Phuong Phap Giai Phuong Trinh Vo Ty (bản đẹp)

Cng ty C phn u t Cng ngh Gio dc IDJ
CHUYN : PHNG PHP GII PHNG TRNH V T

I PHNG PHP BIN I TNG NG
1. Bnh phng 2 v ca phng trnh
a) Phng php
Thng thng nu ta gp phng trnh dng :
A B C D + +
, ta thng bnh phng 2
v , iu i khi li gp kh khn.
V d: Hy gii v d sau
3 3 3
A B C +
Ta c
( )
3 3 3 3 3 3
A B C A B 3 A.B A B C + + + + v ta s dng php th :
3 3
A B C +
ta c phng trnh:
3
A B 3 A.B.C C + +
b) V d
Bi 1. Gii phng trnh sau :
x 3 3x 1 2 x 2x 2 + + + + +
Gii:
k x 0
Bnh phng 2 v khng m ca phng trnh ta c:
( ) ( ) ( )
1 x 3 3x 1 x 2 x 2x 1 + + + + + ,
gii phng trnh ny d nhin l khng kh nhng hi phc tp mt cht .
Phng trnh gii s rt n gin nu ta chuyn v phng trnh :
3x 1 2x 2 4x x 3 + + +
Bnh phng hai v ta c :
2 2
6x 8x 2 4x 12x x 1 + + +
Th li x=1 tha mn
Manhcuong2809 Ny ! bn c ht sc cha? 1

Nhn xt : Nu phng trnh : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
f x g x h x k x + +
M c : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
f x h x g x k x + + , th ta bin i phng trnh v dng :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
f x h x k x g x sau bnh phng ,gii phng trnh h qu
Bi 2. Gii phng trnh sau:
3
2
x 1
x 1 x x 1 x 3
x 3
+
+ + + + +
+
Gii:
iu kin : x 1
Bnh phng 2 v phng trnh?
Nu chuyn v th chuyn nh th no?
Ta c nhn xt :
3
2
x 1
. x 3 x x 1. x 1
x 3
+
+ + +
+
, t nhn xt ny ta c li gii nh sau :
3
2
x 1
(2) x 3 x x 1 x 1
x 3
+
+ + +
+

Bnh phng 2 v ta c:
3
2 2
x 1 3 x 1
x x 1 x 2x 2 0
x 3
x 1 3
+

+
+
Th li :
x 1 3, x 1 3 +
l nghim
Qua li gii trn ta c nhn xt : Nu phng trnh :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
f x g x h x k x + +
M c : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
f x .h x k x .g x th ta bin i
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
f x h x k x g x
2. Trc cn thc
2.1. Trc cn thc xut hin nhn t chung
a) Phng php
Mt s phng trnh v t ta c th nhm c nghim x
0
nh vy phng trnh lun a v c
dng tch ( ) ( )
0
x x A x 0 ta c th gii phng trnh ( )
A x 0 hoc chng minh ( )
A x 0

v nghim , ch iu kin ca nghim ca phng trnh ta c th nh ga ( )
A x 0 v
nghim
b) V d
Bi 1 . Gii phng trnh sau :
( )
2 2 2 2
3x 5x 1 x 2 3 x x 1 x 3x 4 + +
Gii:
Ta nhn thy : ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
3x 5x 1 3x 3x 3 2 x 2 + v
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
x 2 x 3x 4 3 x 2 +
Ta c th trc cn thc 2 v :
( )
2 2
2 2
2x 4 3x 6
x 2 x 3x 4
3x 5x 1 3 x x 1
+
+ +
+ + +
D dng nhn thy x=2 l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh .
2 2
x 12 5 3x x 5 + + + +
Gii:
phng trnh c nghim th :
2 2
5
x 12 x 5 3x 5 0 x
3
+ +
Ta nhn thy : x=2 l nghim ca phng trnh , nh vy phng trnh c th phn tch v dng
( ) ( )
x 2 A x 0 , thc hin c iu ta phi nhm , tch nh sau :
( )
( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
x 4 x 4
x 12 4 3x 6 x 5 3 3 x 2
x 12 4 x 5 3
x 2 x 1
x 2 3 0 x 2
x 12 4 x 5 3

+ + + +
+ + + +
_
+ +

+ + + +
,
D dng chng minh c :
2 2
x 2 x 2 5
3 0, x
3
x 12 4 x 5 3
+ +
< >
+ + + +
Bi 3. Gii phng trnh :
3 2 3
x 1 x x 1 +
Gii:

k
3
x 2
Nhn thy x = 3 l nghim ca phng trnh , nn ta bin i phng trnh
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
3 2 3
2 3
3 2 2
3
x 3 x 3x 9
x 3
x 1 2 x 3 x 2 5 x 3 1
x 2 5
x 1 2 x 1 4
1
+ +
+ 1
+ +
1
+
1 + +
]
Ta chng minh:
( )
( )
2
2
3 3 2 2 2
3
x 3 x 3
1 1 2
x 1 1 3 x 1 2 x 1 4
+ +
+ + <
+ + + +
2
3
x 3x 9
x 2 5
+ +
<
+
Vy phng trnh c nghim duy nht x=3
2.2. a v h tm
a) Phng php
Nu phng trnh v t c dng
A B C +
, m : A B C
dy C c th l hng s ,c th l biu thc ca
x
. Ta c th gii nh sau :
A B
C A B
A B
, khi ta c h:
A B C
2 A C
A B
+
'

b) V d
2 2
2x x 9 2x x 1 x 4 + + + + +
Gii:
Ta thy : ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2x x 9 2x x 1 2 x 4 + + + +
x 4 khng phi l nghim
Xt x 4
Trc cn thc ta c :
2 2
2 2
2x 8
x 4 2x x 9 2x x 1 2
2x x 9 2x x 1
+
+ + + +
+ + +

Vy ta c h:
2 2
2
2 2
x 0
2x x 9 2x x 1 2
2 2x x 9 x 6
8
x
2x x 9 2x x 1 x 4
7

+ + +

+ + +
'

+ + + + +
Th li nghim tha mn.

Vy phng trnh c 2 nghim : x=0 hoc x=
8
7
2 2
2x x 1 x x 1 3x + + + +
Ta thy : ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2x x 1 x x 1 x 2x + + + + , nh vy khng tha mn iu kin trn.
Ta c th chia c hai v cho x v t
1
t
x
th bi ton tr nn n gin hn
Bi tp ngh
Gii cc phng trnh sau :
a)
( )
2 2
x 3x 1 x 3 x 1 + + + +
b)
4 3 10 3x x 2
(HSG Ton Quc 2002)
c)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 x 5 x x 2 x 10 x +
d)
3 2
x 4 x 1 2x 3 + +
e)
3 2 3
x 1 3x 2 3x 2 +
f)
2 3
2x 11x 21 3 4x 4 0 +
(OLYMPIC 30/4-2007)
g)
2 2 2 2
2x 1 x 3x 2 2x 2x 3 x x 2 + + + + +
h)
2 2
2x 16x 18 x 1 2x 4 + + + +

i)
2 2
x 15 3x 2 x 8 + + +
3. Phng trnh bin i v tch
S dng ng thc
( ) ( )
u v 1 uv u 1 v 1 0 + +
( ) ( )
au bv ab vu u b v a 0 + +
2 2
A B
3 2 3 3
x 1 x 2 1 x 3x 2 + + + + + +
Gii:
( ) ( )
3 3
x 0
pt x 1 1 x 2 1 0
x 1

+ +


3 3 2 2 3 3
x 1 x x x x + + + +
Gii:
+ x = 0, khng phi l nghim
+ x 0, ta chia hai v cho x:
( )
3 3 3
3 3
x 1 x 1
x 1 x 1 1 x 1 0 x 1
x x
_
+ +
+ + +

,
Bi 3. Gii phng trnh:
2
x 3 2x x 1 2x x 4x 3 + + + + + +
Gii:
iu kin x 1
Phng trnh
( ) ( )
x 1
x 3 2x x 1 1 0
x 0

+ +


4x
x 3 4 x
x 3
+ +
+
Gii:

k: x 0
Chia c hai v cho
x 3 +
:
2
4x 4x 4x
1 2 1 0 x 1
x 3 x 3 x 3
_
+

+ + +
,
Dng hng ng thc
Bin i phng trnh v dng : A
k
= B
k
3 x x 3 x +
Gii:
k:
0 x 3
khi pt cho tng ng :
3 2
x 3x x 3 0 + +
3
3
1 10 10 1
x x
3 3 3 3
_
+

,
2
2 x 3 9x x 4 +
Gii:
k: x 3 phng trnh tng ng:
( )
2
2
x 1
x 3 1 3x
1 3 x 9x
5 97
x
x 3 1 3x
18

+ +

+ +

+ +

( ) ( )
2
2
3
3
2 3 9x x 2 2x 3 3x x 2 + + + +
Gii : Phng trnh
( )
3
3 3
x 2 3x 0 x 1 +

PHNG PHP T N PH
1. Phng php t n ph thng thng
i vi nhiu phng trnh v v t , gii chng ta c th t t = f(x) v ch iu kin ca
t

nu phng trnh ban u tr thnh phng trnh cha mt bin t

quan trng hn ta c th gii c
phng trnh theo t th vic t ph xem nh hon ton .Ni chung nhng phng trnh m c
th t hon ton t = f(x) thng l nhng phng trnh d .
2 2
x x 1 x x 1 2 + +
iu kin: x 1
Nhn xt.
2 2
x x 1. x x 1 1 +

t
2
t x x 1
th phng trnh c dng:
1
t 2 t 1
t
+
Thay vo tm c x 1
2
2x 6x 1 4x 5 +
Gii
iu kin:
4
x
5

t
t 4x 5(t 0) +
th
2
t 5
x
4
. Thay vo ta c phng trnh sau:

4 2
2 4 2
t 10t 25 6
2. (t 5) 1 t t 22t 8t 27 0
16 4
+
+
2 2
(t 2t 7)(t 2t 11) 0 +
Ta tm c bn nghim l:
1,2 3,4
t 1 2 2; t 1 2 3 t t
Do 0 t nn ch nhn cc gi tr
1 3
t 1 2 2, t 1 2 3 + +
T tm c cc nghim ca phng trnh:
x 1 2; x 2 3 +
Cch khc: Ta c th bnh phng hai v ca phng trnh vi iu kin
2
2x 6x 1 0
Ta c:
2 2 2
x (x 3) (x 1) 0
, t ta tm c nghim tng ng.
n gin nht l ta t :
2y 3 4x 5 +
v a v h i xng (Xem phn dt n ph a
v h)
x 5 x 1 6 + +
iu kin: 1 x 6

t
y x 1(y 0)
th phng trnh tr thnh:
2 4 2
y y 5 5 y 10y y 20 0 + + +
( vi
y 5)
2 2
(y y 4)(y y 5) 0 +
1 21
y
2
+

(Loi);
1 17
y
2
+
T ta tm c cc gi tr ca
11 17
x
2
Bi 4. (THTT 3-2005) Gii phng trnh sau :

( )
( )
2
x 2004 x 1 1 x +
Gii:
iu kin: 0 x 1
t
y 1 x
Phng trnh ( ) ( )
2
2
2 1 y y y 1002 0 y 1 x 0 +
2
1
x 2x x 3x 1
x
+ +
Gii:
iu kin: 1 x 0 <
Chia c hai v cho x ta nhn c:
1 1
x 2 x 3
x x
+ +
t
1
t x
x
, ta gii c.
3 2 4 2
x x x 2x 1 + +
Gii: x = 0 khng phi l nghim, Chia c hai v cho x ta c:
3
1 1
x x 2
x x
_
+

,
t t=
3
1
x
x
, Ta c :
3
t t 2 0 +
1 5
t 1 x
2
t

I. Bi tp ngh

Gii cc phng trnh sau:
2 2
15x 2x 5 2x 15x 11 +
2
(x 5)(2 x) 3 x 3x + +
2
(1 x)(2 x) 1 2x 2x + +
2 2
x 17 x x 17 x 9 + +
2
3x 2 x 1 4x 9 2 3x 5x 2 + + +
2 2
x x 11 31 + +
n 2 2 2 n n
2 (1 x) 3 1 x (1 x) 0 + + +
2
x (2004 x)(1 1 x ) +
(x 3 x 2)(x 9 x 18) 168x + + + +
3 2 2
1 x 2 1 x 3 +
Nhn xt : i vi cch t n ph nh trn chng ta ch gii quyt c mt lp bi n gin, i
khi phng trnh i vi t li qu kh gii
2. t n ph a v phng trnh thun nht bc 2 i vi 2 bin :
Chng ta bit cch gii phng trnh:
2 2
u uv v 0 + + (1) bng cch
Xt 0 v phng trnh tr thnh :
2
u u
0
v v
_ _
+ +

, ,
v = 0 th trc tip
Cc trng hp sau cng a v c (1)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
a.A x bB x c A x .B x +
2 2
u v mu nv + +

Chng ta hy thay cc biu thc A(x) , B(x) bi cc biu thc v t th s nhn c phng trnh
v t theo dng ny .
a) . Phng trnh dng :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
a.A x bB x c A x .B x +
Nh vy phng trnh
( ) ( )
Q x P x c th gii bng phng php trn nu
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
P x A x .B x
Q x aA x bB x

'
+
Xut pht t ng thc :

( ) ( )
3 2
x 1 x 1 x x 1 + + +
( ) ( ) ( )
4 2 4 2 2 2 2
x x 1 x 2x 1 x x x 1 x x 1 + + + + + + +
( ) ( )
4 2 2
x 1 x 2x 1 x 2x 1 + + + +
( ) ( )
4 2 2
4x 1 2x 2x 1 2x 2x 1 + + + +
Hy to ra nhng phng trnh v t dng trn v d nh:
2 4
4x 2 2x 4 x 1 + +
c mt phng trnh p , chng ta phi chn h s a,b,c sao cho phng trnh bc hai
2
at bt c 0 +
gii nghim p
( )
2 3
2 x 2 5 x 1 + +
Gii: t
2
u x 1, v x x 1 + +

Phng trnh tr thnh : ( )
2 2
u 2v
2 u v 5uv
1
u v
2

Tm c:
5 37
x
2
t

2 4 2
3
x 3x 1 x x 1
3
+ + +
Bi 3: gii phng trnh sau :
2 3
2x 5x 1 7 x 1 +

Gii:
k: x 1
Nhn xt : Ta vit ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
x 1 x x 1 7 x 1 x x 1 + + + + +
ng nht thc ta c: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
3 x 1 2 x x 1 7 x 1 x x 1 + + + + +
t
2
u x 1 0 , v x x 1 0 + + > , ta c:
v 9u
3u 2v 7 uv
1
v u
4

Ta c :
x 4 6 t
( )
3
3 2
x 3x 2 x 2 6x 0 + +
Gii:
Nhn xt : t
2 y x +
ta hy bin pt trn v phng trnh thun nht bc 3 i vi x v y :
3 2 3 3 2 3
x y
x 3x 2y 6x 0 x 3xy 2y 0
x 2y

+ +

Pt c nghim :
x 2, x 2 2 3
b).Phng trnh dng :
2 2
u v mu nv + +
Phng trnh cho dng ny thng kh pht hin hn dng trn , nhg nu ta bnh phng hai
v th a v c dng trn.
Bi 1. gii phng trnh :
2 2 4 2
x 3 x 1 x x 1 + +
Gii:
Ta t :
2
2
u x
v x 1

'

khi phng trnh tr thnh :

2 2
u 3v u v +
Bi 2.Gii phng trnh sau :
2 2
x 2x 2x 1 3x 4x 1 + + + +

Gii
k
1
x
2
. Bnh phng 2 v ta c :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
x 2x 2x 1 x 1 x 2x 2x 1 x 2x 2x 1 + + + +
Ta c th t :
2
u x 2x
v 2x 1
+
'

khi ta c h :
2 2
1 5
u v
2
uv u v
1 5
u v
2
Do
, 0 u v
.
( )
2
1 5 1 5
u v x 2x 2x 1
2 2
+ +
+
Bi 3. gii phng trnh :
2 2
5 14 9 20 5 1 x x x x x + +
Gii:
k x 5 . Chuyn v bnh phng ta c:
( ) ( )
2 2
2x 5x 2 5 x x 20 x 1 + +
Nhn xt : khng tn ti s , : ( ) ( )
2 2
2x 5x 2 x x 20 x 1 + + + vy ta khng
th t
2
u x x 20
v x 1

'
+
.
Nhng may mn ta c : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
x x 20 x 1 x 4 x 5 x 1 x 4 x 4x 5 + + + +
Ta vit li phng trnh:
( ) ( )
2 2
2 x 4x 5 3 x 4 5 (x 4x 5)(x 4) + + + . n y bi
ton c gii quyt .
3. Phng php t n ph khng hon ton
T nhng phng trnh tch
( ) ( )
x 1 1 x 1 x 2 0 + + +
,
( ) ( )
2x 3 x 2x 3 x 2 0 + + +

Khai trin v rt gn ta s c nhng phng trnh v t khng tm thng cht no, kh ca
phng trnh dng ny ph thuc vo phng trnh tch m ta xut pht .
T chng ta mi i tm cch gii phng trnh dng ny .Phng php gii c th hin qua cc
v d sau .
( )
2 2 2
x 3 x 2 x 1 2 x 2 + + + +
Gii:
2
t x 2 +
, ta c : ( )
2
t 3
t 2 x t 3 3x 0
t x 1

+ +


( )
2 2
x 1 x 2x 3 x 1 + + +
Gii:
t :
2
t x 2x 3, t 2 +
Khi phng trnh tr thnh : ( )
2
x 1 t x 1 + +
( )
2
x 1 x 1 t 0 + +
By gi ta thm bt , c phng trnh bc 2 theo t c chn :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
t 2
x 2x 3 x 1 t 2 x 1 0 t x 1 t 2 x 1 0
t x 1

+ + + + +

T mt phng trnh n gin :

( ) ( )
1 x 2 1 x 1 x 2 1 x 0 + + + , khai trin ra ta
s c pt sau
2
4 x 1 1 3x 2 1 x 1 x + + +
Gii:
Nhn xt : t
t 1 x
, pttt:
4 1 3 2 1 x x t t x + + + +
(1)
Ta rt
2
1 x t
thay vo th c pt:
( ) ( )
2
3 2 1 4 1 1 0 t x t x + + + +

Nhng khng c s may mn gii c phng trnh theo t
( ) ( )
2
2 1 x 48 x 1 1 + + + khng c dng bnh phng .
Mun t c mc ch trn th ta phi tch 3x theo
( ) ( )
2 2
1 x , 1 x +
C th nh sau : ( ) ( )
3x 1 x 2 1 x + + thay vo pt (1) ta c:
2
2 2x 4 4 2 x 9x 16 + + +
Gii .
Bnh phng 2 v phng trnh: ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
4 2x 4 16 2 4 x 16 2 x 9x 16 + + + +
Ta t :
( )
2
t 2 4 x 0 . Ta c:
2
9x 16t 32 8x 0 +
Ta phi tch ( ) ( )
2 2 2
9x 2 4 x 9 2 x 8 + + lm sao cho
t
c dng chnh phng
Nhn xt : Thng thng ta ch cn nhm sao cho ht h s t do th s t c mc ch
4. t nhiu n ph a v tch
Xut pht t mt s h i s p chng ta c th to ra c nhng phng trnh v t m khi
gii n chng ta li t nhiu n ph v tm mi quan h gia cc n ph a v h
Xut pht t ng thc
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3
3 3 3
a b c a b c 3 a b b c c a + + + + + + + + , Ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3
3 3 3
a b c a b c a b a c b c 0 + + + + + + +
T nhn xt ny ta c th to ra nhng phng trnh v t c cha cn bc ba .
3 3 2 2 3
7x 1 x x 8 x 8x 1 2 + + +
3 3 3 3
3x 1 5 x 2x 9 4x 3 0 + + +
x 2 x. 3 x 3 x. 5 x 5 x. 2 x + +

Gii :
u 2 x
v 3 x
w 5 x

'
, ta c :
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2
u v u w 2
2 u uv vw wu
3 v uv vw wu u v v w 3
5 w uv vw wu
v w u w 5
+ +
+ +

+ + + +
' '

+ +
+ +

, gii h ta
c:
30 239
u x
60 120

2 2 2 2
2x 1 x 3x 2 2x 2x 3 x x 2 + + + + +
Gii . Ta t :
2
2
2
2
a 2x 1
b x 3x 2
c 2x 2x 3
d x x 2
'
+ +
, khi ta c :
2 2 2 2
a b c d
x 2
a b c d
+ +

'

Bi 3. Gii cc phng trnh sau

1)
2 2
4x 5x 1 2 x x 1 9x 3 + + +
2)
( ) ( ) ( )
3
4 3 2
4
4 4
x x 1 x 1 x 1 x x x 1 x + + + +
5. t n ph a v h:
5.1 t n ph a v h thng thng
t ( ) ( )
u x , v x
v tm mi quan h gia ( )
x
v ( )
x
t tm c h theo u,v
3 3 3 3
x 25 x x 25 x 30
_
+

,
t
3 3 3 3
y 35 x x y 35 +
Khi phng trnh chuyn v h phng trnh sau:
3 3
xy(x y) 30
x y 35
+
'
+
, gii h ny ta tm c
(x; y) (2;3) (3;2) . Tc l nghim ca phng trnh l x {2;3}
4
4
1
2 1 x x
2
+
iu kin:
0 x 2 1

t
4
4
2 1 x u
0 u 2 1, 0 v 2 1
x v

'

Ta a v h phng trnh sau:

4
4
2
4 2 4
4
1
u v
1
u v 2
2
1
v v 2 1 u v 2 1
2
' '
_

+ +

Gii phng trnh th 2:

2
2 2
4
1
(v 1) v 0
2
_
+ +

,
, t tm ra
v
ri thay vo tm nghim ca
phng trnh.
x 5 x 1 6 + +
iu kin: x 1
t
a x 1,b 5 x 1(a 0,b 0) +
th ta a v h phng trnh sau:
2
2
a b 5
(a b)(a b 1) 0 a b 1 0 a b 1
b a 5
+ + +
'

Vy
11 17
x 1 1 5 x 1 x 1 5 x x
2
+ +
6 2x 6 2x 8
3
5 x 5 x
+
+
+
Gii
iu kin: 5 x 5 < <
t
( )
u 5 x, v 5 y 0 u, v 10 < < .
Khi ta c h phng trnh:
2
2 2
(u v) 10 2uv
u v 10
2 4 4 4 8
(u v) 1 2(u z)
uv 3 u v 3
+ +
+

' '
_
+ + +

,
5.2 Xy dng phng trnh v t t h i xng loi II

Ta hy i tm ngun gc ca nhng bi ton gii phng trnh bng cch a v h i xng loi
II
Ta xt mt h phng trnh i xng loi II sau :
( )
( )
2
2
x 1 y 2 (1)
y 1 x 2 (2)
+ +
'
+ +
vic gii h ny th
n gin
By gii ta s bin h thnh phng trnh bng cch t ( )
y f x sao cho (2) lun ng ,
y x 2 1 +
, khi ta c phng trnh :
( )
2
2
x 1 ( x 2 1) 1 x 2x x 2 + + + + +
Vy gii phng trnh :
2
x 2x x 2 + +
ta t li nh trn v a v h
Bng cch tng t xt h tng qut dng bc 2 :
( )
( )
2
2
x ay b
y ax b
+ +
'
+ +
, ta s xy dng c
phng trnh dng sau : t
y ax b + +
, khi ta c phng trnh :
( )
2 a
x ax b b

+ + +

Tng t cho bc cao hn :
( )
n
n
a
x ax b b

+ + +

Tm li phng trnh thng cho di dng khai trin ta phi vit v dng :
( )
n
n
x p a' x b' + + + hoc t
n
y ax b + +
a v h, ch v du ca
Vic chn
;
thng thng chng ta ch cn vit di dng :
( )
n
n
x p a' x b' + + + l
chn c.
2
x 2x 2 2x 1
iu kin:
1
x
2
Ta c phng trnh c vit li l:

2
(x 1) 1 2 2x 1
t
y 1 2x 1
th ta a v h sau:
2
2
x 2x 2(y 1)
y 2y 2(x 1)
'


Tr hai v ca phng trnh ta c (x y)(x y) 0 +
Gii ra ta tm c nghim ca phng trnh l:
x 2 2 +
2
2x 6x 1 4x 5 +
Gii
iu kin
5
x
4

Ta bin i phng trnh nh sau:
2 2
4x 12x 2 2 4x 5 (2x 3) 2 4x 5 11 + + +
t
2y 3 4x 5 +
ta c h phng trnh sau:
2
2
(2x 3) 4y 5
(x y)(x y 1) 0
(2y 3) 4x 5
+
'
+
Vi
x y 2x 3 4x 5 x 2 3 + +
Vi
x y 1 0 y 1 x x 1 2 +
Kt lun: Nghim ca phng trnh l {1 2; 1 3} +
Cc em hy xy dng mt s h dng ny ?
Dng h gn i xng
Ta xt h sau :
2
2
(2x 3) 2y x 1
(1)
(2y 3) 3x 1
+ +
'
+
y khng phi l h i xng loi 2 nhng

chng ta vn gii h c , v t h ny chng ta xy dng c bi ton phng trnh sau :
Bi 1 . Gii phng trnh:
2
4x 5 13x 3x 1 0 + + +
Nhn xt : Nu chng ta nhm nh nhng phng trnh trc :
2
13 33
2x 3x 1
4 4
_
+

,

t
13
2y 3x 1
4
+ th chng ta khng thu c h phng trnh m chng ta c th gii
c.
thu c h (1) ta t :
y 3x 1 + +
, chn , sao cho h chng ta c th gii c ,
(i xng hoc gn i xng )
Ta c h :
( )
2
2 2 2
2
2
y 2 y 3x 1 0 (1) y 3x 1
(*)
4x 13x y 5 0 (2)
4x 13x 5 y
+ + + +

' '
+ + +
+
gii h trn th ta ly (1) nhn vi k cng vi (2): v mong mun ca chng ta l c nghim x =
y.
Nn ta phi c :
2 2
2 3 1
4 13 5

+
, ta chn c ngay 2; 3
Ta c li gii nh sau :
iu kin:
1
x
3
, t
3
3x 1 (2y 3), (y )
2
+
Ta c h phng trnh sau:
2
2
(2x 3) 2y x 1
(x y)(2x 2y 5) 0
(2y 3) 3x 1
+ +
+
'
+
Vi
15 97
x y x
8

Vi
11 73
2x 2y 5 0 x
8
+
+
Kt lun: tp nghim ca phng trnh l:
15 97 11 73
;
8 8

+
' ;

Ch : khi lm quen, chng ta c th tm ngay ; bng cch vit li phng trnh
ta vit li phng trnh nh sau:
2
(2x 3) 3x 1 x 4 + + +
khi t
3x 1 2y 3 + +
, nu t
2y 3 3x 1 +
th chng ta khng thu c h nh
mong mun , ta thy du ca
cng du vi du trc cn.


Mt cch tng qut .
Xt h:
f(x) A.x B.y m (1)
f(y) A' .x m' (2)
+ +
'
+

h c nghim x = y th : A - A=B v m = m,
Nu t (2) tm c hm ngc y = g(x) thay vo (1) ta c phng trnh
Nh vy xy dng pt theo li ny ta cn xem xt c hm ngc v tm c v hn na h
phi gii c.
Mt s phng trnh c xy dng t h.
Gii cc phng trnh sau
2
4x 13x 5 3x 1 0 + + +
2
4x 13x 5 3x 1 0 + + +

3 2 3
4
81x 8 x 2x x 2
3
+
3 3
6x 1 8x 4x 1 +
( ) ( )
2
15
30x 4x 2004 30060x 1 1
2
+ +
3 2 3
3x 5 8x 36x 53 25 +
II. PHNG PHP NH GI
1. Dng hng ng thc :
T nhng nh gi bnh phng :
2 2
A B 0 + , ta xy dng phng trnh dng
2 2
A B 0 +
T phng trnh
( ) ( )
2 2
5x 1 2x 9 5x 2 x 1 0 + +
ta khai trin ra c phng
trnh :
( )
2
4x 12 x 1 4 x 5x 1 9 5x + + +
2. Dng bt ng thc

Mt s phng trnh c to ra t du bng ca bt ng thc:
A m
B m

'
nu du bng (1) v
(2) cng dt c ti
0
x th
0
x l nghim ca phng trnh A B
Ta c :
1 1 2 x x + +
Du bng khi v ch khi 0 x v
1
x 1 2
x 1
+ +
+
, du bng
khi v ch khi x=0. Vy ta c phng trnh:
1
1 2008x 1 2008x 1 x
x 1
+ + + +
+
i khi mt s phng trnh c to ra t tng :
( )
A f x
B f(x)

'

khi :
( )
( )
A f x
A B
B f x

'
Nu ta on trc c nghim th vic dng bt ng thc d dng hn, nhng c nhiu bi

nghim l v t vic on nghim khng c, ta vn dng bt ng thc nh gi c
Bi 1. Gii phng trnh (OLYMPIC 30/4 -2007):
2 2
x x 9
x 1
+ +
+
Gii: k x 0
Ta c :
( )
2 2
2
2 2 1 x
x 2 2 x 1 x 9
x 1
x 1 x 1
1
_ _
1
1
+ + + + +

1
+ 1 ] + +
, ,
]
Du bng
2 2 1 1
x
7
x 1 x 1

+ +
2 4 2 4
13 x x 9 x x 16 + +
Gii: k: 1 x 1
Bin i pt ta c :
( )
2
2 2 2
x 13 1 x 9 1 x 256 + +
p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacopxki:
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2 2
13. 13. 1 x 3. 3. 3 1 x 13 27 13 13x 3 3x 40 16 10x + + + + +

p dng bt ng thc Csi:
( )
2
2 2
16
10x 16 10x 64
2
_

,
Du bng
2
2
2 2
2
x
1 x
5 1 x
3
2
x
10x 16 10x
5

'
Bi 3. gii phng trnh:

3` 2 4
x 3x 8x 40 8 4x 4 0 + +
Ta chng minh :
4
8 4x 4 x 13 + +
v
( ) ( )
2
3 2
x 3x 8x 40 0 x 3 x 3 x 13 + + +
Bi tp ngh .
1 2x 1 2x
1 2x 1 2x
1 2x 1 2x
+
+ + +
+
4 4 4
x 1 x x 1 x 2 8 + + +
4 4 4
2x 8 4 4 x 4 x 4 + + +
3 4 3
16x 5 6 4x x + +
3` 2 4
x 3x 8x 40 8 4x 4 0 + +
3 3 4 2
8 x 64 x x 8x 28 + + +
2
2
1 1
2 x 2 4 x
x x
_
+ +

,
3. Xy dng bi ton t tnh cht cc tr hnh hc
3.1 Dng ta ca vc t
Trong mt phng ta Oxy, Cho cc vc t: ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
u x ; y , v x ; y
r r
khi ta c

( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2
u v u v x x y y x y x y + + + + + + + +
r r r r
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi hai vc t , u v
r r
cng hng
1 1
2 2
x y
k 0
x y

, ch t s
phi dng
u.v u . v . cos u . v
r r r r r r
, du bng xy ra khi v ch khi
cos 1 u v
r
3.2 S dng tnh cht c bit v tam gic
Nu tam gic ABC l tam gic u , th vi mi im M trn mt phng tam gic, ta lun c
MA MB MC OA OB OC + + + + vi O l tm ca ng trn .Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi
M O .
Cho tam gic ABC c ba gc nhn v im M ty trong mt mt phng Th MA+MB+MC
nh nht khi im M nhn cc cnh AB,BC,AC di cng mt gc
0
120
Bi tp
1)
( ) ( )
2 2 2
2x 2x 1 2x 3 1 x 1 2x 3 1 x 1 3 + + + + + + +
2)
2 2
x 4x 5 x 10x 50 5 + +

PHNG PHP HM S
1.Xy dng phng trnh v t da theo hm n iu
Da vo kt qu : Nu ( )
y f t
l hm n iu th ( ) ( )
f x f t x t
ta c th xy
dng c nhng phng trnh v t
Xut pht t hm n iu : ( )
3 2
y f x 2x x 1 + + mi x 0 ta xy dng phng trnh :
( )
( ) ( )
3
3 2 2
f x f 3x 1 2x x 1 2 3x 1 (3x 1) 1 + + + +, Rt gn ta c phng
trnh
( )
3 2
2x x 3x 1 2 3x 1 3x 1 + +
T phng trnh ( )
( )
f x 1 f 3x 1 + th bi ton s kh hn
( ) ( )
3 2
2x 7x 5x 4 2 3x 1 3x 1 + + +
gi hai bi ton trn chng ta c th lm nh sau :
t
y 3x 1
khi ta c h :
3 2 3
2
2x 7x 5x 4 2y
3x 1 y
+ + +
'

cng hai phng trnh ta c:

( ) ( )
3 2
2 x 1 x 1 + + + =
3 2
2y y +
Hy xy dng nhng hm n iu v nhng bi ton v t theo dng trn ?
Bi 1. Gii phng trnh : ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2x 1 2 4x 4x 4 3x 2 9x 3 0 + + + + + + +
Gii:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2x 1 2 2x 1 3 3x 2 3x 3 f 2x 1 f 3x
_ _
+ + + + + + +

, ,
Xt hm s ( )
( )
2
f t t 2 t 3 + + , l hm ng bin trn R, ta c
1
x
5

Bi 2. Gii phng trnh
3 3 2 2
x 4x 5x 6 7x 9x 4 + +
Gii . t
3 2
y 7x 9x 4 +
, ta c h :
( ) ( )
3 2
3
3
2 3
x 4x 5x 6 y
y y x 1 x 1
7x 9x 4 y
+
+ + + +
'
+
Xt hm s : ( )
3
f t t t + , l hm n iu tng. T phng trnh
( ) ( ) ( )
3 2
x 5
f y f x 1 y x 1 x 1 7x 9x 4
1 5
x
2

1 + + + +
t
]

Bi 3. Gi i ph ng trnh :
3 3
6x 1 8x 4x 1 +

PHNG PHP LNG GIC HA
1. Mt s kin thc c bn:
Nu
x 1
th c mt s t vi
t ;
2 2
1
1
]
sao cho : sint x v mt s y vi
y 0; 1
]
sao cho x = cosy.
Nu 0 x 1 th c mt s t vi
t 0;
2
1
1
]
sao cho : sin t x v mt s y vi
y 0;
2
1
1
]
sao cho x = cosy
Vi mi s thc x c
t ;
2 2
_

,
sao cho : x = tant
Nu : x, y l hai s thc tha:
2 2
x y 1 + , th c mt s t vi 0 t 2 , sao cho
x sint, y cos t
T chng ta c phng php gii ton :
Nu :
x 1
th t sint x vi
t ;
2 2
1
1
]
hoc
x cos y
vi
y 0; 1
]
Nu 0 x 1 th t sin t x , vi
t 0;
2
1
1
]
hoc
x cos y
, vi
y 0;
2
1
1
]

Nu : x, y l hai s thc tha:
2 2
x y 1 + , th t
x sint, y cos t
vi 0 2 t
Nu
x a
, ta c th t :
a
x
sint
, vi
t ;
2 2
_

,
, tng t cho trng hp khc

x l s thc bt k thi t :
x tant, t ;
2 2
_

,
Ti sao li phi t iu kin cho t nh vy ?
Chng ta bit rng khi t iu kin x = f(t) th phi m bo vi mi
x
c duy nht mt t, v iu
kin trn m bo iu ny . (xem li vng trn lng gic )
2. Xy dng phng trnh v t bng phng php lng gic nh th no ?
T cng phng trnh lng gic n gin: cos 3t sin t , ta c th to ra c phng trnh v t
Ch :
3
cos 3t 4 cos t 3cos t
ta c phng trnh v t:
3 2
4x 3x 1 x
(1)
Nu thay x bng
1
x
ta li c phng trnh :
2 2 2
4 3x x x 1
(2)
Nu thay x trong phng trnh (1) bi : (x-1) ta s c phng trnh v t kh:
3 2 2
4x 12x 9x 1 2x x +
(3)
Vic gii phng trnh (2) v (3) khng n gin cht no ?
Tng t nh vy t cng thc sin 3x, sin 4x,.hy xy dng nhng phng trnh v t theo
kiu lng gic .
3. Mt s v d
( ) ( )
2
3 3
2
2 1 x
1 1 x 1 x 1 x
3
3

1
+ + +
1
]
Gii:
iu kin : x 1
Vi x [ 1;0] : th
( ) ( )
3 3
1 x 1 x 0 +
(ptvn)
x [0;1] ta t : x cos t, t 0;
2
1

1
]
. Khi phng trnh tr thnh:
1 1
2 6 cos x 1 sint 2 sint cos t
2
6
_
+ +

,
vy phng trnh c nghim :
1
x
6

Bi 2. Gii cc phng trnh sau :
1)
1 2x 1 2x
1 2x 1 2x
1 2x 1 2x
+
+ + +
+
HD:
1 2cos x
tanx
1 2cos x
+
2)
( )
2 2
1 1 x x 1 2 1 x + + s:
1
x
2
3)
3
x 3x x 2 +

HD: chng minh x 2 > v nghim
Bi 3 . Gii phng trnh sau:
3
6x 1 2x +
Gii: Lp phng 2 v ta c:
3 3
1
8x 6x 1 4x 3x
2

Xt : x 1 , t x cos t, t 0; 1
]
. Khi ta c
5 7
S cos ;cos ;cos
9 9 9

' ;

m
phng trnh bc 3 c ti a 3 nghim vy cng chnh l tp nghim ca phng trnh.
Bi 4. .Gii phng trnh
2
2
1
x 1
x 1
_
+

,
Gii:
iu kin: x 1 > , ta c th t
1
x , t ;
sint 2 2
_

,
Khi ptt: ( )
2
cos t 0
1
1 cot t 1
1
sin x sin2t
2

Phng trnh c nghim :

( )
x 2 3 1 +
Bi 5 .Gii phng trnh :
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
2
x 1
x 1
x 1
2x
2x 1 x
+
+
+ +
Gii:
iu kin:
x 0, x 1 t

Ta c th t : x tant, t ;
2 2
_

,
Khi phng trnh tr thnh: ( )
2
2sint cos 2t cos 2t 1 0 sint 1 sint 2sin t 0 +
Kt hp vi iu kin ta c nghim
1
x
3
Bi tp tng hp
( )
3
3 2 2
x 1 x x 2 2x +
2
2 2 30 2007. 30 4 2007 30. 2007 x x x +
2
12x 8
2x 4 2 2 x
9x 16
+ >
+
3 3 3
x 1 x 1 x 2 + +
3 3
x x 1 2x 1 + + +
4x 5 3x 1 2x 7 x 3 + + + + + +
( )
2 2
x 3x 1 x 3 x 1 + + + +
4 3 10 3x x 2
(HSG Ton Quc 2002)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 x 5 x x 2 x 10 x +
3 2
x 4 x 1 2x 3 + +
3 2 3
x 1 3x 2 3x 2 +
2 3
2x 11x 21 3 4x 4 0 +
(OLYMPIC 30/4-2007)

2 2 2 2
2x 1 x 3x 2 2x 2x 3 x x 2 + + + + +
2 2
2 16 18 1 2 4 x x x x + + + +
2
2
3x 3x 2
x x 2
3x 1
+ +
+ +
+
12 x 2 x 1 3x 9 + +
4 3 2 4
x 1 x 1 x x + + + +
2
4x 3x 3 4x x 3 2 2x 1 + + + +
3 2 4
x 1 x x x 1 1 x 1 + + + + +
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
4 2x 4 16 2 4 x 16 2 x 9x 16 + + + +
2
x (2004 x)(1 1 x ) +
(x 3 x 2)(x 9 x 18) 168x + + + +
2 4 2
3
x 3x 1 x x 1
3
+ + +
( ) ( )
2 2
3 2
3 3
2 1 x 3 1 x 1 x 0 + + +
2
2008x 4x 3 2007 4x 3 +
( ) ( )
2 2
3 2x 1 1 x 1 3x 8 2x 1 + + + +
2
x x 12 x 1 36 + + +
( )
3 3
4x 1 x 1 2x 2x 1 + + +
x 1 1 1
2x 1 3 x
x x x
+ +

2 2
5x 14x 9 x x 20 5 x 1 + +
3 3
6x 1 8x 4x 1 +
( ) ( )
2
15
30x 4x 2004 30060x 1 1
2
+ +
2
4x 9
7x 7x
28
+
+
2 2
4x 4x 10 8x 6x 10
3 x x x x +
Ti liu do i ng gio vin hoc360 bin son. thy hay v b ch nn
mnh (manhcuong) a nn mng public cho cc bn cng hc tp,
ng thi c chnh l mt cht nhng ch l v phng ch v cch trnh
by cn ni dung vn c gi nguyn nh ban u^^
Cc bn ti v bng file word ri chnh cht xu theo gu ca mnh
ri li upload nn y (scribd.com) ri li ti v ln na bng file
PDF v hc cho tin( nu ko th dng phn mm chuyn word sang
PDF.. ni chung l c nhiu cch)
Cui cng mnh xin cm n cc bn c ti liu ny!
Chc cc bn hc tp tt!

Manhcuong2809
manhcuong0993@yahoo.com.vn


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Cng ty C phn u t Cng ngh Gio dc IDJ

CHUYN : PHNG PHP GII PHNG TRNH V T

Th li nghim tha mn.

Bi 2. Gii phng trnh :

Bi 4. Gii phng trnh :

Bi 3. Gii phng trnh sau :

. Thay vo ta c phng trnh sau:

Bi 4. (THTT 3-2005) Gii phng trnh sau :

Xut pht t ng thc :

Bi 2. Gii phng trnh :

khi phng trnh tr thnh :

Bi 2. Gii phng trnh :

T mt phng trnh n gin :

Bi 3. Gii cc phng trnh sau

Ta a v h phng trnh sau:

Gii phng trnh th 2:

Ta c phng trnh c vit li l:

y khng phi l h i xng loi 2 nhng

cng du vi du trc cn.

Nu ta on trc c nghim th vic dng bt ng thc d dng hn, nhng c nhiu bi

Bi 3. gii phng trnh:

cng hai phng trnh ta c:

Phng trnh c nghim :

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