the

word under con-

Coca, cocha, cogo, not to mention nu-

merous other forms, some of which still survive, signified, in different periods and countries, sometimes a vessel of considerable burden, sometimes a
small boat.

The covered
were

boats,

which formerly
and
it.

transported passengers and merchandise on the rivers of France,

called coches d!eau,

it

does

comelyd, cumbled, clommed, clomsid, stiffened with

P. P. Pr. Pm. Thou clomsest for cold. WicUff in Way. Havi Our hondis ben aclumsid. Cot. Thus de froid, stiff, clumpse, benumbed. clumsy is awkward and inefiicient, like one benumbed
cold.

not seem improbable that the boat gave


carriage which in

name

some

respects resembled
kohle.

M.l
;

to the

Coal.
original
in

Icel. kol,

G.

Hire supposes the

some

meaning of the word to have been fire, as dialects of Swed. kylla is to kindle kylle,
;

with cold.

Fin. kontas,

stiff

with cold, and thence

unskilful, slow.

dry sticks for kindling ing fire ; kolbytur, a fire

Icel.

koljam, steel for

strik-

raiser.

Cluster*
ball,

A group, bunch.
Du.
klos,

From
a ball
; ;

the notion of
klisse, klette,
klister.

Coarse.

Formerly written

course, ordinary

;.

as

sticking together.

in the expression

of course, according

to the regular

clot

klissen, to stick together

Muster,

order of events.
dinary,

woman
a
rib,

is

said to be very or-

paste, viscous material, also a cluster,


garlick.

a clove of

meaning

that she is plain


costa,

and coarse.
Fr.
coste,
s.

to

Clutch. Sc. chik, clek, to snatch, seize, properly do anything with a quick, smart motion, produc-

Coast. Lat. also a coast.

side;

s.

Coat.

Fr.

cotte,

a coat or frock. It

cotta,

any

ing a noise such as that represented by the syllable


click.

Hence

cleik, clek, cleuk, cluik,

duke, clook, an

kind of coat, frock, or upper garment. See Cot. 3. Coax. The OE. cokes was a simpleton, gull,
probably from the Fr. cocasse, one
laughable or ridiculous
casse, plaisant, ridicule
;

instrument for snatching, a claw, clutch, hand; to


cleuk, to grip, lay hold of, clutch.

Compare Swiss

things.

Trevoux.
is

who

says or does

Co-

klupe, claws, tongs, fingers (familiar), from klupen,


to pinch.

cocosse, niais, imbecille.


to

Hecart.

To

cokes or coax one then

make a

COB.
cokes or fool of him, to wheedle or gull

COCKADE.
into

187
I have failed to find

him

the one to the other probable.


in

doing something.

The primary image


bejaune, a

is

probably, as in Fr. niais, out

Spanish works on America any remarks on the origin of this word, which however came into use a

young bird

just

of the egg-shell.
gull,

very few years after the discovery of the new continent. De Laet, whose woi^k is founded almost wholly on Spanish authorities, derives the name from Lat. coccum, and this has been the received

Coquar, an egg-shell, also a proud

malapert

coxcomb, rash or forward cokes


of egg-shells.

Cot. See Gull. Cob. A blow, and thence as usual a lump or thick mass of anything. A cob, the thick head of maize a cobnut, a large round nut cob-coals, coals in lumps cob-stones, large stones a cobber, a thump;
;

coquassier, a seller

etymology
II
cli

y en a vne

autre espece, dite des Ameriquains, Nochez-

nopalli qui

porte ce precieux grain, que le

er,

bouncer, great falsehood.

W.

cobio, to
tuft
;

thump,
cobyn, a

vulgaire

nomme

cochenille,

quis des teinturiers.


p.

De

du

cocco des

Anciens, tant re-

Laet, Indes Occidentales, 1640,

to

bunch

cob,

a knock or thump, a

140. M.]

tuft,

bunch, cluster.
is

[The cob
grow.
it

not " the thick head of maize," but

Cock.

1.

The

male

of the

domestic

fowl.

the core of the ear, the spike on which the kernels

From

the cry represented

Strachey rightly defines the

cob,

but gives

coquericot,

by the Fr. Lang, coucouricou. Bohem.

coquelicoq,
kokrati, to

another form

out corne."
184, (Diet.)

M.]
A

"

The

bob of the

gynny wheat with-

crow, kokot, a cock.


hen, kokosch, a hen.

Serv. kokot, the clucking of a


Lith. kukti, to cry, to howl

Ilistorie of Travaile into Virginia, p.

kukauti, to cry as the cuckoo or the owl.

Hung.

To Cobble.
Hence
to

Frequentative of cob, to

knock.

kakas, Esth. kuk, a cock.

mend by

clapping on a patch, as botch, to

To Cock,
fies to stick

applied to the eye, hat,

tail,

&c., signi-

mend

clumsily, from

Cobble. sound of pebbles rolling on the beach, as pebble, in like manner from Dan. pible, to purl. Du. kabbelen, to beat as water against a bank or on the
shore, to splash, dash.
It.

Du. botsen, to strike. round stone, a pebble. From the

abruptly up.
origin
is

Gael, coc-shron, a cocked

nose.

The

the sound of a quick sudden


It.

motion imitated by the syllable cock.


clack,

coccare, to

It is also called cogle-stone,

a qualcuno, to play a trick, put a jest upon one. Fl. Hence cock of a gun (misunderstood when translated by
snap, click, crack
;

coccarla

cuogolo (Skinner), agreeing


chakil,

Turk,

with Gr. KayX-q^, a pebble, from a like derivation given

G. hahn), the part which snaps or

clicks.

To

cock

is

then to start up with a sudden action,


to project, to stick up.
is

under Chuck.

to cause

suddenly

And

as

Cobweb.

A spider's

web.

E. atter-kop, a spider.

rapid snapping action


ciprocating nature, the

almost necessarily of a reis

Flem. kop, koppe, a spider, koppen-gespin, spinneW. pryf-coppyn, a spider {pryf grub, vermin). The form attercop seems to give the full meaning of the word, poison-bag or poisonwebbe, a cobweb.

word

used to express zig-

zag movement or shape, and hence either prominent The cock of a balance is the teeth or indentations. needle which vibrates to and fro between the cheeks.

pock.

The Fris. kop

is

bubble, pustule, pock, that

is,

The
It.

cog of a wheel

is
is

a projecting tooth, while the


the notch or indentation of an

pellicle inflated

the water boils.

Outzen.

with air or liquid.

J" waer

kopet,

cocca, Fr. cache,

pox (pocks)
According

kop-ar, E. pock-arr, a
boil, pustule.

Dan. kopper (pi.), small pock mark.

arrow.
2.

A cock

of hay.

Probably from the notion of


Fin- kokko, a coniform heap,

Finn, kuppa, a bubble,


to

cocking or sticking up.

was known by the name of kopp in O. Sw., probably for the same reason as the spider, viz. from bearing a bag, only of honey
Ihre, the bee

a hut, beacon. kok, a heap, a


3.

A small heap of reaped corn.


pile.

Dan.

boat
It.

cock-swain, the foreman of a boat's


cucca, a cock-boat.
s. s.

instead of poison.

The
is

contrast between the bee

crew.

cocca,

Fl.

Dan.

and the spider as

collectors, the

one of sweets and

kog, kogge, Icel. kuggi,

The

Fin. has kokka,

the other of poisons,

one of long standing.

the prow of a vessel, perhaps the part which cocks


or sticks up, and hence the

Cochineal.

Sp. cocMnilla, a wood-louse, dim.

name may have passed


puppis,

of cochina, a sow, from some fancied resemblance.

to the entire vessel, as in the case of Lat.

The wood-louse
land.

Hal.

is still

When

sow in parts of Engthe Spaniards came to Americalled

properly the poop or after-part of the ship, or of


bark, a ship,

from

Icel. barki, throat,

then the prow

ca they transferred the

name

to the

animal produc-

or front of a ship.

ing the scarlet dye, which somewhat resembles a

Cockade.
(Cot.),
i.

Fr. coquarde, a Spanish cap, also


side

wood-louse in shape.

any cap worn proudly or peartly on the one


e.

[The resemblance between the cocMnilla or millepede of Spain and the American cocAmeaZ-insect
is

a cocked-hat, consisting originally of a

hat with

the

broad

flap

looped up on one side.

too slight to render the transfer of the

name

of

Then

applied to the knot of ribbon with which the

188
loop was ornamented.
in English
;

COCKATRICE.
In "Walloon the r
cochdd, a cockade.

COG.
;

Remade.

is

lost as

head

dodelineux (the same as coquelineitx), fan-

tastical,

giddy-headed.
is

CockatriCCi

A fabulous animal,

supposed to be

cocker then
to cherish

The primitive meaning of simply to rock the cradle, and hence


See Cockle, Cock.
Icel. koddi,

hatched by a cock from the eggs of a viper, represented heraldically by a cock with a dragon's tail.
CoSp. cocatriz, cocadriz, cocodriUo, a crocodile. Pr. Pm. manicatryse, basiliscus, cocodrillus.

an

infant.

Cod.
cushion,

A husk

or shell, cushion.

Sw. kudde, a

sack, bag, pod.


schote,

Bret, kod,

god, godel, a pocket.


cod, cwd, a

fest

corruption of the

name of

the crocodile.

G. bag or pouch.
coscino,

pod, husk.

W.

It

seems the same word

To Cocker.
Cocket.
cock,

Cocksy.
it

See Cockney.
Ooquart, foolishly proud,
the strutting pride of a
;

with Fr.
coussin,

cosse, gousse,
It.

a husk, cod, or pod, whence


bulge out.

a cushion, a case stuffed with


it

cocket, malapert.

From
as

something to make

Coqueter, to chuck as a cock

swagger or strowt
Cot.

among hens to a cock on his own dunghill.


corn. Fr. coquiole,

Perhaps the original sense is simply something bulging, a knob or bump, an idea commonly derived from a word signifying to knock. Now we have
Fr. cosser.
It.

Cockle.
2.

1.

weed among
Lat.

cozzare, to butt as a ram.

Du. kodde,
very move-

Lith. kukalas, Pol. k^ol, kakolmca, Gael, cogal.

kodse, a club.

shell-fish.

cochlea

Gr.

ko)(Xo-;,

As
able,

in

words with an
klos, klosen,

initial cl, the / is

snail, snail-shell, shell-fish.

we may perhaps
;

identify the Fr. cosse, a husk,

To Cockle.
rapid movement.

The primary meaning

is

to

shake

with Bret,
general

a box or any envelope in

or jerk in different directions, from cock, a snap or

klosen-gisten, the

husk of a chesnut.

Thus

Du. kokelen, to juggle, from the Prov. E. rapid movements of a juggler's tricks.
to coggle, to

we

are brought round to the Du. Moss, a ball or


clot, clod,

be shaky,
is

cocklety,

unsteady.

Hal.

sphere, and the E.

and as the

latter

appears

in Gaelic in the double

form of clod or plod,


in the E. cod,

cockling sea

a sea jerked up into short abrupt


in different directions.
if it

the

same change of initial


l.

we find pod ; Dan.

waves by currents
It

pude, a pillow.

made such a

short cockling sea as

race where two tides


ship

meet
like

for it ran

every

way

had been in a and the


felt

To Coddle,
treat as

To pamper

or treat delicately.

Fr. cadel, a castling, starveling,

whence
catulus,
;

cadeler (to
fedle,
catello,

an egg-shell, so that I never Dampier in R. such uncertain jerks in my life.

was tossed about

a weakly
of.

make much

child), to cocker,

pamper,
It.

Cot.
kote,

Lat.

The term

is

then applied to any texture, as paper


is

Prov. cadel, Bohem.

a whelp

kotiti, to

whelp,
;

or cloth, the surface of which

rendered uneven by

bring forth young (of sheep, dogs, cats, &c.)


kotny, big with young, of hares, cats, sheep.
2.
fit

Pol.

shrinking after being wet, compared to the surface of water shaken into prominences and hollows.

Cockney.
cockney
is

Cocker.

To

boil lightly,
;

whence

The

original

meaning of

a child too tenderly or delicately nurtured,

one kept in the house and not hardened by out-ofdoors life hence applied to citizens, as opposed to
;

D. koddeln, a hasty wash. term of abuse for an elderly person Codger. an old codger, a miser.
for boiling
to give

green peas.

HaL

codlin,

a young apple

PL

the hardier inhabitants of the country, and in mod-

em
"

times confined to the citizens of London.


carifotus,

ing
" Deli-

From man

G. kotzen, to

spit, kotzer,

a spitting or spawl-

or woman, also an old caugher.

KUttner.
rest,

" Coknay,

To

bring up like a cocknaye

cias facere

to play the cockney."

bring up wantonly as

authorities cited in notes.


nutritus,
niais,

Anglice a

mignot.

Sherwood.
is

mignoter." Dodelin Pr. Pm., and a Puer matris cokenay." Hal. Cockney,
"
er
to

delicius,

mammotrophus."

So from

Lith. kraukti, to croak, to groan, breathe

with pain, sukraukelis, a croakei', an old man. COBinetery. Gr. KonvrpiqpLov, a place for sleeping
in,

cockney."
"

then applied to the place of final

in deliciis

burial-place,

Coffer.
basket.

from

/cot/xacj,

to set to sleep.

Coflfin.

Gr. ko^h/os, Lat. copMnus, a

It.

cofano, cofaro,

any

coffin,

coffer, chest,

The Du.

kokelen, keukelen, to

alent of E. cocker)

pamper (the equivexplained by Kilian, " nutrire


from koken,
to cook,

hutch, or trunk.

Fr. coffre, a chest or coffer, the


Bret, kof, kov, the belly;

bulk or chest of the body.

sive fovere culina," as if


this is doubtless

but

AS.

cof,

a cave, cove, receptacle.


It. coffa,

an accidental resemblance. The Fr. coqueliner, to dandle, cocker, fedle, pamper, make a wanton of a child, leads us in the right direction. This word is precisely of the same form and
significance with dodeliner, to dandle,
loll, lull,

basket.
cojin,

Swab, koher, a a gabion or wicker basket. Fr.

coffin,

a great candle case or any such close

and great basket of wicker.


hollow case.

Cot
is

Fin. kopp, a

fedle,

Cog.
in

Coggle.

See Cave.

To coggU
to

to

be shaky,

to

cocker,
rily] to

hug fondly, make a wanton of, [but primarock or jog up and down dodelineur, the
;

rock; co^/y, unsteady, rocking ; cocX'erso/ne, unsteady


position,

threatening

tumble over.

Jam.
moved

rocker of a cradle ; dondeliner de la

tte, to

wag

the

Prov. E. coggle, keggle, Hckle,

tickle, easily

COIF.

COLD.
haps from
coit, to

189

Wilbraham.
wavering, reeling.
ture.

Ir.

Gael, gogach, nodding,

fickle,

Ir.

gogam,
;

to

make much
shaky

ges-

coiting-stone.

Hal.

throw, as

it is

sometimes called a
chuckie-stane, a
this leaves the

E. gog-mire, a quagmire

uneven, rough

to jock, to jolt ; jochy,


;

pebble, with chuck, to

Compare Sc. throw. But

Hal., joggly, unsteady,


;

to

question open whether the sense of throwing be de-

jogger, joggle, to shake, to jog

Fr. choc, a shock, a

rived from the designation of the thing thrown, or


vice versa.

motion brought to a sudden


origin
is

stop.

The primary

The Du. has


coit)
; ;

kae, kaeye, keye, silex, sax-

seen in

It.

coccare, to clack, snap, click,

um

(probably from kaede, which

may

be the same

crack.

The

syllable hole then, with the variations

word with
beo

and de kaeye

schieten, ludere silice,

gog, cog, jog,

becomes a root giving

rise

to

words

lapide, disco

applied to any sudden motion, such as that which

certare disco, saxeo, ferreo, aut plum-

Kil.

to

play at quoits.
cinder of coals
left

makes a

snap, then to reciprocating motion, consist-

Coke.

The carbonaceous

ing of a series of jerks or jogs, then to the uneven


surface traced out
cog,

when

the bituminous or gazeous blazing portion has


;

by a jogging motion. Hence a Sw. hugge, an individual prominence in an inIt.

dented wheel.
notch
;

cocca,
is

a dent of anything, a

been driven off by heat. Coaks, cinders a grindlecoke, a remnant of an old worn-down grindstone. Colke, the core of an apple.
All erthe

where the term

applied to the indentation

instead of the prominence.

With an

initial s,

E.

may well likened be To a rounde appul on a tre.


That even amydde hath a
colke

shog, to jolt, Icel. shaga, to jut out, skagi,


tory, corresponding to

a promonE. shaggy, rough, hanging in


is

And
For

so

it

may

to

an egges yolke,
is

long locks.

as a dalk (hollow)

from the image of deceiving by rapid sleight of hand. Du. kokelen, It. coccarla ad uno, to put a trick upon to juggle one; coccare, to laugh at, mock, scoff. Sp. cocar, to mock, make mocking or ridiculous gestures, to cajole, wheedle. E. cog, gaber, flatter Shercog in the sense of cheating
;

To

The yolke
So
is

of the egge

amydward when hit is hard,


elles.

helle put (pit) as clerkus telles

Amidde

the erthe and

nowher

Hal. V. dalk.

Wall, chauke, germe de

I'oeuf.

Grandg.
when

The

wood

lusingare, lisciar

il

pelo.

Torriano.

term
is

colk or coke then appears to signify a hollow,

then the empty remnant of a thing

the virtue

taken out of

it.

It

may

accordingly be explained
;

Coif.

A cap for the head.


(TKovc{iLa.

Fr.

coiffe. It. cuffia.

Mod. Gr.

Apparently from the East.

Arab, kujiyah, a head kerchief. To coil a cable, to wind it round in the Coilt form of a ring, each fold of rope being called a coil.
Port, colher

from the Gael, caoch, empty, blind, hollow caochag, a deaf nut, nut without a kernel, the coke of a nut. Goth, kalds, cold. Icel. kola, to Cold. Cool. blow cold, to suffer from cold kallda, fever. Dan.

kule (of the wind), to freshen, to begin to blow.


kalt, cold, kuhl, cool.

G.

hum

cabo, to coil a cable;

colher, It.

Lap.

kalot, to freeze,

kalom,

cogliere, Sp. coger, Lat. colligere, to gather.

In

like

cold, frost.

manner Sp.
Coilt

coger la ropa, to fold linen.

In Lith.
stir,

szaltas, cold, sziltas,

Noise, disturbance.
;

Gael, coileid, a
goil,

sensations are distinguished

warm, the opposite by a modification of the

movement, or noise
vain
tattle.

perhaps from
;

boiling,

vowel, while in Lat. gelidus, cold, calidus, hot, a


similar relation in

vapour, fume, battle, rage, fury

goileam, prating,

meaning

is

marked by a

modifi-

The words

signifying noise

and

dis-

cation of the initial consonant.

turbance are commonly taken from the agitation of


water.

The

original

image seems the disagreeable

effect

Coin.

To

coin

money

is

to

stamp money, from

produced on the nerves by a harsh sound, whence the expression is extended to a similar effect on the
other organs.
tle,

Lat. cuneus, Fr. coin, quin, the steel die with which

Fin. kolia, sounding harshly as a rat;

money

stamped, originally doubtless from the stamping having been effected by means of a wedge
is

rough, uneven, cold

kolia ilma, a cold air


;

ko-

lian-lainen, roughish, cool

kolistua, to
;

(Lat. cuneus, Fr. coin).

Coin in O. Fr. was

fre-

as the air, or rough as a road


crash, shattering.

become cold kolistus, making a


rattle,

quently used for the right of coining money.


cuna, a wedge
;

Sp.

Esthon. kollisema, to

make

cuno, a die for coining, impression

a harsh
ghastly
;

noise, kollin,

a racket,

kolle,

noisy, frightful,
effects of fear

on the

coin. Muratori endeavours to show that the word is reaUy derived from the Gr. et/cwv, an image, whence the Lat. ieoniare, in the sense of coining money. So from W. hath, a likeness, arian hath, coined money, hathu, to make a likeness, to coin.

kollomats, a bugbear.

The

and cold closely resemble each other in depressing the spirits and producing trembling. The Manuel des Pecches says of Belshazzar when he saw the handwriting on the wall

Coit.
stone.

Hal. Coit, Quoit.

To

toss

the head, to throw.

To

coit

As he thys hande began to holde (behold) Hys herte bygan to tremle and colde.
Originally a
to
flat

disc of stone

used for the purpose of throwing

a distance.

Per-

Fin. kolkka, sounding loud as a bell, then causing

190
trembling or terror, ghastly
;

COLLATION.

COMMODORE.
much
business unto, to perplex.

day
late

mies, a harsh, severe man korpi, a deso;

ilma, a cold,

raw

afllict,

vex, annoy, disquiet,

Cot.

wood.

Compare
;

Icel. kald-lyndr, harsh,

severe

The G. kummer

has in some parts of


dirt,

Germany
as being

in disposition

^-a/Wa-^rawiaw, bitter sport; kcdd-ambr,

acquired the sense of rubbish, ruins,


trouble and a hindrance, and
it is

distressing labour.

in this sense that

Collation.

An
a

entertainment.

Fr. collation, a

repast after supper.

It. colatione, colettione, coletto,

we must understand the Fr. descomhres, ruins, what is to be moved out of the way, made to cease from
as supposed
trouble.

an

intex'meal,

refection

between regular meals

breakfast.

to

Lat. colkga, supposed Colleague. College. be from lego, to choose, one chosen at the same

hindering us, and not from the Lat. cumulus, a heap, by Diez. It. sgombrare, to rid from

Fl.

To Come.
man, cuman
;

Comely.
G. kommen.

Goth, cwiman, A8. cun-

time with one, a comrade.

The

radical part of the

Du. komen,

to come.

word however would be more


if

satisfactorily explained

The

Biglotton also explains the Du. komen, cadere,

we regarded

it

as the equivalent of the Icel. lag,

convenire, decere,

quadrare.

Dat comt

wel,

bene

society, ship,

companionship, whence sam-lag, companion;

cadit, convenit, decet, quadrat.

In the same

way

partnership

felagi,

a money companion or
the same principle

to fall

was used

in

OE.
It nothingyoZ/s to thee

partner, a fellow

hrod-lagi, Jisk-lagi, a partner at


&;c.

meals, in fishing,

On

we
clop

should explain collegium, a college.

See Fellow.

To make

fiiir

CoUop.

semblant where thou mayest blame. Chaucer, R. II.

lump or

slice

of meat.

From
Du.

or colp, representing the sound of a


thing soft thrown on a
colpo,
flat surface.

lump of someklop, It.

G.
In

gefallen, to fall to

a person's mind, to please.

this

sense the verb come must be understood in

a blow.

Colp,

a blow,
the

also a bit of anything.

Bailey. The two monly expressed by

significations

are very comSp. golpe, a

same term.

blow, also a flap, as the loose piece of cloth covering

a pocket. In like manner we have dab, a blow, and a lump of something soft ; a pat with the hand, and a pat of butter G. klitsch, a clap, rap, tap, and a lump of something soft Sc. to Uad, to slap, to strike, and Uad, Maud, a lump or slice ; to dad, to dash, to throw down, and dad, dawd, a lunch or large piece,
; ;

Du. komelick, conveniens, conKil. See Become. This application is marked by a slight modification of form in the AS. cweman, becweman, to please, delight, satisfy, G. bequem, convenient, comgruens, commodus, aptus.

the E. comely and the

modious, easy.

Comfit.
steep in

Fr. confire, conjU (Lat. conjicere, conpreserve, confect, soak or


all

fectiim, to prepare), to
;

confitures,

sweetmeats.

comfits, junkets,

kind of

Cot.

especially of something eatable.

CoUow.
Colled,

Colly.

See

Calf.

Comfort.

Fr. comforter (Lat. fortis, strong), to

Smut,

soot.

black with a cole, charbonner.


hecoUed,

To

colowe,

Palsgr. in

smutted,

blackened.
dirty
;

K.

make Way.
Horn.

solace, encourage, strengthen.

Cot.

Comfrey.
strengthener,
in V. oreille

plant formerly in

repute as a

Icel. kdla, quola, to

smut or

quol, frequent

whence it was called knit-back (Cot. d'ane), and in Lat. consolida, confirma,

handling, dirtying.

or

co)iserva.

Dief.

Sup.

E. comfrey seems a
division of

Colonel. Formerly coronel; the captain coronal of a regiment, the chief captain, from corona, a
crown.
Colt.

corruption of the second of these.

Comma. A
sentence.

stop

marking a small

Gr.

KOfifia,

a piece or chop, from

kottto),

A young

horse.

Sw. kvU, a young

boar,

to cut.

a stout boy.

Commence.
From

It.

comindare,

Fr.

commencer.
begin.

Comb* Icel. kamhr, G. kamm. Combe. A narrow valley. W. cwm. Comber* Perplexity, trouble, misfortune.
The

con and initiare, Milanese

inza, to

B.
is

O. Sp. compenzar, compezar.

Sardin. incumbenzai,
in-initiare.

origin seems preserved in the Icel. kumra, to

from in-com-initiare ; Sp. empezar, from Diez. Menage.

growl, mutter, whence (as growling or muttering

Commodore.
commander;
term seems
to

Fr. commandeur, a governor or

the cx{)ression of discontent) Du. kommer, komber,


loss,

adversity, difficulty, care, grief;

trouble, vexation,

sorrow.

In

like

G. kummer, manner from


trouble, sor-

Fin. murista, to

murmur, growl, murhet,


is

row, care.

The term

then applied to what gives

whence the have come to us. [As the Sp. and Port, comendador has not the signification of commodore, it is not likely that the English and French word is derived from it. The
Port, capitao mor, chief captain, a captain who commands a squadron by seniority or by special desigIt nation, is a more probable source of commodore. may however be from O. Sp. comitre, an officer who

Port, commendador, from

care or trouble, hinders us in accomplishing what we have in view, stands in our way. Manx cumr, cumru, to hinder, deter, delay ; cumrail, hmdrance,
stoppage.

Fr. encomhrer, to hinder, trouble, give

COMPANY. CONEY.
is

191

thus described in

tit.

xxiv. pt.

ii.

ley iv. of the


el

Ale-conner,

an inspector of

ales.

To

con one

Libro de

las Partidas del

Rey Don Alonso

Sabio

thanks, Fr. savoir gre, to feel thankful and to


the feeling

make

" Comitres son llamados otra

son cabdillos de

Company.

Companion.

mar

so el

manera de omes, que almirante." M.l

known to the object of AS. cwman, to know, cunnian,


try.

it.

to inquire, search

It.

compagno, com-

pagnia ; M. Lat. companium, association, formed from con and pants, bread, in analogy with the OIIG. gi-mazo or gi-leip, board-fellow, from mazo,
meat, or
Job.
leip,

Gecunnian hwylc heora swiftost hors hcefde, to try which of them had the swiftest horse. Jle cunnode (ha mid his handa, he felt them with his
into,

bread.

Goth, gahlaiha, fellow-disciple.

read

xi. IG,

from

hlaibs, bread.

Compare.

Lat. comparare, to couple things to-

gether for judgment, from compar, equal, and that

Goth, kunnan, to know; anakunnan, to gakunnan, to observe, to read kannjan, to make known. Sw. kunna, to be able ; kunnig, known, knowing, skilful, cunning ; kanna, to know, to feel, to be sensible.
hand.
;

But the from con and par, like, equal, a pair. meaning might equally be derived from the original sense of tlie verb parare, which seems to be to push
forwards.

Conceive. tum {con and


in the

Conceit,
;

Lat. condpere, concep-

capere, to take), to perceive, comprealso to

hend, imagine, think

become possessed of
is

Thus

the simple parare


;

is

to

push

for-

way
It.

of bodily impregnation, to hold in one's

wards, to get ready


separate
;

se-parare, to push apart, to

body, to breed.

From
E.

the participle conceptum

com-parare, to push together, to bring

formed

concetto,

conceit,

an imagination, fancy,

into comparison, or to prepare, to accumulate.

whence
a
ceit,

in the

modern acceptation of the word, con-

Compass.
round
;

Fr. compas, a compass, a

circle,

compasser, to compass, encircle, begird, to

turn round.
sus, a step.

Cot.

To go
The

about, from con and pasis

an imagination of one's own importance. Concert. Agreement. According to Diez from concertare, to contend with, but the explanation of
Calvera, which he mentions,
is

pair of compasses

an instrument
is

more

satisfactory.

for describing circles.

mariner's compass

so

The
to

Lat. has serere, to join together, interweave

called because

it

goes through the whole circle of

(whence sertum, a wreath of flowers), and tropically


combine, compose, contrive.

possible variations of direction.


ject
is

To compass an
it.

ob-

The compound

con-

to

go about

it

or to contrive
complexlo,

serere is

used

much
;

in the

same

sense, to unite to-

Complexion.
E.
or

Lat.

a combination,
liealthy

gether in action

conserere

sermonem, to join in

connexion, physical constitution, applied in modern


to the colour of the skin, as

speech

consertio,

a joining together.

Hence

It.

marking a

unhealthy constitution.

Fr.

complexion,

the

duly wrought and joined together, a harmonious consort, an agreement consertare, to conconserto,
;

making, temper, constitution of the body, also the


disposition,
affection,

humours

of

the

mind.

is

cert or interlace with proportion, to agree

and ac-

cord together, to sing, to tune or play in consort.


Fl.

Cot.

To Comply.
properly to

Compliment.
to

When

the word conserto was thus applied to


it

To comply

the accord of musical instruments,


ly both in sense

agreed so close-

fulfil,

act in

accordance with the

wishes of another, from Lat. complere, as supply,


Fr. supplcer, from supplere.

The

It.

has compiere,

complire, compire, to accomplish, complete, also to

use compliments, ceremonies, or


offers.

Fl.

The E. comply
"

used in the latter sense, as


the ceremonious Osric.

offices and was fonnerly by Hamlet speaking of

kind

also

and sound with concento, Lat. concentus (cantus, melody, song), harmony, harmonious music, that the two seem to have been confounded together, and conserto, borrowing the c of concento, became concerto, whence the Fr. and E, concert. In English again the word was confounded with consort, from Lat. consors, sortis, partaking, shar-

He
The

did comply with his


addition of the prep-

ing,

a colleague, partner, comrade.


it was for wight which did it hear read what manner musick that mote be For all that pleasing was to hving ear

dug before he sucked


osition with is also
to

it."
It.

Right hard

an

idiom: compire con uno,


;

perform one's duty by one


do one's duty
JSfon
;

to

To

col

suo

dovere,

alia promessa, to

perform one's

Was

there consorted in one harmonee,


all

promise.
I cannot

posso compire con


all

serve

at

a time.

tutti alia volta,

Birds, voices, instruments, winds, waters,

agree.

Altieri.

Hence
Conduit.
it is

F. Q. in R.

compimenti, complimenti, obliging speeches, compliments.

Fr.

conduict,
is

conduit,

a gutter, or

pipe by which water

artificially

conducted where

Comrade.
pany

Fr. cam^rade, a chamberful, a com-

required.

one chamber, tent, cabin. Cot. Then applied to one of the company, a chamber-fellow. From It. camera, a chamber. Sp. cathat belongs to

Cone.

Lat. conus.

Gr. kovos, a cone, a spin-

ning top, fir-cone, pine-tree, pitch.

Coney.
chen,

Lat. cuniculus, Fr. connil, G. kaninlast, it will

merada

in both senses.

which

be remarked, as well as cu-

To Con.

To

learn, to study, to take notice

of

niculus, is a diminutive form.

The Bohem. term

192
for

CONGENIAL.
is hraljk,

COOMB.
Thre
fals

a rabbit

Lat. cunicultis
king.

a little king, looking as if the were a diminutive of the G. konig, a


Lat. Genius
is

men

togidere

Thise thre ageyn Edward made a corapassement Of that fals cmitroueyng gaf thei jugement.

Con^enialt
for

taken for fondness

E. Brunne 255.
It. trovare, to find, invent, or seek out. According to Diez from turhare, to disturb, to turn over in searching through, supporting his theory by the 0.

good

living, taste, appetite, inclination,

genialis, jovial, agreeable, joyous,

whence and congenial, of


;

similar taste

and

inclination.

Coiljure* Lat.ywrare, to swear Lat. con;Ware, to combine together by an oath, but in the E. application to bind

Pg. trovar
controvare
hit, to

= turbare Neap, struvare = disturbare = conturbare. But the G. to


;

treffen,

by an

oath, to call

upon some one by

reach, to

the most binding sanctions, hence (with the accent

of lighting on.
find one.

on the

first

syllable) to conjure, to use enchantments,

come to, comes very near the notion Jemanden treffen, to meet with or Compare Sw. hitta, to hit on, find, disFr. contreroUe, the copy of a
Contreroller, to
roll

to exercise the supernatural powers,

and ultimately

to

cover, contrive.

use jugghng tricks or sleight of hand.

Control.
accounts, &c.

of

Conqueror*

Lat. qucerere, to seek, conquirere,

to seek for, to seek out, obtain

by

seeking.

Fr.

cofi-

of accounts.

querir, to get, purchase, acquire,

and hence

to get

of an

the victory, to subdue, overcome.

Consigllt Lat. signum, a sign, a seal ; signare, consignare, to sign, to mark, mark out, designate to seal, to write down, register, hence apparently to
;

The tendency to a thin or a broad pronunciation of the vowels prevailing in


different dialects of Fr. converted Lat. via into veie

Convey. Convoy.
Cot.
officer, to
;

keep a copy of a roll Hence to check the accounts

overlook, superintend, regulate.

(Chron. Norm.
the

L. des Rois), or voie,


is

way

and
It.

consign, to appoint to a certain destination, to deliver,

same

variation

found in enveier, envoyer,

make

over;

inviare, to set in the right

way,
It.

to

send unto
"

Fl.,

Constable*

oiBcer of the empire

The Master of the Horse, or great who had charge of the horses,

and

in conveier, convoyer,

conviare, to

make way
Tut
li

with, to

conduct.

"
li

Del

ciel

enveiad."

was

called comes stahuli, the count of the stable,

poples de Juda out

rei conveied."

L. des

Rois.

comestabilis, conestabilis, &c.

To

this officer, in the

kingdoms which sprang up out of the ruins of the empire, fell the command of the army and the cog" Regalium praspositus nisance of military matters. equorum, quem vulgo Comistabilem vocant." Armoin in Due. " Comitem stabuli sui quem cor-

From the thin Norman pronunciation was formed E. convey, while convoy has been borrowed from a
more recent
state of the Fr. language.
to Lat.

in

No doubt a reference
some applications of
called a conveyance.

convehere has affected

convey, as

when a

carriage

is

rupte constabulum appellamus."

Greg.

Turon.

Coo.

Imitative of the noise of doves, formerly


;

Due.

"

Coram comite Herefordiensi

qui secundum

written croo

Dii. korren, kirren, Icel. kurra, Fr.

antiquum jus constabularius esse dignoscitur regii Math. Westm. in Due. exercitus." The term

roucouler, to croo like


crook, or

a dove.

mourn

as a dove.

Cot.

To

croo,

Fl.

Mod. Gr.

kovkjv-

was then applied to the commander of a fortress or any detached body of troops, and in this sense the title still remains in the Constable of the Tower, the
Constable of Chester Castle.

Cook.

Lat. coquus, a cook


fire.

coquere, to cook, to

prepare by
ever to be to
in seinen

The

primitive sense seems how-

The Constable

then

boil,

became the officer who commanded in any district on behalf of the king. " In villis vero vel urbibus
vel castellis quae regis subsunt dominio, in quibus

boiling water.

from an imitation of the noise of G. kochen, to boil das Blut kocM


;

Adem,

the blood boils in his veins.


boil,

Fin.

constabularii ad
ron.

tempus statuuntur." Concil. TuA. D. 1163 in Due. Thus in England the term finally settled down as the designation of the petty officer who had the
charge of the king's peace in a separate parish or
hamlet.

kuohua, kuohata, to foam, bubble,

swell

hiohi-

na, the boiling as of a cataract or of the waves.

Mod. Gr.
roar.

KoxXa^o), to boil, boil with a noise, bubble.

Esthon. kohhisema, rauschen, brausen, to murmur,


Galla koka, to
boil, to cook.

Tutschek.
;

ContrSlSt
contention.
site,

Fr.
Cot.

contraste,
It.

withstanding,

strife,

Cool. Icel. kul, kula, a cold blast kula, to blow, kulhord, the windward side of the ship to be cold hdldi, cold at kola, to blow cold, to suffer from
; ; ;

contrastare, to stand oppo-

cold; Cold.

kaldi,

cold.

OHG.

chuoli,

G.

kuhl.

See

to withstand, contest, wrangle, contrasto, con-

trastanza, an opposing, contention.


against,

From

contra,

and

stare, to stand.

a breeze
to

[Sir Richard Guylforde uses cool in the sense of " The same euennynge the wynde began
:

Contrive. Fr. trouver, to find, invent, light on, meet with, get, devise controuver, to forge, devise,
;

invent out of his

own

brain.

Cot.

Guylblowe a ryght good coole in our waye." M.] forde's Pylgrymage, Cam. Soc. 72. half quarter, or measure of four Coomb.

COOP.
bushels.

CORBEL.

193

Fr. comhle, Iieaped measure.

Or

is it

from

the Du. hom, a trough, a chest, deep dish ?

Coop,
cooper.

Cooper. Cub.
The
Sp. cuba
is

Lat. cwjoa, Sp. cuha,

Fr. cuve, Du. huype, a tub, cask.

Sp. cuhero, a
It.

also a hen-coop.

cuha,

a couch, bed, coop or pen


within the walls
is

for poultry.

Du. huype

fish), gobio, the bull-head, a fish with a large head Fin. koppata, to tap kopsia, to knock, beat, smack ; kopina, the noise of a blow W. cobio, to thump cob, a thump, also a top or tuft cobyn, a tuft, bunch, cluster Cat. cop, a blow Sp. copa, the boss of a bridle copo, bunch of flax on a distaff;
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;

der stad, the circuit of the town, the space confined


;

copete, tuft, top,

summit.
a cloak.

kuypen, to bind casks.

To

coop

Cope.
en.

A
It.

priest's vestment,

An

arch.

pen or confine in a narrow space. The OE. cuh, to confine, seems a different form of the same
to
root.

The Cope of

B.

heaven, the arch or concavity of heavla

cappa del

cielo,

Fr. la chappe du
;

del, the cape or

Art thou of Bethlehem's noble college free Stark staring mad that thou wouldst tempt the sea Cubbed in a cabin, on a mattress laid. Dryden in R.

PI.

D.

hehubbelt

is

used in the same sense, conSp. encubar, to put a crim-

fined, pressed for

room.

inal into a tub hut,

by way of punishment.
;

W.
;

cwb, a

pen or cote
;

cwb-iar, a hen-coop

dog-kennel a hive
;

cwb-colomen, a dove-cote.
;

a Dan. kube,
civb-ci,

velamen muliebre). Du. kap, kappe, a cap, hood, summit of a building. The same ambiguity is found in the expression coping of a wall. It. la volta d'un muro (Torriano), where we are doubtful whether to explain it as the capping of the wall, or from the Sp. copa, a cup, crown of a hat, roof or vault of an
(hulle, capitium,

kappe des hemels

Junius

cloak of heaven

Du.

hulls or

oven.

hove, a hut, hovel

torve-kube, torve-kove, a

The It. copi, tiles, may be so called as being used in the roofing of a building, while the coping

turf-shed.

AS.

stein kuuve, a

cofa, Sw. kofwa, a chamber. Holbed of poor people, a cot ; PL D.

kave, kaven, a small enclosed place, a pen, kalverkaveti, swiene-kaven,

a calf or swine-pen.

G. koben,

is a layer of tiles projecting over the top and sheltering the wall. To cope, jut or lean out, forjecter. Sherwood. Fin. koppa, anything hollowed out, koppa-reka, traha confomicata, koppa-

of a wall

a hollow repository, a chamber ; schweins-koben, a hog-stye-; kobel, a cote, cot tauben-kobel, a dove;

nokko, a hooked nose.

To Cope.

a hovel for lepers. Probably cabin must be reckoned in the same class of words.
cote
;

siech-kobel,

altro.

To cope, serrarsi, attaccarsi 1' un con Coped together, attaccati, afferrati insieme. Torriano. Addouez homme a homme fastened,

The
lowed
;

radical idea

seems that of bending round.


cub,
is

clasped, grappled

or coaped,

scufiied

together.

Gael, ckh, crouch, stoop, shrink, cubach, bent, holCuba, a bed


;

Cot.

Probably

in this sense the

word must be

re-

pannier.

As

the liquid

a bending of the body, a exceedingly moveable in

ferred to the Icel. kapp, contention, kappi, an athlete.

See Champion.

words beginning with cr, cl, tr, &c., it is probable that the Gael, cub must be connected with crub, to
squat, crouch, crub, a claw, crubach, a hook, a crook-

Copesman.
or truck.

B.

Copesmate.
;

To

cope, to barter
;

Copeman, a customer

copesmate,

ed woman, crup, to contract, shrink, crouch, &c. Thus " cubbed in a cabin " would be radically identical with Shakespear's

a partner in merchandise, companion. Du. koop, chaffer, exchange koop-man, a merchant.

"cribbed, cabined, and con-

Copper. Lat. cuprum. G. kupfer. Fr. couperose. It. copparosa, from Copperas.
Lat. cupri rosa.

fined."

See Cuddle.

Coot.

A water-fowl,

called also a moor-hen.

is

Gr.

-^foXKavOov, the flower

of cop-

per; rose for flower.

B. The two are often confounded, and in the moorhen the short white tail bobbing up and down, with

Copse. 0. Fr. copeiz, copeau, wood Coppice. newly cut; coppuis, right of cutting the waste
branches of trees.

a motion like that of the


conspicuous object.

tail

of a rabbit,

is

a very

Now

as the latter animal

What we
Gr.

call coppice or copse is in

from

this
it

cause called bunny, from Gael, hun, a


is

KOTraSes,

Roquef. From Fr. Hesychius arbores


cseduae
;

couper, to cut.
hois taillis. in Junius,

stump,

probable that the


tail.

name of
;

the coot

is

from

KOTTTw, to cut.

also taken

from the
a
little

Copy.
civta, cwtog,

Lat. copia, abundance, and tropically,

W.

cwt,

piece, a short tail

means, opportunity of doing anything


scribendi facere, to give the

copiam ex-

bobtailed, cwt-iar (iar

= hen), a
;

coot or water-hen.

Cop.
or crest.

W.
;

cop, coppa, the top of anything,

crown

means of writing out a document, of taking a copy, whence copia came to


be used in the sense of copy.

of the head

coppog, crested

coppyn, a small tuft

Du. kop, the head.

Wallon.

copett, top.

Coquette.
strowt
it

Fr. coqueter, a cock to call his hens,

The
is

expression for a knob, bunch, or projection,

or to cluck as a cock
as a cock

very often taken from the designation of a blow (see Boss), and the two senses are often united in

among hens to swagger or among hens coquette, one who


; ;

lays herself out for the admiration of the

male

sex,

the root kop.


ni, to

Hung,

kop, sonus pulsu editus

kopog-

as the cock does for the female.

stamp or VOL. I.

clatter

with the feet

kophal (hal

Corbel.

Corbet.

A shouldering piece or jut-

25

194
ting out in walls to bear

CORD.
up a
post,

COT.
an ensign of
carried
foot.
It.

B.
also

Fr. corhcau,

It. corva, corhella ;

summer, &c. a corbel, and

cornetta, that ensign

a basket.
Lat. chorda, Gr. x^P^^' S"^ ^^^^ *^ a musical instrument, because made of In E. applied to strings made of any other

Cordt
gut.

by lancers on horseback. Fl. Fr. cornette, a cornet of horse, and the ensign of a horse company. Cot.

which

is

string of

Cornice.
nise.

It.

cornice, Fr. comiche,

Gr.

Koptavr], Kopotvis,
;

a summit,

finish,

Wal. coroor comto put the

material.

pletion of anything

KopwviSa
thing.
all

cTriri^cvai,

Cordial.

Hearty, good for the heart.

Lat. cor,

finishing stroke to

The Gr.
a

Kopwvis

and

cordis, the heart.

Cordovan.
inally

Cordwainer.
from
Cordova.
of
fruit.

Lat.

corona (and in

probability also coronis)


cornice, or projec-

Fr. cordovan, orig-

were
Trj<;

also used in the sense of

leather

Gordouanier

worker in Cordovan leather), a shoemaker. Core. The core of an apple. Fr. cceur,
also

(a
Cot.

tion at the top of the wall of a building,


otKoSo/Aiys CTrt^c^a.

Hesych.

to nXevTaiov

As

the Gr. Kopwvq

the
;

core

heart,

also signified a crown, the sense of

a summit or com-

Cot.

Sp.

corazon,

the

pletion

may arise from

the notion of crowning, as

we

heart

corazon de una pera, manzana, the core of a


Esthon. sudda, the heart, the core of
Fin. sydan, the heart, whatever
is

say

"a crowning

grace," or as in the expression

pear, apple.

Finis coronat opus.

an apple.

in the

Corrody.

Money

or provisions due to the king

middle, the wick of a candle, pith of a tree, kernel

as founder from a religious house, for the mainten-

of a nut, &c.

ance of one that he appoints for that purpose.


Lat.
(fee.

M.

Cork.
cho,

Sp. corcho, from Lat. cortex, as Sp. panIt is possible however word may be connected with Lat. cortex,

conredium, corredum, conradium, corrodium,


" Quicquid ad aliraentum ad

paunch, from pantex.


direct

that the

praebenda monachi vel canonici."


dare, to
fit

Due.
a

mensam
It.

datur
corre-

and yet not be


cor
is

from a Lat. source. The root widely spread in the Slavonic and Fin. class
shell,

out, furnish, set forth.


It.

See Array.
pirate.

Corsair.
sus.

corsaro, corsah,

From

of languages in the sense of rind, skin,


the Lat. corium, skin, with cortex, bai'k.
bark, shell, crust, cream
karra, hard, rough
; ;

uniting

Sp. corsa, corso, a cruise or course at sea; Lat. cur-

Fin. kuori,
shell,

Diez.

But the Mod. Gr. has


T(x)V

Kovparov, cur;

Lap. harr, bark,


shell,

rency, TO Kovpaov

)(6p(iiv,
;

Ipvej

Kovpa^vo), to
Kovpaevrr]';,

Esthon. koor, rind,

bark,

plunder, rob, act the pirate

Kovpaaprj's,

cream
cork

korik, crust.

Hung,

kereg, rind, crust,

bark

a robber,
Fr.

pirate.

kereg-dugo (dugd
;

stopper), a stopper of bark, a


tree,

Corselet.
corselet,

A piece of armour covering the body.


a
little

kereg-fa,

a cork

kerges,
;

bai-ky, hard.

body.

Bohera. kura, kurka, bark, crust

Pol. kora, bark of

Corsned.
which a curse
guilty
it

Ordeal bread; a piece of bread on


is

a tree

korek, koreczek, cork, korek-z-kory (a stopper

of bark), a cork;

drewniany, a
Fr. cormorant.
;

laid that if the party

under

trial is

stopper of wood,
corvo marino

may

be his death.

AS.

corsian, to curse,

szklanny, of glass.

and
It.

snced,

a morsel.

Cormorant.
a crow.

Bret, morvran, a sea crow

W.

mor, sea, and hran,

Corn.

Goth, kaum, corn


;

kaumo, a
kiarni
;

grain.

OHG.
a
grain.

kerno

MG.

kerne;

Icel.

Du.

See Cozen. lamb brought up by hand, a pet. It. Fl., from casiccio, a tame lamb bred by hand casa, house, as in Suffolk cot-lamb. Wal. cosset, a sucking pig, is probably unconnected.

Cosen.

Cosset.

keerne, a grain, kernel.

Bohem. zrno ;
It.

Pol. ziarno,

Cost. Lat. constare, Fr. one in, to cost.

counter, couter, to stand

Cornelian.
Cot.

Fr.

comaline.

comalino.

flesh-coloured stone easy to be engraved upon.

Costive.
belly
;

Fr. constipe, constipated, bound in the

Lat. constipare, from stipare, to cram, to

From comu,
nail.

horn, because of the colour of the


it is

stuff; It. costipativo,

having a tendency

to consti-

finger-nail.

For the same reason

ow^, the

Diez.

in Gr. called
it

pate,

whence by
;

Others derive

from car-

neus, because flesh-coloured.


is

But

the true derivation

Cot. house

Cottage.
kota,

contraction costive.

Fin. koti, a dwelling-place, a poor house, cottage, kitchen ; koticountry.

probably from the semitransparency of the stone

ma {ma

= land),
may
have

resembling horn.
ony, agate.

G. homstein, cornelian, chalced-

Cot. S.
sense.

Cote.
is

Esthon. koddo, house.


cote,

Probably

a pen or shelter
last

for animals,

be identical with cot in the


sheep-cote, dove-cote ;

comu, Fr. come, a horn, whence corniere, a corner. Comp. Icel. horn, signifying both horn and corner.
Lat.

Comer.

We

Du. duiveIn

kot, hoen-kot, honde-kot,

a dove, hen, dog-cote.

this

language kot
;

widely used

in the sense of hol-

Comet.

musical instrument.

Fr. comet,

from come, horn.

Also for the standard of a troop

low receptacle kot, tugurium, cavum, latibulum, ca" De leden verna, loculamentum, locus excavatus.

of horse, or the officer

who bore

it,

corresponding to

wt de

kote doen," to put

hmbs

out of joint.

Kil.

COT.

COUCH.
the Sc.
tot, tait,

195
G.
zote,

W.

cwt,

cot,

hovel, sty.

modi, a hog-sty. Cot. 3.


lete cot is

Richards.
G.

Cwtt,

a cottage, cwtt

Fin.

tutti,

Sw.

totte,

of flax, wool, or fibrous material.

We

a bunch have seen

The primary
a matted lock.

sense of the nearly obso-

hair or wool clung together.

Ludwig.
it

zote,

cot,

a lock of
Cot-gare,

beginning with

under Catch examples of the equivalence of forms cl and a simple c respectively. And
the Fr. motte, matte, a clot or clod,
is

identical with

refuse wool so clotted together that

cannot well be

pulled asunder
cot or

coitum, cat or dog-wool (properly


cotto

E. mat, an entangled mass of fibre, the primitive idea being simply a lump. The Lap. tuogge, a
tangled mat of hair,
is

were formerly made.


cotty,

(bourre),
locks,

Bailey. matted, entangled. Hal. Lang, wool, matted, the of


cotton, coutis,

dag-wool) of which

or coarse blankets
Cotted,
cottered,

also applied to the

lumps of
used,

paste in soup or gruel.


It should

coutou, flock

be observed that the Sc.

tottis is

coictisses,

dag-

like

G.

kotze, for

a coarse shaggy material.

tail-wool
is

sheep.

Cousinie.

The term

then applied to a fleece, mat, rug of

Na
Of

dentie geir the Doctor seiks


tottis

shaggy materials, to a covering or loose garment made of such materials, to an inartificial sleepingplace, where a rug or mat may be laid down for that
purpose.

russet his riding breiks.

Jam.
Du.
kutte
;

Cotqnean.

Qnotqnean.

An

effeminate man,

man

interfering in
kuttii,

women's concerns.

Wal.

cote,

sheepskin, fleece

Prov. E.

cot,

a fleece

of wool matted together in

made

of a cotted fleece. Baker. G. kotze, a rough, shaggy covering, a shaggy overcoat worn by peas-

its

growth, a door-mat

Adelung. Fin. kaatu, a rough coverlet of sheepskins. The Mid. Lat. coitus, cotta, cottum were used in both senses, of a rug
or coarse woollen mat used by the monks as bedding, and of the single garment, made of similar
material, covering the whole body.
cellaa

ants; kotzet, cotted, shaggy.

woman, thence as a term of abuse for a feeble womanly man. In like manner HsiV.fud, of the same original sense, is used in vulgar language for a woman, and contemptuously for a womanish man. E. cot, cote,
Fin. kutta,
the distinctive feature of a

man

en.

that busies himself in the affairs of the kitch-

Bailey.
is

In cotquean the element signifying

woman
original

repeated, as so often happens

when the
alqdton.

form of the word has


Sp.

lost its significance.

Cottoili

algodon,

Arab,

qo'ton,

" Accipit incola


possit haberi, sin

The meaning would


cot,

exactly agree with that of E.

ad lectum paleam, filtrum,

si

a lock or

flock.

Lang, coutou, wool,

flock, cot-

autem (but if not), pro eo pannum grossum simplicem non duplicatum, pulvinar, cotum, vel coopertorium de grossis ovium pellibus et panno grosso coopertum." Stat. Cartus. in Due. Rugs of the foregoing description were either to lie on or to

ton.

[In the Dictionarius of John de Garlande, printed


in the Nat. Ant., cotton is pointed out as the root

of aketun, acton, haqueton, a

stuffed

and quilted

jacket worn under armor, and sometimes instead of


it.

serve as coverings. "Nee jaceant super cotos." " Super cotos in lecto quiescere." " Tunc, ait, ille

As

these jackets were often stuffed or padded


if thickly quilted,

with cotton, which,

would prevent
oppose a

Due.
A

es qui sub cotto quotidie completorium insusurras

"

galling from armor,

and would of

itself

considerable resistance to cutting weapons, this ety-

cot,

a sleeping-place in a
Lat. cotta, cottus
is

ship, is properly
is

mology seems highly probable.


*
In civitate Tholose, nondum sedato tumultu # * * toraces, et bombicinia, etc.
belli,

mat, then the place where a mat

laid for sleeping.

The Mid.

explained by Du-

vidi

cange, tunica clericis propria ; in G. kutte, confined to the cowl or hood, the distinctive part of a friar's dress.

On

which the commentary

is

probable that the derivation of the word coat, in which all reference to the nature of the material
It
is

Toraces sunt munimenta corporis. aketun, a bombex, -icis, Gallice cotun,

[Bombicinia, Galilee
etc.

M.]

is lost,

"We have a rough overcoat. And it is probable that the Mid. Lat. jlocus, jioccus, frocciis, the frock of the monk, is in like manner derived from Jioccus, a flock of w^ool, referring to the shaggy material of which the frock was made. So also from Fin. takku, villus animalito

must be traced to the same origin. above seen the same word (Jcotze) applied

Couch.
It.

Fr. coiicher, O. Fr. cidcher, to lay

down

colcare,

from Lat.

collocare,

con and locare,

to

lay.

Collocari jussit

hominem

in

Sole collocato, au soleil couche.

Lex

aureo

lecto.

Cic.

Salica.

Me-

nage.
Pr.

Cowchyn, or leyne things together,

colloco.

Pm.

ura defluus,

maxime

implicatus vel concretus, a cot


cotted,

or dag
willa,

(whence tahkuinen,
dag- wool), takki, an

matted, takku-

overcoat,

perhaps ex-

plaining the origin of the

Roman
clot,

toga.

[The resemblance in both form and meaning between the Lat. culcita, culcitra, a mattress, a wadded bed-covering, and the Sp. colcha, a quilt, is very strong, and it is difficult to believe that there is no
connection between them, although the evidence tending to show the descent of the Fr. verb coucher

In the original
is

signification of

related on the one side to

a matted lock cot and on the other to

196
from

COUGH.
Lat
coUocare
is

COURAGE.
tains.

almost

irresistible.

Salvd's

Gwely
coilce,

Sp. dictionary has acolcetra as the obsolete form of

Gael,

a' i gyhhedau, a bed and its furniture. a bed, bed-clothes ; coilceadha, bed

an example There can be no doubt that acolcetra is the Lat. cidcita, and as little that colcha is still the same word, though Cabrera thinks it of Arabic
colcha, but I liave searched in vain for

materials, as feathers, straw, heath.

Bret, golched,

of the word.

a feather-bed, chaff-bed. Hence the Lat. culcita, originally probably a wadded wrapper, but applied in Lat. to a mattress, and avowedly borrowed from
the Gauls.
Sicut in adcitris praecipuam gloriam Cadurci obtinent, Galliarum hoc et tomenta pariter inventmn. Pliny.

origin.

But the E. couch appears to be from the Fr. coucher, and must therefore be referred to the same
and hence the resemblance between Sp. colcha and E. couch must be regarded as accidental. The forms which collocare has assumed, in passing into the modern words derived from it, are numerous. Thus we find in Les Livres des Reis, p.
primitive,

The Du.

kulckt, Sp. colcedra, colcha. It. coltre, Fr.

coultre, coulte,

mark

the passage to the E. quilt.

When
puncta.

the stitches of the quilt


it

ranged in patterns for ornament

320
;

"

A
;

came to be arwas called culcita

geneivre
lit

tant se culchad deswz le umbre de un " p. 330 : " aculchad e jut encuntre

" p.

345
;

"

Pur

50 del

lit

il

s'est

aculchied

Estque toral lecto quod supra ponitiu* alto Ornatus caus4, quod dicunt culcita puncta.

Due.

ne leverat

" in

La Chronique du Roi Guillaume


NuUus
ferat

d'Angleterre, p. 67

secum

nisi is cui in capitulo

in via punctam culcitram ad jacendum concessum fuerit. Ibid.

Une

partie el bos s'enbatent,

ii. perces copent et abatent Asses tost les orent caupees Et a boines liars acouplees, S'on fait desous kouque et litiere,

This

in

Fr.

became

coulte-pointe,

coute-pointe,

and with that instinctive striving after meaning, which is so often the source of corruption
courte-pointe,
etc.

in language, contre-pointe, as
pits

if

from the opposite

In

this extract

kouque

is

a noun.

The Provenpal
;

made by
find

the stitches on either side of the quilt

forms bring us more nearly to the Latin

thus

or mattress.

Aus que

sia noit escura ni lo solels colcans.

[We
quilt "

Croisade contre les Albigeois, v. 547. Pols feiren les


leits far

Hence finally the E. counterpane. one step of " the passage to the E. well marked in early English
:

on

els se

van

colquier.

Jwere beon

tlii

castles

and

thi toures, thi

chambres and
thi

thi

lb. 1163.

richo halles

But

in verse

1158

I-peynted with

so

riche

floures

and

riche robes

Li ome de

aUe?
la vila

ques volian
:

coicher.

Thine
ella

cowltes

And

in D'Esclot, cap. iv.

"

lo

rey colgas ab
is

and thi covertoures ? Debate of the Body and the Soul, Poems of W. Mapes, Cam. See. App. 334.

sens Hum."

The

Sp. colgar, to suspend,

also

probably from collocare, though the connection in

meaning

is

not so easily

made

out.

M.]

Delfortrie gives culc as an older

Du. form than

the kulckt of Kilian, and cites from the Life of St.


Christein these lines

To CoU^ht

Imitative of the noise.

Du. Mchen,

anhelare, difficulter spirare, leviter atque inaniter

tussire.

Kuch, a cough

kuchen, to pant, to cough.

Op
But
this

* * * daer hi * * lach enen culc te sinen gcmake.


to

Kil.

Fin. kohkia, kbhhia, to hawk, to cough,


Lat. culler, a ploughshare, a knife.

rauce tussio, screo.

Coulter.

Couch.

M.]

seems

be couch rather than guih.


It.

See

Fr. coultre, a coulter.

would look as
colere, to
till.

if to cut

Lat. cultellus, a knife. This were the primary meaning of

Country.
situation,

Fr. contree.

contrada (contra-ata),

the district which lies opposite you, as G. gegend, a

To Count.
Count.
panion
;

Fr. compter, to reckon, calculate.

Lat. computare, con and putare, to think.

Mid. G. gegenote, from gegen, opposite. Muratori suggests the Lat. conterraneus a person of the same country, for which in Mid. Lat.
Diez.

Fr. comte, from comes, comitis, a com-

was used
castello

conterratus.

Occisus est Michael sub

the

name given

to the great officers of state

under the Frank ish kings.

Countenance.

Fr. contenance, the behaviour,

carriage, presence or composition of the

whole body.
a
hoop,

Chron. A. D. Et omnes conterrati dispersi sunt id est (says Muratori) cives ejusdem terrae. Courag^e. Fr. courage ; It. coraggio, from Lat. Mutulae ab
ipsis conterratis.

1040.

Cot.

Lat. continere, to hold together.

Counterpane.
circle
;

cor, the heart.

([uilt.

W.

cylch,

cylched,

a bound, circumference, rampart,


bed-clothes, cur-

what goes round about or enwraps,

[Courage or corage, Chaucer, Romaunt of the v. 22, is a word of a different etymology and meaning. The line which Chaucer renders:
Rose,

COURT.
"When that love taketh
reads in the original
Oil point qu'
his courage,

COW.
bed-chamber,
cuhile,

197
a resting-place, a
It. covile,

lair

of ani-

mals, identical with the

coviglia.

The
Amors prend
le

idea of cooping or confining


if

may

be united

paage,

with that of lying down,

we

suppose that the


lie

and
ler,

in the Old Dutch translation published by KausDenkmaler Alt. Nied. Sp. u. Lit. II.

primitive image expressed by the Lat. cubare, to

down,

is

the act' of curling oneself up for

warmth

in going to sleep.

Compare Lap.

krukahet, to lie

Alse minne neemt te waren Van ionghen lieden haren chains

down on
[cijns]

the ground without a bed, with E. crook.


Lat. cubitum, the elbow or bending of the

Gael, cub, a bending of the body, cubach, bent, hol-

and the word used by Chaucer is evidently the coraagium of Bracton, coragium or choragium of some Continental MSS., defined by Ducange, Carpentier, and Diefenbach, " irapositio quasdam arbitraria," " praestationis species," " munus vel donum," and which occurs also in See Ducange and CarO. Fr. in the form corrage. pentier, also Diefenbach, Sup. Ducange, s. vs. The origin of the word is unknown, but it has been conjectured to be derived from corns, a measure of grain. M.] Court. Fr. cour, It. corte, Lat. cohors, chors,
sense here
is,

The

tribute or tax,

lowed.

arm.
In the Finnish and Slavonic languages we have Lap. kappe, kape, hollow, a cavern, ditch kappet,
;

to hollow out

Russ. kopat, to dig, to hollow

Fin.

kopio, sounding as an

empty

vessel,
;

empty, hollow

koppa, anything hollow or vaulted

kopano, a hollow
kopera,

trunk of a tree

kopero, koparet, a receptacle for

small things, trench for keeping turnips;

a cattle-yard, enclosed place. Allied with a numerous class of words signifying enclosure.
cors,
rtis,

kowera, hollowed, concave, curved, crooked.


If the whole of these words are radically con-

Pol. grod, a town, grodz, enclosure, grodzki, belong-

must begin with the object, whence the idea of empty, hollow, concave, crooked, making crooked, curling oneself up, lying down.
nected, the train of thought

sound characteristic of a hollow

ing to a court

Bohem. hrad, a
;

fortress,

castle

hradha, enclosure
hortus
;

hraditi, to enclose, fortify.

Lat.

venire,

Covenant. Lat. conventus, conventio (from conto come together, to agree), an assembly,
Fr. convenir, to assemble,
fit,

yard.

estate, house ; E. a garden, kertelni, keritni, to enclose keriteh, kertelet, a hedge. Russ. gorod, a town, gorod^nya, a palissade, gorodha, an enclosure. Fin. kartano, a court, yard, farm. [The last element in the name of the Russian city Novogorod is gorod, a town, and the Scandina-

Sw. gdrd, a yard, court,


kert,

compact, covenant.

befit,

Hung,

accord with

convenant,

comely, agreeing with,

and
vent

as a subst. an agreement, contract.


lost in

The n has

been
;

E. covenant, as

in

OE.

covent for con-

Covent-garden.
coprire, Lat. cooperire ;

Cover. Fr. couvrir. It. con and operire, to cover.

vian Vajringjar,

who served in the body-guard of the Byzantine emperors, called Constantinople, Mildi-

city. M.] Cousin. Fr. cousin ; It. cugino ; Lat. consohrinus, whence Orisons cusdHn, cusrin ; Sp. sohrino.

gardr, the great

Coverlet. Fr. couvre-Ut, a bed-cover. Covet. Fr. convoiter, by a false etymology as


if

derivation

compounded with the preposition con. The real is the Lat. cupidus, whence Prov. cobeitos,
;

cubitos, cobes, covetous

cupiditat, cobeitat,

Diez.

ousness

cobeitar, cubitar, to covet.

Diez.

covet-

Cove.
recessihus

A nook, a sheltered harbour.


is

In

secretis

Covey.
Covin.
agree.

A brood of partridges.
A
deceitful

Fr. couvee, from

nooks.

Rich.
to

translated

by Holland

in secret coves or

couver, to hatch.

The

relations of this

word lead us
exceedingly

in such
difficult

a variety of directions, that

it is

the prejudice of a third.

agreement between two B. Lat. convenire,

to

to

make up our minds

as to the original

source of the signification.

Lat. cavus, hollow, Sp.

ment, plot
Covenant.

Lang, couvinen, covinen, convention, agreefar covinens, to concert, to plot. See


;

cueva, a cave or grot, cellar, den of wild beasts, &c.

Ptg. cava, a hole, ditch, pit

dos

olhos, eye-hole

7ia

barba, a dimple

covil,

a den of wild beasts, a


It.

lurking-hole, covo, a coop for chickens.


to squat, brood, sit

covare,

upon eggs, cova,


a kennel,

covo,

a den,

covale,

covaccio, a hatching nest,


;

squatting form,
sty, lurking-

G. kuh. Sw. kufwa, Dan. kue, to subdue, bring down, keep under. Connected by Ihre with Sw. quafva, to choke, stifle, extinguish, and metaphorically to damp, mortify, suppress quafva et upror, to
Sanscr. gao.

Cow.

To Cow.

lurking-hole

covile, coviglio,

quell a rebellion.

Goth, aflivapjan, to extinguish,


;

place, covigliare, to lurk or get into for shelter.

some

secret place

Looking
to

at the latter forms

we
lie

should

be inclined
lie,

to refer the

word

to the Lat. cubare, to

Icel. kafna, Sw. kufna (Ihre), to be choked Icel. kof suffocation, mist; kafi, kafn, Gr. /caTrvos, thick smoke Sw. quaf shortness of breath, difficulty of
;

Gael, cub,

crouch, stoop, bend,

down,

breathing

Lith. kwapas, breath.

whence cuba, a bed,

cuba-chuil, Lat. cuhiculum,

Precisely the same series of meanings are found

198

COWARD. COZEN.
;

connected under the G. dampf; ddmpfen, to smother, quench, suppress dampf, smoke, vapour, asthma,
short breath, and as in the latter series the primary

In rude ages, the descriptive names given to animals are oftener derived from their visible properties than from any other quality, and as the hare
differs

image

is

the stoppage of the breath,

it

is

probable

from other quadrupeds


its tail

that the senses have been developed in the

same

riage of
to

order in the former series.

notice, its

in the form and carany other point obvious designation would very naturally be

more than

in

Cowardt
holds back.

Fr. couard,

It.

codardo,
tail
;

Lat. cavda, Wallon. cow, the

from coda, a tailer, one who


retire, to

O. Fr. couarder,

to

draw

backwards. Quant de Narcissus

me

souvint

A qui mallement mesadvint,


Sy commen^ay
a couarder.

R. R. 1525.

Whan
Had
Of

this letter of

taught

me

which I telle that it was the well

But the hare is notoand it seems not improbable that the name of the quadruped was first applied by way of reproach to men who had disgraced themselves by want of courage, and consequently that coward and couarder are both taken fi-om the familiar appellation of the hare. M.] Cower. It is hard to decide whether we should consider the r as either purely intrusive or marking
riously the timidest of animals,

taken from that appendage.

Narcissus in his beaute

I gan anon withdrawe me.

Chaucer.

a frequentative form of the verb, or whether


to

it

is

In like manner Lap. murtet, to go backwards, and hence to be timid, to fear. Probably there is also a reference in the word to the image of a terrified animal, crouching with his In Heraldry a lion so detail between his legs. picted was termed lion couard. [The meaning of the epithet caudatus applied by the Normans to the Saxon-English is not clear,
though in a passage cited by Ducange the expression "

be regarded as an essential part of the root. On the one hand we have G. hauche, a narrow place, prison haue, a hollow narrow receptacle (huhner-Jcaue, a hen-coop), and thence hauchen, to sit on the heels, cower down, sit on eggs ; also hauchen, hochen, PI. D. huken, hurhen, Sw. hulca, sitta huka, Dan. sidde paa hug, to squat down, sit on one's
;

hams.

Du. hucken, hurcken, inclinare

se,

contrahere

membra

caudatorum formidolositas " would lead us to suspect that the word had the signification of coward.

tere. Bigl. Hucken van swaeren last, to bend under a load huck-schouderen, to shrug the shoulders. PI. D. up de hurken sitten, to squat hurke;

ut calefiant, incurvari, in terram se submit-

But

culvert, cuivert, cuvert, the

apparent etymology

pot, a chafing-dish over

which

women

sit

and cower.
forms

of which would suggest the same sense, has a different meaning, both in the examples quoted by Carpentier,
s.

The
bird
;

loss of the final

k would give

rise to

like the Icel. kura, to roost, to rest like

a roosting
to

v.

Culverta, and in the cases where

it

G. kauem, kauren, Bav. hauem, huren,


Celtic

occurs in the Chr. des


die, in the

Dues de Normandie.
is

Cuar-

cower.

same chronicle,

evidently the

modern

On the other hand the

and Finnish

relations

cowardice, and not allied to culvert:


Si ne
1'

look as if the r was an essential part of the root.

di pas par cuardie.


s'ierent

W.
v. 1993.

cwr, a comer, nook, limit, border, cwrian, to

squat, to

Quant enbatuz * *

en vos,

stooping, squatting.

cower; also cwrc, cwrcwd, a curvature, Gael, curr, a corner, an end,

* *

* *
v. 2523.

pit

Dune
*

gait bien chascon endreit sei,

*
ci n'a

curvature
suiTound.

Esthon. kaar, crookedness. Fin. kaari, bow, kaarittaa, to bow, to curve, go round,
;

Que
In
hare
all
is

mestier coardie.

Lap. karjot,
in

to lie

curled up like a dog.

Possibly the fundamental meaning


the old versions of

may

be

to

sit

Reynard the Fox, the


Willems decuwaert

drawn up
a ruck
;

a heap.

Iccl.
;

called Guwaert, Couard, etc.

kroka, to crook
;

hruka, hruga, a heap krokna, to be contracted

rives the

name from

koorts, ague, so that

with cold

krohr, a bending.

G. hocke, a heap of

would signify aguish, trembling with fear, as if in an ague-fit, and he observes that Grimm supposes it to come from coda, coue, queue, and to refer to the manner in which the animal carries its tail as indicative of fear.
p. Ixiv.

sheaves of com; hocker, a knob, bunch, hump.

Chr.

Cowl.

Lat. cucullus, Sp. cogulla, O. Fr. cuoule

Norm.

AS.

cugle, cujle, cuhle,

W.

cwjl,

Reinaert de Vos,

Gael, cubhal, a monk's hood, cowl.

The

origin

may

Willems, 1836,

perhaps be Gael. cogvM, husks of corn, in which the grain is cased as a monk's head in his hood.

etymology is adopted in the Book of Albans, not a high philological authority certainly, but still admissible evidence with regard to
St.

A similar

Cowslip.
lipe for

Probably
Icel.

for cowsleek, as

Rouchi cou-

colique.

laukr,

a garden vegetable.

the origin of familiar terms of the chase:

Comp. Houseleek. Coy. Fr. coi, It.


less, easy,

cheto, Sp- quedo, quiet, noise-

Oyes a Bemounde

le vaillant

and

I shall

you auowe

gentle
It.

Lat. quietus.

Que quida

tron la covoarde

on

la court cowe.

d,

iii,

b.

Cozeilt

coglione, a cullion,

fool,

a scoundrel,

CRAB.
properly a dupe.
ceive,

CRAG.

199

make a dupe
lie
;

See Cully. It. cogUonare, of. Rouchi coulionner,


Coule !

to

de-

railler,

The G. bock, a buck or he-goat, is used for a frame of wood to support weights or similar purposes.
It

plaisanter, to

banter.

interjection imput-

signifies a battering-ram, coach-box, star-

ing a

lie.

Couleter, to tell lies.

lings or posts to

break the ice above a bridge, the

In the Venet. dialect coglionare becomes cogionare,


as vogia for voglia, fogia for foglia

ingannare, corbellare.

Patriarchi.
;

cogionnare,

Hence E.
;

to

cozen, as It. fregio, frieze prison.

cugino, cousin

prigione,

Crabt
It.

Icel. krabbi,
;

G. krehs

Bret, krah, krank

saw wood on, a In a similar manner the Sp. cobra, a goat, was used as the designation of a machine for throwing stones cabria, a crane Fr, chevre, a goat, and also a machine for raising weights. In the Romance of the department of the Tarn the
dogs in a
fire

grate, trestles to

painter's easel or ass.

granchio

Lat. cancer.

place of the r
is

is

transposed, and the

word

for a goat

The meaning
pinching animal.

of the word
It is closely
;

undoubtedly the
craple,

is

crabo

connected with the

used to
like the
traise.

a kid, and both these terms are designate the machine for raising weights,
;

crabit,

E. grab,
It.

to seize

Bret, kraban,

OE.
;

a claw

which we term in E. a
G.
bock,

crab, as well as trestles, or,

grappare, to seize, to grapple


It.
;

grappo, a bunch
kreptr, con;

a bagpipe.

Diet.

Romano-Casof the goat

E. cramp,

granfo, granchio, a contraction, drawIcel.


;

For the reason why


to

the

name

ing together

kreppa, to contract

was applied
Cable.

a machine

foiv

raising weights, see

tracted, crooked

It.

groppo, a knot, knob, bunch


;

Du. krom, G. krumm, crooked Gael, crub, to crouch, draw oneself together, crubag, a hook, a crab, a crooked woman, crub, a claw, the nave of a wheel. Now we have a series of words beginning with cl of very similar meaning clamp, clump, club, clip, cleave, claw, &c., many of which cannot be separated from their analogues in the series with an
E. crump, humped, crooked
;
;

initial cr.

Thus we use almost

indifferently grasp

and cramp-iron, scramble and clamber, crump-footed and club-footed, Icel. klumbuThe Icel. kramr corresponds to E. clammy ; fotr. Fr. grimper to E. climb; Du. krauwen to E. to

and

clasp, clamp-iron

claw.

Since then in the


that

series

we came

to

the

[The hooks resembling the claws of a crab, at the end of the windlass-rope, which seize and sustain the weight to be raised, are more likely to have given name to this contrivance than so remote a word as the Sp. cabra. M.] Crack. Imitative of the sound made by a hard substance in splitting, the collision of hard bodies, &c. In Gaelic expressed by the syllable cnac, identical with E. knock or knack. Gael, cnac, crack, break, crash, the crack of a whip, &c., cnag, crack, snap, knock, rap, thump. Cradle. See Crate. AS. crcefi, G. krafi, strength, power Craft. The origin strength, faculty, art, skill, knowledge.

conclusion

lump

or thick

the radical idea was that of a mass (see Clamp), from whence the

is

seen in the notion of seizing, expressed

by the

It.

graffiare.

notion of sticking together, contracting, compressing

were derived, we must assume as the


r series forms like the
Gael, crub,

origin of the

a hook, brace, holdfast, creffyn, a brace, Bret, krafa, to seize. The term is then applied to seizing with the mind, as in the Lat.
craff,

W.

W.

crab, crwb,

a round hunch,
crob,

terms apprehend, comprehend, from prehendere, to


seize in a material

nave of a wheel,

(properly a clod)

E.

a clown

way.

W.
;

craffu, to seize with

Hal.,

It.

groppo, grappo, a

the understanding, to perceive

dyn

craff,

man

of

bunch.
pression
cripple
;

Then with the sense of contraction or comwe have Gael, crub, to crook, crubach, a
It.

quick comprehension

crefft,

a trade.

Cra^.
the throat.

1.

The

neck, throat.

Jam.

grappare, E. to grab, to clutch, to seize


;

Pol. kark, the nape, crag, neck.

Du. kraeghe, Bo-

between claws Gael, crub, Bret, graban, E. craple, the claw or fang, the instrument of grabbing or seiznasal pronunciation gives It. granfo, E. ing. cramp, contraction ; Du. krampe, Fr. crampon, a hook, and as in the I series we saw clamp pass into

hem,
noise

krk, the

neck

Icel. krage,

lar of

coat.

The

origin

is

Dan. krave, the colan imitation of the

made by

clearing the throat.

Bohem.

krkati,

to belch, krcati, to

vomit

Pol. krz^kac, to hem, to

hawk.

The same
and
;

root gives rise to the Fr. crarecere, to

clam, the

is in

like

manner

Du. kramme, harpago Kil., and E. cram, to stuff. In like manner we pass from W. crwb, Icel. kryppa, a hump, to E. croop-back, crump-back, and thence to G. krumm, crooked. The same connexion between the notion of a lump or protuberance and that of seizing is exhibited in E. knob, knop, or knap, a lump, and nab, to
seize,

lost after the r,

giving

cher, to spit,

It.

vomit

E. reach, to
;

strain in vomiting

Icel. hraki,

spittle
;

AS.

hraca,

cough, phlegm, the throat, jaws


jaws.

G. rachen, the
is

At

other times the guttural sound


r,

imitated with-

out the

as in E.
ceg,

hawk and

keck,

and hence

is

formed
2.

W.

the throat, mouth, E. choke and Icel. Gael, creag, a rock

kok, quok, the throat.

nip (G. kneipen), to pinch.


S.

A rock.
;

W.

careg, a

Crab.

A windlass for raising weights.

stone

caregos, pebbles.

200

CRAM.
AS; cramman,
to stuff, to cram.
;

CRATE.
its side, to

Cram.
soft,

Icel.

heel over

Lap. kranket,

to

bend, inflec-

krami, pressure, kraminn, pressed, bruised

hramr,

tere, incurvare.

clammy. Du. hramme^ a cramp-iron, krammen, clamp or cramp together. Dan. kramme, to crumple, crush. The fundamental notion is to draw See Crab. together, to compress, to stuff.
to

Cranky.

Poorly.

Rouchi

cranque,

cramp.
it

When
is

man

begins to feel the infirmities of age

said " qu'il a ses cranques."

qu'lieux, maladif.
tered.

Crambe.
Gr. proverb
is

Crambo.

repetition

of words,

Hal.

Hecart.

Oranquieiix, cranCrankle, weak, shat-

G. krank,
sickly.

sick.

So from cramp,
cleft.

or saying the same thing over again.


8ts Kpafx^rj Oavarov,

From

the

Sw. krampig,

cabbage twice boiled

Cranny.

Cranie,

craine

or

Minsheu.
or notch,

death

Lat. crambe repetita, a tedious repetition.

Rouchi crin (pronounced crain), a


s'crener, to chap.

cleft

Hence probably crambo, a play in rhyming, in which he that repeats a word that was said before forfeits
something.

Fr. cren, crenne, cran, a breach

B.

or snip in a knife, &c., a notch, nib of a pen, jag

about the edge of a


Bret, cran, a notch.
nel.

leaf.

Cot.

Bav. krinnen,
rent, cleft, chan-

Cramp.
Crane.
shanked.

See Crab.
G. kranich ; W. garan, a cfane, and from gar, a leg garanawg, longThe name however is very widely spread,
;

G. krinne, a

From

I.

crinim, crainim, creinim, to bite, to


to

also a shank,

gnaw, Bret, krina,


illustrated

gnaw.

The metaphor may be


cole, "

by Cotgrave's explanation of Fr.

and

is

found in some of the languages in the ex-

bay or creek of the sea entering or eating


land."

into the

tremity of Siberia.
[Ihre supposes that the Icel. and Sw. trana, Dan.
trane, is derived

On
if it

the other

hand

it

would be more

in

analogy

from the AS. cran by the change


is

with the other words signifying a crack or fissure,


could be derived from a syllable, crin, imitative
of a sharp sound, while the Fr. crinon, a cricket,
looks as if the chirp of that animal

of c into
to

t,

wliich

not unfrequent.

He

suggests

the Greek yipavo<s as an allied word, and the extent

which the name of this bird is spread justifies us it back to some root belonging to the primitive source from which the Indo-European lanM.] guages are generally derived. Crinkle. To crankh or Crank. Crankle.
in carrying

had been

so

represented.

I should be inclined to refer the

W.
fii'st

crinn, dry, to the

same
to

root, signifying in the

instance shrunk, as in Sussex a clung bat


stick.

To

crine,

shrink,

to

pine.

Hal.

is

a dry

A
G.

crinkle, to

B.;

go

in

and

out, to

run in folds or wrinkles

piece of

wood

in drying shrinks

and cracks.

Du. kronkelen, to curl, twist, bend ; E. crank, an arm bent at right angles for turning a windlas Lap. kranket, to crook, to bend ; krankem, the bending of the knee Wallon. cranki, to twist, to fork Rouchi cranque, the cramp Bret, krank, It. granProv. E. chio, a crab, as the pinching animal cringle-crangle, zigzag Hal. Icel. kringr, a ring or circle, kringlottr, round; Dan. kringel, crooked,
; ; ;

schrund, a chink.

Crape.
so as to

Fr. crepe, a tissue of fine silk twisted


series of

form a

curled, frizzled, crisp.

minute wrinkles.
Cot.

Crespe,

See Crisp.

Crash. number of
which
is

An

imitation of the noise

made by a

things breaking.

variety of clash,

used in nearly the same sense.


the

or dash in pieces, sfracassare, spezzare.

Torriano.
&c.

To

crash

kring (in composition), round.

A word of
Cratch.
stall,

same

class with craze, crush,

The interchange of mp and nk is so frequent that we can hardly separate crank from cramp, Du. kronkelen

Fr. creiche, cresche, a cratch, rack, ox-

or crib.

La

sainte creche,

the

manger

in

from E. crumple, E. crinkle from crimple. Then if we were right in our derivation of cramp, the origin of crank must also be the image of a
block or

which our Lord was laid. Diez would derive it from the It. greppia, Prov. crepia, crepcha (as Mid. Lat. appropiare, Prov. apropjar, apropchar ; Fr.
" En la approcher), O. Fr. crebe, greche, a crib. " L'enfant envolupat en draps crepia lo pauseron." Rayn. " And she baar e pausat en la crupia."

lump represented by a form

crog,

answer-

ing to clog, as cramp to clamp.

On
face
is

the other hand the notion of a crumpled suroften expressed

by reference

to

a crackling

her

firste

borun sone and wlappide him in clothes


in
It.

noise,

whether from the sound actually given in the

and leyde him

crumpling up of textures of different kinds, especially under the influence of heat, or on the prin-

But the
a hurdle,

craticia

Wicliff. a cracche." See Crib. (from Lat. crates, cratitius),

lattice,

sheep

pen or
to

fold, offers
t

under Crisp. From this point of view crankle must be regarded as a nasalised form
ciple explained

pler derivation.

Hence
rise

the elision of the

a simwould
the

immediately give

the Fr. creiche, in


creil,

of crackle.

same way
2,

as

it

produces the Fr.


It.

a hurdle

Crank.

Crank

in nautical language is ap-

(Roquefort),
grating.

from the

graticola,

craticola,

plied to vessels inclined to heel over.

a special appliaition of the notion of bending down. Sw. kranga, Du. krengen, to press down a vessel on
is

This

Crate.

Cradle.

crate

is

an open case
Lat. crates,

made

of rods of wood wattled together.

CRAVAT. CRAWFISH.
wicker or hurdle work
posed of
grate
; ;

201

craticius,

wattled,

com-

In another combat,

when

the defeated champion

lattice

work.

It. crate,

a harrow, hurdle,

has begged his

life

graticcia, a hurdle, lattice.

Dan.

krat, copse

hrat-skov, copse-wood.

Gael, creathach, under-wood,

Sir Ywain said I grant it the If that thou wil thi selven say

brush-wood
being
grate.
lacli.

creathaU,

AS.

cradol,

a cradle (from
is

That

thoti art

overcomen this day.


fail

made of

wicker).

Gael. creathaU

also a

Ir. creatach,

a hurdle of wattled rods.

Wal-

He said, I grant withouten I am overcumen in batail.


For pur ataynt and

recreant.

cratariu, clathri, cancelli, lattice.

v. 3280.

Parallel with the foregoing are found a series of

forms with similar meaning, with an


stead of cr.

initial cl incliath,

As most of our law terms come from the Fr. we should look for the origin of the word to the terms
in

Lat. clathri, lattice


hurdle,
the

Ir.

a har-

which the vanquished champion acknowledged

row,

wattled

darning

of a

stocking

himself overcome in that language.

The

requisite

mended
wattled

crosswise like lattice work.

Gael, death,
;

meaning would be exactly given by Prov. cravantar,

work, a harrow, hurdle, gate


lattice of twigs,

Fr.
;

claye,

O. Fr. cravanter, to oppress, foyle or spoyle

a hurdle or
ruckgrat)

a wattled gate

Gael.

with excessive toyle or stripes


overthrow, overwhelm.
ble de fatigue.
then,

Cot., to beat

down,

cleathach, ribbed, cliaihag, the chine or spine

(G.

H^cart.

Je sus tout cravente, acca-

The

cry of cravante !

The

origin of both series

is

undoubtedly the word

which appears under the forms of Gr. xXaSos, clot, Gael, slat, W. Llath, E. lath, properly a
twig, rod.

Manx
shoot,

The Dan.

krat-skov would

then be a

would be an admission of being thoroughly beaten, though I am unable to show that, like E. cravant ! it was actually used in judicial combat. On the other hand the verb creanter was used
for the admission of being beaten.
Sire, dist
il,

wood

of shoots or rods, as opposed to timber of

large growth.

tenez m'espee,

Cravat, Formerly written crahat, and spoken of by Skinner (who died in 1667) as a fashion lately
introduced by travellers and soldiers.
is

La

bataiUe avez affined,


crant et reconnois, &c.

Bien vos
viz. that the right

The

fashion

by Menage to have been brought in 1636 from the war, and to have been named from Crabats or Cravats, as the Croatians (and after them a kind of light cavalry) were then called. The French had a regiment " de Royal- Gravate" PI. D. Krasaid
baten, Kravaten, Croatians.

was on the other

side

Et

ainsi

m'espee vos rent. Fabliaux et Contes

iv. 365.

Hence
aveu.

creant for one

who

admitted or granted him-

self beaten.

Fr. recreanz, vaincu de son propre

Gl. Chr.

Norm.
Syr knight, thou most nede

Crave. AS. crafian, to ask. Icel. krefa, to demand, require; krafi, need, necessity. W. cref, a cry, a scream crefu, to cry, to desire, to beg earnestly.

Thai

said,

Do

the lioun out of this place

SpurreU.

Or yelde

the to us als creant.

Ywaine and Gawain,

3170.

Craven.
ciently a

Craven, cravant, a coward.

Also an-

The d (changing
be the original
t

to v) in cradant, cravant,
is

may

term of disgrace, when the party that was overcome in a single combat yielded and cried cravant. B. If the term had originally been craven, signifying one who had begged his life, it could
hardly have passed into the more definite form cravant.

or d, the loss of which

marked

by the hiatus
Recreant.

in Fr. craanter, creanter.

See Grant,

The

prov. E. cradant, Sc. crawdon, a coward,

seem the same word.

To

set

cradants

is

to

propose

Wilbr.
The
known
to

feats for the

purpose of seeing

who

will first give in.

essence of the ciy was an admission that the


life was overcome. In the comGawain and Twain, when they become

G. kragen, the neck, throat, and in vulDu. kraeye, jugulus, Kil. ingluvies, Ang. craeye. Sw. krafwa, Dan. kro, a craw. See Crag. Crawfish. Disguised by a false etymology, as if it were the designation of a certain kind of fish. The corruption however is comparatively modern.
CraVF.
gar language the belly, guts.

party begging his bat between

" Creveys, fysshe


also crevish.

each other, each tries to give the other the

Du.
krehs,

krevisse,

polypus." Pr. Pm. Trench. From Fr. Kih OHG.


the
krevitse
;

"Written
ecrevisse ;
;

krebiz

G.

honour of victory.
Sir King, he said, withowten fail

a crab, from the grabbing or clutching action


Sp. escarbar, to scrabble, escarabajo ;
in

of the animal. 7 am overcumen


in tliis batayl.

Lang, escarabat, a beetle (an animal


claw
is

which the

nearly as conspicuous a feature as in the


escarabajo,

Nay sertes, said Gawain, bot am I. Thus nowther wald have tlie maistri
Before the king gan aither grant

crab), escarabisse, a crawfish.

[The Sp.
3710.

That himself was

recreant.

v.

scarafaggio, scarabone, must have

and Lang, escarabat. It. come from Lat.

VOL.

I.

26

202

CRAWL. CREAM.
These expressions could not have originated
country where the sky
for in such climates the
is

scarabeus as directly as the modern Fr. scarabee.

in

The Hebrew
of Scorpions,

geographical
is

name AkrabUm, the Pass


allied root,

usually clear at sunrise,

no doubt from an

and

all

these words probably express the image suggested


in the text.

M.]

a gradually difiused

light at

heavens are illuminated by dawn, which presents

To Crawl.

Du. h-abben, hrauwen,

to scratch

with the nails or claws, krabbelen, to scratch with


the nails, to scrabble, to scrawl, or

no appearance of a crack or opening, threatening soon to close again, but promises a whole hemisphere of sunlight. This the Spaniards poetically express

make

inartificial

scratches, inepte pingere, scribere seu exarare.


Kil.

by
en

el reir del alba,

the laugh of dawn.

" *

fue

As

in English

we have formed scrawl from


is to

scrabble, so

our crawl corresponds to the Du. krabbeln,


exercise the

de mil quinientos y tres al reyr el alua." Escolano, Valencia, 11. 1765. Or if there be a light mist in the east, rays seem to be shot forth
el

of which the fundamental meaning


nails or claws.

To

crawl

is to

drag oneself on by
to

from the approaching orb, and this the same nation calls el rayar del alba, the raying of the dawn.

clutching with the claws.


about, go on all fours.
to

G. hrabbeln,

crawl

When, on
bank of

the contrary, the sun rises below a

Bret,

mond war he grabanou,


go on his claws, from
;

go on

all fours, Uterally, to


;

hraban, a claw

krafa, krava, to seize, to clutch

Dan.
kralle,

kravle, to crawl, scramble.

claw

krallen, to claw, to

Du. krauwel, G. scratch. See Crab,

in England and narrow line of light, which may aptly be compared to a crack, runs along the horizon, and hence the phrase in question.

clouds, as is so

common

many

parts of the Continent, a

We

find a corresponding figure in the

dialect of

Grab.

Gascony, a country whose nearness to the Pyrenees


Fr. crayon, a piece of drawing chalk,
;

Crayon.
from
ereadh, clay.

and the Atlantic condemns


phere
:

it

to

a cloudy atmos-

crater, to chalk

craie, Lat. creta, chalk, Gael.

To
render

Craa;e.

Crazy.

A las clicos del jour I'aubo benguet rizento


To
craze,
to

crack,

to

inefficient.

Et lou sourel may matine Fazio deja beni luzento

And some
Earthenware

said the pot

was

crazed.

La

bitro del chassis petassado en pape.

Can. Yeoman's Tale.


at the present
is

Jasmin, Las PapiUotos,

III. 257.

day

is

said to be crazed

A
de
la

similar conception

is

implied in ihe English

when
crush
Cot.

the glaze

disfigured with a network of small

break of day, and in this couplet from the

Roman

cracks.
;

Fr. accraser, to break, burst, craze, bruise,


escrase, squasht

down, crushed in pieces.

Rose
Moult m'ennuie
eertes et grieve

From a

representation of the noise of crash-

Que

orendroit I'aube ne crive.

v. 2510.

ing a hard substance.

Dan.

krase, knase, to crackle

The

slaae i kras, to break to pieces.


feeble,

Sw.

kraslig, crazy,

decrepit, poorly.
is

The E.

crazy, applied to

the mind,

equivalent to cracked, cracky, crack-

phenomenon described by these phrases, but it sometimes occurs even there, and hence the Byzantine and Mod. Greek )(apda-crofiai, ^^apa^ei, imp., and the noun
Xapa-ixa, or

clear sky of Greece seldom shows the

brained.

Creak.
rattle,

Imitative of a

more acute sound than


Fr. criquer, to creak,

from

}(apdcr(T(3i,

more frequently in the pi., x^-pa^iaTa, all and referring to the furrow or crack

that represented

by

crack.

crackle

cricaille, chinks, coin.

of the horizon at the dawn.

Cot.

It.

criccare, cricchiare, to crick, creak, or squeak, as a

door or a cartwheel, also to

rattle.

Gricco, cricchio,

that creaking noise of ice or glass

when

Du.

krick, krack,

strepitus, fragor.

it

breaks.

Kil.

Then,

as things in splitting

make a sharp

sound,

we have

creak of day for the narrow crack of light on the horizon, which is the first appearance of dawn. Du.
hriecke, krieckelinge,

Krik, in De Krik vam Dage, is explained in the Brem. Nieders. Worterb. Schein, Glanz, but it must owe its origin to the same image as the E. creak of day, as does also krieken in the Du. het krieken van den dag. The equivalents of the ordinary meaning of krieken, as given in the dictionaries, are kraken, piepen, which last word tends to show that
in

ulum.

Aurora

rutilans,

primum

diluc-

tion,

E. peep of day, peep has its imitative significaand refers to the sound produced by the frac-

Kil.

[The phrase creak of day is more familiar to Americans in the form crack of day, which is not very unfrequently used. Peep of day is an analogous expression, and may be referred either to a narrow aperture, a " crack of light on the horizon,"
admitting a peep or glimpse of the sky below the cloud, or to the sharp sound which accompanies

M.l In Fr. creme two words seem confounded, the one signifying cream, which ought to be written without the circumflex, and the other
ture or cracking of brittle substances.

Cream.

signifying chrism, 0- Fr. cresme,

Gr.

^Qncrp-a,

the

consecrated

oil

used in baptism.

In Italian the two


I believe,

are kept distinct, crema, ci'eam, and crcsima, chrism.

The primary meaning


foam, froth.

of the word

is,

sudden rent or fracture.

CREASE.
spuma lactis pinguior. Diet. Trev. Oreme Champagne cremant, sparkling or mantling champagne.
Icel.

CREWEL.
Fr. grigner, to grin
snarl
is
;

203
grigne, wrinkled.

Cot.

To

said of the grinning of a

at

krauma, lente coqui,

to

simmer;

ing

of over-twisted

thread.

kraumr, krumr, kraum, the lowest stage of boiling,


simmering, also the juice or cream of a thing, cre-

grommelen, Fr. grommeler, to


to give

a like derivation for

dog and the curlThe Du. grommen, grumble, would seem E. crumple.

mor,

flos rei.

It.

cremore, the creeming or simperit

From

the Lat. fremere, to growl, grumble,

we may
to
is

ing of milk

when

beginnith to seethe

barm

used also for a shivering fever.

also yeast,

Fl.

It

explain the Du. wrempen, wrimpen, os distorquere


Kil.,

and the
rufile.

remembered that one of the readiest ways of raising cream is by scalding the milk till it just begins to simmer. The forms cremore and crema in
mu,-t be Italian correspond to the Icel. kraumr,
is

wrinkle,

Hal.

'Ei.

frump,

ill

humour,

io

frumple,
w, or

Still

nearer the Du. form

the E. wrimple, rimple, a wrinkle.

The

facility lost

with which an

initial g, h,

f is

kraum.

As

added or

before the r points to a similar origin


It.

often the case with words beginning with cr, the

of the E. wrinkle, in forms like the

ringhi, rin-

equivalents of the E. cream are accompanied


parallel series beginning with a simple r.

by a AS. and

ghiature, snarlings, yarrings, or grinnings with the

teeth

ringhiare, rinchiare, ringere, to blurt with

Sc. ream, Icel. riomi,

Du. room, G. rahm, cream.

the

mouth

Or quaff piire element, ah Without ream, sugar, or bohea.

they kick.

as

it

were

snarling, as

angry mules when

Fl. senses,

me

Eamsay

in

Jam.

Creekt Used in two have a common origin.


1.

which may however

little

bay, a nook in a harbour.


inlet,

Du.

kreke,

Reaming

liquor, frothing liquor.

Then, as froth

Fr. crique, an
ki,

small natural haven.

Icel. kry-

spreads like a mantle over the surface of a liquid,


the ryme of the sea, the surface of the sea.
Icel.

angulus, secessus, from krokr, a hook.


2.

The

A brook,

for

which

it

is

the

common word

hrim

is

used to designate as well rime, or hoar


each of which forms a
soft

America.

frost, as soot,

coating

over bodies, like froth on the


" begrimed with soot."
also applied to soot.
sible that the

sui'face of water.
initial

The
is

Cryke of watyr, scatera. Pr. Pm. Du. kreke, a crooked ditch, a small stream that runs with an elbow. Weiland. But kreke, as AS. crec-

in

E. grime, like cream, preserves the

guttural

ca, is also

a bank, brink, crepido

Kil.,

whence the
original

Schwenk.

The G. rahm, cream,

sense of brook

may be

derived,

as

the

It is not impos-

sense of Fr. riviere was a bank or margin.

ivation

word soot itself may have a like derfrom Icel. sioda, to seethe or boil. Hence Dan. sod, water in which meat has been boiled, and also soot; Du. sode, ebullition. E. sod, the soft covering of a grassy field.
CreaSCt
garment.
Bret, krtz, a wrinkle, pleat, tuck in a

To Creep.
at

AS. creopan; Du. kruipen


;

kriechen, to creep

Icel.

kriupa, to kneel

; G. kriupa

kniam

eins,

ad genua cujus accidere, properly to


;

crouch at his knees, to draw oneself together

kryp-

pa, a hump.
shrink
;

Gael, crup, crouch, bend, contract,


sit,

crub,

squat, crouch, creep

cruh, a claw,
;

seems often taken from a representation of the sound of snarling, as a dog in snarling wrinkles up the face.

The

designation

of a wrinkle

fang
ture.

crubain, creep, crouch, cringe, shrug


attitude,

cruhan,

a crouching

Du.
rura

grijsen, grijnsen, ringere, os distorquere, depra-

Fr. croupir, to

a crabfish, any crooked creacrooch, bow, stoop or go double.


to

Cot.

To

creep

is

move on by

alternate con-

vare, nares crispare, fremere, frendere, flere puero-

more

Kil.

grijnzen, montrer son

chagrin

en se ridant

le front,

en fron9ant

le sourcil,

9ant les dents, ou par d'autres grimaces.

Halma.

en grin-

See Crab. Crescent. The figure of the growing moon, of the moon in an early stage of growth. Fr. croistractions of the body.
sant, Lat. crescens, growing.

Fr. grisser, to crackle, crisser, grincer les dents, to


grind, grate, or gnash the teeth together for anger.

Cress.
kersse,

An
;

herb eaten raw.

AS.

ccerse,

Du.
Cot.

Sw.

krasse.

Fr. cresson, the herb termed

Cot.
;

It.

gricciare, to

chill

or chatter with the

kars or cresses
It.

cresson d'eaii, water carres.

teeth

grinciare, grinzare, to grin or gnash with


;

crescione, cressone,

Mid. Lat. crissonium.

Perci'isp

the teeth, to wrinkle

grincia, grinza, a wrinkle.

haps from the crunching sound of eating the


green herb.
Fr. crisser, to grind the teeth.

From

It.

grinza

we

readily pass to G. runzel, a

wrinkle, analogous to E. crumple and rumple.

Cresset.

See Crock.
Fr.
crevasse,

We

see the

same

relation

snarling and wrinkling in

between grinning or Du. grimmen, furere, freducere vultus, con-

Crevice. from crever,

crevure,

a chink,
chawne.

to burst, chink, rive, or

rift,

Cot.

mere, frendere,
trahere rugas

hirrire, ringere,

Lat. crepare, to creak, crack, break.

Kil.

It.
;

grimaccie, grimazze, crab-

Crew.
Crewel.
of thread.

bed looks, wry mouths grimare, grimmare, to wrinkle through age, grime, grimmo, wrinkled, withered.

See Crowd. Two-twisted worsted. G.


kndiiel,

B.
D.

Properly
a ball

Grignare, to grin or snarl as a dog.

a ball of woi'sted.

PI.

klevel,

Fl.

The

interchange of liquids in this class

204
of words
is

CRIB.
very common.
cratch

CRISP.
derision

Compare W. chh,
for
It.

crob,

B.,

whence, frumple, a wrinkle.


to separate

Pr.

E. knob, a round lump or hunch.


Crib.
kribbe,

Pm.
cattle.

or

manger

Du.
as

It

seems hard

words so closely related

G. hrippe, PI. D. hrubhe,

greppia, grup-

Probably pia, Prov. crepia, crepcha, Fr. creiche. from the notion of confining, signifying in the first instance a confined space for the purpose either of
holding the fodder of animals, or for making a sleeping-place for a child or the like.

cramp and crimp, but we must not neglect a clear line of derivation when it offers itself, because we
find ourselves unable to
all

make a

perfect system of

the related forms.

Now

the derivation of sev-

" Cribbed, cabined,

and confined."
Crab.

Manx

crib, curb, contract, shrink.

Gael, crup, crouch, bend, contract, shrink.

See

words signifying wrinkle was traced under Creak to the image of an animal under the influence of bad temper snarling, grinning, and wrinkling up the face. And the present series lends itself
eral

very naturally
l.

to

such an origin.
is

The Du. grimmen,

Cricket,
sound.

An

insect

making a sharp creaking

fremere, frendere, hirrire,

doubtless a representa-

Halma.

Du. krieken, to chirp, kriek, a cricket. Compare also Bohem. cwrcek, a cricket,
;

tion of the grumbling sound of a snarling dog, as grommen, grommeUn, grunnire, munnurare, of similar sounds.

cwrkati, (o chirp

Fr. grillon, grezillon, a cricket

griUer, to creak, greziUer, to crackle.


2.

After directly representing the sound,


applied to the action of the face by
is

Cot.

grimmcn

is

Fr. criquet, the stick or peg serving for a

in the

game of

bowls.

Roquef

mark
orig-

which the growling


ringi,

accompanied, and then to con;

In like manner

traction or wrinkling in general

doubtless in the

game

of cricket the

word was

ducere vultus, contrahere rugas

grimmen, ringere, grimminge,


;

inally the designation of the wicket at

which the
door,

krimpinge in den buyck, griping


It.

in the belly.

Kil.

bowler directs his aim.

The Du.

kliket, klinket, is
little

grimo, grimmo, wrinkled or withered, grimaecie,

synonymous with ing readily to and


clicket
flat

wicket, wincket, a
fro.

mov-

crabbed looks, wry mouths.

Fl.

changes

to

See Clinch. And the I of an r in Lang, criketos, clickets, or


Fr. criqueter,
to rattle,

Crimson.

Fr. cramoisi.

It.

cremasi, cremesino.

bones used as castanets.


derived.
!

Turk, kirmizi ; Sp. carmesi, from kermes, the name of the insect with which it is dyed.

from whence the notion of moving backwards and


forwards
is

To Cringe.
sive

manner.
to
It.

To go bowing, behave in a submisFrom AS. crumb, crymbig, crooked,


to

O Crimini interjection of surprise, Crimini. seems to have come to us from an Italian source.
Mod. Gr.
12 Ti Kpifia
KpLfia,
!

a verb crymbigean, crymbian (not in the dictionaries)

would be
cringe as

crook or bend, corresponding

E.

a crime,

fault, sin, pity,

misfortune.
!

O Ti fieyaXov
!

KpL/ju

what a pity

what a

sin or fault

Adopted

into Italian the ex-

pression would be

che crimine!

G. krumm, crooked ; sich hriimmen und bilcken, to stoop and KUttn. Ir. cromaim, to bow down. cringe. Fr. croupir, to bow, stoop, go double; Dan. krybe, to
cambiare to E. change.

Cramp, crimp, crump are To crimp frills is to lay them in pleats crimped cod is cod in which the fibre has been allowed to contract by means of

Crimp,

Crimple.

creep, grovel, krybe for een, to cringe to one.

all

used in the sense of contraction.


;

Crinltle.

See Crank.

Properly a crookback or humpback, Cripple. Icel. kryppa, a hump, curone who goes crooked.
vature, coil
;

parallel cuts through the muscle of the fish.

To

kryppill, a

humpbacked or a lame man.


a cripple. Dan. krybe, a cripple, a stunted

Pr. Pm.
W.
edge
;

crimple

is

to

wrinkle

crympylle or rympylle, ruga.

Du.

krepel, kreupel, kropel,

krob, to creep, krobbel, krobling,

crimpio, to pinch or crimp, crimp, a sharp

object; Gael, crub, crup, to crouch, shrink, creep

Dan. krympe,

to shrink,

Du. krimpen,

to con-

(go in a crooked or crouching manner), crubach,

tract, shrink, decrease.

The

great difficulty in treat-

crupach, a cripple, lame person.

ing words of this kind arises from the innumerable


directions in

Crisp.
curled.

Lat.

crispus,

Fr.

crespe,

OE.
crips.

crips,

which their relations branch out on all The addition of an initial s gives E. scrimp, sides. to contract, cut short, AS. scrimman, to dry up,
wither, G. schrumpfen, to crumple, shrivel, wrinkle.

Her

hair that owndie (wavy)

was and

Chaucer

in R.

The

latter

form might lead us

to

connect the word

On

the other hand the reduction of the

initial

or to

with Gael, crup, contract, crupag, a wrinkle.


the other hand the

On

a simple r gives E. rimple as well as rumple, a wrinkle, crease, pucker Du. rimpe, rimpel, rompel, a wrinkle. Kil. G. riimpfen, to screw up the

AS.

cirpsian, to crisp or curl,

compared with E.
is

chirp, reminds us that Fr. cresper

both to frizzle or curl, and to crackle or creak, as


shoes
or dry sticks laid on the
fire.

mouth and
sense
Kil.

nose,

make wry

faces.

In the latter

new

Cot.
is

has krimpneusen,

wrimpen, wrempen,

And
the

the sense of a curly or wrinkled structure


instance a crackling or creaking sound.

OS distorquere, corrugare

nares.

The analogous
in

in other cases
first

expressed by words representing in


It.

E. term

is

frump,

to

frizzle

up the nose as

CROCK.
grillare

CROOK.
rise to several
first

205
words in the special significations, oil, and then of a

(and sometimes Fr. griller

Cot.) signifies

to creak or chirp as

cricket, while griller is exin plaits, to snarl as over-

of a vessel for containing

plained to

sit

rumpled or
;

lamp, and secondly of a melting-pot.

twisted thread
twirl,

greziller, to

crackle,

also to curl,

From
croiset,

the form cru^e are derived the Fr. creuset,


little

frizzle hair; to frizzle is

used both of the

a crucible, cruzet, or cruet, a

earthen

crackling sound of fat in the

fix'e,

and

in the sense

pot,

wherein goldsmiths melt their


;

silver,

&c.

of curling up.

The

train of thought proceeds

from

Cot.

crassetum,

a quivering sound to a vibratory motion, and thence


to

(a crucible).

i.

q.

Picard. cracet, schmelz-tiegel

Dief. Sup.

The

loss

of the

s gives

a surface thrown into a succession of ridges or

E.

cruet, crewet, crevet,

involutions.

Thus

the Latin speaks of the vibrating

glass to hold oil

a phial or narrow-mouthed or vinegar, a melting-pot. B.

sound of the nightingale, somis luscinice vihrans, of

In the sense of a lamp


crache,

we have Rouchi

crasse,

sound vibrating in our


structure

ears,

while the passage from

the idea of vibration to that of a wrinkled or curly

may

be illustrated by the designation of a

Du. kruysel, krosel, Fr. creuseul, croissel, a hanging lamp E. cresset, a large lantern fixed on a pole. B. Ir. cruisgin, a small pot or pitcher,

and the synonymous shirt-frill, from E. and Fr. friller, to shiver. Vibrati crines are curly locks, and conversely crispus is applied to
chitterling
chitter,

cruisgin

oli,

a pitcher of

lamp, a cruise.
ing-vessel,

Macleod.

oil

Gael, cruisgin, an

oil-

Fr. creusequin, a drinkertlie.

E. cruskin or cruske, coop of

the rapid vibration of a serpent's tongue.


bisulca; jactu crispo fulgere.

Pacuv.

Lingua?

Pr.

Pm.

The Greek diminutive

termination irovXo

in Forcell.

gives cruciholum, a night-lamp, and also a crucible

The

sense of rigid and brittle might well be a

or melting-pot.

special application of the former one, because the

unevennesses of a rigid surface obtrude themselves on our notice. But on the other hand it seems to

effundebat.

from direct imitation of the sound of crushing something crisp. Fr. cresper, to crashe as a thynge dothe that is cryspe or britell betweene one's teeth. Palsgr. PI. D. kraspeln, to rustle. Danneil.
arise

extinguebat krug, becher.


cruciholum.
saepius

Creuseul, croissol, lumiere de nuit,

Gloss, in Due.

De

noctu proferenti

candelam, cruciholum, et oleum


Cruciholus,

Ibid.

kruse,

kruselin,

Dief. Sup.

The erroneous

supposition of a derivation from

In like manner crump


that crunch

is

used for the

sound of

crunching, and also for crisp or the quality of things

AS. times. Scyphum meura deauratum quern cruciholum meum solitus sum vocare, quia signum crucis per transversum scyphi imprimitur interius cum quatuor
crux, a cross, appears as early as the

between the

teeth.

angulis simili impressione protuberantibus.

Due.

Tib's teeth the sugar-plums did crump.

Farls baked wi' butter Fu' crump that day. Burns in Jam.

Crimpy,

short, brittle.
is

Hal.

It

is

remarkable

same connexion with the sense of a crumpled or curly and wrinkled structure, as in
that here also

the

Crocus. The yellow flower from whence saffron Lat. crocus, Gr. KpoKo?. Gael, crock, "W. is made. Hence the surname Groker, a cultivator cock, red. " The crokers or saffron men do use an of saffron. observation a little before the coming up of the flower." HoUinshed in R.

Croft.
croft,

An

inclosure

the case of crisp.

cible.

Crock. Cruise. Cruet. Cresset. CruDu. kruycke, G. krug, Dan. krukke, W.

pragdiolum.

Somner.
old
teeth.

adjoining a house.

AS.
;

Gael,

croit,

a hump,
croi-

hunch, a croft or small piece of arable land


teir,

a crofter, one holding a croft of land.


l.

cregen, an earthen vessel, pitcher, jar.

kruzas (z

The

Lith.

Crone,

An
its

woman.
it

2.

An

old sheep,

Fr.j), Fr. cniche, unite the foregoing


final s ; Icel. krus,
;

beginning to lose

with forms having a


kroes, kruyse,

G. krus, Du.

In the former application


note,

probably signifies a
Gael, cronon, a dull

a cup, drinking-vessel
jar.

Hung,

korso,

moaning, muttering creature.

E. cruse, cruise, a

low murmuring sound,


cat,

humming

of a bee,

Perhaps the original meaning necked jar.

may

be a narrow-

purring of a

&c.

Sc. crone, croon,

a hollow,

continued moan.

Deep in a narrow-craiged pig Lay many a dainty nut and fig.

In the second application

it is

the

It.

carogna, Fr.

charogne, Du. karonie, kronie, a carcase, carrion,

Ramsay
;

in

Jam.

then applied to an old sheep, ovis vetula rejicula


Kil., ein faul

Bohem. krk (dim. krcek) Pol. kark, Sc. crag, craig, a neck Bohem. krcak, Russ. korssok (Palkovitsch),
;

Thier

Dief. Sup., in cadaver.

Per-

haps indeed the application to an old

woman

has the
infinite

a crock or pitcher with a narrow neck. The Gael, has sgrog, the neck, krog, a pitcher. Lith. kragas,

same origin. " An old Crouch. Crook.

carrion."

word of almost
;

a can.

connexions.
diminutives of the foregoing appellations of
different terminations, giving

Pol. kruk, a hook, crook


kroke,

Icel. hrahi,

The

a hook

Du.

fold, wrinkle,
;

curl

Dan.

ajar are formed with

krog, a hook, crook, corner

Gael, crocan, a hook,

206
crook
to
;

CROP.
crock,
;

CROTCHET.
Du. krop van salaet, cabbage-lettuce then anything bunchy or ill grown or small of its kind sick kropfen, to grow amiss, grow crooked kriipfen sich, to
;
;

hang

Ir. crock,

gallows
;

crockaim,

hang

W.

croca, crwca, crooked

crogi, to

hang

Fr. croc, a grapple or great hook, crochu, hooked,

bowed downwards or inwards. The fundamental meaning of


tract,
krJc,

crook oneself.
the

word

is

to con-

fen or contract with cold

a neck.

and the origin seems preserved in the Bohem. See Crag. Tlien as the neck affords an
se, to

Hal.
The

stoop,

Schmeller. Fr. go double


;

Icel.

kroppna, to

stif-

croupir, to croocli,

Cot.

to

croup, to stoop, to crouch.

apt type of contraction, krditi, to contract, to crook,


curve, crumple, wrinkle, krciti
;

crop of a vegetable

is
;

the top, and thence the crop and root, or

shrink, shrivel,
;

the whole part above ground

pucker krec, sskrek, cramp, spasm Russ. korcka, cramp, spasm; korchit, to draw in (retrecir), korchitsya, to shrink, to become stiff, to crook. The E.
crouch
is

crop and more, are frequently conti'asted with each


other in

OE.

Hence

to

crop

is

to bite or gather the


is

foliage or fruit.

A crop

of coi*n

the whole annual

essentially the

same word.

It signifies to

growth, and the sense being thus generalised the

draw the body together in taking a submissive attitude. Comp. Fr. crochu, bowed downwards. Sc. crouchie, a humpback Icel. krokna, to be contracted
;

term
that

is
is

equally applied to the growth of roots,


the important part of the vegetables
;

when
fruit.

a crop
of the

of turnips or of carrots as well as of grass or


It is

or stiffened, or even killed, with cold.

remarkable that parallel with


initial kr,

many

Gr.

KpiKo<;,

a ring,

link, hook, or

anything curved,
;

foregoing forms, with an


similar

are a series of

leads to Icel. kringr, hringr, a whirl, a ring

Sw.

kringla, a circle, and unites the present series with

the forms crank, crinkle, &c.

In

Lith., as in
is lost,

guttural

G. rachen, the jaws, throat, the and an initial r alone remains ruku
; ;

meaning with a simple k. See Cuddle. Thus we have in E. the crop or cop of a hill Bav. koppen, the crop or bushy part of a tree, koppen, to crop or cut off the crop or cop of a tree G. kohl;

kopf, kopf-sallat as kropf-sallat above

cited.

The

or runku, rukti, to contract, shrink

rauka, a

fold,

same

root

may

be traced in the Fin. kupo, a bundle

a wrinkle.
plait
Icel.

Corresponding forms are exhibited in


;

of straw, &c., kuppa, a bubble,

Lat. ruga, a wrinkle


;

Gael, roc, a curl, wrinkle,


;

kruckr, a wrinkle
;

crumpled mass

E. ruck, a heap, rugged, wrinkled, uneven.

tumour, swelHng Schilter) kupu, chropf a bladder the crop of a bird, belly of animals kaolin, kupu, a
(comp.

OHG.

head of cabbage.
Cross. Fr. croix, It. croce, Sp. kruz, Icel. kross, All from the Lat. crux, a G. kreuz, Du. kruys. cross for the punishment of malefactors and that not directly from crook, to curve, but through the intermediation of the notion of hanging Gael, cro; ;

Crop.

AS.

crop, top, bunch,

craw of a

bird.

OE.

croppe of an erbe or tree, cima, coma, capilla-

mentum.

Pr. Pm.
little

The fundamental meaning


hill
;

is

probably exhibited in the Gael, crap, cnap, a knob,


knot, boss, a

W.
;

croh,
It. is

crwb, a round

hunch

cruh,

knob, bunch.
the top of a

a swelling out
Fl.

groppo, a knot,

can, a hook, crock,


crock, as Lat. crux,

hang

Ir.

crockaim, to hang, and

The word

then applied to

a gallows, an erection for hang-

different things of a
hill

rounded or protuberant form,


fec.
;

ing a

or of a plant, the crop or project-

man on. From crux

are

many

derivatives:

cruciare, to

ing stomach of a bird,

torture, crusade.

Mid. Lat. cruciata, Du. kruys-vaert,

Fr. crope, croupe, the top or knap of a hill la croupe du dos, the ridge of the back, and thence
croupe.
It.

grappa, the
;

of an animal

rump or rounded haunches E. croup, the craw, the belly, also

the buttock or haunch

Hal.;

S w.
;

Xrojop, the top

of anything, the solid mass of the animal frame or

body

kroppug, gibbous,

humped

Lat. corpus.

Or

perhaps as the G. kropf is applied in a contemptible sense to the human stomach (Kiittner), the designation

an expedition from religious motives, in which tlie soldiers took the badge of the cross ; crucify, &c. Crocket. Fr. crocket, dim. of croc, Crotchet, a little hook, and hence a note in music, from the hook-like symbol by which they wei'e marked. Fr. Then as a percrocket, crockue, a quaver in music. son playing music appears to carry in his brain the type of what he is playing, a crotcket is a fixed

imagination.

" //

des crockues dans la

may be

extended

to the

trunk or body, of wliich

head

is

full

of crotches."

tete,

his

Cot.

is the principal member. Du. crop, the knob of the throat, the throat itself, " dat steeckt my in den crop," that sticks in my throat crop, a swell-

the belly

As

ing in the throat, goitre, the craw of a bird, stom-

a good harper stricken far in years Into whose cunning hands the gout does All his old crotchets in his brain he bears,

fall.

ach

But on

his

harp plays

ill

or not at

all.

croppen, to cram, to thrust food into the throat

Davies in R.

(Biglotton),

whence the E.

crop-full, cram-full, as

in G. gepfropft voll, from pfropfen, to cram.

G.

A crotcket or crocket
hair,

is

also

an ornamental excres-

hropf, the craw of a bird, goitre,

wen

the head of

cence in Gothic architecture like a twisted tress of

vegetables, as kohl-kropf, salat-kropf ; kropf-sallat,

from Du. kroke, a

curl.

CROUCH.
And
With
crotchets

CRUM.
hump, cruit, a harp, a crowd or fiddle.
fiddle
;

207
Ir. cruit,

bellyche ycorven

on corners.
as

P. P. crede.
crutched friars, the
cross
;

a hunch, also
is

CroUCllt

cross,

in

Crowd.

3.

Curd.
;

crowd

crossed friars, or friars

who wore a

crouch

mass of people

curds or cruds, as

it

a lump or was formerly

mass, a festival in honour of the holy cross.


crouch, to

To

written, are milk coagulated or driven into


to cruddle, to coagulate or curdle ; to
dle.

mark with

the sign of the cross.


is

lumps crowd or hud-

To

And And

croodle (to di'aw oneself together into a

said his orisons as crouchid

usage,

hem and

bade God shuld

hem

lump from
bless.

cold or otherwise), to cower, crouch, cud-

dle, also to feel cold.

Hal.
; ;

To Crouch.
contracted or
krulcu, to

To

stoop, to

bow

the

body together.
to

W.

crwd, a round lump


clot

Bohem. hruda, a

clod,

Icel. krokinn, crooked,


stiflPened

bowed down, hrohna,


with cold
;

be

lump, hrudka, a
snowball
crottes,
;

Pol. gruda, grudka, a clod,

at sitia i eirne

E.

crote,

a clod of earth.

Hal.
;

Fr.
goats,

crouch down on one's heels.


;

W.

crwcau,

E.

crottles,

the

lumpy dung of sheep,


crums, broken pieces

to

bow, to curve

crwcwd, a round squat, a person


Prov. E. cruckle,
in the throat of
is

&c.
tle,

crottles, cruttles,
;

to crut-

crouched together.
stoop.

Hal.

to bend, to

to curdle

crut,

a dwarf,

W. crwt, crwtyn,

little

Croup.

A disease

young

chil-

dumpy fellow. To crowd is


to push.

to gather to

a lump, hence to thrust,

dren, in which the throat

contracted and a harsh

screaming cough produced.


shrink
;

Gael, crup, contract,

crupadh, contraction, shrinking, shrivelling

Du. kruyden, kruyen, trudere, protrudere, propellere. Kil. Crowdyn or showyn (shove) impello. Pr. Pm. To crowd is still used in Suf-

the croup.

But perhaps the idea of


is

contraction, ex-

folk in the sense of driving in a crowd-barrow or

pressed by the syllable crup,

derived from the

wheel-barrow

(Du.

kruy-wagen).

Forby.

In

harsh sound of struggling for breath through a contracted windpipe, and not vice versa, so that the

Amis and Amilown a crowd-wain.


Then Amoraunt crud Sir Amiloun Through many a cuntre up and down.

name

of the disease would be direct from an imita-

tion of the

sound produced.

And

this

would agree

Way.

with the principle on which the notion of contraction


or compression, expressed by the syllable crook, has

above been explained.

Bohem.

chrapati, chrupati, to snort

chrapawy,
iy'6-

hoarse, chropot, snorting, hoarseness, chroptiti


cheln), to struggle for breath, to sob
;

Pol. chrohotac,

to grate, jar, rattle, chrapanie, rattling in the throat

The word signifying a lump or clod is used in the same way to express the notion of thrusting, in the Bohem. hruden, the intercalary month, in G. schaltmonat, from schalten, to shove. The double form of the Du. kruyden, kruyen shows the radical identity of the E. crowd and crew or crue, signifying a clump of people. Lith. kruwa, a
heap, as of stones, straw, or people.

chraplhoy,
horse.

shrill,

harsh, hoarse

chrap, nostrils of a

See Cheese.

Crown.
Icel.

Lat. corona.

W.

crwn, round, circular


;

Goth, hropjan,

hropa, Sc. roup, to cry.

Sc.

crynfaen, a pebble, a round stone


together, to

crynoi, to collect
;

roup
Hal.

is

also used in the sense of hoarseness

the disease croup.

Jam.

and of

To

croup, to croak.

draw

to a mass, crynyn, a globule


;

Ir.

cruin, round, cruinne, the globe of the earth

cruin-

Crow.

Cronk.
;

nighim, to collect

Gael, crun, the boss of a shield,


cruinn, round, globular
;

A direct imitation
;

of the cry

a crown, garland
Crucible.

cruinne,

of different birds.
krdchzen, to

G. krdhen, to crow like a cock ; croak Du. kraeyen, to crow or to


;

the globe, cruinneachan,

any round heap.

croak or caw
croasser
;

Lat. crocire
Kpu>^Lv
is
;

It.

crocciolare

Fr.

Crude.

Cruel.
; ;

See Crock.
Lat. crudus, bloody, raw, un;

Gr.

Bohem.
Icel.

krokati, to

croak.

ripe, unfeeling

crudelis, hard, cruel, severe

cru-

From Du.
like

kraeyen

formed kraeye, a crow.

In

entus, bloody, cruel

cruor, blood.

Russ. krov', Bo-

manner from croak the

has krakr, a raven,

hem. krew,

W.

crau, Ir. cru, Lith. kraujas, blood.

kraki, a crow.

crow,

NE. a

Crowd,

Hal. Crowder, The


crouk.

Lith. kraukti, to croak, krauklys,

Bret, kriz, raw, cruel.

crowd or

fiddle

was

recognised by the

Romans

as a British instrument.

Cruise. To sail up and down. Du. kruissen, from kruis ; Fr. croiser, from croix ; Dan. krydse, from kryds, a cross.

Crum.
Romanusque
lyra plaudat
;

small morsel of bread.


bite, nip,

AS. crume.
;

Graecus Achilliac&

crotta

Barbarus harpi, Britanna placet. Fortunatus in Due.


tibi,

Gael, criom, pick,


bit,

nibble

criomag, a small
Berri. gre-

shred, tatter

criomagaich, crumble

miUer, to crumble, gremillons, groumignons, crums.

Named from

the hollow sounding board. W. crwth, a hollow protuberance, bulge, belly, fiddle croth, a bulge, a womb, crothi, to bulge. Gael, croit, a
;

The crum
PI.

or soft part of bread (in which sense the

D. krom is also used which is easily crumbled.

Danneil)

is

the part

208

CRUMP.

CUCUMBER.
12
:

Crninp.

Crumple.
;

Cmmp-hach, hump-back
to crumple, to

"jainir vairf)i|) grets jah krusts tunf)ive," there

crump, or crumple-footed, club-footed,

shall

be weeping and gnashing of

Sw. krumpen, shrunk, contracted, numbed. AS. crumb, crump, crymhig, bowed, bent ; G. krumm, W. crom, crwm, crooked, crymu, to bend, crook, stoop; Sc. crummy, a cow with a crumpled horn. The fundamental image, in accordance with the views explained under Crab, should be a lump, round mass, or projection, from
into wrinkles

draw up

verb kriustan in

Mark
kriicke,
;

ix.

teeth. Also the 18: "jah kriustip iwn-

|3uns seinans," and gnasheth with his teeth.

M.]

Cratch.

G.

Du. kruck,

Lith. kruke. It.

gruccia, a crutch

croccie, crocciette, crosslets, little

crosses, a bishop's crosier, the cross bars of the hilt

of a sword, also crouches or crutchets for lame


to

men

Avhence the ideas of contraction, bending, crookedness, readily follow.

Now

in the fonner sense

we

go with. The meaning of the w^ord then is obviously a staff with a cross bar at the top for the support of the arm. Crutch was also used in the sense
of cross.

have W. crwh, a hump, E. croop-hack, a hump-back, and with the nasal, crump, the projection of the
haunches, rump.
kle
;

See Cross.
Imitative of a shrill sudden exertion
It.

Hal.

To Cry.
of the voice.

Lith. krumplys, a knuc-

gridare,

Fr. crier, G. schreien.

Bohem. krumple, a potato. On the other hand the idea of


is

Du.
curliness or rough-

schrey, clamor et fletus, ejulatus.


is

As a

shrill

cry

the natural expression of a high degree of

ness of surface
rigidity,

frequently connected with that of


direct repre-

and both are expressed by a

sentation of the sound


brittle substance.

made

And

in crushing a rigid and crump, as was shown under

word passes on to signify the shedding of most general expression of pain of any kind. In like manner the verb to weep comes from AS. wop, the primary meaning of which is simply
pain, the
tears, the

Crisp,

is

taken for such a noise and the quality of


it.

outcry.

things which give rise to

Crypt.

It.

cripta,

a hollow

vault,

a church
to

To Crank
or heron.
snort, croak
;

or

Crnnkle.

Lith. krankti, to

To cry like a crane make a harsh noise, to

under-ground, a lurking den or secret sink underground.

Flor.

Doubtless from KpinrTw,


of the
early

hide,

krunkinti, krankinti, to croak.

being primarily used for performing in safety the


religious

Crupper.
the croupe or
dle.

Fr. croupQre, the strap passing over

services

Christians.

"Ac

rump of a

horse to hold back the sadhill,

per cryptas et latibula

cum

paucis Christianis per


of Tours in Due. " In

Fr. croupe, the top of a


of a horse.

ridge of the back,

eum

conversis mysterium solennitatis diei dominici

rump
Crop.

Porter en croupe, to carry behind

clanculo celebrabat."

Greg,

one on horseback.

Pro v. E. crump, the rump. See


a representation of the noise
Fr. croissir, to
is

qua Basilica est crypta abditissima."

Ibid.

Cub.

The young

of animals of certain kinds, as


Icel.

To Crash.

From

of dogs, bears, foxes. marinus.

kobhi,

seal, vitulus

of crushing a hard or brittle body.


break.

(Dan. saelhund.)

crack or crash or crackle as wood that

ready

to

Cot.

It.

crosciare,

croscere,

to

squash,

Cubit. Lat. cubitus, cubitum, Gr. kv^itov, the elbow or bending of the arm. From a root cub,
signifying crook or bend, seen in Gael, cub, crouch,
stoop, shrink
;

crash, crush, squeeze, but properly to fall violently

as a sudden storm of rain or hail upon the

tiles,
;

and

cubaeh, bent, hollowed, in Gr.

Ktnrra),

therewithal to
as green
Flor.
sleet
;

make a
;

clattering loud noise

to crick

wood

croscio d^aqua, a sudden shower.


;

to stoop, Lat. cubare, to lie

down, properly,

to

bow

down.

Lith. kruszti, to crush, to grind

krusza, hail,
;

krusztinne (graupe), meal, grots

nukruszti,

to gi'ind off the

crMsea, bran?).
to bits.

husks of corn, especially barley (It. Hanover. ^rosse/M, to crush, break

Cucking-stool. A chair on which females for were fastened and ducked in a pond. " The chair was sometimes in the form of a closestool [which] contributed to increase the degradacertain offences
tion."

Halliwell.

Manx
Icel.

cugh, excrement in chil-

Crust.
anything.

Lat. crusta, the hard outward coat of

dren's language.

probabiHty from the sound of crunching a crust of bread. Bohem. chraustati, to


all

In

or pysynge vesselle
militer

scaphium. Pr.
iiij.

kuka, caccare.

Cnkkynge

Pm. "Si-

malam

cervisiam faciens, aut in cathedi-a po-

crunch (knarrend mit Zahnen zermalmen) chrasta, the crust of a wound chrastel, the corncrake
;
; ;

nebatur

stercoris,

aut

sol.

dabat prepositis."

Domesday B.
stool.

in

Way.

It

was

also called goging-

chraust, a beetle, insect with

chrustacka, gristle.

a crusty covering See Gristle. Bret., with an inskin,

version of the consonants, trousken, crust of a wound,


scab.

Gael, rusg,
;

rind,

husk, bark;

Bret.

A. Sax. gong-stole, a close-stool. Cuckold. Cuckolled, treated in the way the cuckow (Lat. cuctdus) serves other birds, by laying an egg in their nest.

that
viz.

rmk, bark
iCrust

is

E. rusk, a hard crust, crust baked crisp. found in all the Gothic languages, as

Cuckow.

G. kuckuck, Lat. cuculus, Sc. gowk,

Du. kuyck-kuck, kock-kock.

Kil.

From
It.

the cry.

well as in those from which similar words are cited in the text. Krvsts occurs in Ulphilas, Matth. viii.

Cucumber.
Lat. cucumis,

Fr. concombre, coucombre.


meris, a

Cot.

cucumber;

cocomero.

CUD.
Cud.

CULM.
the neck
;

209
G.
kegel, Pol. kregle, ninepins
;
;

Quid.

To chew

the cud

is to

chew

the

contents of the stomach, which in ruminating ani-

mals are thrown up into the mouth again for that


purpose. It is called quid in SuiTey, whence a quid of tobacco is a small piece of tobacco kept in the mouth like the cud of a ruminating cow.

G. winkel, Du. wiggelen, motitare, E. wriggle ; Lat. coaxare, E. croak ; Lith. kumpas, E. crump, crooked E. cob, W. dob, a lump Russ. puk, Gael, pluk, a bunch E. chink, Du. klinche, a
a corner, E. wrinkle
; ; ;

AS.

cud,

rumen

of the throat in beasts.

Somner B.

cud, the inner part

Goth, quithei, the

cleft E. gingle, Gael, gliong ; Fr. quincailler, Rouchi dincailler, to tinkle, E. chink and clink, to tinkle chatter and clatter ; Sp. casco, Lang, closco,
slit,
;
;

womb

Icel.

quidr, the

womb, paunch,

maw

at

scull

Fr. cosse, Bret,


;

clos,

a husk

W.
;

coch,

missa quidinn, Dan. miste maven, in Surrey


the quid,
cudlost.

to lose

Gael, croch, red


heloter

Fr. crucheter and chucheter

a disease in cattle equivalent to Bailey's

and

bimbeloter.

Irim-

Cot.

In

like

manner

in Lat.

rumino, to chew
parso long as I
fill

cud, from rumen, the paunch.


vifacio

"

Ego rumorem

In like manner I believe the loss of an r has converted cruddle into cuddle.

dum
fill

sit

rumen qui impleam,"


belly.
Icel.

am

Cudgel.

Du.

kodse, kud^e, a club,

knobbed

stick

able to

my

at quida, to

one's

knodse, knudse, a knotted stick, knodsen, knudsen

belly, quidadr, satisfied, full.

Fin. hohtu, the


;

womb,

tundere, contundere, batuere.

Kil.

The

origin

i?

maw,

especially of

ruminating animals

Esthon.

probably a form like

It.

cozzare, to knock.

koht, the belly.

Sc. kyte, the stomach, belly.


cut aff thair hands quoth he
hytes sae strute yestreen.

The Deil

That cramd your

Cue. Fr. queue, a tail. The last words of the preceding speech, written with the speech of an actor in order to let him know when he is to come
on the stage.
Cuff.
It.

Wife of Auchtermuty.

schiaffo, a cuff, buffet, whirret or

To Cuddle.
to feel cold
;

Prov. E. crewdle, to crouch

to-

with the hand on the cheek.


sleeve
is

dap
of a

Fl.

The cuff

gether, to croodle, to cower, to crouch, to cuddle, also


to cruddle, to

To

crewdle or croodle, to

ened chickens on the sight bird Wilbraham. Croodle, to lie close


or puppies in their straw.
to press.

To

cruttle, cruddle, to stoop.

Hal. crouch together of a of prey. and snug Forby. From crowd, Holloway.
crowd or huddle.
as pigs
partridge quake,

the flap or part that flaps or claps back.


flap, as the flap of a table anything that hangs broad and

The Dan. has Map, a


Sw.
coat.
klaff,

like fright-

flap,

loose, as the flap

of a glove or a hat, the cuff of a


s prefixed
It.

This with an

and the

converted

into

an

i,

after the

pronunciation, would give


signifies

schiaffo.

In like manner the Sp. golpe


flap of

Now
cated

to cuddle is

used exactly in the sense indi-

blow and also the

a pocket.
; It.

by Forby or Wilbraham.
Or have you marked a
Viewing the towring falcon nigh She cuddles low beneath the brake, Nor would she stay nor dare she fly.
Prior in R.

Cuirass.
acea,

Fr. cuirasse

corazza, quasi cori-

made of leather, from Lat. corium, a skin. Diez. So Lat. lorica, a cuirass, from lorum, a strap.
;
;

O. Fr. cuirie, Port, coura, a leather jerkin


a cuirass
couro, a hide, skin.

courapa,

To

Cull.

To

pick out.

Fr.

cueillir, to gather.

They hopped from spray to spray. They billed, they chirped all day. They cuddled close all night.

Lat. colligere, from legere, to gather.

Cullers are

the worst of a flock culled out for disposal.

The

existence moreover of forms like cruddle and

cuddle (one of which begins with a mute and a


liquid,

cullender or colander Cullender. CuUiS. a strainer, from Lat. colare, to strain ; Fr. couler, to run (of liquids), to flow. Sp. colar, to strain or
is

in the

and in the other the liquid same or in related dialects,


frequent occurrence.

is is

omitted), either

filter

colada, lye, strained ashes for

a phenomenon
cite

dera, a colander or strainer.

washing colaSo from scavage, scav;

of very

We may
;

E.

enger, from passage, passenger, &c.

scamble and scramble ; stamp and stramp


croo, like a

dove

to cuff

and duff,
belch
;

to strike
;

Hal.

coo and

pezen and kroppezen,

Bav. kopDu. konkelen and kronkelen, to crinkle, kodse, kudse, and knodse, knudse, a club kauwen and knauwen, to chew, gnaw koesFr. gazon, teren and kloesteren, to cherish, pamper glazon, a sod Du. stobbe, Fris. strobbe, a stub E. speckle, Sw. spreckla ; E. speak, G. sprechen ; E. pin, Sc. prin ; Lat. scopa, E. scrub ; Bohem. kapati, krapati, to drip Lat. cancer, Bret, krank
to
;
; ;
;

coh and dob, clay for building cottages

Fr. coulis, strained juice of meat, &c. Cullis. Cully. Properly the entertainer or companion leacher whom a courtezan or of a courtezan.

jilt

calls

her cully.

B.

From

Fr. couille, tes-

ticle,

penis.

Thence a
easily led

fool,

a soft-headed fellow, one


tool of,

who may be
B.
or

by the nose or put upon.

To
jilt

cully one, to

him.

B.

make a

impose upon,

Tricks to cully

fools.

Pomfret in R.
applied to the kind of

See Cozen.

W.

ceg, Icel. kok,

the throat

Bohem.
^

krk, Sc. crag,

Culm.

This term

is

now

VOL.

I.

27

210
coal found not in solid
condition.
latter

CULPRIT.
lumps but
in

CURL.

The proper meaning


is

is

a loose powdery smut, and the

which gives cup and cop. Fr. coupeau, the top or head of a thing, coupeau de la tete, the crown of the
head.

name

given in Pembrokeshire to a superfistill

cial layer

of coal in a

than culm.

" Culme of

more imperfect condition Pr. Pm. smeke fuligo."

Cur.
dog.

Du.
cor,
its

korre,

W.

a dwarf, then
;

a house dog, properly a small applied to anything


teal

small of

kind

corhwyad (dwarf-duck), a
a partridge;
;

Thanne Pacience percey ved of pointcs of this cote, That were colomy thorugh coveitise and unkynde desiryng. P.P.
Colmie, black, foul, dirty
;

coriar
court),

(dwa:*f-hen),

corlan (dwarf;

a sheep-fold

coravon, a rivulet

corgi,

a
to

hecolmed, blackened.

small dog, cur.


Curl).

Curre. Curvet.
;

Fr.

courber,

King Horn.
colly,

Probably connected with collow or

crook, bow, arch

courbette,

a small crooked
sit,

rafter,

smut, soot.

the curvettmg of a horse.


crouch, shrink
;

Gael, crup, contract,

Culprit. The name by which a prisoner on his trial is addressed when he has pleaded not guilty.

crub, crouch,
crib,

squat

crubadh,
;

bending
root
is
;

Manx

curb, contract,

shrink

Ir.

Probably a corruption of culpat. for culpatus, the term for a person accused in the old Law Latin.

crubadh, to bend or

make

crooked.

From

the Celtic

Lat. curvus, crooked.

W.
;

crwb, a

round

Cmmill^. See Con. np Fr. coupe. It. coppa^ Du. hop, Bret, gob, The notion of a round projection and of hop, slop.
something hollow are often expressed by the same
word, which
is

hunch

crwbach, a hook, crook

crybwch, shrunk,

crinkled.

The

insertion

of the nasal gives

AS.

crumb, crump, crymbig, crooked; G. krumm, crooked;


Gael, crom, bend, bow, stoop.

often taken from the sound of a blow,

and especially a blow on a hollow body. Thus we have seen hoss, a lump or projection, and boss, holThe G. napf, Lang, nap, a bowl or porrenger, low. is a slight variation of knopf, a knob or knop, and both meanings are united in W. cnapen, a knob, a bowl, while the origin of the word seems a representation of the sound of a blow or a thing breaking
;

Formerly spelt crud, the lumpy part of See Crowd. [In a note on the word Cheese, I have mentioned kurt, apparently identical with E. curd, and gry-ut, as names for pressed and dried curds among the

Curd.

coagulated milk.

Tartars.

It should

be observed that these, or at

least the first of them, are not corruptions of the

E. Jcnap, to snap, to

strike.

Hal.

Turkish yoghourt, for Schlatter distinguishes them from it, and the description of kurt and gry-ut does
not apply to yoghourt. the root of kurt

Now

the G. kopf signifies both cup and cop, or

A friend suggests to me that


perhaps be found in the TurkYoghourt appears
Richardson, Pers. and

top, knob,

head

kopfchen, a tea-cup, kopf, a cup-

may

ping-glass.

The development

of the meaning

is

ish hart (qrt), old


to

and dried up.

well illustrated in the Fin. kopista, to resound from a

mean

clotted, coagulated.

blow

kopina, the sound of a blow


;

kopio, empty,

Arab.

Diet., gives

sounding as an empty vessel

koppa, anything con-

" collecting, as butter in a

kard (qrd) as having the sense of chum," and this seems to

cave or hollow, as the box of a harp, the cup of a pipe. On the other hand, as in the case of hoU and
buckle,

be a cognate word.

M.1
we

Cure.

Lat. cura, care

originally probably soris


;

we

are led to the image of a bubble, as the

row, lamentation, as
gen, to take care

see that the E. sorrow

the
sor-

type of anything found and prominent, swollen, hollow.

Fin. kuppo,


a,
;

equivalent of G. sorge, diligence, care, sorrow


of.

u,

a bubble,

boil,

tumour

The

origin

is

preserved in

kupia, swelHng, puffed;

kupu, the crop of birds,

Fin. kurista, voce strepo stridente, inde


vel aegre fero, quirito ut infans.
It

murmuro

kupukka, anything globular head of a cabbage kuppi, a cup, kuppata, to bleed by cupping.

must thus be
wretched, sad,

considered a relation of Lat. queror, to complain.

Cupboard.

cupboard, originally cup-bur or

Fin* kurina, stridor, murmur,


miserable.
Icel. kurr,

kurj'a,

cup-bower, a bur or receptacle for cups, altered,

when
penu-

the latter element was no longer used in the sense

kurra, to coo as

murmur, complaint, grating a dove, to murmur.

of receptacle, into cup-board.


aria
;

Icel. bur, cella

Curfew.

Fr. couvrefeu, courefeu, Lat. ignite-

uti-bur, a separate place outside


;

a house for

keeping victuals fata-bur, a wardrobe. AS. cumenahur,

gium, the notice for covering or putting out lights at a certain hour in the evening.
Item quod nullus tabernarius seu braciator teneat taber-

a guest-chamber.

See Bower.
little

Cupel.
metals.

Fr. coupelle, a coppell, the

ashen

nam suam apertam


Curl.

post

horam
crull.

ignitegii.

Lib. Alb.

1.

251.

pot or vessel wherein goldsmiths melt or fine their

Cotgr.
It.

From
;

coupe, a cup.

Formerly

Du.

krol,

krolle, curl.

Cupola.

cupola, a round vaulted chapel be-

Dim. of

kroke, concinnus,

hind the chancel

some use

it

for

any round arch or

vault of a church or copped steeple.

bending, curvature.

Kil.

coma muliebris, The Norwegian


kriikel,

also a
dialect
;

Fl.

Gupo,
root

preserves the dim. krokle, PI. D.


keln, h-uUen, to curl.

a curl

krii-

deep, hollow, high.

modification of the

So furl from Fr.

fardeler.

CURLIEU.
Curlieu.
Berri. querlu.
bird.

CURRY.
ily give rise to the

211

Fr. courlis

Cot. 0. Fr. corlieu. ; Probably from the shrill cry of the

Russ. kurluikaf, to cry like a crane.

Curmudgeon.
seem
in,

The

quotations in Richardson
it is

E. curry, as the Fr. conreer, or even the Latin corium, and it is therefore purely a historical question, from which of them it is descended. Upon examination of such sources of
information as are at my command, I do not find it " certain that the derivation " of curry and currier
in the first sense " is

to leave little

doubt that

from corn-mudg-

a dealer in com.

The

dealers in corn were the

most unpopular persons in times of scarcity, as they were always supposed to be keeping up the price of
corn by their avarice.

The
grain.

aediles

cunile

hung up 12 brazen

shields

made of the

very different " from corium^ a hide. Neither of these words is found in Coleridge's Glossarial Index, and the earliest instance I have

fines that certain corn-mudgins paid for

Holland's

hourding up their

met with of
is

either, in the sense

under consideration,

Livy.
;

Curraut.

Raisins de Gorinthe

the dried small

grapes of the Greek islands.

Then

applied to our

own

sour fruit of somewhat similar appearance.

Curry.

Currier.
;

Gurry

in the sense of dress-

ing skins has very naturally been derived from co-

rium, a hide

whence
It.

coriaritis

might well signify


different.

a dresser of
is

hides.

cuoiaro, a currier.
is

certain that the derivation


It.

very

But it The

origin is the

corredare, to prepare, set out, to rig


;

ship, set out

a bride

Sp. conrear, to prepare wool


;

for

working by oiling

it

Fr. conroyer, to curry or

by Richardson in both texts of the Wycliffite Scriptures, Deeds ix. 43, and x. 6. In chap. ix. 43, coriour is explained by the gloss, " or tawier," in both the printed texts and all the manuscripts, which affords a presumption that the word was new, and probably then used for the first time in English. The Vulgate, from which the Wycliffite versions were translated, has coriarius, and the Greek, /5vpo-vs, in both passages. Goriour would be precisely the form in which Wycliffe would have Anglicized co7'iarius, but not the form which Fr. conroyeur would have taken in English. Carthat referred to

dress leather, to rough-hew timber, to

thoroughly.

From

the same root

work anything compounded with

pentier under Coriarius, 2, which he defines " cor-

rigiarum faber. Gall, corier et courroier," a maker


of straps and girdles, quotes a passage from a code
entitled Statuta

od

instead of con
;

is It.

arredare, to garnish, equip a

ship

Fr. arrayer, E. array.

Coriariorum of the year 1365, which


Goriers faice coroies estoffees

The

simple form of the verb

is

seen in Icel. reida,


;

provides that " nulz

to set out, prepare,

push forwards

Dan.

rede, to

de plonc d'estain."
coriarius, cerdo,

The

Pr.

Pm. has

coryowre,

prepare, arrange
hair.

at rede sit haar, to

comb

one's

Hence

rede, ready.

To Curry.
cial application

S.

7b curry a

horse, is only

a spe-

of the sense of dressing or working " To rub down, comb and anything thoroughly.
dress him."

and I find it difficult to doubt, that the E. noun currier and the French corier are both derived from coriarius, which is constantly given as their Lat. equivalent, and is, no doubt, itself from
corium.'

B.
Et
Li

frote et conroie et estrille.

The verb curry in the present sense I have not found in any older authority than Palsgrave, who
has '''Icurry,je courroye."
8.

vilains son roncin atorne.

If currier had

become

Fab. et Contcs.

198.

established as the English

name

of a leather-dresser,

To curry favour is a proverbial expression corrupted from " curry favel." Fr. etriller fauveau, to curry the chesnut horse. " Tel etrille Fauveau que
puis le mord," the ungrateful jade bites

the verb curry would very naturally be taken from


it,

and

its

resemblance to the Fr. conreer

may very
word was

probably be accidental.

That

this latter
is

does him good.

him

that

used in the sense of to dress leather

quite certain,

Cot.

It

was usual

to

make

proper

name

of the colour of a horse, and to speak of

the animal as Bayard,

Dun, Lyard (Fr.

liart,

grey),

Ball (whitefaced), Favel (Fr. Fauveau, iromfauve,


fallow),

and hence, though the E. curry and currier may not be derived from it, the Fr. corroyer, corroyeur, older form conroyer, conroyeur, no doubt are. The two most direct very early instances I have
found of the application of conreer
dressing of leather are these
to the technical

and any of these was taken proverbially


"

for

horse in general.
so bold as blind

Dun

is

in the mire."

"

Who

When

Bayard ? " the meaning of Favel

Et
in the

s'en voloit peletier faire.


!

proverb was

" Peletier

Que

ja Diex n'en rie

no longer understood, the sense was made up by the


substitution oi favour.

[There are several roots from which, so far as the form is concerned, curry might with almost equal
probability be derived.
1.

Chi a male peleterie." " Amis, par le foi que vos doi Autel voloit faire de moi Mes peres, sire GonsseUns ;

Ne

sai,

putois

sebelins

Me
Et sur

voloit faire conreer.

drer, coudrement,

In the sense of dressing leather, the Fr. couand the Sp. curtir, might as read-

Chr. du Roi Guillaume d'Ang. p. 108ces cercles de tonniaus loies k perches, getent

212

CURRY.

CURTSY.
the case of a radical already naturalized in France,

piaus de raoutons que Ton appele piaus de Damas, conres

en alun.
2.

Joinville, c. 136.

That curi-y, to dress a horse, is from conreer I have no doubt, though many of the passages which seem to show that in O. Fr. conreer had the same sense as the modern etriller fail to establish that fact, and I have not met with any in which it is not so employed as to leave it probable that it meant
to take care of the horse generally, rather than to
citrry him.

which rooi had not been, and the It. corredare is therefore the probable immediate source of conreer. But corredare itself is traced back to a Gothic root M.] discussed under Array, which see.

Clirsei
the cross.

AS.

corsian, to execrate

by the

sign of

In Fr.

we

find sacrer used both in the

senses of consecrating or execrating.


the Deity
is

An

appeal to

made

in both cases, but in the one case

In the two passages in Michel's edition


:

he

is

called on to execute
it

vengeance on the devoted


offered to his gracious ac-

of the Travels of Charlemagne, for example


Receurent
les destrers e les forz

object, in the other

is

ceptance.

So

Icel. hlota, to consecrate

and

to curse.

mulz amblanz,
14.

A les osteus les meinent conreer genteuient. p.


Cume
11

The
of

corsned or curse-mouthful of the

AS.

is

spoken

oiirent enz al palais real manget,

by Blackstone in a manner that shows the connexion of the two ideas. " The corsned, or morsel
of execration, being a piece of cheese or bread,

E
II

unt

traites les
11

napes

li

maistre s<5nescal,

Saillent

esquier en renc de tute parz,


conreer lur chevaus.

vunt as osteus

p. 17.

there

is

nothing to limit the sense to currying, and

besides,

on

p. 4, the

same word

is

applied to the

which was consecrated with a form of exorcism, desiring of the Almighty that it might cause convulsions and paleness, and find no passage if the man was really guilty, but might turn to health and
nourishment
ries.

treatment of persons:
Li emper^re de France feit cunreer sa gent E ceols qui al^rent od lul cunreat gentement.

if

he were innocent."
It.

Commenta Skinner.

Curtain.

Fr. courtine,

cortina, the hangings

of a court, as Lat. aulceum from aula.

The example
have seen
in

cited in the text is the strongest I

A more likely origin is


like

the Wallach. cortu, a tent, a

French, but

if

the word had there

structure in fact consisting of one large curtain.

meant no occasion

specifically to curry, there


to

would have been


after.

manner
;

It.

tenda, a tent, ienda

A passage in
*

employ estriller immediately O. Du. comes nearer


:

curtain

alzar la tenda, to
zeU,

In da letto, a bed undraw the curtains.


tilt,

The G.
telta,

tent,

corresponds to the E.

the

curtain or covering of a

waggon or

the like.

Fin.

hi

comen sach
:

velum quodvis obductum, tentorium, cojlum


lib.

Enen cnape van seonen leden Up een arm paert ghereden


Dat mochtemen marken an sijn haer, Dat hem also verwerret lach Dies was ledcn wel meniglien dach Dat gheconreit was of gewreven. Walewem,

pensile in nuptiis, a tent, curtain, &c.


[Isidore, Origines,

XV.

c.

x.

De

tentoriis,

says

"

Tabernacula tentoria sunt militum,

Dicta autem tabernacula, quod cortince distentse funibus, tabuhs interstantibus appenderentur, quag tenv. 1385.

toria sustinerent,"
tince

and in ub.
est,

XIX.

c.xxvi.

"Cor-

sunt aulaea, id

vela de pellibus, qualia ex

From
to

the tendency of words of general meaning


specific in signification, conreer, to take

Exodo
This

leguntur, h quibus tabernaculum extinnsecus


Dictie

become
of,

tegebatur.
is

autem

cortince

coriis,"

etc

care

though probably never synonymous with etriUer in French, might, in passing into another

almost precisely the sense ascribed to the

Wallacliian cortu, and whatever

may
is

be thought of

language,
there
is

come

to

mean,

to

groom, to curry, and


this is the true his-

the derivation of cortina from corium, there seems


little

every probability that

reason to doubt that cortu

tory of the word.

the source, of Lat. cortina.


It.

Wedgwood

derives conreer from


it is

corredare, but
root, row,

De

Jager argues that

from the Du.

Cnrtal. Curtail. From Fr. court, short, with a modification of the termination ard, seen in Bayard, dastard, drunkard, as formed courtault, courtaut, Mid. Lat. curtaldus, E. curtal, having a docked tail. To curtail is a different word, from court tailler, to

M.]

a derivative, not

order, rule, fitness


dit rooi is het oudfr. conroi, conroit, middeln. conroot, rangschikking, geordende reeks of ry, etc. Latere Versclieidenheden, 136.
i.

Van

d.

cut short.

But the formation of words from Gothic roots with Romance prefixes is so uncommon in Dutch that the word could not have originated in that language, and on the other hand, the French would have been
as httle likely to adopt a similar process, except in

all

Curtsy. Fr. courtiser, to court, entertain with compliments or ofiices of respect and observance
civility.

courtoisie, courtesy,

clined to believe that the


fies

But I am inCot. word fundamentally signithe sign of the cross.

to cross

oneself,

put oneself into the reverent

position of those

who make

CURVE.
It
is

DAB.

213

commonly pronounced
is

cMrchy,

and

in

Pem- ened form


Cut.
curtail,

brokeshire a girl
It.

told to

make her

crutch or curch.

consuetumen. So from mansuetudo, Sp. mansedumhre. Port, mansedume.

far croce, star colle hraccia in croce, to cross the arms on the breast (often joined with bowing or kneeling), as an attitude of reverence. La Crusca;

W.

cwtt,

a
;

little

piece,

cut,
;

a gobbet;
cwttogi, to

cwttws, a cut or lot

cwt, a short tail

abridge ;

catt,

little

piece or gobbet.
;

Turk.

riverenza, a curtsy or bending to another with the

knee.

kat\ a cutting, kafet, to cut

kit^a,

a piece, a segskadda, to

Fl.

Faire reverence

a, to arise,
;

give place,
solicit

ment.
off,

Gael, sgad, lop, prune, cut off; sgath, cut


;

make

courtesie, vaile

cap and knee.

bonnet unto

to

with

injure, destroy

G. schaden.

Icel.

Cot.

take

away

part, to injure, skadi, loss, skada, to hurt

Curve. See Curb. Curvet. Fr. courhette, the prancings of a managed horse, in which he bends his body together and
springs out.

skaddr, mutilated.

Cutlas.
cortelo,

Curtal-axe.
cortelazo,

It. coUello

and the aug-

mentative coltellaccio become in the Venetian dialect

a knife, and
the

Cushion.
kiissen.

Fr. coussin.

It.

coscino, cuscino.

G.

Hence

OE.

courtelas,
is

a pruning-knife or bill. and with that striving after

Icel. hoddi,

a cushion.

See Cod.

meaning, which
curtal-axe.

so frequent a cause of corruption,

[Diez supposes cushion and the corresponding Continental words to be from the Lat. culcita, but a
derivation proposed

Fr. coutelas, a cuttelas or courtelas, or

short sword.

Cot.

by Spanish etymologists from

the Oriental koorsi, a chair, seat, or cushion, deserves


consideration
:

Cutler. Fr. coutelier, a maker of knives, from couteau, formerly written cousteau, coulteau. It. coltello,

Venet.

cortelo,

a knife, the r of which last has


s

Curci 6 cord llaman las Moras a unas piecezuelaa de plata u oro que mezclan en sus collares. * * * las mas comunes son en forma de almoadas, de donde les vino el nombre, pues las almoadas de cama j estrado se llaman cord.

perhaps passed into the


the opposite direction
for coustre, a sexton,

of cousteau.

But

this is

not necessary, as an example of the same change in


is

seen in the O. Fr. coultre


custos.
cyllel,

De

este

mismo nombre vino


de

el castellano coxin.

Editor's

from

Note

to Ayala, Cron.

Don

Lat. culter, cultellus.

W.

a knife.

Pedro, 1779, p. 562.


this extract is

the Egyptian

The ornament referred to in women of the


it

worn by

present day.

Though
is

of metal,

bears the form of a cushion, and

dethe

Cuttle fish. Fr. cornet, a sea-cut or cuttle-fish. W. mor-gyllell, the seaCot. Du. see-katte. knife, from the knife or feather-shaped bone contained in its body. In some parts of France it is
called

scribed and figured

by Lane, Mod. Egypt., under


etc.,

cousteau

de mer.

Cousteau,

the principal

name

of ckoors.
the other hand, cussin, chu^si,

feather in a hawk's wing, termed by our falconers

On
in

are found

cut or cuttie.

Cot.
;

OHG.

as early as the eleventh century.

This

Cymbal.

Gr. KV[j.pa\ov, a cymbal

icvfjifto?,

word might have been formed from Lat. culcita, but it is historically improbable that it was borrowed from either the French or the Arabic. See Graff,
IV. 524.
Sp.

cavity, hollow vessel, goblet.

From an

imitation of

the sound of striking a hollow object.

Compare

M]

Gr.

KofjLTreo),

to

clank

Fin. kopina, the sound of a

blow, kopano, a hollow tree, sounding hollow


costume,

when

Custom.

It.

Fr. coustume,

coutume.

struck.

Lat. campana, a bell

Alb. kembone, a

costumbre,

from

consuetudo,

consuetudinis,
soft-

cattle-bell.

A timhal
initial t

is

a word formed on the same

through the medium, as Diez supposes, of a

plan with an

instead of k.

D.
face, a dirty clout
ble

Dabble. Dawb. Dab, a on dab (Du. B. The sound a about water and
Dab.
slap
;

the

produces

it,

dab

is

used to signify a small quantity


such a lump as

to dab, to slap or strike

to

of something

soft,

may

conveniently
;

dabben, dabbelen

Kil.), to splash or stir

be thrown, as a dab of butter, of mortar, &c.


dabbet, a
;

in the

dirt.

of

blow with something not resonant, as a lump of soft clay or a wet cloth, is represented by the syllables dab, dib, dub, as to dab a sore with a wet towel.

a very small quantity a dab-wash, a small wash got up on a sudden. To dawb is to cover a
surface with dabs or portions of adhesive substance,
to smear.

In

like

manner from

klak, representing

The

frequentative dabble represents the

paddling

the sound of a dab of something wet thrown against

sound of water agitated by the hands or feet. Then as the same word which represents the noise of a

a wall, PI. D. klak, klaks, a certain portion of mortar


or the like, which sticks
thing, a blot, a dab,

when thrown

against any;

blow

is

commonly applied

to the instrument

which

a small lump of butter

klik,

214
Mils, a small

DAD.

DAG.
a representation by the syllables da da, of the incoherent utterances which accompany the muscular
exertions of the infant.
(to

Brem. lump ; Hakken, to dawb. Wort. A somewhat different application of the verb to dab gives the sense of pricking or striking a pointed instrument into a soft body. To dab in some parts of England is used, as dibble in others, for making
holes in a furrow with a pointed stick for the plant-

So
beat.

make dadada),

to

Tutschek.
is

in Galla,

dadadagoda
In the

nursery language of France dada


to a horse, the
tion.

the

name given
in

type of activity in a child's imagina-

Dada, a hobby-horse.

Dadees

a more

ing of seed.
prick.

Jam.

To

dab, to daub, to peck as birds, to

general sense is applied to all the proceedings of an " Souffrir a un enfant toutes ses dadees," to infant.

cocker or cokes him.

The thorn that dabs TU cut it down, Though Mr the rose" may be.

Cotgr.

The
like

frequentative

to daddle or daidle

is

in use in the

N. of E. and
a child.

Sc, signifying

to

walk unsteadily

So

to job, to strike, hit, or peck,

and job,

jobbet,

daidle like a duck, to waddle.

Jam.

To

To

doddle,

a small piece or lump. swindge, lamme. Cot.

Fr. dauber, dober, to beat,

diddle, toddle, are other variations.

In Dan. dobbe, Du. dobber,


taken from the bobbing up
Quhiles dodling and todling

float,

the designation

is

and down of the object; dobberen, to rise and fall with the wave. Halma. The terra has the same meaning in the name of the dabcMch or dobchick, a water-fowl, which is constantly bobbing under water.

Upon

four pretty feet.

Burel's

Pilg. in

Jam.

And when his forward strength began to bloom To see him diddle up and down the room. Jam.

A dab-hand is one
single blow.

who

does a thing off-hand, at a

Serenius has " to doddie along or dodle about,"


" to dodle

So Langued. tapa, to strike, to do a " Aco's estat leou tathing skilfully and quickly.
pat " (leou, quick), cela a dte
Cast.
fait

vacillare."

Fr. dodeliner, to rock or


loll,

lestement.

jog up and down, to dandle,

lull,

fedle.

Diet.

From

the imperfect
is

way

of walking of a child

See Dad.

2.

the expression

extended

to signify

an

inefficient

Dad.

W.

tad.

Lap. dadda

(in children's lan-

manner of doing anything or being slow about a


thing.

guage), father.

Almost as universally spread as


This
is

To

dade, figuratively, to

move

slowly

to

Baba or Papa. Dad. 3. Dawd.

daddle, to do anything imperfectly, to

a word precisely analfirst

or waddle.

Hal.

trifle,

to toddle

ogous

to dab.

It is

used in the

instance to rep-

The
fancy)
;

nasal modification gives the


dalle

It.

dande, dading
Fr.

resent the sound of a blow.

Hal. Jam.
"

Dad, a blow, a thump


slammed
it

strings (amico sin

dande, a friend from in;

dad, daud, to thrash, dash, drive forcibly.


"

E. dandle, to toss or nurse an infant


;

He dadded

to the door,"

to.

dondeliner, as dodeliner, to rock or jog

dondeliner

He

fell

with a dad."

Also, to throw mire so as to


(as dab, dab-

de la

tete,

to

bespatter, to dawb.
bet,

Hence dad, dawd

unsteadily

nod or wag the head,


Cot.
;

to

carry the head

dandiner, to sway the body to

above), a large piece, a lump, lunch. Daddock, daddick, rotten wood, is, I believe, the
It signifies
it

and

fro

It.

dondolare, to dandle or play the wanton

as nurses do with children, or children with their

dim. of the above.

which you can pick


decayed, tasteless.

bit fi'om bit.

wood in a state in Hence dadacky,

babes
the

(dolls), to dally, loiter, idle

also to dangle in
to trifle,

air,

to

rock or dandle.
;

G. tdndeln,

Daddle

(colloquially), the hand,

toy, or play, loiter, linger

tand, a toy, trifle ; kindertantrey, foolish

as the instrument of slapping or dadding.

To Dade.
plied to the

Dadin^-StringS.
him
to

tand, childish play


is

Bav. tanderey,
"

To dade
;

ap-

tricks
idly,

Sc. dander or dandill, to saunter, go about

first

vacillating steps of

dade a

child, to teach

walk

a child. To dading strings,

bewilder oneself.

road," lost his way.

Jam.

He

da?idert out of the

leading strings.

It is in this sense that the

word

is

dander, to talk incoherently.


ron, delirare
;

Hal.

Then

metaphorically,

OHG.

tanta-

used by Drayton in passages which Nares gives up


as hopeless, and on which Jamieson puts a wholly
felse interpretation.

Sp. tontear, to talk nonsense.

Fr.

dandin,

It.

dondolo, a ninny, foolish fellow.

Daffodill.
at her

Corrupted

from Lat.
daffodill,

asphodelics.
affodill,

Which nourished and brought up


pap

most plenteous
trips.

Fr. asphodile, aphrodiUe, the


asphodill flower.

No

sooner brought to dade, but from her mother


eas'ly

Dag.

Dagger. Daggle.
dag, to pierce.

or

Cot.

The

syllable

dag
is

But

from her source as

Isis

gently dadcs.

or dig represents the noise of a blow with something


Drayton.
sharp, then the instrument with which the blow

To dade a
dading

child is then to teach

him

to walk, to

given, or anything of similar form.


stab
;

Bret, dagi, to

lead him by the hand while he toddles or totters


strings, leading strings,

OE.

by which he

is

held

up while learning

to walk.

The

origin seems to be

Derfe dyntys they dalte with daggande sperys. Morte Arthure in Hal.

DAIL.
Fr. dague,
It.

DALE.
"

215

daga, E. dagger, a short

stabbing

deye, androchius, androchea, genatarius, gene;

weapon.
tree,

OE.

dag, a small projecting stump of a

a sharp sudden pain.

Hal.
in

Then

in the sense of slashing with

" pounsoned and dagged clothing."

"

an edged tool So much dag-

ging of sheres with the superfluity in lengthe of the


foresaide gounes."

Chaucer
A

a derye, androchiarium, bestiarium, gene" Caseale, a deyAng. in Way. house where cheese is made." Elyot in Hal. In Gloucestershire a dairy is still so called. In the 37 Ed. III. A.D. 1363, are classed together "hovers,
tharia

theum."

Cath.

R.

vachers, porchers, deyes et touz autres gardeirez des

Hence
or shred.

dag, a fragment of a slashed edge, a jag

Dagge of

cloth, fractillus.

Pr.

Pm.

lish version deyars or

" slice. dagon of your blanket, leve dame." Ch. Dag-locks, clotted locks hanging in dags or jags at a sheep's tail. Fin. takku, a shag-

Dagon, a

word deyes being translated in the Engdairy-men, and in 12 Rich. II., deye and deyrie woman. The primary duty of the dey was doubtless the milking of the cattle, from whence the name is debestes," the

gy

fleece, takku-willa,

dag-wool, takkuinen, matted,

rived

Pol. doiS, to milk cows,


;

&Q,.,

dojka, a dairyto

shaggy, dagged.
of shaggy material.

OE.
"

dag-swain, a bed-covering

maid, dojarnica, a dairy


give milk
;

Bohem.

doiti,

milk or

Some dagswaynes have


in

long

dogka, a wet-nurse, nurse-maid.


elderin dey

thru my s (fractillos) and jaggs on bothe sydys,

but on one."

Daghts,
to
trail

icicles,

in

Horman Way. dags or jags of the


dirt

some

As they drew near they heard an


Singing
full

ice.

In daggle,
daggle-tail,

sweet at milking of her ky. Eoss. Helenore in Jam.

Hal., bedaggled,

there

is perhaps a mixture between the idea of hanging in dags in the wet and mire, and that of bedewing, soaking in the wet grass Sc. dag, dew,
;

Sw.

deja,
;

a dairy-maid.

O. Sw. dceggja, dia, to

give suck

AS.

diende, lactentes.

Benson
Way is

in Ihre.

Sw. di-bam, a nurse-child.

drizzling

dew, bedew
gle-tealed,

Sw. dagg, dew, Dan. dugge, bedugge, to Devonshire dugged, dugged-tealed, dagwet and with the tail of the garment
;

The barbarous genetheum, where


is

at

loss,

a corruption of gyneceum, geniseum, primarily

di-agged

along in
is

the

dirt.

Exmoor

the women's apartment, then the place where the

scolding.

weaving was done.


probably from the
indifferently

Androchia

is

for androgyna,

Draggle-tailed

later

introduction

when

the

office

of the dey being performed

sense of daggle became obscure.

Old English, meant a pistol, as often as a dagger, and it was used also as a verb in the sense of to fire a pistol, to shoot with a pistol, just as to pistol sometimes now occurs for to shoot with a pisiDag,
in
tol..

drogens,

by man or woman. Androgynus, anmans end wijfs kunne gelijc. Dief. Sup.

Mod. Gr. avSpoyvvos, husband and wife. [The Catalan dida, a nurse, is doubtless referred to the same root

to

be

The name

is

probably imitative, like most of

the words mentioned under this head.

Dail*

DalCf
toull,

M.]

trough in which the water

runs from the

pump

over the decks of a ship.

B.
W.

Axi mateix stabli e ordena lo dit consell q daciauant nenguna dida o nodri9a puix sia afermada o auenguda a nodrir alguna criatura no gos ni presmnesca lexar aqlla o partirse
del seruir ans dela
cil
fi

del temps, etc.

Decree of the CounCCXLV.


b.

The
twll,

course of development seems as follows.


Bret,

of Valentia, A.

D.

1373.

Priv. Val.

a hole, cavity

Pol. dol, a pit.

The
is

Then a hollow where water


drain, gutter, spout.

collects,

a sink, gully,

only authority cited by Ducange for this word a " vetus interpres Moschionis, de morb. mul."
as the origin, but
to the

Swiss

dole,

a
;

pit,

hollow, sink, drain;

OHG.

dola,

the

Ducange suggests the Gr. Ttm; word more probably belongs


sidered in this article.

cloaca, fistula

Fr. dalle, a sewer or pit whereinto

M.]

group con-

the washings and other such ordure of houses are conveyed Cot. ; in Normandy a spout or channel to void water by. Roquefort. Sp. dala, the pumpdale of a ship. Icel. dcela, a depression, bucket for drawing water from a well, pump.

Dais.
thrones
Cot.

Fr. Dais or daiz, a cloth of estate, canthat stands over the heads of Princes'
also the

opy or heaven
;

whole
deis,

state or seat of estate.

O. Fr. dais,
"

a table, from discus.

"

curt esterras, e a

mun

deis tuz jurs mangeras."

L.

Dainty.

W.

dant,

a tooth

toothsome), dainty, delicate.

dantaidd (as E. Bav. dlintsch, a deli; ;

des Rois.

Un

jor seeit al maistre deis."


sat at the principal table or

One
high

day he (the king)


dease.

cacy, ddntschig, dainty, nice in eating


s. s.

NE.

danch,

OE. daunch,

donch, fastidious, over-nice.

Chron. Norm.
Day's eye.

The name was


it.

then trans-

ferred to the raised step on which the high table


placed, or the canopy over

was

Hal.

Dairy. Dey. The dey was a servant in husbandry, mostly a female, whose duty was to make cheese and butter, attend to the calves and poultry

Daisy.

That well by reason men

it call

may
Chaucer
in R.

The
Dale.

deisie

or els the eye of the day.

and other odds and ends of the farm. The dery, deyry, or dairy, was the department assigned to her.

Dell.

W.

twU, a hole,

pit,

dimple,

216

DALLOP. DAM.
mine-shaft; Bret,
bottom, pit
;

mwn, a
Pol.
dot,

toull,

a hole or cavity;
little

For who that dredith


Shall
it

sire

ne dame

dolek,
;

pit
;

or hole,

able in bodie or name.

R. R. 5887.

socket of the eye, dimple


dvl,

dolina, valley

Bohem.

a mine, dulek, a depression, pock mark, dolina, a valley. Goth, dal, a valley, gulph,
pit,

shaft in

Amendes was hure

And fykel tonge hure syre dame. P. P. in R.


race.

G. thai, a valley. Perhaps Icel. dala, a dint, exhibits the primary sense of the word. Dan. dal, a valley, the dim. dcel, a depression E. dale, a valley, dell, a depression in a hill-side. The E. had also a diminutive
pit
;
;

Faithlesse, forsworn ne goddesse

Nor Dardanus beginner of thy

was thy dam Surry in R.

Subsequently these terms were confined to the male and female parents of animals, especially of
horses.

corresponding i6 the Slavonic dolek

" dalke, vaUis."

Dam.
much
mental

word of far-spread connexions with

Forby. Le neck." Bibelsworth "Way.


the
soil.

Pr.

Pm.

Delk, a small cavity in the body or in


"
fosset

modification of form and sense.


signification
is

The

funda-

one

col,

dalke in the

the notion of stopping up,

in

preventing the flow of a liquid.


all

Goth, faur-damm;

Dallop.

Dallop, wallop, gallop, probably are

jan, to shut up, obstruct, hinder


stop,

Pol. tamowac, to

origmally imitations of the sound made by the collision of soft or wet things. Icel. dolpungr, the surf,
beating of the waves on the shore
;

staunch, obstruct,

dam

tama, a dam, dike,

dolpr, animal of
;

unwieldy
lop,

size. Prov. E. golp, a sudden blow gala large morsel ; wallop, to beat, to be slatternly,

a thick piece of fat ; walloping, great ; dallop, a slattern, a clumsy and shapeless lump of anything, to paw, toss, and tumble about carelessly. Hal. W. talp, a lump, Icel. ddlpa i feninu, to flounder in the mire ; ddlpa i arum, to paddle with the oai-s, to row softly. Compare Icel. damla, to dabble in

Icel. dammr, Dan. dam, a fish-pond. O. Sw. damfn, a dam. Bav. daum, daumb, taum, Fr. tampon, tapon, the wad of a gun Bav. daumen, verdaumben, Fr. taper, to ram down, to stop the loading from falling out. Here we are brought to a root tap instead of tarn, and it will be seen that the change might as easily take place from tap through tamp to tarn, as in the opposite direction fi-om tarn

causeway.

to tap.

the originality of the latter form.

The evidence preponderates in favour of The idea of stopis

liquids, to

row

softly.

ping up an orifice

naturally expressed

by a word

Dally. To toy with, play, ti-ifle. From Lat. talus, the ankle-bone of animals, then a die to play with, came apparently the OE. daly, a die, plaything
;

signifying a tuft or bunch, as Fr. houcher, to stop,

houchon, a cork, from O. Fr. bousche, a handful or

daily-hones, sheep's trotters.

or play, tessura (tessera), alea, decius." " Men play with three dice, and children with four
dalies, astragalis vel talis.
leys,

Hal. Daly Pr. Pm.


"

bunch
tuft,

etouffer, to stop the breath,

from

touffe,

lock of hair,

clump of

trees.

Now

the Sw.

Way. The term have acquired the sense of a toy or plaything, with a special application to a girl's puptessellas."

Herman

Cut
in

this fleshe into da-

a bunch, has precisely the signification reHotapp, halm-tapp, a whisp of hay or stmw tapp-wis, by handfuls. Then, from a bunch of
tapp,
quired.
fibrous matter

being used in stopping an

orifice,

seems thus

to

tapp, a bung, tap, plug.


hole, to staunch,

Hence
a

tceppa, to stop a
to shut, shut

whence Jam.
pet,

it is

used to denote a painted figure.

and

in

a wider sense
field.
;

up

teeppa

et aker, to

inclose

Neer price a weardless wanton elf That nought but pricks and prins herself Wha's like a dally drawn on delf or china-ware. Morison in

J.

Hence dallacked, daUed out, gaudily dressed. Hal. The notion of dallying or trifling is attained in the same manner in the It. dondola, a kind of

tappa ukseh, shut have the breath stopped, to be suffocated, tappaltak, the asthma ; Sw. and-tceppa, shortness of breath, asthma (ande, breath). Lang, tap, a cork, tapa, tampa, to stop, shut, shut up, inclose, surround se tampa las aourelios, to stop tampa uno porta, to shut a door tamone's ears
to shut, to stop

Lap. tappet,
;

the door

tappalet, to

pos,

shutters.

boy's play with a tossing ball, also a child's playing

reservoir.

Diet. Castr.

Diet.

Lang.
;

Cat.

Tampo, a tank or tap, a cork, bung


;

baby, also any toy, fancy, or conceit, to pass away the time withal, any dalliance, dandling, or wantonizing ; dondolare, to dally, loiter, or idle, pass the
time.

tapa, the sluice of a mill


ceal
;

tapar, to stop, cover, con(of the sky)

taparse

el eel, to

become covered
hole,

tapat (of the sky or atmosphere), close.

Fl.

Dam.

Dame.

Ptg. tapar, to stop a


Lat.

to

cover

tapado,

domina.

It.

dama, Fr.
to

stopped up, fenced

in, thick,

close-wrought, tapada,

dame, a lady.
address to
signify

From being used women it was applied,


sire to

as a respectful
xar' i^oyT]v,

a park, taparse, to darken, grow dark, tapulho, a


stopper,

tampam, a cover,

lid

of a box
;

Sp. tapar,

a mother, as

a father.

to stop up, choke, cover, conceal

tapon, cork, plug,

Ne

Enfant qui craint ni pere ni mere pent que bien ne le comperre.

bung.
kin,

Fr. tapon, tampon, E. tampion, tamkin, tomfor

a stopple

a cannon.

DAMAGE. DANDRUFF.
It will

217

be seen that the Langued. form tainpo, a

may have

arisen in two ways.

The G. dampf

sig-

tank, cistern, or reservoir, undoubtedly fi'om the root


tap, agrees exactly with the 0.

nifies short v/ind,

dampfig, breathing with

difiiculty,

or pond
building.

Sw. darnpn, a dam kropp-dampn, a cistern at the top of a


Ihre.

Damage.
injury.

Lat. damnatio, from

damnum,

loss,

phenomenon is commonly taken from the most exaggerated manifestation of it, the term may have been applied in the first instance to the breath, and thence to exhalaand, as the designation of a

Prov. dampnatge, Fr. dommage.

Ut

ei

nemo

contrarietatem vcl damnationem adversus

fiicere

praesumat.

Ep. Car. Martel. in Due.


;

eum

Daiuaski
linen, &c.,

Fr. damasquin

because figured

silks,

were imported from Damascus.


It is

Bav. dampf, contemptuously, Or the designation may have been taken from regarding smoke, dust, vapour, steam, as suffocating, stifling, choking agents. Sw. damb, dust. The G. dampf is explained by Adetion, steam,

the breath.

Schm.

smoke.

To Damp.

impossible to separate

to

damp,

lung " any thick smoke, mist, or vapour, especially

signifying to check the vital energies, suppress, sub-

when

it

is

of sulphureous nature," where the refis

due, from dam, to stop the flow of water


cal obstacle.

by a physiis

erence to the idea of suffocation

obvious.

Com-

The fundamental

idea in both cases

pare Dan. qucele


vapour, smoke.
there
is

to suffocate,

choke, with G. qualm,

the notion of stopping an orifice, and the two senses

are not always distinguished by different modes of

dam, to Lang. tapo-fam, literally, stop-hunger, a damper or hunch of meat to damp the appetite at the beginning of a meal. Diet. Cast. It is probably from the notion
spelling.

The

Pol.

tamowac

signifies to

stop, to stop the breath, to check, to restrain.

In the choke-damp of our mines a repetition of the element signifying suffocation added to supply the loss of that meaning in the E. damp.

Dampt The sense of moisture expressed by the Du. and E. damp has probably arisen from the connexion of closeness and suffocation with dampness
or moisture.
close
;

of stopping the breath that the figurative senses of the verb


to

Cat. tapat, of the sky or air, covered,

damp
Sw.

are chiefly derived.


;

Sw. andto

Sw.

et tapt

rum, a close room, room with no


stifling, close,

tceppa, shortness of breath

Lap. tappalet,

be

suf-

vent for the air; Du. bedompt,

confined;
;

focated, from
like

tcBppa,

Lap. tappet,

to stop.

In

manner Fin.

sulku-tauti,

asthma

(tauti

ness), hengen sulku (henki

= breath),
OHG.

= sick-

bedompt huis, maison mal percee, obscure, humide bedompt, dompig, or dampig weer, dark and damp
weather.

shortness of

Halma.

G. dumpfig, musty, damp.

breath, from sulhi, a dam.

temphcn, bedem-

phen, G. dampfen, to suffocate, choke, smother; ddmpf-leinchen, a cord to hang one, halter Ade-

lung

dampf, shortness of breath, dampjig, Du. dempig, dampig, short-winded.


;

damp ; Bav. daumen, daumben, to stop, dauhen, to damp, to still, and damn, vapour, smoke daumig, vaporous, close, damp.
Swiss dobb, overcast, close, warm,
;

DaiUSOL
dama, a
lady,

Fr. demoiselle

It.

damigella, dim. of

Then

as the breath
is

is

the

common symbol

of

life,

to stop the breath

the most natural expression for


life,

Damson.
Mod. Gr. Dance.

Damascene.

from Lat. domina.

kind of plum.

putting an
quelling.

end

to

extinguishing, depressing,
to

Safjiaa-K-qvov,

a plum.

G. dampfen, Du. dempen, Sw. dampa,

Fr. danser,

extinguish a light, and also in a figurative sense to


repress, to

The

original

G. tanzen, Dan. dandse. meaning was doubtless to stamp, in

damp.
die
Kiittn.

G. Aufruhr dampfen,

to suppress

a tumult
of
lusts.
stifle

Ddmpfimg

der Liiste, the mortification


begdrelsen, to

Sw. dampa sina

which sense danse, dandse is still used in South Denmark. Outzen. So in Lat. "pedibus plaud" alterno terram pede quatere." ere choreas,"

one's passions.

Glosses of 1418, quoted by Schmeller, render ap-

In the south of Germany ddmmen is used in the same way das Feuer Pein ddmmen, to damp
;

plaudebant by tanzten mit den hennden.


dundse, to thump, Sw. dunsa, to
fall

heavily

Dan. Du.

the

Bav. demmen, ddmen, to retame. ^^Damen, domare," " Alle Irrung nieder zu driicken und zu ddmmen" " Glut demmen und loschen." Schmeller.
fire, to still

pain

strain, quell, extinguish,

donsen, pugno sive typhae clava in dorso percutere.


Kil.

A like
to dance,

a point at which we must admit the Gr. Sa/xaw, Lat. domare, Dan. tcemme, to tame, to break in, as parallel modifications of the
to

Here we are brought

dump,
dance.

to

connexion is seen between AS. tumbian, and PI. D. dumpen, to stamp Devonsh, knock heavily, to stump also a kind of Hal. " Perdiccas his dame was a tom;

bystere,"

i.

e.

a dancer.

Chaucer.

same
to

root.

Compare Dan. tcemme


;

sine lidenskaher,

Dandruff.
ton,

Bret, tan, tin, Fr. teigne, scurf.


;

W.
the

curb one's passions (Repp.), with Sw. dampa sina hegarelser, above cited Lat. domare iracundias.

skin,

crust

marwdon, dead
drwg, bad,
evil,

skin,

dandruff.

Perhaps the
or scab.
to spread.

W.

may form

conclusion of the E. word, don-drwg, the bad crust


Icel. thenja,

The sense of vapour, exhalation, steam, smoke, expressed by the G. dampf, Du. damp, demp, domp,
VOL.
I.

OHG.

gadanjan,

to stretch,

28

218

DANDELION. DANGER.
Fr. dent de lion, lion's tooth, from
in the laws of W. the Condomigerium and the corresponding Fr. domager or damager would pass into damger, danger, the last of which is frequently

Dandelion.
compared
to

damage

is

written

damge

the leaves with tooth-like jags directed backwards

queror, the foregoing

To Dandle.
word
play,
to

Dandj.

lion's

jaw.

For the

origin of the

dandle see Dade.

It signifies in the first

found

in the peculiar sense of

damnum and domladite

instance to toss or rock an infant, thence to toy,


trifle.

mage above explained.


habitans.

"

En

terre et

ou

dangier dudit sire trouva certaines bestes desdis


Icelles bestes se bouterent en

lUed

King Henry's ambassadors into France having been danby the French during these delusive practises, returned without other fruit of their labours. Speed in R.

ou paturage defendu"

Carp. A. D. 1373.
in his daungere

un dangier,

Narcissus was a bachelere

It.
is

dondolo, a foolish toy or bauble, anything that

That Love had caught

and dandled dondola, a toy, a child's playing baby; dondolarsi, to loiter away time. Fl. G. tdndeln, to trifle, toy, loiter, tdndelschurze, a short apron more for show than for use
tossed to
fro
;

and

(had caught trespassing in his close)

And

in his nette

gan him so

straine.

R. R.

The term danger was


to the fine or the rights

equally applied to the right

of exacting a fine for breach of territorial rights, or


themselves, and the officer whose duty it was to look after rights of such a " Esquels nature was called sergent dangereux.
bois nous avons droits de danger, c'est assavoir

kleider-tand, ostentation in dress.

In

like

manner may be explained


to

the Sc. dandiUy

and E. dandy, applied used for play and not

for

what is made a toy of, working-day life, finely

que
trou-

dressed, ornamental, showy.

toutes et quantefoiz

que aucunes bestes seront

And

vees esdis bois,

elles seront confisquees

k nous
Carp.

he has married a dandilly wife, She wadna shape nor yet wad she sew But sit wi' her cummers and fill hersel

Robert
fu'.

le

fort notre

Jam.

loing icelles brebis."

A. D.

sergent dangereux advisa de

1403
estre

in

To

be in the danger of any one,

en son danger,

dandy

is

probably

dressed person.

bantam.
small of

Hal.
its

first a doll, then a finelyDandy-cock (quasi toy-cock), a

Dandeprai, a dwarf.
kind
?

From

sprat,

something

came to signify to be subjected to any one, to be in his power or liable to a penalty to be inflicted by him or at his suit, and hence the ordinary accep" In danger tation of the word at the present day. in danger of Hell-fire." of the judgment

Mid. Lat. damnum was used to signify a fine imposed by legal authority. The term was then elliptically applied to the limits over which the right of a Lord to the fines for territorial offences extended, and then to the inclosed field of a pro-

Danger.

As

the penalty might frequently be avoided by

obtaining the licence of the person possessed of the


right infringed, the

word was applied

to

such licence,

or to exactions made as the price of permission. " Dangeria (sunt) quando bosci non possunt vendi
sine licentia regis, et tunc ibi habet

prietor,

by the connexion which one

sees so often

decimum dena-

exemplified in Switzerland at the present day, " Entrance forbidden under penalty of 10 fr." " Si quis caballum in damnum suum invenerit." Le-

rium."

"

Judicatum

est

quod Johannes de Nevilla

miles non potest vendere boscos sues de Nevilla sine


licentia et dangerio regis."

Judgment A. D. 1269.
aliis

ges Luitprand in Due.

no damno inventis." quod averia capta fuerant


In
this sense the

" Exceptis averiis in alieMag. Chart. " Dici poterit


in loco certo in

" Concedo turn ipsis

erum molere
rius

suo, vel in prato vel alibi in suo separali."

damno
Fleta.

absque dangerio vel exactione qualibet tenebitur in futurum molendinaet

quam

personis coUegii lib-

id facere

molendini."

Chart.
si la

A. D. 1310,

in

Carp.

in Fr.

venta " " bestes trouvees prinses en damage''' Monast. Ang. in Due. " Qu'en dommaige et en sa garenne le poulain au charreton trouva." Cent

word was often rendered dommage " Aniraalia in damnis dictorum fratrum in-

The word then

passed on both in Fr. and E. to sig"

nify difficulties about giving permission or comply-

ing with a request, or to absolute refusal.

Et

leur
ils

coramanderent que
"

roine fesait dangier que

la sachassent (chassassent) k force hors

de

I'eglise."

nouv. nouv.

Damage

then acquired the sense of

Comme

trespass, intrusion

into the close of another, as in

ce faire."

le tavernier faisoit

dangier ou

diflScult^

de

Carpentier.

the legal phrase


ger,

damage feasant, whence Fr. damacattle

to

distrain or seize

found in trespass.

"

Comrae Estienne Lucat sergent de Macies eust dommage une juraent." Carpent From this verb was apparently formed the abstract domigerium, signifying the power of exacting " Sub domigea damnum or fine for trespass.
prinst et

danger uttren we all our chaffare, Gret prees at market makcth dere ware And to gret chepe is holden at htel prise This knoweth every woman that is wise.

With

W.
i.

of Bath.

e.

we make
I

difficulties

about uttering our ware.

rio alicujus aut

manu

esse."

Bracton.

trow I love him bet for he


of his love so dangerous to me.

Then

as

Was

lb.

DANGLE. DARE.
And
thus the martial Erie of

219

Mar

Marcht with his men in richt array Without all danger or delay

dobbers, sound, good.

De

kase is nig dobbers, the

cheese

is

not good.

Bohem.
elegant.

Came

haistily to the Harlaw.

debora deefka, a pretty

girl.

Battle of Harlaw.

Dapyr

or

praty,

proper, mignon, godin.

Ihre Pr. Pm.

dobry, good.

Wendish.
daeka.

in v.

Dapper,

Palsgr. in

Way.

[The Fardle of Facions has danger in a sense which marks a step in the change from its primary to its present meaning
The Lirceis Uve by woodmanshippe and huntinge * * * thei use to climbe suche trees as siemeth them beste and there awaite their game. * * * When the beaste comSup. to Hakluyt, eth within daungier, he shoteth, &c. M.] 1812, p. 328.
:

net, pretty, dapper, feat, indifferently

Godihandsome.

Cot.

See Deft.

Dapple.

From

dab, a

lump of something

soft,

a blotch or spot,

Icel.

depiU, nubecula, a spot on

ground of different colour, deplottr, dappled. So from Fr. matte, a clot, mattele, clotted, del mattonne,
a curdled or mottled sky.

The resemblance

of dapple grey to Icel. apalgrar

Dang'le. Prov. E. to dang, to throw down or strike with violence Sw. danga, to bang, thump,
;

or apple grey, Fr. gris

pommeU,

is

accidental.

To Dare.
daursta
;

1.

knock
dingle,

at

a door

Icel. dengia, to

knock, to

hammer

AS.

Goth, gadaursan, dars, daursun, dearran, dyrran, dear, durron ; E.


ticrren,
torste.

dangl, beating, dangla, to beat, and also as Dan.

dare, durst;
preterite troste
dyrstig,

MHG.
bold,

Sw. dangla, dingla, PI. D. dungeln, to dangle, Compare Dan. dashe, to bob, swing to and fro. slap, and also to dangle, bob, flap. Dank* Synonymous with damp, as syllables ending in mp or mb frequently interchange with nk
or ng.

shows the passage

to

E.
to

The O. Du. trust. AS.


dare.
Icel.
;

dristig,

Sw.
bold.
to

drista,
;

thora, to dare, thor, boldness

Gr. Oappuv, to dare

Oapao^, trust,
bold, spirited
;

6pacrv<i,

Lith. drasus, drastus,


;

dristi,

dare

drasinti, to encour-

Thus we have

It.

camhiare and cangiare, E.

age, drasintis, to dare.


to

So

Icel. diarfr, bold, dirfa,

dimble and dingle.

Probably the two forms have

encourage, dirfaz (in the middle voice, as Lith.


It is not easy to arrive at

come down together from a high antiquity. We have seen that damp, moist, is derived from the notion of closeness, stopping up, covering, expressed

drasintis), to dare.

a consistent theory of

the connexion of the various forms, or of the devel-

by the

root tap, tamp,

dam, while

parallel with tap,

tamp, are a series of equivalent forms, in which the

opment of the signification. Sometimes the root seems to be a form similar to the Lat. durus, hard,
Gael, dur, stubborn, persevering, eager, Sc. dour,
bold, hardy, obstinate, hard,
to adventure, dare,

is

exchanged
;

for a

c, k.

Sp. taco, a tap, stopple,

ram-rod

Cat. tancar, to shut, stop, enclose, fence,

whence Gael,

diiraig,

tancarla porta, to shut or fasten the door; Langued.

wish

(to

tampa, tampa uno portp, in the same senses, fenestra

desire, earnestness, daring.

make bold), durach, To endure, to harden


give pain."

tampado, a shut window, tampos, shutters;

Port.

oneself under suffering, comes very near the sense

tanque, Sp. estanco, a tank, basin, cistern, or pond

of dare

" I cannot

endure

to

In like
to endure

Langued. tampo, estampo, in tRe same sense. It is probable then that dank has come from the guttural form of the root in the same way as damp from the
labial.

manner Fin.
rius,

tarkenen, tarjeta, prge frigore (vel ra;

timore) valeo vel audeo, non algeo


;

to do, in spite of cold or of fear

en tarkene, I can-

In both cases the notion of darkness


is

is

not for cold


cold) to go.

tarkenetko menna, can you endure (for

united with that of dampness, as shutting up or

Lap.
It.

tarjet, to

be able

to do.

In the

covering

equally adapted to keep out air and light.

same point of view we may compare E. hard with


Fr. hardi, bold
;

Thus we have Du. bedampen, to darken, bedompt, dompig, dark. In connexion dark, obscure, damp with dank we have Du. donker, OHG. O. Sax. dun;

ardire, to dare.

The W.

dewr, strong, bold, forms a connecting

link between durus

and

Icel. diarfr,

OE. derf

hard,

kar, dunkal, G. dunkel, dark,


cloud.
lit,

Hal.

NE.

danker, a dark

strong, fierce,

G.

derb, hard, strong, rough, severe,


Icel. dirfaz, to dare, is certainly

OHG.

bitunkalat, nimbosa, petunch-

from whence the


derived.
the

obducta, as Du. bedompt weer, close, covered,

It is difficult to

avoid the conclusion that

cloudy weather.

Dapper seems

in

E.

first

to

have been used

in

the sense of pretty, neat.

For who

The

is she that may endure dapper terms that lovers use. Turberville in R.

G. durfen, darf to dare, to be so bold as to KUttn., Du. derven, dorven, durven, to dare, The confusion with are formed in like manner. forms like the Du. derven, bederven, dorven, to want, be without, have need, G. bediirfen, to be
in need,

AS.

deorfan, to

labour, gedeorf, tribula-

tion, labour,

calamity, would

be accounted for
difficult

if

Applied
agilis.

to

man
PI.

it

signifies small

and neat. Du.


masculus,

we suppose
ter

that the fundamental idea in the latto

dapper, strenuus, animosus,

fortis, acer,

cases

was

be in hard or

circumclosely

Kil.

D. dapper,

active, smart, dobber,

stances.

The

ideas of labour

and want are

220
connected.
diirfen is

DARE.
The
sometimes found
in tlie

DARRAIGN.
To
dare birds, to catch them by frightening them
;

sense of needing expressed by G.

OE.

dare.

with a hawk, mirror, or other means


frighten,

to dor, to
to

So evene hot that lond ys that men durre selde Here orf in howse awynter brynge out of the felde.
R. G. 43.
i.

stupify

to dorre, to deafen

dor, or
fool.

ffive the dor, to

make a

fool of one, dor,

Hal.
in

Du. door,
fool,

stultus,
;

socors.

Kil.

G.

thor,

e. that

men seldom need

to

house

tlieir cattle

Sw. dare,
toxicate.

the winter.

Nordforss.

mad

ddra, to infatuate, dazzle, in-

The heye men

And

alle

of the lond schulle come bi fore the kyng the yonge men of the lond lete bi fore hym

The fundamental
parallel
atives, is to stun

signification of dare, as of the

form daze, which has

brynge And heo schulle be such that no prince done hem forsake, Ac for heore prowesse gladliche in to here servise take. R. G. 112.

many analogous
;

deriv-

with a loud noise, to stupify.

daze, dazzle, daure, to stun


stun, or

be

stupified,
;

Forby benumbed. Jam.


W.
taran
;

To
Thor,

Sc. dauer, to

AS.

He that wyll there axsy Justus In tiimement other fyght, Dar he never forther gon Ther he may fynde justes anoon Wyth syr Launfal the knyght.

the god of thunder


der-din)
;

Sw. tordon (thunis

Dan.

tor den, thunder.

A similar interchange of z
gaure, to gaze.

and r

seen in

OE.
in

Dark.

AS.

deorc.

The

particles so

and do
to

Launfal. 1030.

Gael, are equivalent to ev and Srs in Gr., as in son,


good, and don, bad.

He wax

so

mylde and so meke,

In similar relation
to the

each

A mylder man thurt no man seke.


Manuel des Pecches,
5826.

other stand sorcha, light, and dorch, dorcha, dark.

The element common


to trace in

making bold to that of having power, cause, or permission, exemplified in G. diirfen, is illustrated by Fin. tarjeta, to endure. Lap. tarjet, to be able Sw. toras (in the
the sense of
;

The passage from

the notion of seeing, which

two would appear to be however we are unable the form of the words. See Dear, Dole.

Darling.
deor, dear.

AS.

deorling,

dyrling, a dim.

from

mid. voice), to dare, tora (as G. diirfen), to be possible.

To Darn.
in a particular

Now
have

understood of mending clothes


interlacuig stitches, but
it

J)et tor

handa, that
is

may

happen.

manner by
slice,

Strength

gode unto

travaile,

must
Cotg.

originally

signified to patch in general.

Ther no strength may, sleght wille vaile. Sleght and conyng dos many a char, Begynnes thing that strength ne dar.
R. Brunne, cxci.
Lith. turreti, to get offspring, to have, possess, to

O. Fr. dame, a

a broad and thin piece

of.

Bret, darn, a piece, fragment.

meaning may probably be a handful. Gael, dom, a fist, dymaid, a handful


;

The primary W. dwm, a


fist,

handle,

short cut, or piece of anything

dorlach, a handful

be bound
to venture.

to

do a thing; turru
brant, to

eiti,

I must go.

dornan, a small bundle, handful of anything.

Comp. Malay

be

able, can, also to dare,

toxication,
2

To Dare.
tionless, to ily to

To

be cowed,

stupified, to lie

mo-

be

terrified.

Daryn

be hydde,

latito, lateo.

Pr. Pm.
like

or drowpyn or privFr. blotir,

to squat, to lie close to the

or affrighted

fowl.

leme
PI.

for to

dare"

Lydgate
Cotg.

ground

a daring lark " With wodecokkys


in

Way.

weed in corn, supposed to induce inDarnel. and thence called lolium temulentum in botanical Lat., and ivraie in Fr., from ivre, drunk. Rouchi darnelle. The meaning of the word is explained by the Lith. durnas, foolish, crazy, mad, whence dumes, dumei, durnzole, hyoscyamus, Du. maUcriiyd (from mal, foolish, mad), herba insaniam et soporem Kil. The names of plants were origiinducens.

and quiet; dat weer bedaart, the weather settles een bedaart mann, a man wlio has lost the heat and violence of youth. Du. bedaard, stilled, calm, moderate.
to

D. hedaren,

be

still
;

nally very unsettled.


tipsy, stunned, giddy.
thor,

Grandg.
bedaare,
to

Wallon. damise, daurnise,

Sw. dare
infatuate,

G.

fool

Dan.
a

besot.

Comp. Fr.
Forby.

sot,

An

Darnock.
old appalled wight,

As ben thise wedded men that lie and dare As in a fourme sitteth a wery hare. Chaucer.

Icel.

wading

in

Hedgers' gloves. domikur, domingar, stiff boots for I cite this word from the sinthe water.

Dannock.

fool,

E.

sot,

a drunkard.

gularity of a Gael, derivation, as

we

should so

little

Then
"

as a lurking terrified creature looks anxis

iously around, to dare

found in the latter sense.

expect a convenience of this kind to have been adopted from a people in the condition of the Celts.
Gael,

To dare, pore or loke about me, je advise alentour. What darest thou on this facyon, me thynketh thou woldest catch larkes." Palsgr. in Way. Comp.

domag, a

glove, gauntlet

from dom,

fist

Bav. dusen,

to

be

still,

either for the sake of listen-

ing, or in slumber.

domaig, a covering for the hand or fist, used Cregeen. to guard the hand against thorns. Darraign. It has been shown under arraign that rationes was used in the Lat. of the middle ages

Manx

DART.
for a legal account of one's actions,

DAWB.
nance.

221

whence derato clear

crash, to overwhelm, confound, put out of counte-

tionare, Fr. desrener, to darraign,

was

the

answer an accusation, to settle a the arena of the forum the term was transferred to that of arms, as was natural when the ordeal by battle was considered a reasonable method of ascertaining a question of fact.
legal account, to

controversy.

From

What was

the snaky-headed Gorgon shield. Wherewith she freezed her foes to congeal'd But rigid looks of chaste austerity,

stone,

And

noble grace, that dash'd brute violence

With sudden adoration and blank awe?

Comus.

hameis had he dight Both sufflsant and mete to darreine

Two

Dastard*
tweine.

The

termination ard

is

the Du. aerd,

The

bataile in the felde betwixt

hem

indoles, natura, ingenium,


ity.

G.

art, nature, kind, qual-

Chaucer.

Here the meaning


set it in order,

is

not to array the battle, to


it

The meaning of the radical part of the word seems that which is seen in the figurative application of dash or daze, to stun, confound, frighten.

but to fight

out, to let the battle

decide the question between them.

Hunter.
simpleton
nature.

As for my sustir Emelie Ye wote yourself she may not weddin two At onys And therefore I you put in this degre
That cache of you shall have his destind As him is shape. And this day fifty wekis far ne nere Everich of you shall bring a hundrid knyghts Armd for the listis upon alle rights All redy to darrein here by bataile.
Knight's Tale, 1855.

Hal.

Dastard, etourdi
;

a a person of a tame, submissive


in
;

Palsgr.
dastig,

Way

Bav. dasig, dausig,

quelled,

sub-

missive, tame.

AS. adastrigan,

to discourage, dis-

may.

Compare
down
;

the G. niederschlagen, to knock


to deject, dishearten, discour-

down, and figuratively


age, cast
dispirited.

KUttner.
a blow.

niedergeschlagen, sorrowful, afHicted,

Icel. dust,

Fris. dust-sleh, dusslek, a stun-

ning blow.
noise.

That

is to

say, all

ready

to debate or settle the ques-

by battle. Afterwards undoubtedly the sense was transferred from the debate or actual settlement of a combat to the preparation
tion as to her possession

for
tle.

it,

arraying, setting the troops in order for bat-

Jam. dowse on the chops belongs to same imitative root. Date. The particulars of time and place concerning the execution of a written instrument, which were added in a Roman letter under the form, " Datum " given at such a time and place. Daughter. G. tochter ; Gr, Ovyarrjp Sanscr. duhitri; lj\th. duktere ; Arraen. dustr ; Hohem. dcethe

Sc. dogst, a sudden fall attended with

And

in the towns as they do march along Proclaims him king, and many fly to him Darraign your battle, for they are at hand.

ra
;

Gael, dear

Finn,

tiiitdr ;

Lap. daktar.
donter, to tame, re-

To Daunt.
dine,

Fr. dompter,

H. VI. in R.

claim, break, daunt, subdue.

Dompte-venin, Celanfrom being considered an antidote. Sc. dant,


;

violent

Dart* Fr. dard, a dart. Bret, tarz, a crack, clap, blow with noise ; tarz kurun, a clap of thun;

der

tarza, sortir

avec

effort et fracture, to break,

danton, to subdue a horse-danter, a horse-breaker. Probably not directly from Lat. domare, but from the Teutonic form damp, which is essentially the

crack, burst, dart, to appear as the dawn.


du, to spring forth or appear as the

W.
To

tard-

same word.

See Damp.
bird of the crow kind.

dawn.

dart

Daw.
ddji
;

would thus be to hurl as a thunderbolt, as by an explosion.

to drive forth

^a;v. dahel ; It.taccola,

Swiss ddhi, from taccare, to iprate,

where the
kat in

syllable tac represents

a single element
tattle,

To Dash.

An

imitation of the sound of a blow,

of the chattering sound, as chat in chit-chat, chatter,

the beating of waves upon the shore, dec.

Malay

kata-kata, discourse, tat in

kak

Hark, hark, the waters fall, And with a murmuring sound Dash ! dash ! upon the ground, To gentle slumbers call. Dry den in Todd.

in Fr. caqueter.

Birds of this kind are commonly


chattering
cry.

named from
Chough, Chat.

their

See

Chaff,

To Dawb.

From
;

dab, an imitation of the sound

H. Sachs. " Fone manigero wazzero dozze" from the sound of

Bav. dossen, to sound as thick hail, Mit lautem knall und doss. brooks.

rain,

rushing

made by throwing down a lump of something moist. Hence dauh, clay dauher, a builder of walls with
clay or

many
fall

waters.

Notker

mud mixed

with straw, a plaisterer.


;

in

Schm.

Sc. dusche,

to

Dawher, or cleyman

dawhyn,

lino,

muro.

Hal. Pr.

with a noise, a

fall,

stroke, blow
;

to slap.

thrash.

Sw. daska, to drub Brem. Wort.


is

Dan. daske, Hanover, dasken, to

Pm.
where
tar."

In
it

this sense the term is used in the Bible speaks of " daubing with untempered mor-

"

To dash
gous

figuratively applied to feelings analo-

away."

Bible 1551,
;

The

wall

is

gone,
in

R.

and the daubers are Lang, tapis, torchis,

to those

produced by a sudden blow, or loud

clay for building

Sp. tapia,

mud

wall

tapiador, a

222
builder of such, dawber.
clay.

DAWDLE. DEAF.
Lang,
tap, tapo, plastic

doyce, douss, doz.

Gl. in

Schmeller.

Doz, fragor, doza, mugitus. G. getose, noise. See Dash,


lose

Dawdle.

To
Icel.

do a

tiling in

a purposeless mandagur, day.


;

Dastard.

ner, like a child.

See Dade.
dagan, dogun, dawn
;

Du. daesen,
fright
;

to

one's

wits
;

in

madness or

Dawn.
AS.
dawning.

daes, dwaes, foolish,

mad

duysigh, deusigh,

dagian,

to

dawn, or become day

dagung,

stunned, fainting, stupified, dizzy, astonished.


Icel. das, dos,

Kil.

Daysman, Diet. Lat. dies, G. tag, In the judicial language of the middle ages the word day was specially applied to the day apDay.
day.
pointed for hearing a cause, or for the meeting of

faint,
;

exhaustion
to

he lies in a faint d<ssa, hard of hearing dosen,


;

hann liggr i dosi, fatigue. Bav. dos-oret,


;

to

keep
;

still,

either in

lisstill,

tening, reflecting, or slumbering


to slumber,

be dizzy.

Schm.

dusen, to be

PI.

D. dosig, dusig,

Du. daghen, to appoint a day for a certain purpose daghen veur recht, to call one before a court of justice daghinge, daeghsel, daghdagh-vaerd, an appointbnef, libellus, dica, citatio ment of a certain day, and thence dagh-vaerd, landsdagh, Mid. Lat. dieta (from dies), the diet, or assembly of the people. Diet was also used in E. for an appointed day. " But it were much better that those who have not taken the benefit of our indeman assembly.
; ;
;

dizzy, tired, stupid;

dussen, hedussen, to faint, to

be stunned

dussen, to slumber, to doze.

Brem.

Wort. [Hooker, Discourse of dazzle as an intransitive


* *

Justification,

s.

21, has

when

the houre of death approacheth,

when they

secretly heare themselues

forthwith to appeare, and stand at the Barre of that ludge, whose brightnesse

summoned

causes the eyes of the Angels themselues to dazle, &c.

nity within the diet prefixed should be obliged to

M]
Deacon.
vant,

render upon mercy."

O. Sw. dag, the time appointed for a convention, and hence the assembly itself. Ihre. Sc. days of law, law-days, the sessions of a court of justice.
" I send this by Betoun quha gais to ane day of law

Letter of K. William, 1692.

Lat.

diaconus.

Gr. Staxovos, a ser-

from

Koveu), to haste, to

be active or busily ocIcel.


todt,

cupied.

of the Laird of Balfouris."

Jam.

Goth, dauths, Dead. Death. Die. daud, Fris. dad, Sw. dod, PI. D. dood, G.
dead.
death. death.

OE. daysman,
between
261,

Goth, dauthus,

Icel.

daudhi, Fris. du^s, dad,

an

arbiter, the

judge appointed

to decide

Lap. taud,

illness;

Esthon. taud,

illness,

parties at a judicial hearing.

[In the Pictorial Vocabulary, Nat. Ant.

I. p.

we

find

"

Hoc

lucanar, a day of a

wyndow."

In

this case,

day corresponds

to the Fr. jour, the light,


is

or aperture by which light

received.

In the legal phrase " year and day" day had the

D. doe for dode, a dead body doen-wake, a Wallon. touwe, Fr. tuer, Sw. doda, PI. D. doen, to kill Icel. deya, O. Sw. doja, Sw. do, Dan. doe, OHG. douwen, douen, touwen, to die. We must thus consider die a derivative from dead,
PI.
;

corpse-wake.

meaning of

six weeks, or rather six

weeks and three

natural days, in the Scandinavian and the Frisic and

and not vice versa. The primitive meaning of the active verb seems
to oppress, subdue.

Lower-Saxon, as well as probably the Anglo-Saxon codes. See Grimm, Deutsche Rechts Alterthiimer, Richthofen, Alt-F. Worterb. ier, 845, and p. 222 the chapters of the Westerwolder Landrecht and other laws there referred to. M.]
;

Bav.
;

toten, to

crack a

flea,

nut,

smother a
choke
;

fire

Sardin. studai, Lang, tuda,

atuda, to extinguish;
suffocate,
;

Prov. tudar,

to

extinguish,

To Daze.
daze
is to

Dazzle. Dizzy. Doze.


The
heavy
frequentation dazzle
is

Fr. tuer la chandelle, to put out

the candle

PI. D. doen, to

overwhelm

he

To
used

doen mit good daden, he will overwhelm


benefits.

woU me me with

stun, stupify with a blow, excess of light,

fear, cold, &c.

sions

vdrhen,

Sw. doda sina

lustar, to
;

subdue one's pasalso to obliterate,

to allay the pain

only of the sense of sight.


dazzled, stupid,

Hal.

To
;

dawsel, to stupify

annul.

dawzy, dawzy-headed,
thoughtless.

vous la
out

Du. doodet in u de Halma. malice.

hoosheit

mortifiez en
attutare, to

It

ttitare,

dizzy,

as

if

confused,

bewildered,

appease, assuage, to whist; stutare, to quench, put


;

Forby.

To

come

torpid.

Jam.
Quhen
in

dosen, dozen, to stupify,

benumb, be-

attutare, to

smother.

Fl.

Icel.

dodi, lan-

guor.
I find
it

He saw

be led fra the fechting

so impossible to

draw a

distinct line of

That had been

Schir Pliilip the Mowbray, the wicht, dosnyt into the fycht

separation either in form or meaning between dead

myd

causey war thai


Barbour.

Schir Philip of his desines

Ourcome.

Dizzy, stunned, giddy.

The

origin

is

the sound

of a heavy blow represented by the syllable doss,

and deaf, that it will be convenient to treat of the primary origin of both in tlie next article. Deaf. The meaning of the Goth, daubs, daufs, G. taub, E. deaf, seems founded in the notion of In John xvi. 6, gadaubida is stopping an orifice. found as the translation of implevit. " Sorrow hath

DEAF.
filled

DEBONNAIR.
in the Fris. dodd, dadde, a lump, bunch.

223

your heart."
dulling,

From

the notion of stopping up

we

readily pass to those of confining, preventing


stupifying.

Een

dod, a plug of cotton in one's ear.


PI.

Outzen. Overyssel
;

action,

Golh. gadaubjan,
stop
is

to
to

Almaiiach.

D.

dutte,

a plug, a tap
Goth.- dails,

Icel. ditta,

harden,

make

insensible.

The E.
in like

applied

Prov. E.

dit, to stop.

See Dam.
G.
theil,

eyes, ears,

and mouth, and

manner the Goth.


Goth.

Deal.
a

1.

A portion.
Bohem.
to give to

Lith.

daubs, daufs, Icel. daufr, Du. doof, G. tauh, are said

dalis, Pol. dola,

dil,

Gael, ddla, Sanscr. dala,


split.

of different kinds of dulled or vitiated action.

part, lot, portion.

Sanscr. dal, to

afdobnan, to have the mouth stopped, to be


Icel.

dumb

To
2.

deal

is

each his
fir-tree, in

lot,

hence

to traffic

daufr, deaf, dull of hearing, dull of colour, dull


;

or have intercourse with others.

in spirit
gic,

Sc. dowf, dull,

flat,

gloomy, inactive, lethar;

The wood

of the

hollow (in sound),

inactive fellow

Jam.
to

silly
;

doof, dowfart,

dull,

land called deal-tree.


fir-wood, deal.

Icel. dofi, torpor, ignavia,


life
;

some parts of EngSw. tall, pine-tree tall-ved, Probably from being easily cut and
;

dofna, to fade, lose strength or


sluggish,
flat, stale,

Dan. doven,

worked.
cutting
teller,

Icel. taiga, to
;

hew, talgu-knifr, a knife for


to cut, whittle
is cut.
;

vapid

Sc.
;

to daff, to

daw,

daunt

daw, a sluggard, E. daff, a dastard, a fool,


;

wood

Dan.

tcelge, tcelle,

G.
ta-

a trencher, plate on which meat


;

It.

daft, stupid, foolish, daffled, in one's dotage, to daver,

to

stun, stupify, droop, fade


;

slumber
doove,

dowerit,
lost

Hal. drowsy. Jam.


its
;

gliare, Fr. tailler, to cut

Lith. dalgis, Fr. dalle, a


;

to

dover, to

scythe
telgia,

Lat. dolare, to hew, dolabra, an axe

Icel.

what has

proper

life

Du. doof, and vigour

an axe.

G.

diele,

a board.

Dean.
Lat. as

Fr. doyen, Du. deken, the head of a col-

doof van sinnen, mad doove verwe, a dull colour, doove netel, a dead nettle, without the power of
stinging, as

legiate body,

an

indefinite

from Lat. decanus ; ten being used in number, as seven in Hebrew.


in the

hout, rotten

E. deaf nut, an empty nut wood.

Du. doof-

Dear.
8us,

Formed
to

same way as dark by com-

position with the Gael, negative particle do

Here we are brought to the equivalence of dead and deaf above alluded to, and we are tempted to regard them as modifications of each other, as It. codardo, Ptg. cobarde, covarde, a coward. The Du.
has doode or doove netel
extinct coal
Icel.
;

opposed

so

Gr.

Gr.

cv.

Gael, daor, bound,

enslaved, precious, dear in price; saor, free, ran-

somed, cheap
cheaply.
Ir.

gu

daor, dearly
guilty,

gu

saor, freely,

daor,

condemned,

captive,

doode or doove kole, an


dodaskapr,
Norvveg.

saor, free, saoradh, ransoming, acquittal, cheapness.

doode or doove verwe, a dull colour


;

Manx
dear
;

deyr, deyree,

condemn, deyrey, condemning,

dodinn, Dan. doven, languid

Icel.

seyr, free, clear, at liberty, seyree, to free, to

Dan. dovenskab, languor.


Prov. E. dove, to thaw.
allay,

Icel. dauf^ord,

justify.

dodlende, boggy, barren land.

Du. dooden (Kil.), Hal. We may compare


It.

Death. See Dead. Fr. debaitre, Debate.


thing out.

to

contend,

to

fight

the Sw. doda, to subdue, allay, annul.

tutare, to

See Beat.
Fr. debauche.

Lang, tuda,

to extinguish, with

Sw. dofwa,

to

Debauch.

Bauche, a course of
division

deafen, dull, assuage, stupify, Dan. dove, to deafen,

bricks in building, perhaps from Icel. balkr, a heap,

Hal.
doven,

deaden, blunt

E. deave, to stupify, dave, to assuage. ; Bav. dauben, to subdue, allay ; PI. D. doven, to damp, subdue, suffocate ; Du.

wooden or stone division in a cattle-house, of a subject E. balk, a beam, a slip of


;

turf un-

plowed, separating lands in a corn-field.


bauche
(to
is

From

dooven, uitdooven, to put out, extinguish.

formed baucher, to chip or square timber


to rank, order,

The
into

notion of stopping up, thrusting a stopper


orifice,

form a beam), also


of this
is

or lay evenly.

an

leads in the most natural

manner

to

The converse
oi'der,

desbaucher, to throw out of

that of stopping
killing.

the

breath,

choking, strangling,

seduce, mislead, debauch.

Debonnair.

Du. douwen, duwen, to thrust, to stuff; iets in een hoek douwen, to stick something into a corner Halma ; PI. D. duwen, douen, to press, depress Bohem. dawiti, to strangle, choke, kill ; daw, pressure, crowd ; Russ. dawit\ dawowaf, to press,
crowd, suffocate,
strangle,

upright, honest.
affable, of

Bonnair. Fr.
Fl.
;

It.

bonario, debonaire,

debonnaire, courteous,
It

a friendly conversation.

was early ex-

plained as a metaphor from hawking, from aire, an


airy or nest of

hawks

de bon aire, from a good stock.

Oiseau debonnaire de luy mesme se


tle

oppress

Serv. dawiti

hawk mans

herself.

Cot.

fait. The genThe connexion be-

(wUrgen), to slaughter.
the Wall, touwe, which
is

Thus we come round to used in like manner for


;

tween courtesy and high birth was very strongly


felt in

feudal times.

the

slaughtering a beast

Goth, divans, mortal


I

Notwithstanding the plausibility of the foregoing,

OHG.

In order to trace douuen, touuen, to die. dead and deaf to a common oi'igin we must suppose that the former also is derived from the notion of stopping up, and we should find a satisfactory root

am

satisfied that the final

element
or

is

simply the

It.

aria, acre, air,

by metaphor

the aspect, countenance,

or cheer in the face of

man

woman.

Fl.

The

expression

is

relic

of the old theory which sup-

224

DEBT.

DELIBERATE.
thier,

posed the affections of the heaUh or dispositions of

a beast, animal.

In E. deer confined to ani-

mind to arise from certain humours, vapours, or airs. Debonnair then would literally signify goodthe

mals of the cervine

tribe.

Diefenbach considers
0rjp,

it

quite unconnected with Gr.

Lat. /era.

humoured, as it is translated Norm., de bonne kumeur.

in the Gloss, to

Chron.

Defeat.
Defile.

Fr. defaite, from defaire, to undo, deLat. filmn, Fr.

stroy, discomfit.
jil,

Pain d'orge li imt aport^ E eve, n'i unt plus que traire Simple, benigne, et de hon aire Le prient mult que ce receive. Chron. Norm.

thread

whence

de-

jUer, to go in a string one after another, and

defile,

a narrow gorge which can only be passed in such a manner.


2. 10,930.

To

Defile.

AS.

fylan, Du. vuylen, to

make

foul

So de mal

aire, ill-humoured, of

a bad disposition.

or filthy.

See Foul.
Fr. defrayer, to discharge the frais

Ne

nos seies plus de mal aire

To Defray.
analogous

Kar benignes e humilians Sumes Ji faire tes talanz.


Chron. Norm. 14,819.

or expenses of anything.
to the It.

Formed

in

a manner

pagare, to pay, from Lat. pacare,

to appease.

In E. we speak of behaving with a gracious or


ungracious
itself the
air,

with an air of indecision, &c.


is

By

sense to

commonly applied in a bad conduct inspired exclusively by fumes from


term airs
music
is

within, without due regard to the claims of others.

An

air of

a strain proceeding from the in-

So from G. friede, peace, friede-brief, and M. Lat. fredum, freda, fridus, mulcta, compositio qua fisco exsoluta reus Due. " Affirmavit pacem a principe exsequitur. compositionem sibi debitam quam iWi fredum vocant a se fuisse reis indultam." The term was then applied to any exaction, and so to expenses in general,
a
letter of acquittance,

spiration of the composer.

whence Fr.
Quod pro

frais, the costs of a suit.

Carpentier.
Hal.
fit,

Debt. Lat. debeo, debitum, to owe. See Deft. To Decant. To cant a vessel is to tilt it up on one side so as to rest on the other edge, and to decant is to pour off the liquid from a vessel by thus tilting it on the edge, so as not to distui'b the grounds. See Cant.

solvendis et aquitandis debitis et fredis

suae possent talliare, &c.

Due.

villae

Deft.

DefiF.

Neat,
fit,

skilful, trim.
;

AS.

dcefe, dcefte, gedefe,

convenient
;

gedafan, gedafready.

nian, to become, behove, befit

gedceftan, to do a

To Decay.
to fall

Prov. descazer, descaier, Fr. dechoir,


to ruin,

thing in time, take the opportunity, to be

away, go

from Lat. cadere,

to fall.

The

notion of what

is is

fit

or suitable, as shown

O. Fr. Dechaiable, perishable.

under Beseem, Beteem,


the verb to
fall

To Deck.
Lat.
tegere,

To
tectum,

cover,

spread over, ornament.


dakjan,
dekjan,
Icel.

or

happen

what happens or
;

commonly expressed by
falls in

OHG.

thekja,
last

AS.

theccan, to
is

cover, to roof.

From
G. dach,

the
sig-

of these

E.

thatch, properly, like

So from Goth. gatiman, to happen, G. ziemen, to befit from fallen, alien, to please, and to fall itself was forto fall, gef
with one's wishes or requirements.

nifying simply roof, but with us applied to straw for


roofing,

showing the universal practice of the country in that respect. The Lat. has tegula, a tile, from the same root, showing the use of these as roofing
materials in Italy at a very early period.
Lith. dengti, to cover
table
; ;

merly used in the sense of becoming, being suitable. In like manner from Goth, gadaban, to happen, gadobs, gadofs,

becoming.

From
itself

the

same

root

Bohem.

doba, time (as time


;

stala dengti, to spread the

stoga dengti, to cover a roof.

Decoy.
those

Properly

duck-coj/, as

pronounced by
itself.

Pol. podobac, to from gatiman, to happen) please one ; Bohem. dobry, good (primarily opportune), doVreliky, agreeable ; Lap. iaibet, debere, optaibetet, to appropriate, portere taibek, just, due
; ;

who

are fiuniliar with the thing

coys, vulgarly duck-coys."

Gardener's Chron. 1849.


locus
in

DeSketch of the Fens in Du. koye, cavea, septum,

"

to assign to one.

The
is

Lat. debeo

is

manifestly the

same word, and


signifying "

fundamentally to be explained as

quo greges stabulantur.


a cage
;

it falls to

me

to
It.

do so and

so."

Kil.

Kooi,

To Defy.

Fr. defier.

disfidare, to

renoimce a

kouw,

a bird-cage, decoy, apparatus for entrapping water-fowl. Prov. E. coy, a decoy for ducks, a coop for lobsters. Forby. The name was probably imported with the thing itself from Holland to the fens.
kevi,

vogel-kooi,

enemy know that he is to expect the worst from you. Hence to challenge, to offer combat.
state of confidence

or peace, and let your

Decree.
a
step.

Fr. degre, O. Fr. degrat, Lat. gradus,

Deed.
thing done.

Goth, ded, gaded,

AS.

deed,

G.

that,

Delay.
defer, put

Fr. delai, from Lat. differre, dilatum, to


off,

See Do.

protract

dilaiio,

delay

It.

dilatione,

Deem.
Deep. Deer.

See Doom. See Dip.


Goth, diurs,

delay

dilaiare, O. Fr. delayer, to delay.

OHG.

tior,

Icel.

dyr,

G.

To Deliberate. Lat. deliberare, to weigh in the mind, from Ubrare, to swing, to weigh.

DELICATE.
delight,

DEMURE.
ing, mainer,

225
suggests an obvious derivation from

Lat. deUcice, pleasure, Delight. DelicatCi probably at first appetising food, food that

Lat. manus, Fr. main, the hand, as

we speak

of

makes you
to

your chops whence also delectare, please, the immediate origin of E. delight and
lick
;

Lat. delicatus, alluring, charming, giving pleasure,


luxurious.

Compare Bohem.
;

mlash, a

smack with
liguritor,

the mouth, kiss


delicately,

mlaskati, to
;

smack

in eating, to eat

and mener is often synonymous with manage, which is undoubtedly from that Observe the frequent references to the source. hand in the explanations from Cotgrave and Florio above given. The same change of vowel is seen in
handing one down-stairs
;

without appetite

mlaskacek,

Fr. menottes, handcuffs.

one nice in his eating ; mlashanina, leckerbissen, bits that one licks one's chops at, delicacies.
Delirious.
viate

Demijohn.
jeanne,

corruption

of

the

Fr.

dame-

Lang, damo-xano, a large

Lat. lira, a ridge, furrow.

Hence

with matting.

bottle

covered

Diet. Castr.

delirare (originally to go out of the furrow), to de-

from a straight

line, to

be crazy, deranged, to

[The O. Fr. demion, Mid. Lat. demionus, which Ducange says " apud Lugdunenses continet duas
quartas," but which, according to an authority cited

rave.

To
free,

Deliver. Lat. Uher, free, whence liberare, to and E. deliver, to free from. Then as abandon,

by him, was
jeanne.

less

than a chopine,

is

the most obvious

but perhaps not the true source of the modern dame-

from signifying to put under the complete command of another, comes to signify giving up one's own claim, conversely the Fr. livrer and E. deliver, from the sense of freeing from one's own claims, passes on
to that of giving

Chane, Livres des Reis, HI.


guage, was spelled jane, and
or dame-jeanne, but there
that the

vii.

45

" poz

chanes e pichers," which, in later stages of the lanis

probably the Lat.

up

to the control of another.

lagena, might have given rise to the


is

modern demi-

The
ble, is

sense of Fr. delivre, E. deliver, active, nim-

much

reason to believe

probably from the notion of

free,

unencum-

word

is

Oriental.
in universal use
is

bered action.
Dell.

It is at this

day

throughout the

See Dale.

Levant, and in Arabia, and


delfan,
to

but another

name

for

To
lake

Delve.
Kil.

AS.

dig.

Du.

delven,

the carboy, which, as I have


that word,
ture.
is

shown

in

a note on

dolven, to dig, to bury.

Du.

delle,

a valley, hollow,

Persian in name as well as manufac1.

Fris. dollen, dolljen, to dig, to

make a

Niebuhr, Reisen,

212, in giving an account

pit or hollow.

To Demand.
mander, to

Lat. mandare, demandare (manu;

of his preparations for a caravan-journey, says " Unsem Wein hatten wir in grossen glasemen

dare, to hand-give), to commit, enjoin, confide


bid, to send,

Fr.
to to

charge or appoint.

send

for,

send word

of,

lien halt,"

Flaschen (Damasjanen) woven jede bey 20 Bouteand the word is heard every day in Egypt,

Cot.

Hence demander,
manage
;

in the
It

form damagan.
its

send for from, to require from.

has been said that the vessel derives

name

To Demean.
behaviour.

To

wield, to

demeanour,

from the place where it was principally manufactured, Damaghan in Khorassan, but I do not find
sufficient historical

So

is it

not a great mischaunce

proof of this position.

M.l

To
Of

let

a foole have govemaunce

Demon.

Gr.

Sai/^wv,

the divinity, the tutelary

things that he can not demaine.

genius of a city or man.

The

Lat. dcemon was

Chaucer in R.
His herte was nothing in his

used in the latter sense, and by ecclesiastical writers

Ibid. Come on with me, demeane you like a maide. Ibid.


own
demain.
;

was applied

to the fallen angels.

To Demur.

Lat. demorari, to delay, restrain


;

Fr. demeurer, to stay

in

Law

language applied

to

Fr. demener, se demener, to


fro

un
suit

stir

much, move
;

to traffic.

in

les

marchandise, Mener, to conduct, lead, manage, handle mains, to lay about one la hi, to proceed

proces, to follow a suit

to

and

the stoppage of a suit


that the plaintiff on his
to the relief

by the preliminary

objection

which he claims.

own showing is not entitled Hence to demur to a

proposition, to

make

objections.

Cot.

It.

menare, to guide, conduct,

rect, or

bring by the hand, to bestir.

i.

di-

Demure.
When
this lady had heard all this language She gave answere full softe and demurely, Without chaunging of colour or courage,

Fl.

The

later Lat.

had minare,

to drive cattle, derived

by Diez from minari,


sarcinis

to threaten

" asinos et

equum

onerant et minantes baculis exigunt."


" Agasones equos agentes, Festo.
e.

Notliyng in haste but

full

mesurably.

Chaucer.

Apuleius.
tes."

Paulus ex

minanthreatAfter that Gabriel had al thys sayed, the maiden made answer in fewe wordes, but wordes of suche sorte as might be a witnesse of exceeding great demureness in hir, coupled with passing great affiaunce and zele towardes God. Udal in R.

But the notion of

be a point of view from which the act of driving beasts would be likely to be named. On the other hand the O. Fr. spellVOL. I. 29
to

ening does not seem to

me

226

DEN.
sense in which the word
is

DEUCE.
tot le

The

is

examples

so exactly that of the Fr.

used in these early meure (from


set-

champ ou
et sa

corns,

pur

escrier

quant furent issuz de

la foreste.

Fouke e
p. 43.

ces compaignons,

maturus), ripe, also discreet, considerate, advised,


tled, stayed,
it is

Fouke

meyne

Cotg., that

we

cannot but think that

rcnt le roy, et le pristrent

saylyrent hors de la espesse, e escriemeintenant. M.] p. 80.

the

remnant of some such expression as de


from
bail

Design.
to design, to

Lat. designare, to

mark

out

whence

mure
Cot.

conduite, or the like.

tutor or guardian,

Compare Fr. in the same


;

debail, a

sense.

frame in the mind, purpose, project.


Lat. desiderium, regret, desire.

Desire.

valley.

The hollow lair of a wild beast a narrow AS. dene, a valley. See Dimble. Denizen. Commonly explained as a foreigner enfranchised by the king's charter, one who receives
Den.
0. Fr. donaison, donison, a
gift.

Despite. O. Fr. despite, despisant, Despise. from Lat. despicere, to despise as confire, from
;

conficere.

Mult

les despisent

poi valent, e poi les prisent


faire paix.

the privilege of a native ex donatione regis, from the

Qui od Rou volent

Chron. Norm.

ii.

4978.

But

the general

meaning of the word


place.

is

simply one domiciled in a


is

From
pieyt
;

Lat. despectus,

we have Prov.
piecemeal

despieg, des-

A denizen of

the skies

an inhabitant of

Fr. despit, contempt, despite.

the skies.

In the Liber Albus of the City of London the Fr. deinzein, the original of the E. word, is constantly opposed to forein, applied to traders within and without the privileges of the city fran" Et fait assavoire qe ceste ordinance se estent auxibien as foreyns come as denzeins de touz maneres de. tieulx bargayns faitz de-

Detail.

Fr.

c?etat7fer, to

Cot.;

from
the

tailler, to cut.

Deuce.
devil.

Dickens.
PI.
;

See Deal.

euphemism

for

The

D. uses
de duks

dither, duks, or

duus, in

chise respectively.

the

same sense
;

un de dood !
1

De
I

duus

as in English, the deuce !

or the dickens

taus

dass dich der

Taus

Schmid.

Swab.

deinz la dite fraunchise." puUetier deinzein

ne veignent pur

p.

370.

"

Item qe nuUe
achatier nulle
p.

manere de
465.
"

pulletrie de nulle forein pulletere."

This euphemism for the Devil may perhaps have no higher source than a gambler's exclamation. The G. daus is properly the deuce or two of cards or
dice, but in

Qe chescun qavera louwe

ascuns terres ou

G. cards the name has been transferred

tenementz de denszein ou de forein deinz la fraunchise de la citee." p. 448.

to the ace,
suit,

and as
is

the term

The

correlatives are

rendered in
; "

Lat.

by the

ment, or to

this is the conquering card of a used as an interjection of amazeexpress the type of perfection. i der

terms intrinsecus and forinsecus


seci seu intrinseci," p.

mercatoris forin-

Daus !

Was

der

Daus !

The Deuce

Wie ein

252

and as forinsecus and

Daus, deuced, point-device.

forein are from Lat. foras, Fr. fors, without, while the meaning of intrinsecus is simply one who is
is from the old form deinz, in which the modern dans, in, within, always appears in the Liber Albus. Deins ne, ne dans le pays.

De

olle Fritz,

Det was en keunig

potz schlag in't hous as en Dous.

within, so deinzein

That was a deuce of a king

The
zi, to

Bret, has teuz, a goblin, or spectre, from teu-

Roquef.

melt, to disappear

metaphor taken from musick, where a simple air is made the subject of a composition, and a number of ornamented variations composed upon it. " Insomuch that twenty doctors expound one text twenty different ways, as children make descant upon playne song." Tindal in R.

To Descant.

ably the Celtic dusii, or demons, mentioned by Jerome and Augustin. Wachter. Dusius, daamon.

Legonidec;

whence prob-

Gloss. Isid.

haps be quite
difill,

distinct.

the devil,

But the Teutonic forms may perThe Du. duyvel, duvel, Icel. might seem to signify the diver, him
is

whose dwelling
duve, to duck.

under-ground

To Descry.

To make an
is

outcry on discovering

Hence

in seeking

from difa, Dan. an indirect way

something for which one


simply to discover.

on the watch, then

of naming him

[This seems a highly improbable derivation for a

he might be called duyker, the Other similar names have arisen from the same tendency to indirect designation.
ducker, or dipper.

word of modern formation, and the Lat. discemo, pret. discrevi, would seem more likely to be the true
source of
it,

but the following passages

from the

Histoire de Foulques Fitz-Warin appear to coun-

tenance Minshew's etymology,


adopts

which

Wedgwood

D. necker, the hangman whence our Old Nick, G. henker, in the same sense. [The resemblance between the Du. and Icel. words for devil and diver, will hardly be thought strong enough to overthrow the received derivation of the former from the Greek, through the Lat.
PI.
;

Les c. chevalers firent somondre hastivemcnt tot le pays, chevalers, esquiers e serjauntz, e enseggerent tote la foreste
tot entour
;

diabolus, especially as the

more usual

Icel. diofully

of which

e mistreut viele gent e autres par

a negligent popular pronunciation, would be the regulai- form that diabolus would asdifill is

DEVICE.
sume
in

DEW.
whence jus dividendi
the original
is

227

accommodating

itself

to

O.-Northern

or-

sensibly blends with that of division of the property


in question,

thoepy.

found in Mid.
devise

The Dan.

nok, generally used in the definite form,

Lat. for the right of disposing of lands by will.

nokken, S\v. ndck, ndcken, the water-kelpie,

and
is

Due.

But

meaning of

is

that

sometimes the

devil,

seems
is

to

be the same word as


similar

already stated, and on the same principle a testamentary disposition


is

the E. Old Nick.

The only

word

in

ON.

called a Will.

" Fai ta devise e tun

nokkvi, a ship, but there

not sufficient analogy in

meaning
words

and the Dan. and Sw. M.] Device. Two senses of the word must be distinguished 1. That of Fr. devise, a posie, emblem, conceit, coat, or cognisance borne [to distinguish an
to connect them,

may
:

be taken from the PI. D.

2.

plaisir

de 90 que est en ta maisun, kar tu murras." Livre des Rois. " Set thy house in order."
of

Richard, duke

Normandy, having appointed


is

his eldest son his heir,

pressed as to his will re-

specting his other children.


Sire or nos fai cers e sachanz
ert de tes autres enfanz, Dreiz est tun plaisir en sachon Kar tot eissi sera garde Cum de ta boche ert devisd'. Chron. Norm. v.
;

individual,

or a party]

Cot.

and

con-

Quel

trivance.

The
suits

first

of these

is

derived from a fashion prev-

alent in Italy about the 13th century, of wearing

with the two halves of the body of different

2, p.

879.

colours,

were
vesti

by which the retainers of a particular house These uniforms were called or panni divisati, vesti alia divisa, the colours
distinguislied.

Under
derstood.

the present head

may be
is

explained the ex-

pression point device, which has been

much misun-

The
is

Fr. deviser

to

imagine, to plan,

adopted for the purpose constituting the partita, divisa, or device of the livery.

and a

devise

used as a superlative of praise.


devise.

Un

noble chateau a

" Tutti vestiti de


latti

et di velluti

una roba, panni devisati di Scarverdi." Fragm. Hist. Rom. in

Fab. et Contes,

iii.

155.

Muratori.
tita

" Tutti giovani vestiti col


tutti

Re

Li vergiers fut biau a

devise.

lb.

iii.

115.

d'una parselle

di

scarlatto verde-bruno,

con

d'una
" Pul-

assisa."

John

Villani in Due. v. Assisa.


et

cherrima divisa est color -albus


description of the dresses

rubeus."

In a

The garden was fair as could be imagined, or as we say with greater exaggeration, fair beyond im" agination. went down in their barges to
Greenwich, and every barge as goodly drest as
they could device."
cell,

gnon mention
deir

is

worn by the court at Avimade of " calze, una (i. e. one leg)
i

Chron. H.

viii.

in

Cam. Mis-

rosso di panno, e Taltra alia divisa, secondo

colori
di

iv.

arme del masco rosso e

senatore."

"

Maniche una

da-

I'altra alia divisa del Popolo Ro" Illi de Auria et Muratori Diss. 29. mano." Grimaldi pro ipsorum majori colligatione insimul se

induei'ant simile vestimentum,

duorum

scilicet

pan-

norum

coloris diversi,

ex quibus

quilibet vestiraentis

Ele fut portraite a devis ; N'est cuens ni rois ni amires Qui seusl deviser tant bele En nule terre come cele. Bien fu fete par grant maitrise Nature la fist a devise. Fab. et Contes,

iii.

424.

unum habens

gerebat pro dimidia colorem et pro rel-

iqua colorem alteram."

1311, in Mur. Diss. 33.

Divisato, particoloured.

Chron.
Fl.

She was a specimen of the beau

ideal

no count,
fair.

Genuense, A. D.

or king, or admiral, could imagine one so

On

the other
;

hand point

is

used in the sense of


;

condition

en bon point, in good condition

mettre

point, to put into condition, to dress.

And

er alone but when he did servise All black he ware, and no devise but plain.

^A point devise then would


point device
is

signify, in the condi-

Chaucer, Belle

Dame

sans merci.

tion of ideal excellence, precisely the sense in

which

always used.

Devise or device, in the sense of arrangement or


contrivance,
is

the

It.

divisare, to think, imagine,

also to appear, to seem unto, and also [to communicate one's thoughts] to discourse. Fl.

devise

So noble was he of his stature. So faire, so jolie and so fetise. With limmis wrought at poind device.
R. R. 830.

Fr. deviser, to commune, discourse, also to order, digest, dispose of.

Devil.

Lat. diabolus

Gr. ^ia^oXo<;, the accuser,

Cotgr.

The

origin

is

the Lat.

from

SiaySaAAo), to calumniate, traduce.

visum.

It. viso,

what appears

to one, view, opinion


;

to devise, to
will, to

ari-ange one's thoughts

to devise

by

Dew. Du. dauw, G. thau, Dan. dug, Sw. dagg. The PI. D. dauen signifies both to dew and to
thaw, and the outward aspect of the phenomenon
the same in both cases
;

express the intentions of the testator as to


in

is

the

way

which

his property is to go.

viz. the

spontaneous apit

Doubtless the notion of a testamentary or other


disposition of property

pearance of moisture on a surface on which


not apparently fallen from without.

has

commonly

includes and in-

228
Sc. dew, moist
;

DEW-BERRY.
Icel.

DIG.

daugg, rain

natt dogg,

dew.

Dew-berry.
of
corruption

G. thavA>eere.

Adclung.
which

a water-bird constantly diving under water. Du. doppen, doopen, to dip dobber, a float, bobbing up
;

A kind
name
cov-

and down with the waves.

Halma.
;

blackbeiTy covered

with bloom.

Probably a

To Didder.
ble
;

To

didder, dither, dodder, to trem-

of dove-berry, from

the dove-coloured

diddering and daddering

doddering-dickies,

bloom
is

for

which

it is

remarkable, as the same


to the bilberry,

the quivering heads of quaking grass.

Hal.

Icel.

in

Germany given

is

dadra, to

wag

the tail;
;

Hung,

dideregni, dederegni,

ered with a similar bloom.

Bav.

tauh-her, tauben-her

dbdorgni, to tremble

Sc. diddle, to shake, to jog.

(die blaue hcidelbeere), vaccinium myrtillus.


bere,

mora.

Schmeller.
Dan.
for

DubHale be your heart, hale be your fiddle. Long may your elbuck jink and diddle.

Dewlap.
Dey.
Dial.

dog-lcep ;
(?).

Du. douw-swengel

Burns

in

from sweeping the dew

Jam.

See Dairy.

To
showing the time of day.

doddle, to totter
is

Bav.

tattern, to tremble.

The

A device
It.

origin

a representation of the repeated beats of a

Lat. dialis, belonging to the day.

Diamond.

G. demant, corrupted from adamant.


diaspro, a Jasper or Diasper stone.
tacnris,

Diaper.
Flor.

Gr.

Lat. Jaspis.

Then

as jasper

to

was much used in ornamenting jewellery, M. Lat. diasprus, an ornamented texture, panni pretiosioris " Pluviale diasprum cum listis species. Due.

by the syllables da, da, ta, ta, or when the beats are rapid and small, di, di, ti, ti. Compare Galla dada-goda, to make dada, to beat. Tutschek. Mod. Gr. T^tr^ipi^w, to shiver, simmer G. zittern, to tremble. To Diddle. Properly, as shown in the last article, to move rapidly backwards and forwards, then
vibrating body
;

auro

textis."

diaspro, et

"Duas unam de

cruces de argento,
crystallo

duo

unam de

pluvialia de

diaspro et panno Barbarico."


dalia

Diasperatus, adorned
like.

use action of such a nature for the purpose of engaging the attention of an observer while a trick is played upon him, to deceive by juggling tricks.

with inlaid work, embroidery, or the


data

" San-

cum caligis de rubeo sameto cum imaginibus regum."

diasperato, breu-

Die. Dice. A small cube used in gaming. Arab, daddon, dadda, game of dice. It. dado.
Prov. dat.
Fr.
det, de.

A stede bay,

trapped in

stele,

To Die
well.

or

Dye.

The proper meaning


bedye this sacred
shall turn.

is

to

Covered with cloth of gold diapred

soak, wet, or steep.

Knight's Tale.

Fr. diaspre, variegated, " versicolor instar jaspidis."

Then if thine eye Each drop a pearl

um,

Due.

In

OE. poetry a meadow

To adorn

his tomb.

Epitaph, 1633.
E.
to deg, to moisten.

is

frequent-

ly spoken of as diapered with flowers.

At

a later

period the reference to different colours was


the sense
stuff

was confined

to the figures

and with which a


lost,

Hal.
dew
;

AS. deagan,
Icel.

tingere; Prov.

digna, to become

wet

Dan. dug,
forms

dygge, to sprinkle with water, dyg-vaad, dyng-

was ornamented.
understood
it

Fr. diapre, diapered, di-

versified with flourishes

on sundry

figures.

Cotgr.
usually

vaad, thoroughly wet.

In the

latter of these

we

see a close agreement with Lat. tingere, wliich

As now

is

applied to linen cloth, wofigures.

unites the senses of wetting or moistening, plung-

Dibble. A made of the handle of a spade, Baker. shod with


Dibber.
iron.
I'll

ven with a pattern of diamond-shaped

ing in liquid, dyeing with colour.


moisten, stain, colour.

Gr. rcyyw, to

setting-stick,

cut to a point

and

Diet.
2.
life,

1.

A deliberative assembly.
mode, or place of
life,

See Day.

Gr.

huLura,

means of

subsistence.
sith I

The

dibble in

not put the earth to set one sUp of them.

Wmter's

But

Tale.

know my wordis
hereafter;

doith thee so sore smert,


diete
(inter-

Shall no
Shall be

more

and eche day our


and
this shall

The

syllable dib, expressing the act of striking


is

course)

with a pointed instrument,


dab, to prick,

a modification of Sc.

mery and

solase,

Bohem.

be forgete. Chaucer. Beryn. 700.

dubati, to peck, E. Job, to

thrust, or peck, parallel with

dag or

dig, to strike

To
to

Dig.

To

drive a pointed instrument into;

with a pointed instrument.


Brai.

Norm,

diguer, to prick

diguet, a pointed stick used in reaping.

Pat.

spur a horse, stab a

man

through his armour.

de

Hal.
needle

A
;

modification of dag.
;

Dibble-dabble.
dib-dab,
useless
;

Rubbish.
dtb-dabsag,

Hal.
useless

diguer, to prick

endig'uer, to

See Dagger. Norm. pierce with an awl or


Lith.
;

Comp. Hung.
stuff

diguet, a pointed stick, a dibble.


;

quiliai), rubbish.

Didapper.

Dankowski. Also called dab-chick, or dob-chick,

(quis-

dygus, sharp, pointed


lis,

degti, daigyti, to stick

dygu-

a prickle

dyge, dygle,

a stickle-back.
;

Turk.

dikmek, to sew,

stitch, plant, set

diken, a prickle.

DIGHT.
To
Dig'ht.
to

DIMBLE.
Dillin^.
Hal.

229

To
in

dress,

adorn,
arrange,

prepare.

AS.
G.
is

Dill.

DilHng, a darling or favourite,


dilla,
still,

dihtan,
dichten,

set

order,

compose.

the youngest child or the youngest of a brood.


Icel. dill, the nurse's lullaby
;

to

meditate,

contrive,

invent,

compose.
to

to lull

From

Lat. dictare, to dictate, to speak what

child to sleep.

To

dill,

to soothe, to

to

a calm

be taken down in writing.


vorsagen oder lesen das

Dictare, dichen, tichten,


sclireibt.

man

Dief. Sup.

Sw.

dickta, to invent, to feign, to devise; dickta

up

en historia, to trump up a story.

See Ditty. As the earth dug out of the Dike. Ditch. ground in making a trench is heaped up on the side, the ditch and the bank are constructed by the same

become still. " Tlie noise of the Queen's journey to France has dilled down." Jam. Hence the name of the herb dill (Sw. dill, Dan. dild, anethum), used as a carminative or soothmg medicine for children. To dill is simply to make or become dull or inactive. Prov. Dan. dull, still, quiet, as pain when the attack goes
Hal., to dill down, to subside,

and it is not surprising that the two should have been confounded under a common name. Du. Kil. dijck, agger, et fovea, alveus, fossa. In Hke manner the It. mota, the mound on which a castle was built, is identical with E. moat, the surrounding
act,

off;

didme, to subside, assuage, soothe.


still, lildyli,

Lith. tylus,
;

quiet,
to

to quiet, lyla,

silence

Pol. tulic,

seek to calm, soothe, or appease one, utulic, to quiet a crying child. See Dull.
Dilly,
diligence.

which the earth was dug. In the N. of England a dike is a dry hedge, dike stour, a
ditch out of

Hal.
One

public carriage, contracted from Fr.

Dim.

of the

numerous

class

of words
in

hedge-stake, while
ditch.

Hal.

dike-holl or

dike-hollow
is
is

is

the

branching out from the root lap, dab,

dam

the

In Dan. the term dige

applied
specifi-

sense of stop, obstruct, mentioned under

Deaf and

both to a ditch and bank, but dige-grojl


cally the ditch.

Dam.
taparse,
dos,

Lang, tapa lou jhour,


los olhos, to cast

to stop one's light

Ptg. lapa
signification is doubtless that of the

a mist before one's eyes,


;

The primary
flow of water,

to

darken,
se

become dark
las

tapar os ouvito

Fr. digue, a bank, jetty, or

dam
is

for stopping the

Lang,

tampa

aourelios,

stop

one's

whence the term

applied, like the


tanco, to

ears.

Scandinavian
dijek, piscina,

dam

or the

Romance tampo,
Kil.

Bav. daumh, daum, laum, stopper, wadding


mn, verdaumben, to ram down,
vox, caecus sonus,"
clouds
caligo
to
;

a pond of water held up by a dike or dam.

stagnum.

Du.

stop

daudumper,
;

Tlie two applica-

dimper, dull in sound or in colour

" timper, fusca

tions are in

G. distinguished by a modification of
is

limberriu wuolchen, the

dark
ver-

spelling,

and deich

used in the sense of a dike or

dam,

teich in that of a pond. In a similar manner in England the northern jjronunciation dike has been ap-

Notker,

ein tumperer nebel, a dark mist.

Timberi,
;

identical with Lat. tenebrce

tumperte

augen, oculi

contenebrati.

Schmeller.

propriated to a bank, the southern, ditch, to a trench.

The
for,

ultimate origin of the term must be looked

vertumplen, vertumlen, to

not in the idea of digging with a spade, but in

that of stopping up, thrusting in a


orifice, in

peg

to stop

an

accordance with the fundamental

signifi-

cation of the root


stopper,

dag or

dig,

ramrod, billiard cue,

whence Sp. taco, a wadding W. tagu,


;

Swab, diemer, dumper, gloomy, of the weather, make thick (triibe). Du. hedampen, to darken, to make dim, obscurcir, ternir Halma ; een dompig huis, a close, dark house. dimma, dumba, darkness ; Icel. dimmr, dark, thick dimmleitr, dumhinn, dark-coloured dumbungr, thick; ;

to choke, to stifle.

Hung, dugni,
stopper, stuffing
stick,
;

to

stick in, to

stop, duga, a plug,

dimmraddadr, voce Sw. dimobscura et gravi dimma, to grow dark. Dan. dum, dumb, dim, obscure, dull, ba, a fog, haze
ness of
air,

covered weather
;

lUyrian tukani, Pol. tkac, to thrust,


to stop

cram, stuff; utykad,

chinks

Bohem.
;

low (of sound), stupid. The same relation between the ideas of shutting

zatka, a stopper, bung, obstruction.

Fin. tukkia, to

stop a hole, stuff something into

a hole
;
;

stopper

tukkuta, to be stopped, to stagnate

a Esthon.
tuket,

up and darkening is seen in Manx doon, to close or shut up, and also to darken, doon, a field or close,
dooney, shutting, closing,

darkening, E. dun, of a
of the root
is

tiikma, to thrust, press in, to

stop

tukkis,

a stop-

dark colour.

The same development

per.

a peg driven into a wall. The natural connexion between the notion of
Sc. dook,
is

found in the Finnish languages.

Fin. tumma, dull,


fire,

dim, tummeta, to be dimmed, to be put out as a

stopping the flow of water and that of fencing an


inclosure

tummentaa, tumme,
slow.
dull,

to

damp

the

fire, to

extinguish

Esthon.

obvious enough, but

it

may

tend

to

dim, dark.

Lap. luom, dull in action,


tmjti
se,

show the fundamental

relation of all these forms, if

Bohem. tma, darkness,

to

become
or din-

we adduce

Sw. lappa, to stop, to shut, lappa et aker, to inclose a field ; Lap. lappi, a plug, a stopper, tappo, an inclosed piece of ground, a yard Lang, tampa, lanca, fermer, boucher, enin illustration the
;

dark.

Dimble.
gle is

Dingle. Dimple. a narrow glen, deep valley.


Within a gloomy

Dimbk

clore, entourer.

dimble she cloth dwell.

Diet. Castr.

Sad Shepherd.

230
Lith. duhus, hollow, deep (of vessels)
tree
;

DIMITY.

DIRGE.
Dingle.

duhus medis, ; dube, be hollow dubele, a little dobe, a ditch, hole in the earth, den dauba, a glen, pit, dimple in the cheek or dhin duburi/s, a hole in the ground, a wet cleft, valley

narrow

valley, a glen.

variety

a hollow

dumbu,

dubtt, to

of dimble, and, as the latter was derived from dib,

expressing a blow with a pointed instrument, dingle


stands in the same relation to dig, ding. The primary meaning then would be a dint, pit, hollow. Dingy. Related to forms like the G. dumpfig,

springy spot.

Fris. dobbe, a ditch, hole, pit, hollow;

Epkema. E. dib, a valley Hal., a puddle or a deep place in a river Jam.; dump, a deep hole of water Bav. gutter dumpf, diimpfel, a deep hole in a river; OHG. tumdobbetjens, a dimple.
diib,

dead in sound, musty, damp, Du. dompig, dark,


as cringe to

close,

AS.

crymbig, crooked,
It

It.

cangiare to

cambiare, to change.

may

be considered as the

philo, gurges
dingle.

Hal.

Schmeller

analogue of the Du. donker, G. dunkel, dark.

See

E. dumble, a wooded

Damp, Dim.
Dint. Dent. sound of a blow.
a hollow sound,

Dunt.
To dunt,

All imitative of the


to strike so as to

Closely connected with deep, dip.

The

radical

image may be the hollow made by a blow with a pointed instrument, represented by the syllable dib,

to beat, to palpitate.
;

Jam.

make
Icel.

whence dibber, dibble, a setting-stick. Compare Bohem. dupati, to stamp, dupa, a hollow Pol. dupOn the same principle we niec, to become hollow. have dent, the hollow made by a blow (and perhaps den, a cave or hollow), from dint, a blow. So also
;

up and down dynkr, a hollow sound as when a stone is thrown into water ; Sw. dunJca, to beat heavily. Sc. to dump, to beat or strike with the feet. Sw. dimpa, to fall. Gr. 8101^770-15, the management of a Diocese. household, administration, function of a steward, a
dyntr, dynt, shaking

from dig or ding in the sense of stabbing or thrusting or striking with a

province or jurisdiction, in ecclesiastical matters the


jurisdiction of a bishop.

hammer

or the

like, dinge, the

AtoiKew, to

manage house-

hollow

made by

the blow, and dingle,

synonymous

hold

aifairs,

with dimble, a narrow glen.

Dimityi

Originally a
8ts,

stuff

woven with two


/xitos,

To Dip. Sw. doppa,


dip,

Deep.
;

from

oikos,

a house.
Goth, daupjan, AS. dippan,

to dip, to soak.

Du. doppen, doopen,


It.

to

threads, from Gr.

twice,

and

a thread.
multi^jlici

baptise

Sc.

doup, Du. duypen, to duck the


to baptise
;

" Officinas ubi in

fila

variis distincta coloribus Se-

head.

G.

taiifen,

tuffare, to dive

rum

vellera tenuantur, et sibi

invicem

or duck, to plunge under water.

texendi genere coaptantur.

Hinc enim videas amita,


"vulgares
telae

Goth, diups,
deep.
Lith.

Icel. diupr,

Du. duyp,

diep,

G.

tief,

dimita que et trimita minori peritia sumptuque perfici,"


i.

dubus,

hollow, deep

(of a

vessel)

e.

(says Muratori)
licio,

sericias

uno

filo

seu

duobus, aut tribus contextae."

Falcandus, Hist. Sicil. in Mur. Diss. 25. In the same way the G. name for velvet, sammet, is contracted from exhamita, from having been woven of In like manner G. drillich, E. drill, a six threads. web of a threefold thread G. zwillich, E. twill, a
;

dubele, a dumbu, dubti, to be hollow. E. dub, a pool in a river, dump, a deep hole of Du. dompen, dompelen, to plunge under water. Halma Bav. diimpf, diimpfel, a deep hole water
little

dube, dobe, a ditch, hole in the ground,


hole, a

dimple

in a river.

Bohem. dupa, a hole or cavern,

dupati, to stamp,

web

of a double thread.
Imitative of continued sound.
;

dubati, to peck, strike with the beak.


Icel.

Dillt

dy-

The

original root

seems

to

be the syllable

dib,

nia, dundi, to resound


nire, to

duna, to thunder.

Lat. tin-

dub, deep, representing the sound of a blow with a

sound as a
It.

bell,

tonare, to thunder.

See

pointed instrument, and thence being applied to the

Dun.

hollow
desinare
;

made

in the object struck, or

on the other

To Dine*
digner
ibi."

O. Fr. disgner, disner,


" Disnavi

Gl.

Prov. disnar, dirnar, dinar.


Vatic, quoted

me

by Diez.
in Fr.

Diez suggests
to

a derivation from a Lat. deccenare (analogous


orare, depascere),

dev-

hand to the sudden motion downwards with which the blow is given. To dip then is to go suddenly downwards, and deep designates the quality of things which admit of going suddenly downwards,
the depth being greater as they admit of a

whence
diner,

might have arisen

decener,

desner,

dime, from buccina


ner,

busna.
strike,

as

from decima

desme,

more
in the

The Oi

Fr. had reci-

extended or more sudden descent. It is remarkable that as we have a root dig

a lunch, from reccenare.

same sense with


labial
ries.

dib,

the same parallelism of the

knock, cast. To ding dang him throw the body with ane swerd." Bellenden in Jam. To ding at the door, to knock. P. P. Icel. dengia, to hammer ; dengia einum nidr, to ding one down.
through, to pierce.
"

To Din^.

To

He

and guttural final is found throughout the seWe have Du. duypen and duychen, to duck Sc. doup in the head, to duck under water, dive the same sense as the E. dv^k ; G. taufen, to bapE. dimble and dingle, tise, tauchen, to dip or dive
; ;

an imitation of the sound, as in ding-dong for the sound of repeated blows.

From

a glen

Du. dompen, G. tunken,

to dip.

Dirge.

funeral service

from Ps,

5,

v.

8.

DIRK.
" Dirige Domine Deus meus in conspectu tuo vitam meam," repeated in the anthem used on such occasions. Jam.

DISTRAIN.

231
to

Swab, disseln, disemen, dusemen, dismen, dusmen, speak low, dosen, dosmen, to slumber.

The primary image

is

a low sound, then dull in

The

colour, dark, overcast, uncheerful.


frere

wol

to the direge if the cors is fat.

Pohtical Songs 332.

Cam.

Soc.

Dismay.

Sp. desmayo, a swoon, fainting-fit, de;

cay of strength, dismay

desmayar, to

In old So. dregy, dirgy.

Dirk. Durk. Sw. dolk, a dagger.


lum), tuKch,

faint-hearted, to discourage, frighten.


Sc. durh,

faint, to be See Amaze,

A dagger.
a blow,

Bohem. a dagger. Hung,

tuleg,

G. dolch, a spear (spicu;

and Cable.

To Disparage.
Fr. parage,
equality

From

Lat. par, equal, arises

tolni, to thrust

Russ.
;

of birth

or

tolkat\ tolhnuf, to give

strike,

knock

Bo-

hence) kindred, parentage, lineage.


to disparage, to

in

blood,

(and

Cotgr.

Hence

hem. tlauk, a pestle. Fris. dulg, dolge, dolch, a wound. Epkema. Tlie interchange of an I and

birth

and

condition,

match a person with one of inferior and in modern usage to speak

r before a final guttural

is

very common.
Outzen.

Comp.

slightingly of one, to put

him lower

in estimation.

Prov. Dan. smilke and

smirk and kirk


for poidpe.

Junge Roquef.

kilche,
;

corresponding to E.

Dispatch.
ber, hinder
;

It.

impacciare, to impeach, encum-

O. Fr. pourpe

dispacciare, to dispatch, rid or free.


;

Fl.

Fr. empescher, to hinder, impeach, pester

des-

Dirt.

Ih-yte or doonge, merda, stercus.

Pm. To drite, cacare, egerere. Cath. Aug. in Way. Icel. drit, excrement. G. Du. dreck, excrement,
filth, mud, dirt, anything vile and worthless. Rouchi draque, dregs. See Draff.

Pr.

pescher, to rid, send


Cot.

away

quickly,

discharge.

Diez would derive the words from Lat. impingere, in the sense of fastening something troublesome upon one, through the supposed frequentative

DiS.
rately.

From

Gr.

8ts,

twice, in
it

two

parts, sepa-

In composition

implies separation from


it is

More probably from same original root through the notion of stopping up or barring the way, as embarrass from Fr.
forms impactare, impactiare.
the
barras, a barrier, blockade.
restraints, fastenings
;

the thing signified

by the word with which


opi)osition.
It.

Lat. repagula, bars,

compounded, and hence negation,


Disaster.
ence of the
nate
Fr. desastre.

Prov. empaig, empacha, em;

disastro,

an

evil

paita,

obstacle,

hindrance

empaichar, empaitar,
;

chance, something brought about by an evil influstars.

empazar, empechar, to embarrass


which, to dispatch,
is to

the converse of

Prov. astrar, to cause by the


;

remove a hindrance.

influence of the stars

astruc, Lat. astrosus, fortu;

The
7rr}crcr(D,

variety of the Proven5al forms

may

be comTrrf^w,

Diez.
No

benastre,

good fortune
astre,

desastre, misfortune.

pared with the dialectic varieties of the Gr.


TrrjTTw.

[D'Esclot uses
of good fortune

without a prefix, in the sense

To Display.
spiegare,

O. Fr. desployer, from Lat. plicare, to fold.


to

It.

dispiegare,

volriemque, per astre o per desastre, hayem perdut, menys de colp e menys de ferida mes de terra dins hun

To Dispute.
compute,

mes que no deguerem haver perduda

dins deu anys.

modem
clvii.

Lat. disputare, to cast up a sum, examine and discuss a subject. In language the term is applied to hostile dis-

Cap.

cussion of a subject with another person.

* * havien gran reguart que no y hagues gran aguayt, o per astre o per desastre llur, desbarataren se los demes de aquells. Cap. clix.

Distaff.

The

staff

ened

in spinning.

PI.

on which the flax was fastD. diesse, Ditmarsh dies, the


Prov. E.
dise, to

bunch of

flax

on the

distaff;

sup-

ply the staff with flax.


Si tot vos havets

hagut gran

astre

nol havrets tots temps.

Cap.

clxvi.

hun temps M.]

sobre mar,

The term may be


hair,

a modification of the root aptuft,

pearing in Gael, dos, a bush, cluster,

lock of

To Discard.
reject.

Sp. descartar, to throw cards out


;

of one's hand at certain games

hence to put aside,


cir-

Dish.
cle of

Disk.

Lat. discus, a quoit or


;

flat
;

hence a dish Gr. Blctkos, a quoit, a tray. G. tisch, a table. Disheveled. Fr. descheveler, to put the hair out
stone,

wood, or metal

Bav. doschen, duschen, dosten, a bush, tuft, tassel. On the other hand the thread drawn down from the stock of flax on the distaff may be compared to the stream of milk drawn from an animal's udder, and thus the term may be identical with the Sw. diss, a teat, dissa, to suck. Comp. spin with Du. spene, spinne, sponne,
E. tussock, a
tuft of grass,

of order.

Fr. cheveux, Lat. capilla, the hair.

the udder, teat, mother's milk.


of blood spinning from a vein.

Kil.

We

speak
Lat.

Dismal.
hearted.

Swiss dusem, dark, thick, misty, downStalder.

Bav. dus, dusam, dusig, dusstill,

mig

dull (not shining),

cloudy.

Schmeller.
Dasmyn

Distrain.

Distress. District.
draw
tight.

From

Prov. Dan. dusm, dussem, slumber. missyn as eyne, caligo. Pr. Pm.

or

Mid. Lat. distringere (whence Fr. distraindre and E. distrain) was


stringere, to strain, to

See Dizzy.

used in the sense of exercising severity upon, cor-

232
reeling,

DIT.
and especially
in

DO.

that

of compelling or

To Dive.
douioen,
to

Du. duypen,
press,

to
in,

duck or bow the head


enfoncer

constraining a person to do something by the exac" Et tion of a pledge or by fine or imprisonment.


liceat
Ilist.
illi

thrust

Halma
to tread

Fr. in Due.

eos distringere ad justitias faciendas." " Et ce qui est dessus devise

AS.
hen
;

dujian, gedufian, to plunge in water, sink, dive,


;

be drowned
Icel. dijing,

Icel.

difa, to press

down,

a
;

difai, to dip

(comp. Bav. duchen, to tread)

fut fait et establi


faire droit

pour destraindre

en la cour."
still

gens a venir In this Assis. Hierosol.


les

immersion, dvbla, dujla, to dive.

duve, to pitch,

Dan. as a ship meeting the waves. See


Lat. divinus, belonging to
Sios,

sense

we

speak of distraining for rent, when

Dip.

we
him

seize the goods of


to

a tenant,

in order to

compel

To Divine.
divi,

God;

pay the

rent.

Gods.

Gr.
to

godlike.

The

Lat. divinus

The pledge
tnctio, distress,

or the fine exacted

was termed disand the same name was sometimes

was applied
term
is

a prophet or soothsayer, one conver-

sant with divine matters, as in

given to the right of exercising judicial authority. " Districtio quoque villas ad ecclesiam pertinebit, ita
ut Godescalcus

applied to a clergyman.

modern times the Hence divinare,


; PI. D. dilsig, hazy weather;

qui advocatus
districtionis

to divine, foretell, prophesy, foresee, then to guess.

est

ejusdem

allodii,

Dizzy.
dosig,

AS.
hazy

dysig, dyslic, foolish


diisig

medietatem ipsius

Charta
it

de Ecclesia teneat."
of exercising

giddy,
disig,
;

dizzy,
;

weder,

an. 1124.

But

the right

Dan.
dizze,

Du. duysig, deusig,

stupid, giddy,

such authority, as well as the territory over which

stunned

E.

dizze, to stun.

was

exercised,
It.

were more commonly termed


O. Fr.
et
destroict,

dis-

amaze."
be
still,
;

Cotgr.

" Etourdir, to astonish,

trictus,

distretto,

E.

district.

"

Maneantque sub

judicio

districtu

vestx'O."

seln, to

to slumber, to

Bav. dusen, duseln, dusbe giddy dosig, sub;

missive,

tame

dausig, dusig, dull, foolish.


;

E.

to

Bulla Bonifacii ann. 1033.


dere non prsesuraat."

"

Qui allodium venImperatoris ven"

daze, to stupefy,

diderit, districtum et jurisdictionem

nosus.

Pr.

benum dasyd or hedasyd, vertigiPm. To dozen, dosen, to stupefy with

Lib. Feod.

Et totum

dis-

trictum ejusdem insulae

Charta ann. 983.


for the

cum
i.

tota justitia dedi eis."

" Praedictum
e.

furnum

et dis-

a blow or otherwise, to lose power and life, benum, Jam. Icel. dos, das, languor, lasbecome torpid. Hann liggr i dosi, he lies in a faint. Dan. situde.

trictum ejusdem fumi,"

the soke of the oven,

dos, drowsiness, dose, to doze, to

mope.

or right of compelling the tenants to resort to

purpose of baking.

To
*'

Dit.

Ditch.

Due.
ditta,

it

Do.

It is often said that do in the inquiry after


is

a person's health

properly the Sc. dow, Du. doo-

To

dit is to stop

Dit your mouth with your meat."


Icel.

an

orifice.

gen, deugen, G. taugen, to be able or good for, to


avail, to thrive
act,
;

Sc. proverb.

but this

is

a mistake.

To do

is

to

AS. dittan, to stop. From dot, a lump, as


orifice is

to stop chinks.

or often to serve as the

medium
it,

of active exer-

the notion of stopping an


to the

tion.
it

We

ask

how
office

a thing does, meaning,

how does
is

commonly expressed by reference

perform the

expected of
get on ?
It is

and the word

bunch of materials thrust into the opening. Du. dodde, a tap, stopper, plug. Dam. Prov. Dan. dot, a stopper. Another modification of the word is
^^

See
Kil.

used in a very similar sense in the inquiry.

you do ? form the

How do you
offices

How, do

of

life ?

How do you pera simple translation

ditch,

of the 0. Fr.

Comment
11

le faites-vous.

ditched or
table
is

diched,

filled

up,

deeply insinuated.

Puis

a dit par grant dourer,

diched
"

when

the dirt has insinuated

self into the grain of the

wood."

Baker

it-

Northor
to

Sire, comment le faites-vos ? Dame, bien, dit le Segretains.

ampt. Gl.

mantis "
fill

Timon
soft,

Much

good dick thy good heart. Apeof Athens


;

Fab. et Contes.

1.

245.

much good

stufi"

"

thy heart.

Bav. datschen, detschen, dotschen,


soft
;

the people did, and

David demanded of him how Joab did, and how how the war prospered." In
David
il

press

down something
See Dike.
O. Fr.
story,

datsch, &c.,

something

kue-datsch, cow-dung.

Schm.

a mess of

the Livre des Rois

E
of an

enquist

cume Joab

Ditch.
Ditty.
adventure,

e coment
ditte, recitation

le feissent del siege

and how they got


ill,

le fist, e

li

poples,

diet, dicte,

poem, work of imagination.

on with the siege. [The Sw. ma, to be

able, to be well or

accord-

Roquef.

Lat
Then

dicere, dictum, to say.


said

ing to the qualifying word, which

is allied to

E. may,

I,

thus

it

falleth

me

to cesse

Eithir to rime or ditees for to make.

Chaucer.

Belle

Dame

sans merci.

Goth, magan, etc., and is used both as an auxiliary and independently, confirms the supposition that " do in the inquiry after a person's health is the Sc. dow, Du. doogen, G. taugen," etc Hur mar du ? How
:

DiViin.

The

raised bench or cushion at the up-

do you do

Han mar

val,

He
i

is

well

per end of a Turkish room on which the principal


persons
sit.

He

is ill

Jag mar

ratt val

staden, I

Han mar ilia, am doing very


also

Hence a

council or court of Justice.

well,

am

very comfortable, in town.

There are

DOCK.
participial

DODGE.
Sp. aguaducho, a rush of water, watercourse
docciare, to spout, to let water run with
;

233
It.

nouns from
1.

this verb,
ill.

maende, being well or

M.]
It.

valmaende,

illa-

some force

Dock,

G. docke, a bundle, bunch of thread,

knot of cords, baluster, plug, stopple.


piece of anything.

A short thick
a scrap, cob,

Fris. dok, a small bundle, ball


tocco,

and wash it, as they modern E. douche, a bath taken by pouring water from a height on the
upon one's head
use in Italy.

for to cleanse

Fl.

Whence

the

of twine, bunch of straw.


collop, cut or shive, viz. of

bread and cheese.


curtail,

patient.

Fl.
;

In the sense of a water-conduit we find dozza


{doccia, dozza, as faccioletto, fazzoletto) in a passage

"W. toe, that


tocio, to

is,

short or abrupt ; tocyn, a short piece


bit, to

reduce to a short

explaining
Icel.

misunderstood by Carpentier.
canalis de S. Catharina

the E. dock, to reduce to a stump, to cut short.


dockr, a short

stumpy

to several plants

The term dock is applied tail. having leaves broad in proportion

zam, quae est sub fundo circae (by the culvert which is under the bottom of the ditch), et quod
terralium et ripa dictae circae claudatur in totum

ducatur tantum
ita

" Statutum est

quod

per doz-

to their length, as sour-dock, sorrel, burdock, Matter-

dock (Du. docke-blaederen, petasites), AS. ea-dock, Swab, wasser-docklein, the water-lily. Another application of the

usque ad dictam dozzam


dicto terralio, et

quod nulla ruptura


dictas circae

sit

in

a latere foras

in capite

term

is

to the

rump

butt end of a tree, the thick end.

Hal.
of

of an animal,

dozzoR possit fieri


flood-gate, at the

una clusa alta (a deep sluice, or head of the culvert) super dictam
is

Dock, like other words signifying a lump,


probably derived from the
notion

is

dozzam^'' &c.

knocking.

Kil. Du. docken, dare pugnos, ingerere verbera. toccare, to knock. Compare dump, to beat It.
(

The

sense of stopping up
in the
tuft

expressed by the
Fin. tukko, a
;

same root

Finnish languages.
;

lump, bunch,

tukkia, to stop an orifice


;

tuket,

Jam.), with dumpy


is

dunch,

to beat,

with dunch,

one who

short

and

thick,

Jam.;

a stopper, the condition of being shut up


to

tukkuta,

to

punch,

to

be stopped up,

to stagnate,

as water.

Hung.

strike, with

punchy, short and thick, &c.

dugni, to stuff;

dugasz, a stopper, bung.

Dock,
a criminal
bird-cage.

2i,

The cage
Kil.

in

3i

is

placed at his

a court of justice in which Flemish docke, a trial.

Docket,

A small piece

of paper or parchment,

containing the heads of a large writing.


shred, or piece.

Hal.
W.

B.

A
slip,

diminutive of dock, in

Dock,

An

inclosed basin for repairing ships.

the original sense.

tocyn,

a small piece, or

A pond
gates
till

where the water


the ship
is

kept out by great floodbuilt or repaired, but are opened


is

ticket.

to let in the water to float or launch her.

B.

Dodt
Dock.
Outzen.

Synonymous
Sc.

in several of its senses with

Fris. dodd, dadde, a lump, clump, bunch.

Both
ing
is

in this sense

and

in that of

a cage the mean-

probably to be explained through the notion

of stopping up,

hemming

in,

confining.
is

The G.

dawd, a lunch, lump. Du. dot, a bunch of twisted thread. Halma. To dod is to reduce to a lump, to cut off excres-

docke, signifying primarily a bunch,

applied to the
is

cences, to curtail.
like,

Doddyn

trees or herbs, or other

tap by which the water of a fish-pond


let off,

Adelung.

kept in or
to

decomo, capulo.

Doddyd, without horns.

Hence

the

name seems

have

dyd, as trees, decomatus, mutilus.

Pr. Pm.

Dod-

been transferred to a naval dock, the essential provision of which is the power of keeping in or shutting out the water by an analogous contrivance though on a greatly magnified scale. Clausa, eyn cluse (a
sluice or flood-gate), tack ;
piscinse.

fat,

Doddy, low in stature, plump, full-bodied.


is

like

a lump.

Fr. dodu,

Cot.

Doddy-pate,

or

doddy-poll,

equivalent to block-head, or numskuM,


Fris. dodd,

jobber-noU, lump-headed.

i.

q. docke,

obturamentum

Du.
clap

dots-kop, a blockhead.

Dief. Sup.

See Dam.

From
dam

signifying the plug or sluice


is

by which the
applied to the

flow of water

regulated, the

word

is

of which the sluice forms part, and generally

Dodder. Sc. dad, a slam to fall, or Dod. down forcibly, and with noise. He fell with a dad. Jam. Hence dad, a lump, large piece, synonymous with dod. Sc. dod, to jog. To dad, to
;

Halma.

a simpleton.

to the

dam
to

or

bank of a ditch or

artificial

piece of

shake, to strike.

Hal.

To dodder, didder,

dither,

water, to the conduit through which the water flows

to shake, to tremble;

doddered, shaken, shattered.

away,

a spout, gutter, watercourse.

In the

for-

doddered oak, a shattered oak.


is

dodderel, or

mer
sati."

sense
"

we have Prov.

doga, douva, Fr. douve,

pollard,

from dod

in the other sense of the term,

''Douvam sive aggerem dicti fosQui a douhe, il a fosse," whoever possesses the bank, he has the ditch. In the sense of a conduit "fossas in circuitu basilicas fieri jussit ne forte dogis occultis lympha3 deducerentur in fontem." Gregory of Tours in Diez. In It. we have doccia, a mill-dam, a spout, gutter VOL. I. 30
douhe, a bank.

to poll, or cut short.

To

doddle, to totter, as well as diddle, to

move
that

quickly backwards and forwards, should perhaps be


referred to the present
root

rather than

to

explained under Dade.

jog, to

Dod^e. Closely move quickly

allied with
to

Dod.
;

To

dodge, to

and

fro

hence

to follow in

234
the track of
to deceive

DOE
any
one, to follow his ins

DOLL.
lished

and

outs, also

one by change of motion. The original sense seems that given by Forby a small lump of something moist and thick, as of mortar or clay, from the sound of such a lump thrown
;

MS., in a note on Dues de Normandie

p.

514, Vol. II. Chr. des

On Do
Doit.

les a aportc's [les esches] en un douhlier velu, pene de fenis menuement cousu. M.j

against a wall, or on the ground; then applied to

the jerk with which

lump.

Hal. See Dab, Dad. a mass of something soft, a fat person kue-diitsch, a cow-dung daischen, dotsehen, to press down something soft. Swiss datsch, dotsch, blow with the open
; ;

it

is

thrown.

Dadge, a large Bav. datsch, dotsch,

eight soldi,

Du. duit, from Venet. daoto, a piece of da oto soldi. They had also a piece
Sc. dide, dool, grief ; to sing

called daquindese, of 15 soldi.

Dole.

dool, to lament.

Doleful. Jam.

Lat. dolere, to grieve

It.

duolo, doglia, pain, grief;


doilbh, doilfe, dark,

Fr. deuil, niourning.

Ir.

hand, something

flat and broad like a soft substance thrown on the ground; datsch-nase, a flat squab Datsch, the noise of a blow, or the blow itself, nose. smack, clap datschen, to smack, to fall, or throw
;

gloomy,

sorrowful, mournful
;

doilbheas, doilgheas, affliction, sorrow

Gael, doilleir,

dim, dark

duilbhearra (Ir. duilbhir), sad, anxious,

melancholy.
bright,
clear,

The
and

opposites to these last are soilleir,


suilbhir,

down with a
DoCt
same
fallow-deer
kind.
;

noise, to tattle.

chearful, joyful,

con-

Lat. dama, G. dam,


It.

AS.

da, Dan.' daa,

structed with the particle so equivalent to the Gr.


1),

daino as E. doe, the female of the

as the former series with the particle do equivato

Gael, damh, an ox, a stag.

lent

the Gr.

8rs.

See Dear, Dark.


is

In like

Do^f
uprights
in

Icel. doggr,
ill

Du. dogghe, a large dog. The front of the iron bars on which the logs
rest,

manner Gael,
fort.

dolas,

woe, grief;

solas, solace,

com-

The

idea of darkness

always connected
Prov. E. dowly,

a fireplace
its

are called dogs, in Swiss feuersit-

with that of grief and melancholy.


dingy, colourless, doleful.

hund, probably from the resemblance to a dog


ting on

Hal.
lot.

haunches

in Pol.
sit

and Lith.
in bed.

wilki, a wolf.

Dole,

3,

A portion, or

See Deal.

Icel. sitia

vid dogg, to

up

Doggrel.

Pitiful poetry.

Now
This

swiche a rime the deril I beteche, may wel be clepe rime dogerel quod he. Chaucer, Prol. MeUbeus.

Dole, 3t Doles, dools, slips of pasture left be" Cursed tween furrows of ploughed lands. B. be he that translateth the bounds and doles of his neighbour." Injunction 19 Eliz. in Brand's Pop. Ant. dole-meadow is a meadow in which the

shares of different proprietors are marked by doles

Doiley.

Probably only a modification of the


towel, although

or landmarks.

Now

the simplest division of propleft

Du. dwaele, a

derived from the

commonly said to be name of a dealer by whom they

erty would be a strip of turf

unploughed.

PI.

D.
it

dole,

a small ditch with the sod turned up beside


;

were introduced.

for

a landmark

uutdolen, so to

mark

the division

The

of properties with a ridge and furi-ow.


stores are

manteaus we

very low, Sir, some Doiley petticoats and have, and half a dozen pairs of laced shoes. Dryden. Kind Keeper.

Brcm.
;

Wort.
with

The word
twll,

is

probably at bottom identical

The
from

use of doileys, in the sense of a small napkin

at dessert,

Holland.

was probably imported with the name Du. dwaele, dwele, mappa. G.
is

a pit, Bohem. dvl, a pit, ditch then and bank are made by flinging on the one side the earth taken up from the other) applied both to ridge and furrow, and subsequently appro(as the ditch

W.

priated to either as accidental circumst^uices might

zwahel, a towel; Swiss dwaheli, a napkin.

determine.
in dike ;

[The Du. dwaele


towel.

no doubt the same as the E.

Few words known to the literature of the Middle Ages exist in so great a variety of forms. Many of these are collected by Ducange and his continuators, under Toacula, others by GraiF, V. 268, under Dwahilla, and by Miiller and Zarncke, MHG. Wcirterb., under Twehele. The root seems to be the Mccso-Gothic pvaha, OHG. dwahu, to wash.
I suspect the O. Fr. douhlier, defined, serviette, nappe, by Michel, Gloss, to Chr. des Dues de Normandie, and also by Roquefort, to be the same

We find the same duplicity of meaning and mote, the term by which we designate the ditch of a castle, signifies in It. the mound on which the castle is built. Dole, a boundary mark, either a post or a mound of earth, a lump of anything. Hal. Doel, a butt,

or

mound

of turf for archers to shoot

at.

Kil.

Dool, dole, the goal in a

game of

football,

&c.

Jam.
Doll.
little

Properly a bunch of rags.


dockle,

Fris. dok, a

bundle, as of thread, a whisp of straw, also a

doll

G. docke, Swab,
doll.

doll

dokkelen, to

word.

Roquefort refers it to Mid. Lat. douhlerium, and cites the Bas-Breton doubter as having the same signification. The only passage in which I have-

play with a

So
nuket,
ulis.

in Fin. nukka,

flock, rag,

patch

nukkiy

doll,

pupa

lusoria puellarum

ex pannic-

met with

douhlier

is

in

an extract from an unpub-

DOLLAR. DOSIL.
Tf I

235

were mad I should forget


babe of clmits

my son,
were he. K. John.

senses are distinguished as in Bret,


tions moicg

by the

modifica-

Or madly think a

and moged.

Lith.

dumas, smoker.

Dominion.
dolde,

The

Lat. dominus, a lord,

must
of the

Dollar.
Dolt.
dallebatsch,

T>n. daler

Q.

thaler.

probably be explained from domus, the


house, master of the house.

man

Swab,

dalde,

dalter,

dolde, dalle,

dallewatsch,
;

dalpe,

dalper,

foolish,

Domino.

A sort of hood worn


(It.

awkward, clumsy person


clownish
tolpel,
;

dalpicht, talkicht, clumsy,

a cathedral church

dalpen, talken, to handle

dolt,

blockhead.
;

awkwardly G. Bav. daUcen, to work in


; ;

ing veil for women.

Bailey.

domo, duomo)

by the canons of also a mourn;

Doom.
Door.

AS. dom, judgment, whence deman,


Gr. 6vpa, Goth, daur, G.
thor,

to

sticky,

doughy materials

verdalken, to blot, dawb,

deem, or form a judgment.


thiire,

do a thing unskilfully,
kend, dalket, sticky,

ward person.

spoil by awkwardness dalawkward der dalk, the awk;

Sanscr. dvdr, Lith. durris, Slav, dvyry, &c.

Schraeller.

Icel.

ddlpa, to paddle

with the oars, flounder in the mire.

E. dallop, to

Dor. A drone bee, a beetle. From the humming sound made by animals of this class in flying.
Gael, diirdan,

handle anything awkwardly, paw, toss and tumble about dallop, a slattern. Compare to dabble, to
;

humming

noise

durdail,
Ir.

grumbling, cooing like a dove.


like

murmuring, dordam, to hum

work

in the wet,

and

dabbler,

an

inefficient

worker,

a bee

dord,

humming

or muttering.

and see Blunder.

Dome.
a house.
roof.

Domestic. Domicile.
Gr.
80/x.os, Swyt^a.

To Dor.
Lat. domus,

To
;
;

befool one, put a trick

Icel. ddr, irrisio

ddra, to deride, befool

It

is

doubtful

how

the

daare, a fool

bedaare, to

upon him. ddri, Dan. delude, befool Du. door,


; ;

term dome came

to

be applied to a cupola or vaulted


is

G.

thor,

fool.

A cathedral

in

It.

duomo, in G. dam, and

Doree.
Cot.,

a dome may be so called because it was the ornament of a cathedral church. A church in general was called domus Dei, the house of God, and probably the name was given to a cathedral church par excellence. On the other hand we find that the Gr. Sco/Att was used for a roof. Doma in Orientalibus provinciis ipsum dicitur quod apud Latinos tectum, in PaliBstina enim et ^gypto non habent in tectis culmina sed domata, quae Romse vel Solaria,
'''

Fr. doree, the doree or St Peter's from the yellow colour of the skin.

fish

Dormant.
sleeping,

Dormer.
to

Fr. dormant, quiescent,


sleep.

from dormir,

Eau

dormante,

standing water.
ance.

A dormant claim, a claim in abey-

dormer was a sleeping apartment, whence

a dormer window, a window in the roof, usually


appropriated to sleeping apartments.

Dormouse.
an instance of
the

The
false

termination mouse

is

probably

etymology, the real origin being


it is

vel Majniana vocant, id

est,

plana tecta quae trans-

versis trabibus sustentantur."

Awjua, tectum.

St Jerome

a Fr. dormouse, which cannot


dictionaries, but is

true be cited from

in

Due.
the

rendered
is

probable by the
in

Gloss. Gr. Lat. Ibid.


is

name by which
radourmeire.

the animal

known

Languedoc,

The word domus


Gr.
Se/AO),

commonly derived from

In the same dialect dourmeire, a slumfeminine) in


called

to build, but this I believe is putting the

berer, sleepy head, equivalent to dormeuse {souris,

cart before the horse.

The form with


derivative,

the narrow

and Trevo/xat is derived from ttovos, labour, deem from doom, and not vice versa. We have then the most natural derivation for the word signifying a dwelling, in the notion
is

vowel

commonly

the

a mouse, dormouse

is
is

ordinary French.
in

The

a sleeper

Suffolk.

Dose.
Gr.
Socris

The
from

quantity of medicine given at once.


StSw/At, to give.

of a hearth or fire-place.

The
the

Fin. sawu, signifying smoke,

is

applied in

second place to a house,

household,
the

family

Fr. dousil, dusil, a spigot, faucet, peg or draw off' liquor from a cask, erroneously derived by Diez from ducere, to lead. The fundamental idea is a bunch of something thrust in to

Dosil.

tap to

living in a house,

and

in like

manner

smoke,

is

identical with Bret,

moug

mwff, or moff, a fire,

W.

hearth, household, house, while a derivative


in the latter dialect used for

moged

is

smoke.

expression
ciety.

is

almost universal in

This mode of a rude state of so-

G. doche, a bunch, also the tap of In It. doccia, the signification is extended to a mill dam, and as it is the office of a tap to let the water flow, doga (Gregory of T.), a water conduit. It. doccia, dozza, a spout,
a fish-pond.

stop an orifice.

Adelung.

"

The census

includes those provinces be-

gutter,

water conduit.

Prov. dotz

0. Fr. doiz,

yond the frontiers dependant on the empire, which are numbered hy fire-places or houses." Population of China, Amer. Orient. Soc.

dois, source

of water, conduit.

C'est la fontaine, c'est la doiz

Now

the Pol.
is

dym

(radically identical with ^u/aos

Dont
Korae

sortent tuit
est la doiz

li

let

pcchie

de

la malice.

Raynouard.
At
the
to

and fumus)
the form

dom

is

rendered smoke, cottage, house, while also used in the latter sense. Bo;

Prov. adozilhar, Fr.

doisiller,

to

pierce.

hem. dym, smoke

dum, a house, where the two

same time a

parallel line of

development seems

236

DOT.

DOWEL.
Pr.

root doss of the

have taken place in the Teutonic languages from a same signification with dock. Gael.
;

Pm.

Diplois

vestis militaris."

dos, bush, tuft, clustei'


dosset,

Prov. E. doss, a hassock


;

jacke.

Cath.

is

explained "duplex vestis et est


in

Way

Zwyfaltig kleyt,

Dief. Sup.

a small quantity a wooden

dossel,

a whisp of hay or

straw, to stop up a hole in a barn, a plug.


diissel,

Swiss

tap.

E.

dosil,

a tent for a wound,

probably comes from the French.

Compare Fr.
to stop Dit.
;

bousche, a bush or

bunch

boucher,

Lat. dubitare, from what may turn out in two ways. Dou^h. AS. dah, Du. deig, G. teig. Properly damjjcd flour. Icel. deigia, to wet deigr, wet, soft deig, dough. See Dye.

To

Dou1>t.

Fr. doubter;

dubius, doubtful,

bouchon, a stopper, cork.

And

see

Dot,

Doughty.
esse
;

AS.

dohtig, valiant

dugan, Du. deuesse, in pretio


;

Dot.

small

lump or

pat.

Palsgr.

gen, doghen, doogen, valere,


in Hal.

probum

deughd, virtus, valor, probitas


;

deughdelich,

Fr. caillon, a dot, clutter,

phlegm, blood, &c.


signifying a

Cot. Hence, Hke other words bunch or lump, applied to a bunch of something used for stopping a hole. Du. dodde, PI. D. dutte, a plug or stopper Sc. dottle, a small particle. Jam. E. dottle, a stopper to dutten, or dit,

clot,

or congealed lump of

sound, good

G. taugen,
;

value

tiigend, virtue

be good for, to be of tuchtig. Lap. doktoh, suffito


is

cient for its purpose, sound, strong.

To Dout. To dout the candle and douters are flat pincers used
As we have
to

to

put

it

out,

for that purpose.

to stop, shut, fasten.

Hal.

do

off,

so

we

dup, to do up, don, to do on, and doff, at first explain dout without hesita-

tait.

Other modifications of the expression are jot, tot, Tot, tote, something small, a tuft of hair, grass,

tion as

do
it

out.

But a

little

further examination

&c.
flax

Hal.
on a

connects

with forms which cannot be derived from

Sc. tate, a small portion of anything,

such an origin.

Lang, tuda, attuda, attuzar,


;

to

as wool, flax, &c.


distaff.

Fin.

tutti,

Sw.

totte,

the bunch of

suffocate, choke, extinguish

G.

zote,

a flock or lock.

quench forth

To Dote*
Kil.

Du.

doten, dutten, delirare, desipere.

calm, appease.

It. stutare,

to

Fl.

attutare, to put out,

do out, quench,

Altieri.

Fr. tvsr la chandelle, to


toten, to

Fr. dotter, radoter, to dote, rave, play the

cokes, err greatly in understanding.


dute, dutt, to doze,

put out the candle.

Bav.

crack a flea or

Cot.

Sc.
state.

nut, to put out a fire or lighted

match by pressure
quell.

slumber, be in a sleepy

or covering guish
to
;

it

up.

Bohem.

dusyti, to choke, extinstifle,

Auld

dut,

to dote.

an old dotard. Jam.

To

doit, to

be confused,

Pol. dusi6, to choke,

E. slang,
Fris. duss,
fire,

douse the glim, to put out the light.


;

It is not easy to come to a decisive judgment whether it should be regarded as a modification of the PI. D. dussen, bedussen, to be dizzy or dazed, the equivalent of the E. doze, or whether it be from the notion of nodding the head in slumber. Icel. dotta, to slumber, nod the head in slumber, dott, a sleepy nodding with the head. Devonshire doattee, to nod the head whilst one is sitting up when sleep comes on. In this sense is perhaps to be understood

death

duse,

dud mage,

to

extinguish a

dis-

charge an account.

Dove.

Du. duyve,

Icel. dufa,

perhaps from

its

habit of ducking the head, from Du. duypen, to duck


the head, Icel. diifia, to dive, as

we

find the Lat.


Kokyfjiftav,"

columba
to dive.

in the

same connexion with Gr.

Than

peine I

me

to stretchen forth

my

neck

And

the Sc. to dut


original

and sleep. If nodding in sleep be the image the word must be classed with Icel.
tremble, to

East and West upon the people I beck, As doth a dove sitting upon a beam. Pardoner's Tale.

datta, to palpitate, Sc. dodd, to jog, dodder, didder,


totter, tattle, to

Dowdy.
mental idea
application.
to dawdle, to

wards,

totty,

reeling,

move backwards and fordizzy. But upon the wdiole I


and that the merely consequential. Du.
;

is

Shabby in however

dress.

Hal.
is

The

funda-

torpor, sloth, while that of

carelessness of dress or appearance


Sc. dawdie,

an incidental

am
is

inclined to believe that the primary signification

dirty, slovenly
;

woman

to

become

stupified or insensible,
is

sense of nodding
dodderig,
sleepy,

stupified

dodoor, a

sleeper.

be indolent or slovenly PI. D. dodeln, to be slow, not to get on with a thing. Schutze. dodaskapr, Dan. dovenskab, Icel. dodi, languor;

Halma.

Sc. dottar, to

become

stupid, lose one's

sloth,

languor.

For

the ultimate origin see Deaf.


spiritless,
dojl,

senses in sleep.

beginning to

E. doated, dotard (of old decay ; doted, foolish, simple.

Hal.
from
for

trees),

Icel. daufr, dull, deaf, flat,


sloth,

torpor,

If the last supposition be correct the


referred to the

Dead, Dout
Dotterel.
dote.

word must be numerous class treated under Deaf, and see Dowdy.

A bird proverbial
Originally

for stupidity,

become dull and flat. Sc. dow, to fade, wither, become flat, doze, Jam. E. dowed, daw, a sluggard. trifle with Hal. Icel. dofnad ol, Sw. flat, dead, spiritless. dufwen 61, dowed ale. Sc. dbver, to slumber Prov.
dofna, to fade, lose
spirit,
;

E. doven, dovening, a slumber. a wadded garment


dolly,

Hal.

Sc. dowly,

Doublet.
defence.

melancholy.

Sw.

dalig, miserable, poor.


fit

Fr. double.

Dobbelet, bigera, diplois.

Dowel.

projection in a stone to

into

DOWEE. DRAB.
socket and fasten it into the adjacent one a wooden peg fastening two boards together. Fr. douelle, douille, a tap or socket G. dobel, a peg, phig, stopKiittn. Bav. diipel s. s. especially the dowel per. or wooden peg entering into each of two adjacent boards to fasten them together, a damper of clay to stop the chimney of the oven, a clump of flax, of
;

237

vapour, with Sp. tufo, a vapour, exhalation, stink,

Dan.
dust,

duft,

fragrance, odour, Icel. dupt, Sw. doft,

stove, steev,

people, &c.

Schmeller.

evaporate. With an initial s, Sc. a vapour, smoke, dust Du. stof, stuyf, stuyve, dust, whatever floats in the air ; stuyf-sand, meel, arena, farina volatica stof, flocks of wool stof-hayr, down-hair stuyfken, the down of flowers
dofta, to
; ; ;

= Fr. duvet.
2.

jemandjets in de hand douwen, or steeken, to put something secretly into Halma. PI. D. duwen, to press, one's hand.

Du. douwen,

to press into

Du. duyne, Fr. dunes,

sand-hills

press down.

Dower. Dowager. Endow.


douairiere, a

side.

Fris. dohne, a hillock of sand or

by the seasnow driven

by

the wind.

AS. dun, a
doivn
is

hill.

Gael, dun, a heap,

hill,

mount,

fortified place.

Lat. dos, do-

The adverb
ley, for

a marriage gift ; dotare, Fr. doner, E. endow, to M. Lat. dotarium, furnish with a marriage portion. Prov. dotaire, Fr. douaire, a dowry or marriage
tis,

Fr. a mont and a


dune, deorsum.

vol, to

from AS. of dune, as the O. the hill and to the val-

upwards and downwards respectively.

Lye.
we
its

Of

provision
portion,

widow

in possession of

her

[The Platt-Deutsch and Frisic cognates of down


are not used to signify
hills in

a dowager.

general, but are con-

Dowle.

portion of down, feather.

"

dowl of the beard."


dust

Howel

Young

fined to knolls of drifting sand, or snow, (see Out-

in Hal.

Fr. douille,

zen, DUnen,) and

should hence suspect these

douillet, soft, delicate.


;

Lith. duja, a mote, pi. dujos,


;

words

dujoti, to float in the air

duje and the dim.

feathers,

dujele,

Down.
float in

a dowl or down-feather. 1. Applied to things


the air, as thistle-down.

light

enough

to

G. daune,
;

Icel.

Old-Northern dmn, light Danish and Swedish derivatives, rather than to the Celtic dun, which is not employed in the same limited sense. In Danish, however, sand-downs are called Klit, pi. Klitter,
to

be allied

to the

down, and

dun, the lightest and softest kind of feather


donse, donst,

Du.

probably a sort of diminutive of Klint, a high rock


or precipice.

down

G. dunst, exhalation, vaThe primary signification is probpour, mist, fume. ably mist or vapour, the down being compared for lightness to vapour floating in the air. Thus the Esthon. has uddo or udsu, mist; uddoharwad, downhair, uddo-sulled or udso-sulle, down-feathers (karwad feathers). hair; suUed Traces of this sense are seen in the Icel. daun, odour, smell. But most likely the final consonant was originally an m instead of an n, as preserved in Esthon. tuum sulle, down-feathers, and in the Prov. E. dum, down, fur. A duck or a goose is said to dum her nest when she lines it with some of her own feathers plucked off
dust, meal, flour.

KiL

of feathers or of the typha, saw-

No

special

name for sand-down

exists

in Old-Northern,

and

this is

probably for the reason,

that

it is

only since the destruction of the forests of


in

Jutland,

comparatively recent times, that the

shifting coast-downs

have excited any


3.

interest as

source of danger to the cultivated

Reventlov's Virksomhed, II.

Doxy.
mort.

Gixy.

M.]

soil.

Bergsoe,
cant.

Probably from the rogue's


title for

Fr. gueuse, a

woman

beggar, a she rogue, a doxy or

Goguenelle, a feigned

our giade, callet, minx, &c. Hunter. heart.

to

Cot.

a wench, like Doxy, a sweetto listen, to

To Doze.
slumber
doze, to
;

Bav. dosen,

keep

still,
;

for that purpose.

Hal.

dusen, dussen, to slumber

Dan.

dose, to

mope

dysse, to lull

taus, silent, hushed.

The same form was


duvet), and
11.
in
is

extant in O. Fr. (Diez

v.

And

see the forms cited under Dismal.


is

The

funda-

preserved by the Emperor Frederick


" Innascitur vero avibus
aliae

mental image

probably the deep breathing in sleep


tus.
;

multiplex Secundo innascuntur

Due.

plumagium

represented by the syllable dus,


breathe

Lith. dusas, a
dusti, dwesti, to

[plumae] quae
&c."

deep breath, dwasas, the breath


;

dicuntur lanulae, a quibusdara dumce, hae sunt exiles


et molles, densiores et longiores primis,

Bohem.

dusati, to snort.

In like manner

Hence

the prov. Fr. dumet, which has

dinary Fr.

Menage.
;

become duvet

Dumette, downie.

Cot.
;

in or-

BoDu. domp, vapour, exhalation, breath, whence PI. D. dumpstig, dumstig, dunstig, vaporous, bringing us round to the G. dunst. The same consonantal change which is seen in the
origin
is

The

seen in the 0. Du. dom, vapour

a representation of the same sound by the syllable sough, swough, gave rise to the OE. swough, sleep, swoon, Sc. souch, swouch, souf the deep breathing of sleep, silent, quiet ; Icel. svefia (as Dan. dysse),
to quiet, svefn, sleep
silent.
;

hera.

dym, smoke

AS. suwian, swugan,

to

be

Dozen. Drab.
draff,

Fr. douzaine, from douze, twelve.


l.
;

Fr. dumet, duvet, duhet,


tions of the

is

also found in the modifica-

dregs

Du. drabbe, Dan. drav, Gael, drabh, Du. drabbig, feculentus Gael, drahach,
;

same root having the sense of vapour, exhalation, odour. Thus we unite the Du. dom,

nasty,

dirty,

slovenly

drabag, a dirty female, a

drab

drabaire, a dirty, slovenly

man.

From

the

238

DRABBLE. DRAIN.
dirty

same image a
drav-so,

woman

is

called in Prov.

drav-trug, a

dralF-pail.

Molbech.

Dan. See

metal, &c.

Drosse, or fylthe whereof

it

be,

drosse 01 drasse, of corn, acus, criballum.

Pr. Pm.
;

ruscum

Draff.
2.
It.

The
colour of undyed cloth.

Gael, leads us to the same forms through a


;

The grey

Fr. drap,

different route

drabh, draff, grains of malt


refuse
;

drabhfoul

drappo, cloth.

See Drape.

ag,

dregs,

sediment,
;

Drabble. Draggle.
cover with

Drivel.

drabhas,
filth.

filth,

Properly

to

weather, obscenity
Pol.

draos, trash,

filth, from Du. drahbe, Rouchi draque, Dan. drav, dregs, G. dreck, filth. Drabelyn, dra-

drozdie

(z == Fr. j),

AValach.

droschdii,

dregs, lees.

kelifn,

tus.

Pr. Pm.
;

paludo

drapled, drahlyd, paludosus, lutulen-

The fundamental

signification

is

refuse matter,

One

is

said to drahle his claise


eating.

who

slabbers his clothes

when

Jam.

the part cast out as worthless or disgusting, a notion

PI.

commonly expressed by reference


ting.

to the act of spit-

D. drabbeln,
eating

to slobber, let liquids fall

over one in

Now

the

root
is

rac, alone, or strengthened

drabbelbart, one
;

who

dirties

himself in such

a manner Sc. draglit, bedirtied, bespattered Gl. Dougl. Sw. dragla, dregla, to slobber, drivel, let AS. drejliende, the spittle fall from the mouth.
;

with an
spitting

initial

mute,

widely spread in the sense of

and rejection.
;

Lang.

rax;a, to

vomit; Fr.

cracher, to spit

Icel. hraki, spittle, hrak, refuse


;

See Draff. Sc. draked or drawked, mingled with water or mire Gl. Dougl., reduced to a dreggy condition Gael, druaip, lees,
rheumaticus.

Lye.
;

racaille ;

Lang, raco and draco, dregs of the vintage Fr. Dan. dravelsfolk, E. rabble, the dregs of

the people.

The
;

addition of an initial

before an

is

not of unusual occurrence.

AS.

hreosan, and

dregs, sediment

druablas,
all

muddy

liquor.

In

modem
is

usage

sense of a derivation from a

and were a frequentative from drag, signifying what has been dragged in the
signifying dregs or dirt has been lost,

word

fall G. rieseln, E. drizzle ; E. rathe, and PI. D. drade, quick, soon ; Sc. raddour, Prov. E. dreadre, fear OHG. recke, OE. rink, Icel.

dreosan, to

draggle

understood as

if it

drengr, a warrior.

To Drag.
to

Draw,
;

AS. dragan, Iceh draga,


tragen, to carry.
;

mire.

drag or draw

Du. draghen, G.

Draff.

AS., Du. drabbe, Dan. drav,

Icel. draf,

Du.

trecken, to draw, as a sword, to trace outlines

dregs, husks, hogswash, refuse food for hogs.

or drosse, or matter stamped, pilumen.


;

Pr.
Pr.

Draffe,

treck-brugghe, a

draw -bridge

treck-net,

a drag-net.

Pm.

Lat. trahere, to draw.

G. trdbern, brewers' grains Russ. drobina, dregs, Du. drabbig, Prov. E. dravy, drovy, thick, lees Drubby, muddy. muddy, dirty. Hal. Drobly,
;

To Draggle.
Dragon.
from
its

See Drabble.

of

drestys,

feculentus,

turbulentus.

draco, Gr. SpaKOiv, a serpent, supposed sharpness of sight ; BcpKO), eBpaKov,

Lat.

Pm.

to see.

Draff, chaff.

Dragoon.
shuld I sowen draf out of my fist, I may sowen whete, if that me list.
tiori militia

Described by Skinner as "


equites
sclopetarii,"

in recen-

Why

cavalry carrying

Whan

fire-arms,

Chaucer

m Way.

horseback or on
rius

and therefore capable of service either on foot. As the French carabins, a


were named from the carbine which
it

similar kind of troops (carabijn, equester sclopeta-

The change of the


rise to

final labial for

a guttural gives

Bigl.),

series of

forms that cannot be separated


Icel. dregg,

they carried,
dragooners

is

probable that the dragoons, or

from the foregoing.


of the vintage
drache,

G. Du. dreck, dung, dirt, mud, Rouchi draque, O. Fr. drague, ;


drasche,
dreche,
dresche,
draff,

E. dregs, sediment; Prov. draco, di-egs


brewers'

(Du. dragonder), as they were also called, had a similar origin. Dragon, a species of carbine Hal., so named, no doubt, after the analogy of culverin, Fr. coideuvrine, from couleuvre, a

grains, dregs of brewing.

The form

drasche was

snake.

Drake, a kind of gun.

Latinised as drascus, drasqvxt, and from the facility

Drain.

Drains.
is

is

Bailey.

Drain
it

in the sense of

draw-

with which the sound of sc passes into that of

gave the Latinised drastus, as well as drascus. Way. Hence the OE. forms drast, drest, traist G. trestem, dregs AS. dresten, faeces. For the change of the final consonant compare
;

st,

ing off water

without exact equivalent in any of


not easy to form a

the cognate languages, and

decisive opinion of the radical signification

and con-

nexions of the term.

On

the one hand

we have

provincially rin, rhine,

Fr. hue, husche, busc, bust, a bust, trunk.

reean, drean, rindle, drindle, a gutter or channel to

Again the sound of the Fr. ch in some dialects of France regularly corresponds to that of ss in others,
as the Picard or

carry off water; sfrine, a ditch

Wilbraham, Hal.;
;

OHG.
weep
to
;

drahan, trahan, a drop, a tear

tranjan, to

Norman

cacher to the Fr. chasser.

AS. drehnigean,
away,
to drip,

excolare, to strain.

Hence

In like manner the form drache leads to the AS.


dros, faex, sordes,

Du. droessem, dregs, dras, mud.

drain might with great probability be explained,


being perhaps fundamental-

to trickle

Halma.

OE.

dross, dross, refuse, cleansings of

com,

ly

connected with forms like Lith. dreg^ias, wet,

DRAKE. DRAWL.
sloppy
;

239
in
to

dregti,

to

become wet,
;

to

tliaw

Gael.

Icel. dreckia,

drugh, soak, ooze through, drain


tear,

druchd, dew, a

and (as the root takes a nasal form Sw. drank, dregs, grains, wash) Sw. dranka,
watei'.

sweat
;

druchdan, a drop, whey [the drainings


driog, a drop, a tear,

plunge in

Lith. dregnas, wet, sloppy, dre-

of curds]

and

as a verb, to

ginti, drekinti,

di'op or trickle.

Drake.
drunk,

3.

Drawk.
i

to

make

wet.

See Draff.

Drake, drawk, drank,


(drauke)."
a^gilops, vi-

On the other hand we find drains in a sense which cannot well be explained from this source. The term hreioers' grains, or the dregs of brewing, seems a corruption of drains, the name by which
they are
still

darnel,

a mischievous weed among com.


crest, et le betel

known

in Suffolk.

Forby.

Bibelsworth tium
secalis.

"Le yveraye

(darnel)
in

Way.

Du. dravick,

Kil.

W.

drewg, Bret, draok, dreok,

Drascus

darnel.

Walon. druwe, drauwe.

The

radical

mean-

Due.

nos de

la

drague dicimus, Angli draines et draff. Perhaps the change of initial may have

ing

is

not improbably dregs, refuse, out-cast, making draque, Dan. drank,

the term identical with Fr.

taken place from confusion with another synonym,

dregs, from the root rak, spit, cast out, in support of

grames, found in Hexham's Du. and E. Diet. 1660


brewers^ grames
;

corresponding to the Sw. grum,


^ro/wa, dirt, scurf, dregs.

grummel, dregs;
drdntza, refuse,
lees,

It.

Drain

in the foregoing sense


dirt,

seems related with Russ. drdn, rubbish Dan. drank, dregs,


;

which hypothesis may be cited the Russ. plevui, pleweeds, from plevaf, to spit out. The OHG. turd, zizania, O. Sax. durih, G. durt, dorst, darnel, point to a similar origin. Weeds are the filth of
velui,

the cultivated land


foul.

a weedy

field is said to

be very

grounds
;

Sw. dragg, drank,

grains

tunn dragg,

drank,

distillers'

wash, or
of
Lith.

the

settlement

The

sense of rejection appears also in the labial


in the expression

liquor in a cask; win-drank, lees of wine.

form of the root

dranka, hogs' wash.

refuse sheep of a flock.

Now

the notion of draining might be explained


to the dregs or grounds, the

from running a vessel

Gr. Dram. Draclim. dram, a weight of 60 grains.


small quantity of anything.
apothecary, one

Hal.

drape sheep, the

Bpaxfirj,
It.

attention being directed in this case to the final result of the operation, as in the

a drachm or dramma, a very Bret, drammour, an


in drams.

former supposition
is

to

who

retails

medicaments
is

the appearance while

the

operation

going on.

Perhaps, as

is

frequently the case,

when we are

puzzled by a double derivation, they


traced to the same original source.

may both be See To Drake.


in-

DrakCi
Dan.
due,

The male
a dove
;

of birds

is

in

one or two

Patois de Bray. In Denmark, used a small of Molb. dose of Lex. Drape. Draper. Fr. drap, Sp.
of snuff.

In Normandy the term dranie

applied to a pinch
as in

England,

it

is

for

glass

spirits,

spirits.

Dial.

cloth.

trapo,

stances designated

by the

syllable rick, drick, drake.

rag, tatter
cloth.

(which seems the original

signification),

duerik, a

male dove
;

and, a
ente,

duck, andrik, Sw. and-drake, a drake

G.

duck; enterick, a drake. The same variation between an initial r and dr is found in the original
sense of the word.
Icel. reckr, vir, miles

A todo trapo, with every rag of canvas set. Perhaps from the sound of a flapping piece of cloth represented by the syllable trap. Sp. gualdrape,
the housings or trappings of a horse, the long hangings with which they
state
;

OHG.
;

recke,

a warrior, hero

OE.

renk, rink ; Icel. drengr,

also a tatter, rag

were covered on occasions of hanging down from clothes


sails

a warrior. In like manner the Fin. uros (identical with the Gr. ijpws and Lat. herus, G. herr, master) signifies a grown man, brave man, and the male of animals uros-puoli, the male sex uros-lintu, a male bird
;

gualdrapazo, slap of the

against the mast.

Dief Sup. To Drake, Brack. Drawk. To with water Hunter mix with mire Dougl. To drench. Hal. Draplyd, Drablyn, Pm. From the of mud,
herr unter den gensen.
;

nro-teko, a heroic deed.

Anser

(vir

aucarum) eyn
saturate

Drape-sheep. See Drake. 2. Draught. What is dragged or drawn. A draught of water, so much as is drawn down the throat at once. A draught of fishes, what is taken at one drag of the net. A move at chess or similar game was formerly known by this name, whence the game of draughts, of moves with separate pieces.
The burgeise took avisement long on every draught Draw on, said the burgeise, Beryn, ye have tlie wers The next draught thereafter he took a rook for nought.
Chaucer.

to

or water.

Gloss.

dreap,

to

drablyd,

paludosus.

drakelyn,

paludo.

Pr.

notion

dirt,

filth,

disagreeable wet, expressed

by the double form


Drakes, a
slop,

In the same
tirare, to

way

It. tiro,

a move at chess, from


draulen,
Icel.
loi-

of root, drag, drab, drak, drap.

draw.

mess

Gael, drahhas,

filth,

foul

weather

E. trapes,
the wetj.
dirties

To Drawl.
drolla,

Du.

draelen, Fris.

a slattern [one

Hal.

who

lets

her clothes

trail in

Dan.

drceve, drcege

(Molbech), to delay,

PI.

D. drekmetje, a woman who


;

her

clothes,

a draggle-tail

dreksoom, the border of wet

at the bottom of

a bedraggled gown.

Schiitze.

a slow inactive per" Han draeson drovle, to be slow at one's work. ver sine ord saa langt ud," he drawls out his words
ter, hesitate.
;

Prov. Dan.

drcevs,

240

DRAY.

DREDGE.
Lat.
tristis,

so slow. But the notion of delay is probably a secondary development from the image of imperfect,

from the OE. form


to

drest, traist, lees,

dregs.

Du.
is

drijt, dirt, verdriet, trouble,

annoyance.
dirt,

unmeaning speech, jesting, trifling, expressed by Icel. drafla, Sw. drafwel, Dan. drceve, drcevle, PI. D. draueln. See Drivel, and for the passage from
the idea of trifling to that of delaying. Dally.

In mud,

like correspondence

the Du. dreck,

AS.

dreccan, to trouble, whence the

OE.

drecche, dretche, to disturb or trouble, especially to

The

disturb

by dreams, and thence simply


that in his

to

dream.

same connexion in sense to draw out one's words


traulo

Pr.

Ray

is

seen in prov. E. drate,


;

This Clianteclere gan gronen in his throte

to drote in speech,
to

As man

dreme

is

dretchyd sore.

Pm.
;

(explained

ratylle

in

Cath.
tor-

Chaucer in R.

Aug.), compared with prov. Dan. draade, to be


pid in action
droteler,

PI.

D. droteln,
sledge,

to loiter,

dawdle

Dremyn Pm. So
sleep,

or dretchyn yn
also

slepe, sompnio.

Pr.
fit-

we may compare
;

prov. E. drevy,

a lazybones. a carriage without


s.
s.,

dravy, thick,

Sw. drSg, a Dray. wheels, what is dragged


from
trahere, to draw.

slumber

muddy, with Jam. E.

Sc. drevilling,

unsound

draveled, slumbered

along, as Lat. traha


It.

fully. Hal.

treggza, a hurdle, sled,

harrow, truck.

Drazel. DroSSel. drasse, to be slow, inactive


inactive person
len,
;

Quhen langsum dreuillyng, or the unsound Our ene ouersettis in the nyclitis rest,

sleep

A dirty slut.
in

Prov. Dan.

Than semes us

full

busy and

full prest.

D. V,

work

draasel, a dull,

Dan.

drose, to dawdle.

oberrare, vagari.

Du. draseThe word may however be


femella

identical with the Icel. drcegsl or dreegsli,

v of the root drab, drub, an m in droumy, dirty, muddy Hal., Sc. dramock, drummock, a thick dreggy mixLith. drumstas, dregs, ture of oatmeal and water
final J or

Again the

drev, passes into

prolixis et sordidis vestibus, a slut.

But even here


the

drumsti, to
trouble

the

notion

of slowness

may

be

true

origin.

Brem. Wtb.
;

make

thick, to trouble
;

PI.

D. dram,
dull,

Sc.
;

dram, drum,
thick,

mel-

Drcegia, delay, drcegiulegr, drcegslislegr, slow, tardy.

ancholy

Icel. drcemr,
;

slow

prov. Dan. drumse, to

Dread.

Several instances have been given un-

be sluggish

E. drumley, muddy,
;

hence con-

der Draff, in which a root takes a double form of development with an initial dr and hr or r. In the

fused, also slowly, lazily

E. drumbled, disturbed,

muddy,

same way we must


Sc.
fear,

identify

dread with Sw. rcedas,


;

to fear, rcedd, Sc. rad, red, afniid

prov. E. dredre,

dredour,
dread.
origin

dridder, with Sc.

raddour, reddour,

Hal. Look how you drumble." Shak. He dreams drumbles, he half asleep or Hal. Drommet wor you speak as you were dreaming. Brem. Wtb.
doing anything.
"
is

to

drumble, to be sluggish, to be confused in

stupid.

di

if

The

is,

I believe, in the notion of trembling,

Compare drumbley above quoted with


drubly,

drobly or

expressed by the O. Fr. dredre, onomatopceia for


the chattering of the teeth

mule's bells.

Roquef
is
ill

drid7-iller,

to gingle as

feculentus

an

initial

hr

seen in

The AS.

parallel

form with
to
sift,

dark.

Pr. Way,

turbulentus, turbidus

drobly

(of drestys)

Pm.

turbidus, troubli, drobli or

in notes.

On

the

same

principle

we

hridrian,

identify Douglas' drevil or

dravel with prov. E.

shake, hrith-adl, a fever or ague, a shaking sickness,


hrithian, to be
teln, to

dremel, a dream.

of a fever [to shiver]

G.

riit-

Dreary.
sorrowful
;

AS.

dreorig,

OHG. trurag,

G. traurig,
;

shake.

Bret,

drida or trida, to

thrill

or

OHG.

getruregot, conturbata
to

truren,

shiver with joy.

druren,

contristari,

be troubled or grieved in

Dream.
sleepiness
;

Icel.

draumr, G. traum.
;

Russ. dremaC,

mind.

This seems

to slumber, be slow

Serv. drem, drijem, slumber,

tion to those given

to be another instance in addiunder Dream, where the notion


is

Pol. drzymac, to doze, slumber, nap.

of mental disturbance
the

expressed by the metaphor

Perhaps the confused state of mind in drowsiness and dreams may lie at the root of the word, as trouble of mind is commonly expressed by the metaphor of thickness or muddiness of liquids.

of the thickening or troubhng of liquids.


is

The

root

AS.

dros,

Du.

droes, droessem,

OHG.

trusana,

trosana, truosina, drusina, lees, dregs, with the very

frequent conversion of the final s into an

r,

as in
lose,

My mind is troubled like


And
Tlxus
drof,

I myself see not to the

a foimtain stirred, bottom of it.


;

AS. AS.
AS.
;

dreosan, dreoran, to
coren, E. chosen.

fall,

G.

verlieren,

E.

To Dredge.
we have
prov. E. droff, dregs, refuse

Drizzle.
fall.

To dredge,

to

scatter

Du.

droef, prov.

E. drevy, druhby, draffy, dirty

flour

on meat while roasting ; to dridge, to sprinkle. Hal. Dan. drysse, to dredge, sprinkle, powder,
small particles as sand.

Du.

droef, droeve, droevig, troubled

droeven, turbare, dolere, tristari

in mind, sad
;

to fall in

From

the patter" Det

Kil.

AS.

drefan,

ing sound of such a


to fall

Prov. Dan. draase, drase,

gedrefan, to disturb, trouble,


droes, dregs,

afflict.

So from Du.
driuzan, G.

with a pattering or rustling noise.


det draaser," G.

may

be explained

OHG.

regner saa
drtiuscht," of

"Es
Grain

regnet dass es
is

verdriessen, to trouble, disquiet,

and not improbably

a heavy shower.

said in

Dan.

DREDGE. DRIBBLE.
to draase

241

through the cracks of an old

loft, oi'

from the

also

ears of

com when

they are setting up the sheaves.

trouble, vex,

accompanied by verbs (AS. drefan, to disturb, and Dan. droeve, to lag, loiter, drawl)
is
it is proba radical connexion between them.

Durzed or dorzed out, by wind, turning of it, &c., is beaten out of the straw. Ray. Dras, what falls
This
is

the prov. E. durze.

uniting the senses of trouble and delay,

said of corn that

able that there

out of the corn in threshing. atoms, fragments.


brook, to
to
fall in

Jam.

Molbech.
G.
droseln,

Now we

often speak of the latter pail of an enter-

Sc. drush,

tainment,

when

the rooms are getting thin, as the

rieseln, to

purl as a

drizzle.

grains as frozen snow or small rain,

dregs of a party, and thus to dreg or dretch out a thing may be to dwell on it to the last, to drain it to
the last drop.

Kiittn.

Swiss

troseln,

to

make

a rattling or rustling noise in falling, as fruit

from a tree, to fall with such a noise, the fuller vowel in droseln being used of larger fruit, as apples, the thinner in droseln of nuts. Dan. drasle, to
fall

Then make I other taryngys To drecche forthe the long day,


For me
is

lothe to part away.

Gower

in Hal.

with a rustling noise, to patter.


is

The
initial
sleet,

sense of deception, which

is

generally over-

In Fr. the same idea gr instead of dr

expressed with an
to hail, drizzle,

looked,

reem
ly
;

to fall.

gresiller,

may be explained from the same source. The fundamental signification is to trouble the sight,
to cast

Cot.

a mist before the eyes.


is

It. trosciare, to

rain or shower

down most

furious-

strosciare, to fall furiously

and

clatter withal, as

And ever his [tlie hypocrite's] chere And where he goth he blesseth ofte,
Whereof the blynde worlde he

sobre and softe,

rain or hail falling

G. drduschen, to make a dashing noise like pouring rain. Kiittn. Dredge. 2, Dradge. Oats and barley mixed together. B. Dragge, mengled come {drage or
dows.
Fl.

upon

tiles

or against glass win-

dretcketh.

he

Gower
bleres the eye of the world.

in R.

Ye

schall see a

wonder

dreche,

mestlyon,

P)

mixtio.

Pr.

Pm.

Whan my
Not a soiTowful

sone wole

me

fecche.

Fr. dragee aux


sight, probably, as

chevaux, provender of divers sort of pulse mingled


together

explained by

&c.

dravee, all kind of pulse, as beans, peas,

Hal., but a vision.

Cot.

See Drug.

And

Dredge. 3. Du. dregghe, harpago, et verriculum a kind of anchor with three or four flukes,
an instrument for dragging. Dregh-net, verriculum, everriculum, a dredge or kind of net for dragging
along the bottom.

the fader of the freres Defoulide her soules,

That was the dyggyng devel That dreccheth men oft. The devil by his dotage Dissavyth the chirch. P. P. Creed,

1001.

Dregs. See Draff. Drench. Icel. dreckia, to plunge in water Sw. dranka, s. s., also to drown Du. drencken, to water beasts, to lead them to drink. Probably the idea of drinking is not the original import of the root, which
;

G. hetriegen ;

Du.

driegen,

hedriegen

Sw.

he-

draga, to impose upon, deceive, the explanations of

seems preserved

in prov.

E. drakes, a mess, a

slop,

which from the notion of dragging or drawing are most unsatisfactory. true dribble is a servant that is truly Dribble. B. Icel. ihrif, diligentia laborious and diligent.

Lith. dregnas, wet.

domestica, carefulness, husbandry

thrifil,

a careful

Dress.
to

To
;

prepare for any purpose.


;

direct, fashion un lit, make a bed se faire dresser quelque chose a quelqvHun, to get him to set it straight, or to give order
ser, to straighten, set up,

Fr. dres-

man.

To

Dribble.
;

Dribblet.

Drib, dribblet, o^mxaa.

portion

to dribble,

to give out

by small

portions.

for

it.

We

should have no hesitation in referring the ex-

Cot.

It.

drizzare, to address or turn tow-

pression to Dan. draabe, a drop, prov. Dan. drible,


to drivel,

ard any place.

Lat. dirigere, directum, to direct.

B. drop, drip, were

it

not that in

all

the

Dresser.
de Berri.

Fr. dressoir, buffet ou Ton range les

plats en les dressant,

a kitchen dresser.

Vocab.

Slavonic dialects drob signifies a crum, fragment.


Pol. drob, every diminutive thing
;

droby, drobki,

Dressure or dressynge hoorde, dressorium,

directorium.
^

Pr. Pm.
To

the odds and ends of animal food, goose's giblets,


calf's pluck,
(fee.

To Dretch.

vex, harass, trouble, especially

to trouble to deceive.

with dreams, to dream, also to delay, and

He charged each of them shake hands together. And when they met, to say. Good morrow, brother
Thus each
quit other

We have explained under Dream the which the earlier of the foregoing meanings are developed from the-root drak, dregs, the connexion of which with the notion of delay is not very
way
in

And

set the hare's

all old debts and driblets, head against the goose's giblets. Harrington in R.

Pol. drobny, small, petty, slight;

drobno, in small

obvious.

But
I,

as the parallel root drav, dregs,

is

pieces

Bohem.

drobet,

little

of anything, a crum

VOL.

31

242
of

DRILL.
;

bread, tlrop of water


;

drohiti,

to
;

crumble, to

as a derivative.

Hence we pass

to Icel. trita, to
;

mince

drohrse, to
;

fall

to

pieces

Russ. drohlio,
pieces

whirl
to

tritill,

drobif, to crumble

droblenie,

pulling to

whirl;

Dan. trilde, a child's top Dan. trilde, trille, to roll;

Icel. tritln,

trilde-bor,

drob', fragments, small shot.

We

may

observe that

wheel-barrow.
[ Trail, in

most commonly used of liquids. be a radical connexion between the foregoing forms and Russ. drobina, dregs, on which some light may be thrown by the Icel.
E.
drib, dribble, are

the phrase " to trail a pike," does not


it

It

is

probable there

may

draf, Gael, drabh, dregs, draff; Icel. drafna, Gael.

drabh, to

rot,

fall

to pieces, dissolve.

Drill. 1.

Trill.

Thrill.
fro
;

Bu.

drillen, trillen,

any connection, Du. driUen or E. drill. It is merely the common word to trail, Fr. trainer, meaning, in this case, to carry the weapon in a trailing position. From Ward's Animadversions of Warre, p. 225, under word of command,
shake a pike," nor has
in derivation or signification, with

mean

to "

tremere, motitari, vacillare, ultro citroque cursitare,

Trayle your pikes

! it

appears that in this movement


Grose,

gyrosque agere, gyrare, rotare, volvere, tornare,


terebrare.

the pike was held by the right hand near the spearerni,

Kil.
to

The primary
and

signification

is

to

the but-end trailing on the ground.


I.

shake, to
revolution

move
are

then, as vibration

and

Mil. Antiq.

Exercise of the Pike, plate

characterised

by the same rapid

represents a foot-soldier holding his


position, with the

No. 28, pike in the same


4,

change of
thence to

move round and round, and bore a hole. The Du. driUen was spedirection, to
drillen, to

word of command, Trayle your


Baudin, Diet, de I'Arm^e de
:

pike

engraved below.

cially applied to the brandishing of

den pick

shake a pike

Sewel,
;

weapons

met

Terre,

Arme

Trainante, says

"

On

avait I'arme

or, as it

was formerly

called, to trail

a pike

drilkonst, the

art of handling or

managing a gun.

as a factitive verb, to drill soldiers, or

Hence driUen, make them go

through their exercise.

The

origin
;

is

seen in Fr. dredre, the chattering of

quand on tenait la pique la jDointe a terre et dirigee en arriere." This differs from the English descriptions, according to which the but-end rested upon the ground instead of the spear-end, but both agree in representing the weapon as carried by one end, and trailing with the other.
trainante,

the teeth

dridriller, dridiUer, to gingle, as


;

hawks' or

This, as

being the easiest

mode of carrying or
its

mules' bells
glitter
;

Gael, drithlich, Fr. driller, to twinkle,

holding the pike,


position

may be

regarded as

normal
to trail

the notion of chattering, trembling, quaver-

when not
:

in actual use,

and hence "

ing, shaking, glittering, being

by

modifications of the
to

same

root.

commonly expressed Thus the Fr.


to
;

a pike " was a general expression for serving as a

pikeman

"

has bresoUr,

shiver, or thrill

crackle in
Gloss.

fiying or roasting,
bresiller,

in several actions as

In Holland he trailed a pike, and was a common soldier." North,

G^nev.

briller,

Life of Ld.
Drill. 3.

Keeper
TrUl.
;

to twinkle or glitter ; It. brillare, to twinkle, sparkle,

Rill.

Guilford, 1826,

IL

193.

M.]

DriU,
trill,

rill,

a small

quaver with the voice.


ring a peal of bells

Roquef.
upon

So Fr.
;

tresoler, trisoUr,

to

stream of water

to drill or

to trickle or flow

It. trillare, trigliare,

down

in drops, or in a small stream.

Sw.

drilla,

E.

triU, to
;

shake or quaver with the


the pin, to rattle the

voice in singing

to trill

latch of a door in order to give notice that


is

some one

"There was no water on this island, but at one place close by the sea there it drills down slowly from the rocks, where it may be received in vessels." Dampier in R.
;

without.

DryUe, or
like drill, is

lytylle drafte of

drynke, haustillus.

Pr.

To

trill,

then used in the sense of

turning round, rolling.

the sodaine smartes


Which
daily chaimce as Fortune
trills

the

ball.

Gascoigne in K.

a special application of the notion of shaking, rolling, or unsteady motion, explained under the former head. Prov. Dan. drille, drilre, to spill, as water out of a full vessel Gael, drill, a drop, a twinkle, and as a verb, to drop,
I believe that this
is

Pm.

The

senses of shivering, turning round,

piercing,

to drizzle

drilseach, glittering, dropping, drizzling

are also found

united in
drill as
is

thrill,

thirl,

which must

Bret, dral,
;

W.

dryll,

a fragment

drylliach, driblets,

be classed with
excitement.

mere

differences of spelling.

A thrill of emotion
for whirl-pool
thyrel,

sliiver or

shudder of nervous
;

snips Sw. drdlla, to scatter, to sow, to let fall here and there, as out of a riddle or sieve. To drill com
is to let it

Icel. thirla,

Rich.
G.

circumagere

E.

thirl-pool,

dribble along a furrow, like a trickling

rill

AS.
;

thirlian,

to

pierce

of water.

Probably the sense of a row was


little

first

deto

O. Du.
;

drille,

a hole a E.
is

Icel. thiril,

a whirl for

veloped from that of a

stream, then to
little

drill,

milling milk

zwirl,
;

tool for drilling holes


twirl.

sow

in rows.
rhill,

Compare

H riU, a
;

stream, with
Icel.

Du. dwarlen,

to whirl

W.

a row or trench, and ultimately with

The

notion of shaking

one of those most appro-

rida, to tremble, to
to roll.
it is

move slowly
word

rilla, to vacillate,

priately expressed

by

the frequentative form of verb.

We have

seen that

trill signifies to roll,


is

and

I therefore regard the Fr. dridriUer, dridiller, as the


original form, Bret, drida, trida, to quiver with joy,

in this sense that the

to

be understood
the cheeks.

when we speak of

tears trilling

down

DRILL.
Thus
the

DRUDGE.
Drone.

243

W.

treiglo, to
trickle,

roll,

may

afford the expla-

AS.

draen, the non-working bee, from


it

nation of the E.

O. So.
ouer

trigil.

the droning or buzzing sound

utters, as

G. hum-

Be

all thir teris trigilland

my face. D.

V.

mel from hu7n.


Icel.

It.

tronare, to thunder, to rattle.

drunr, a bellowing, loud hollow noise

The

derivation of

drill,

signifying the rolling

mo-

droii, din, peal,

rumbling noise

PI.

Dan. D. dronia, to
;

tion of a

drop down the side of a vessel, from Fr.

sound
ing
;

Gael, dranndan, humming, buzzing, growl-

dridiller, to gingle,

may be

further illustrated

by Fr.

drannd-eim, a humming-bird.
drone of a bagpipe
is

griller, originally to rattle, also to glide, steal, trickle

and out
Cot.
;

The
stantly

the pipe that keeps con-

It. brisciare, to

shiver, shrisciare, to creep


eel, to

in

as a snake or an

glide as

upon

ice.

Fl.

making a droning noise. To Droop. Icel. dryp, driupa, to drip driupi, driupa, to droop, hang the head, hence to be sad or
;

Drill. 3,

A kind of linen
cloth

cloth

G.

drillich,

Lat.

trilix, drilex,
;

drylich von dreyen faden

M.

troubled

driupr, suppliant, sad

Dief.
twill,

to dare, or privily

Sup.

Lat. licium, a thread of the warp.

So

Drop.

Droop. Drip.
;

be hid.

Pr. Pm.
Icel.

to

droup or drouk,

G.

zicillich,

made with two

divisions in the

tropfen, Icel. dropi, a drop

Du. drop, drup, G. driupa, Du. drupor


fall

warp.

Drink.

Drench. Drown.
Dan.
drikke, to drink
;

pen, druypen, druppelen, G.

triefeln, to drip,

Goth, drighan,
Icelr dreckia, to
;

in drops.

The

Gael, driog, a drop, and E.

trickle,

Icel. drecka,

seem

parallel forms with a final guttural instead of

sink under water, to

drown

Dan. druhken, drunk

labial in the root.

drukne, to drown.

Prov. E. to drake or drack,


to

to

In Lith. the root drib has the sense of hanging.


Dryboti, to hang to something,

wet thoroughly,
to drown,

soak in water.
the Dan. drukne,

hang down
fall

dribti,

[The popular pronunciation of


lish word, shoAvs

to

hang, to drip (of viscous fluids), to


;

as snow,

which much resembles that of the Enga nearer relation between the two " In den than the orthography would indicate Wortern drukne * * * lautet das u als ein
: :

to dribble

nudribti, to

hang down,

to

droop (of a
;

sick person

who cannot

hold himself up)


;

nudrib-

busos ausys, drooping ears

padribbusos akys, drip-

lang

man

spreche daher, drone,"

son, Diin. Sprachlehre, p. 20.

M.]

etc.

Abraham-

ping eyes.

Dropsy.
Dross.
thing
;

Lat. hydrops, from vSwp, water.

In general the dregs or refuse of anyacus

Drip. See Drop. Drive. AS. drifan, Goth, dreihan, G. treihen, to urge forwards, to move under the influence Icel. drif, a tempest of an overpowering force.
dnft-hvitr, white as the driven snow.
scatter.

To To

drosse or fylthe whereof

ralle or drasse of corne,

wheat, refuse wheat for the swine.


dros,

Pr. Pm. Way.


;

it

be,

ruscum

co-

dross-

AS.

Du.

droes, droessem, dregs,

filtli.

Fr. draque,

Dreifa, to

drasche, drache, lees, brewers' grains.

See Draff.

Dr0Ug;llt.

AS.

druguth, Du. drooghte, Sc. drouth,

Drivel.
Ih-ahble.

Droll.
As

For
is

the sense of slobbering see


the sign of imbecility from

drivelling

from AS. dryg, Du. droogh, dry. To Drown. See Drink.

age or idiocy, as well as infancy, the term might naturally be transferred to imbecile talk or action.
in this sense the
gin, or if
it

But

word has probably a different orihave the same ultimate origin, it comes

by a

different course.
filth,

From

Gael, drahh, draff,

is

Du. droosen, to doze, slumber, Dan. PI. D. drbteln, to delay, dawdle Perhaps from the drosseken, dusken, to slumber. Ph D. droning sound of the breathing in sleep. drunsen, to low like a cow, to drone out one's words

Drowsy.

drbse, to

dawdle

formed drahhas,

filthiness

of speech, and the

through the nose


be drowsy.

drunsen, driinseln, to slumber, to

same metaphor is used in Russ. drU.n\ rubbish, dirt, idle talk. So from Icel. draf, draff, we have draji,
loose, idle, indecent talk
;

Swiss dbsselen, doselen,


to dawdle, lounge, lead

to

go about half sleeping,


life.
;

drafa, drajia, imbecilliter

loqui velut moribundi et semisopiti


to

speak unintelligibly, as

Andersen a drunken man


Ilald.
;

a lazy, inactive

Icel. drepa, to strike, to slay Drnl). Prov. E. drab, to beat drabba, to knock, hit
;

To

Sw. Bo-

perhaps to speak thick, as dravy, drovy, thick, troubled.

hem,

drbati, to rub, scratch, to give a


Ir. drugaire,

sound beating.

Sw.

drafioel, nonsense, trifles

dotage, fatras.
trifle,

play the fool

Nordfoss. Dan. Wolff;


PI.

hablerie, ra-

Drudge.

a slave, or drudge.

To

drceve, to dally,
to

drug, to drag, to do laborious work.

drcevle,

twaddle,

drivel, talk foolishly.


childish, foolish

D. draueln,

to

speak in a

manner,

to trifle.

He

drauelt wat,

At the gate he proffered his servise To dmgge and draw, what so men wold devise. * Chaucer.

he

is

joking. grig

merry
joking.

Hence Fr. draule, Cot., whence E.


See Dredge.

drole, a
droll,

wag

or

facetious,

And

for to drug

Richt ernestly they wirk, and draw wald never

irk.

D. V.
;

Manx

drug, a dray

To

Drizzle.

E. druyeous, huge.

Hal.

drug, a timber

waggon

prov.

244

DRUG. DUB.
Fr. drogue.

Dru^.
hriiyd,

Du. drooghe waere, droogh

pharmaca, aromata, from their hot, dry nature, drying up the body. Kil. more likely

origin is the

It.

treggea, Sp. dragea,

Mod. Gr.

rpa-

yaXa, rpayrj/xa, sweetmeats.


digestive
after

Fr. dragee, a kind of

E. to dub cloth, to dub a cock, to prepare it for fighting by cutting off its comb and wattles dubbing, a dressing of flour and water used by weavers, a mixture of tallow for dressing leather.
ingredients for dressing leather
;

dress

it

with teasels

to

powder prescribed unto weak stomachs meat, and hence any jonkets, comfits, or sweetArticles of such a nature

The

origin is preserved in Sclavonic.


;

Bohem.
;

dub, an oak, oak bark, tan

dubiti, to tan
lie.

Lith.

meats, served in the last course for stomach closers.

dubas, tan

dobai, dobbai, tanners'

From

the

Cot.

seem

to

have

been the principal store of the druggist or apothecary.

Boxis he bare with fine electuares.

image of tanning leather the term seems to have been extended to any kind of dressing. [In the Saga Hakonar Hakonarsonar, K. 310, Forn. Sog., X., is an account of the ceremonies of
the consecration, or coronation,
(\a'D^sla

And

sugrid siropes for digestion,


confection.

undir kdronu,)
of

Spicis belonging to the jiotiquares,

of young

King Magnus,

in the lifetime

With many wholesome swete

Hakon,

in the thirteenth century, including,

King among

Test. Creseide, 250.

other things, girding him with a consecrated sword,


vigslusverSit.

Full redy hadde he his apothecaries,

To send him

dragges,

and

his lettuaries.

Chaucer.

Dnim.
trommel.

From an

imitation of the sound.

G.

The ceremony was witnessed by a who watched the proceedings narrowly, and remarked, when Magnus was clothed with the royal robes, and King Hakon
Scottish knight, " Sir Missel,"
:

and the archbishop had buckled on the sword


wliistUng pipe and drumhling tabor.

" It

The

has been told me* that knights were not dubbed (dubin E.
;

Drayton
Drumble-liee, a humble-bee.
thrum-hetil, aes
Icel.

baSir) in this country, but never saw I knight so

thruma, thunder

honorably dubbed (dubba5an), for ten most noble


lords gird

tinniens.

Dan. drum, a booming


droog,

sound.

mention

is

him with the consecrated sword." made of the blow on the neck, and

No
it

is

AS. drig, Du. Dry. thurr, Dan. tor.

G. trocken,

Icel.

evident that Sir Missel considered the dubbing of

knight

to consist in girding

Jam.
To

Dub.

A small
The

pool of rain-water, puddle, gutter.

sword, as the

a him with the consecrated symbolical feature and consummation

Fris. dobbe,

a puddle, swamp.

See Dip.
it

of the ceremony.

Dllb.

origin of the expression of dub-

ling a knight has been

much

canvassed, and

has

been plausibly explained from the accolade or blow on the neck with the swoi'd which marked the conclusion of the ceremony. Icel. dubba, to strike
Fr. dauber, doher, to beat, swinge, canvass
oughly.

thor-

The words adouber and adobar were employed in French and Spanish, the latter especially, in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, in the general sense of making ready, putting in order, repairing, but in an infinite variety of applications, and there is hardly a verb which was so much a word of all
work as these, excepting, perhaps, conreer, wliich in French was put to almost as hard service. That a root of so limited signification as the name
of a tree should acquire such a variety of meanings

Cot.

But

the accolade
it is

was never anyit

thing but a slight tap, and

very unlikely that

should have been designated by a term signifying a

sound beating.
real origin.

Nor have we

far to seek for the

The

principal part of the

ceremony of

and
of

applications,

and these
is

all

deduced from the use


be found, and
this

did)hing a knight consisted in investing

him with

the

its

bark in tanning,

improbable, but neverthe-

habiliments of his order, putting on his arms, buckling

less parallel cases could possibly

sword and his spurs. Now in all the Romance languages is found a verb corresponding to

on

his

etymology might be accepted,


historical evidence.

if

supported by any

the E. dub, signifying to arrange, dress, prepare,


for

fit

some
;

special purpose.

Prov. adobar,

to arrange,

prepare, dress victuals.


ship

Fr. dauber, to rig or trim a


fitly

addouber, to dress, set

all points.

together,

arm

at

Cot.

La dame s'est moult tot arm^e Et com chevalier adoulxie.


Fab. et Contes,
iv.

There is no proof that the oak was ever known by the name of dub to any nation with whom the French and Spaniards were in contact, while, on the other hand, the Germans, who border on the Sclavons, did not adopt the word, and it is too modern in its use by the Romance nations to have been introduced among them in that ancient period when
the affinities between the Sclavonic and

291.

Romance

Cat. adobar, to repair, dress leather, dress or

manure
up,

land;

Sp. adobar, to dress or

make anything
;

languages were greater than at present. It is to be remarked, too, that the word, in both
forms, dub and daub,
is still

cook meat, pickle pork, tan hides

adobo, dressing

used as a technical terra


to tan, or

of any kind, as paint for the face, pickle, or sauce,

in curriery, but does not

mean

expose to

DUCK. DUMB.
the action of oak-bark in any way, but to

245
dolen, to wander, miss the
;

grease the skin after

it

is

tanned.

Ure's
is

oil

or

Du. dwaelen,
folly is often

Diet.

dioelian, to deceive

dwolian, to err.
to express

way AS. The idea of


;

Currying of Leather. But if the word under consideration


tanning,

used

what

fails to

answer

to

be de-

rived from a radical connected with the process of

apparent purpose, as Fr. avoine folk, wild or barren oats; AS.fon-fyre, Fr. feu-follet, Du. dwaalits

we find a source nearer at hand in the Arabic dahagh (dbagh), tanning, or some of its numerous derivatives, which the Spaniards might very
M.] Du. duychen, to bow the head, and espeG. tauchen, cially to sink it under water, to dive. Sw. dyka, to dive Bav. ducken, to press down duckeln, to duck machen, to let the head sink go about with the head sunk. The change of the final guttural for a labial gives a series of parallel forms, Du. duypen, to stoop the
readily have borrowed from the Moors.

licht,

the ignis fatuus

dulle-kervel,
;

hemlock, fools-

parsley, poisonous parsley


bcer,

dulle-besien,

Dan. dvale-

deadly nightshade, or dwale, which last admits

of a different explanation.

When

the faculties sub-

Duck.

jected to stoppage are the perceptive senses, the

becomes a faint, torpor, trance. Icel. dvali; Sw. dwala, giddiness, fainting, stupefaction, sleep Dan. dvale-drik, a soporific, and perhaps dvale-bcBr, or E. dwale, may be berries producing stupefaction and death. Kilian gives dull-kruyd as a synonym for dwale, while PL D. dull-kruud is hyoscyamus,
affection

head, go submissively
dip, dive.

G. taufen,

to baptise

E.

mad-wort.

OHG.
bird, is so called

dualm, torpor, sleep, lethargy; prov. E.


fit.

Duck, the
iauch-ente,

from the habit of div-

dwalm, dwaum, a fainting

ing, as Lat. mergus,

from mergere.

Du. duycker, G.

Hur

fadiu-

nere hande can talme,


liarte

Bav. duck-antl, the dob-chick.


duck
is

Soche a sweme hys

can swalme,

[In the Treatise of Walter de Biblesworth, Nat.

For hete he waxe nere mate.


Florence of Rome, 770.

Ant.
er,

I. 1

65,

explained in the gloss by ducktele

diver

Dan. dulme (explaining the origin of Lat. dormire),


a a doke
(doukere)

to subside, assuage, slumber, doze.

Ilden didmer,
(sol

La

cercele et ly plounjoun

En
In the Viennese
ente
:

the fire

burns dull

solen
;

dulmer

dormit
it

rivere prenunt lur sojourn.

Plaut.), the sun

dialect, duck-ente is

used for taucheiner wie * *

weather.

Molb.

is

obscured
dial. lex.
;

det dulmer,

is

dull

Du. bedwelmen,

to be-

Elend ist es, wann ein ausgezogener Frosch im Bett liegt wenn er wie Duck-Enten mit dem Kopf Abraham a Santa Clara, Judas etc. Schelm. M.]
"
fiir

Was

ein

come

dizzy, to faint

bedwelmtheijd, defectus animi,

mentis caligo, vertigines et tenebr^e oculorum.

Thus

wacklet,"

we

are brought naturally to the idea of blindness,

der Erz-

or dulling of the eyes, as vice versa Gr. tv^Xos,


blind, is applied to the other faculties.

Dudgeoil.
2.
Ill-will.

1.

The

root of box-wood.

TV^Xos rax'
Fr.
dall, blind,

orra,

tovtc

vow

rar' ofXfJiaTa, dull of

Due.

Duty.
which

hearing, of the understanding, and of sight. Lat.


debere, It.

Gael.
;

dovere, O.

obscure, dark, to mislead, deceive

Bret.

deuvre, of

last the participle at to


It.

one time was


dovuto, duty,

dall, blind, blunt.

probably deute, corresponding


right,

equity

FL,

The

origin, in

analogy with other words signify-

afterwards contracted to deu,

ing imperfection of the senses, should be the idea of plugging or stopping an


orifice,

and mod. du, due.

and

may

perhaps
tliowl,

Du^.
Dairy.

A teat.

Sw. dcegga,

to give suck.

See

be preserved in Lith. dullas, Du.


the

dol, dolle,

E.

wooden pins stuck

into the

gunwale of a boat

to

Duke.
lead.

Fr. due, Lat. dux, a leader

ducere, to

Dull.
ulties or
is

The

radical idea is a stoppage of the facto the subject.

powers proper

A dull edge

keep the oars in their places. Dumb. This is one of the words alluded to in the last article as derived from the notion of a physical stoppage, and the meaning is very much the

one that does not

cut,

a dull understanding does

same as

that of dull.

For the
;

origin,

see Deaf.
to

not readily apprehend, a dull colour does not strike


the eye, a dull pain
is

Goth, gadauhjan, to stupify


stopped, stupified
Icel.
;

afdaubnan,

be

one that continues without

afdobnan, to be

dumb

dumbs,

imperiously absorbing the attention.

When

the

powers of the understanding are partially stopped, the condition is that of folly or madness. Goth. dvals, foolish pro v. E. to dwaule, or dwallee, to Du. dol, dul, talk incoherently, as one in delirium. G. toll, mad. The sense then passes from mental to PI. D. dwalen, dweelen, twalen, material wandering. Fris. dwala, to err in judgment, act foolishly, wander;
;

dumbi, dumb ; dumba, darkness, dark colour dumbungr, thickness of the air, covered weather dumma, to be still lata dumma, to let be dimmr, dark, thick, obscure ; Dan. dum, dumb, dim, obscure,
; ;

dull,

low (of sound), stupid, foolish

G. dumpf (of

sound), hollow, dead;

dumm,

stupid; stumm,

dumb;
blend,

Du. dom, blunt, dull, stupid, deaf deaf and blind domsinnigh, mad.
;

dom en
Kil.

246

DUMPS.
Du. dompeii,
iiit

DUNGEON.
the schoolmen, called after

Fin. tumma, dark ; tummehtaa, to darken, put out,

him Dunsmen or Dunce-

extinguish

dooven, to put out


;

men

and as they were


to

violently opposed to classic

dompig, bedompt, dark, obscure E. stummy, close, confined to stum up a house with trees, to shut out
;

studies in the revival of learning, the

name

of

Dunce
at

was given
learning.

an opposer of learning, or one slow

the hght and air

Esthon. tuim, stupid, tasteless,

dull, insensible, worthless.

Dumps.

Melancholy, fixed sadness.

B.

From

Du. domp, damp, a vapour.


Bigl.

Domp

uit de

mage, vap-

idus fumus ex ventriculo in cerebrum erumpens.

In the

last

century the term vapours was com-

Remember ye not within tliis twenty yeares and far less, and yet dureth unto this day, the old barking curresDunce's disciples, and like draife called Scotists, the children of darkness raged in every pulpit against Greek, Latin, and Hebrew. Tyndal in R.

monly used
lique.

in the

same

sense.

Vapeurs, une cer-

Perhaps the reference

to

Duns has

coincided with

taine maladie dont I'effet est de rendre melancho-

another designation of similar sound.

The Latin
called

Diet. Trev.

Avoir une vapeur,

to

have an

grammar which obtained


that of Donatu.'^,

universal acceptance was

unreasonable fancy, a fixed persuasion of a thing.

Dump,
B.

a sudden astonishment, a melancholy

fit.

whence a Latin grammar was

a donat, and a student in grammar donatista, donaist.

merry dump

is

Dumpy.
thick.

Hal.

Dumpling.

a merry humour. Dubby, dumpy, short and


s.
s.

Donatus, Donaist; Donatista, qui studet in

isto libro.

Prov. Dan. dubbet,

Humpty-

donee.

Carp.

Fr. donataire, a donatary, or

Cot.

blow

From dab, dub, a dumpty, a short, thick person. We have bump, dump dab, a small lump.
;

Dunche or lunche, sonitus, strepitus, Dunch. bundum, bombus. Dunchyn or bunchyn, tundo
dunchinge or lunchinge, tuncio, percussio.

(with the equivalent thump), hump, lump, bunch,

Pr. Pm.

dunch, hunch, lunch, used nearly synonymously for

Dan. dundse,

to

thump.

Lat. tundere.

a blow and a shapeless lump.


ably the sound of a blow.

The

origin

is

prob-

Dung.
seems
to

The

original meaning, like that of much,

See Dunch. Dun. To make a droning sound. Dunnyn, To Dunnynge of sownde, bunda, in sownd, bundo.
borabus.

be simply, wet.
water
;

Dan. dygge, dugge,

to

spi'inkle with

dyg-vaad, dyng-vaad, wringing


;

Pr.

wet, as wet as
gled, dirtied
tealed, wet,
;

muck

bedugge, to

bedew

E. bedag-

Pm.

Hence
In
like

to

dun, to

demand a
to

daggly, wet, showery ; dugged, dugged^


tail

debt clamorously.

manner from bum, a


bailiff

with the

of the garment dragged in

humming
dun

sound, bum-bailiff, a

employed

the
Svv.

dirt.

Prov. Dan. dung, dyng, diung, wet through

for a debt,

and incidentally
in colour.

to arrest the debtor.

dynga, dung,

Dun.

Dark

Dungeon.
building of a
donne.

Donjon.
district,

muck

G. dungen,

to manui-e.

Originally the principal

And white

things

woxen dimme and

Ch. in R.

From
AS.

the notion of shutting up, covering, obscuring.

steorran dunniath, stellje obscurantur.


;

Gael.
doo7i, to

duin, to shut, close

donn, brown
;

Manx
a

shut up, close, darken

doon, a

field,

close, the

or fortress, which from its had the command of the rest, from the Lat. dominio, domnio (as domnus for dominus), domgio, dongeo (as Fr. songer from somniare), In a charter A. D. 1179, given by Muradonjon. tori, is an agreement " quod de summitate Castri Veteris quae Dongionem appellatur praedictus episposition or structure

equivalent of E. town and of G. zaun, a hedge.

copus

ejusque

successores

debeant habere duas

The connexion between


darkness
is

the ideas of covering

and

a very natural one.


;

Sp. tapar, to stop

up, hoodwink, cover

tapetado, of a dark

brown or

blackish colour
close
;

Ptg. tapar, to stop up, cover, in-

taparse, to darken, grow dark. Vieira. dompig, bedompt, Du. dompen, properly to stop Dumps, twilight. Halma. sombre, obscure. Hal. From the same root (with a change of mp G. dunkel, into nk) Du. doncher, dark in colour

uno latere usque ad vineam episcopi et ab altero usque ad flumen," showing that in this case the dominio was mere open In general however it was applied to a ground.
partes ipsius summitatis, scilicet ab

tower or other work of defence.


conscenso Domnione,
defensiva."

" Milites ocyus


principali
et

Due
Desus

domo

scilicet

le plus

maistre dunjon

Drescent

le reial

gonfanon.

dark.

Chron. Norm.
to

2.

820.

[Coryat appears
colored,

use dun in the sense of dovegeneral


color of

Donjon
rison

in fortification is generally

at least that is the

the

large tower or redoubt of a fortress,

taken for a where the gar-

oxen in almost all parts of Italy, and especially in Tuscany and Lombardy, at the present day "Also I saw marueilous store of goodly oxen in euery place of the country, whereof almost all were
:

may retreat in case The name of Dungeon has

of necessity.
finally

Bailey.

dunne."

Crudities, reprint of 1776,

I.

111.

M.]

been bequeathed to such an under-ground prison as was formerly placed in the strongest part of a fortress. [I have elsewhere (Lectures on the English

Dunce.

From Duns

Scotus, the great leader of

Language,

p.

144) suggested that the root of dun-

DUP.
geon might perhaps be found in the Mid. Lat. homa-

DYE.
Dnst.
Icel. dust, Gael, dus, duslach, dust.

247 Du.

gmm, and

in

suj)port of this conjecture I cited the

donst, vapour,

down,

flour,

dust

G. dunst, vapour,

fact that the principal

tower of a feudal

fortress,

exhalation, dust-shot.

See Down.
Icel. dvergr,

dungeon or donjon keep, was in O. Portuguese styled torre de homenagem, lower of homage, because it was in this tower that the ceremony of pledging fealty or homage took
called in O. English the
place.

Dwale. Dwarf.

See Dull.

AS. dweorg, dweorh,


It

Sw.

dwerg, dwerf.

To Dwell.

has been shown under Dull that


life

the stoppage of the powers of


silent,

and mind or gen-

The h being

the change from de homagio to


is less

eral failure of activity

is

expressed by a double

domgio, a Mid. Lat. form of donjon,


phonologically the

than from

dominio, and hence the derivation from de homagio


is
is,

form of root, dul and dwal, whence Du. dolen, dwaclen, to err, to go about, as opposed to going straight
to a certain point AS. dwelian, to deceive, to balk one of his purpose, dwolian, to err, PI. D. dwalen,
;

in fact, a purely historical question,

more probable of the two. It and the pasis

sage quoted from Muratori in the text


cient to decide
it.

not

suflS-

to

wander

in

judgment, act

foolishly, jest,

wander
to delay
dvcele,

the

The Hispano-Latin literature of Middle Ages, which has been too much neglect-

Icel. dvelia, to hinder,

and

in

a neuter sense
to dwell
;

Sw. dvala, a trance, dvaljas,


to dwell, linger, tarry.

Dan.

would probably furnish M.] the means of arriving at a just conclusion. To Dup. To do up, as doff and don, to do off and do on. Swiss tuffen, to open, as a door or a
ed
in etymological research,

To Dwindle.
fade, waste

AS. dwinan,
;

PI.

D. dwanen,

to

nen, to

away, vanish Du. verswiinen, verdwiifade, perish ; Bav. schweinen, G. schwin-

letter.

den, to shrink, waste away, wane.

DupCi
ceived.

Fr. dupe, one

who

lets

himself be de-

sit

" Der mane wahunde swinit" the moon waxes and wanes

From

dupe, duppe, a hoopoe, from some

Diutiska in Schmeller.
leave
dle
;

Icel. dvina, to diminish, to

tradition of tlie habits of that bird of

which we are

ignorant.

Thus from
to

It.

hubbola,

a hoopoe, huhho-

lare (portar via con inganno), to cheat

Altieri,

whence E.
also
to

bubble one.
fool.

Pol. dudek, a hoopoe,

ofl^; Sw. twina, to pine away, languish, dwinDan. tvine, to pine away, also to whine or whimper. In the last of these we probably touch languishing or weakly the origin of the word.

a simpleton, a

Wystrychnac na dudka,

condition of

body

is

naturally expressed by refer-

make a fool The name of


by which it names
tuft.

of one.
the bird, dupe,
is
is

probably from the


tuft),

illness.

crest

characterised (Fr. touffe, a

as the E.

hoopoe, whoop, or hoop, from Fr.

whining, pipy tone of voice induced by Thus a person says he is rather pipy, meaning poorly. The PI. D. has quakken, to groan or complain like a sick person, whence prov. Dan.

ence

to the

houppe, a

quak, poorly
Lat.

DuratiOUi
Gr.
817/oos,

durare,

to

last,

duru^,

hard.

be poorly.

Du. queksen,
Kil.

to complain, to groan, to

In like manner Goth, cwainon,


;

lasting,

enduring.

Turk, durmak, to
animation,

W.

cwyno, to bewail, complain, grieve

PL D.

qui-

continue, stay, endure.

nen, to complain, to be poorly, languish, waste

away
wane.
see

Dusky.

Lifeless,

without

dim

in

Icel. queina, veina, to

bemoan

oneself;

AS. cwanian,
to

colour, obscure.

wanian,
the pomels and the poyntes of shields

to

mourn,

faint, languish,

wanian,

The pennons and


Withdrawen

For the interchange of an


and dusken
his hert.

initial

cw and tw

his devocion

P. P.

Beseem.

they
Sw.

To Dye.
dull or blunt his religious feelings.
stude barrane, widderit, dosk and gray,

AS. deagan.

The

primitive

seems

to

be to soak, to steep, to wet.

meaning Dan. dygge,

to sprinkle

with water, bedugge, to bedew.


hedye this sacred urn.
shall turn

The ground

Herbis, flowris and gerssis wallowit away.

D. V.
It

Then if thine eye Each drop a pearl

dusk, dull, melancholy weather.

seems a
dtdsk,

To adorn
Dan. dyg
Probably

his tomb.

derivation from didl through the forms


dolsk, dorsk, dosk.
lifeless, loitering
;

or

Epitaph, 1633, in N. and Q.

Prov. Dan. dulsk,

dolsk, dull,
;

vaad,

dyng
tingere

vaad,

thoroughly wet.

prov. Sw. dodsk, lazy, slow

Dan.

the Lat.

may

be

radically the

dorsk, indolent, sluggish, dull, torpid;


to dawdle, delay.

Icel. doska,

same word.

Gr.

Seuw,

to water, wet,

soak,

als(f

to dye, to colour.

END OF VOL.

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