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L thuyt: Cu 1:Th no l lin kt cng ho tr, lin kt ion, lin kt kim loi Tr li: a, Lin kt cng ha tr: - Khi nim: Lin kt ny to ra khi hai hoc nhiu nguyn t gp chung nhau mt s in t c tm in t lp ngoi cng (in t ho tr). - V d: Cl2 , N2 ,GaAS Lin kt ng ho tr trong vt rn c thc hin nh s tp th ho in t gia mt nhm cc nguyn t ln cn. - c im ca lin kt cng ha tr: +Lin kt c tnh nh hng, ngha l xc sut tn ti cc in t tham gia lin kt ln nht theo phng ni tm cc nguyn t . +Cng lin kt ph thuc rt mnh vo c tnh lin kt gia cc in t ho tr vi ht nhn. +L loi lin kt mnh +Phn loi: Lin kt ng ha tr ng cc: Lin kt ng ha tr c th xy ra gia cc nguyn t cng loi (ca mt nguyn t ha hc trong cc nhm t IVA n VIIA) VD: Lin kt cng ha tr d cc: Lin kt ng ha tr gia cc nguyn t khc loi (cc nguyn t ha hc nhm IIIA vi VA hoc nhm IIA vi VIA). V d GaAs, GaP VD: Cacbon dng th hnh kim cng c lin kt ng ha tr rt mnh v 4 in tch ha tr lin kt gn nh trc tip vi ht nhn =>kim
cng c nhit nng chy trn 3550 oC.Kim cng cn chu c p sut gia 167 v 231 gigaPascal trong nhng t kim tra khc nhau b, Lin kt ion: - Khi nim: l mt lin kt ha hc c bn cht l lc ht tnh in gia hai ion mang in tch tri du. Nguyn t nguyn t kim loi, c m in nh, d mt electron to ra ion dng (anion). Cc nguyn t phi kim c m in ln, d nhn electron to ra ion m (cation) - c im ca lin kt ion: + Lin kt khng c tnh nh hng, ngha l xc sut tn ti cc in t tham gia lin kt theo cc phng khc nhau l nh nhau. + Tinh th thng khng mu, cng v d v + Cng lin kt ph thuc rt mnh vo c tnh lin kt gia cc in t ho tr vi ht nhn. + L loi lin kt mnh V d: NaCl, LiF, Al2O3, MgO, CaO, Fe3O4, NiO VD: Hydro (H) to vi F, Cl, Br, I cc hp cht HF, HCl, HBr, HI bng nng lng lin kt ion tng ng l 5.81 , 4.44 , 3.75 , 3.06 eV/mol. => lin kt ion l lin kt khng nh hng. c, Lin kt kim loi: - Khi nim: S lin kt cc nguyn t kim loi nh kh in t t do. V d: Cu, Ag, Mg, Ca -c im ca lin kt kim loi: + Tnh do, dn in, dn nhit, nh kim +Nng lng lin kt l tng hp lc y v lc ht tnh in gia cc ion dng v m my in t t do +To nn t nhng nguyn t c t in t ha tr +Cu trc tinh th c tnh i xng rt cao
Cu 2: K tn mt s cu trc mng tinh th vt rn. Nu c im chnh ca mng tinh th lp phng tm mt ( A1), mng kim cng ( A4) Tr li: a, Mt s cu trc mng tinh th vt rn: -Cu trc tinh th in hnh ca vt rn vi lin kt kim loi: + Mng tinh th lp phng tm khi (A2 bcc) + Mng tinh th lp phng tm mt (A1 fcc) + Mng tinh th su phng (A3) - Mng tinh th ca vt rn c lin kt ng ha tr + Mng tinh th kim cng (A4) + Mng graphit(than ch) + Cu trc si cacbon v fullerene +Cc cu trc mng tinh th lin kt ng ha tr khc - Mng tinh th ca vt rn c lin kt ion + Mng tinh th hp cht dng MX + Mng tinh th hp cht dng MX2 (hoc M2X) + Mng tinh th hp cht dng Mm Nn Xp - Cu trc Polymer - Dng th hnh b, c im chnh ca - Mng tinh th lp phng tm mt ( A1) + S lng nguyn t trong 1 s cp l n =1/8*8+1/2*6=4. + Ta cc nguyn t gc l [[0 0 0]] [[
+ S sp xp ca mng A1 l K=12 + Trong mng A1 phng xp cht l <110>, mt xp cht {1 1 1} + Quan h bn knh nguyn t r v kch thc c s a l R=
a 2 2
+Trt t xp cht nguyn t trong mng A1 l (ABC) +C hai loi l hng: Bn l hng khi tm mt kch thc 0,414d nm trung tm khi v im gia cc mt bn, Tm l hng khi bn mt nm trn
nh c kch thc 0,225d. Vd: Cc nguyn t kim loi Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Al c trng bi cu trc mng A1. - Mng kim cng ( A4) +Kim cng l 1 dng th hnh ca cacbon. - L mt dng th hnh ca C + S sp xp K = 4 + c s mng kim cng (hnh 1.14a), c to thnh trn c s ca c s A1 c thm bn nguyn t bn trong vi cc ta (xem hnh 1.14b): 1/4, 1/4, 1/4 (1); 3/4, 3/4, 1/4 (2); 1/4, 3/4,3/4 (3); 3/4, 1/4, 3/4 (4) + Khi lng ring ca kim cng l 3,52g/cm. + Kim cng cn chu c p sut gia 167 v 231 gigaPascal + Kim cng c rt nhiu mu sc: khng mu, xanh dng, xanh l cy, cam,, ta, hng, vng, nu v c en + Kim cng c kh nng tn sc tt, do c chit sut bin i nhanh vi bc sng nh sng + Ngoi tr kim cng xanh dng vn l mt cht bn dn, mi loi kim cng cn li l cht cch in tt. + Khng ging nh nhng cht cch in tt khc, kim cng l mt chttruyn nhit tt
Cu 3: Polyme l g, Phn loi cu trc ca polyme Tr li: a, Khi nim Polyme: Polyme l nhng cht c trng lng phn t ln v cha nhng nguyn t hoc nhm nguyn t lp i lp li. Tc cht ban u to nn polyme gi l monome. Nhm nguyn t lp li trong Polyme gi l mt xch c s hoc mer. b, Cu trc ca polyme: + Theo cu to mch -Polyme mch Carbon: trong mch chnh ch cha cacbon V d: Cu trc mt s vinyl polyme Polyetylen PE Polyvinyl clorua PVC Polyvinyl alcol PVA -Polyme d mch: c cha cc nguyn t khc (O, N, S, Si ) trong mch chnh. V d: Polyeste (polyuretan)
O(CH2)4 O C N (CH2)6 N C OH H O
+ Theo cu trc lp th -Polyme iu ha v khng iu ha lp th iu ha lp th: cc mt xch sp xp trong khng gian theo trt t nht nh Khng iu ha lp th: cc mt xch sp xp khng trt t -Cc ng phn cis- trans: V d: Cao su Isopren
. . . CH H 2
H3C H
H3C H2C CH2 H H3C H2C CH2 H H3C CH2 . . .
ng phn cis-cis ng phn trans- trans Nu cc gc cng cis, cng trans kt hp: iu ha lp th Nu cc gc cis, trans kt hp ngu nhin: khng iu ha lp th -Cc ng phn quang hc: ng phn quang hc R, S l do s c mt ca cacbon bt i trong mch Polyme A R, R': hai pha ca mch ni vi cacbon R C* R' bt i B A, B: hai nhm th Nu c s lp li chu k trn mch chnh cc nhm A-C*-B cch nhau s thu c polyme isotactic: iu ha lp th.
A B A B A B A B
Nu cc nguyn t C bt i trn mch chnh c kiu hnh khng gian i nhau s to polyme syndiotactic: iu ha lp th.
A B B A A B B A
Cu 4: C my loi sai lch ng trong tinh th. Nu c im ca sai lch xon, sai lch bin. Tr li: a, Cc loi sai lch ng trong mng tinh th: C 3 loi sai lch ng trong tinh th: Sai lch ng l sai lch c kch thc b theo 2 chiu v ln hn 1 chiu - Sai lch bin - Sai lch xon - Sai lch hn hp b, c im: - Sai lch xon: C th hnh tng tng bng cch trt v p mt phng Ct tinh th l tng theo 1 mp P tc dng 1 lc F ln pha trn mp. Pha di mp P tc dng 1 lc F, F v F l 2 lc trc i. Khi mt trn p v mt di p lch nhau 1 khong l a gi bng s mng th gi l lch xon - Sai lch bin: C th hnh tng tng bng cch trt v p mt phng Ct tinh th l tng theo 1 mp P tc dng 1 lc F ln pha trn mp. Nu mt pha trn v mt pha di cu mp P trt v lch nhau 1 khong a= hng s mng th gi l lch bin. Mp P c gi l mp trt - Lch hn hp: l tng hp ca lch bin v lch xon.
Tr li: - Khi nim sai lch im: L sai lch c kch thc b theo c 3 chiu - Phn loi + Nt trng v nguyn t xen k Cc nguyn t trong tinh th lun dao ng nhit. Khi nhit tng, cc nguyn t dao ng mnh. Khi tng ti 1 nhit ti hn no cc nguyn t c kh nng bt ra khi v tr nt mng to thnh nt trng ti v tr nt mng to thnh sai lch Nguyn t b bt ra c th to thnh l trng Schottky v Frenkel Cc nt trng v nguyn t xen k khng ng yn m lun trao i v tr vi cc nguyn t bn cnh theo cc c ch khuch tn trong cht rn (khuch tn nh cc ion xen k di chuyn v nh s trao i gia cc nt trng).
+ Nguyn t tp cht Cc nguyn t tp cht c th thay th nguyn t chnh cc nt mng hoc xen k gia cc nt mng. Ni chung cc l trng, cc nguyn t xen k, tp cht u lm mng tinh th b x lch to ra cc khuyt tt im.
Sai hng Schottky Khi b kch thch, vs cc nguyn t gn st b mt nhy ln v tr mi to l trng L trng s to c hi cho nguyn t pha trong nhy ln chim ch => l trng s i su vo trong cu trc 1 nt trng cation lun tn ti song song vi 1 nt trng anion
Sai hng Frenkel Khi b kch thch, cc nguyn t khi di chuyn ln v tr mi li 1 l trng => mng k hon ho. V khi cc nguyn t di chuyn ln v tr mi lin tc => to ra
nhiu l trng 1 cation xen k cnh 1 nt trng Mt sai hng c biu din theo cng thc: n=A.N.e^(-E/kT) Trong : k-hng s Boldzman t-nhit tuyt i E-nng lng cn thit to lk N-s nt mng trong tinh th ns=A.N.e^(-Es/kT) nf=A.N.e^(-Ef/kT)
Cu 6: C my loi sai lch mt tinh th trong mng tinh th. Nu c im ca bin gii ht Tr li: a,Sai lch mt tinh th: Sai lch mt l loi sai lch c kch thc ln theo hai chiu v nh theo chiu th 3. Trong tinh th, sai lch ch yu l bin gii ht, bin gii siu ht, sai lch xp, mt i tinh v mt ngoi tinh th. b,c im bin gii ht: - K/N: Bin gii ht l vng tip gip gia cc ht trong a tinh th.Ti bin gii ht c cu trc v nh hnh Sc cng mt ngoi() : l i lng c trng cho phn gia tng t do khi c lch - Tnh cht +Ti bin gii ht c nhit nng chy thp hn vng bn trong +Ti BGH d b n mn ha hc +BGH nh hng ln n in tr sut +BG siu ht: l nhng vng tinh th nh c m c ngn cch bi BGH + Sai lch xp: l s ph v cht t xp cht ca tinh th + Mt i tinh l 1 dng ca sai lch xp + Mt ngoi tinh th
Cu 7: Th no l n tinh th, a tinh th. Nu c tnh v ng dng ca chng Tr li: a, n tinh th: - Khi nim: l vt tinh th c cu trc mng thng nht v cc phng khng i trong khng gian. - c tnh: tnh d hng ngha l tnh cht vt l hoc ha hc khc nhau theo cc phng khc nhau. - ng dng: Ch yu c s dng trong cng nghip bn dn v vt liu k thut in. b, a tinh th: - Khi nim: l vt liu gm rt nhiu n tinh th ghp li mi n tinh th c kch thc c m c gi l ht tinh th mi ht tinh th ny c nh hng khc nhau mang tnh ngu nhin. - c tnh: C tnh cht ng hng, tnh cht vt l ha hc theo cc phng khc nhau l nh nhau. Ngi ta c th ni a tinh th c tnh ng hng gi - ng dng: c dng ch to ra cc li bin th nhm gim tn tht in nng.
2 3 4
1 2
3
t trong du ngoc B Cc hnh chiu Quy ng mu s, rt gn t trong du ngoc C Cc hnh chiu Quy ng mu s, rt gn t trong du ngoc D Cc hnh chiu Quy ng mu s, rt gn t trong du ngoc b, A Cc hnh chiu Quy ng mu s, rt gn t trong du ngoc B Cc hnh chiu Quy ng mu s, rt gn t trong du ngoc C
[43 0 ] Y
2 3
2 X
2 3
2 Z
3
[2 3 2] Y
1 3
1 X Y
1 3 [1 3 3 ] 1 2
1 3
Z
1 6
1
1 6
Z
3 [1 3 6 ] X 0 0 Y
1 1 [01 1]
1 1
Y Z 1 2 Z
1 2 [2 1 2 ]
1 2
Y
Cc hnh chiu Quy ng mu s, rt gn t trong du ngoc D Cc hnh chiu Quy ng mu s, rt gn t trong du ngoc
1 1 [1 1 2 ] X Y
1 2
1 2
1 2 Z
1 1 [1 1 2 ]
1 2
1 2
1 2
Bi 2: Xc nh ch s Miller ca cc mt A, B sau:
Li gii: a,Hnh 1 -Mt (A1) // vi ( A 1) nn (hkl)A1 = (hkl)A1 Mt phng ( A1) Ax + By + Cz= 1 c to thnh bi 3 im M [[0 1 1]] ; N[[2/3 1 1/2]]; P[[0 0 1/2]]
3 B + C = 1 A= 2 2 A C + B + = 1 => B = 1 2 3 C = 2 C =1 2
( A1) l:
3 x - y- 2 z = 1 2
(1) 2 ox y = 0 => x= => [[ 2/3 0 0 ]] 3 z = 0 x = 0 oy | (1) => y = -1 => [[ 0 -1 0 ]] z = 0 x = 0 1 y=0 oz => z = => [[ 0 0 1/2 ]] 2 (1)
Lp t l h:k:l
(hkl)B1 = (2 2 1) b, Hnh 2
1 1 1 : : 1 1 1 = 2:2:1 2 2
-Mt (A2):
[[ 0 1 0 ]]
1 ]] 2
A = 1 A = 1 C A + B + = 1 B = 1 2 C = 2 B = 1
(B2) l: x+y-2z=1
(1) (B2) ox = y = 0 [[100]] z = 0 x = 0 oy = (1) [[010]] (B2) z = 0 x = 0 1 oz = y = 0 [[00 ]] (B2) 2 (1) 1 11 Lp t l h:k:l= : : 1 =1:1: 2 11 2
(hkl)B2=(11 2 ) c, Hnh 3
-Mt (A3):
[[ 0 1 ]], [[ 0
1 1 1 1]], [[ 0 0 ]] 3 2 2 A 3 +C =1 A = 3 B + C = 1 B = 2 2 C = 2 C 2 =1
(A3) l: -3x-2y+2z=1
(1) 1 ox = y = 0 [[ 00]] (A3) 3 z = 0 x = 0 1 oy = (1) [[0 0]] (A3) 2 z = 0 x = 0 1 oz = y = 0 [[00 ]] (A3) 2 (1) 1 1 1 Lp t l h:k:l= 1 : 1 : 1 = 3 : 2 :2 3 2 2 (hkl)B2= ( 3 2 2),
-Mt (B3):
1 1 1 : : 1 1 = ( 2: 0 : 2 ) = (1:0: 1) 2 2 (hkl)B3 = (1 0 1)
1 Mt phng (A) oa1 [[ 0 0 0 ]] 2 Mt phng (A) oa2 [[ 0 0 1 0 ]] 1 oz [[ 0 0 0 Mt phng (A) ]] 2 1 1 1 1 Lp t l : 1 : : 1 = 1: 2:1 :2 1 1 2 2 Ch s Miller (hkil) = (1 2 1 2)
Phng [110] = AC
4R Ta c: AC = a 2 = x 2 =4R 2
Mt thng ca nguyn t:
l 4R M = = = 1= 100 % L 4R
L
( Lineardensity) LD =
2 a 2
Bi 5: Tnh mt phng ca nguyn t theo phng [112] ca: a) Fe (Bcc) c rFe = 1,241 A0 b) Ni( Fcc) c rNi = 1,245 A0.. Li gii: Phng [112]= AO
2R 2R 1 l M = = = 57,735% 3 = 4R 3 = . 3 L a 2 2 2
L
Bi 6: Tnh mt phng ca nguyn t theo mt (112)ca: a) Fe (Bcc) c rFe = 1,241 A0 b) Ni( Fcc) c rNi = 1,245 A0.. Li gii:
Mt (111)=(ABD) -S nguyn t ng gp
1 1 3. + 3. = 2 ( nguyn t) 2 6
Mt phng ca nguyn t:
2 R2 2 R2 3 s 2 2 = 136,035% M s = = a 3 = 4R 3= 4 3 S ( ) . 2 2 3
2 R2 2 R2 s = 90,69 % M s = = a2 3 = 4R 2 3 = 2 3 S ( ) . 2 2 2
Bi 7: Tnh mt phng trn (100), (111), ca Pb (Fcc) Li gii: Mt phng = s nguyn t / 1 n v din tch (mm2 )
s 2 R 2 M s = = 2 = 4R 2 = = S ( ) 4 a 2
2 R2
1 1 3. + 3. =2 6 2 => s=2 R 2
- Din tch c s
=> Mt phng:
-
Cch 2:
2 R2 2 R2 s = 90,69% M s = = a2 3 = 4R 2 3 = 2 3 S ( ) . 2 2 2
2
-7 2
(4,95 x 10 mm) 1 1 nS (111) = x 3 = nguyn tu 6 2 1 3r S = bh = 2r. = 3r 2 2 2 1 1 PD (111) = 2 = = 0,095 nguyn t / A2 = 9,5. 1012 2 3r 2 3.(1,75) 2
nguyn t / mm2 Bi 8; Tnh mt xp th tch Mv ca NaCl, bit r(Na+) = 0,98 Ao, R(Cl-) = 1,81 Ao Li gii:
Cch 1:
4 4 16 3 3 3 ) + ( 4. . 3 )= v = ( 4. . R .( r + R ) r 3 3 3
- Th tch s cp: V= a3 = ( 2r + 2 R )3 - Mt xp cht th tch
lp li theo mt phng l khong cch gia cc nguyn t trn phng . -Cch 1: [ 211]= AO A =[[0 0 0]]
1 1 O=[[1 ]] 2 2
AO:
a 2= a 2 2 a 2= a 6 = ( A' D ') + ( DH ) + ( ) ( ) +a +( ) 2 2 2 2
2 2
3,61 6 = 4,43A 0 2
4 4.1,444 a= = = 4,084 A0 2 2
Th tch c s: V= a3 = ( 4,084 )3 = 68,117 A0 Bi 11: ng (Fcc) c bn knh nguyn t l 1,278 Ao. Tnh khi lng ring ca Cu v so snh vi s liu trong ph lc ( Theo ph lc dCu = 8,96 g/cm3 ) Li gii: - Cu (Fcc) mng lp phng tm mt S nguyn t/ 1 c s = 4
NA = V = Ta c 1 Ao = 108 cm=10 24 cm3 d 'Cu =8,934.10 24 (g/ Ao)= 8,934.10 24 (g/ cm3 )
Theo ph lc d Cu = 8,96 g/cm3 => d 'Cu < d Cu Bi 12: Au ( Fcc) c a = 4,078 A0 , nguyn t lng 197. Tnh khi lng ring ca n. Li gii:
d 'Cu
n.
4.
Au (Fcc) mng lp phng tm mt + Th tch c s : V= a3 = ( 4,078 )3 = 67,817 Ao + Khi lng ring ca Cu:
d ' Au
NA = V =
n.
Bi 13: Zn ( Hcp) c c = 4,94 A0 , khong cch gia tm 2 nguyn t k nhau trn mt y c s l 2, 665 A0 . Tnh : a) S nguyn t trn c s b) Th tch c s c) Tnh khi lng ring. Li gii:
d Zn
NA = V =
n.
n.
NA V =
Bi 14: Nguyn t lng ca Na l 22,990 v Cl l 35,453 .Nu khi lng ring l 2,165 g/cm3 . Tnh: a) Hng s mng a b) ng cho mt c) ng cho khi ca c s NaCl Li gii:
M Cl + M Cl nCl d NaCl NA NA V Ta c: = = 2,165 22,990 35,453 . M Cl + nCl M Cl 4. +4 n Na 23 6,023.10 6,023.1023 NA NA 2,165 d NaCl => V= = =1,793. 0 22 (cm)3 =179,3 A 10 n Na .
a, Hng s mng C V= a3 => a= 3 179,3 =5,639 A0 b, ng cho mt ca c s DC= a 2 =5,639. 2 =7,97 A0 c, ng cho khi ca c s BD= a 3 =5,639. 3 = 9,767 A0 Bi 15: St thay i t Bcc sang Fcc 9100 C. nhit ny, bn knh nguyn t ca st trong hai cu trc l 1,258 A0 (Bcc) v 1,292 A0 (Fcc). Tnh % th tch thay i Li gii:
C s tnh : 4 nguyn t Fe, hoc 2 c s ca (n / c s = 2) hoc 1 c s ca Fe (Fcc) (n / c s = 4) - Th tch ca Fe (Bcc) i vi Bcc V0 = a3 = [ - Th tch ca Fe (Fcc) Fcc V1 = a3 = [
4 . R 3 4 x 1,258 3 ]= [ ] = 24,521 A0 3 3
Bi 16: Hp kim cha 80% khi lng Al v 20 % khi lng Mg. Tnh % nguyn t mi loi. Li gii: Gi s ( m Al + m Mg ) = 100 g
Theo bi ta c: m Al = 80 g m Mg = 20 g S nguyn t ng gp
m Al 80 = = 2,963 M Al 27 m Mg 20 n Mg = = = 0,833 M Mg 24 => N Al = n Al . N A = 2,963. 6,02.10 23 = 1,785. 1024 N Mg = n Mg . N A = 0,833. 6,02.10 23 = 5,019. 1023 Tng s nguyn t = 1,785.1024 + 5,019. 1023 =2,2869. 1023 1,785. 1024 % nguyn t Al = x 100% = 78,05% 23 2,2869.10 5,019. 1023 % nguyn t Mg = x 100% = 21,19% 23 2,2869.10 n Al =
Bi 17: Trong cu trc MgO, cc ion Mg2+ b thay th bi Fe2+ theo t l Mg2+ / Fe2+ = 17 / 10. Tnh t s khi lng MgO / FeO. Li gii: Xt cu trc hp cht MgO = Mg 2+ + O 2
FeO = Fe2+ + O 2 Nh vy c mi 1 mol MgO thu c 1 mol Mg 2+ c mi 1 mol FeO thu c 1 mol Fe2+ Mt khc theo bi
n MgO 17 Mg 2+ 17 => = = = 2+ n FeO 10 10 Fe MgO => T s khi lng FeO m MgO 17.( 24 + 16) 680 17 = = = m FeO 10.(56 + 16) 720 18 MgO Vy t s khi lng l FeO m MgO 17 = m FeO 18
II.Cu hi chng 2 Cu 1: Trnh by cu trc vng nng lng trong cc vt rn. Tr li: -Trong mi nguyn t tn ti cc mc nng lng gin on. Cc in t xp thnh cc tng(Cng vi cc s lng t chnh n=1,2,3,.)v cc
lp c ch bi cc ch s, p, d, f (ng vi cc s lng t qu o l=0,1,2 v 3,). Trong mi lp li c tng ng 2l+1=1,3,5 hoc 7 qu o khc nhau. -Khi cc nguyn t cng xch li gn nhau th cc in t cng b kch thch bi cc in t v cc ht nhn ca nguyn t ln cn. nh hng lm cho mi trng thi in t ca nguyn t nm st nhau hnh thnh nn vng nng lng in t. S gin n t mt mc nng lng in t trng nguyn t thnh mt vng nng lng trong vt rn ty thuc vo khong cch gia cc nguyn t. trong mi vng, cc mc nng lng ny l gin on, tuy nhin khong cch gia cc mc k nhau l ht sc nh. khong cch nguyn t cn bng, s to thnh vng nng lng c th xy ra vi cc lp in t gn ht nhn nht. Gia cc vng k nhau tn ti khe nng lng(vng cm): bnh thng th cc in t khng c chim lnh. - 0 k tn ti bn kiu vng nng lng khc nhau: +Th 1: vng ha tr ch b lp y mt phn. nng lng cao nht b chim d 0 k l E Fermi -> cu trc im hnh ca kim loi. +Th 2: Vng ha tr b lp y v cn ph ln vng dn -> cng tm thyowr kim loi. +Th 3,4: Hai cu truc ny tng t nhau. mi cu trc th tt cacr cc trng thi trong vng ha tr b chim d hon ton. Tuy nhin y ko cn dnh vi phn cn trng nn to khe nng lng. S khc nhau gia hai vng l rng ca khe nng lng. E Fermi nm chnh gia khe. -V th vt liu dn in l vt liu c in t d vt qua vng nng lng Fermi. Vt liu ko dn l vt liu c nng lng vng cm rt ln n mc in t khng th no vt qua E Fermi.
Cu 2: Da vo khi nim linh ng ca in t v cu trc vng nng lng hy nu c im ca in tr kim loi, in tr ca bn dn tinh khit Tr li: a, c im ca in tr kim loi:
Tnh cht dn in, hay cn tr in ca nhiu vt liu c th gii thch bng c hc lng t. Mi vt liu u c to nn t mng li cc nguyn t. Cc nguyn t cha cc electron, c nng lng gn kt vi ht nhn nguyn t nhn cc gi tr ri rc trn cc mc c nh. Cc mc ny c th c nhm thnh 2 nhm: vng dn v vng ha tr, vng ha tr thng c mc nng lng thp hn vng dn. Cc electron c nng lng nm trong vng dn c th dy chuyn d dng gia cc mng li nguyn t./Khi c hiu in th gia 2 u ming vt liu, mt in trng c thit lp ko theo cc electron vng dn dy chuyn nh lc Coulumb to ra dng in. Dng in mnh hay yu ph thuc vo s lng electron cng dn/Cc electron ni chung sp sp trong nguyn t t mc nng lng thp n cao, do vy hu ht nm vng ha tr. S lng electron nm vng dn ty thuc vo vt liu v iu kin kch thch nng lng (nhit lng , bc x in t t mi trng). Chia theo tnh cht cc mc nng lng ca electron c 3 loi vt liu chnh sau:
Trong kim loi lun c sn electron nm cng dn. Trn thc t hok c khong cch gia vng dn v vng ha tr, v c th coi 2 vng l mt i vi kim loi/Kim loi c vng dn v vng ha tr ph ln nhau(khng c vng cm) do lun c in t trn vng dn v th m kim loi lun lun dn in Mng li ca kim loi thc t hok hon ho: cc ch b st m trong mng li tn x electron, gy nn s cn tr vi s dy chuyn ca electron(in tr). Khi nhit tng, cc nguyn t dao ng mnh hn v d va chm vo cc electron hn khin
in tr tng theo. Vt dn in cng di, s lng va chm ca electron trn ng y cng tng. b, c im in tr ca bn dn tinh khit: Trong bn dn v cch in cc nguyn t tng tc vi nhau khin cho khong cch nng lng gia vng dn v vng c ha tr ln, hu ht cc electron khng nm vng dn. c electron dn in, cn cung cp nhu nng lng cho e nhy ln vng dn, v d nhit nng hay quang nng. Mt hiu in th ln ch to c dng in yu do c it in t dn in, do cht bn dn v cht cch in c in tr sut cao. Trong bn dn khi tng nhit , cc e c th nhn nhit nng nhy ln vng dn. Hiu ng ny mnh hn hiu ng cn tr do dng dao ng mng, khin in tr gim khi nhit tng.. tng t c th chiu nh sng hay bc x in t ni chung vo mt s cht bn dn truyn nng lng cho cc e(sau khi hp th cc photon) nhy ln vng dn v tng tnh dn in nh trong CCD ca camera hay pin Mt Tri C th thay i kh nng dn in ca cc cht bn dn bng vic pha thm tp cht la chn c bit to ra cc li trong mng tinh th c tha e t do(bn dn loi n). Nng tp cht quyt nh s l trng hay in t t do trong vt liu, do quyt nh tnh dn in ca vt liu Cc cht bn dn c vng cm c 1 rng xc nh. 0 tuyt i(0 K), mc Fermi nm gia vng cm, c ngha l tt c cc in t tn ti vng ha tr, do cht bn dn khng dn in. Khi tng dn nhit , cc in t s nhn c nng lng nhit( l hng s Boltzmann) nhng nng lng ny cha vt qua vng cm nn in t vn vng ha tr. Khi tng nhit n mc cao, s c mt s in t nhn c nng lng ln hn nng lng vng cm v n s nhy ln vng dn v cht rn tr thnh cht dn in. Khi nhit cng tng ln, mt in t trn vng dn s cng tng ln, do tnh dn in ca bn dn tng dn theo nhit (hay in tr sut gim dn theo
nhit ). Mt cch gn ng c th vit s ph thuc ca in tr cht bn dn vo nhit nh sau: Vi Ro l hng s, l rng vng cm Ngoi ra tnh dn ca cht bn dn c th thay i nh cc kch thch nng lng khc, v d nh nh sng. Khi chiu sng cc in t s hp th nng lng t photon v c th nhy ln vng dn nu nng lng ln. y chnh l nguyn nhn dn n s thay i v tnh cht ca bndn di tc dng ca nh sng(quang-bn dn)
Cu 3: Nu v gii thch tnh cht dn in ca bn dn tp cht loi p. Tr li: Xt bn dn nguyn t silic. Mt nguyn t silic c 4 in t vng ngoi mi in t ny lin kt ng ha tr vi 4 nguyn t silic ln cn. Gi s 1 nguyn t tp cht c ha tr 3 c thay th vo( nguyn t nhm III A: Al, B, Ga). Ta ly bo.Mt trong cc mi lin kt ng ha
tr xung quanh mi nguyn t ny s b thiu 1 in t. Ch thiu c th xem nh 1 l trng lin kt yu vi nguyn t tp cht. C th gii phng l trng ny khi nguyn t tp cht bng cch l in t v l trng i ch cho nhau. Mt l trng chuyn ng c coi nh l trng thi kch thch. Vy trong trng hp ny tp cht bo lm cho l trng trong tinh th tng ln rt nhiu: ch cn mt s nguyn t tp cht bng mt phn triu s nguyn t bn dn tinh khit cng lm cho s l trng tng ln hng vn ln, do dn in ca bn dn c tp cht ln hn dn in ca bn dn tinh khit hng vn ln. Mi 1 nguyn t tp cht a vo khe cm mt mc nng lng nm st pha trn nh ca vng ha tr. Mi l trng s c to ra trong vng ha tr khi kch thch nhit 1 in t chuyn t vng ha tr ln trng thi in t tp cht. Vi 1 chuyn di nh th ch c 1 ht ti (1 l trng) c sinh ra trong vng ha tr m khng c in t t do no c to ra hoc mc tp cht hoc trong vng dn. Tp cht ny c gi l acxept (tp cht nhn). bi v n c kh nng nhn in t t vng ha tr v li 1 l trng . i vi bn dn tp cht loi ny, l trng c mt vi nng cao hn nhiu so vi in t (p>>n) v trong trng hp vt liu c gi l cht bn dn loi p bi v tnh dn in ch yu do cc in tch dng m nhim. L trng c gi l ht ti a s, in t l ht ti thiu s. Cu 4: Nu v gii thch tnh cht dn in ca bn dn tp cht loi n. Tr li: Xt bn dn nguyn t silic. Mt nguyn t silic c 4 in t vng ngoi mi in t ny lin kt ng ha tr vi 4 nguyn t silic ln cn. Gi s 1 nguyn t tp cht c ha tr 5 c thay th vo( nguyn t nhm V A: P, As, Sb). Ch c 4 trong 5 nguyn t tp cht ny c th tham gia vo lin kt. Mt in t tha ra ch nh 1 cch lng lo xung
quanh nguyn t tp cht bi lc ht tnh in yu nng lng lin kt ca in t ny tng i nh (0,01 eV) =>d b tch khi nguyn t tp cht =>n tr thnh in t t do (tc in t dn). Nh vy, trong trng hp ny (tc ) lm cho s in t t do trong bn dn tng ln rt nhiu. V ch cn mt s nguyn t tp cht bng mt phn triu s nguyn t bn dn tinh khit cng lm cho s in t tng ln hng vn ln, ngha l dn in ca bn dn c tp cht ln dn in ca bn dn tinh khit hng vn ln. Mi in t lng lo chim mt mc nng lng ng nm trong khe cm v ngay di y vng dn. kch thch in t nhy t 1 trong cc trng thi (mc) tp cht ny ln 1 mc trong vng dn i hi 1 nng lng tng ng vi nng lng lin kt trong in t. C mi ln kch thch s cp 1 in t n vo vng dn. Tp cht loi ny gi l n (tp cht cho).Bi mi in t n c kch thch t 1 tp cht nn khng to ra l trng trong vng ha tr do trong bn dn c tp cht mt in t rt ln so vi mt l trng. V l bn dn c tp cht c gi l bn dn in t hay bn dn loi n. Trong bn dn loi n cc in t l nhng ht ti a s, cn l trng l nhng ht ti thiu s. Cu 5:Nu c ch dn nhit ca vt liu. T gii thch tnh cht dn nhit ca kim loi, gm v polyme Tr li: a, C ch dn nhit ca vt liu Trong cc vt liu rn,nhit c truyn bi c song dao ng mng v in t t do. dn nhit ton phn l tng ca 2 thnh phn theo 2 c ch . K=Kl +Ke Kl: dn in bi dao ng mng
Ke: dn in bi dao ng in t -Thng thng th 1 trong 2 thnh phn chim u th.nng lng nhit cc phonon,tc l song mng c truyn i theo hng chuyn ng ca chng. -Thnh phn Kl gy bi chuyn ng thun ca cc phonon t vng nhit cao ti vng c nhit thp trong vt th. -Cc in t t do cng tham gia dn nhit. vng nng ca vt liu in t t do c ng nng ln hn,chng di chuyn n nhng vng lnh hn vaf1 phn ng nng c chuyn b thm cho cc nguyn t nh l kt qu cc va chm vi phonon hay l vi khuyt tt mng.Phn ng gp tng i ca Ke tng theo nng in t t do v c nhiu in t hn tham gia vo qu trnh dn nhit. b, Gii thch tnh cht: - Kim loi: +Trong kim loi vi sch cao,c ch in t vn chuyn nhit c u th hn phn ng gp ca photon v in t khng d b tn x nh photon v c tc ln hn.Kim loi l cht bn dn ht sc tt do c s lng kh ln in t t do tham gia dn nhit. dn nhit thng dng ca kim loi l vo khong:20-40 w m.K. +v in t t do chu trch nhim c dn nhit v dn in trong kim loi tinh khit,biu thc: L=k T L:Hng s L=2,44.10 ^-8 W/(k^2) T:Nhit tuyt i : dn nhit +Tp cht trong kim loi lm gim dn nhit,c th l trong cc nguyn t tp cht,c bit l trong dung dch rn hot ng nh nhng tm tn x,h thp hiu qu ca chuyn ng in t.V vy thp khng d dn nhit km hn st hoc thp hp kim thp
- Gm: + Cc vt liu phi kim loi u l nhng cht cch nhit v chng khng c nhiu in t t do.Nh vy,phonon chu trch nhim ch yu trong dn nhit: K rt nh so vi K.phonon vn chuyn nng lng nhit khng hiu qu nh in t t do,do phonon b tn x rt mnh bi khuyt tt mng. + dn in ca 1 s vt liu gm nm trong khong 2->50W/m.K nhit phng .Thy tinh v cc gm v nh hnh khc c dn in thp hn gm tinh th v tn x phonon mnh hn nhiu khi cu trc nguyn t c mc khng trt t cao. +Tn x ca cc dao ng nhit tr nn ni bt hn khi nhit tng.Do vy, dn nhit ca a s vt liu gm bnh thng u gim dn dn khi nhit tng,t nht l nhit tng i thp. +L xp trong vt liu gm c th gy nh hng mnh n dn nhit trong a s trng hp,s tng th tch l xp lm gim dn nhit.Trong thc t:nhiu gm s dng lm vt liu cch nhit u c xp cao.S truyn nhit qua cc l xp l chm v khng c hiu qu.Cc l xp bn trong cn cha khng kh,kh ny c dn nhit cc k thp,khong 0,02W/m.K.Hn na s i lu kh trong cc l xp cng khng c hiu qu ng k. - Polyme: +a s cc polyme l vo c 0.3 wm.K.i vi vt liu ny,nng lng truyn theo dao ng,tnh tin v quay ca cc phn t mch. ln ca dn nhit ph thc vo mc kt tinh:Polyme c cu trc tinh th v trt t cao s c dn nhit ln hn so vi cc vt liu v nh hnh tng ng. l dao ng hiu dng hn ca cc mch phn t trng thi tinh th. +Polyme thng c ng dng lm cht chs nhit nh c dn nhit thp,tnh cc nhit ca chng cng nh ca gm,c th c nng cao hn bng cch a vo nhng l xp nh,thng c to ra bng cch
khuy bt trong khi polyme ha.Polystryren to bt c dng ph bin dng lm cc ung v hp cch nhit.
III.Cu hi chng 3 Cu 1: Th no l cht thun t, nghch t, st t, phn st t, feri t. Nu c im ca chng: Tr li: ng cong t ha
l nhng cht c t tnh yu (trong ngnh t hc xp vo nhm phi t, c ngha l cht khng c t tnh). Tnh cht thun t th hin kh nng hng ng thun theo t trng ngoi, c ngha l cc cht ny c mmen t nguyn t (nhng gi tr nh), khi c tc dng ca t trng ngoi, cc mmen t ny s b quay theo t trng ngoi, lm cho cm ng t tng cng trong cht tng ln. -c im Vt liu t khng vnh cu Cc vc t momen lng cc t cng chiu
c cu to t mt loi phn t khng c t tnh. Khi t vo t trng ngoi trong cc phn t s xut hin dng in ph v to ra t trng ph ngc chiu t trng ngoi (v vy c tn l cht nghch t).Do cm ng t tng cng nh hn cm ng t ca t trng ngoi (<1). -c im Vt liu t khng vnh cu Cc vc t momen lng cc t ngc chiu momen t qu o (L )ng gp l chnh trong chuyn ng ca vt liu ny t c ng dng Xm -10 6 n -105 b, st t
l cc cht c t tnh mnh, hay kh nng hng ng mnh di tc dng ca t trng ngoi, m tiu biu l st (Fe), v tn gi "st t" c t cho nhm cc cht c tnh cht t ging vi st. Cc cht st t c hnh vi gn ging vi cc cht thun t c im hng ng thun theo t trng ngoi. - c im: L vt liu t vnh cu Cc momen lng cc t cng chiu vecto ngoi Momen t S ng gp l chnh c s dng nhiu trong li bin th, lm nam chm in Xm 105 n 106 T bo ha: Loi 1: Vt liu t cng Loi 2: Vt liu t mm c,Phn st t: - nh ngha: l nhm cc vt liu t c trt t t m trong cu trc gm c 2 phn mng t i song song v cn bng nhau v mt gi tr.
S sp xp cc momen t trong vt
liu feri t khi T < TN khi khng c t trng ngoi - c im: +C ch ca tnh phn st t vt liu c trt t t. l vt liu phi t bi t tnh ca chng cng yu. Tnh cht phn st t bt ngun t tng tc trao i gia cc spin Phn st t l tng tc trao i m, lm cho cc spin phn song song vi nhau. +Cc tnh cht c bn khng tuyt i (0 Kelvin), cc spin ca vt liu phn st t sp xp i song song nhau nn t . Nhit tng dn dn n vic ph v trt t t kiu phn song song lm tng t ha (v cm t, ) ca vt liu phn st t. T trng ngoi cng l nguyn nhn ph v trt t phn song song ca vt liu. d, Feri t: - nh ngha: l tn gi chung ca nhm cc vt liu c trt t t m trong cu trc t ca n gm 2 phn mng i song song nhng c ln khc nhau. Ferri t cn c gi l phn st t b tr khng hon ton.
S sp xp cc momen t trong vt
liu feri t khi T < TC - c im: + Cu trc ca feri t Feri t t c tn gi xut pht t nhm vt liu ferrite ,l nhm cc vt liu gm c cng thc ha hc chung l: XO.Y2O3 X l mt kim loi ha tr 2, Y l kim loi ha tr 3 . + Tnh cht ca feri t Feri t c 2 phn mng t b tr khng hon ton, nn n c t t pht v t ny c b tr t mmen t ca 2 phn mng: .MA (1 ).MB MA, MB ln lt l mmen t ca 2 phn mng A v B, l t phn gia 2 phn mng. Nhn chung, tnh cht t ca feri t gn ging vi st t, im khc bit c bn nht l do n c 2 phn mng ngc chiu C mt nhit m ti mmen t t pht ca 2 phn mng b b tr nhau gi l "nhit b tr". Nhit b tr thp hn nhit Curie (i khi nhit Curie ca feri t cng c gi l nhit Nel, trn nhit Curie cht b mt trt t t v tr thnh thun t
Cu 2:Hy nu ngun gc momen t ca vt liu.Nu c im ca vt liu t cng. Tr li: a, Ngun gc momen t ca vt liu: + Vt liu c cu to t cc nguyn t, mi nguyn t c cu to t cc in t chuyn ng xung quanh ht nhn v ht nhn. + Mi in t trong mt nguyn t u c cc momen t vi hai ngun gc: -Mt lin quan n qu o ca n chuyn ng quanh ht nhn -Mi in t cn c mt chuyn ng ring l chuyn ng xung quanh trc ca bn thn ( gi l spin) T trng tng:
+ Momen t n v l Magneton Bohr( 9,27.10-24 A.m2 ) + i vi mi in t trong nguyn t - Momen t spin ch c th nhn mt trong 2 gi tr ( cng cho spin hng ln v tr cho spin hng xung).
- Cn momen t qu o th bng l s lng t t ( s lng t khng gian) ca in t. + i vi mt nguyn t c cc lp in t hon ton y, momen tng ca n b trit tiu => khng th b t ha vnh cu. v d cc kh tr ( He, Ne, Ar.) cng nh nhiu vt liu in khc. + Trong vt liu tn ti cc dng t tnh sau: Thun t, nghch t, v st t. Ngoi ra phn st t v feri t c xem l nhng dng ph ca st t b, Nu c im ca vt liu t cng: Vt liu t cng l vt liu st t, kh kh t v kh t ha,c lc khng t cao c cu trc tinh th c tnh i xng km hn so vi cc vt liu t mm, chng c d hng t tinh th rt ln. -Lc khng t. k hiu l Hc l i lng quan trng c trng cho tnh t cng ca vt liu t cng. -Tnh nng lng t cc i L i lng c trng cho mnh yu ca vt t, c c trng bi nng lng t cc i c th tn ti trong mt n v th tich vt t.i lng ny c c n v l n v mt nng lng J /m^3 -Nhit kurie y l nhit m ti vt liu b mt t tnh, tr thnh cht thut t. Mt s vt liu t cng c dng trong cc nam chm hot ng nhit cao nn n i hi nhit crrie rt cao. Loi vt liu t cng c nhit curie rt cao hin nay l nhm cc vt liu trn nn SmCo c nhit curie t 500-1000 c -ng dng :dng ch to cc nan chm vnh cu hoc c s dng lm vt liu ghi t trong cc a cng, cc bng t
Cu 3: Th no l vt liu t mm, nu tnh cht, c im ca vt liu t mm Tr li: a, khi nim: Vt liu t mm l vt liu st t, "mm" v phng din t ha v kh t, c ngha l d t ha v d kh t. b, Tnh cht: Vt liu p in c t trng bo ha v t ha ch ph thuc vo thnh phn ca vt liu. H s t ha v kh t ca Hc li ph thuc vo cu trc ca vt liu ch khng phi thnh phn ca vt liu. Tn hao nng lng t ph thuc vo in tr sut v n th l nghch vi in tr sut. c, c im: C t thm cao C kh t thp. C tn hao nng lng t tr thp. D b t ha.
Cu 4: Gii thch ng cong t tr thng qua khi nim domen t.So snh s ging v khc nhau gia vt liu t cng v vt liu t mm Tr li: ng cong t ha ban u v ng cong t tr ca vt liu st t
- Khi nim: l nhng vng th tch nh trong vt liu y. Trong vng ny cc vec t momen lng cc t sp xp theo 1 trt t nht nh. Vng th tch gi l domen t hay min t ha t nhin. Trong 1 vt liu t gm rt nhiu cc domen t , cc domen t ngn cch nhau bi vch domen Mi vt liu st t v feri t nhit di Tc c cu to bi nhng vng th tch nh, trong tt c cc momen lng cc t u nh hng song song vi nhau vi t ha t bo ha. Mi vng gi l mt min t (men) mt min t ha t nhin. Cc men ln cn phn cch nhau bi cc vng bin hay vch. - Qu trnh t ha: l qu trnh xoay v dch cc vch domen Nu ( H o , P) thnh gc nhn th tch domen m rng
Nu ( H o , P) thnh gc t th tch domen gim bt - Kch thc v hnh dng ca ng cong t tr ca cc vt liu st t v feri t c tm quan trng, Din tch bn trong vng t tr biu th tn hao nng lng trong mt n v th tch vt liu, trong mt chu trnh t ha kh t. - Tn hao nng lng c tnh bng lng nhit sinh ra trong vt liu v lm tng nhit ca n. - Cc vt liu st t v feri t c phn ha thnh vt liu t mn hoc vt liu t cng ty theo c tnh t tr ca chng
Cu 5: Nu c im ca siu dn, ng dng ca siu dn Tr li: a, c im: -Vt liu siu dn c in tr bng 0 -Nu vt liu siu dn c dng in chy qua th dng in ny c th duy tr lu sau khi b ngun in i b, ng dng: -Ch to nam chm in c cun dy bng vt liu siu dn, to ra t trng mnh m khng hao ph nng lng v ta nhit - To ra cc vt liu siu dn nhit cao. c bit ngi ta to ra c hp ct c nhit Tc = 134 k
IV.Cu hi chng 4 Cu 1: Laser l g, ng dng ca laser. Nu s b cu to my pht laser Tr li: a, Khi nim: Laze l mt ngun sng pht ra mt chm sng cng ln da trn vic ng dng hin tng pht x cm ng .b, ng dng: + Thng tin lin lc v tuyn (nh truyn thng thng tin bng cp quang, v tuyn nh v, iu khin con tu v tr, ...) + Y hc dao m trong phu thut mt, cha mt s bnh ngoi da (nh tc dng nhit), ... + Dng trong cc u c a CD, bt ch bng, ch bn , dng trong cc th nghim quang hc trng ph thng, ... + Dng khoan, ct, ti, ... chnh xc cc vt liu trong cng nghip. c, Cu to my pht laser: Rubi (hng ngc) l Al2O3 c pha Cr2O3. Laze rubi gm mt thanh rubi hnh tr. Hai mt c mi nhn vung gc vi trc ca thanh. Mt (1) c m bc tr thnh gng phng (G1) c mt phn x quay vo pha trong ( phn x 100%). Mt (2) l mt bn m, tc l m mt lp mng cho khong 50% cng chm sng chiu ti b phn x, cn khong 50% truyn qua. Mt ny tr thnh gng phng (G2) c mt phn x quay v pha G1. Hai gng G1 v G2 song song vi nhau. Dng n phng in xenon chiu sng rt mnh thanh rubi v a mt s ln ion crm ln trng thi kch thch. Nu c mt ion crm bc x theo phng vung gc vi hai gng th nh sng s phn x i phn x li nhiu ln gia hai gng v s lm cho mt lot ion crm pht x cm ng. nh sng s c khuch i ln nhiu ln. Chm tia laze c ly ra t gng bn m G2.
Cu 2: Nu tnh cht quang hc ca vt liu phi kim loi. Trnh by c ch pht quang ca vt liu Tr li: a, Tnh cht quang hc ca vt liu phi kim loi -c trng cu trc vng nng lng ca in t, cc vt liu phi kim c th trong sut vi nh sng kh kin -Ch trng n cc hin tng phn x, hp th, khc x, truyn qua -Khc x l khi nh sng i vo vt liu b gy b mt v thay i vn tc trong vt liu ch s khc x (chit sut n)
c n= = = r r v o o
- Hng s in mi - t thm - Phn x l khi nh sng i vo vt liu c mt phn b phn x tr li mt phn cch (thm ch khi c 2 vt liu l trong sut) phn x R l t s cho bi (vi I0 v IR l cng chm tia ti v chm tia phn x) R=
IR IO
2
R= ( n 2 n1) n 2 + n1
n1 v n2 l chit sut ca 2 mi trng - Khi chm sng chiu ti l khng bnh thng, R s ph thuc vo gc chiu ti. Khi nh sng chiu vo mi trng s - Hp th - cc vt liu phi kim c th dng c khng cho nh sng i qua. Nu trong sut, chng thng c mu sc
-Bc x nh sng c hp th theo 2 c ch Hp th do phn cc in t ng vai tr quan trng tn s nh sng ln cn tn s hi phc (relaxation) ca nguyn t Hp th do s chuyn mc in t t di ha tr v di dn - ph thuc vo cu trc di nng lng ca vt liu - Hp th ca photon nh sng c th xy ra khi to s kch thch in t gn di ha tr c in y i qua vng cm ln ti trng thi trng di dn to thnh in t t do di dn v l trng di ha tr -Nng lng kch thch E lin quan ti tn s photon hp th E = h. S kch thch hp th ch xy ra khi nng lng photon ln hn nng lng vng cm Eg - Vi bc sng kh kin cc tiu (min) khong 0.4m, bit c v h xc nh nng lng vng cm cc i Eg(max) c th hp th nh sng kh kin l
- Vi bc sng kh kin cc i (max) khong 0.7m, bit c v h xc nh nng lng vng cm cc tiu Eg(min) c th hp th nh sng - Hp th photon do kch thch in t t di ha tr ln di dn vi mc tp cht nm trong vng cm (a), S pht x ca 2 photon vi in t u tin nhy xung mc tp cht v sau mi nhy xung mc trng thi nn (b) v s sinh cp photon khi in t nhy xung mc nng lng tp cht v sau nhy xung mc trng thi nn (c)
Hy kho st s vng nng lng in t kim loi minh ha trn hnh 5.3a v5.3b:trong c hai trng hp u c mt vng nng lng cao ch mi b cc in tchim mt phn .Bc x nh sng ti s kch thch cc in t chuyn ln trng thi nnglng cha b chim nm trn mc Fermi,nh cc biu th trn hnh 5.58a kt qu l nhsng ti b hp th ph hp vi biu thc (5.56).Chnh v vy m kim loi l c.S hpth hon ton ch xy ra trong mt lp mt ngoi rt mng thng thng nh hn0,1m:nh vy ch c nhng mng kim loi mng hn 0,1m mi c kh nng truyn nhsng nhn thy .Kim loi hp th c mi tn s ca nh sng nhn thy bi v lin tc c nhngtrng thi in t cn trng ,chng cho php chuyn ri cc in t nh ch trn hnh 5.59a.Thc ra cc kim loi u c i vi tt c cc bc x in t vng tn s thp ca pht sng v tuyn in ,qua hng ngoi ,nh sng nhn thy cho n khong gia bc x tngoi .cc kim loi u trong sut i vi tt c cc bc x c tn s cao(Tia Rnghen vtia gamma).Phn ln bc x b hp th s c th pht b mt di dng nh sng nhn thyc cng bc sng,ta c nh sng phn x .S chuyn ri in t c trn hnh5.59b. phn x cu phn ln cc kim loi nm gia 0,90 v 0,95 ,mt phn nh nnglng ca qu trnh ny nhy xung ca in t b chuyn thnh nhit . Bi v cc kim loi u c v phn x mnh nn mu cm nhn r ca chng cxc nh phn b bc sng ca chm tia phn x .S xut hin ca mu bc khi chiu nhsng chng t kim loi c phn x mnh trn ton b gii ph nhn thy .Ni cch khc,i vi chm tia phn x ,thnh phn tn s v s lng photon th pht ny cng gnging nh i vi chm tia ti .Nhm v bc l hai kim loi c tinh phn x nh vy .Cnng v vng li th hin hai mu -da cam v mu vng bi v c mt phn nng lnggn vi cc photon nh sng c bc sng ngn khng c th pht Cu 4: Tng tc nh sng vi vt rn Tr li:
Khi anh sng i t mi trng ny sang mi trng khc (chng hn t khng khvo vt rn )th mt s bc x nh sng c th truyn qua mi trng .mt s b hp th vmt s b phn x trn b mt phn cch gia hai mi trng .cng Io ca chm sngtruyn qua .hp th v phn x tng ng l IT,IA v IR .tc l I0= IA+IT+IR . Trong T,A,R tng ng biu din truyn qua (IT/I0), hp th (IA/I0) v phn x (IR /I0).tc l nhng t phn ca nh sng ti c truyn qua ,phn x v hp th bi vt liu . Nhng vt liu c kh nng truyn sng vi hp th v phn x tng i nh lnhng vt ph trong sut .ngi ta c th nhn qua chng .Nhng vt trong m l nhngvt liu m khi nh sng i qua chng s b tn x vo trong vt liu n mc m khi quamt mu vt liu th khng phn bit r rng c i tng .Cn nhng vt khng chonh sng nhn thy truyn qua gi l vt c .Cc kim loi khi u c vi ton b ph nhn thy c ,ngha l tt c bc xnh sng u b hoc l hp th hoc l phn x.Mt khc ,cc vt liu cch in u cth lm trong sut .Ngoi ra mt s vt liu bn dn l trong sut cn s khc l c
Cu 5: Tng tc nguyn t v in t
Cc hin tng quang hc xy ra bn trong vt rn u c lin quan n nhngtng tc gia bc x in t v nguyn t ,ion v in t.Hai hin tng quan trng nhttrong nhng tng tc ny l s phn cc in t v s chuyn ri nng lng in t. Phn cc in t Mt trong hai thnh phn ca song in t l in trng bin thin nhanh . phmvi tn s thy c in trng ny tng tc vi am my in t bao quanh trngnguyn t v gy ra s phn cc in t .C mi ln thnh phn in trng thay ihng l mt ln lm lnh m my in t so vi ht nhn nguyn t ,nh biu th trnhnh 5.28a .Hai h qu ca s phn cc ny l 1)mt phn nng lng bc x b hp th v2) sng nh sng b chm li khi i qua mi trng .H qu th hai biu hin s khc x s tho lun trong mc 5.4.3a Chuyn di in t S hp th v pht x in t c th gy nn s chuyn di cc in t t trng thiny sang trnh thi nng lng khc . d tho lun ta xt ring mt nguyn t , th nng lng nguyn t ca n c biu din trn hnh 5.58.Mt in t c th b kchthch chuyn t mt trng thi chim mc nng lng E 2 ln mt trng thi nm mc nng lng cao hn ,E 4 chng hn bng ch hp th mt photon nng lng hv=Trong l hiu nng lng gia hai mc . y c mt s khi nim quantrng cn lu :-Th nht ,cc trng thi ca nguyn t l gin on nn ch tn ti nhng khongcch ring gia cc mc nng lng :nh vy ch c nhng photon no c tn stng ng vi nhng cho php th mi c hp th bi cc chuyn di in t.Hn na ,trong mi ln kch thch .phi l tt c (ch khng th mt phn ) nng lng photon c hp th-Th hai:in t ny khng th lu li v thi hn
trng thi kch thch :sau mtthi gian ngn ,n li nhy tr v trng thi c bn ca mnh hoc mt mc nng lngthp hn v pht x in t (thut ng bc x gi l s th pht ).c th c nhiu conng nhy tr v ,nhng trong bt c trng hp no cng phi c s bo ton nnglng cho cc chuyn di in t hp th v pht x . Nh s trnh by sau ,cc c tnh quang hc ca vt rn lin quan n hp th v pht x in t u c gii thch nh cu trc vng nng lng in t ca vt liu vcc nguyn l lin quan n s chuyn di in t nh nu trn