REPORT ON VISIT TO BSNL EXCHANGE OFFICE BY

K.MANOJ (09100926) K.NANDA KISHORE(09100929) G.KIREETI(09100915) K.N.V.S.KISHORE(09100948) Y.HANUMANTH RAO(09101004)

INTRODUCTION Today, BSNL is the largest Public Sector Undertaking of India and its responsibilities include improvement of the already impeccable quality of telecom services, expansion of telecom network introduction of new telecom services in all villages and instilling confidence among its customers. At present the BSNL is the World's Largest Seventh and India's First Telecommunication Company. Responsibilities that BSNL has managed to shoulder remarkably, definitely. BSNL is the largest telecom operator in India and is known to everybody for Basic Telephony Services for over 100 years. Presently the plain old, countrywide telephone service is being provided through 32,000 electronic exchanges, 326 Digital Trunk Automatic Exchanges(TAX), Digitalized Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) all interlinked by over 2.4 lakhs km of Optical Fiber Cable, with a host of Phone Plus value additions to our valued Customers. BSNL's telephony network expands throughout the vast expanses of the country reaching to the remotest part of the country. Driven by the very best of telecom technology from chosen global leaders, it connects each inch of the nation to the infinite corners of the globe, to enable you to step into tomorrow. TELEPHONE EXCHANGE The main function of an exchange is to process call from a calling subscriber and make the connection to the called subscriber. This connection can be direct or via another exchange. This requires all parts of the exchange to work as a unit to ensure the call is properly handled. CALL PROCESSING ARCHITECTURE The main function of the exchange is to process subscriber calls. The exchange does this by connecting an incoming line or trunk to another line or trunk. However call processing involves much more than simply connecting subscribers. In order to process the calls the exchange must perform four basic switching function. Supervision: Detects and reports service requests, acknowledgements and requests to terminate service.

 Signaling: Transmits information about lines and trunks and information about other aspects of call handling to control switching equipment. Routing: Converts address information to the location of the corresponding call line or to the location of a trunk on the way to that line. Alerting. Notifies a subscriber of incoming calls. BASIC CALL TYPES Subscriber calls are grouped in to categories that distinguish one call from another. These categories are referred to as call types. The basic call types are Intra exchange calls: - these are calls between two subscribers served by the same

exchange. These calls are normally line to line calls. Inter exchange calls: - these are calls that involve two or more exchanges. Within a given exchange there are different types of inter exchange calls. An outgoing call is a call that goes out of the exchange via a trunk. If the call originated in the same exchange, it is called an originating outgoing call. An incoming call is a call that comes into the exchange via a trunk. A tandem call is a call that comes into the exchange on one trunk and leaves the exchange on another trunk. Thus a tandem call is both incoming and out going.

CALL PROCESSING STAGES An intra exchange call which is the simplest of the call types mentioned above, progresses through four basic stages :

BASIC CALL STAGES IN INTRAEXCHNGE CALL

Idle Digit reception and analysis Ringing talking Inter exchange calls are more complex, and their call processing stages are somewhat different.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIOUS BLOCKS DP (Distribution Panel) Distribution point box commonly know as D.P. box is a terminal arrangement where under ground cable pairs are connected to overhead wires or drop wires for providing connections at subscribers premises. It is a cast iron box with a facility for termination of distribution cable on pins fitted on an insulating plate. The distribution cable pairs can be connected to these pins by soldering at

the rear. The overhead wires are connected by means of screwing nuts provided on the front side of insulating plate. Types of D.Ps. There are two types of D.Ps. suitable for external/internal use. These are called internal D.P. and external D.Ps. and are generally available in 10 or 20 pair sizes. Location of D.Ps. External D.Ps. are fitted on posts by means of suitable size of U backs. Internal D.Ps. are fitted in side buildings on the wall at suitable location. In case of multi storied buildings where the telephone demand is very high, the distribution cables or some times even the primary cabled are terminated on distribution frames at suitable location, from where the distribution cables of 20 pairs or 10 pairs sizes are taken to different floors or block and terminated on 10 or 20 pair subs D.Ps. Individual wire are further provided from the subs D.Ps. to the location of the telephone. Pillar Pillar is fabricated from steel or cast from casings enclosing a frame-work on which cable terminal boxes are mounted. The term "pillar" is used with reference to a flexibility point where MDF's cables and DP's cables are interconnected.

MDF (Main Distribution frame) The Subscriber's lines enter an exchange through a number of large capacity U/G cables, each of which serves a different part of the exchange area. The numbers given to the subscriber's lines do not bear any relationship to the geographical location of the subscriber. Hence, the exchange numbers included in any one cable are entirely haphazard. Moreover, as subscribers cease to have telephones and new subscribers are connected, the exchange numbering of the external cable pairs is constantly changing. On the other hand, all lines within the exchange are in strict numerical order. It is, therefore, necessary that some means must be provided for temporary connection between the two. This conversion from the geographical order of the external pairs to the numerical order within the exchange is carried out on a main distribution frame. MDF is separately explained in another section.

 Exchange Card is a basic functional unit of the exchange. Various cards are utilized for various purposes e.g. Subscriber cards are utilized for termination of subscriber's cables coming from MDF. PCM Various subscriber's cables coming out from the subscriber's cards (After processing) are terminated into the DDF (Digital Distribution Frame) located inside PCM in between these two PCM tag block is there, which provide connectivity between these two. Various DDF's cables combine together and terminated into the OFC module (which is combination of electrical to light converter (Multiplexer and Demultiplexer). PCM is separately explained in another section. FACILITIES PROVIDED BY M.D.F. The M.D.F. provides for the following requirements: A means for permanently terminating the external cables. For mounting the protective devices connected to the incoming circuits. Providing the connection between the exchange side and the line side by the jumpers. An interception point for use in connection with fault locating tests.

DIGITAL SWITCHING In Digital switching system signals are switched in digital form. These signals can be speech or data. For this Time Division multiplexing and pulse code modulation (PCM) techniques are used. Time Division multiplexer involves sharing of same transmission medium by a number of circuits or channels during a sequence of time periods. Thus the medium is periodically available to each channel.

The principle of T.D.M is illustrated above. The channels are connected to individual gates which are opened one by one in fixed sequence. At the receiving end also. Similar gates are opened in unison with the transmitting g end. Before transmitting these samples of individual channel signals are coded in binary form and pulses corresponding to the digits are transmitted. This is called pulse code modulation. These pulses are decoded at receiving end and combines to reproduce the original signal. In Digital switching the digital signals of several speech signals are multiplexed on common media. Therefore same path is shared by different calls for fraction of time. This process is repeated periodically at a suitably high rate.This type of path is called PCM highway. To connect any two subscriber, it is necessary to interconnect the time slots of the two speech samples which may be same or different PCM highway. For e.g. PCM samples appearing in TS3 of incoming PCM Highway 1 are transferred to TS6 0f outgoing PCM Highway 2 via a digital switch as shown.

The in connection of time slots i.e. switching of digital signal is normally achieved using a combination of two different modes of operation. These modes are (1) Space switching (2) Time switching In space switching mode, corresponding time slots of I/C and O/G PCM highways are interconnected. A sample in given time slot in an incoming highway is connected (switched) to same time slot of an outgoing highway. For e.g. in fig.2 the time slot 5 of incoming highway 2 is switched to time slot 5 of outgoing highway say highway 3. In this case there is no delay in switching of the sample from one highway to another highway. Since the sample transfer takes place in the same time slot of the PCM frame. In Time switching different time slots on the incoming and outgoing highways are

interconnected by re-assigning the channel sequence. For e.g in fig,2 the time slot TS5 of incoming Highway2 can be connected to a different time slot TS6 of the O/G Highway2. In other words, a time switch is basically a time slot changer. CONCLUSION We have understood the basic methodologies involved in the exchange switching system. We have been clearly explained the basic steps involved in call processing and about the technology that is presently being used for the switching purposes. We are quite impressed by the fact that each and every step is controlled automatically through various softwares designed and does not really need human help except for the supervision.