Tom Tat Li Thuyet Va Phuong Phap Giai Toan 12

iu chnh, b sung nm 2011
Lu hnh ni b
N THI TN V LTH 2012
4eyes1999@gmail.com 2 TRNG THPT NG GIA T
MC LC
Chng I. NG DNG O HM ............................................................ 3
Bi 1: S ng bin nghch bin ca hm s ................................... 3
Bi 2: Cc tr ca hm s................................................................... 4
Bi 3: Gi tr nh nht gi tr ln nht ca hm s ........................... 9
Bi 4: Tim cn ............................................................................... 10
Bi 5: Kho st hm s .................................................................... 11
Bi 6: Mt s bi ton lin quan n hm s v th ...................... 13

Chng II. HM S LY THA, HS M V HS LOGARIT .............. 24
Bi 1: M, ly tha v logarit .......................................................... 24
Bi 2: Phng trnh m ................................................................... 27
Bi 3: Phng trnh logarit .............................................................. 28
Bi 4: Bt phng trnh m, lgarit ................................................. 29

Chng III. NGUYN HM, TCH PHN V NG DNG ................. 29
Bi 1: Nguyn hm .......................................................................... 29
Bi 2: Tch phn .............................................................................. 33
Bi 3: ng dng hnh hc ca tch phn .......................................... 35

Chng IV. S PHC .............................................................................. 38

Chng I-II: TH TCH KHI A DIN V KHI TRN XOAY ..... 40

Chng III. PHNG PHP TA TRONG KHNG GIAN .......... 42
Bi 1: H ta trong khng gian ................................................... 42
Bi 2: Phng trnh mt cu ............................................................ 45
Bi 3: Phng trnh mt phng ........................................................ 49
Bi 4: Phng trnh ng thng ..................................................... 54
Bi 5: V tr tng i ..................................................................... 61
Bi 6: Tm mt s im c bit ...................................................... 64

MT S KIN THC CN N LI ...................................................... 67
Bi 1: Tam thc bc hai, phng trnh, bt phng trnh bc 2 ........ 67
Bi 2: Cng thc lng gic v phng trnh lng gic.................. 71
Bi 3: H thc lng trong tam gic ................................................ 79
Bi 4: o hm ............................................................................... 81
Ph lc ........................................................................................................ 83

L THUYT V PHNG PHP GII TON 12
GV: NGUYN THANH NHN 3 : 0987.503.911

Chng I. NG DNG O HM
Bi 1: S NG BIN NGHCH BIN CA HM S

* nh ngha: Cho hm s
( )
= y f x lin tc trn K (khong, na khong,
on)
-
( )
= y f x ng bin trn K
( ) ( )
e < <
1 2 1 2 1 2
, : x x K x x f x f x
-
( )
= y f x nghch bin trn K
( ) ( )
e < >
1 2 1 2 1 2
, : x x K x x f x f x
* Dng ton:
Bi ton 1: Tm cc khong n iu ca hm s
1. Tm min xc nh.
2. Tm o hm, tm cc im ti hn.
3. Xt du o hm
4. Kt lun:
a) Nu
( )
> ' 0 f x vi mi
( )
e ; x a b th hm s
( )
f x ng bin trn
khong
( )
; a b
b) Nu
( )
< ' 0 f x vi mi
( )
e ; x a b th hm s
( )
f x nghch bin trn
khong
( )
; a b
Ch :
( )
= ' 0 f x ch ti mt s hu hn im trn khong
( )
; a b th hm s
cng ng bin (nghch bin) trn khong .
Bi ton 2: Dng tnh n iu chng minh bt ng thc
chng minh
( ) ( ) ( )
> e , ; f x g x x a b ta qua cc bc sau:
1. Bin i:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
> e > e , , 0, , f x g x x a b f x g x x a b
2. t
( ) ( ) ( )
= h x f x g x
3. Tnh
( )
' h x v lp bng bin thin ca
( )
h x . T suy ra kt qu.
N THI TN V LTH 2012
Bi ton 3: Tm iu kin hm s
( )
= y f x lun lun tng (hoc lun
lun gim) trn min xc nh
- Cc hm s
( )
= + + + =
3 2
0 y ax bx cx d a v
( )
+ +
= =
+
2
0
ax bx c
y a
Ax B

lun lun tng (hoc lun lun gim) trn min xc nh ca n khi v ch
khi > ' 0 y (hoc s ' 0 y ) e x D . Nu a c cha tham s th xt thm
trng hp a=0 (i vi hm bc 3)
>

A s
'
0
0
y
a
(hoc
<

A s
'
0
0
y
a
)
- Hm s
+
=
+
ax b
y
cx d
lun lun tng (hoc lun lun gim) trn tng
khong xc nh ca n khi v ch khi > ' 0 y (hoc < ' 0 y ) e x D

Bi 2: CC TR CA HM S

Bi ton 1: p dng quy tc 1 tm cc tr ca hm s
1. Tm min xc nh
2. Tm
( )
' f x
3. Tm cc im ti
( )
= ' 0 f x hoc
( )
' f x khng xc nh (gi chung l
im ti hn).
4. Sp xp cc im theo th t tng dn v lp bng xt du o hm.
5. Nu kt lun v cc tr.
Bng tm tt:
C
-
+
x
o b a
f(x)
f'(x)
x

CT
+
-
x
o b a
f(x)
f'(x)
x

Bi ton 2: p dng quy tc 2 tm cc tr ca hm s
1. Tnh
( )
' f x . Gii phng trnh
( )
= ' 0 f x .
Gi
( )
=1,2,...
i
x i l cc nghim ca phng trnh.
2. Tnh
( )
" f x v
( )
"
i
f x
3. Da vo du ca
( )
"
i
f x suy ra kt lun v cc tr ca im
i
x theo nh
l sau:
nh l:
Gi s hm s
( )
= y f x c o hm cp hai trn khong
( )
; a b cha im
o
x v
( )
= ' 0
o
f x . Khi :
a) Nu
( )
> " 0
o
f x th
o
x l im cc tiu.
b) Nu
( )
< " 0
o
f x th
o
x l im cc i.
Bi ton 3: Tm iu kin ca m hm s t cc tr ti mt im cho
trc
Cch 1: p dng nh l Fec-ma:
Gi s
( )
= y f x c o hm ti im =
o
x x .
Khi nu
( )
= y f x t cc tr ti im =
o
x x th
( )
= ' 0
o
f x .
Ch : Nu
( )
= ' 0
o
f x th cha chc hm s t cc tr ti im =
o
x x .
Do khi tm c m th phi th li.
Cch 2: Dng o hm cp 2.
Bi ton 4: Tm iu kin hm s c cc i v cc tiu
Cc hm s = + + +
3 2
y ax bx cx d v
+ +
=
+
2
ax bx c
y
Ax B
c mt cc i v
mt cc tiu khi v ch khi phng trnh = ' 0 y c hai nghim phn bit
N THI TN V LTH 2012
(khi hin nhin y i du hai ln khi qua cc nghim). Nu hm hu t
th phi khc nghim mu.
Bi ton 5: Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua hai im cc tr
1. Cho hm s
( )
+ +
=
+
2
ax bx c
y C
Ax B

- Nu (C) c hai im cc tr
- Th phng trnh ng thng qua hai im cc tr l
( )
( )
+ +
=
+
2
'
'
ax bx c
y
Ax B
hay = +
2a b
y x
A A

2. Cho hm s
( )
= + + +
3 2
y ax bx cx d C
- Nu (C) c hai im cc tr v chia y cho y ta c
( )
= + + '. y y A x x
- Th phng trnh ng thng qua hai im cc tr l = + y x
Bi ton 6: iu kin hm s t cc tr ti
0
x :

( )
( )
0
0
' 0
" 0
y x
y x
(hoc
( )
0
0
' 0
' oi daukhi qua
y x
y x
)
Bi ton 7: iu kin hm s t cc i ti
0
x :

( )
( )
<
0
0
' 0
" 0
y x
y x
(hoc
( )
0
0
' 0
' oi daut +sang khi qua
y x
y x
)
Bi ton 8: iu kin hm s t cc tiu ti
0
x :

( )
( )
>
0
0
' 0
" 0
y x
y x
(hoc
( )
0
0
' 0
' oi daut sang khi qua
y x
y x
)
Bi ton 9: iu kin hm s t C, CT ti
1 2
, x x tha + =
1 2
Ax Bx C :

A >
+ =
+ =
'
1 2
1 2
1 2
0
y
Ax Bx C
b
x x
a
c
x x
a
vi
1 2
, x x l nghim ca = ' 0 y
Bi ton 10: iu kin hm bc 3 c C,CT v hai gi tr cc tr cng
du:
* iu kin hm bc 3 c C,CT l
A >
'
0
0
y
a

* Gi
( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
; , ; A x y B x y l hai im cc tr. Ta c
( ) ( )
>
1 2
. 0 y x y x
(trng hp tri du th ngc li)
Ch : Hm s vit thnh:
( )
= + + . ' y P x y mx n (ly hm s chia cho o
hm)
( )
( )
= +

= +
1 1
2 2
y x mx n
y x mx n

Bi ton 11: iu kin hm s bc 3 c C,CT nm v hai pha i vi
trc tung:
iu kin ycbt c tha mn l = ' 0 y c hai nghim tri du. Khi
= < 0
c
P
a

Bi ton 12: Cch tnh nhanh gi tr cc tr ca hm hu t
+ +
=
+
2
ax bx c
y
mx n

* Tm cc im cc tr ca hm s (nghim ca phng trnh y=0)
*
+
= =
cctr
a ohamcuaTS 2
aohamcuaMS
ax b
y
m
ri thay x cc tr vo phn s ny ta
c
cctr
y tng ng, v cch tnh trn ch p dng cho hm hu t.
Bi ton 13: Tm m hm trng phng = + +
4 2
y ax bx c c 3 im cc tr
lp thnh mt tam gic cn:
N THI TN V LTH 2012
* TX: D=R
* Tnh
( )
= + = +
3 2
' 4 2 2 2 y ax bx x ax b ,

( )
=
=

=

= = + =
2 2
0
0
' 0
0 (1) 2 0
2
x
x
y
b
x a ax b
a

* Ycbt tng ng phng trnh (1) c hai nghim phn bit khc 0.
Khi > 0
2
b
a

Bi ton 14: iu kin hm s
( )( )
= y f x C t cc tr bng ti
= x l
( ) ( )
( )
( )

;
' 0
'' 0
C
y
y

Bi ton 15: Hm trng phng c 3 im cc tr lp thnh mt tam gic.
Tnh din tch tam gic :
* Tnh ' y , tm 3 im ti hn, suy ra 3 im cc tr A, B, C.
* Tnh din tch tam giac ABC theo cng thc: =
1
| ' ' |
2
S xy x y vi

( )
( )
,
,
;
'; '
AB x y
AC x y

Bi ton 16: Tm m hm trng phng c 3 im cc tr lp thnh mt
tam gic u:
* TX: D=R
* Tnh
=
= + =

+ =
3
2
0
' 4 2 ; ' 0
2 0
x
y ax bx y
ax b
( )
=

= =
2
0
0 (1)
2
x
b
x a
a

* iu kin ycbt c tha l phng trnh (1) c hai nghim phn bit
khc 0. Khi :
( )
> 0 *
2
b
a

* Vi iu kin (*), gii phng trnh
( )
( )
( )
= =
= = =
= =
0
' 0 ?
2
?
2
x y c A
b
y x y B
a
b
x y C
a
.
Tm c 3 im cc tr A, B, C. Do tam gic ABC u nn
2 2
2 2
AB AC
AB BC
,
t tm c m v ch nhn nhng m tha iu kin (*).

Bi 3: GI TR NH NHT GI TR LN NHT
CA HM S
* nh ngha:
-
( )
( )
> e
=

- e =
0 0
,
min
:
K
f x m x K
y m
x K m f x

-
( )
( )
s e
=

- e =
0 0
,
max
:
K
f x M x K
y M
x K M f x

* Dng ton:
Bi ton 1: Tm GTNN, GTLN ca hm s trn mt khong
tm GTNN v GTLN ca hm s
( )
= y f x trn khng
( )
; a b ta lp
bng bin thin ca hm s trn khong
( )
; a b ri da vo m kt lun.
Bi ton 2: Tm GTNN, GTLN ca hm s lin tc trn on (

; a b
Cch 1: C th lp bng bin thin ri da vo m kt lun.
Cch 2: Qua 3 bc:
1. Tm cc im
1 2
, ,...,
n
x x x trn (

; a b m ti
( )
= ' 0 f x hoc
( )
' f x khng xc nh.
2. Tnh
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
, , , ,...,
n
f a f b f x f x f x .
N THI TN V LTH 2012
3. Tm s ln nht M v nh nht m trong cc s trn. Khi :
( ) ( )
( (

= =
; ;
max , min
a b a b
M f x m f x
Bi ton 3: Tm m phng trnh
( )
= f x mc nghim trn D:
Xt hm s
( )
= y f x trn D, tm maxy, miny hoc tm tp gi tr ca y t
kt lun c m.

Bi 4: TIM CN
1. Cch tm tim cn:
* Nu
= )
0
lim ( )
x x
y th ng thng =
0
x x l tim cn ng.
* Nu
=
0
lim
x
y y th ng thng =
0
y y l tim cn ngang.
* Nu hm s vit thnh = + +
So d
thng
Mauso
y ax b (chia a thc)
m

=
So d
lim 0
Mauso
x
th ng thng = + y ax b l tim cn xin.
* ng thng = + y ax b gi l TCX ca hm s
( )
( )
( )
=
=

lim
lim ( )
x
x
f x
a
y f x
x
b f x ax

2. Cc ng tim cn ca th hm s
+
=
+
ax b
y
cx d
l :
TC:
TCN:
d
x
c
a
y
c

3. Cho M thuc (C). Tnh tch cc khong cch t 1 im trn (C) n 2
tim cn:
* Gi
( ) ( ) ( )
e
0 0
; M x f x C . Tm TC, TCX (hoc TCN)
* d=d
(M,TC)
.d
(M,TCN)
l mt hng s.
Bi 5: KHO ST HM S

1. S kho st:
1. Tp xc nh: = R D
2. S bin thin:
a) Xt chiu bin thin ca hm s:
- Tm o hm
- Tm cc im m ti o hm bng 0 hoc khng xc nh.
- Suy ra chiu bin thin ca hm s.
b) Tm cc tr.
c) Tm cc gii hn v tm tim cn (nu c)
d) Lp bng bin thin.
* Ch : Kt lun v tnh ng bin, nghch bin phi trc BBT
3. Da vo bng bin thin v cc yu t xc nh trn v th.
* Ch :
- v th chnh xc nn tnh thm ta ca mt s im, c bit
cn tm ta cc giao im ca th vi cc trc ta .
- Cn lu cc tnh cht i xng trc, i xng tm.
2. Cc dng th:
a) Hm s bc ba:
( )
= + + + =
3 2
0 y ax bx cx d a
> 0 a 0 a <
Phng
trnh
' 0 y = c hai
nghim
phn bit
O
y
x

O
y
x
N THI TN V LTH 2012
Phng
trnh ' 0 y =
c nghim
kp
O
y
x
O
y
x
Phng
trnh ' 0 y =
v nghim
O
y
x
O
y
x
th nhn im un lm tm i xng.
b) Hm s trng phng:
( )
= + + =
4 2
0 y ax bx c a
> 0 a 0 a <
Phng
trnh ' 0 y =
c 3 nghim
phn bit
O
y
x
O
y
x

Phng
trnh ' 0 y =
c 1 nghim
O
y
x

O
y
x
th nhn trc Oy lm trc i xng.
c) th hm s
( )
+
= = =
+
0 ; 0
ax b
y c ad bc
cx d

( )
0 ' 0 D ad bc y = > >
( )
0 ' 0 D ad bc y = < <
I
O
y
x

I
O
y
x

th nhn giao im I ca hai tim cn lm tm i xng.
* Ch :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
e = =
0 0 0 0
; : M x y C y f x y f x

Bi 6: MT S BI TON
LIN QUAN N HM S V TH
Bi ton 1: S tng giao ca cc th (bng phng trnh honh giao
im)
Cho hai ng cong
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
= =
1 2
: , : C y f x C y g x .
xt s tng giao gia
( ) ( )
1 2
, C C ta lp phng trnh honh giao
im
( ) ( )
= f x g x (1)
1.
( )
1
C khng c im chung vi
( )
2
C pt (1) v nghim.
2.
( )
1
C ct
( )
2
C ti n im phn bit pt (1) c n nghim phn bit.
ng thi nghim ca pt (1) l honh giao im ca
( )
1
C v
( )
2
C .
Ch :
* Nu phng trnh honh giao im c dng + + =
2
0 Ax Bx C .Ta bin
lun theo A v A . Tc l:
N THI TN V LTH 2012
- Nu A=0. Ta c kt lun c th v giao im ca (C
1
) v (C
2
).
- Nu A= 0. Tnh A
+ A < 0 : khng c giao im.
+ A = 0: C 1 giao im.
+ A > 0: c hai giao im.
* Nu phng trnh honh giao im c dng + + + =
3 2
0 ax bx cx d .
a phng trnh ny v dng:
( )( )
+ + =
2
0 x Ax Bx C (Chia Horner, = 0 a )
( )
=

+ + =
2
0 1
x
Ax Bx C

Bin lun theo phng trnh (1) ta suy ra c s giao im.
Bi ton 2: Da vo th bin lun s nghim ca phng trnh
( )
= , 0 F x m (1)
1. Bin i
( )
= , 0 F x m v dng
( ) ( )
= f x g m .
2. S nghim ca phng trnh (1) l s giao im ca th hm s
( )
= y f x v ng thng
( )
= y g m
3. Da vo th bin lun cc trng hp.
Ch :
( )
= y g m l ng thng song song vi trc Ox v ct trc Oy ti
im c tung bng
( )
g m
x
y
O
y=g(m)
y=f(x)
g(m)
1

Bi ton 3: Phng trnh tip tuyn iu kin tip xc
Dng 1: Phng trnh tip tuyn ti im thuc th:
Phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C):
( )
= y f x ti im
( ) ( )
e ;
o o
M x y C l:
( )( )
=
0 0 0
' y y f x x x
Trong : +
( )
0 0
; M x y gi l tip im.
+
( )
=
0
' k f x l h s gc ca tip tuyn.
Dng 2: Phng trnh tip tuyn bit h s gc k:
- Nu tip tuyn song song vi ng thng = + y ax b th = k a
- Nu tip tuyn vung gc ng thng = + y ax b th =
1
k
a

- Tip tuyn hp vi chiu dng ca trc honh mt gc th
= tan k
1. Gii phng trnh
( )
= ' f x k tm
0
x l honh tip im.
2. Tnh
( )
=
0 0
y f x .
3. Phng trnh tip tuyn l
( )
= +
0 0
y k x x y
Dng 3: Vit phng trnh tip tuyn (d) bit tip tuyn to vi ng
thng ( A ): y=ax+b mt gc bng ( < s 0 90 ):
1. Gi , ln lt l gc hp bi tip tuyn (d), ng thng ( A )
vi chiu dng trc honh. Gi k l h s gc ca tip tuyn, khi
ta c: = suy ra:
( )

= = = =
+ +
tan tan
tan tan tan (1)
1 tan tan 1
k a
ak

2. Gii phng trnh (1) tm c h s gc k ca tip tuyn.
3. Lm tng t nh dng 2 ta c c phng trnh tip tuyn.
Bi ton 4: iu kin hm bc 3 ct Ox ti 3 im phn bit:
* Phng trnh honh giao im ca (C) v trc honh l:
( )( )
+ + + = + + =
3 2 2
0 0 ax bx cx d x Ax Bx C (chia Horner)
( )
=

+ + =
2
0 1
x
Ax Bx C
(t
( )
= + +
2
g x Ax Bx C )
N THI TN V LTH 2012
* iu kin ycbt c tha l (1) phi c 2 nghim phn bit khc
. Khi
( )
( )
A >
1
0
0 g

Bi ton 5: iu kin hm trng phng = + +
4 2
y ax bx c ct Ox ti 4
im phn bit:
* Lp phng trnh honh giao im ca (C) v Ox:
= >
+ + =

+ + =
2
4 2
2
0
0
0(1)
t x
ax bx c
at bt c

* iu kin ycbt c tha l (1) phi c hai nghim dng phn
bit. Khi
A >
>
>
0
0
0
P
S

Bi ton 6: iu kin hm trng phng ct Ox ti 4 im phn bit lp
thnh CSC:
* Lp phng trnh honh giao im ca (C) v Ox:
= >
+ + =

+ + =
2
4 2
2
0
0
0(1)
t x
ax bx c
at bt c

* iu kin ycbt c tha l (1) phi c hai nghim dng phn
bit. Khi
A >
>
>
0
0
0
P
S
(*)
* Vi iu kin (*) c tha ta c 4 im c honh lp thnh CSC
nn (1) phi c hai nghim dng phn bit tha =
2 1
9 t t (2).
Theo nh l Vit
+ =
1 2
1 2
(3)
. (4)
b
t t
a
c
t t
a

* T (2), (3), (4) ta gii ra tham s, ch nhn tham s khi m tha iu
kin (*).
Bi ton 7: Tm m d: = y m ct (C) ti hai im phn bit A, B sao cho
AB=l:
* Lp phng trnh honh giao im ca (C) v d. Bin i phng
trnh ny v dng + + =
2
0 Ax Bx C (1)
* iu kin d ct (C) ti hai im phn bit l
( )
=
A >
(1)
0
*
0
A

* Gi
( ) ( )
1 2
; , ; A x m B x m l hai giao im ca (C) v d;
1 2
, x x l nghim
ca (1). Ta c:

( )
A A
= = = = = =
2
2 1 1 2 2 1
2 '
| | | |
| | | |
AB x x x x x x l
a a
. T tm
c m, ch nhn nhng m tha iu kin (*).
AB c di ngn nht:
trnh ny v dng + + =
2
0 Ax Bx C (1)
=
A >
(1)
0
0
A
(*)
* Gi
( ) ( )
1 2
1 2
, x x l nghim
ca (1). Ta c
( )
2
2 1 1 2 2 1
2 '
AB x x x x x x
a a
A A
= = = = = . T
tm iu kin ca m AB nh nht, ch nhn m tha (*).
OA OBvi O l gc ta :
trnh ny v dng + + =
2
0 Ax Bx C (1)
=
A >
(1)
0
0
A
(*)
N THI TN V LTH 2012
* Gi
( ) ( )
1 2
1 2
, x x l nghim
ca (1). Ta c OA OBnn ta c =
, ,
. 0 OAOB . T y tm c m, ch
nhn nhng m tha (*).
Bi ton 10: Tm m d: = + y ax b ct (C) ti hai im phn bit trn cng
mt nhnh ca (C):
trnh ny v dng + + =
2
0 Ax Bx C (1).
* iu kin ycbt c tha l
( )
( )( )

A >
>
1
1 2
0
0
0
A
x x
vi l nghim
ca mu s v
1 2
, x x l 2 nghim ca (1).
Bi ton 11: Tm m d: = + y ax b ct (C) ti hai im phn bit trn cng
hai nhnh khc nhau ca (C)
trnh ny v dng + + =
2
0 Ax Bx C (1).
* iu kin ycbt c tha l
( )
( )( )

A >
<
1
1 2
0
0
0
A
x x
vi l nghim
ca mu s v
1 2
, x x l 2 nghim ca (1).
Bi ton 12: Tm nhng im trn (C):
( )
= y f x m ti tip tuyn vung
gc vi ng thng = + y ax b .
* Gi
( ) ( )
e
0 0 0
; M x y C . H s gc ca tip tuyn ti
0
M l
( )
0
' f x .
Gii phng trnh
( )
=
0
' . 1 f x a . T y tm c
0
x v c c
0
M .
Bi ton 13: CMR mi tip tuyn ca (C):
( )
= y f x u khng qua giao
im hai tim cn:
* Ta giao im I hai tim cn l nghim ca h phng trnh:
Tiem can ng
Tiem can xien (hay TCN)

* Lp phng trnh tip tuyn qua I, kt qu l khng c tip tuyn. T
ta c iu phi chng minh.
Bi ton 14: Cho
( )
e M C , tip tuyn ti M ct hai tim cn ca (C) ti A,
B, gi I l giao im hai tim cn. CMR M l trung im ca AB. Tnh din
tch tam gic IAB:
* Gi
( ) ( ) ( )
e
0 0
; M x f x C . Phng trnh tip tuyn ti M l
( )( ) ( )( )
= = +
0 0 0 0 0 0
' ' y y f x x x y f x x x y .
* Tm giao im ca tip tuyn vi TC l A
* Tm giao im ca tip tuyn vi TCX l B.
* Tm giao im I ca hai tim cn.
* Kim tra cng thc M l trung im AB, t ta c iu phi chng
minh.
* Tnh vect
, ,
, IA IB . T tnh din tch tam gic IAB (kt qu l mt
hng s.
Bi ton 15: CMR tip tuyn ti im un l tip tuyn c h s gc nh
nht (hoc ln nht):
* Tm h s gc ca tip tuyn ti im un
( )
0 0
; I x y l
( )
0
' f x .
* Gi h s gc ca tip tuyn bt k l
( )
' f x . Ta chng minh
( ) ( )
>
0
' ' f x f x (trong trng hp ln nht ta lm ngc li).
Bi ton 16:Tm nhng im trn ng thng A : =
0
y y m t c th k
c 2, 3 tip tuyn n (C):
* Gi
( ) ( )
e A
0
; M a y . Vit phng trnh d qua M v c h s gc k l:
( ) ( )
= = +
0 0
y y k x a y k x a y .
* iu kin d l tip tuyn ca (C)
( ) ( )
( )
= +
0
(1)
'
f x k x a y
f x k
. Mun
t M v c 2,3 tip tuyn th (1) c 2,3 nghim.
N THI TN V LTH 2012
Bi ton 17: CMR mi tip tuyn ca (C) to vi hai tim cn 1 tam gic c
din tch khng i:
* Gi
( ) ( ) ( )
e
0 0
; M x f x C . Phng trnh tip tuyn ti M l
( )( ) ( )( )
= = +
0 0 0 0 0 0
' ' y y f x x x y f x x x y .
* Tm giao im ca tip tuyn vi TC l A
* Tm giao im ca tip tuyn vi TCX l B.
* Tm giao im I ca hai tim cn.
* Kim tra cng thc M l trung im AB, t ta c iu phi chng
minh.
* Tnh vect
, ,
, IA IB . T tnh din tch tam gic IAB (kt qu l mt
hng s.
Bi ton 18:Tm trn (C) nhng im c ta l cc s nguyn:
* Hm s vit thnh =
So d
Thng+
Ma uso
y (chia a thc)
* Do x, y nguyn nn Mu s = c ca S d.
Bi ton 19: Tm nhng im trn (C) cch u hai trc ta :
* Nhng im trn (C) cch u hai trc ta l nghim ca h
phng trnh
( )
y f x
y x
hoc
( )
y f x
y x

Bi ton 20: Tm nhng im trn (C) i xng nhau qua gc ta :
* Gi
( ) ( )

0 0 0 0
; , ; A x y B x y l hai im i xng nhau qua gc ta .
* Thay ta A, B vo phng trnh ca hm s ta c h phng
trnh. Gii h ny ta c ta im cn tm.
Bi ton 21: Tm nhng im trn th hm nht bin sao cho tng
khong cch t n hai tim cn t GTNN:
* Gi
( ) ( ) ( )
e
0 0
; M x f x C . Tm TC, TCN.
* Tnh
( ( ( (

= + > =
M,TC M,TCN M,TC M,TCN
2 . d d d d d A . Vy mind=A.
Khi
( (

=
,TC ,TCN M M
d d . T tm c M
Bi ton 22: Tm nhng im trn (C) i xng qua d: = + y ax b
* Gi A d . Vy phng trnh A = +
1
: y x m
a
. Tm ta giao im
I ca d v A
* Lp phng trnh honh giao im ca (C) v A . Bin i phng
trnh ny v dng + + =
2
0 Ax Bx C (1).
* Gi
( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
; , ; A x y B x y l hai giao im ca A v (C). ta c I l trung
im AB. Vy + =
1 2
2
I
x x x . T y tm c m. Thay vo (1) tm A
v B.
Bi ton 23: Tm nhng im trn (C) m khong cch t n Ox bng k
ln khong cch t n Oy:
* Gi
( ) ( ) ( )
e
0 0
; M x f x C . Tnh
( (

, ,
,
M Ox M Oy
d d
* Gii phng trnh:
, ,
.
M Ox M Oy
d k d
( (

=
Bi ton 24: CMR th (C) nhn im
( )
0 0
; I x y lm tm i xng:
* Bng php tnh tin theo vect
,
OI vi
( )
0 0
; I x y , h trc Oxy thnh h
trc IXY. Ta c cng thc i trc:
= = +

= = +

0 0
0 0
X x x x X x
Y y y y Y y
(1)
* Thay (1) vo hm cho ta c
( )
= Y F X . Kim chng
( )
F X l hm
l.
Bi ton 25: CMR th (C) nhn ng thng =
0
x x lm trc i xng:
* Bng php tnh tin theo vect
,
OI vi
( )
0
; 0 I x , h trc Oxy thnh h
trc IXY. Ta c cng thc i trc:
= = +

= =

0 0
0
X x x x X x
Y y y Y
(1)
* Thay (1) vo hm cho ta c
( )
= Y F X . Kim chng
( )
F X l hm
chn.
Bi ton 26: Tm tp hp im (qu tch)
* Tm ta im
( )
; M x y theo mt tham s
( )
( )
x g m
y h m

N THI TN V LTH 2012
* Kh m t h trn ta c phng trnh
( )
= ; 0 F x y .
* Gii hn: da vo iu kin tn ti im M hay iu kin khi kh m
tm iu kin ca x hoc y.
Kt lun: tp hp im M l ng (L) c phng trnh
( )
= ; 0 F x y tha iu kin bc 3.
Bi ton 27: Tm im c nh m h
( )
m
C lun i qua:
* Bin i phng trnh
( )
= , y f x m v dng + = 0 Am B (hay
+ + =
2
0 Am Bm C (n m)).
* Ta im c nh l nghim ca h phng trnh
=
=

=

=
0
0
( 0)
0
0
A
A
hay B
B
C

Bi ton 28: S tng giao gia 2 th m trong tham s m c bc 1
(tc l trong biu thc khng cha m
2
, m
3
)
Gi s bi ton tm giao im ca ng cong qui v tm nghim ca
phng trnh
( ) ( )
= f x g x (1)
Trong (1) khng nhm c nghim v tham s m trong (1) c dng bc
nht (tc l trong (1) khng cha
2 3
, ,... m m ), khi :
* Bin i (1) v dng
( )
= F x m (2), y F(x) c th l hm phn
thc.
* Lp bng bin thin ca hm s
( )
= y F x
* Da vo bng bin thin ta bin lun s nghim ca (2), v t suy
ra kt lun i vi (1).
Nhn xt: Phng php ny cng c bit c ch cho bi ton tm m
nghim ca phng trnh, h phng trnh,... tha iu kin cho trc no
v mt s bi ton khc v tm m.

Bi ton 29: Cc php bin i th:
* T th hm s
( )( )
= y f x C suy ra th hm s
( ) ( )
= ' y f x C
1. V (C)
2. Gi nguyn phn th (C) nm pha trn trc honh; ly i xng
ca phn th (C) nm pha di trc honh qua trc honh.
3. Xa phn th nm pha di trc honh, th cn li chnh l
(C)
x
y
1

th hm s
( )
= y f x (phn nt lin, nt t l phn c xa)
* T th hm s
( ) ( )
= y f x C suy ra th hm s
( )
= y f x
1. V (C)
2. Xa phn th (C) nm pha bn tri trc Oy v cha li phn th
nm bn phi.
3. Ly i xng phn th ca (C) bn phi trc Oy qua Oy, ta c
c th (C).
x
y
1

th hm s
( )
= y f x (phn nt lin, nt t l phn c xa)

N THI TN V LTH 2012
Chng II. HM S LY THA, HM S M
V HM S LOGARIT
M, LY THA V LOGARIT
1. Ly tha, cn bc n:
a) nh ngha:
*
( )
= e e R N
_
tha so
. ....... , *
n
n
a a a a a n *
= =
0
1
1;
n
n
a a
a

b) Tnh cht:
Vi e e R Z , *; , a b m n ta c:
*
+
=
m n m n
a a a *
=
m
m n
n
a
a
a

*
( )
=
n
n n
ab a b *
| |
=
|
\ .
n
n
n
a a
b b

*
( )
=
n
m mn
a a
* Nu: < < 0 a b th: < > , 0
n n
a b n
> < , 0
n n
a b n
* Nu >1 a v > m n th: >
m n
a a
* Nu < < 0 1 a v > m n th: <
m n
a a
c) Cc tnh cht ca cn bc n:
Gi s cc biu thc di y u c ngha. Khi :
* = .
n n n
a b ab * =
n
n
n
a a
b
b

*
( )
=
m
n n m
a a *
, khi nle
| |, khi nchan
n n
a
a
a

* =
n m mn
a a
* Ly tha vi s m hu t: =
m
n m
n
a a
2. Lgarit:
a)nh ngha: = = log
c
a
b c b a
( )
< = > 0 1, 0 a b
b) Tnh cht:
Cho a,b>0, =1 a . Cc tnh cht sau c suy trc tip t nh ngha:
* = log 1 0
a
* = log 1
a
a
* =
log
a
b
a b *
( )
= eR log
k
a
a k k
c) So snh logarit:
Cho a,b,c>0, =1 c . Ta c:

= =
> < <
< < < >
*log log
*Neu 1th: log log
*Neu0 1th: log log
c c
c c
c c
a b a b
c a b a b
c a b a b

d) Cc quy tc tnh logarit:
* Logarit ca mt tch:
Cho > =
1 2
, , 0, 1. a x x a Ta c:
( )
= +
1 2 1 2
log log log
a a a
x x x x
* Logarit ca mt thng:
Cho > =
1 2
, , 0, 1. a x x a Ta c: =
1
1 2
2
log log log
a a a
x
x x
x

* Logarit ca mt ly tha:

Cho > = , 0, 1 a b a . Ta c:
( )
= eR log log
k
a a
b k b k
i c s: =
log
log
log
c
a
c
b
b
a

( )
1
log 1
log
a
b
b b
a
= =
( )
1
log .log 0
k
a
a
b b k
k
= =
( )
log log .log 0 1
a a c
b c b c = < =
* Logarit thp phn:
- Logarit c s 10 gi l logarit thp phn
N THI TN V LTH 2012
-
10
log a thng c vit l lgahoc loga
* Logarit t nhin:
- Logarit c s e gi l logarit t nhin.
( )
~ 2, 71828... e
- log
e
a thng c vit l lna
Bng o hm ca hm s ly tha, hm s m v hm s logarit:
Hm c bn Hm hp
1/
( )

=
/
1
. x x
2/
| |
=
|
\ .
/
2
1 1
x x

3/
( )
=
/
1
2
x
x

( )

=
/
1
. ' u u u
| |
=
|
\ .
/
2
1 ' u
u u

( )
=
/
'
2
u
u
u

4/
( )
=
/
x x
e e
5/
( )
=
/
.ln
x x
a a a
( )
=
/
'.
u u
e u e
( )
=
/
' ln
u u
a u a a
6/
( )
=
/
1
ln x
x

7/
( )
=
/
1
ln x
x

8/
( )
=
/
1
log
ln
a
x
x a

9/
( )
=
/
1
log
ln
a
x
x a

( )
=
/
'
ln
u
u
u

( )
=
/
'
ln
u
u
u

( )
=
/
'
log
ln
a
u
u
u a

( )
=
/
'
log
ln
a
u
u
u a

PHNG TRNH M
1. Phng php a v cng c s:
Vi > = 0, 1 a a . Ta c:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
= =
f x g x
a a f x g x
2. Phng php t n ph:
Dng 1:

+ + =
+ + + =
2
3 2
. . 0
. . . 0
.............................................
x x
x x x
A a B a C
A a B a C a D
t
( )
= > 0
x
a t t
Dng 2:

( )
2
2 2
. . 0 0
x x
x
x x
a a
A a B ab C b A B C
b b
| | | |
+ + = + + =
| |
\ . \ .

t:
( )
| |
= >
|
\ .
0
x
a
t t
b

Dng 3: + + = . . 0
x x
A a B b C vi = . 1
x x
a b
t:
( )
= > 0
x
a t t . Khi : =
1
x
b
t

3. Phng php logarit ha: Vi > < = 0, 0 1. M a Ta c:

( )
( )
= = log
f x
a
a M f x M
4. Phng php dng tnh n iu:
D on nghim v chng minh nghim l duy nht.
Gi s
( )
= y f x v
( )
= y g x l hai hm s lin tc:
* Cho
( )
= y f x tng v
( )
= y g x gim. Khi phng trnh
( ) ( )
= f x g x
nu c nghim th nghim l duy nht.
* Cho
( )
= y f x l hm tng (hoc gim). Khi phng trnh
( )
= f x k
nu c nghim th nghim l duy nht.
* =
x
y a tng nu >1 a v gim nu < < 0 1 a
N THI TN V LTH 2012
PHNG TRNH LOGARIT

1. Phng php a v cng c s:
Vi < = 0 1 a . Ta c:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
=

> >
log log
0 hoac 0
a a
f x g x
f x g x
f x g x

Ch :
( ) ( )
= = log
M
a
f x M f x a (khng cn t iu kin ca f(x))
2. Phng php t n ph:
Dng 1:
( )
+ + = > =
2
.log .log 0 0, 1
a a
A x B x C a a
t: = log
a
x t
Dng 2:
( )
+ + = > = .log .log 0 0, 1
a x
A x B a C a a
t: = log .
a
x t Khi
( )
= > =
1
log 0, 1
x
a x x
t

3. Phng php m ha:

( ) ( )
= = log
M
a
f x M f x a
4. Phng php dng tnh n iu:
D on nghim v chng minh nghim l duy nht (tng t phng
trnh m)
* Vi < < 0 1 a th hm s = log
a
y x lm hm gim
* Vi >1 a th hm s = log
a
y x lm hm tng

BT PHNG TRNH M, LGARIT

Khi gii bt phng trnh m v bt phng trnh lgarit th cn ch :
1. iu cn xc nh ca bt phng trnh.
2. C s ca ly tha hoc c s ca logarit, nu c s ln hn 1 th hm s
ng bin, c s ln hn 0 v nh hn 1 th hm s nghch bin.
*
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
> s s 1:
f x g x
a a a f x g x
*
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
< < s > 0 1:
f x g x
a a a f x g x
*
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
<
> <

>
1: log log
0
a a
f x g x
a f x g x
f x

*
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
>
< < <

>
0 1: log log
0
a a
f x g x
a f x g x
g x

Trong qu trnh gii bt phng trnh c th dng phng php t n ph,
logarit ha hoc m ha. Nu c n mu s th quy ng nhng khng c
b mu.

Chng III. NGUYN HM, TCH PHN V NG DNG
NGUYN HM
1. nh ngha:
Hm s
( )
F x c gi l nguyn hm ca hm s
( )
f x trn khong
( )
; a b nu vi mi x thuc
( )
; a b , ta c:
( ) ( )
= ' F x f x
2. nh l:
Nu
( )
F x l mt nguyn hm ca hm s
( )
f x trn khong
( )
; a b th:
a) Vi mi hng s C,
( )
+ F x C cng l mt nguyn hm ca hm s
( )
f x trn khong .
N THI TN V LTH 2012
b) Ngc li, mi nguyn hm ca hm s
( )
f x trn khong
( )
; a b u c
th vit di dng
( )
+ F x C vi C l mt hng s.
Ngi ta k hiu h tt c cc nguyn hm ca hm s
( )
f x l
( )
}
f x dx .
Nh vy:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
= + =
}
' f x dx F x C F x f x
3. Cc tnh cht ca nguyn hm:
*
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
= + =
}
' f x dx F x C F x f x
*
( )
( )
( )
=
}
/
f x dx f x v
( ) ( ) ( )
= +
}
/
f x dx f x C
*
( ) ( ) ( )
= =
} }
0 af x dx a f x dx a
*
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
(
=

} } }
f x g x f x dx g x dx
4. Bng cc nguyn hm:

Nguyn hm cc hm s s cp
thng gp
Nguyn hm ca cc hm s hp
(di y
( )
= t t x )
* = +
}
dx x C
*
( )
+
= + =
+
}
1
1
1
x
x dx C
*
( )
= + =
}
ln 0
dx
x C x
x

* = +
} 2
1 dx
C
x
x

* = +
}
x x
e dx e C
*
( )
= + < =
}
0 1
ln
x
x
a
a dx C a
a

* = +
}
cos sin xdx x C
* = +
}
sin cos xdx x C
* = +
}
dt t C
*
( )
+
= + =
+
}
1
1
1
t
t dt C
*
( )
= + =
}
ln 0
dt
t C t
t

* = +
} 2
1 dt
C
t
t

* = +
}
t t
e dt e C
*
( )
= + < =
}
0 1
ln
t
t
a
a dt C a
a

* = +
}
cos sin tdt t C
* = +
}
sin cos tdt t C
* = +
} 2
tan
cos
dx
x C
x

* = +
} 2
cot
sin
dx
x C
x

* = +
} 2
tan
cos
dt
t C
t

* = +
} 2
cot
sin
dt
t C
t

*
( )
( )
( )
+
+
+ = +
+
}
1
1
ax b
ax b dx C
a

* = + +
+
}
1
ln
dx
ax b C
ax b a

*
( )
( )
= +
+
+
} 2
1 dx
C
a ax b
ax b

*
+ +
= +
}
1
ax b ax b
e dx e C
a

*
( ) ( )
+ = + +
}
1
cos sin ax b dx ax b C
a

*
( ) ( )
+ = + +
}
1
sin cos ax b dx ax b C
a

*
( )
( )
( )
+
+
+ = +
+
}
1
1
at b
at b dt C
a

* = + +
+
}
1
ln
dt
at b C
at b a

*
( )
( )
= +
+
+
} 2
1 dt
C
a at b
at b

*
+ +
= +
}
1
at b at b
e dt e C
a

*
( ) ( )
+ = + +
}
1
cos sin at b dt at b C
a

*
( ) ( )
+ = + +
}
1
sin cos at b dt at b C
a

5. Cc phng php tm nguyn hm
* i bin:
Nu
( ) ( )
= +
}
f t dt F t C v
( )
= t x c o hm lin tc th:
( ) ( ) ( )

( (
= +

}
. ' f x x dx F x C
Ch :
-
( ) ( )
= = ' t x dt x dx
-
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
= = ' ' g t x g t dt x dx
* Nguyn hm tng phn:
Nu hai hm s
( )
u x v
( )
v x c o hm lin tc trn mt khong hay
mt on no , th trn khong hay on :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
=
} }
' ' u x v x dx u x v x u x v x dx

N THI TN V LTH 2012
Hay: =
} }
udv uv vdu
Ch :
* t:
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )

= =

= = = +

}
' du f x dx u f x
dv g x dx v g x dx G x C

Ta thng chn
( )
= = 0 C v G x
* Cc dng c bn: Cho
( )
P x l mt a thc.
- Dng 1:
( ) ( )
+
}
sin P x ax b dx . t:
( )
( )
= +
sin
u P x
dv ax b dx

- Dng 2:
( ) ( )
+
}
cos P x ax b dx . t:
( )
( )
= +
cos
u P x
dv ax b dx

- Dng 3:
( )
+
}
ax b
P x e dx . Dt:
( )
+
ax b
u P x
dv e

- Dng 4:
( ) ( )
+
}
ln P x ax b dx . t:
( )
( )
= +
ln u ax b
dv P x dx

- Dng 5:
( )
+
+
}
sin ' '
ax b
e a x b dx hoc
( )
+
+
}
cos ' '
ax b
e a x b dx .
Dng nguyn hm tng phn hai ln vi
+
=
ax b
u e
* Nguyn hm ca hm s hu t: ta c th dng cc php bin i
lng gic, thm-bt, a nguyn hm cn tm v dng n gin, d
tm
* Nguyn hm hm phn thc hu t dng
( )
( )
P x
Q x
.
- Nu bc ca P(x) ln hn hoc bng bc ca Q(x) th chia a thc
phn tch thnh tng, hiu cc nguyn hm n gin hn tnh.
- Nu bc ca P(x) nh hn bc ca Q(x) v Q(x)=0 c nghim th dng
phng php h s bt nh nh sau:
+
( )
( )
( )
( )( )
= = +
+ +
+ +
P x P x
A B
ax b mx n
Q x ax b mx n
. Quy ng mu v cui
cng, ng nht h s vi P(x) ta tm c A,B.
+
( )
( )
( )
( )( ) ( )
= = + +
+ +
+ + +
2 2
P x P x
A B C
ax b mx n Q x
ax b mx n mx n
. Quy ng
mu v cui cng, ng nht h s vi P(x) ta tm c A,B,C.
T bin i c bi ton cho v dng n gin hn tnh.
* Ch : Trong qu trnh gii ton cn ch n cng thc
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
+
= +
f x g x f x g x
h x h x h x
a bi ton v dng n gin hn.

TCH PHN
1. nh ngha:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
= =
}
b
b
a
a
f x dx F x F b F a
2. Cc tnh cht ca tch phn:
1.
( )
=
}
0
a
a
f x dx
2.
( ) ( )
=
} }
b a
a b
f x dx f x dx
3.
( ) ( ) ( )
= e
} }
R
b b
a a
kf x dx k f x dx k
4.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
(
=

} } }
b b b
a a a
f x g x dx f x dx g x dx
5.
( ) ( ) ( )
= +
} } }
b c b
a a c
f x dx f x dx f x dx
6.
( )
> 0 f x trn on (

; a b
( )
>
}
0
b
a
f x dx
N THI TN V LTH 2012
7.
( ) ( )
> f x g x trn on (

; a b
( ) ( )
>
} }
b b
a a
f x dx g x dx
3. Cc phng php tnh tch phn
* Phng php tch phn tng phn:
Nu
( )
= u u x v
( )
= v v x l hai hm s c o hm lin tc trn on
(

; a b th =
} }
b b
a a
b
udv uv vdu
a

Ch : Phng php t u, dv cng ging nh nguyn hm tng phn.
* Phng php i bin loi 1:
Tnh tch phn c dng:
( ) ( )

(
=

}
b
a
I g x x dx
t:
( )
= x t . Khi :
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )

(
= =

} }
'
b
b
a a
I g x x dx g t dt
Ch :
-
( ) ( )
= = ' t t dt x dx
-
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
= = ' ' g t x g t dt x dx
* Phng php i bin loi 2:
Tnh
( )
=
}
b
a
I f x dx
t:
( )
= x t . Vi l hm s c o hm lin tc trn on
(

; trong :
( ) ( )
= = , a b .
Khi :
( ) ( ) ( )

(
= =

} }
'
b
a
I f x dx f t t dt
Cc dng c bn (vi k>0)
a) Dng 1:
}
2
1
b
a
x dx . t:
(
= e
(

sin , ;
2 2
x t t
M rng:
}
2 2
b
a
k x dx . t:
(
= e
(

sin , ;
2 2
x k t t
b) Dng 2:
}
2
1
b
a
dx
x
. t:
(
= e
(

sin , ;
2 2
x t t
M rng:
}
2 2
b
a
dx
k x
. t:
(
= e
(

sin , ;
2 2
x k t t
c) Dng 3:
+
} 2
1
b
a
dx
x
. t:
| |
= e
|
\ .
tan , ;
2 2
x t t
M rng:
a)
+
} 2 2
b
a
dx
x k
. t:
| |
= e
|
\ .
tan , ;
2 2
x k t t
b)
( )
+ +
} 2
2
b
a
dx
ax b k
. t:
| |
+ = e
|
\ .
tan , ;
2 2
ax b k t t
c)
( )
( )
+
} 2 2
'
b
a
f x
dx
f x k
. t:
( )
| |
= e
|
\ .
tan , ;
2 2
f x k t t
(Cc phng php tnh tch phn hon ton ging nh cc phng
php tm nguyn hm)

NG DNG HNH HC CA TCH PHN

1. Tnh din tch hnh phng gii hn bi 1 ng cong v trc honh:
Cho hm s
( )
= y f x (C) lin tc
trn on (

; a b . Din tch hnh
phng gii hn bi (C), trc honh v
hai ng thng = = , x a x b c
tnh bi cng thc:

8 ch vng cn nh i vi bi ton tch phn:
i bin: LC, CN, MU, M
Tng phn: LC, A, LNG, M
N THI TN V LTH 2012
( )
=
}
b
a
S f x dx

2. Din tch hnh phng gii hn bi hai ng cong:
Cho hai hm s
( )
= y f x (C) v
( )
= y g x (C) lin tc trn on
(

; a b . Din tch hnh phng gii
hn bi (C), (C) v hai ng thng
= = , x a x b , c tnh bi cng
thc:
( ) ( )
=
}
b
a
S f x g x dx

Ch :
- Trong trng hp cha cho cn a,b th phi gii phng trnh honh
giao im tm cn. Nghim nh nht l cn di a, nghim ln nht l
cn trn b.
- tch tch phn c cha du gi tr tuyt i c 2 cch:
+ Cch 1: Xt du biu thc di du tch phn b du gi tr tuyt
i theo tnh cht
>
=
<
, neu 0
,neu 0
A A
A
A A

+ Cch 2: Nu
( )
f x khng i du trn
( )
; a b (tc l
( )
= 0 f x khng c
nghin thuc
( )
; a b ) th ta c
( ) ( )
=
} }
b b
a a
f x dx f x dx . Cch th 2 ny gip
gii ton nhanh hn.
3. Tnh th tch vt th trn xoay trc Ox:
Cho hm s
( )
= y f x (C) lin tc trn on (

; a b . Nu hnh phng gii
hn bi cc ng (C), x=a, x=b, trc Ox quay quanh trc Ox th th tch V
ca vt th trn xoay sinh ra c tnh theo cng thc:
=
}
2
b
a
V y dx
Hay:
( )
=
}
2
b
a
V f x dx

4. Th tch vt th trn xoay trc Oy:
Cho hm s
( )
= x g x (C) lin tc trn on (

; c d . Nu hnh phng gii
hn bi cc ng (C), y=c, y=d, trc Oy quay quanh trc Oy th th tch V
ca vt th trn xoay sinh ra c tnh theo cng thc:
=
}
2
d
c
V x dy
Hay:
( )
=
}
2
d
c
V g y dy

N THI TN V LTH 2012
Chng IV. S PHC
1. S i: =
2
1 i
2. nh ngha:
- S phc z l biu thc c dng: = + e = R
2
, , , 1 z a bi a b i
+ a gi l phn thc.
+ b gi l phn o.
+ i gi l n v o.
- Tp hp s phc k hiu l C. Vy c R C
3. S phc bng nhau:
Cho hai s phc = + = + , ' ' ' z a bi z a b i ,
=
=

=
'
'
'
a a
z z
b b

4. Biu din hnh hc ca s phc:
* Cho s phc = + z a bi , im
( )
; M a b trong mt phng ta Oxy gi l
im biu din cho s phc z

* Gi s s phc = + z a bi c biu din bi im
( )
; M a b . di ca
vect
,
OMgi l mun ca s phc z, k hiu: z . Vy:
= = +
,
2 2
z OM a b
5. S phc lin hp:
- S phc = z a bi gi l s phc lin hp ca s phc = + z a bi
- Ta c: = = ; z z z z
6. Cng, tr, nhn hai s phc:
Cho hai s phc = + = + ; ' ' ' z a bi z a b i . Ta c;

( ) ( )
+ = + + + ' ' ' z z a a b b i

( ) ( )
= + ' ' ' z z a a b b i

( ) ( )
= + + . ' ' ' ' ' z z aa bb a b ba i
7. S phc nghch o, chia hai s phc:
- S phc nghch o ca s phc = + z a bi l mt s phc, k hiu l:
= = =
+
1
2 2 2
1 1 z
z z
z z a b

- Chia hai s phc: =
2
. '
'
'
z z z
z
z
(nhn t v mu cho ' z )
8. Phng trnh bc hai h s thc trn tp C:
Cho phng trnh
( )
+ + = = eR
2
0 0; , , ax bx c a a b c . Gi A =
2
4 b ac :
+ Nu A > 0 phng trnh c hai nghim thc:
A
=
2
b
x
a

+ Nu A = 0 phng trnh c mt nghim thc: =
2
b
x
a

+ Nu A < 0 phng trnh c hai nghim phc:
A
=
2 2
b
x i
a a

9. Ch : Khi gii cc bi ton tm s phc z, hay tm tp hp im biu din
s phc z tha mn iu kin bi cho ta thng gi z=x+yi ri da vo d
kin ca bi gii quyt ycbt.

N THI TN V LTH 2012

TH TCH KHI A DIN V KHI TRN XOAY

I. Th tch khi a din:
1. Th tch khi lp phng cnh a: =
3
V a (vtt)
2. Th tch khi hp ch nht c ba kch thc a,b,c l = . . V a b c (vtt)
3. Th tch khi lng tr c din tch y l B, chiu cao l h l; = . V B h
(vtt)
4. Th tch ca khi chp c din tch y B, chiu cao h l: =
1
3
V Bh
(vtt)
5. Th tch khi chp ct c din tch hai y l B v B, chiu cao h l:
( )
= + +
1
' '
3
V B B BB h (vtt)
6. Mt s tnh cht:
* T s th tch ca hai khi a din ng dng bng lp phng t s ng
dng
* Cho khi chp S.ABC. Trn cc on thng SA, SB, SC ln lt ly 3
im A, B, C khc vi S. Khi :
=
. ' ' '
.
' ' '
. .
S A B C
S ABC
V
SA SB SC
V SA SB SC

II. Th tch khi trn xoay:
1. Mt nn trn xoay:
Cho hnh nn N c chiu cao l h, ng sinh l , bn knh y R
- Din tch xung quanh ca hnh nn: =
xq
S Rl (vdt)
- Din tch ton phn: = + = +
2
a y tp xq
S S S Rl R
- Th tch khi nn: =
2
1
3
V R h (vtt)

2. Mt tr trn xoay:
Cho hnh tr T c chiu cao h v bn knh y R.
- Din tch xung quanh hnh tr: = 2
xq
S Rh (vdt)
- Th tch khi tr: =
2
V R h (vtt)
3. Mt cu:
- Din tch mt cu (S) bn knh R l: =
2
4 S R (vdt)
- Th tch khi cu (S) bn knh R l: =
3
4
3
V R (vtt)

N THI TN V LTH 2012
Chng III. PHNG PHP TA TRONG KHNG GIAN
H TA TRONG KHNG GIAN

1. H trc ta trong khng gian:
O
k
j
i
x
y
z
z
x
y
M(x;y;z)
H

2. Ta ca im v ca vect:
*
( )
= + +
, , , ,
; ; M x y z OM xi y j zk
*
( )
= = + +
, , , , ,
; ; u x y z u xi y j zk
* Tnh cht: Cho
( ) ( )
= =
, ,
1 2 3 1 2 3
; ; ; ; ; a a a a b b b b
*
=
= =
, ,
1 1
2 2
3 3
a b
a b a b
a b

*
( )
=
, ,
1 1 2 2 3 3
; ; a b a b a b a b
*
( )
=
,
1 2 3
; ; ka ka ka ka
3. Lin h gia ta vect v ta hai im mt:
Cho ba im
( ) ( ) ( )
; ; , ; ; , ; ;
A A A B B C C C C
A x y z B x y z C x y z . Khi :
*
( )
=
,
; ;
B A B A B A
AB x x y y z z
* Chia on thng theo t s k: M chia AB theo t s k =
, ,
MA kMB
Khi :

=
1
1
1
A B
M
A B
M
A B
M
x kx
x
k
y ky
y
k
z kz
z
k

* Cng thc tnh ta trung im on thng:
M l trung im ca on thng AB
+
=
+
=
2
2
2
A B
M
A B
M
A B
M
x x
x
y y
y
z z
z

* Cng thc tnh ta trng tm tam gic:
G l trng tm tam gic ABC
+ +
=
+ +
=
+ +
=
3
3
3
A B C
G
A B C
G
A B C
G
x x x
x
y y y
y
z z z
z

* Khong cch gia hai im (cng thc tnh di on thng):
( ) ( ) ( )
= + +
2 2 2
B A B A B A
AB x x y y z z
4. Biu thc ta ca tch v hng:
Cho
( ) ( )
= =
, ,
1 2 3 1 2 3
; ; ; ; ; a a a a b b b b .
* = + +
, ,
1 1 2 2 3 3
. a b a b a b a b
* = + +
,
2
2 2 2
1 2 3
a a a a
* = + +
,
2 2 2
1 2 3
a a a a
N THI TN V LTH 2012
* = + +
, , , ,
1 1 2 2 3 3
. 0 a b a b a b a b a b
5. Gc gia hai vect:
( )
+ +
= =
+ + + +
, ,
, ,
, ,
1 1 2 2 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 3
.
cos ,
.
a b a b a b
a b
a b
a b a a a b b b

6. Tch c hng ca hai vect v ng dng:
a) nh ngha:
| |
(
= |
|
\ .
, ,
2 3 3 1 1 2
2 3 3 1 1 2
, ; ;
a a a a a a
a b
b b b b b b

Ch : =
a b
ad bc
c d

b) Tnh cht:
- Nu
(
=

, , ,
, c a b th:
, ,
, ,
c a
c b

-
, ,
, a b cng phng
(
=

, , ,
, 0 a b
-
, , ,
, , a b c ng phng
(
=

, , ,
, . 0 a b c
-
( )
(
=

, , , , , ,
, . sin , a b a b a b
c) Din tch tam gic:
Cho tam gic ABC c din tch l S. Khi :
(
=

, ,
1
,
2
S AB AC
d) Th tch khi hp:
Cho khi hp ABCD.ABCD c th tch V. Khi :

(
=

, , ,
, . ' V AB AD AA (vtt)
e) Th tch khi t din:
Cho khi t din ABCD c th tch V. Khi :
(
=

, , ,
1
, .
6
V AB AC AD
PHNG TRNH MT CU

1. Phng trnh chnh tc:
Phng trnh mt cu tm
( )
; ; I a b c bn knh R:
( ) ( ) ( )
+ + =
2 2 2
2
x a y b z c R
2. Phng trnh tng qut:
Trong khng gian Oxyz, phng trnh :
+ + + =
2 2 2
2 2 2 0 x y z ax by cz d vi + + >
2 2 2
0 a b c d l phng
trnh mt cu tm
( )
; ; I a b c , bn knh = + +
2 2 2
R a b c d
Ch : Nu phng trnh cho di dng
+ + + + + + =
2 2 2
2 2 2 0 x y z ax by cz d vi + + >
2 2 2
0 a b c d th mt cu
c tm
( )
; ; I a b c , bn knh = + +
2 2 2
R a b c d
3. V tr tng i gia mt cu (S) v mt phng
( )
:
* Nu
( )
(

>
, I
d R : mt phng v mt cu khng c im chung
* Nu
( )
(

=
, I
d R : mt phng
( )
tip xc mt cu (S), khi
( )
gi l
tip din ca mt cu (S).
iu kin mt phng
( )
tip xc mt cu l
( )
(

=
; I
d R
* Nu
( )
(

<
, I
d R : mt phng ct mt cu theo 1 ng trn c phng
trnh
( )
( )
ptmc S
ptmp
(C). (C) gi l ng trn giao tuyn trong khng gian.
4. Cch xc nh tm ca ng trn giao tuyn c phng trnh
( )
( )
ptmc S
ptmp
trong khng gian:
N THI TN V LTH 2012

* Gi H l tm ng trn (C). Lp phng
trnh IH (IH qua I v nhn
,
n lm VTPT)
* Ta H l nghim ca h
( )
pt
ptmp
IH

4. Cch tnh bn knh ng trn trong khng gian c phng trnh
( )
( )
ptmc S
ptmp

p dng
( ) ( )
(
= =
(

2 2 2
, I
r R IH R d , vi I l tm mt cu.
5. Mt cu qua 4 im A,B,C,D khng ng phng (ngoi tip t din
ABCD):
- Gi phng mt cu (S) cn tm c phng trnh l:
+ + + =
2 2 2
2 2 2 0 x y z ax by cz d (1)
- Do
( )
e , , , A B C D S nn thay ta ca A,B,C,D vo phng trnh (1) ta
c h 4 phng trnh 4 n a,b,c,d.
- Gii h tm c a,b,c,d t c c phng trnh mt cu (S) cn tm.
6. Vit phng trnh mt cu tip xc mt phng :
Do mt cu (S) tip xc mt phng nn
( )
,( ) R d I = vi I l tm ca
mt cu.
7. Vit phng trnh mt cu (S) tip xc ng thng d:
Do mt cu (S) tip xc ng thng d nn
( )
( ) R d I d = vi I l tm ca
mt cu.
8. Vit phng trnh mt phng cha ng thng d v tip xc mt cu
(S):
* Gi l mt phng cha d. Lp phng trnh mt phng di dng
chm mt phng.
* Do tip xc mt cu (S) nn
( )
(

=
, I
R d . T y chn v tm .
9. Vit phng trnh mt cu (S) qua A, B, C v c tm nm trn mt phng

* Gi
( )
+ + + =
2 2 2
: 2 2 2 0 S x y z ax by cz d
* Thay ta im A, B, C vo phng trnh trn v tm
( )
; ; I a b c vo
phng trnh ri gii h tm c a,b,c,d.
10. Vit phng trnh mt phng tip xc mt cu (S) ti H:
Mt phng tip xc mt cu (S) ti H l mt phng i qua H v c vect
php tuyn l
,
IH (I l tm mt cu)
11. Lp phng trnh tip din ca mt cu (S) bit n song song
1 2
, d d :
* Tm VTCP ca
1
d l
,
1
u , VTCP ca
2
d l
,
2
u . Tnh
( )
(
= =

, , ,
1 2
, , , n u u A B C
* Gi
( )
l mt phng song song
1 2
, d d nn c VTPT l
( )
(
= =

, , ,
1 2
, ; ; n u u A B C v c phng trnh l + + + = 0 Ax By Cz m
* iu kin
( )
l tip din ca (S) l
( )
(

=
,
.
I
d R T iu kin ny tm
m v c c phng trnh tip din (I l tm mt cu (S))
12. Tm ta tip im H ca mt cu (S) v mt phng :
* Gi H l tip im. Lp phng trnh IH (H qua I v nhn
( )
,
n lm
VTPT)
* Ta ca H l nghim ca h
( )
pt
ptmp
IH

13. Tm ta tip im H ca mt cu (S) v ng thng d:
* Gi
( )
l mt phng qua I v vung gc vi d. Lp phng trnh mt
phng
( )
(
( )
qua I v nhn
,
d
u lm VTPT)
N THI TN V LTH 2012
* Ta tip im H ca mt cu (S) v ng thng d l nghim ca h
( )
( )
ptmp
ptt d

14. Vit phng trnh mt cu (S) tm I v ct d ti 2 im A, B sao cho
AB=L:
p dng
( )
| |
(
= +
|

\ .
2
2
,( )
2
L
R d I d
15. Vit phng trnh mt phng
( )
qua M (M nm trong mt cu (S)) v
ct mt cu (S) theo mt ng trn c bn knh nh nht:
* Ta c =
2 2
r R IH , r nh nht IH ln nht. Mt khc s IH IM ,
nn IH ln nht khi IH=IM, khi H M, do
( )
IM .
* Vy mt phng
( )
cn tm cnh l mt phng qua M v nhn
,
IM lm
VTPT.
16. Vit phng trnh mt cu (S) i xng vi mt cu (S) qua mt phng
( )
:
* Tm I i xng vi tm I ca mt cu (S) qua mt phng
( )

* Mt cu (S) c tm I v bn knh R=R (R l bn knh ca mt cu (S)).
T lp c phng trnh (S).
17. Vit phng trnh mt cu (S) i xng vi mt cu (S) qua ng
thng A :
* Tm I i xng vi tm I ca mt cu (S) qua ng thng A .
* Mt cu (S) c tm I v bn knh R=R (R l bn knh ca mt cu (S)).
T lp c phng trnh (S).
18. Tm im trn mt cu (S) sao cho khong cch t n mt phng
( )
t GTLN (GTNN):
* Tm tm I ca mt cu (S).
* Lp phng trnh ng thng d qua I v vung gc
( )
di dng tham
s (d qua I v c VTCP l
( )
,
n )
* Ta giao im ca d v (S) l nghim ca h
( )
( )
ptt
ptmc
d
S
(tm c M
v N)
* Tnh
( ) ( )

( (

, ,
,
M N
d d . So snh hai khong cch trn, s ln l GTLN, s
nh l GTNN. T chn M, N thch hp.

PHNG TRNH MT PHNG

1. Vect php tuyn ca mt phng:
,
n l VTPT ca mt phng
( )
gi ca
,
n vung
gc vi mt phng
n

2. Phng trnh tng qut ca mt phng:
* Mt phng
( )
i qua
( )
0 0 0
; ; M x y z v nhn
( )
=
,
; ; n A B C th phng
trnh mp
( )
l:
( ) ( ) ( )
+ + =
0 0 0
0 A x x B y y C z z
* Mi phng trnh dng
( )
+ + + = + + =
2 2 2
0 0 Ax By Cz D A B C u l
phng trnh ca mt mt phng xc nh, v
( )
=
,
; ; n A B C l mt VTPT
ca mt phng .
* Mt phng
( )
ct cc trc Ox,Oy,Oz theo cc giao im
( ) ( ) ( )
; 0; 0 , 0; ; 0 , 0; 0; A a B b C c th phng trnh ca mt phng
( )
l:
+ + =1
x y z
a b c
(phng trnh theo on chn.
Cc dng ton vit phng trnh mt phng:
Dng 1:
( )
mp l mt phng trung trc on thng AB
N THI TN V LTH 2012
M
A
B

Phng php:
- Tm ta trung im M ca AB
- Tm ta vect
,
AB
-
( )
l mt phng qua M v c
VTPT l
,
AB
Dng 2:
( )
mp l mt phng i qua 3 im A, B, C
n =[AB,AC]
A
C
B

Phng php:
- Tm:
, ,
, AB AC
- Tm:
(
=

, , ,
, n AB AC
-
( )
mp l mt phng qua A v c
VTPT l
,
n
Dng 3:
( )
mp l mt phng qua A v cha ng thng (d)
u
d
n
A
B

Phng php:
- Chn B thuc (d)
-
( )
mp l mt phng qua A v c
VTPT l
(
=

, , ,
,
d
n AB u
Dng 4:
( )
mp qua im
( )
0 0 0
; ; M x y z v song song mt phng
( )
+ + + = : 0 Ax By Cz D

n =(A;B;C)
M

Phng php:
-
( )
=
,
; ; n A B C l VTPT ca
( )
mp
- Do
( ) ( )
/ / nn
,
n cng l VTPT
ca
( )
mp
-
( )
mp l mt phng qua M v c
VTPT l
,
n

Dng 5:
( )
mp qua hai im M, N v vung gc mt phng
( )
+ + + = : 0 Ax By Cz D

n
M
N

Phng php:
- Tm
,
MN ;
( )
=
,
; ; n A B C l VTPT
ca
( )
.
- Tm
(
=

, , ,
, n MN n .
-
( )
VTPT l
,
n
Dng 6:
( )
mp cha ng thng (d) v vung gc
( )
+ + + = : 0 Ax By Cz D

d
u
n
R
R
M
Phng php:
- Chn
( )
e M d
- Tm
,
u l VTCP ca (d),
,
u l VTCP
ca (d),
,
n l VTPT ca
( )

- Tm
(
=

, , ,
, n u n .
-
( )
VTPT l
,
n
Dng 7:
( )
mp i qua M v vung gc hai mt phng (P), (Q) cho trc
N THI TN V LTH 2012
n
Q
n
P
()
(Q)
(P)
M

Phng php:
- Tm:
,
P
n l VTPT ca (P);
,
Q
n l
VTPT ca (Q).
- Tm
(
=

, , ,
,
P Q
n n n .
-
( )
mp l mt phng qua M v nhn
,
n lm VTPT.
Dng 8:
( )
mp tip xc vi mt cu (S) tm I ti im
( )
e M S
I
M

Phng php:
- Tm tm I ca mt cu (S).
- Tm
,
IM
-
( )
mp l mt phng i qua M v
c VTPT l
,
IM

Dng 9:
( )
mp i qua M v vung gc ng thng (d) cho trc
a
()
M

Phng php:
- Tm
,
a l VTCP ca ng thng
(d).
- Do
( )
mp song song vi (d) nn
,
a cng l VTPT ca
( )
mp .
Dng 10:
( )
mp qua M v song song vi hai ng thng
( ) ( )
1 2
, d d cho
trc
a
2
a
1
d
2
d
1
()
M

Phng php:
- Tm:
,
1
a l VTCP ca
( )
1
d ;
,
2
a l
VTCP ca
( )
2
d
- Tm
(
=

, , ,
1 2
, n a a
-
( )
VTPT l
,
n
Dng 11:
( )
mp l mt phng cha ng thng
( )
1
d v song song ng
thng
( )
2
d
a
2
a
1
d
2
d
1
()
M

Phng php:
- Chn im M thuc
( )
1
d
-
( )
l mt phng qua M v c
VTPT l
(
=

, , ,
1 2
, n a a

Dng 12:
( )
mp cha hai ng thng ct nhau
( ) ( )
1 2
, d d

a
2
a
1
d
2
d
1
()
M

Phng php:
- Chn im M thuc
( )
1
d hoc
( )
2
d .
- VTPT ca
( )
l
(
=

, , ,
1 2
, n a a

Dng 13:
( )
mp cha hai ng thng
( ) ( )
1 2
/ / d d

u
1
d
2
d
1
A
B

Phng php:
- Chn
( )
e
1
A d ,
( )
e
2
B d
-
( )
mp l mt phng qua 3 im
A v c VTPT l
(
=

, , ,
1
, n AB u
N THI TN V LTH 2012
Dng 14:
( )
mp cha giao tuyn ca hai mt phng (P) v (Q), ng thi
vung gc mt phng (R)

n
R
R
M
N

Phng php:
- Chn M,N thuc
( ) ( )
P Q (bng
cch cho x=0, x=1,v thay vo h
( )
( )
ptmp P
ptmp Q
tm y,z)
-
( )
mp l mt phng qua M,N v
vung gc (R) (dng 4)
Dng 15: Vit phng trnh mt phng
( )
qua
( )
0 0 0
; ; M x y z , song song d
v vung gc mt phng
( )
:
Khi mt phng
( )
:
( )
(
=
, , ,
0 0 0
; ;
,
d
qua M x y z
VTPT n u n

Dng 16: Vit phng trnh mt phng theo on chn: ct Ox ti
( )
; 0; 0 A a , ct Oy ti
( )
0; ; 0 B b , ct Oz ti
( )
0; 0; C c :
Khi phng trnh mt phng (ABC) l + + =1
x y z
a b c

PHNG TRNH NG THNG

1. Vect ch phng ca ng thng:
Vect
,
a gi l vect ch phng (VTCP) ca ng thng (d) gi ca
,
a song song hoc trng (d).
2. Cc dng phng trnh ng thng:
Cho im
( )
0 0 0
; ; M x y z v vect
( )
=
,
; ; u a b c
* ng thng (d) qua M v nhn
,
u lm VTCP c phng trnh tham s l
( )
= +
= + e
= +
R
0
0
0
x x at
y y bt t
z z ct

* ng thng (d) qua M v nhn
,
u lm VTCP c phng trnh chnh tc
l
( )

= = =
0 0 0
, , 0
x x y y z z
a b c
a b c

3. Cc dng ton vit phng trnh ng thng:
Dng 1: Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) qua 2 im AB
Phng php:
- Tm
,
AB
- (d) l ng thng qua A v c VTCP l
,
AB
Dng 2: Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) qua A v song song ng
thng
( )
A
Phng php:
- Tm vect
,
u l VTCP ca
( )
A
,
u .
Dng 3: Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) qua A v vung gc mt
phng
( )

Phng php:
- Tm
,
n l VTPT ca mt phng
( )
.
,
n
Dng 4:Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) l giao tuyn ca 2 mt
phng (P) v (Q)
Phng php:
- Tm
,
P
n l VTPT ca mp(P),
,
Q
n l VTPT ca mp(Q).
- Tm
(
=

, , ,
,
P Q
u n n
- Chn im M thuc giao tuyn bng cch cho 1 n bng 0 thay vo pt
(P) v mp(Q) gii h tm c 2 n cn li.
N THI TN V LTH 2012
- (d) l ng thng qua M v nhn
,
u lm VTCP
Dng 5: Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) qua A v song song 2 mt
phng (P) v (Q) (hoc song song vi giao tuyn ca hai mt phng (P)
v (Q))
Phng php:
- Tm
,
P
n l VTPT ca mp(P),
,
Q
n l VTPT ca mp(Q)
- Tm
(
=

, , ,
,
P Q
u n n
,
u
Dng 6: Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) l hnh chiu ca ng
thng
( )
A ln mt phng (P)
Phng php:
- Vit phng trnh mt phng (Q) cha (d) v vung gc mt phng (P)
(xem dng 5 ca phng trnh mt phng)
- Chn
( ) ( )
e N P Q bng cch cho 1 n bng 0, thay vo pt (P) v pt
(Q), gii h tm c 2 n cn li.
- Tm
(
=

, , ,
,
P Q
u n n
- (d) l ng thng qua N v c VTCP l
,
u
Dng 7:Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) l ng cao k t A ca tam
gic ABC
Phng php:
- Tm
(
=

, , , , ,
, , , AC BC n AC BC
- Tm
(
=

, , ,
, u n BC
,
u
Dng 8: Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) l ng trung trc ca
cnh BC ca tam gic ABC
Phng php:
- Tm
(
=

, , , , ,
, , , AC BC n AC BC
- Tm
(
=

, , ,
, u n BC
- Tm M l trung im ca BC
- (d) l ng thng qua M v c VTCP l
,
u
Dng 9: Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) l ng vung gc chung
ca 2 ng thng cho nhau
( ) ( )
1 2
, d d
Phng php:
- Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) cha
( )
2
d v song song
( )
1
d (dng
11 phng trnh mt phng)
-Vit phng trnh mt phng (Q) cha
( )
1
d v vung gc mt phng
(P) (dng 6 phng trnh mt phng)
- Tm giao im M ca ng thng
( )
2
d v mt phng (Q).
- (d) l ng thng qua M v vung gc vi mt phng (P) (dng 3
phng trnh ng thng)
Cch khc:
- Chuyn phng trnh
1 2
, d d di dng tham s.
- Gi e
1
M d di dng cha tham s
1
t v e
2
N d di dng cha tham
s
2
t . Tnh vect
,
MN .
- Do
, ,
, ,
1
2
MN u
MN u
. T y tm c
1 2
, t t v c M,N
- ng vung gc chung qua M v nhn
,
MN lm VTCP.
Dng 10: Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) qua A v ct hai ng
thng d
1
, d
2
cho trc:
d
2
d
1
d
M
N
A

C1:
* Chuyn d
1
,d
2
v phng trnh tham s
* Gi e e
1 2
, M d N d (ta M,N cha
1 2
, t t ). Tnh
, ,
, AM AN .
* Do
,
AMcng phng
,
AN nn t k cng
phng tm c
1 2
, t t v c c M,N.
N THI TN V LTH 2012
* ng thng cn tm qua A v c VTCP
,
AM
Cch khc:
* Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) qua A v
cha
( )
1
d (xem dng 3 ca phng trnh
mt phng)
* Tm giao im M ca mt phng (P) v
( )
2
d
*
( )
d l ng thng qua 2 im A,M (dng
1)

Dng 11: Vit phng trnh ng hng (d) qua A, vung gc v ct
ng thng A :
u
A
M

* Tm VTCP ca A l
A
,
u
* Gi eA M (ta M cha tham s t).
Tnh
,
AM
*
A
, ,
AM u . T y tm t v c M.
ng thng cn tm qua M v nhn
,
AMlm VTCP

H
A

Cch khc:
* Gi
( )
l mt phng qua A v vung
gc A . Lp phng trnh mt phng
( )
(qua A v nhn
A
u
,
lm VTPT)
* Ta giao im H ca mt phng
( )
v A l nghim ca h
( )
( )
ptmp
pt
.
.* ng thng cn tm qua A v nhn
,
AH lm VTCP.

Dng 12: Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) nm trong mt phng
( )
v ct 2 ng thng d
1
,d
2
:

d
2
d
1
A
B

* Tm giao im A ca
1
d v mp
( )
:
Gii h:
( )
( )
1
pt d
ptmp

* Tm giao im B ca
2
d v mp
( )
:
Gii h:
( )
( )
2
pt d
ptmp

* ng thng d chnh l ng thng
qua A v nhn
,
AB lm VVTCP.

Dng 13: Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) song song A v ct 2
ng thng
1 2
, d d :
u
d
d
2
d
1
M
N

* Chuyn phng trnh
1 2
, d d di dng
tham s cha
1 2
, t t .
* Gi e e
1 2
, M d N d (ta M, N cha
1 2
, t t ). Tnh
,
MN
*
,
MN cng phng
A
,
u , t y tm
1 2
, t t
v c M,N.
* ng thng cn tm qua M v nhn
A
,
u
lm VTCP
Dng 14: Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) qua giao im ca
( )
v
A , nm trong
( )
v vung gc A :

* Tm giao im A ca
( )
v A : gii
N THI TN V LTH 2012
[n
,u ]
n
A

h
( )
( )
ptmp
ptdt

* Dng thng d qua A v c VTCP l
A
(
=

, , ,
, u n u
Dng 15: Vit phng trnh ng thng d qua M vung gc d
1
v ct
d
2
:
d
u
d
1
d
1
d
2
M
N

* Chuyn phng trnh d
2
v dng tham
s. Gi N thuc d
2
(ta N cha tham
s t). Tnh vect
,
MN
* Do
, ,
1
d
MN u , t phng trnh ny ta
tm c tham s t, t tm c N.
ng thng d qua M v c VTCP l
,
MN
Dng 16: Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) vung gc mt phng
( )

v ct 2 ng thng d
1
, d
2
:

d
d
2
d
1
M
N

* Chuyn phng trnh d
1
, d
2
v dng
tham s.
* Gi M thuc d
1
di dng cha tham
s t
1
, N thuc d
2
di dng cha tham s
t
2
. Tnh vect
,
MN .
* Do
,
MN cng phng
,
n , t tm
c tham s
1 2
, t t ta tm c M,N
* ng thng cn tm qua M v nhn
,
MN lm VTCP
Dng 17: Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) qua M v vung gc hai
ng thng
1 2
, d d :
Khi (d) l ng thng qua M v c VTCP l
(
=

, , ,
1 2
,
d d
u u u
Dng 18: Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) qua M song song mt
phng
( )
v vung gc ng thng
( )
A :
u
n
M

* ng thng (d):
A
(
=
, , ,
,
Qua M
VTCPu n u

Dng 19: Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) qua M song song mt
phng
( )
v ct ng thng A :
n
N
M

* Chuyn phng trnh A thnh phng
trnh tham s.
* Gi N thuc A (ta N cha tham
s t). Tnh
,
MN
* Do
, ,
MN u nn t y tm c t,
t c N.
* ng thng d cn tm qua M v
nhn vect
,
MN lm VTCP

V TR TNG I
1. CM
( )
ct
( )
: Ta chng minh = : : ' : ' : ' A B C A B C
2. CM
( ) ( )
: Ta chng minh = = =
' ' ' '
A B C D
A B C D

3. CM
( )
//
( )
: Ta chng minh = = =
' ' ' '
A B C D
A B C D

4. CM , ' d d ng phng: Ta chng minh
(
=

, , ,
, ' . ' 0 u u MM vi e e , ' ' M d M d
5. CM , ' d d ct nhau:
(
=

, , ,
, ' . ' 0 u u MM v = : : ' : ' : ' a b c a b c
6. CM d // d: Ta chng minh
( ) ( ) ( )
= =
0 0 0 0 0 0
: : ' : ' : ' ' : ' : ' a b c a b c x x y y z z
7. CM d d: Ta chng minh
N THI TN V LTH 2012
( ) ( ) ( )
= =
0 0 0 0 0 0
: : ' : ' : ' ' : ' : ' a b c a b c x x y y z z
8. CM d v d cho nhau: ta chng minh
(
=

, , ,
, ' . ' 0 u u MM vi e e , ' ' M d M d
9. CM d ct
( )
: Ta chng minh: + + = 0 aA bB cC
10. CM d//
( )
: Ta chng minh
( )
+ + =
e e
0 0
0 aA bB cC
M d M

11. CM d c
( )
: Ta chng minh
( )
+ + =
e e
0 0
0 aA bB cC
M d M

Ch :
* CM
( ) ( )
' ta chng minh + + = ' ' ' 0 AA BB CC
* CM ' d d ta chng minh =
, ,
. ' 0 u u
* CM
( )
d ta chng minh = : : : : a b c A B C .
* Chng minh
( ) ( )
; ; , ; ;
A A A B B C
A x y z B x y z nm v 2 pha i vi
( )
+ + + = : 0 Ax By Cz D , ta chng minh:
( )( )
+ + + + + + < 0
A A A B B B
Ax By Cz D Ax By Cz D

KHONG CCH V GC

1. Khong cch t im M n mt phng
( )
+ + + = : 0 P Ax By Cz D
( )
(

+ + +
=
+ +
,
2 2 2
. . .
M M M
M P
A x B y C z D
d
A b C

2. Khong cch gia hai mt phng song song (P)//(Q):
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( (

= e
, ,
,
P Q A Q
d d A P
3. Khong cch gia ng thng (d) v mt phng (P), vi (d)//(P):
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( (

= e
, ,
,
d P A P
d d A d
4. Khong cch t im A n ng thng (d): (khng c cng thc tnh
trong chng trnh chun, nhng c th tnh theo cc bc sau y)
* Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) qua A v vung gc ng thng (d).
* Tm giao im H ca (d) v (P)
* Khi
( )
(

=
, A d
d AH
5. Khong cch gia hai ng thng song song
( )
1
d //
( )
2
d :
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( (

= e
1 2 2
1
; ,
,
d d A d
d d A d
6. Tnh khong cch gia hai ng thng cho nhau
( ) ( )
1 2
, d d :
* Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) cha
( )
2
d v song song
( )
1
d .
* Tm M thuc
( )
1
d .
* Khi
( ) ( ) ( )
( (

=
1 2
, , d d M P
d d
7. Gc gia hai mp (P):
1 1 1 1
A x B y C z D 0 + + + = v mp(Q):
2 2 2 2
A x B y C z D 0 + + + =
th
, ,
, ,
n .
1 2
os =
.
1 2
n
c
n n
=
A + +
+ + + +
1 2 1 2 1 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
.
1 1 1 2 2 2
A B B C C
A B C A B C

Vi
= ( ( ), ( ) ( ) mp Q mp P
8. Gc gia ng thng (d):
= +
= +
= +
0
0
0
x x at
y y bt
z z ct
v mt phng
(P): Ax By Cz D 0 + + + = l

n .
P
sin =
.
d
d
u
n u
P
, ,
, , =
a A + +
+ + + +
2 2 2 2 2 2
.
bB cC
A B C b c a

vi
= (( ), ( )) D mp P
N THI TN V LTH 2012
9. Gc gia hai ng thng (D
1
) :
= +
= +
= +
1
1
1
0
0
0
x x a t
y y b t
z z c t
v (D
2
):
= +
= +
= +
/ /
0 2
/ /
0 2
/ /
0 2
x x a t
y y b t
z z c t

th
, ,
, ,
.
1 2
os =
.
1 2
u u
u u
c =
+ +
+ + + +
1 2 1 2 1 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
a a b b c c
a b c a b c
vi
=
1 2
(( ), ( )) D D

TM MT S IM C BIT
1. Tm giao im M ca ng thng (d):
= +
= +
= +
0
0
0
x x at
y y bt
z z ct
v mt phng (P):
+ + + = 0 Ax By Cz D
Phng php:
-
( )
e M d nn
( )
+ + +
0 0 0
; ; M x at y bt z ct (1)
-
( )
e M P nn ta M phi tha mn phng trnh ca (P). Thay ta
ca M vo phng trnh (P) gii tm c t.
- Thay t va tm vo (1) ta tm c ta ca M.
2. Tm hnh chiu vung gc H ca M ln mt phng (P):
(P)
M
H

Phng php:
- Vit phng trnh ng thng
(d) qua M v vung gc vi mt
phng (P).
- Tm giao im H ca ng
thng (d) v mt phng (P).
- H chnh l hnh chiu cn tm.
3. Tm M i xng im M qua mt phng (P):
(P)
M'
M
H

Phng php:
- Tm hnh chiu vung gc H ca
M ln mt phng (P)
- M i xng vi M qua mp(P)
H l trung im ca MM.
- p dng cng thc trung im ta
tm c ta M

4. Tm hnh chiu vung gc H ca M ln ng thng (d):
d
(P)
M
H

Phng php:
- Vit phng trnh mt phng (P)
qua M v vung gc ng thng
(d).
- Tm giao im H ca ng thng
(d) v mt phng (P).
- H l hnh chiu cn tm
Cch khc:
- Chuyn phng trnh ca (d) v
dng tham s, suy ra VTCP
,
u .
- H thuc (d) nn ta H cha t.
Tnh
,
MH .
- Do
, ,
MH u nn t y tm c
t v c H.
5. Tm im M i xng vi M qua ng thng (d)
d
(P)
M'
M
H

Phng php:
- Tm hnh chiu vung gc H ca
M ln ng thng (d).
- M i xng m qua (d) H l
trung im MM.
- p dng cng thc trung im ta
tm c ta im M.
N THI TN V LTH 2012
6. Tm chn ng cao H k t A ca t din ABCD
A
B
C
D

Phng php:
- Gi
( )
; ; H x y z
- Ta ca H l nghim ca h
phng trnh:
(
=
, ,
, ,
, , ,
. 0
. 0
, . 0
AH BC
AH BD
BC BD BH

MT S KIN THC CN N LI

TAM THC BC HAI, PHNG TRNH,
BT PHNG TRNH BC 2
I. Tam thc bc hai:
1. N: Tam thc bc hai l biu thc c dng: + +
2
ax bx c , trong x l
bin s; a, b, c l cc s thc = 0 a .
Ch :
+ Ta thng t
( )
= + +
2
f x ax bx c .
+ Nu = 0 b th ta c tam thc bc hai dng
( )
= +
2
f x ax c
+ Nu = 0 c th ta c tam thc bc hai dng
( )
= +
2
f x ax bx
2. nh l v du ca tam thc bc hai: Cho tam thc bc hai
( ) ( )
= + + =
2
0 f x ax bx c a . Gi A =
2
4 b ac . Khi :
- Nu A < 0 th
( )
> . 0 a f x , e x R (tc l
( )
f x cng du vi a).
- Nu A = 0 th
( )
> e . 0, a f x x R (tc l
( )
f x cng du vi a vi
mi
=
2
b
x
a
,
( )

= = 0
2
b
f x x
a
)
- Nu A > 0 th
( )
f x c hai ngim phn bit
( )
<
1 2 1 2
, x x x x v:
+
( ) ( ) ( )
> e +
1 2
. 0, ; ; a f x x x x
+
( ) ( )
< e
1 2
. 0, ; a f x x x x .
Bng xt du:
a>0
x

1
x

2
x

+
f(x) + 0 - 0 +
a<0
x

1
x

2
x

+
f(x) - 0 + 0 -

II. Phng trnh bc hai:
N THI TN V LTH 2012
1. N: Phng trnh bc hai l mnh cha bin c dng
( )
+ + = =
2
0 0 ax bx c a . Trong x l n s; a,b,c l cc s thc bit.
2. Cch gii:
Gi A =
2
4 b ac . Khi :
- Nu A < 0 : phng trnh v nghim.
- Nu A = 0: phng trnh c nghip kp
= =
1 2
2
b
x x
a

- Nu A > 0: phng trnh c hai nghim phn bit
A + A
= =
1 2
,
2 2
b b
x x
a a
.
* Ch :
- Nu h s b ca phng trnh l s chn, ta c cng thc nghim thu gn
nh sau:
Gi
( )
A =
2
' ' b ac (trong = '
2
b
b ). Khi :
+ Nu A < ' 0 : phng trnh v nghim.
+ Nu A = ' 0 : phng trnh c nghip kp
= =
1 2
' b
x x
a

+ Nu A > 0: phng trnh c hai nghim phn bit
A + A
= =
1 2
' ' ' '
,
b b
x x
a a
.
- Nu hai h s a v c c du tri ngc nhau th phng trnh bc hai lun
c hai nghim phn bit.
- Nu h s b=0, phng trnh c dng: + =
2
0 ax c =
2
c
x
a

+ Nu a, c tri du nhau th phng trnh c hai nghim l =
1,2
c
x
a

+ Nu a, c cng du nhau th phng trnh v nghim.
- Nu h s c=0, phng trnh c dng

( )
=
+ = + =

=
1
2
2
0
0 0
x
ax bx x ax b
b
x
a

3. nh l Vit:
- Nu phng trnh bc hai + + =
2
0 ax bx c c hai nghim phn bit
1 2
, x x th tng v tch ca hai nghim l:

= + =
= =
1 2
1 2
b
S x x
a
c
P x x
a

- Hai s thc c tng bng S v tch bng P th hai s thc l nghim
ca phng trnh + =
2
0 x Sx P .
* Ch :
- Nu tam thc bc hai
( )
= + +
2
f x ax bx c c hai nghim
1 2
, x x th c
th vit li thnh
( ) ( )( )
=
1 2
f x a x x x x .
2
0 ax bx c c h s a,b,c tha
+ + = 0 a b c th phng trnh c hai nghim l: = =
1 2
1,
c
x x
a

2
0 ax bx c c h s a,b,c tha
+ = 0 a b c th phng trnh c hai nghim l: = =
1 2
1,
c
x x
a

4. Xc nh du cc nghim s ca phng trnh bc 2:
+ + =
2
0 ax bx c :
- Phng trnh c hai nghim tri du < 0 ac
- Phng trnh c hai nghim phn bit cng du
A >

>
0
0
c
a

- Phng trnh c hai nghim cng dng
A >
>
>
0
0
0
b
a
c
a

N THI TN V LTH 2012
- Phng trnh c hai nghim cng m
A >
<
>
0
0
0
b
a
c
a

5. Mt s biu thc i xng i vi cc nghim ca phng trnh bc 2:

III. Bt phng trnh bc hai:
1. nh ngha:
Bt phng trnh bc hai l mnh cha bin thuc 1 trong 4 dng
sau: + + > + + < + + > + + s
2 2 2 2
0; 0; 0; 0 ax bx c ax bx c ax bx c ax bx c ,
trong x l n s; a,b,c l cc s thc bit.
2. Cch gii:
- Xt du tam thc bc hai v tri (da vo nh l v du ca tam thc
bc hai lp bng xt du).
- Da vo bng xt du chn cc khong cha x m lm cho v tri tha
mn du ca bt phng trnh (nu bt phng trnh cho >0 th ly phn
du +, <0 th ly phn du , cn nu c du = th ly lun nghim
ca tam thc).
* Ch : Nguyn tc chung gii cc bt phng trnh l:
- Chuyn tt c v bn tri ca du bt ng thc, cn v phi phi l s 0.
Nu c n s mu s th khi quy ng khng c b mu.
- Phi xt du biu thc v tri.
- Da vo bng xt du chn tp nghim cho ph hp vi chiu bt
phng trnh.

*
( )
+ = + =
2
2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
2 x x x x x x S P
*
( ) ( )
+ = + + =
3
3 3 3
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
3 3 x x x x x x x x S PS
*
+
+ = =
2 2
1 2 1 2
1 1
x x
S
x x x x P
*
+

+ = =
2 2
2
1 2
2 2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2
1 1 2
x x
S P
x x x x P

CNG THC LNG GIC
V PHNG TRNH LNG GIC
I. GI TR LNG GIC CA CUNG C BIT

Cung 0
2

2
3

3
4

3
2
2
sin 0
1
2

2
2

3
2

1
3
2

2
2

0 1 0
cos 1
3
2

2
2

1
2
0
1
2

2
2

1 0 1
tan 0
3
3

1
3
|
3
1 0
|
0
cot
|
3
1
3
3

0
3
3

1
|
0
|

II. GC V CUNG LNG GIC:
1. Cng thc quy i Raian:
=
180
a
(a tnh bng , tnh bng
rad)
2. S o gc v cung lng gic theo v radian.
s(ox, ot) = a
0
+ k360
0
hoc s(ox, ot) = + k2 , k e Z.
(vi 0
0
s a < 360
0
, 0
0
s < 2t)
s AB = a
0
+ k360
0
hoc s AB = + k2 , k e Z.
(vi 0
0
s a < 360
0
, 0
0
s < 2t)
3. Cng thc tnh di cung: l= .R ( tnh bng rad)
III. NHM CNG THC LNG GIC 1:
1. Hng ng thc lng gic:
sin
2
x + cos
2
x = 1
2 2
2 2
sin 1 cos
cos 1 sin
x x
x x

2
2
sin 1 cos
cos 1 sin
x x
x x

N THI TN V LTH 2012
1+tan
2
x =
2
1
cos x
cos
2
x =
+
2
1
1 tan x

cosx =
+
2
1
1 tan x

1+cot
2
x =
2
1
sin x
sin
2
x =
+
2
1
1 cot x
sinx =
+
2
1
1 cot x

tanx.cotx = 1 tanx = =
sin 1
cos cot
x
x x
cotx = =
cos 1
sin tan
x
x x

Ch : Trong cc cng thc c cha du () , vic chn du (+) hoc
du () cn nhn xt gi tr ca cung x trn ng trn lng gic.
+ =
4 4 2
1
sin cos 1 sin 2
2
x x x
+ =
6 6 2
3
sin cos 1 sin 2
4
x x x
2. Cung lin kt:

x
(i)
x
(b)
2
x
(ph)
+ x
(lch pi)
2
+ x
(lch pi/2)
sin sinx sinx cosx sinx cosx
cos cosx cosx sinx cosx sinx
tan tanx tanx cotx tanx cotx
cot cotx cotx tanx cotx tanx
Cos i, sin b, ph cho, lch pi tan, ctan

3. Ch :
a + b = t 180
0
cosb = cosa sinb = sina
a + b =
2
90
0
cosb = sina sinb = cosa
AABC
( )
+ = sin B C sinA
( )
+ = cos B C cosA
( )
+ = tan B C tanA
+
= sin cos
2 2
B C A

+
= cos sin
2 2
B C A

+
= tan cot
2 2
B C A

sin(x + k2t) = sinx
cos(x + k2t) = cosx
tan(x + kt) = tanx
cot(x + kt) = cotx

IV. NHM CNG THC LNG GIC 2:
1. Cng thc cng:
sin(a b) = sina.cosb sinb.cosa
cos(a b) = cosa.cosb ) sina.sinb
tan(a b) =
)
tan tan
1 tan .tan
a b
a b

sin tng bng tng sin.cos
cos tng bng hiu i c i chng
tan tng bng tng hai tan
1 tr tan tch mu mang thng su
2. Cng thc nhn:
cos2a = cos
2
a sin
2
a = 2cos
2
a 1 = 1 2sin
2
a =
+
2
2
1 tan
1 tan
a
a

sin2a = 2sina.cosa =
+
2
2tan
1 tan
a
a
; tan2a =
2
2tan
1 tan
a
a

3. Cng thc h bc:

=
2
1 cos2
sin
2
a
a ;
+
=
2
1 cos2
cos
2
a
a ;
=
+
2
1 cos2
tan
1 cos2
a
a
a

Ch : = + =
2 2
1 cos 2sin ; 1 cos 2cos
2 2
x x
x x
4. Cng thc tnh theo t : = tan
2
a
t
=
+
2
2
sin
1
t
a
t
;
=
+
2
2
1
cos
1
t
a
t
; =
2
2
tan
1
t
a
t

5. Cng thc bin i tch thnh tng:
2cosa.cosb = cos(a + b) + cos(a b)
2sina.sinb = [cos(a + b) cos(a b)]
2sina.cosb = sin(a + b) + sin(a b)
6. Cng thc bin i tng thnh tch:
+
+ = cos cos 2cos cos
2 2
a b a b
a b
+
= cos cos 2sin sin
2 2
a b a b
a b
+
+ = sin sin 2sin cos
2 2
a b a b
a b
N THI TN V LTH 2012
+
= sin sin 2cos sin
2 2
a b a b
a b
tana + tanb =
+ sin( )
cos .cos
a b
a b

tana tanb =
sin( )
cos .cos
a b
a b

Sin cng sin bng 2 sin.cos
Sin tr sin bng 2 cos.sin
Cos cng cos bng 2 cos.cos
Cos tr cos bng tr 2 sin.sin
Tnh anh cng vi tnh em
Bng sin hai a, (chia) cos ta cos mnh
H qu:
cosx + sinx =

+ = 2 sin( ) 2 cos( )
4 4
x x
cosx sinx =

= + 2 sin( ) 2 cos( )
4 4
x x
V. CC PHNG TRNH LNG GIC C BN

= +
=

= +
2
sin sin
2
u v k
u v
u v k

= = + cos cos 2 u v u v k
= = + tan tan u v u v k
= = + cot cot u v u v k
Ch :
- Khi gp phng trnh dng sinu=cosv, tanu=cotv th p dng cng thc
cung ph a v dng c bn.
- Khi gp phng trnh dng sinu=-sinv, tanu=-tanv,
cotu=-cotv th p dng cng thc cung i, cosu=-cosv th p dng cng
thc cung b a v dng c bn.
VI. MT S PHNG TRNH C BIT

= = = = + = = + sin 0 ; sin 1 2 ; sin 1 2
2 2
u u k u u k u u k
= = + = = = = + cos 0 ; cos 1 2 ; cos 1 2

2
u u k u u k u u k

= = = = + = = + tan 0 ; tan 1 ; tan 1
4 4
u x k u u k u u k VII
VII. PHNG TRNH LC GIC:
1. Phng trnh lng gic c bn:
a) Phng trnh sin x m =
* iu kin c nghim: 1 m s
* Tm gc a sao cho sina m = (s dng MTCT:
1
sin a m
= ). Ta
c: sin sin x a = v p dng cng thc:
( )
2
sin sin
2
u v k
u v
u v k k

= +
=

= + e

Hay
0
0 0
360
180 360
u v k
u v k
= +
= +
nu trong phng trnh c cho .

* Trng hp c bit:
sin 0 u u k = =
sin 1 2
2
u u k
= = +
sin 1 2
2
u u k
= = +
* Nu khng phi l gi tr c bit th c th s dng cng thc:

arcsin 2
sin
arcsin 2
u m k
u m
u m k

= +
=

= +
arcsin
2 2
m
| |
s s
|
\ .

*
( )
sin sin ; cos sin ; cos sin
2 2
u u u u u u
| | | |
= = =
| |
\ . \ .

b) Phng trnh cos x m =
* iu kin c nghim: 1 m s
* Tm gc a sao cho cosa m = (s dng MTCT:
1
cos a m
= ). Ta
c: cos cos x a = v p dng cng thc:
( )
2
cos cos
2
u v k
u v
u v k k
= +
=

= + e

Hay
0
0
360
360
u v k
u v k
= +
= +
nu trong phng trnh c cho .

N THI TN V LTH 2012
* Trng hp c bit:
cos 0
2
u u k
= = +
cos 1 2 u u k = =
cos 1 2 u u k = = +
* Nu khng phi l gi tr c bit th c th s dng cng thc:

arccos 2
cos
arccos 2
u m k
u m
u m k
= +
=

= +
arcsin
2 2
m
| |
s s
|
\ .

*
( )
cos cos ; sin cos ; sin cos
2 2
u u u u u u

| | | |
= = = +
| |
\ . \ .

c) Phng trnh tan
2
x m x k

| |
= = +
|
\ .

* Tm gc a sao cho tana m = (s dng MTCT:
1
tan a m
= )
Ta c: tan tan x a = v p dng cng thc
tan tan u v u v k = = +
Hay
0
180 u v k = + nu trong phng trnh c .
* c bit:

tan 0
tan 1
4
u u k
u u k

= =
= = +

* Nu m khng phi l gi tr c bit c th s dng cng thc:
tan arctan arctan
2 2
u m u m k m

| |
= = + < <
|
\ .

*
( )
tan tan ; cot tan ; cot tan
2 2
u u u u u u
| | | |
= = = +
| |
\ . \ .

d) Phng trnh
( )
cot x m x k = =
* Tm gc a sao cho cot a m = (s dng MTCT:
1
1
tan a
m
| |
=
|
\ .
)
Ta c: cot cot x a = v p dng cng thc
cot cot u v u v k = = +
Hay
0
180 u v k = + nu trong phng trnh c .
* c bit:

cot 0
2
tan 1
4
u u k
u u k

= = +
= = +

* Nu m khng phi l gi tr c bit c th s dng cng thc:

( )
cot arccot 0 arccot u m u m k m = = + < <
*
( )
cot cot ; tan cot ; tan cot
2 2
u u u u u u
| | | |
= = = +
| |
\ . \ .

2. Phng trnh bc hai i vi mt hm s lng gic:
Dng t iu kin
2
sin 0 asin x b x c + + = t = sinx 1 1 t s s
2
cos cos 0 a x b x c + + = t = cosx 1 1 t s s
2
tan tan 0 a x b x c + + = t = tanx ( )
2
x k k Z
= + e
2
cot cot 0 a x b x c + + = t = cotx
( ) x k k Z = e

Gii ly nghim t thch hp sau p dng phng trnh c bn.
Ch :
2 2
cos2 2cos 1 1 2sin x x x = =
2 2
sin 1 cos x x =
2 2
cos 1 sin x x =
3. Phng trnh bc nht i vi sinx v cosx:
a) Dng phng trnh: sin cos a x b x c + =
b) iu kin c nghim:
2 2 2
a b c + >
c) Phng php gii:
Chia hai v ca phng trnh cho
2 2
a b +
Ta c phng trnh:
2 2 2 2 2 2
sin cos
a b c
x x
a b a b a b
+ =
+ + +

t
2 2 2 2
cos sin
a b
a b a b
= =
+ +
. Ta c phng trnh:
N THI TN V LTH 2012

( )
2 2 2 2
sin cos sin cos sin
c c
x x x
a b a b
+ = + =
+ +
(*)
(*) l phng trnh dng c bn.
4. Phng trnh ng cp bc hai i vi sinx v cosx
a) Dng:
( )
. . . .
2 2
a sin x b sinx cosx c cos x d 1 + + =
b) Phng php gii:
* Kim tra cosx = 0 c tho mn hay khng?
Lu : cosx = 0
2
sin 1 sin 1.
2
x k x x
= + = =
* Khi cos 0 x = , chia hai v phng trnh (1) cho
2
cos 0 x = ta c:

2 2
.tan .tan (1 tan ) a x b x c d x + + = +
* t: t = tanx, a v phng trnh bc hai theo t:

2
( ) . 0 a d t b t c d + + =
5. Phng trnh i xng, phn i xng:
a) Dng: .( ) . . a sinx cosx b sinx cosx c 0 + + =
b) Phng php gii:
* t: cos sin 2.cos ; 2.
4
t x x x t
| |
= = s
|
\ .
)

2 2
1
1 2sin .cos sin .cos ( 1).
2
t x x x x t = =
* Thay vo phng trnh cho, ta c phng trnh bc hai theo t.
Gii phng trnh ny tm t tha 2. t s Suy ra x.
Ch :
* cos sin 2 cos 2 sin
4 4
x x x x
| | | |
+ = = +
| |
\ . \ .

* cos sin 2 cos 2sin
4 4
x x x x
| | | |
= + =
| |
\ . \ .

6. Phng trnh lng gic khc:
gii mt phng trnh lng gic cha phi l cc dng quen thuc
ta cn s dng cc php bin i lng gic a phng trnh v dng quen
thuc, c th phn tch phng trnh cho v dng phng trnh tch hoc p
dng tnh cht bt ng thc a v h phng trnh gii.
Cc phng php gii phng trnh lng gic thng s dng:
* Bin i phng trnh cho v mt trong cc dng phng trnh c bn
bit (a v cng mt cung hoc cng mt hm s lng gic,...).
* Bin i phng trnh cho v dng tch:
0
. 0
0
A
A B
B
=
=

=

* Bin i phng trnh v dng c th t n s ph (i xng, t
tan
2
x
t = ,)
H THC LNG TRONG TAM GIC
1. nh l c sin:
Trong tam gic ABC bt k vi BC a, CA b, AB c = = = , ta c:

H qu:
2 2 2
cos
2
b c a
A
bc
+
= ;
2 2 2
cos
2
a c b
B
ac
+
= ;
2 2 2
cos
2
a b c
C
ab
+
=
@ p dng: Tnh di ng trung tuyn ca tam gic.
Cho tam gic ABC c cc cnh BC=a, CA=b, AB=c. Gi , ,
a b c
m m m ln
lt l di cc ng trung tuyn ln lt v t cc nh A, B, C ca tam
gic. Ta c:

- = +
2 2 2
2 . . cos a b c b c A
- = +
2 2 2
2 . . cos b a c a c B
- = +
2 2 2
2 . . cos c a b a b C
-
2 2 2
2
2( )
4
a
b c a
m
+
=
-
2 2 2
2
2( )
4
b
a c b
m
+
=
-
2 2 2
2
2( )
4
c
a b c
m
+
=
N THI TN V LTH 2012
2. nh l sin: Trong tam gic ABC bt k vi BC=a, CA=b, AB=c v R l
bn knh ng trn ngoi tip, ta c: 2
sin sin sin
a b c
R
A B C
= = =
3. Cng thc tnh din tch tam gic:
*
1 1 1
. . .
2 2 2
a b c
S a h b h c h = = = *
1 1 1
sin sin sin
2 2 2
S ab C bc A ca B = = =
*
4
abc
S
R
= * S pr =
* ( )( )( ) S p p a p b p c = (H rng) vi
2
a b c
p
+ +
=

4. Cc h thc lng trong tam gic vung
M H
B
A
C

* Cc h thc lng gic:

sin cos
AC
B C
BC
= =

cos sin
AB
B C
BC
= =

tan cot
AC
B C
AB
= =

cot tan
AB
B C
AC
= =
* Cc h thc v cnh, ng cao, hnh chiu:

2 2 2
AB AC BC + = (Pi ta go) . . 2.
ABC
AB AC BC AH S
A
= =

2 2 2
1 1 1
AB AC AH
+ =
2
. AB BH BC =

2
. AC CH BC =
2
. AH HB HC =
MA MB MC = =
O HM
1. Bng cc o hm:
Hm s ( ) y f x = Hm s hp ( ), ( ) y f u u g x = =
( )' 0 C = C: hng s
/ / /
.
x u x
y y u =
/
( ) 1 x =

( )
/
1
2
x
x
=
( )
/
'
2
u
u
u
=
/
2
1 1
x x
| |
=
|
\ .

/
2
1 ' u
u u
| |
=
|
\ .

( )
/
1
. x x

=
( )
/
1
. . ' u u u

=
( )
/
sin cos x x =
( )
/
sin '.cos u u u =
( )
/
cos sin x x =
( )
/
cos '.sin u u u =
( )
/
2
2
1
tan 1 tan
cos
x x
x
= = +
( )
/
2
'
tan
cos
u
u
u
=
( )
/
2
1
cot
sin
x
x
=
( )
/
2
'
cot
sin
u
u
u
=
2. Cc qui tc tnh o hm:
Cho cc hm s u, v, w ln lt c o hm
/ / /
, , u v w . Ta c:
a)
( )
/
/ / /
u v w u v w + = +
b)
( )
/
/ /
. u v u v uv = + H qu:
( )
/
/
. . C u C u = (C: hng s)
c)
/
/ /
2
u u v uv
v v
| |
=
|
\ .

d) ( ) u u x = c o hm theo x l
/
x
u , ( ) y f u = c o hm theo u l
/
u
y th
hm s [ ( )] y f u x = c o hm theo x l
/ / /
.
x u x
y y u =
N THI TN V LTH 2012
3. o hm cp cao:
* o hm ca
/
y gi l o hm cp 2, k hiu
/ /
y
* o hm ca
/ /
y gi l o hm cp 3, k hiu
/ / /
y
* o hm ca o hm cp
( )
1 n gi l o hm cp n, k hiu
( ) n
y
4. ngha hnh hc ca o hm:
- o hm ca hm s
( )
= y f x ti im
0
x l h s gc ca tip tuyn
ca th hm s ti im
( )
0 0 0
; M x y .
- Nu hm s
( )
= y f x c o hm ti im
0
x th tip tuyn ca th
hm s ti im
( )
0 0 0
; M x y c phng trnh l:
( )( )
=
0 0 0
' y y f x x x
5. Mt s cng thc khc:
*
( )
2
'
ax b ad bc
y y
cx d
cx d
+
= =
+
+

*
( )
2
2
2
2
'
b c
amx anx
m n
ax bx c
y y
mx n
mx n
+ +
+ +
= =
+
+

*
( )
+ +
+ +
= =
+ +
+ +
2
2
2 2
2
2
' ' ' ' ' '
'
' ' '
' ' '
a b a c b c
x x
a b a c b c
ax bx c
y y
a x b x c
a x b x c

PH LC

Mt s gi c th v cch hc mn ton chun b cho cc k thi
TNPT v tuyn sinh vo cc trng H
- Sau khi nghe ging trn lp cn c li ngay v thc hin cc bi tp n
gin hiu bi v ghi nh cc cng thc, tnh cht cn thit. Khng phi ch
c hiu m phi ch ng lm cc bi tp p dng ti khi thnh thc. Ln hc
th hai l lm cc bi tp kh hn, hy c gng suy ngh tm ra cch gii v
ch nn c cc hng dn khi lm ht cch nhng khng t gii c. Ln
hc th ba l h thng li bi v lm b sung cc bi tp m trc ta
cha gii c.
- Sau khi hc xong mt chng (gm nhiu bi), nn thu xp thi gi lm
cc bi tp mang tnh tng hp kin thc ca ton chng. y l c hi tt
tp luyn cch huy ng kin thc lin quan cn thit gii cc bi tp
tng t nh cc cu hi trong thi sau ny, ng thi cng l dp pht hin
nhng thiu st trong kin thc cng nhng sai lm m ta hay mc phi. Vic
gii ngay bi tp ca tng bi vi luyn gii cc ton tng hp c nhng
khc bit rt ln nn cc em cn phi tp luyn tch ly kinh nghim.
- Cn c trc bi s nghe ging trn lp. Vic lm ny rt cn thit v nh
ta bit mt s khi nim, mt s nh ngha ng thi bit c phn
no kh trong bi tp trung ch , nh d dng nm vng ni dung bi
ging ngay ti lp.
- Thi H mn ton ngoi ni dung ch yu trong chng trnh lp 12 cn c
cc cu hi lin quan n cc vn hc trong chng trnh lp 10, lp 11
nh bt ng thc, phng trnh, bt phng trnh, h phng trnh v cc bi
ton v lng gic. Do th sinh cn c k hoch n tp mt cch h thng
cc kin thc nu trn.
Theo ti, cch hc hp l vo cc ngy cn thi l gim cng , ch yu
l c li, xem li v h thng cc ni dung c hc. Cn ch vo cc
sai lm m mnh hay mc phi, cn xem k cc cng thc m ta nh khng
N THI TN V LTH 2012
chc chn. Cn m bo c sc kho tt nht trc khi d thi. Cn tp thc
dy sm vo bui sng (t thc dy s sng khoi v c trng thi tm l tt
hn b gi dy).
Khi nhn c thi cn c tht k phn nh u l cc cu hi quen
thuc v d thc hin (u tin gii trc), cn cc cu hi kh s gii quyt
sau. Th t cc cu hi c gii l theo kh nng gii quyt ca th sinh,
khng nn b l thuc vo th t trong bi. C th nh gi mt cu hi no
l d v lm vo giy thi nhng khi lm mi thy kh th nn dt khot
chuyn qua cu khc gii c d dng, sau cn thi gian th quay li gii
tip cu kh y. Trong khi thi khng nn lm qu vi v cu d ( ri c sai
st ng tic) v ng sm chu thua cu kh. Hy tn dng thi gian thi d
li cc cu lm mt cch cn thn v tp trung cao tm ra cch gii
cc cu kh cn li.
(TS Nguyn Cam, khoa Ton - Tin H S phm TP.HCM)

lm bi thi H t im cao
Thc hin nguyn l 3
Nguyn l ny c c ng v theo th t: "ng - - p".
ng chin lc lm bi: Thc hin theo chin thut: "Ht nc vc n
xng", tc l cu quen thuc hoc d lm trc, cu kh lm sau. Nu cu
kh th b qua, khng lm ra hoc lm sai th nguy c trt H khng ln
(bn ch thua rt t ngi lm c cu kh), nhng nu cu d m khng gii
c, lm sai, lm khng n ni n chn th bn rt d trt (v bn s thua
hng vn ngi lm c cu d). ng p s: Nu bi lm c p s ng,
b cc n th gio vin chm ln 1 c th cho im ti a v nh k hiu
d thng nht im vi gio vin chm ln 2. Nu p s sai th thng gio
vin s tm im sai gn nht chm cho nhanh. V vy ng p s l rt
quan trng, thm ch c nhiu ngi lp lun cha chnh xc nhng vn c
im ti a. ng chng trnh SGK: Lm ng p s nhng bn phi dng
kin thc hc trong chng trnh SGK. ng thi gian: C nhiu TS
khng bit phn b thi gian, trnh by qu cn thn dn n c cu gii
xong trn giy nhp nhng ht thi gian vit vo bi thi. Cng c nhiu TS
lm bi nhanh nhng khng xem li bi k nn b mt im ng tic.
cc cu hi: TS cn iu tit thi gian lm ht cc cu hi theo trnh
t t d n kh, trnh tn qu nhiu thi gian cho mt cu hi khng cn
gi suy ngh cu khc. Trnh by y : Do thang im chi tit n 0,25 nn
nhng bi c lp lun y s d t im ti a.
Tm li gii p: Khi gp mt bi ton, bn cn u tin cch gii c bn
x l nhanh m khng nn loay hoay mt thi gian tm cch gii p. Tuy
nhin mt s bi ton ng cp li cn n li gii thng minh, ngn gn.
Trnh by p: Mc d trong mn Ton yu t p b xem nh hn rt nhiu
so vi yu t ng, nhng nu 2 bi thi c ni dung tng t nhau th bi trnh
by p d c im cao hn t 0,5 n 1 im.
(Trn Phng Ging vin mn Ton, Trung tm H tr pht trin ti nng,
Lin hip Cc hi khoa hc - k thut Vit Nam)

Tom Tat Li Thuyet Va Phuong Phap Giai Toan 12

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Tom Tat Li Thuyet Va Phuong Phap Giai Toan 12

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iu chnh, b sung nm 2011

< < <

= = + = = = = + cos 0 ; cos 1 2 ; cos 1 2

nu trong phng trnh c cho .

nu trong phng trnh c cho .

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