8.2 Bin i Fourier .

Nu g(t) l 1 tn hiu khng tun hon biu din nh 1 hm thi gian t , bin i Fourier ca g(t) nh sau : G(t) = g (t ) exp( j 2ft )dt

(8.23)

Trong : J= 1 v f l tn s . g(t) c th t c t bin i Fourier G(f) bng bin i ngc : G(t)= G( f ) exp( j 2ft )df

(8.24)

chuyn tn hiu g(t) thnh bin i F , n phi tha mn iu kin Direchlet c ni n trong mc 8.1 . Nu g(t) lin tc v khng tun hon th G(f) s lin tc v tun hon . Tuy nhin , nu g(t) lin tc v tun hon th G(f) s gin on v khng tun hon : g(t) = g(t n Tp ) Trong T p = chu k . V bin i Fourier s l :
1 G(f) = T p

(8.25)

n =

c ( f T
n

1
p

(8.26)

Trong :
Tp

cn =

1 Tp

g (t ) exp( j 2nf t )dt

0 Tp 2

(8.27)

8.2.1 Tnh cht ca bin i Fourier : Nu g(t) v G(f) l cp bin i Fourier th c biu din :

g(t) G(f) V bin i Fourier s c cc tnh cht sau : + Tuyn tnh :

(8.28)

ag1 (t ) + bg 2 (t ) aG1 ( f ) + bG2 ( f ) (8.29)

trong a v b l cc hng s . + Nhn hng s :

g (at ) 1 f G( ) a a

(8.31)

+ i ngu :
g (t t 0 ) G ( f ) exp(2 jft 0 )

(8.32)

+ Dch thi gian :

g (t t 0 ) G ( f ) exp( j 2ft 0 )

(8.33)

+ Dch tn s :
exp( j 2 f c t ) g (t ) G ( f f c )

(8.34)

+ Tch phn :

g ( )d

1 G (0) G( f ) + ( f ) ( F ) j 2f 2

(8.35)

+ Nhn :
g1 (t ) g 2 (t )

G ( )G
1

( f ) d

(8.36)

+ Tch chp :

g ( ) g
1

(t )d G1 ( f )G2 ( f )

(8.37)

8.3 Bin i Fourier ri rc . Chui Fourier lin kt tn hiu thi gian lin tc trong min tn s gin on . Tnh chu k ca tn hiu min thi gian cng bc ph tn hiu thnh ri rc . Bin i Fourier ri rc ca tn hiu thi gian ri rc g(n) c cho di y :
G[k ] = g[n] exp(2 jnk / N ) k= 0,1,,N-1 (8.31)
n =0 N 1

Bin i Fourier ngc , g[n] l :

g[n] = G[k ] exp( j 2nk / N ) n=0,1,..,N-1
k =0 N 1

(8.39)

Trong : N : s phn t ca dy g[n] . N cng l tng s gi tr ca tn s trong G[k]. T : l khong thi gian gia 2 ln lin tip ca tn hiu vo g[n] F : tn s ca 2 ln lin tip ca tn hiu ra G[k] N , T , v F c mi quan h nh sau :
NT = 1 F

(8.40)

NT cng bng chiu di c ghi . on thi gian , T , gia 2 tn hiu nn c chn sao cho tha mn nh l Shannon . Ngha l T s phi nh hn 2 f H , vi f H l tn s ln nht trong tn hiu lin tc g(t) nhn c t g[n] . Mt vi thut ton DFT yu cu N l s nguyn ln ly tha ca 2 . 1 hm ri rc s c 1 ph tun hon . Trong DFT , c hm thi gian v hm tn s u tun hon . V tnh tun hon ca DFT , n thng c coi nh im t n=1 ti n = N 2 l qung tn s dng v t n=N/2 n n=N-1 l qung tn s m . Thm vo gi tr ca DFT im n=N/2 ti n=N-1 bng gi tr ca DFT im t n=N/2 ti n=1. Nhn chung , nu dy thi gian l bin thc th DFT s c cc thnh phn thc v cc thnh phn o l.Tng t , 1 dy gi tr thi gian o gi tr DFT s c cc thnh phn thc l v cc thnh thn o .

Nu chng ta nh ngha hm hiu chnh WN l :

(8.41) T (8.38) v (8.39) s c biu din li nh sau :

V :

Dng bin i nhanh Fourier , FFT , l 1 cng c c hiu qu cho vic tnh ton chui Fourier ri rc . FFT gip gim khi lng tnh ton cn tnh DFT . V d nu dy c N im , v N l 1 ly tha nguyn ca 2 , v th DFT yu cu N 2 php ton , trong khi FFT ch cn
N Log 2 ( N ) 2

php nhn phc tp , chng php cng phc tp v cn php tr phc tp . Nu N = 1024 , vic tnh ton gim ca DFT so vi FFT l t 200 xung 1 . FFT c th c dng (a) tm c dy ly tha ca 1 tn hiu , (b) lc tn hiu v (c) tm mi lin h gia hai tn hiu . 8.3.1 Hm MATLAB fft . Hm MATLAB tnh FFT l fft(x) trong x l vector c bin i . Cng c ngha l lnh MATLAB c th c dng tm N im fft . Nu vector x b ct hoc l 0 hoc c cng thm vi N nu cn thit . Hm MATLAB cho bin i fft ngc l : ift(x)

c dng tm fft v v th ca Z m v Z p ca DFT ca x . Mu bin i ngc l ts . N mc nh gi tr bng 1 . Ph ca n c v t tn s F . 3 v d di y biu din cch dng ca hm MATLAB fft . V d 8.4 : Cho dy x[n] = (1,2,1) . (a) tnh DFT ca x[n] (b) dung thut ton fft tm DFT ca x[n] (c) so snh kt qu ca (a) v (b) Gii :
(a) t cng thc (8.42)

T cng thc (8.41)

Dng (8.41) chng ta c :

(b) Chng trnh MATLAB tnh DFT ca x[n] l :

Kt qu :

(b) c th thy l kt qu ly c t (a) v (b) l ng nht . V d 8.5 Tn hiu g(t) c cho nh sau :

(a) tm DFT ca g(t) (b) tm bin i Fourier ca g(t) c T = 0.05s vi N = 1000 (c) tm DFT ca g(t) c T = 0.2s vi N = 250

(d) so snh kt qu ca cc cu (a) (b) v (c) Gii : (a) g(t) c th c biu din :

Dng tnh cht dch tn s ca bin i Fourier ta c :

(b,c) Chng trnh MATLAB dung tnh DFT ca hm g(t) l :

Hai ph c biu din trong hnh 8.7

(c) t hnh 8.7 , ta c th thy vi chu k l 0.05s , khng c ph hnh

rng ca ca G[k] trong phn (b) hu ht cc G(f) hay phn (a) , ch c ph rng ca ca G[k] l khc so vi G(f) V d 8.6 Cho tn hiu nhiu

trong f1 = 100Hz n(t) khng phi tn hiu nhiu trng thng thng . Khong thi gian ca g(t) l 0.5s . Dng hm MATLAB chng nhiu tn hiu . Dng MATLAB tm mt ph ca g(t) .

Gii : Chng trnh MATLAB c th lm c vic ny :

th ca hm c biu din di hnh 8.8 bin ca tn hiu nhiu c th c chuyn i quan st nh hng ca n trong ph :