MC LC

mc

Trang

MC LC ................................................................................................... 1
YU CU V NH GI HON THNH M UN .................................... 6
BI 1 .......................................................................................................... 7
NGUN GC DU M V KH ................................................................. 7
M bi: HD A1 ............................................................................................ 7
Gii thiu .................................................................................................... 7
Mc tiu thc hin ...................................................................................... 7
Ni dung chnh ........................................................................................... 7
1.1. Ngun gc v c ................................................................................. 7
1.2. Ngun gc hu c ............................................................................... 8
1.3. Cu hi v bi tp .............................................................................. 10
BI 2 ........................................................................................................ 11
THNH PHN HA HC V PHN LOI DU M ................................ 11
M bi: HD A2 .......................................................................................... 11
Gii thiu .................................................................................................. 11
Mc tiu thc hin .................................................................................... 11
Ni dung chnh ......................................................................................... 11
2.1. Thnh phn hydrocacbon trong du m ............................................ 11

2.1.1. Hydrocacbon parafinic ......................................................... 11

2.1.2. Hydrocacbon naphtenic ....................................................... 12
2.1.3. Hydrocacbon thm (aromatic) ............................................. 13
2.1.4. Hydrocacbon loi hn hp naphten aromat .................. 14
2.2. Cc thnh phn phi hydocacbon ....................................................... 14

2.2.1. Cc cht cha lu hunh .................................................... 14

2.2.2. Cc cht cha nit .............................................................. 15
2.2.3. Cc cht cha oxy ........................................................... 16
2.2.4. Cc kim loi nng ............................................................. 16
2.2.5. Cc cht nha v asphanten ........................................... 16
2.2.6. Nc ................................................................................ 17
2.3.

2.3.1.

Phn loi du m .......................................................................... 17

Phn loi du m da vo bn cht ha hc ................... 17

1

2.3.2.
2.4.

2.4.1.
2.4.2.

Phn loi du m theo bn cht vt l ............................. 18

Thnh phn v phn loi kh ......................................................... 19

Phn loi .......................................................................... 19

Thnh phn ...................................................................... 19

2.5. Cu hi v bi tp ......................................................................... 20
BI 3 ........................................................................................................ 21
CC C TNH CA DU TH V SN PHM DU M ...................... 21
M bi:HDA3 ............................................................................................ 21
Gii thiu .................................................................................................. 21
Mc tiu thc hin .................................................................................... 21
Ni dung chnh ......................................................................................... 21
3.1. Tnh bay hi ...................................................................................... 21
3.2. Tnh bt chy ..................................................................................... 22
3.3. Tnh lu chuyn................................................................................. 23

3.3.1. T trng ............................................................................... 23

3.3.2. nht ............................................................................... 23
3.3.3. Tnh lu chuyn trong iu kin lnh .................................. 24
3.4. Tnh n mn v s c hi ca cc sn phm du m ...................... 25
3.5. Cc bin php bo qun cc sn phm du m ................................ 25
3.6. Cu hi v bi tp .............................................................................. 26
BI 4 ........................................................................................................ 27
NG DNG CA CC PHN ON DU M ....................................... 27
M bi: HD A4 .......................................................................................... 27
Gii thiu .................................................................................................. 27
Mc tiu thc hin .................................................................................... 27
Ni dung chnh ......................................................................................... 28
4.1. Phn on kh ................................................................................... 28

4.1.1.
4.1.2.

Kh lm nguyn liu tng hp ha du ............................. 28

Kh lm nhin liu t ....................................................... 29

4.2. Phn on xng ................................................................................ 34

4.2.1. Thnh phn ha hc ........................................................ 34

4.2.2. Xng lm nhin liu ............................................................. 34
4.2.3. Cc ng dng khc ca xng........................................... 45
4.3.

Phn on kerosen ....................................................................... 46

4.3.1. Thnh phn ha hc............................................................ 46

2

4.3.2.

ng dng ......................................................................... 47

4.4. Phn on gasoil nh ........................................................................ 50

4.4.1.
4.4.2.
4.5.

Thnh phn ha hc ........................................................ 50

ng dng ca phn on gasoil nh ............................... 50
Phn on gasoil nng (Phn on du nhn) ............................. 52

4.5.1. Thnh phn ha hc ........................................................ 52

4.5.2. ng dng ca phn on sn xut du nhn ................ 53
4.5.3. ng dng ca phn on sn xut sn phm
trng .............................................................................................. 57
4.6.

Phn on cn du m (cn gudon) ............................................. 57

4.6.1. Thnh phn ha hc............................................................ 57

4.6.2. ng dng ca phn on cn gudron ................................. 58
4.7. Cu hi v bi tp ......................................................................... 60
BI 5 ........................................................................................................ 62
CC C TRNG VT L V S NH GI CHT LNG DU M 62
M bi: HD A5 .......................................................................................... 62
Gii thiu .................................................................................................. 62
Mc tiu thc hin .................................................................................... 62
Ni dung chnh ......................................................................................... 62
5.1. Xc nh cc c trng vt l ca phn on du m ....................... 62

5.1.1. Thnh phn chng ct phn on ................................... 62

5.1.2. p sut hi bo ha ......................................................... 63
5.1.3. T trng ............................................................................ 64
5.1.4. t nht ........................................................................... 65
5.1.5. ng cong im si thc ............................................... 66
5.1.6. im anilin........................................................................ 67
5.1.7. Nhit chp chy .......................................................... 68
5.1.8. Nhit ng c, im ng c v im kt tinh ......... 69
5.1.9. Nhit chy ........................................................................ 70
5.1.10.Hm lng nc trong phn on du m ........................ 70
5.1.11.Tr s octan ......................................................................... 71
5.2.

5.2.1.

nh gi cht lng ca du m qua cc c trng sau .............. 71

Thnh phn hydrocacbon trong du m ........................... 71

3

5.2.2. T trng ............................................................................ 72

5.2.3. H s c trng K ............................................................ 72
5.2.4.
Hm lng cc hp cht cha cc nguyn t d
th
72
5.2.5. nht ............................................................................ 73
5.2.6. Nhit ng c ............................................................ 74
5.2.7. Nhit chp chy .......................................................... 74
5.2.8. Hm lng cc conradson ............................................... 74
5.2.9. Kim loi nng trong du ................................................... 74
5.3. Cu hi v bi tp ......................................................................... 75
TI LIU THAM KHO ............................................................................. 76

GII THIU V M UN
V tr, ngha, vai tr m un:
L m un u tin trc khi hc vin hc vo kin thc chuyn ngnh,
l tin cho hc vin tip cn vi lnh vc du kh sau ny.
Mc tiu ca m un:
M un nhm trang b cho hc vin c kin thc c bn mt cch khi
qut nht v chuyn ngnh ha du. Gip cho hc vin d dng tip thu cc
kin thc chuyn ngnh.
-

Bit c ngun gc ca du m v s hnh thnh du m

Bit c thnh phn ha hc ca du m

Nm c cc ng dng ca du m trong i sng

Mc tiu thc hin ca m un:

Hc xong m un ny hc vin c kh nng:
-

M t c thnh phn ha hc ca du m

Phn loi c du m

nh gi c cht lng ca du th v sn phm du thng qua

cc tnh cht ha l c trng.

M t c cc ng dng ca cc phn on du m.

Ni dung chnh/cc bi ca m un:

Bi 1: Ngun gc ca du m v kh
Bi 2: Thnh phn ha hc v phn loi du m
Bi 3: Cc c tnh ca du th v sn phm du m
Bi 4: ng dng ca cc phn on du m
Bi 5: Cc c trng vt l v s nh gi cht lng du m

CC HNH THC HC TP CHNH TRONG M UN

Hc trn lp cc kin thc c bn v ha hc du m v kh

T nghin cu ti liu lin quan n ha hc du m v kh

Tham quan cc thit b ha du-Kho cu th trng cung cp du

th v kh trn th gii v Vit Nam

YU CU V NH GI HON THNH M UN
V kin thc
-

Gii thch c cc phn ng trong qu trnh hnh thnh du m v

kh.

M t c thnh phn ca du th

M t c ng dng ca cc phn on du m

Nm c cc c trng ha l ca du th v nh gi cht lng

du th v sn phm du.

V k nng
-

Tr li c cc cu hi trong qu trnh hc.

Nghin cu tm kim ti liu lin quan n qu trnh hc

Lm c cc tiu lun v t chc thuyt trnh trc lp.

Hc hi v gip bn hiu tt cc ni dung ca m un, lm c

s hc m un tip theo.

V thi

Nghim tc trong hc tp v tm kim ti liu.

Ch ng tm kim cc thng tin trn mng.

BI 1
NGUN GC DU M V KH
M bi: HD A1
Gii thiu
Du m v kh l nhng khong cht phong ph nht trong t nhin,
chng c mt nhiu ni trong lng t. gip cho vic tm kim cc khu
vc cha du kh, ta i nghin cu ngun gc ca du kh l rt quan trng
C rt nhiu kin tranh lun v ngun gc ca du kh, nhng ch yu
l hai gi thuyt:
-

Gi thuyt v ngun gc v c

Gi thuyt v ngun gc hu c

Mc tiu thc hin

Hc xong bi ny hc vin c kh nng:
M t ngun gc ca du m v kh

Ni dung chnh
1.1. Ngun gc v c
Theo gi thuyt ny trong lng Tri t c cha cc cacbua kim loi nh
Al4C3, CaC2. Cc cht ny b phn hy bi nc to ra CH4 v C2H2:
Al4C3

12H2O

4Al(OH)3

3CH4

CaC2

2H2O

Ca(OH)2

C 2 H2

Cc cht khi u (CH4, C2H2) qua qu trnh bin i di tc dng

ca nhit , p sut cao trong lng t v xc tc l cc khong st, to
thnh cc hydrocacbon c trong du kh.
chng minh cho iu , nm 1866, Berthelot tng hp c
hydrocacbon thm t axetylen nhit cao trn xc tc. Nm 1901,
Sabatier v Sendereus thc hin phn ng hydro ha axetylen trn xc tc
Niken v st nhit trong khong 200 3000C, thu c mt lot cc
hydrocacbon tng ng nh trong thnh phn ca du. Cng vi hng lot
cc th nghim nh trn, gi thuyt v ngun gc v c ca du m c
chp nhn trong mt thi gian kh di.

Sau ny, khi trnh khoa hc v k thut ngy cng pht trin th ngi
ta bt u hoi nghi lun im trn v:
-

phn tch c (bng cc phng php hin i) trong du m

c cha cc Porphyrin c ngun gc t ng thc vt.

Trong v qu t, hm lng cacbua kim loi l khng ng k.

Cc hydrocacbon thng gp trong cc lp trm tch, ti nhit

t khi vt qu 150-2000C (v p sut rt cao), nn khng nhit
cn thit cho phn ng ha hc xy ra.

Chnh v vy m gi thuyt ngun gc v c ngy cng phai m do c t

cn c.
1.2. Ngun gc hu c
l gi thuyt v s hnh thnh du m t cc vt liu hu c ban u.
Nhng vt liu chnh l xc ng thc vt bin, hoc trn cn nhng b cc
dng sng cun tri ra bin. trong nc bin c rt nhiu cc loi vi khun
hiu kh v ym kh, cho nn khi cc ng thc vt b cht, lp tc b chng
phn hy. Nhng phn no d b phn hy (nh cc cht Albumin, cc hydrat
cacbon) th b vi khun tn cng trc to thnh cc cht d tan trong nc
hoc kh bay i, cc cht ny s khng to nn du kh. Ngc li, cc cht
kh b phn hy (nh cc protein, cht bo, ru cao phn t, sp, du,
nha) s dn lng ng to nn lp trm tch di y bin; y chnh l cc
vt liu hu c u tin ca du kh. Cc cht ny qua hng triu nm bin
i s to thnh cc hydrcacbon ban u:
RCOOR

H2O

ROH

RCOOH

RCOOH

RH

CO2

RCH2OH

R-CH=CH2

R-CH=CH2

+ H2

H2O

R-CH2-CH3

Theo tc gi Petrov, cc axt bo ca thc vt thng l cc axit bo

khng no, s bin i to thnh -lacton, sau to thnh naphten hoc
aromat:
Thuyt ngun gc hu c ca du m cho php gii thch c nhiu
hin tng trong thc t. Chng hn nh: du m cc ni hu nh u

khc nhau, s khc nhau c th l do vt liu hu c ban u. V d, nu

vt liu hu c ban u giu cht bo th c th to ra loi du parafinic
Du c sinh ra ri rc trong cc lp trm tch, c gi l m. Do
p sut y cao nn chng b y ra ngoi v buc phi di c n ni mi
qua cc tng cha thng c cu trc rng xp. S di chuyn tip tc
xy ra cho n khi chng gp iu kin thun li c th li y v tch t
thnh du m.
Trong qu trnh di chuyn, du m phi i qua cc tng xp, c th s
xy ra s hp ph, cc cht c cc b hp ph v li cc lp , kt qu l
du s nh hn v sch hn. Nhng nu qu trnh di chuyn ca du b tip
xc vi oxy khng kh, chng c th b oxy ha dn n to cc hp cht
cha cc d nguyn t, lm du b gim cht lng.
Khi du tch t v nm trong cc m du, qu trnh bin i hu nh t
xy ra nu m du kn. Trong trng hp c cc khe h, oxy, nc kh quyn
c th lt vo, s xy ra bin cht theo chiu hng xu i do phn ng ha
hc.
Cc hydrocacbon ban u ca du kh thng c phn t lng rt ln
(C30 C40), thm ch cao hn. Cc cht hu c ny nm trong lp trm tch s
chu nhiu bin i ha hc di nh hng ca nhit , p sut, xc tc (l
khong st). Ngi ta thy rng, c ln chm su xung 30 mt, th nhit
trong lp trm tch tng t 0,54 1,200C, cn p sut tng t 3 7,5 atm.
Nhng vy su cng ln, nhit , p sut cng tng v trong cc lp
trm tch to du kh, nhit c th ln ti 100 2000C v p sut t 200
1000 at. iu kin ny, cc hydrocacbon c phn t ln, mch di, cu trc
phc tp s phn hy nhit, to thnh cc cht c phn t nh hn, cu trc
n gin hn, s lng vng thm t hn
Thi gian di cng l cc yu t thc y qu trnh cracking xy ra mnh
hn. Chnh v vy, tui du cng cao, ln chm cng su, du c to
thnh cng cha nhiu hydrocacbon vi trng lng phn t cng nh. Su
hn na c kh nng chuyn ha hon ton thnh kh, trong kh metan l
bn vng nht nn hm lng ca n rt cao. Cng chnh v vy, khi tng

chiu su ca cc ging khoan thm d du kh th xc sut tm thy kh

thng cao hn.
1.3. Cu hi v bi tp
1.

Theo thuyt ngun gc v c th du m c hnh thnh nh th

no?

2.

Ti sao thnh phn cc m du li khc nhau?

3.

Bng chng no chng t du m c ngun gc hu c?

4.

Ti sao trong qu trnh di c du li bin i cht lng, theo chiu

hng no? V sao?

5.

V sao tui du cng cao th cng cha nhiu hydrocacbon vi trng

lng phn t cng nh?

10

BI 2
THNH PHN HA HC V PHN LOI DU M
M bi: HD A2
Gii thiu
Du m l mt hn hp rt phc tp, trong c hng trm cu t khc
nhau. Mi loi du m c c trng bi thnh phn ring, nhng v bn
cht, chng u c cc hydrocacbon l thnh phn chnh, chim 60 n 90%
trng lng du, cn li l cc cht cha oxy, lu hunh, nitTrong kh cn
cha cc kh tr nh: N2, He, Ar. Mt iu cn lu l tuy du m trn th
gii rt khc nhau v thnh phn ha hc, nhng li rt ging nhau v thnh
phn nguyn t (hm lng C dao ng trong khong 83 n 87%, cn H t
11 n 14%).
Mc tiu thc hin
Hc xong bi ny hc vin c kh nng:
-

M t c thnh phn ca du m

Phn loi du m

Ni dung chnh
-

Thnh phn hydrocacbon trong du m

Cc thnh phn phi hydrocacbon trong du m

Phn loi du m

Thnh phn v phn loi kh

2.1. Thnh phn hydrocacbon trong du m

Hydrocacbon l thnh phn chnh ca du, hu nh cc loi hydrocacbon
(tr olefin) u c mt trong du m. Chng c chia thnh cc nhm
parafin, naphten, aromat, hn hp naphtenaromat.
2.1.1. Hydrocacbon parafinic
Hydrocacbon parafinic (cn gi l alcan) l loi hydrocacbon ph bin
nht. Trong du m chng tn ti ba dng: kh, lng, rn. Cc hydrocacbon
kh (C1C4), khi nm trong du, do p sut cao nn chng tn ti th lng v
ha tan trong du m. Sau khi khai thc, do p sut gim, chng thot ra khi

11

du. Cc kh ny gm metan, etan, propan v butan gi l kh ng hnh,

ngoi ra cn c mt lng rt nh pentan bay hi ra cng.
Trong du m c hai loi parafin: nparafin v izoparafin, trong n
parafin chim a s (2530% th tch) chng c s nguyn t t C1 n C45.
Cc n parfin c s nguyn t cacbon bng hoc ln hn C18, nhit
thng chng l cht rn. Cc parafin ny c th ha tan trong du hoc to
thnh cc tinh th l lng trong du. Khi hm lng cc parafin ln qu cao,
du c th b ng c, gy kh khn cho qu trnh vn chuyn. Hm lng
ca chng cng cao, nhit ng c ca du cng ln. Khi bm v vn
chuyn cc loi du ny phi p dng cc phng php sau: Gia nhit ng
ng, cho thm ph gia, tch bt parafin rn ti ni khai thc h im ng
c. Cc parafin rn tch t du th l nguyn liu qu tng hp ha hc,
iu ch cht ty ra tng hp, t si nhn to, phn bn, cht do
Cc izo parafin thng ch nm phn nh v phn c nhit si
trung bnh ca du. Chng thng c cu trc n gin, mch chnh di,
nhnh ph t v ngn, nhnh ph thng l nhm metyl. Cc izo parafin c
s cacbon t C5 n C10 l cc cu t rt qu, chng lm tng kh nng kh
nng chng kch n (tng tr s octan) ca xng.
2.1.2. Hydrocacbon naphtenic
Naphtenic (xyclo parafin) l mt trong s hydrocacbon ph bin v quan
trng trong du m. Hm lng c th thay i t 30 n 60% trng lng.
Chng thng dng vng 5, 6 cnh, cng c th dng ngng t 2 hoc 3
vng. Cc hydrocacbon naphtenic c mt trong cc phn on nh (thng l
mt vng v t nhnh ph) hoc phn nhit trung bnh v cao (khi l
cc cu t c nhiu vng v nhnh ph di).

H3C
CH3

12

(CH2)11-CH3

(CH2)10-CH3

CH3

Hydrocacbon naphtenic l thnh phn rt quan trng trong nhin liu

ng c v du nhn. Cc naphtenic mt vng lm cho xng c cht lng
cao; nhng hydrocacbon naphtenic mt vng c mch nhnh di l thnh
phn rt tt cho du nhn v chng c nht cao v t thay i theo nhit .
c bit, chng l cc cu t rt qu cho nhin liu phn lc, do chng c
nhit chy cao, ng thi gi c tnh linh ng nhit thp.
Hydrocacbon naphtenic trong du m cn l nguyn liu qu t
iu ch cc hydrocacbon thm: benzen, toluen, xylen (BTX), l cc cht khi
u trong sn xut t si tng hp, cht do v thuc nhum
Du m cha nhiu hydrocacbon naphtenic l nguyn liu tt cho sn
sut du nhn c cht lng tt. Chng li c nhit ng c thp nn gi
c tnh linh ng, khng gy kh khn cho qu trnh bm, vn chuyn,
phun nhin liu.
2.1.3. Hydrocacbon thm (aromatic)
Hydrocacbon thm thng gp l loi mt vng v ng ng ca chng
(benzen, toluen, xylen). Cc cht ny thng nm trong phn nh v l cu
t lm tng kh nng chng kch n ca xng. Cc cht ngng t 2, 3 hoc 4
vng thm c mt trong phn c nhit si trung bnh v cao ca du m;
hm lng cc cht ny thng t hn.

CH3
CH3
CH3
bezen

antraxen

toluen

xylen

pyren

naphtalen

diphenyl

13

Khc vi nhin liu xng, nhin liu phn lc v diezen, nu hm

lng aromat nhiu th chng lm gim cht lng ca cc loi nhin liu
do kh t bc chy v to cc, to cn trong ng c. Cc cu t aromat mt
vng c nhnh ph di l nguyn liu qu sn xut du nhn c nht v
ch s nht cao.
2.1.4. Hydrocacbon loi hn hp naphten aromat
Loi ny rt ph bin trong du, chng thng nm phn on c nhit
si cao. Mt s hydrocacbon hn hp naphten aromat thng gp trong
du m c cu trc nh sau:

tetralin

indan

xyclohexylbenzen

2.2. Cc thnh phn phi hydocacbon

2.2.1. Cc cht cha lu hunh
Trong thnh phn phi hydrocacbon cc hp cht lu hunh l ph bin
nht, chng lm xu i cht lng ca du th. Cc loi du cha t hn 0,5%
lu hunh l loi du tt, du cha t 2% lu hunh tr ln l loi du xu.
Cc cht cha lu hunh thng dng sau:
- Mercaptan

R-S-H

- Sunfua

R-S-R

- Disunfua

R-S-S-R

- Thiophen
S

- Lu hunh t do

S, H2S

Lu hunh dng mercaptan: mercaptan l cc hp cht c nhm SH lin

kt trc tip vi gc hydrocacbon, chng khng bn v d phn hy nhit
cao:
2RSH
RSH

3000C

5000C

R-S-R + H2S
R-CH=CH2 +

H2S

Cc cht mercaptan thng c trong phn on nhit si thp, gc

hydrocacbon thng t C1 C8.
14

Lu hunh dng sunfua v disunfua: cc cht ny thng c cc phn

on c nhit si trung bnh v cao. Gc hydrocacbon c th l mch
thng, vng no hoc vng thm. V d:

(CH2)n

SR

SR

Lu hunh dng thiophen: cc hp cht cha lu hunh dng thiophen

c cu trc mch vng, nh:

S
thiophen

benzothiophen

dibenzothiophen

Thiophen l loi cht cha lu hunh ph bin nht (chim t 45 92%

trong tt c cc dng hp cht cha lu hunh ca du m). Chng thng
c phn nhit si trung bnh v cao ca du.
Lu hunh dng t do: l lu hunh dng nguyn t v dng H 2S.
Da vo hm lng lu hunh dng H2S c trong du m ngi ta phn
thnh hai loi du: du chua lng H2S > 3,7 ml/ 1 lit du, du ngt lng H2S
< 3,7 ml/ 1 lit du.
2.2.2. Cc cht cha nit
Cc cht cha nit thng c rt t trong du m (0,01 n 1% trng
lng), chng nm trong phn on c nhit si cao, thng c 1, 2 hoc
3 nguyn t Nit. Nhng hp cht c mt nguyn t nit thng c tnh baz
v l loi chnh. Mt s v d v cc hp cht cha mt nit nh sau:

pyridin

N
H
pyrol

quinolin

N
H
indol

izo-quinolin

N
H
cacbazol

N
acridin

N
H
benzocacbazol

15

2.2.3. Cc cht cha oxy

Cc cht cha oxy trong du m thng tn ti di dng axit, xeton,
phenol, ete, estetrong cc axit v phenol l quan trng hn c, chng
thng nm nhit si trung bnh v cao. Cc phenol thng gp l:
OH

OH
OH

CH3 crezol

phenol

naphtol

2.2.4. Cc kim loi nng

Hm lng cc kim loi c trong du thng khng nhiu (vi phn
triu). Chng c trong cu trc ca cc phc kim loi, ch yu l phc ca hai
nguyn t V v Ni. Ngoi ra cn c mt lng rt nh cc nguyn t khc nh
Fe, Cu, Zn, Ti
Hm lng kim loi nng nhiu s nh hng n qu trnh ch bin xc
tc, chng s lm ng c xc tc. V vy, i vi qu trnh cracking v
reforming, yu cu hm lng ny khng c qu 5 n 10 ppm.
2.2.5. Cc cht nha v asphanten
Nha v asphanten l nhng cht cha ng thi cc nguyn t C, H, O,
S, N; c phn t lng rt ln (500 600 vC tr ln). Nhn b ngoi chng
u c mu sm, nng hn nc, v khng tan trong nc. Chng u c
cu trc h vng thm ngng t cao, thng tp trung nhiu phn nng,
nht l trong cn du m. Tuy nhin cng c th phn bit c nha v
asphanten theo cc c im sau y:
Nha
Trng lng phn t: 600

Asphanten
1000

Trng lng phn t: 1000

2500

vC

vC

D tan trong dung mi hu c. Khi

Kh tan trong dung mi hu c.

tan to dung dch thc

Khi tan to dung dch keo

thm ha: 0,14 0,25

thm ha: 0,2 0,7

Cc cht nha v asphanten thng c nhiu phn nng, c bit l

phn cn sau khi chng ct, chng u lm xu i cht lng ca du m. S
c mt ca chng trong nhin liu s lm cho sn phm b sm mu, khi chy

16

khng ht s to cn, u c xc tc. Tuy nhin, du m no cha nhiu

nha v asphanten s l ngun nguyn liu tt sn xut nha ng
2.2.6. Nc
Trong du m, bao gi cng c ln mt lng nc nht nh, chng tn
ti dng nh tng. Cc nguyn nhn dn n s c mt ca nc trong
du m, l: nc c t khi thnh nn du kh do s ln chm ca cc vt
liu hu c di y bin v nc t kh quyn ngm vo cc m du.
Nc trong du m cha mt lng rt ln cc mui khong. Cc cation
v anion thng gp l: Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3-, SO42-Ngoi ra cn mt s
oxit khng phn ly dng keo nh: Al2O3, Fe2O3, SiO2.
Khi khai thc du, lng, nc s tch ra khi du. Trong trng hp
nc to thnh h nh tng bn vng, lc mun tch nc phi dng
ph gia ph nh.
Cn ch mt s mui khong trong nc b thy phn to ra axit, gy
n mn thit b theo phn ng:
MgCl2

2H2O

Mg(OH)2

2HCl

MgCl2

2H2O

Mg(OH)Cl

HCl

2.3. Phn loi du m

Du th mun a vo cc qu trnh ch bin hoc bun bn trn th
trng, cn phi xc nh xem chng thuc loi no: du nng hay nh, du
cha nhiu hydrocacbon parafinic, naphtenic hay aromatic, du c cha nhiu
lu hunh hay khng. T mi xc nh c gi tr trn th trng v hiu
qu thu c cc sn phm khi ch bin.
C nhiu phng php phn loi du m, nhng thng da vo ch
yu hai phung php, l: da vo bn cht ha hc v bn cht vt l.
2.3.1. Phn loi du m da vo bn cht ha hc
Phn loi theo bn cht ha hc c ngha l da vo thnh phn cc loi
hydrocacbon c trong du. Nu trong du, h hydrocacbon no chim phn
ch yu th du m s mang tn loi . V d, du parafinic th hm lng
hydrocacbon parafinic trong phi chim 75% tr ln. Tuy nhin trong thc
t, khng c bt k m du no li c thun chng mt loi hydrocacbon nh
vy, nh vy thng ch c du trung gian; v d, mt loi du no c: hn

17

50% parafinic, ln hn 25% naphtenic v cn li l cc loi khc th c gi

l du napten-parafinic
C nhiu phng php khc nhau phn loi theo bn cht ha hc:
Phn loi theo Nelson, Waston v Murphy: theo cc tc gi ny, du m
c c trng bi cc h s K, l mt hng s vt l quan trng, c trng
cho bn cht ha hc ca du m, c tnh theo cng thc:
3

T
d

T: nhit si trung bnh ca du th, tnh bng Reomuya (0R),

10R=1,250C.
d: t trng ca du th, xc nh 15,60C (600F) so vi nc cng
nhit .
Gii hn h s K c trng phn chia du m nh sau:
Bng 2.1. H s K c trng ca cc h du m khc nhau
-

Du m h parafinic

K=13

Du m h trung gian

K=12,10

11,5

Du m h naphtenic

K=11,45

10,5

Du m h aromatic

K=10

12,15

2.3.2. Phn loi du m theo bn cht vt l

Cch phn loi ny da theo t trng, bit t trng c th chia du th
theo ba cp.
1.

Du nh:

2.

Du trung bnh:

3.

Du nng:

d15
4

0,830

d15
4

0,830 0,884

d15
4

0,884

d15
4

0,830

d15
4

0,830 0,850

d15
4

0,850 0,865

15
4
15
4

0,865 0,905

0,905

Hoc c th phn du theo 5 cp sau:

18

1.
2.
3.

Du rt nh:
Du nh va
Du hi nng:

4.
5.

Du nng:
Du rt nng

Ngoi ra trn th trng th gii cn s dng 0API thay cho t trng v

0

API c tnh nh sau:

0

API

141,5
d15,6
15,6

131,5

Du m c 0API cng nh th du cng nng.

2.4. Thnh phn v phn loi kh
2.4.1. Phn loi
Kh hydrocacbon trong t nhin c phn loi theo ngun gc nh di
y:
Kh thin nhin: L cc kh cha trong cc m kh ring bit. Trong kh
ny thnh phn ch yu l metan (chim t 70 99%), cn li cc kh khc
nh etan, propan v rt t butan.
Kh ng hnh: l kh nm ln trong du m, c hnh thnh cng vi
du, thnh phn ch yu l cc kh propan, butan, pentan
Kh ngng t (Condensate): Thc cht l dng trung gian gia du v kh
(phn cui ca kh v phn u ca du), bao gm cc hydrocacbon nh
propan, butan v mt s hydrocacbon lng khc nh pentan, hexan, thm ch
hydrocacbon naphtenic v aromatic n gin. iu kin thng, kh ngng
t dng lng. Kh ngng t l nguyn liu qu sn xut LPG v s dng
trong tng hp ha du.
2.4.2. Thnh phn
c trng ch yu ca kh thin nhin v kh du m bao gm hai phn:
phn hydrocacbon v phi hydrocacbon.
Cc hp cht hydrocacbon: Ch yu l cc kh metan v ng ng ca
n nh: etan, propan, n butan, izo butan, ngoi ra cn mt t cc hp cht
C5, C6. Hm lng cc cu t trn thay i ty theo ngun gc ca kh. V d,
trong kh thin nhin cha ch yu l metan, cc kh nng C3 n C4 rt t; cn
trong kh ng hnh, hm lng cc kh C3, C4 cao hn.
Cc hp cht phi hydrocacbon: Ngoi thnh phn chnh l hydrocacbon,
trong kh thin nhin v kh du m cn cha cc hp cht khc nh: CO2,
N2, H2S, H2, He, Ar, NeTrong cc loi kh k trn, thng kh N2 chim phn

19

ln. c bit, c nhng m kh cha He vi hm lng kh cao nh cc m

kh t nhin M.
Ngi ta c th s dng cc m kh lm ngun nguyn liu sn
xut cc kh tr, thu hi H2S phc v cho cng nghip.
2.5. Cu hi v bi tp
1.

Nu vn tt cc thnh phn chnh trong du th, ti sao trong du

th khng c mt ca olefin?

2.

Khi nim v h s c trng K? Lin quan n thnh phn du th

nh th no?

3.

K tn cc loi du trung gian?

4.

Phn bit kh t nhin v kh ng hnh?

5.

nh hng ca cc hp cht Lu hunh n cht lng du th?

Phn bit du chua v du ngt.

6.

Phn bit nha v asphanten. Tc hi ca nha v asphanten i

vi nhin liu?

20

BI 3
CC C TNH CA DU TH V SN PHM DU M
M bi:HDA3
Gii thiu
s dng cc sn phm du kh mt cch c hiu qu v bo m an
ton cho ngi s dng, chng ta phi bit c cc c tnh ca sn phm.
T xut cc bin php bo v sn phm trong qu trnh tn tr v bo
qun mt cch hiu qu nht.
Mc tiu thc hin
Hc xong bi ny hc vin c kh nng:
-

M t cc tnh cht ca du th v cc sn phm du m

xut cc bin php hp l tn tr v bo qun du m trnh

s bay hi.
Ni dung chnh
3.1. Tnh bay hi
Tnh bay hi c trng cho kh nng chuyn t dng lng sang dng hi
ca mt sn phm.
Ty thuc vo nhit , p sut mt cht c th tn ti dng ny hay
dng khc, hay cc dng nm cn bng vi nhau. i vi cc nguyn cht,
p sut xc nh, s ha hi xy ra nhit khng i. Khi p sut tng th
nhit ha hi tng. p sut do pha hi gy ra nm cn bng vi pha lng
nhit xc nh gi l p sut hi.
i vi cu t nh d bay hi th p sut hi cng cao v nhit si
cng thp. Ngc li cu t cng nng cng kh bay hi th p sut hi cng
thp v nhit si cng cao.
Nhng i vi cc sn phm du kh c c trng bi khong nhit
si. V d phn on xng, khong nhit si t 300C n 1800C.
Trong qu trnh s dng cc sn phm nng lng phi chuyn t dng
lng khi tn tr sang dng hi khi s dng. V vy n i hi phi c giai on
ha hi, i vi cc sn phm du kh, s ha hi xy ra nhit tng dn
trong qu trnh ha hi. Mt khc, mt c im rt quan trng c lin quan
21

n qu trnh ha hi l s ha hi tiu th nng lng. Ngc li qu

trnh ngng t l qu trnh ta nhit. y l cc c tnh cn phi ch khi s
dng cc sn phm du kh, v n dn n vn nh: lm h nhit mi
trng, kh khi ng ng c iu kin lnh
3.2. Tnh bt chy
Chy l qu trnh oxi ha mt cht din ra rt nhanh v km theo ta
nhiu nhit, y l qu trnh phc tp, trong phn ng oxy ha l c s
ca qu trnh t chy cc sn phm du kh bng oxi (khng kh) th s to
thnh cc sn phm chy CO2, H2O, SO2Nhit tr ca cc cht c th tham
kho bng 3.1
(C, H, S)

O2

CO2 + H2O +

SO2 +

Cc sn phm du kh c nhit tr cao, t l H/C cng cao v hm lng

lu hunh cng thp th nhit tr cng cao. Nhng qu trnh chy xy ra
hon ton nht thit phi hi t cc iu kin sau:
-

Cn thit phi a sn phm sang dng hi.

S dng lng thch hp khng kh v sn phm: qu trnh chy

xy ra th t l nhin liu v khng kh phi nm trong khong gia gii

hn chy di v gii hn chy trn.
Vng chy c

D khng kh

Gii
hn
chy
di

D nhin liu

Chy
hp
thc

Gii
hn
chy
trn

% Nhin liu trong khng kh

Cn c nng lng khi mo: tia la in ca buri, ngn la mi hoc nhit

cao.
Bng 3.1. Nhit chy ca mt s cht

22

Cht t

Sn phm chy

Nhit tr (kcal/ kg)

Kh CO2

8133

Hi H2O

29100

Kh SO2

2322

3.3. Tnh lu chuyn

S lu chuyn ca cc sn phm du kh thng qua hai thng s: t
trng v nht, l hai thng s thay i theo nhit , khi nhit tng t
trng v nht gim, nh hng ny l ng k.
3.3.1. T trng
T trng l t s gia trng lng ring ca mt vt mt nhit nht
nh v trng lng ring ca mt vt khc c chn l chun, xc nh
cng v tr. i vi cc loi sn phm du lng u ly nc ct nhit
40C v p sut 760 mmHg lm chun.
T trng ca du m, hoc mt phn on du m nhit t trn
trng lng ring ca nc 40C, ta c th ghi dt4. d so snh, t trng
c biu th cng mt nhit , phn ln cc nc u ly 200C (d204)
hoc 15,60C (tng ng vi 600F) so vi nc cng nhit .
mt s nc cn biu th t trng bng 0API. Cng thc chuyn i
t trng sang 0API nh sau:
0

API

141,5
d15,6
15,6

131,5

T trng ca sn phm du m thay i rt nhiu khi nhit thay i,

nhng khng ph thuc vo p sut. Tuy nhin nu p sut cao th c nh
hng cht t.
3.3.2. nht
nht l tnh cht ca mt cht lng, c xem l ma st ni ca cht
lng v cn tr s chy ca cht lng. Nguyn nhn c nht l do i lc c
hc gia cc ht cu to nn cht lng.
nht ca du m c lin quan n qu trnh bm vn chuyn, s bi
trn, s phun nhin liu trong cc ng c. nht ph thuc vo nhit ,
khi nhit tng nht gim.
nht ng lc ( hoc ): nht ng lc biu th cho cc cht lng
dng khng c gia tc, c tnh bng cng thc:
Trong :

l thi gian chy ca cht lng

23

l hng s nht k, khng ph thuc vo nhit m

ch ph thuc vo kch thc hnh hc ca nht k.
Nu nht ln phi dng nht k c ng knh mao qun ln; cn
nht ca cht lng cn o nh, th dng nht k c ng knh mao qun
nh; sao cho thi gian chy ca cht lng khng qu 200 giy.
nht ng lc c tnh bng poaz (P) hay centipoaz (cP).
1 P=100 cP=0,1 N.s/ m2=1 dyn.s/ cm2=1 g/cm.s
nht ng hc ( ): nht ng hc l t s gia nht ng lc
hc v khi lng ring ca n (c hai u xc nh cng nhit v p
sut):

Trong :

l nht ng hc, tnh bng stc (St) hoc centistc (cSt)

l nht ng lc
d l khi lng ring, g/cm3
1 St=1 cm2/s=100 cSt

Cc sn phm du kh c nht cng cao th tnh lu ng cng thp.

nht cn nh hng n kh nng bm, kh nng phun sng v kh
nng bi trn.
3.3.3. Tnh lu chuyn trong iu kin lnh
Khi nhit ca sn phm du kh gim, nht tng dn n tnh lu
chuyn gim. Nu tip tc gim nhit , bt u xut hin cc vi tinh th rn,
cc tinh th ny to dn n mt lc no lu cht s c li v ng khi
lm cn tr qu trnh lu chuyn. Kh nng kt tinh ph thuc vo cc
hydrocacbon c mt trong sn phm v c xp theo th t tng dn nh
sau:
Aromatic < Naphtenic < iso-parafinic < n-parafinic
Nh vy kh nng kt tinh ch yu l do n-parafinic v tng dn khi s
nguyn t cacbon tng. V d nhit kt tinh ca mt s n-parafinic c
cho trong bng 3.2.

24

Bng 3.2. Nhit kt tinh ca n-parafinic

nparafinic

n-

n-

n-

n-

n-

C4H10

C8H18

C16H34

C26H54

C44H90

-138
T0kt (0C)

-57

+18

+56

+86

3.4. Tnh n mn v s c hi ca cc sn phm du m

Khi t chy cc sn phm du kh s sinh ra mt lng ln kh thi
gm: CO2, CO, SO2, NOx v mui than gy nhim bu kh quyn, c hi
i vi con ngi v thc vt.
Ngoi ra trong khi thi cn c mt lng ch gy nh hng n sc
khe cng ng. Cc hp cht ch hu c i vo c th ngi qua phi v
rut thm ch c th hp th qua da. nh hng c hi ca ch hu ht l i
vi h thn kinh. Cc triu chng nhim c r rng l mt ng, c nhng
gic m kinh hong, mt tp trung, km n, bun nn, ri lon cm xc
Cc hp cht SOx sinh ra trong khi thi khi gp hi nc trong khng
kh to thnh axit gy n mn ng c.
SO2 + 1/2O2

SO3

SO3 + H2O

H2SO4

Ngoi ra trong cc sn phm du kh c th cha cc hp cht axt m

chng c mt nh cc ph gia hoc cc sn phm bin cht to thnh trong
qu trnh tn tr, cc hp cht lu hunh m ch yu l cc hp cht
mercaptan (RSH), cc hp cht oxi, cc axit hu c (RCOOH). S c mt ca
chng s gy nn qu trnh n mn ng ng v cc thit b tn tr.
3.5. Cc bin php bo qun cc sn phm du m
Phi bo qun mi loi sn phm du m trong cc phng tin cha
ring, m bo gi gn tt cht lng v khng c cht bn v nc ri
vo sn phm.
Trong qu trnh s dng b ngm, phi nh k o mc sn phm du
m v kim tra tnh trng ho rnh xung quanh b. Khi pht hin thy mc
sn phm gim nhiu hoc c hin tng r chy phi tm nguyn nhn v tin
hnh sa cha kp thi.

25

Cc sn phm du m cha trong phuy phi c bo qun ring tng

loi trong cc nh kho, di cc mi che hoc trn cc bi l thin c
san bng.
Ch c php cha sn phm d bay hi trong cc phuy bng kim loi.
Khi tip xc vi cc sn phm du m l cc cht d bt la v c tnh
c hi phi s dng cc phng tin bo h lao ng.
Cc ch xut nhp sn phm du m v qun l cc phng tin vn
chuyn phi theo ng cc quy nh.
Cc b kim loi ca cc dn xut, cc ng dn, cc vi phun trong thi
gian xut nhp sn phm du m phi c tip t.
Cc cu thang ln xung, cc tay vn, cc ca np ca cc phng tin
cha ng v vn chuyn phi chc chn v sch s m bo an ton lao
ng.
3.6. Cu hi v bi tp
1.

nh hng ca bay hi n qu trnh thit k cc bn b cha

nh th no?

2.

Nhng yu t no nh hng n qu trnh lu chuyn ca cc sn

phm du kh?

26

3.

Cc iu kin qu trnh chy xy ra?

4.

Chy hp thc l g?

5.

ngha chung v ring ca t trng i vi cc sn phm du m?

6.

Cc bin php bo qun cc sn phm du m?

7.

Cc nguyn nhn gy nn hao ht sn phm du?

8.

Cc bin php chng hao ht?

BI 4
NG DNG CA CC PHN ON DU M
M bi: HD A4
Gii thiu
Du m mun s dng c th phi tin hnh phn chia thnh tng
phn on nh. Qu trnh phn chia da vo phng php chng ct thu
c cc khong nhit si khc nhau. u tin, khi khai thc do c s
gim p sut nn phn on kh b tch ra, thng t C 1 n C4 v mt lng
rt t C5, C6. Sau , ty thuc vo gii hn nhit si m ta thu c cc
phn on sau:
-

Phn on xng: nhit si nh hn 1800C, bao gm cc thnh

phn t C5-C11.

Phn on kerosen: nhit si t 180 n 2500C, cha cc

hydrocacbon t C11-C16.

Phn on gasoil nh (cn gi l phn on iezen): nhit si t

250-3500C cha cc thnh phn t C16-C21.

Phn on gasoil nng (cn gi l phn on du nhn), nhit si

t 350 n 5000C, bao gm C21 n C25, thm ch n C40.

Phn on cn gudron nhit si trn 5000C, gm cc thnh

phn c s nguyn t cacbon t C41 tr ln, gii hn cui cng c
th n C80.

Cc phn on k trn c ng dng trong nhiu mc ch khc nhau,

nhng ch yu c s dng lm nhin liu hoc to cc sn phm ha hc.
c th s dng vi hiu qu cao nht cc sn phm du m, cn phi nm
vng cc c im, tnh cht ca tng phn on.
Mc tiu thc hin
Hc xong m un ny hc sinh c kh nng:
-

M t c cc phn on du m

M t c ng dng ca cc phn on du m

27

Ni dung chnh
4.1. Phn on kh
Phn on kh bao gm cc hydrocacbon C1 n C4, mt lng rt t C5,
C6. Cc kh ny c th khai thc t m kh hoc tch ra khi khoan du. Kh
c ng dng lm nguyn liu cho cng nghip tng hp ha du v lm
nhin liu t.
4.1.1. Kh lm nguyn liu tng hp ha du
4.1.1.1.

Tng hp amoniac

Amoniac (NH3) l nguyn liu ban u tng hp phn m. Qu trnh

tng hp s dng ch yu l kh thin nhin qua cc qu trnh sau:
u tin chuyn ha thnh kh tng hp (qu trnh reforming hi nc)
CH4

O2

CO

2H2

CH4

H2O

CO

3H2

CO

H2O

CO2 +

H2

Sau khi loi b CO l tip n giai on tng hp amoniac:

N2

3H2

2NH3

+ Q

Xc tc cho phn ng ny l cc oxyt nh Fe2O3, Fe3O4, FeO, Al2O3,

Cr2O3, TiO2Phn ng ny xy ra p sut cao (25 n 100MPa), nhit
5000C.
4.1.1.2.

Tng hp metanol

Metanol l mt trong nhng nguyn liu v dung mi quan trng trong

cng nghip ha hc. Metanol cn c coi l nhin liu l tng v n c kh
nng chy hon ton khng gy nhim mi trng, ngoi ra n c s
dng lm ph gia tng tr s octan cho xng.
C th tng hp metanol bng cch oxy ha khng hon ton metan theo
phn ng sau:
CH4

[O]

CH3OH

Xc tc s dng trong qu trnh ny c th l: Cc kim loi Fe, Ni, Cu,

Pd cc oxyt ca chng, hoc hn hp oxyt v kim loi.
Ngy nay trong cng nghip, xc tc c s dng l V2O5 vi nguyn
liu l h CH4, O2, NO v cc nhit khc l nhit , p sut.

28

Trong cng nghip ha cht, metanol c s dng nh l mt bn sn

phm cho nhiu qu trnh tng hp cng nghip. Phn ln metanol dng cho
iu ch formandehit v mt s cht quan trng nh: Cloruametyl (CH3Cl),
metyl amin (CH3NH2), axit axetic (CH3COOH), vinylmetyl ete (CH3O-CH=CH2),
metyl mercaptan (CH3SH)
Nh vy, oxy ha trc tip metan c th thu c sn phm l metanol
v formaldehyt. Vic s dng NOx nh l cht khi mo hoc cht oxi ha cho
phn ng em li nhng hiu qu r rt. Thnh phn sn phm thu c
khi oxy ha trc tip metan c th tham kho hnh 4.1.
4.1.2. Kh lm nhin liu t
Hin nay trong cng nghip s dng cc loi l t vi nhiu loi nhin
liu truyn thng khc nhau nh D.O, F.O, than, in Phc v cho cng
on gia nhit ca cc cng ngh sn xut khc nhau nh: nung, sy, hp.
Lng nhin liu s dng trong lnh lc ny rt ln, do vy vic chuyn i
nhin liu cng c ngha to ln.
Chuyn ha kh thnh nhin liu t l hng s dng quan trng v c
hiu qu cao, do cng ngh ha lng kh v ang pht trin trn phm
vi ton cu.
4.1.2.1.

Kh t nhin ha lng (LNG)

ngha quan trng nht ca vic ha lng kh t nhin l gim c 600

ln th tch, lm cho cng vic tn tr, vn chuyn v bo qun tr nn thun
li hn rt nhiu.
Trong qu trnh ha lng kh t nhin, cc kh c nhit si thp s
c lm lnh xung di im sng ca n. Nhit ngng t ti cc p
sut khc nhau i vi mi cu t ca kh t nhin c cho bng 4.2
Bng 4.1. Nhit ngng t ca mt s kh
Kh
Metan
Etan
Etylen
Propa
n

Nhit ngng t (0C) ti cc p sut khc nhau (Psi)

1,0
3,4
6,85
17,1
34,2
- 159
- 144
- 133
- 92
- 71
- 91
- 63
- 44
- 15,5
_
- 104
- 80
- 62
- 8,3
_
- 46
- 12
+ 12
_
_
- 49
- 18
- 56
_
_

Propyl
en
29

Metanol

Khai thac

Etylen

Axetylen

Propylen
Lam sach

Meta
n

Formaldehyt
Dan xuat C1

C3+

Reforming

Tach kh

Kh tong hp

Xuat khau

Etan
Polyetylen

Cracking

Propan

Butan

Etylen
Propylen

Vinyl axetylen

Propin

Butylen

Butadien
Cao su

PVA

Polypropylen

Nha epoxy

Thuy tinh hu c

MTBE,
ETBE

Hnh 4.1. S o chuyen hoa kh thanh cac san pham hoa hoc

30

Butadien
Chat thm
Xang

Kh t nhin ha lng c s dng lm nhin liu trong nhiu ngnh kinh

t quc dn nh nng lng, cng nghip, giao thng vn ti, kh t dn dng,
v t ra c u th hn hn so vi cc loi nhin liu khc. Chng hn nh trong
ngnh nng lng, s dng kh t nhin sn xut in s lm gim gi thnh
t 30 n 40%. Xy dng nh my chy bng kh t, vn u t s gim 20%
so vi nh my chy bng than.
Ngy nay, khong 20% tng lng kh tiu th trn th gii l phc v cho
vic sn xut ra nng lng v d tnh con s ny trn th trng s tng mnh
trong nhng nm ti. Nhiu nh my chu trnh hn hp kh ln ang c xy
dng, v tng nhanh trong khi nhiu nh my nng lng sn c ang c
trang b li tng hiu qu v gim cht thi NOx v SOx. Mt s h thng tm
c ln cung cp hi qu trnh cng c s dng, gi l nhit-nng lng kt
hp (Combined heat and power-CHP).
Hin trn th gii vic s dng kh cho pht in l rt ph bin. cc nc
c ngun kh thin nhin di do, kh c s dng cho my pht in chim t
l rt cao (khong 80% sn lng kh khai thc c). Bi v vic s dng kh c
tnh u vit nh sau:
-

t gy nhim mi trng.

Chi ph u t cho cng ngh s dng kh thp.

Hiu sut nhit cao.

Thi gian xy dng ngn.

Din tch xy dng nh my nh.

Gi thnh sn xut 1 Kwh in t kh thp hn so vi cc loi nhin

liu khc.
4.1.2.2.

Kh du m ha lng (LPG)

Thnh phn ch yu ca LPG bao gm cc hydrocacbon parafinic nh

propan, butan. Ngoi ra, ty thuc vo phng php ch bin m trong thnh
phn ca n c th c mt mt lng nh olefin nh propylen, butylen.

30

Khi ha lng, th tch ca cc hydrocacbon gim, v d mt lt propan lng

cho 270 lt hi 1 atm, 1 lt butan lng cho 238 lit hi 1 atm. V vy cng nh
LNG, LPG c th vn chuyn, tn tr mt cch d dng v thun tin.
Nhit lng ta ra khi t LPG rt ln (khong 10900 n 13000 kcal/ kg
tng ng vi vi nhit lng ca 1,5 n 2 kg than ci, 1,3 lit du ha hay
1,5 lit xng). Vi nhit lng c th s dng cho cc l cng nghip, lm
nhin liu cho ng c t trong thay cho xng (trong cc loi t), lm nhin liu
dn dng. Ngy nay trn th gii c xu hng s dng LPG thay cho nhin liu
xng chy t, do n c nhiu u im hn hn so vi cc loi nhin liu
khc l nhin liu chy hon ton, khng c khi, khng c tro, khng ln cc tp
cht gy n mn cc phng tin bn b cha, khng gy nhim. Hm lng
kh thi c hi nh NOx, COx rt t.
Vit Nam, nhu cu tiu th LPG ngy cng tng, c th tham kho bng
4.2.
Bng 4.2. Nhu cu tiu th LPG ti Vit Nam (tn)
Nm

1995

1997

2000

2003

Lng

55.000

249.000

310.000

650.000

LPG
sn xut LPG, ngi ta va nn va lm lnh n nhit ha lng ca
cht kh. V d, propan ha lng -42,10C; izo butan -110C; n butan -0,50C.
Cc c trng ca LPG thng phm c tham kho trong bng trong
bng 4.4. v bng 4.5.
Bng 4.3. Nhit chy ca cc hydrocacbon khc nhau
Hydrocacbon

31

Kcal/ kg 250C

Etan

11350

Etylen

11270

Propan

11080

Propylen

10940

n butan

10930

izo butan

10900

Buten

10800

izo-pentan

10730

Bng 4.4. c tnh l, ha ca LPG thng phm

Loi LPG
100%
Thnh phn

Propan
(Propang

Hn hp

100%
Butan

50% Propan,

(Butang

50% Butan

as)

as)

T trng (150C)

0,507

0,580

0,541

p sut hi, kg/ cm2 (400C)

13,5

3,2

9,2

Thnh phn: C2 (etan)

1,7

0,0

0,0

C3 (propan)

96,2

0,4

51,5

C4 (butan)

1,5

99,4

47,5

C5 (pentan)

0,0

0,2

1,0

11070

10920

10980

Nhit chy (kcal/ kg)

Qua phn phn tch, so snh, nh gi v tng quan gi thnh trn n v

nhit tr v hiu sut t chy gia cc loi nhin liu truyn thng, nhin liu kh
thin nhin v LPG cho thy nu xt v phng din chi ph, th vic chuyn i
cc nhin liu truyn thng sang s dng nhin liu kh thin nhin v LPG s
tit kim c ng k chi ph cho nhin liu tnh trn u sn phm. Kh t c
th t c nhit tr cung cp cao mt cch nhanh chng v cng h nhit
nhanh khi ngng s dng. y l u im ln ca kh trong qu trnh nung, un,
nu. Theo ti liu ca Unique Gas cung cp, hiu qu v nhit tr ca vic s
dng kh vi cc loi nhin liu khc l:

Bng 4.5. So snh nhit tr ca cc nhin liu

32

Nhin liu

Nhit tr (Kcal/ kg)

T trng

in

860

Ci

2662

Than ci

6582

Than

8171

Du F.O

10175

0,92 0,99

Du D.O

10675

0,82 0,90

Du th

10175 10840

0,80 0,87

Du ha

11000

0,78 0,84

Nhin liu phn lc

11400

0,71 0,79

Xng ng c

11400

Kh du m ha lng (LPG)

11845

Kh thin nhin ha lng

12400

Bn cnh vic gim nhim mi trng kh dng kh thin nhin v LPG

cn tit kim c khong 30 50% thi gian un nng do kh c nhit chy cao
hn cc loi nhin liu khc v c hiu sut cao gp 1,5 ln so vi cc loi cht
t khc. y l loi nhin liu sch, hiu sut chy cao, khng sinh khi v to
mui khi chy.
V nguyn tc LPG c s dng nh l mt ngun nguyn liu tin li
sch s nht trong cc loi nhin liu thng dng. LPG c chia thnh 5 lnh
vc s dng chnh:
-

Dn dng v thng nghip: nu n, si m, n gas trong cc h

dn, cc ca hng n ung v khch sn.

Cng, nng nghip: sy thc phm, nung gm s, hn ct

t: nhin liu cho xe con, xe taxi

Pht in: chy my pht in turbin.

Ha du: sn xut etylen, propylen, butadien cho ngnh nha v c

bit sn xut MTBE l cht lm tng tr s octan.

33

4.2. Phn on xng

4.2.1. Thnh phn ha hc
Phn on xng bao gm cc hydrocacbon t C5 n C10, C11 c khong
nhit si di 1800C. C 3 loi hydrocacbon parafinic, naphtenic, aromatic
u c mt trong phn on. Tuy nhin thnh phn s lng cc hydrocacbon
rt khc nhau, ph thuc vo ngun gc du th ban u. Chng hn, t h du
parafinic s thu c xng cha parafin, cn t du naphtenic s thu c xng
c nhiu cu t vng no hn.
Ngoi hydrocacbon, trong phn on xng cn c cc hp cht lu hunh,
Nit v Oxy. Cc cht cha lu hunh thng dng hp cht khng bn nh
mercaptan (RSH). Cc cht cha Nit ch yu dng pyridin; cn cc cht cha
oxy rt t, thng dng phenol v ng ng. Cc cht cha nha v
asphanten u cha c.
4.2.2. Xng lm nhin liu
4.2.2.1.

ng c xng

ng c xng l mt kiu ng c t trong, nhm thc hin chuyn ha

nng lng ha hc ca nhin liu khi chy thnh nng lng c hc di dng
chuyn ng quay. ng c xng bao gm ng c 4 k v ng c 2 k, trong
ng c 4 k ph bin hn. Chu trnh lm vic ca ng c 4 k c th
hin trong hnh 4.1.
Xng t thng nhin liu ca phng tin c bm chuyn n b ch
ha kh (Carburettor), hoc h thng phun nhin liu c in t. Ti y n c
phun sng v phi trn vi khng kh to thnh hn hp chy. Hn hp
nhin liu v khng kh sau c a vo xylanh ng c thng qua ng gp
u vo v van ht.

34

5
1: Xi lanh

2: Piston
2

3: Thanh truyen
4, 5: Supap

Ky hut

Ky nen

Ky chay

Ky xa

Hnh 4.2: Chu trnh hoat ong trong ong c 4 ky

K ht: Piston i t im cht trn xung im cht di, van ht m ra

ht hn hp xng v khng kh vo xylanh. Lc ny van thi ng.
K nn: Piston i t im cht di ln im cht trn, lc ny van ht ng
li nn hn hp xng v khng kh. Khi b nn, p sut tng (6-12 kg/cm2) dn
n nhit tng (250 3500C), chun b cho qu trnh chy tip theo.
K chy: Khi piston ln n im cht trn th bugi nh la, s t chy
hn hp xng v khng kh. Khi chy, nhit nng bin thnh c nng y piston
xung im cht di, ng thi truyn chuyn ng qua thanh truyn lm chy
my.
K x: Lc ny piston b y xung im cht di, v do qun tnh ca
bnh piston tip tc i ln, van x s m ra kh chy thot ra ngoi v
khi piston ln im cht trn th xylanh thi sch kh thi, van thi s ng li.
Khi piston bt u i xung th van ht li m ra v bt u cho mt chu
trnh mi
4.2.2.2.

Bn cht ca qu trnh chy trong ng c xng

ng c lm vic bnh thng th trong xylanh, cc mt la phi lan

truyn u n, ht lp n n lp kia, vi tc khong 15 n 40 m/s. Nu
mt la lan truyn vi tc qu ln (ngha l s chy din ra cng mt lc
trong xylanh) th xem nh l qu trnh chy khng bnh thng v c gi l
chy kch n. l s chy rt nhanh hn hp nhin liu v khng kh trong

35

bung t do nhit v p sut gia tng nhanh tip theo s chy khi u ca
hn hp chung quanh bugi.
4.2.2.3.

nh hng ca thnh phn nhin liu n tnh cht chy trong

ng c.
Tr s octan.
Mt trong nhng tnh cht quan trng ca nhin liu xng l phi c kh
nng chng li s kch n. c trng gi l tr s octan.
Tr s octan l mt n v o quy c dng c trng cho kh nng
chng kch n ca nhin liu, c o bng phn trm th tch ca izo-octan
(2,2,4 trimetylpentan C8H18) trong hn hp chun vi n-heptan (n C7H16),
tng ng vi kh nng chng kch n ca nhin liu iu kin tiu chun.
S dng thang chia t 0 n 100, trong n heptan c tr s octan bng khng
v izo octan c quy c bng 100.
V nguyn tc, tr s octan cng cao cng tt, tuy nhin phi ph hp vi
tng loi ng c. Xng c tr s octan t 80 n 83 thng c s dng cho
cc loi xe c t s nn nh hn 7,5. Xng c tr s octan t 90 n 95 thng
c s dng trong cc loi xe c t s nn cao trn 9,5 nh cc loi xe ua, xe
t cao cp
C hai phng php xc nh tr s octan, phng php nghin cu (gi l
tr s octan theo RON) v phng php mt (gi l tr s octan theo MON).
im khc nhau ca hai phng php ch yu l do s vng quay ca mt th
nghim.
Theo RON: L tr s octan ca xng th hin khi s dng trong ng c
iu kin tc v ti trng trung bnh. S vng quay ca mt th nghim l
600 vng/ pht.
Theo MON: L tr s octan ca xng c trng cho iu kin hot ng khc
nghit hn, l nhit u vo ca hn hp cao, ti trng ln, v ng c
phi tri qua ch van tit lu m ht tc cao. S vng quay ca mt
th nghim l 900 vng/ pht.

36

Thng thng, tr s octan theo RON thng cao hn MON. Mc chnh

lch phn nh: mt mc no tnh cht ca nhin liu thay i khi ch
lm vic ca ng c thay i, cho nn mc chnh lch cn gi l nhy
ca nhin liu i vi ch lm vic thay i ca ng c. Mc chnh lch
gia MON v RON cng thp cng tt.
Mi loi xng khc nhau c chng kch n cng khc nhau. Ngi ta
thy rng:
Cc hydrocacbon phn t nh nh parafin mch nhnh, cc aromat ch
chy c sau khi im ha, c ngha l loi ny c kh nng chng kch n tt.
Cc n parafin d dng chy ngay c khi ngn la cha lan truyn ti, gy
ra s chy kch n.
C th sp xp kh nng chng kch n ca cc hydrocacbon nh sau:
Hydrocacbon thm > olefin mch nhnh > parafin nhnh > naphten c
nhnh > olefin mch thng > naphten > n parafin.
Nh vy, trong xng cha cng nhiu hydrocacbon thm hoc izo-parafin
th tr s octan cng cao. Tr s octan ca mt s hydrocacbon ring r c th
tham kho bng 4.6.
Bng 4.6. Tr s octan ca mt s hydrocacbon khc nhau
Hydrocacbon

Tr s octan

chnh
lch

PP RON

PP MON

Propan

105,7

100

5,7

n butan

93,6

90,1

3,5

izo butan

> 100

99

n pentan

61,9

61,9

izo pentan

92,3

90,3

2,0

Propylen

101,4

84,9

16,5

Buten 2

99,6

86,5

13,1

Cc parafin:

Cc olefin:

37

Hydrocacbon

Tr s octan

chnh
lch

PP RON

PP MON

Penten 1

90,9

77,1

13,8

Hexen 1

76,4

63,4

13,0

Xyclopentan

100

85

15

Xyclohexan

83

78,6

4,4

Metyl

74,8

71

3,8

xyclohexan

46,5

40,8

5,7

113

111,6

1,4

Benzen

115

102,1

12,9

Toluen

> 100

100

o-Xylen

> 100

> 100

m-Xylen

> 100

> 100

p-Xylen

> 100

114

108

99,3

8,7

Cc naptalen:

Etyl xyclohexan
Cc

hydrocacbon

thm:

1,3,5-Trimetyl
bezen
Izo-Propyl bezen
4.2.2.4.

Cc phng php nng cao cht lng ca xng

Phn on xng ly trc tip t du m c rt t izo parafin v

hydrocacbon thm, nhiu n parafin, do tr s octan rt thp (ch t t 30
n 60), trong khi yu cu v tr s octan cho xng ng c phi ln hn 80.
V vy phi dng nhng bin php khc nhau nng cao cht lng ca xng,
ngi ta dng cc phng php sau y:
a. Phng php dng ph gia

38

Bn cht ca phng php ny l dng mt s ha cht pha vo xng

nhm hn ch mt s qu trnh oxy ha ca cc hydrocacbon khng gian trc
mt la khi chy trong ng c. Cc loi ph gia c chia lm hai nhm:
Ph gia ch bao gm cc cht nh tetrametyl ch (TML), tetretyl ch (TEL),
c tc dng ph hy cc hp cht trung gian hot ng (peroxyt, hydroperoxyt)
v do lm gim kh nng b chy kch n. Kt qu l tr s octan ca xng
thc t c tng ln. C ch dng ph gia ch nh sau:
Phn hy TML trong ng c:
t0C

Pb(CH3)4
Pb

Pb

t0C

O2

4CH3

PbO2

To cht khng hot ng:

R-CH3

O2

R-CH2OOH

RCHO + PbO + H2O + 1/2O2

R-CH2OOH + PbO2

Kt qu l bin cc peroxyt hot ng thnh cc aldehit (RCHO) bn vng,

lm gim kh nng chy kch n. Nhng ng thi PbO kt ta s bm trn
thnh xylanh, ng dn, lm tc ng nhin liu v tng mi mn. Do vy
ngi ta dng cc cht mang a PbO ra ngoi. Cc cht mang thng dng
l C2H5Br hoc C2H5Cl, c ch tc dng nh sau:
t 0C

C2H5Br
2HBr

PbO

t0C

C2H4
PbBr2

HBr

+ H 2O

Cc sn phm PbBr2, H2O l cht lng, c nhit si thp s bc hi v

c kh thi a ra ngoi. Hn hp ph gia ch v cht mang gi l nc ch.
Nc ch rt c nn phi nhum mu phn bit.
b. Phng php ha hc
Ph gia ch nh phn tch phn trn, ch l ph gia khi cho vo xng
lm tng tr s octan nhiu nht (t 6 n 12 n v octan). Tuy nhin do tnh c
hi m hin nay nhiu quc gia ban hnh lut cm s dng loi ph gia ny.
Vit Nam, t thng 7 nm 2001 bt u chin dch khng s dng xng ch.

39

C mt s bin php hu hiu t tr s octan cao hn khi khng s

dng ch:
-

Pha trn xng c tr s octan cao (nh xng alkyl ha, izomer ha)
vo nhin liu c tr s octan thp.

Nng cp v a thm cc thit b lc du sn xut hn hp xng c

tr s octan cao.

S dng cc ph gia khng cha ch, nh cc hp cht cha oxy:

etanol, MTBE, ETBE, MTBA, TAME

Trong cc ph gia cha oxy ni trn, etanol v MTBE c s dng vi s

lng nhiu nht. Chng hn nh M, MTBE c pha trn ti 15% th tch,
etanol ti 10% th tch. Brazil pha trn ti 22% etanol vo xng trong nhiu
nm.
Metanol khi dng pha ch thng c tr s octan cao tng t nh cc
cht ph gia khc. u im ln nht ca ph gia ny l: gi tng i r, kh
nng iu ch ph gia ny trong thin nhin tng i d dng. Metanol c th
iu ch t cc nguyn liu th khc nhau. Nhc im ln nht ca ph gia ny
l kh nng tan v hn ca n trong nc c th dn ti nhng hu qu khng
tt.
Etanol khng c s dng rng ri nh metanol, n ch c s dng ch
yu cc quc gia c sn ngun nguyn liu thin nhin l ma nh Brazil.
Nhc im ca ph gia ny l ht m rt nhiu, lm tng nguy c chy n ca
nhin liu v lm tng RPV ca nhin liu.
Ph gia Tert butyl alcol l sn phm trung gian ca oxyt propylen. C
khong 800.000 tn TBA c sn xut trn ton th gii hng nm, trong
khong 400.000 tn c sn xut chu u. Hin nay TBA c s dng
pha ch vi metanol (t l 1: 1) hn hp theo t l ny s lm gim kh nng
phn cch gia hai pha ca metanol, ng thi ci thin RPV ca hn hp.
Nhc im ca ph gia ny l nhit chy mm kh cao (v vy khng tn
cha xng c ph gia ny nhit thp) v c kh nng ht m cao tuy khng
nhiu nh metanol v etanol.
40

Ph gia Metyl tert butyl ete (MTBE) khi pha vo xng khng lm thay i
RPV ca nhin liu. Kh nng ha tan vi nc ca MTBE thp hn nhiu so
vi cc loi ru khc do vy lng nc ln vo nhin liu s t hn nhiu, s
dng MTBE t nguy him hn so vi cc ph gia khc v nguy c gy chy n t
hn so vi ru. Tuy nhin nhc im ln ca ph gia ny l gi thnh cao, ch
pha vo xng c ti a 15 20% nn tr s octan tng khng nhiu. MTBE
c iu ch bng phng php tng hp cc izo butylen, m izo butylen
khng phi l loi nguyn liu d kim.
Bn cnh vic tng tr s octan, hn hp ca xng vi ph gia cha
oxy gip gim thi hydrocacbon v CO t xe c s dng nhin liu.
C th thy r tr s octan ca mt s cht cha oxy in hnh trong bng
4.7.
Bng 4.7. Tr s octan ca cc ph gia cha oxy
Ph gia cha oxy

RON

MON

Metanol

127 136

99 104

Etanol

120 135

100 106

Tert butyl alcol (TBA)

104 110

90 98

Metanol / TBA (50/50)

115 123

96 104

Metyl tert butyl ete (MTBE)

115 123

98 105

Tert amylmetyl ete (TAME)

111 116

98 103

110-119

95-104

Etyl tert butyl ete (ETBE)

Bng 4.8. c im ca mt s loi xng

Xng nh chng ct trc tip
T du
Cc c tnh

th
naphteni
c

RON ban u

41

77

T du

T du

th trung

th

gian

parafinic

69

65

Xng

Xng

Xng

reformi

Cracki

Alkyl

ng

ng

ha

93

93

97

Xng nh chng ct trc tip

T du

Xng

Xng

Xng

reformi

Cracki

Alkyl

ng

ng

ha

T du

T du

th trung

th

gian

parafinic

87

85

82

99

98

101

T trng d415

0.721

0.685

0.682

0.76

0.74

0.71

p sut hi bo ha

0.43

0.59

0.59

0.45

0.55

0.45

Thnh phn ct

52

42

40

37

37

37

(ASTM):

69

56

55

60

50

65

- Nhit si u

83

68

71

115

100

107

- Nhit si 10%

103

84

93

170

188

119

- Nhit si 50%

109

107

97

180

195

147

Cc c tnh

th
naphteni
c

thm 0,5% nc ch

Reid (bar)

- Nhit si 90%
- Nhit si cui
Trn th trng hin nay, cc loi xng cho t thng dng l Mogas 90, 92.
Mt s ch tiu c trng ca xng ch v xng khng ch xem bng 4.9.
Bng 4.9. Mt s loi xng t ang lu hnh trn th gii hin nay
Phn loi

Ch tiu c trng cho s phn

loi
Tr s

Hm lng ch,

octan, min

g/l, max

1. Xng ch thng dng gm cc loi:

-

Xng A-72

MON 72

Xng A-76

MON 76

0.24

Xng Mogas-83

RON 83

0.15

Xng Mogas-86

RON 86

0.20

2. Xng ch/ khng ch cht lng cao gm:

42

Phn loi

Ch tiu c trng cho s phn

loi
Tr s

Hm lng ch,

octan, min

g/l, max

Xng Mogas-90

RON 90

0.4/0.015

Xng Mogas-92

RON 92

0.4/0.015

Xng Mogas-97

RON 97

0.4/0.015

RON 97

0.013

3. Xng khng ch c bit

Bng 4.10. Ch tiu cht lng xng khng ch

Ch tiu

Xng khng ch

Phng php

RON 92

RON 97

th

Theo phng php RON

92

97

ASTM D2699

Theo phng php MON

1. Tr s octan, min

2. Thnh phn phn on, 0C

-

10% V, max

70

70

TCVN 2698-

50% V, max

120

120

1995

90% V, max

190

190

im si cui, max

210

210

Cn cui, % V, max

2.0

2.0

Cn v hao ht % V, max

4.0

4.0

3.0

3.0

3. axit, mg KOH/ 100ml, max

TCVN 2695
1995

4. n mn tm ng 500C, 3h, max

1A

1A

TCVN 2694
1995

5. Hm lng nha thc t mg/

5.0

5.0

ASTM D381

360

360

ASTM D1266

0.1

0.05

ASTM D1266

100ml, max
6. n nh oxy ha, pht, min
7.

43

Hm lng lu hunh tng, % kh.

Ch tiu

Xng khng ch

Phng php

RON 92

RON 97

th

0.013

0.013

ASTM D3237

83

83

ASTM D4953

10. Hm lng benzen, %kh.l., max

ASTM D3606

11. Hm lng MTBE, % V, max

10

10

ASTM D4815

l., max
8.
9.

Hm lng ch, g/l, max

p sut hi bo ha/ Reid
0

37,8 C, kPa, max

Bng 4.11. Tng quan v s phn loi xng t trn th gii hin nay
Phn loi

Ch tiu c trng cho s phn loi

Tr s octan, min

Hm lng ch

1. Xng ch thng dng

MON 72, RON 80

t 0.15 n 0.8 g/l

2. Xng ch c cht lng

MON 86, RON 92

T 0.15 n 0.6 g/l

3. Xng khng ch c cht lng

MON 85, RON 92

Max: 0.015 g/l

4. Xng khng ch c bit

MON 90, RON 95

Khng

4.2.2.5.

Xng my bay

Xng my bay thuc loi xng cao cp, khng th ly c t mt loi xng
thun nht m thng l hn hp ca mt s thnh phn c bit nhm thu
c xng c phm cht tt. Xng my bay phi c nhng tiu chun cn thit
sau y.
Tr s octan bng hoc ln hn 100, ngoi ra phi m bo tr s octan khi
hn hp chy thiu xng, tha khng kh v hn hp chy tha xng, thiu
khng kh. ng c my bay khi lm vic c hai qu trnh: qu trnh ct cch bao
gi cng phi s dng cng sut ti a, lng xng trong hn hp phi c
tng ti a (gi l hn hp giu). Trong qu trnh bay, c lc ng c phi gim
cng sut, lng xng gim (hn hp ngho). Tr s octan trong trng hp hn
hp giu gi l tr s phm . Ngi ta th hin tr s octan ca xng my bay

44

bng phn s, trong : t s l tr s octan, mu s l tr s phm . V d

xng loi B 100/ 130 th 100 l tr s octan, 130 l tr s phm .
Thnh phn ct phn on ca xng my bay phi ly hp (t 40 n
1800C) trnh c nhiu cu t nh to nt hi trong h thng cp liu, v c
nhiu cu t nng, v khi chy s chy khng hon ton to cn.
Hm lng olefin phi thp (< 3%) trnh s trng hp to nha, lm cho
xng b bin mu v khng bo qun c lu.
Xng my bay thng l xng pha trn, v d, xng loi B 100/ 130 thu
c bng cch trn xng cracking xc tc vi nhng thnh phn cao octan nh
izo-octan. Xng B 91/ 115 l xng pha trn gia xng cracking xc tc, xng
chng ct trc tip v thnh phn cao octan. Bng 4.13 cho bit ch tiu cht
lng ca xng my bay theo tiu chun ca Lin X (c).
Cc ng dng khc ca xng
Ngoi cng dng chnh l nhin liu, xng cn c s dng lm dung mi
hoc nguyn liu cho tng hp ha du.
4.2.3.1.

Xng lm dung mi

Phn on xng c s dng lm dung mi trong cng nghip sn, cao

su, keo dn, ngoi ra cn s dng trch ly cht bo, trong cng nghip hng
liu, dc liu
Trong cc loi dung mi, ph bin l xng parafinic v aromatic. Thng
thng xng dung mi ly trc tip t du m l xng parafinic, c hm lng
hydrocacbon thm thp. Cc lnh vc ng dng khc nhau ca xng xem bng
4.12.
4.2.3.2.

Xng lm nguyn liu cho tng hp ha du

Xng s dng lm nguyn liu cho tng hp ha du cn gi l phn on

naphtalen. T phn on ny ngi ta sn xut c cc hydrocacbon thm
khc nhau nh benzen, toluen, xylen. Ngoi ra, cn thu c cc olefin nh nh
etylen, propylen, butadien
thu c cc hydrocacbon thm (BTX), ngi ta s dng cc phn
on hp khi chng ct.
45

Bng 4.12. Cc ng dng ca xng dung mi

Loi dung

Khong si

Mc ch s dng

mi

40

100

Keo, cao su, ty vt m

60

80

Trch ly du m, cht bo, ch to nc hoa

70

100

Trch ly du m, cht bo, cng nghip cao su

95

103

Kh nc ca ru

100

130

Cng nghip cao su, sn, ty bn

100

160

Cng nghip cao su, sn.

30

75

Trch ly hng liu, sn xut dc liu.

White Spirit

135

205

Sn, vecni (thay du thng)

Phn on 60

850C: Phn on cha metyl xyclopentan, xyclohexan

cho hiu sut benzen cao nht.

-

Phn on 80

1000C: Phn on cha naphten C7, cho hiu sut

toluen cao nht.

-

1400C: Phn on cha naphten C8, cho hiu sut

Phn on 105
xylen cao nht.

Xng dng ch bin ha hc cn phi rt sch, v nu trong xng c

nhiu S, N, O s lm ng c xc tc trong qu trnh ch bin. V vy yu cu v
hm lng cc cht d th v kim loi nng c trong xng phi nh sau:
-

Hm lng S

(10

15). 10-4 % trng lng

Hm lng N

1. 10-4 % trng lng

Hm lng Hg, Pb

Hm lng As

5. 10-6 % trng lng

1. 10-7 % trng lng

Phn on kerosen
Phn on ny cn gi l du la: c nhit si t 180 n 250 0C, bao
gm cc hydrocacbon c s cacbon t C11 n C16.
4.3.1. Thnh phn ha hc
Trong phn on ny, hu ht l cc parafin, rt t izo parafin. Cc
hydrocacbon naphtenic v thm mt vng nhiu nhnh ph ngoi ra cn c mt
46

cc hp cht hai hoc ba vng, c bit loi naphten v thm hai vng chim a
s.
4.3.2. ng dng
Phn on kerosen s dng ch yu cho hai mc ch: lm nhin liu phn
lc v du ha dn dng, trong nhin liu phn lc l ng dng chnh.
4.3.2.1.

Kerosen lm nhin liu phn lc

ng c phn lc (Hnh 4.2).

Tuabin chnh ch s dng mt phn ng nng ca sn phm chy bung
t nhm lm quay tuabin my nn, phn ng nng quan trng cn li s c
gin n qua tuy-e ra ngoi vi tc rt ln, to nn mt phn lc tc ng ln
ng c, y ng c tin ln pha trc. y l ng c phn lc tuabin.
Khng kh

Sn phm chy

Hnh 4.3. ng c phn lc

Ch thch:
1. Tuabin my nn khng kh a vo bung t.
2. Tuabin chnh, bin mt phn ng nng ca dng kh thnh chuyn
ng quay, lm quay tuabin my nn.
3. Bung t chnh
4. Bung t ph
nh hng ca bn cht nhin liu n qu trnh chy: nhin liu dng
trong ng c phn lc c ch to t kerosen hoc t hn hp gia phn
on kerosen vi phn on xng.

47

Yu cu ca nhin liu phn lc l d chy bt k iu kin p sut v

nhit no, chy iu ha, khng b tt trong dng khng kh c tc xoy
ln.
m bo c nhit tr cao, nhin liu khng cha nhiu thnh phn
aromatic m ch yu l parafinic v naphtenic.
Nhng an ton cho my bay hot ng cao ln, nhit thp cn
hn ch thnh phn parafinic d b kt tinh v tng cng thnh phn naphtenic
nhiu vng. Cn phi ch n kh nng to cn, to cc ca nhin liu gy nh
hng xu n tnh nng hot ng ca ng c. Kh nng c xp theo
chiu gim dn nh sau:
Aromatic > olefin > izo-parafin, naphten > n-parafin
nh gi kh nng to cn cacbon, ngi ta dng i lng chiu cao
ngn la khng khi, l chiu cao ti a ca ngn la khng c khi tnh
bng mm, khi t nhin liu trong n du tiu chun. Chiu cao ngn la khng
khi cng cao chng t nhin liu chy cng hon ton. Chiu cao cng thp,
kh nng to cn cacbon cng ln. Nhng thnh phn khng phi hydrocacbon
cha trong nhin liu u c nh hng xu n tnh cht s dng ca nhin
liu. Cc hp cht lu hunh khi chy to ra cc cht c tnh axit gy n mn
nhit thp. Cc hp cht cacbon cn gy ra cn cacbon trong bung t. Cc
hp cht oxy, nh axit naphtenic, phenol u lm tng kh nng n mn cc
thng cha, ng dn nhin liu v cc sn phm to ra do n mn (cc mui kim
loi ca axit naphtenic) li gp phn to cn to tro khi chy bm vo bung t,
ch yu l bugi, vi phun, tuy-e thot sn phm gy tr ngi cho qu trnh.
Cc hp cht Nit lm nhin liu km n nh, bin mu ca nhin liu. cc
kim loi nht l Vanadi, Natri nm trong sn phm chy nhit cao 6500C
n 8500C khi p vo cc tuabin s gy n mn hp kim hoc gy ph hoi cc
chi tit tuabin, v vy hm lng kim loi v tro trong nhin liu phi rt nh,
khong vi phn triu.
4.3.2.2.

Kerosen lm du ha dn dng.

48

T phn on kerosen, vi khong si 200 n 3100C c th sn xut du

ha, s dng lm du ha dn dng nh thp sng, un nu. c tnh quan
trng ca du ha l chiu cao ngn la khng khi. m bo ngn la sng,
p, r, u, chiu cao ny phi ln hn 20 mm.
Thnh phn ha hc ca du ha nh hng cn bn n s chy. Du
ha c cha nhiu thnh phn hydrocacbon thm trong khi chy s to nhiu
mui khi. Cht keo v axit naphten lm tc bt trong mung n, lm gim nh
sng khi t chy. Trong thnh phn ca du ha dn dng ch c parafinic v
naphten c s nguyn t cacbon trong phn t t 10 n 14. y l cc cht
chy tt cho ngn la xanh, nhit tr cao.
Nu trong nhin liu cha nhiu lu hunh, khng nhng gy c hi trc
tip cho ngi s dng m cn lm cho bng n m i, khng m bo cng
chiu sng ca ngn la. Ch tiu v du ha dn dng ca Vit Nam xem
bng 4.13.
Bng 4.13. Ch tiu du ha dn dng theo tiu chun Vit Nam
Cc ch tiu

Phng php
th

Mc quy
nh

Mu Saybolt

ASTM D156

Min 20

Axit tng, mg KOH/g

ASTM D3242

Max 0,002

Chiu cao ngn la khng khi,

ASTM D1322

Min 19

mm
Thnh phn ct phn on, 0C

49

- im si u

Min 144

- im ct 50%

Min 200

- im si cui

Min 277

- Cn trung bnh

Max 1,00

Hm lng lu hunh, %Kl

ASTM D1266

Max 0,1

im chp chy cc kn, 0C

ASTM D93

Min 36

Lng nha thc t, mg/100ml

ASTM D381

Max 1,0

 nht 200C, cSt

ASTM D445

Max 3,5

n mn tm ng, 2h/1000C

ASTM D130

1,0

Khi lng ring 150C, g/cm3

ASTM D1298

Max 0,83

4.4. Phn on gasoil nh

Gasoil nh, cn gi l phn on du izen, c khong nhit si t 250
n 3500C, cha cc hydrocacbon t C16 n C21.
4.4.1. Thnh phn ha hc
Phn ln trong phn on ny l cc n-parafin, izo-parafin cn hydrocacbon
thm rt t.
Hm lng cc cht cha S, N, O tng nhanh. Lu hunh ch yu dng
disunfua, d vng. Cc cht cha oxy ( dng axit naphtenic) c nhiu v t cc
i phn on ny. Ngoi ra cn c cc cht dng phenol nh dimetylphenol.
Trong gasoil xut hin nha, song cn t, trng lng phn t ca nha cn
thp (300 n 400 .v.C).
4.4.2. ng dng ca phn on gasoil nh
Phn on gasoil ca du m ch yu c s dng lm nhin liu cho
ng c izen
4.4.2.1.

ng c izen

1-Thanh truyn; 2-Xylanh; 3-Piston; 4,7-Vi phun nhin liu

5-Van np khng kh; 6-Van thi sn phm; 8-im cht trn
9-im cht di
5

2
8
3
9
1

Hnh 4.4. M hnh bung t ca ng c izen

50

ng c xng c t s nn thp hn so vi ng c izen. Vi ng c

xng, t l l t 7/1 n 11/1, cn ng c izen l t 14/1 n 17/1, v vy
ng c izen c cng sut ln hn ng c xng trong khi tiu hao cng mt
lng nhin liu.
Nguyn l lm vic: Khi piston i t im cht trn xung im cht di,
van np m ra, khng kh c ht vo xy lanh; sau van np ng li, piston
li i t im cht di ln im cht trn, thc hin qu trnh nn khng kh. Do
b nn, p sut tng, dn n nhit tng c th ti 500 n 7000C. Khi piston
ln n gn im cht trn nhin liu c phun vo xy lanh (nh bm cao p)
di dng sng, khi gp khng kh nhit cao s t bc chy. Khi chy p
sut tng mnh y piston t v tr im cht trn xung im cht di thc
hin qu trnh dn n sinh cng c ch v c truyn qua h thng thanh truyn
lm chy my. Piston sau li i t im cht di ln im cht trn thi
sn phm chy ra ngoi qua mt van thi v tip tc thc hin chu k mi.
4.4.2.2.

Bn cht ca qu trnh chy

Nhin liu sau khi phun vo xylanh khng t chy ngay m phi c mt thi
gian oxy ha su cc hydrocacbon trong nhin liu, to hp cht cha oxy
trung gian, c kh nng t bc chy. Khong thi gian gi l thi gian cm
ng hay thi gian chy tr. Thi gian cm ng cng ngn cng tt, lc nhin
liu s chy iu ha.
Nh vy, c thi gian chy tr ngn th trong nhin liu phi c nhiu cc
cht n parafin, v cc cu t ny d b oxy ha, tc l d t bc chy, cn cc
izo parafin v cc hp cht hydrocacbon thm rt kh b oxy ha nn thi gian
chy tr di, kh nng t bc chy km. C th sp xp th t theo chiu gim
kh nng oxy ha (tc l thi gian cm ng) ca cc hydrocacbon nh sau:
n parafin < naphten < n olefin < izo naphten < izo parafin
< izo olefin < hydrocacbon thm.
4.4.2.3.

Tr s xetan

c trng cho kh nng t bc chy ca nhin liu izen, ngi ta s

dng i lng tr s xetan. Tr s xetan l n v o quy c, c trng cho kh
51

nng t bc chy ca nhin liu izen, l mt s nguyn, c gi tr ng bng

gi tr ca hn hp chun c cng kh nng t bt chy. Hn hp chun ny
gm hai hydrocacbon: n xetan (C16H34) quy nh l 100, c kh nng t bc
chy tt v -metyl naphtalen (C11H10) quy nh l 0, c kh nng t bc chy
km. Cc hydrocacbon khc nhau u c tr s xetan khc nhau: mch thng
cng di, tr s xetan cng cao, ngc li, hydrocacbon thm nhiu vng, tr s
xetan thp.
Nu tr s xetan qu cao s khng cn thit v gy lng ph nhin liu, mt
s thnh phn nhin liu trc khi chy, nhit cao trong xylanh b thiu oxy
nn phn hy thnh cacbon t do, to thnh mui.
Nu tr s xetan thp s xy ra qu trnh chy kch n do: trong nhin liu c
nhiu thnh phn kh b oxy ha, khi lng nhin liu phun vo trong xylanh qu
nhiu mi xy ra qu trnh t chy, dn n chy cng mt lc, gy ta nhit
mnh, p sut tng mnh, ng c run git, gi l chy kch n.
tng tr s xetan c th thm vo nhin liu cc ph gia thc y qu
trnh oxy ha nh: izo propylnitrat, n butylnitrat, amylnitratvi lng khong
1,5% th tch, cht ph gia c th lm tng tr s xetan ln 15 n 20 n v.
4.5. Phn on gasoil nng (Phn on du nhn)
Vi khong si t 350 n 5000C, phn on ny bao gm cc hydrocacbon
t C21 n C35 hoc c th ln ti C40.
4.5.1. Thnh phn ha hc
Do c phn t lng ln, thnh phn ha hc ca phn on du nhn rt
phc tp: Cc n-parafin v izo-parafin t, naphten v thm nhiu. Dng cu trc
hn hp tng.
Hm lng cc hp cht ca S, N, O tng mnh: hn 50% lng lu hunh
c trong du m tp trung phn on ny, gm cc dng nh disulfua,
thiophen, sulfua vng Cc cht Nit thng dng ng ng ca pyridin,
pyrol v cacbazol. Cc hp cht oxy dng axit. Cc kim loi nng nh V, Ni,
Cu, PdCc cht nha, asphanten u c mt trong phn on.

52

Thng thng ngi ta tch phn on du nhn bng cch chng ct

chn khng phn cn du m, trnh phn hy cc cht nhit cao.
Xng
Du th

Chng ct
p sut thng

Kerosen
Diezel
Cn mazut

Chng ct
Chn khng

Cc phn on
du nhn

4.5.2. ng dng ca phn on sn xut du nhn

4.5.2.1.

Cng dng ca du bi trn

a. Cng dng lm gim ma st

Mc ch c bn ca du nhn bi trn gia cc b mt tip xc ca cc
chi tit chuyn ng nhm gim ma st. My mc s mn ngay nu khng c
du bi trn. Nu chn ng du bi trn th h s ma st gim t 100 n 1000
ln so vi ma st kh. Khi cho du vo my vi mt lp dy, du s xen k
gia hai b mt. Khi chuyn ng, ch c cc phn t du nhn trt ln nhau.
Do my mc lm vic nh nhng, t b mn, gim c cng tiu hao v ch.
b. Cng dng lm mt
Khi ma st, kim loi nng ln, nh vy mt lng nhit sinh ra trong qu
trnh . Lng nhit ln hay nh ph thuc vo h s ma st, ti trng, tc .
tc cng ln th lng nhit sinh ra cng nhiu, kim loi s b nng lm my
mc lm vic mt chnh xc. Nh trng thi lng du chy qua cc b mt ma
st em theo mt phn nhit truyn ra ngoi, lm cho my mc lm vic tt hn.
c. Cng dng lm sch
Khi lm vic, b mt ma st sinh ra mn kim loi, nhng ht rn ny s lm
cho b mt cng tc b xc, hng. ngoi ra c th c ct, bi, tp cht ngoi
ri vo b mt ma st. Nh du nhn lu chuyn qua cc b mt ma st, cun
theo cc tp cht a ra cacte du v c lng lc i.
d. Cng dng lm kn

53

Trong cc ng c c nhiu chi tit truyn ng cn phi lm kn v chnh

xc nh piston xylanh, nh kh nng bm dnh to mng, du nhn c th gp
phn lm kn cc khe h, khng cho hi b r r, m bo cho my lm vic bnh
thng.
e. Bo v kim loi
B mt my mc, ng c khi lm vic thng tip xc vi khng kh, hi
nc, kh thilm cho kim loi b n mn, h hng. nh du nhn c th lm
thnh mng mng ph kn ln b mt kim loi nn ngn cch c vi cc yu
t trn, v vy kim loi c bo v.
4.5.2.2.

Phn loi du nhn

Theo ngha s dng, du nhn c 2 loi chnh, l:

Du nhn s dng cho mc ch bi trn (gi l du ng c)
Du nhn khng s dng cho mc ch bi trn (du cng nghip)
Trong thc t, du ng c chim mt t l kh ln trong cng nghip sn
xut du bi trn ni chung (khong 40%) v c s dng ph bin.
4.5.2.3.
a.

Cc c trng c bn ca du bi trn

nht
nht ca mt s phn on du nhn l mt i lng vt l c trng

cho tr lc do ma st ni ti ca n sinh ra khi chuyn ng. Do vy nht c

lin quan n kh nng bi trn ca du nhn.
thc hin nhim v bi trn, du nhn phi c nht thch hp, phi
bm chc ln b mt kim loi v khng b y ra ngoi, ngha l n phi c ma
st ni ti nh.
nht ca du nhn ph thuc ch yu vo thnh phn ha hc.
Cc hydrocacbon parafinic c nht thp hn so vi cc loi khc. chiu
di v phn nhnh ca mch hydrocacbon cng ln, nht s tng ln.
Cc hydrocacbon thm v naphten c nht cao. c bit s vng cng
nhiu th nht cng ln. Cc hydrocacbon hn hp gia thm v naphten c
nht cao nht.

54

 nht ca du nhn thng c o bng poaz (P), centipoaz (cP),

hoc stc (St), centistc (cSt).
b.

Ch s nht
Mt c tnh c bn na ca du nhn l s thay i nht theo nhit

. Thng thng, khi nhit tng, nht s gim. Du nhn c xem l du

bi trn tt khi nht ca n t b thay i theo nhit , ta ni rng du c
ch s nht cao. ngc li nu nht thay i nhiu theo nhit , c ngha
l du c ch s nht thp.
Ta c th xc nh ch s nht VI theo ton hnh 4.4.
Cch xc nh nh sau: t thc ni 2 im gi tr nht 400C v
1000C, im ct s l gi tr ch s nht VI cn tm.

Hnh 4.5. Ton xc nh ch s nht VI

4.5.2.4.

Sn xut du nhn

thc hin c chc nng bi trn tt, du nhn phi c nht kh

cao duy tr c mng du lin tc, mt khc ch s nht phi cao khi
my mc lm vic nhit thng, cng nh nhit cao nht t b
thay i (c ngha l du phi c ch s nht cao). t c mc ch trn,
nguyn liu tt nht sn xut du nhn gc l:

55

Cc n parafin sau khi tch bt cc cht c phn t lng qu ln

trnh s kt tinh.

Cc hydrocacbon naphtenic hoc thm t vng, c nhnh ph di; cc

cu t ny l nguyn liu l tng sn xut du nhn gc, v chng
va c nht cao (tnh cht ca cc vng naphten, vng thm); va
cho ch s nht cao (tnh cht ca nhnh ph-parafin).

Sau khi c du nhn gc, sn xut du nhn thng phm, ngi ta

phi pha thm cc ph gia nhm mc ch tng cng cc tnh cht sn c,
hoc to ra nhng kh nng m trong du nhn gc cha c. Ph gia pha
ch du bi trn phi p ng c cc yu cu: tan trong du gc, n nh ha
hc, khng c hi, c tnh tng hp, bay hi thp v khng phn ng ha
hc vi nhau. Cc loi ph gia thng l:
-

Ph gia chng oxy ha bao gm cc dn xut ca phenol,

amin nh:
H
CH3

OH

H3C C

CH3

CH3
CH3

phenyl- -naphtylamin

Ph gia tng ch s nht

CH3
H2C

CH3
n

CH3
poly-izo-butylen

CH3

2,6-tert-butyl-p-crezol

H2C

n
COOCH3

polymetylmetacrylat

Ph gia c ch n mn

56

CH3
S
H
N
N
N
benzothiazol

H3C

CH2

S
tecpen sunfua

Ph gia ty ra
SO3R
Ca

SO3R
Ca

SO3R

OH

4.5.3. ng dng ca phn on sn xut sn phm trng

Cc sn phm trng l tn gi ca ba loi nhin liu: Xng, kerosen, izen.
l cc loi nhin liu c s dng nhiu nht, quan trng nht. lm tng
s lng cc nhin liu ny, c th tin hnh phn hy gasoil nng bng phng
php cracking hoc hydrocracking. Vi cch ny, c th bin cc cu t C 21 n
C40 thnh xng (C5 n C11), kerosen (C11 n C16), izen (C16 n C20), nh
vy, nng cao hiu sut s dng ca du m.
4.6. Phn on cn du m (cn gudon)
4.6.1. Thnh phn ha hc
Gudron l phn cn li sau khi phn tch cc phn on k trn c nhit
si ln hn 5000C, gm cc hydrocacbon c s nguyn t cacbon ln hn
C41, gii hn cui cng c th ln n C80.
Thnh phn ca phn on ny rt phc tp. C th chia thnh 3 nhm
chnh sau:
4.6.1.1.

Nhm cht du

Nhm cht du bao gm cc hydrocacbon c phn t lng ln, tp trung

nhiu cc hp cht thm c ngng t cao, cu trc hn hp nhiu vng gia
thm v naphten, y l nhm hp cht nh nht, c t trng xp x bng 1, ha
tan trong xng, n pentan, CS2 nhng khng ha tan trong cn. Trong phn
on cn nhm du chim t 45 n 60%.
57

4.6.1.2.

Nhm cht nha

Nhm ny dng keo qunh: gm hai nhm thnh phn l cht trung
tnh v cht axit.
Cc cht trung tnh c mu en hoc nu, nhit ha mm nh hn
0

100 C, t trng ln hn 1, d dng ha tan trong xng, naphtalen. Cht trung tnh
to trong nha c tnh do dai v tnh dnh kt. Hm lng ca n nh hng
trc tip n tnh ko di ca nha, chim khong 10 n 15% khi lng ca
cn gudron.
Cc cht axt l cht c nhm COOH, mu nu sm, t trng ln hn 1, d
ha tan trong cloroform v ru etylic, cht axit to cho nha c tnh hot ng
b mt. Kh nng kt dnh ca bitum ph thuc vo hm lng cht axit c trong
nha, n ch chim khong 1% trong cn du m.
4.6.1.3.

Nhm asphanten

Nhm asphanten l nhm cht mu en, cu to tinh th, t trng ln hn 1,

cha phn ln cc hp cht d vng c kh nng ha tan mnh trong cc
disunfua (CS2). un 3000C khng b nng chy m b chy thnh tro.
Ngoi ba nhm cht chnh ni trn, trong cn gudron cn c cc hp cht
c kim ca kim loi nng, cc cht cacbenkhng tan trong cc dung mi thng
thng, ch tan trong pyridin
4.6.2. ng dng ca phn on cn gudron
Phn on gudron c s dng trong nhiu mc ch khc nhau nh sn
xut bitum, than cc, nhin liu t l. Trong cc ng dng trn, sn xut bitum
l ng dng quan trng nht.
4.6.2.1.
a.

Sn xut bitum

Thnh phn ha hc ca bitum

Bitum l hn hp phc tp ca nhiu loi cht, trong hm lng cc

nguyn t thu c nh sau:

58

Bng 4.14. Thnh phn nguyn t ca bitum

Cacbon

(C)

80 87%

Hydro

(H)

10 15%

Lu hunh

(S)

2 8%

Nit

(N)

0,5 2%

Oxy

(O)

1 5%

Trong cc nguyn t k trn, hm lng cacbon v hydro chim mt t l

tng i ln. Qua thy rng nhm du l b phn ch yu to thnh bitum.
Cc cht asphanten quyt nh tnh rn ca bitum, c ngha l mun bitum
cng rn th hm lng asphanten cng cao.
Cc cht nha quyt nh tnh do v kh nng gn kt ca bitum
Cc cht du lm tng kh nng chu ng sng gi, nng ma ca bitum.
Mt loi bitum tt, chu thi tit tt, c cao th phi c thnh phn nh
sau: 25% nha, 15 n 18% asphanten, 52 n 54% du. T l gia asphanten
v nha khong 0,5 n 0,6. T l nha so vi du t 0,8 n 0,9.
Cn du m cha nhiu parafinic rn l nguyn liu xu nht sn xut
bitum. Bitum s c bn thp, tnh gn kt km do c nhiu hydrocacbon
khng phn cc. Ngc li cn du m loi aromatic hoc naphten aromtic l
nguyn liu rt tt sn xut bitum.
b.

Mt s tnh cht c trng ca bitum

xuyn kim: l i lng c trng cho qunh ca bitum, c tnh

bng milimt chiu su ln xung ca kim t di ti trng 100g trong thi gian
5 giy 250C. ln kim cng nh, bitum cng qunh.
dn di: l i lng c trng cho tnh do ca bitum, c tnh bng
cetimet khi ko cng mt mu c tit din quy nh 250C vi tc ko l 5
cm/ pht. dn di cng ln th tnh do ca bitum cng cao.
Tnh n nh nhit: khi nhit thay i, tnh cng, tnh do ca bitum cng
thay i. Nu s thay i cng nh th tnh n nh ca bitum cng cao.

59

Tnh n nh vi thi gian: L kh nng ca bitum chng li tc ng ca

mi trng xung quanh. Do nh hng ca thi gian m tnh cht v thnh phn
ca bitum thay i. S thay i gi l s ha gi ca bitum.
Tnh n nh ca bitum du m tng i cao, thng th sau 10 n 15
nm s dng, cc tnh cht ca n mi thay i r rt.
4.6.2.2.

ng dng ca phn on cn lm nhin liu t l

C th s dng trc tip phn on cn du m lm nhin liu t l. Nhit

nng ca nhin liu ny vo khong 9.000-10.000 kcal/ kg. T l gia C v H
cng thp, nhit nng ca du cng cao.
Nu trong nhin liu ny c hm lng cc kim loi nng ln, khi chy s
to thnh hp kim vi st c nhit nng chy thp, dn n thng l.
4.7. Cu hi v bi tp
1.

Ti sao phi ha lng kh? Nu cc ng dng c bn ca kh t nhin

ha lng (LNG) v kh du m ha lng (LPG).

2.

V sao LPG c th s dng lm nhin liu cho ng c xng?

3.

Bn cht ca qu trnh chy trong ng c xng.

4.

Tr s octan l g? Thnh phn ca cc hydrocacbon nh hng th

no n tr s octan?

5.

nh hng ca thnh phn hydrocacbon n tnh cht chy ca nhin

liu trong ng c xng.

6.

Cc gii php nng cao tr s octan ca xng? C ch tc dng ca

ph gia ch v ph gia oxygen trong vic nng cao tr s octan ca
xng?

7.

Nu cc ng dng c bn ca xng?

8.

Bn cht ca qu trnh chy trong ng c izen. Tr s xtan?

9.

Cng dng ca du bi trn, mt vi ch tiu chnh ca du bi trn?

Ch s nht?

10. Cc yu cu v qu trnh chy ca nhin liu trong ng c phn lc,

t cho bit cc ch tiu cn c ca loi nhin liu ny?

60

11. Khi nim v chiu cao ngn la khng khi? nh hng ca thnh
phn ha hc ca nhin liu n ch tiu ny nh th no?
12. nh hng ca thnh phn ha hc n tnh t bc chy ca nhin liu
trong ng c iezen?
13. Cc yu cu ca ph gia trong du bi trn?

61

BI 5
CC C TRNG VT L V S NH GI CHT LNG DU M
M bi: HD A5
Gii thiu
nh gi cht lng cc loi du th v cc sn phm du, s chnh
lch gi tr gia loi du th ny vi loi du th khc, ngi ta da vo cc c
trng ha l ca chng. Trn c s nh gi ng cht lng mi c hng s
dng v cng ngh ch bin hp l.
Mc tiu thc hin
Hc xong bi ny hc vin c kh nng:
M t c cc c trng vt l ca du th v cc sn phm du.
nh gi cht lng du m thng qua cc i lng vt l
Ni dung chnh
5.1. Xc nh cc c trng vt l ca phn on du m
5.1.1. Thnh phn chng ct phn on
Thnh phn ct l mt trong nhng ch tiu quan trng cn phi xc nh i
vi cc sn phm trng nh xng, kerosen, izen. Theo thnh phn ct phn
on c th bit c cc loi sn phm thu v khi lung ca chng. Cc phn
on du bao gi cng gm rt nhiu cc n cht khc nhau vi nhit si
thay i. Do vy c trng cho tnh cht bay hi ca mt s phn on l nhit
si u v nhit si cui.
Qu trnh chng ct c thc hin trong b chng ct tiu chun Engler.
Cho 100 ml mu vo bnh. Gia nhit nhit t t, tc thng thng t 4
n 5 ml sn phm trong 1 pht. Khi c git lng u tin rt xung bnh hng th
nhit si lc l nhit si u, tip ghi li nhit si ng vi 10, 20,
30, 90% th tch. n khi no ct thy ngn trong nhit k t cc i tt xung
t ngt th l nhit si cui.

62

T cc gi tr , ta dng th ph thuc gia % sn phm chng ct

c v nhit si gi l ng cong chng ct.
Mi mt loi nhin liu, c c trng bi thnh phn chng ct nht nh.
Nhng nhn chung, nu cng l xng, hoc cng l kerosen th yu cu v
khong nhit si gn nh nhau.
Thnh phn ct phn on xng ng c c ngha rt quan trng. Nhit
si t 10 n 30% c ngha quyt nh kh nng khi ng ca ng c.
Khong nhit cng thp ng c cng d khi ng khi my ngui. Tuy
nhin thp qu, d to nt hi trong h thng cp nhin liu gy hao tn nhin
liu. Nn nhit si 10% khng vut qu 700C.
Nhit ct 50% c ngha quyt nh kh nng tng tc ca ng c v
qu trnh t nng ng c. Nu nhit ct 50% qu cao khi thay i tc ,
lng nhin liu trong my t, cng sut gim iu khin xe kh khn. Do vy
nhit ct 50% (t 40% n 70%) cng thp cng tt v d dng tng s vng
quay ca ng c ln mc ti a trong thi gian ngn nht. Tuy vy nu qu
thp s to nt hi gy tht thot nhin liu (v vy khng nn vt qu 1400C).
Nhit ct 90% c ngha v mt kinh t, nu nhit 90% cao, xng
khng bc hi hon ton trong bung t. Xng trng thi lng theo xylanh vt
qua xecmng vo cate cha du, lm long du nhn, lm gim kh nng bi
trn v mi mn ng c.
Nhit ct cui nh gi mc bay hi hon ton v lm long du
nhn. Nu nhit si cui cao qu tr du nhn s b ra tri trn thnh xylanh,
mi mn piston, v th nhit si cui khng qu c 2050C.
5.1.2. p sut hi bo ha
p sut hi bo ha l mt trong cc tnh cht vt l quan trng ca cc
cht lng d bay hi. y chnh l p sut hi m ti , th hi cn bng vi
th lng. Cht lng c p sut hi bo ha cng ln th iu kin bo qun, tn
tr v vn chuyn cng phi nghim ngt, tun th cht ch cc bin php an
ton phng chng chy n.

63

p sut hi bo ha Reid l p sut tuyt i 1000F (37,80C) c trng

c trng cho kh nng bay hi ca phn on xng. l p sut hi bo ha
o c iu kin ca bom Reid 37,80C. i lng ny cng ln bay hi
cng cao.
p sut hi bo ha c xc nh trong dng c tiu chun gi l bm
Reid (hnh 5.1).

h
1

Hnh 5.1. Bom Reid

1- Bung khng kh; 2- Bung lng; 3- Bnh n nhit; 4- p k thy ngn; 5- Van

Cho xng vo bnh 2, ni thng vi bnh 1, ri cho vo bnh n nhit, sau khi
n nh nhit (37,80C) trong 15 pht th m vn ni ton b h thng vi p
k thy ngn. chnh lch h s cho bit p sut hi bo ha ca xng cn o.
bc hi ca xng cng cao, chnh h cng ln.
5.1.3. T trng
T trng l t s gia trng lng ring ca mt vt mt nhit nht nh
v trng lng ring ca mt vt khc c chn l chun, xc nh cng v tr.
i vi cc loi sn phm du lng u ly nc ct nhit 4 0C v p sut
760 mmHg lm chun.

64

T trng ca du m, hoc mt phn on du m nhit t trn trng

lng ring ca nc 40C, ta c th ghi dt4. d so snh, t trng c biu
th cng mt nhit , phn ln cc nc u ly 200C (d204) hoc 15,60C
(tng ng vi 600F) so vi nc cng nhit .
mt s nc in hnh l M cn biu th t trng bng 0API. Cng
thc chuyn i t trng sang 0API nh sau:
0

API

141,5
d15,6
15,6

131,5

T trng ca sn phm du m thay i rt nhiu khi nhit thay i,

nhng khng ph thuc vo p sut. Tuy nhin nu p sut cao th c nh
hng cht t.
C th xc nh t trng bng phng php nh: dng ph k, cn thy
tnh, picnomet. Phng php picnomet l ph bin nht, dng cho bt k loi
cht lng no. Phng php ny da trn s so snh trng lng ca du vi
nc ct trong cng th tch v cng nhit .
5.1.4. t nht
nht l tnh cht ca mt cht lng, c xem l ma st ni ca cht
lng v cn tr s chy ca cht lng. nguyn nhn c nht l do i lc c
hc gia cc ht cu to nn cht lng.
nht ca du m c lin quan n qu trnh bm vn chuyn, s bi
trn, s phun nhin liu trong cc ng c. nht ph thuc vo nhit , khi
nhit tng nht gim.
nht ng lc ( hoc ): nht ng lc biu th cho cc cht lng
dng khng c gia tc, c tnh bng cng thc:
Trong :

l thi gian chy ca cht lng

l hng s nht k, khng ph thuc vo nhit m ch

ph thuc vo kch thc hnh hc ca nht k.

65

Nu nht ln phi dng nht k c ng knh mao qun ln; cn

nht ca cht lng cn o nh, th dng nht k c ng knh mao qun nh;
sao cho thi gian chy ca cht lng khng qu 200 giy.
nht ng lc c tnh bng poaz (P) hay centipoaz (cP).
1 P=100 cP=0,1 N.s/ m2=1 dyn.s/ cm2=1 g/cm.s
nht ng hc ( ):ng nht ng hc l t s gia nht ng lc
hc v t trng n (c hai u xc nh cng nhit v p sut):

Trong :

l nht ng hc, tnh bng stc (St) hoc centistc (cSt)

l nht ng lc
d l trng lng ring, g/cm3
1 St=1 cm2/s=100 cSt

Xc nh nht ng hc bng cch o thi gian chy ca du qua nht

k mao qun Pinkvic.
nht quy c ( nht Engler): nht quy c hay nht biu kin,
cn gi l nht Engler l t s gia thi gian chy ca 200 ml mu nhit
th nghim v 200 ml nc ct 200C qua ng nh trong dng c o nht:
0

Trong :

t
E 20

t
0

t
E 20
l nht Engler nhit t.

l thi gian chy ca mu nhit t

l thi gian chy ca nc 200C

5.1.5. ng cong im si thc

xc nh thnh phn phn on ca du m, thng tin hnh chng
ct trong b chng ct tiu chun vi cc iu kin quy nh cht ch, gi l
chng phc tp (va chng va luyn).

66

Qu trnh chng ct nhng vy s cho phn chia cao. Sau dng

th quan h nhit si-phn trm sn phm chng ct so vi du th (% th
tch hoc trng lng). th ny gi l ng cong im si thc.
T kt qu thu c xc nh im si thc, c th xc nh thnh phn cc

% Khi lng

phn on ca du m c nhit si n 2000C, 3000C n 4850C (hnh 5.2).

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0

100

200

300

Du th Bch H

400

500

600

Nhit , 0C

Du th i Hng

Hnh 5.2. ng cong chng ct im si thc ca du th Bch H v i Hng

Ni chung, ng cong im si thc l mt ng cong quan trng nht

ca du m. N cho php nh gi c thnh phn ca cc phn on c nhit
si khc nhau. Ngoi ra cn gip cc nh cng ngh xc nh phng n ch
bin t yu cu v cht lng v s lng cc phn on mong mun.
5.1.6. im anilin
im anilin l nhit thp nht trong iu kin xc nh, anilin l sn phm
tng ng ha tan vo nhau to thnh mt hn hp ng nht. Khi thnh
phn ha hc khc nhau th gi tr ca im anilin khc nhau. Hydrocacbon thm
c im anilin thp hn so vi cc loi hydrocacbon khc rt nhiu (v
hydrocacbon d dng tan trong anilin hn). Trong cng mt loi hydrocacbon th
im anilin tng ln theo trng lng phn t.
im anilin thng thng c xc nh qua phng php th tch bng
nhau gia anilin v sn phm. Anilin dng xc nh phi khng c mu, va
mi chng ct. Ch dng phn chng ct trong khong 10 n 90%.

67

Phng php im anilin thng c s dng xc nh thnh phn cc

hydrocacbon thm c trong phn on. hm lng hydrocacbon thm cng ln,
im anilin cng thp.
5.1.7. Nhit chp chy
Nhit chp chy l nhit ti , khi phn on du m c t nng,
hi hydrocacbon s thot ra to vi khng kh xung quanh mt hn hp m nu
a ngn la n gn chng s bng chy ri pht tt nh l mt tia chp.
Nh vy nhit chp chy lin quan n hm lng cc sn phm nh
trong phn on. Du cng c nhiu cu t nh, nhit chp chy cng thp.
-

Phn on xng: Nhit chp chy khng quy nh, thng l m.

Phn on kerosen: Nhit chp chy t 28 n 600C, thng thng

400C.

Phn on izen: Nhit chp chy cc kn t 35 n 860C, thng

thng l 600C.

Phn on du nhn: Nhit chp chy t 130 n 2400C.

C hai phng php xc nh nhit chp chy: Phng php cc kn

v phng php cc h.
Phng php cc kn thng p dng i vi i vi cc sn phm d bay
hi nh kerosen, k c izen.
Phng php cc h thng p dng i vi cc sn phm khng bay hi
nh du nhn.
Phng php cc kn bao gi cng cho nhit chp chy thp hn so vi
phng php cc h.
Xc nh nhit chp chy c ngha rt quan trng trong vic tn cha
v bo qun nhin liu. Nu nhit chp chy ca nhin liu thp, khi bo
qun trong b cha ngoi tri nng nng phi phng c tia la in gn
trnh chy n. i vi nhin liu izen cho xe tng, nu nhit chp chy
thp, c ngha l hm lng cc cu t nh nhiu, rt nguy him cho ngi ngi
trong v xe tng phi lm vic trong iu kin kn hon ton.

68

Khi xc nh nhit chp chy ca mt phn on no , thy nhit

chp chy khc thng, c th ngh rng trong phn on ln cc nhin liu
nh.
5.1.8. Nhit ng c, im ng c v im kt tinh
ng c l mt tnh cht ca du m v sn phm du m. Chng b mt
tnh linh ng khi nhit h thp. Tnh linh ng mt i l do s to thnh
nhng mng kt tinh parafin hoc do nht tng mnh.
Mng tinh th parafin to thnh v trong nhng sn phm du m gm hn
hp hydrocacbon c nhit ng c khc nhau. Khi lm lnh n mt nhit
nht nh, nhng parafin c phn t lng ln kt tinh trc, nhng
hydrocacbon c phn t lng nh hn s chui vo khung ting th , dn n
s vn c trc khi ng c. Thng thng im vn c ln hn im ng
c t 3 n 50C.
S ph thuc nhit ng c vo hm lng parafin c biu din qua
biu thc sau:
Tdd0

K1

K 2 lgC

Trong
C l hm lng parafin rn c trong phn on (% trng lng)
K1, K2 l cc hng s
Trong trng hp hm lng parafin thp, s ng c l do khi gim nhit
, nht tng mnh lm cho c khi nhin liu ng c li.
Nhng tnh trn ph thuc rt nhiu yu t nh: t l, cu to cc
hydrocacbon trong sn phm du m, kiu lm lnh, nht, lng cc cht
nha v asphanten, hm lng nc
im ng c: l nhit cao nht m sn phm du lng em lm lnh
trong iu kin nht nh khng cn chy c na.
im vn c: l nhit m khi sn phm em lm lnh trong nhng iu
kin nht nh, n bt u vn c do mt s cu t bt u kt tinh.
im kt tinh: l nhit sn phm bt u kt tinh c th nhn thy
bng mt thng.
69

5.1.9. Nhit chy

Nhit chy l lng nhit ta ra khi t chy mt lng nhin liu vi iu
kin l nhit ca nhin liu trc khi t v sn phm chy l 200C. Nhit
chy l mt trong nhng c tnh ch yu ca nhin liu. Khi t chy hon ton
cc nhin liu kh, nhin liu lng hoc nhin liu rn u to thnh CO 2 v H2O
v ta nhit theo phn ng:
C xHy

y
O2
4

xCO2

y
H2 O Q
2

Trong trng hp nhin liu cha lu hunh s to thnh SO2

Nc to thnh c th th lng hoc th hi.
Gi tr nhit lng cao (Qcao) l lng nhit ta ra khi tt c nc trong sn
phm chy trng thi lng, Qcao=Q1 + Q2:
C xHy

H2Ohi

y
O2
4

xCO2

y
H2 O Q
2

H2Olng + Q2

Gi tr nhit lng thp (Qthp) l lng nhit ta ra khi tt c nc trong sn

phm chy trng thi kh.
Hiu gia nhit lng trn v nhit lng di chnh l nhit lng cn
thit nc chuyn t trng thi lng sang trng thi hi, nhit lng ny gi l
nhit ha hi ca nc.
5.1.10.Hm lng nc trong phn on du m
Nhn chung nc khng ha tan trong du m v cc phn on ca du
m. Nhng khi tng nhit th ha tan ca nc trong du m s tng ln.
S c mt ca nc trong mt s phn on du gy nguy him cho qu
trnh s dng, chng hn:
Nu trong du bin th c nc s lm gim cch in.
Trong nhin liu phn lc c nc s gy nguy him, v my bay lm vic
cao ln, nhit h rt thp (khong 500C), lng nc c trong nhin liu
s to thnh cc tinh th nc l tc vi phun, gy gin on cung cp nhin
liu.

70

Trong sn sut LPG, khi dn n s h nhit , nc s to thnh cc tinh

th nh gy tc van gim p.
Do vy cn phi tch nc ra khi cc phn on sao cho hm lng nc
cng nh cng tt.
5.1.11.Tr s octan
Tr s octan l i lng c trng cho kh nng chng kch n ca nhin
liu. C hai phng php xc nh tr s octan, l phng php nghin cu
(RON) v phng php mt (MON).
Bn cht ca phng php ny l so snh bn chng kch n ca nhin
liu th nghim v nhin liu tiu chun, biu th bng tr s octan. bn chng
kch n ca izo-octan qui c bng 100 v ca n-heptan bng 0.
5.2. nh gi cht lng ca du m qua cc c trng sau
xc nh gi tr ca du th trn th trng, ng thi nh hng cho
cc qu trnh s dng, ch bin, tnh ton cng sut thit b cho nh my lc du,
vic phn tch, xc nh cc ch tiu ca du th l rt cn thit. C rt nhiu c
tnh quan trng, trong phn ny ch a ra cc tnh cht tiu biu nht, lin quan
n s dng v qu trnh cng ngh ch bin chng.
5.2.1. Thnh phn hydrocacbon trong du m
Hydrocacbon l thnh phn quan trng nht ca du th, trong du chng
chim t 60 n 90% trng lng. Du cha cng nhiu hydrocacbon th cng
c gi tr kinh t cao. Ph thuc vo hm lng ca tng loi: pararfin, naphten,
aromat m c th sn xut c cc sn phm nhin liu c cht lng khc
nhau. Du cha naphten, aromat s cho php sn xut xng c tr s octan cao.
Du cha nhiu n-parafin s l ngun to ra nhin liu izen c cht lng tt,
nhng hm lng parafin rn cao qu s lm tng im ng c ca du, gy
kh khn cho qu trnh vn chuyn, bc rt, phi p dng cc bin php h
im ng, gy tn km. Du trung gian naphten-parafinic s l nguyn liu tt
sn xut ra du nhn c ch s nht cao.
Khi khai thc c du th, nht thit phi xc nh hm lng v c tnh
ca cc hydrocacbon c trong du. C nhiu phng php xc nh chng
71

nhng ph bin l phng php ha l nh sc k kh, ph hng ngoi (IR) v t

ngoi (UV).
5.2.2. T trng
Da vo t trng c th s b nh gi du m thuc loi nng hay nh,
mc bin cht thp hay cao. Theo t trng, ph bin ngi ta chia du thay 3
cp:
Du nh:

d15
4

0,830

Du trung bnh:

d15
4

0,830 0,884

d15
4

0,884

Du nng:

Du th cng nh, hiu sut v cht lng cc sn phm trngthu c khi

chng ct cng cao; du cng cha t lu hunh, cng mang nhiu c tnh
parafinic hoc trung gian naphtenic parafinic. Du cng nng th cha cng
nhiu cc cht d nguyn t, cc cht nha v asphanten, khng thun li sn
xut cc sn phm nhin liu v du nhn, nhng li l nguyn liu tt sn
xut bitum nha ng v cc.
5.2.3. H s c trng K
H s ny cho bit du m mang c tnh ca loi hydrocacbon no l ch
yu. H s K dao ng trong khong t 10 n 13, trong :
-

H du parafinic

K=13

H du naphtenic

K=11,45

H du aromatic

K= 10

12,5
10,5

Cc h du trung gian c gi tr K nm gia cc s trn. Bit c h du

th l h g s c hng s dng hp l. Chng hn mt loi du th c K=12,
du s thuc loi trung gian naphteno parafinic, n cho hiu sut v cht
lng ca xng, kerosen, gasoil cao, bitum thu c t cn du s khng tt.
5.2.4. Hm lng cc hp cht cha cc nguyn t d th
5.2.4.1.

Cc cht cha lu hunh

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Lu hunh l hp cht ch yu c trong du th. Chng tn ti nhiu

dng: mercaptan, sunfua, disunfua, H2S, S. Cn c vo hm lng lu hunh
ngi ta chia du m lm ba loi:
-

Du m t lu hunh

S < 0,5%

Du m c lu hunh

S=0,51 2%

Du m nhiu lu hunh

S > 2%

Du m cha nhiu lu hunh c gi tr kinh t thp hn du m t lu

hunh. Lu hunh l cht gy nhiu tc hi: Khi t chy to ra SO2, SO3 gy
c hi v n mn ng ng, thit b. Mt khc, khi a du th i ch bin ha
hc, lu hunh s l nguyn nhn gy ng c xc tc, lm gim hiu sut v
cht lng sn phm. Thng thng du cng nng th hm lng lu hunh
cng cao.
5.2.4.2.

Hm lng Nit trong du

Cc cht cha nit trong du thng t hn so vi lu hunh. Chng

thng c tnh baz nn c nh hng ln n qu trnh ch bin du trn xc
tc axit (qu trnh crcking, reforming, alkyl ha), n l nguyn nhn gy nn
mt hot tnh xc tc, to cn trong ng c v lm bin mu sn phm.
5.2.4.3.

Cc cht nha v asphanten.

Du m c nhiu nha v asphanten th trong sn phm (du nhn v cn)

cng c nhiu cht . Ni chung nha v asphanten l nhng cht c hi. Nu
trong sn phm c nha v asphanten th kh nng chy s khng hon ton,
to cn v tn, lm tc vi phun ca ng c. Nha l cht d b oxi ha, s lm
gim tnh n ng ca sn phm. Tuy nhin du th cha nhiu nha v
asphanten th phn cn li l nguyn liu tt sn xut bitum. Phn cn
grudron ca du th Vit Nam c tng hm lng nha v asphanten l rt thp
nn khng th s dng sn xut bitum.
5.2.5. nht
Da vo nht ca du m c th tnh ton c cc qu trnh bm vn
chuyn. Du c nht cng cao th cng kh vn chuyn bng ng ng.
vn chuyn phi tiu hao nng lng, v vy chi ch vn chuyn s tng ln. i
73

vi du th cng nng th nht cng cao. i vi cc phn on du m,

chng hn du nhn nht gn nh l mt ch tiu quan trng nht nhm m
bo cho qu trnh bi trn tt.
5.2.6. Nhit ng c
Nhit ng c phn nh tnh linh ng ca du nhit thp. Nu
nhit ng c ca mt loi du no cao th s rt kh khn cho qu trnh
vn chuyn, bm rt, phi tin hnh cc bin php lm gim nhit ng c
nh gia nhit gy tn km.
C hai nguyn nhn dn n du c nhit ng c cao, l: du c
nht ln v du cha nhiu n parafin rn. V d du th Bch H cha nhiu n
parafin rn nn nhit ng c l +330C.
5.2.7. Nhit chp chy
Nhit chp chy phn nh hm lng cc hydrocacbon nh c trong du
v cho bit nguy him i vi hin tng chy n khi bo qun v vn
chuyn. Nhit chp chy cng thp, cng gn vi nhit ca mi trng th
cn phi thn trng khi bo qun v vn chuyn. Phi c cc bin php phng
gim ti a cc hin tng chy n.
V d, xng c nhit chp chy thp nn bo qun an ton cho cc
bn b cha xng, ngi ta thng sn nh trng phn x nhit, h thng
ti nc lm mt b, hoc xy b ngm.
5.2.8. Hm lng cc conradson
cc ha conradson l i lng c trng cho kh nng to cc ca
phn cn du m. i lng ny cng cao th hiu sut cc thu c cng cao.
Hm lng cc conradson cng cao cn c ngha hm lng nha v
asphanten trong du m s cao, v c th s dng cn du m loi ny sn
xut bitum nha ng vi hiu sut v cht lng tt.
5.2.9. Kim loi nng trong du
Trong du m thng c nhiu kim loi mc vi lng nh V, Ni, Co, Pb,
Ti, Mntrong ch yu l hai nguyn t Vanadi v Niken. Hm lng cc kim
loi trong du phn nh mc nh hng ca chng khi s dng cc phn
74

on lm nhin liu v nguyn liu cho cc qu trnh ch bin. V d, nu trong

nhin liu t l c nhiu V, Ni cc kim loi ny s gy thng l do to thnh cc
hp kim vi st c nhit nng chy thp, cn trong phn ng reforming xc
tc, cc kim loi Pb, As s lm xc tc mt hot tnh (ng c xc tc).
i vi du th Vit Nam, hm lng trung bnh ca V v Ni rt thp, hm
lng Vanadi trong phn cn cng ch khong 0,46 ppm, cn Ni l 10,503 ppm.
5.3. Cu hi v bi tp
1.

ngha ca ch tiu thnh phn chng ct phn on? Ch tiu ny

thng c xc nh i vi cc sn phm du m no?

2.

Khi nim v thnh phn chng ct phn on ch tiu ny dng xc

nh cho cc loi sn phm du m no? Phn tch nh hng ca
thnh phn ct 90% v ct cui ca xng n ch tiu kinh t v tnh
mi mn trong c.

3.

nh hng ca phn on 90% n mi mn nh th no?

4.

ngha ca t trng i vi cc sn phm du m? V sao phi o t

trng?

5.

Phn bit chng ct phn on v chng ct im si thc? ng dng

ca ng cong im si thc?

6.

Ti sao c th ni im anilin l phng php c dng xc nh

hm lng hydrocacbon thm c trong du?

7.

Nhit chp chy v ngha ca ch tiu ny?

8.

nh gi cht lng ca du th qua hm lng nha v asphanten?

9.

Khi nim v ch s cc conradson? Lin quan n s to cn du m

nh th no?

10. nh hng ca hm lng cc kim loi nng n xc tc trong cc qu

trnh ch bin du?

75

TI LIU THAM KHO

1.

inh Th Ng-Ha hc du m v kh-Nh xut bn KHKT H Ni-2001.

2.

Lu Cm Lc-Ha du t kh-Vin cng ngh ha hc v du kh -2002.

3.

Kiu nh Kim-Cc sn phm du m & ha du-Nh xut bn KHKT-H

Ni 2000.

4.

L Vn Hiu-Cng ngh ch bin du m-Nh xut bn KHKT H Ni-2001.

5.

Trn Mnh Tr-Du m v du kh Vit Nam-Nh xut bn TP H Ch

Minh-1996.

6.

Heinz P Bloch-Practical Guide to Compressor Technology-Megraw Hill

Professional ISBN 0070059373.

76