Tai Lieu Thuc Hanh Thi Nghiem Chuan Bi Cho Thi HSG QuocGia 20112012

Li ni u
Thc hin n pht trin h thng trng THPT chuyn giai on 2010-
2020, nhm nng cao cht lng dy hc trong cc trng THPT chuyn v pht
trin chuyn mn cho gio vin dy cc mn chuyn, B Gio dc v o to t
chc bin son ti liu Hng dn Th nghim thc hnh trng THPT chuyn
mn Ha hc.
p ng yu cu i mi dy hc v thi chn hc sinh gii mn ha
hc THPT, B Gio dc v o to mi cc cn b qun l ch o dy hc,
cc ging vin i hc v cc nh khoa hc c nhiu thnh tch trong cng tc bi
dng hc sinh gii v nghin cu khoa hc, gio vin trc tip ging dy
chng trnh chuyn ha hc tham gia vit cc bi thc hnh. Ni dung cc bi
gm cc ch sau:
Phn 1. Gii thiu chung v th nghim thc hnh mn ha hc
Phn 2. Mt s bi th nghim thc hnh mn ha hc
Gm 10 bi, mi bi c vit theo cu trc
- Mc ch th nghim
- C s l thuyt
- Dng c, ha cht th nghim
- Cc bc tin hnh th nghim
- Mt s lu th nghim thc hin thnh cng
- Phn tch kt qu th nghim v bo co
- Cu hi kim tra v m rng
Mc d ti liu c vit cng phu, c qua c gp , thm nh v
bin tp ni dung nhng khng th trnh khi cn c nhng s xut nht
nh. Cc tc gi mong nhn c gp ca qu thy c.
Trn trng cm n.
3
MC LC
NI DUNG TRANG
HNG DN S DNG TI LIU
A. MT S NH HNG THC HNH TH NGHIM
CC MN KHOA HC T NHIN
I. Vai tr ca dy hc thc hnh i vi hc sinh trng THPT chuyn
II. Thc trng th nghim thc hnh mn ha hc THPTv cc gii php ci
tin thc trng
III. Nhng yu cu cn thit cho vic dy thc hnh ha hc c hiu qu
B. QUY TC LM VIC TRONG PHNG TH NGHIM HA HC
I. An ton khi lm vic vi axit v kim
II. Quy tc lm vic vi ha cht th nghim
C. CC CNH BO V CC NGUY HIM C TH GP
V KHUYN CO V AN TON TRONG KHI LM TH NGHIM
1. Cnh bo cac nguy c c bi t (K hiu R - Risk)
2. Khuy n ca o v an toa n (K hiu S - Safety)
D. CC PHNG PHP X L CHT THI NGUY HI
E. MT S K NNG, THAO TC C BN V CHUN
TRONG TH NGHIM THC HNH HA HC
BI 1. PHN NG OXI HA KH
Th nghim 1: iu ch oxi trong phng th nghim
Th nghim 2. Oxi tc dng vi kim loi v phi kim
Th nghim 3. Phn ng gia mt s kim loi Fe, Cu vi H
2
SO
4
long hoc
c, nng v Phn ng gia kim loi Fe vi dung dch mui CuSO
4
.
Th nghim 4. Phn ng oxi ho - kh nhit cao v nh mi trng.
Bi 2. TC PHN NG CN BNG HO HC
Th nghim 1. Cc yu t nh hng n tc phn ng
Th nghim 2. nh hng ca nhit n cn bng ho hc
7
8
12
13
15
17
18
20
21
25
29
32
37
41
44
46
50
4
Bi 3. TNH CHT AXIT BAZ CA MT S CHT CHUN
AXIT BAZ CN BNG TO PHC TRONG DUNG DCH
Th nghim 1. Xc nh pH ca mt s dung dch c cng nng 0,01M
Th nghim 2. Chun axit baz, dng ch th qu tm, phenolphtalein,
metyl da cam
Th nghim 3. S to thnh phc cht [Cu(NH
3
)
4
]
2+
v s phn hy phc cht
ny bng axit
Th nghim 4. S to thnh kt ta AgCl (t dung dch AgNO
3
v dung dch
HCl). S ha tan kt ta AgCl bng dung dch NH
3
Bi 4. NGHIN CU TNH CHT HA HC CA ANDEHIT-XETON,
AXIT CACBOXYLIC
Th nghim 1: Phn ng oxi ha fomandehit bng thuc th
Th nghim 2: Tnh cht ha hc c trng ca axeton
Th nghim 3: Phn ng este ha
Th nghim 4: Phn ng iu ch CH
3
COOH t CH
3
COONa
Bi 5. TNH CHT CA MT S CHT HU C
Th nghim 1: Xc nh ch s axit ca cht bo
Th nghim 2: Phn ng ca glucoz vi thuc th Tolen, Felinh, Benedict
v nc brom
Th nghim 3: S thy phn ca tinh bt
Th nghim 4: Mt s phn ng mu ca amino axit v protein
Bi 6. THC HNH T CHN V HA HC HU C
Xc nh hm lng axit axetylsalixylic (CH
3
COOC
6
H
4
COOH) c
trong vin thuc aspirin
Bi 7. PHN TCH NH LNG AXIT ASCORBIC
TRONG VIN THUC VITAMIN C
Bi 8. THC HNH T CHN V TNG HP HU C
2 GIAI ON
53
58
65
67
69
73
77
81
83
84
88
92
94
99
5
Giai on 1- iu ch axit benzoic bng PHN NG OXY HA toluen vi
KMnO
4
nng.
Giai on 2- iu ch etylbenzoat bng PHN NG ESTE HA
BI 9. NHN BIT V TCH CC ION TRONG DUNG DCH BI 9. NHN BIT V TCH CC ION TRONG DUNG DCH
9.1. NHN BIT MT S ION THNG DNG C TRONG DUNG 9.1. NHN BIT MT S ION THNG DNG C TRONG DUNG
DCH HN HP BNG MT PHN NG DCH HN HP BNG MT PHN NG
9.2. TCH V NHN BIT MT S ION THNG DNG THUC CC 9.2. TCH V NHN BIT MT S ION THNG DNG THUC CC
NHM PHN TCH KHC NHAU C TRONG DUNG DCH HN HP NHM PHN TCH KHC NHAU C TRONG DUNG DCH HN HP
Bi 10. CHUN COMPLEXON;
Xc nh ion kim loi dng php o complexon.
105
109
113
118
121
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HNG DN S DNG TI LIU
Cun ti liu ny c s dng cng vi cun Ti liu bi dng pht trin
chuyn mn cho gio vin trng THPT chuyn nm 2011 mn Ha hc. C
hai iu cn trnh l:
- Ch khi no c trang thit b, ha cht, mu vt nh trong ti liu th mi
c th tin hnh thc hnh c. Ta c th chn nhng th nghim thc hnh ph
hp vi iu kin ca a phng thc hin trc, ng thi c k hoch khc
phc kh khn tr ngi thc hin ht cc bi thc hnh trong nhng nm sau.
- Nu cho rng ch cn thc hin nh ni dung cc bi thc hnh trong ti
liu l tt ri. Nhng ni c iu kin v trang thit b v gio vin c th m
rng ni dung bi thc hnh. Trong cun Ti liu bi dng pht trin chuyn
mn cho gio vin trng THPT chuyn nm 2011 mn ha hc c gii thiu
rt nhiu bi thc hnh khc na.
s dng ti liu hiu qu nht xin lu my im sau:
- c k ni dung bi thc hnh, cn c vo thc tin a phng quyt
nh mc tiu c th cho tng ni dung thc hnh th nghim chn.
- Nghin cu phn c s l thuyt ca th nghim thc hnh. y chnh l cn
c gii thch cc hin tng quan st c trong th nghim.
- Nht nh hc sinh phi thnh tho cc bc: kim tra dng c thit b, ha
cht, mu vt; trnh t cc bc lm th nghim thc hnh v phi c hng
dn chi tit cc thao tc c bn trong th nghim thc hnh.
- Gio vin cn nghin cu tht k ni dung phn tch kt qu th nghim v
bo co hng dn hc sinh ghi chp kt qu thc hnh, x l cc s liu thu
c, trnh by bo co.
- Phn cu hi kim tra v m rng l nhng gi bc u. Trong thc tin
dy hc thc hnh gio vin c th a thm nhiu tnh hung mi kch thch
t duy cho hc sinh.
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A. MT S NH HNG THC HNH TH NGHIM
CC MN KHOA HC T NHIN
Trong mi nh trng, i ng GV lun l mt trong nhng nhn t quan
trng nht gp phn quyt nh s pht trin ca mt nh trng, bi l chnh h
l ngi t chc thc hin c hiu qu cc khu ca qu trnh dy hc, gio dc
v pht trin chuyn mn, pht trin nh trng.
Trong cc trng THPT chuyn, i ng GV ct cn, u n v chuyn
mn li cng c vai tr quan trng hn, l nhng nhn t tch cc, l tm gng
trong vic rn luyn o c, t hc, sng to pht hin, bi dng nhng hc
sinh nng khiu to ngun tip tc o to thnh nhn ti, p ng yu cu
pht trin t nc trong thi k CNH, HH, hi nhp quc t. Hn na, trng
THPT chuyn c nh hng xy dng thnh y l hnh mu ca cc trng
THPT v c s vt cht, i ng GV v t chc cc hot ng gio dc, th i
ng GV trng chuyn ni chung, i ng GV ct cn ni ring li cng c v tr
rt quan trng. mt kha cnh no , GV ct cn c th coi l nhng GV u
n, c nhng phm cht cn thit ca nhng cn b qun l, v vic pht trin
i ng GV u n chnh l ngun pht trin i ng CBQL nh trng ph
thng v ngnh gio dc v o to trong tng lai.
Trong nhng nm qua, i ng GV trng chuyn c hnh thnh t nhiu
ngun khc nhau, c ng gp ht sc to ln vo vic pht hin, bi dng
nng khiu cho hc sinh; gp phn quan trng lm nn nhng thnh tch rt
v vang ca hc sinh Vit Nam trn u trng tr tu quc t. Tuy nhin, bn
cnh nhng u im rt cn bn, hin nay mt s gio vin chuyn cha p ng
c yu cu i mi c v s lng v trnh , thiu cc k nng nghin cu
pht trin chng trnh v ti liu; kh nng xc nh mc tiu gio dc v dy hc
qua tng bi hc, mn hc cn yu; k nng dy hc, nht l dy hc thc hnh
cn hn ch, kh nng NCKH v hng dn hc sinh NCKH cn hn ch.
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Trc bi cnh , vi s tham mu ca B GDT, ngy 24/6/2010, Th
tng Chnh ph k Quyt nh s 959/Q-TTg ph duyt n Pht trin h
thng trng THPT chuyn giai on 2010-2020. Trong n, ni dung pht trin
i ng gio vin, cn b qun l trong cc chuyn c ht sc coi trng. n
xc nh: Ch trng xy dng i ng GV u n v hot ng chuyn mn trong
h thng trng trung hc ph thng chuyn, to iu kin gip h tr thnh nhng
nhn t tch cc, l tm gng trong vic rn luyn o c, t hc, sng to v xy
dng mng li hot ng ca i ng ny trn ton quc. C th:
(1) B sung, hon thin cc quy nh v c cu, nh mc GV, nhn vin;
v cng tc tuyn dng, lun chuyn GV trng chuyn; ban hnh quy nh
v tiu chun GV, CBQL trng THPT chuyn trn c s chun ngh nghip
GV, chun hiu trng trng trung hc v cc quy nh khc v GV, CBQL
trng THPT;
(2) Tin hnh r sot, nh gi, sp xp li i ng CBQL, GV v nhn vin
c k hoch tuyn dng, bi dng nhm m bo s lng, cn i v c cu v
nng cao trnh chuyn mn, nghip v, nng lc lm vic;
(3) Ch trng xy dng i ng GV u n v hot ng chuyn mn trong
h thng trng THPT chuyn, to iu kin gip h tr thnh nhng nhn t tch
cc, l tm gng trong vic rn luyn o c, t hc, sng to v xy dng mng
li hot ng ca i ng ny trn ton quc;
(4) Tng cng cng tc bi dng nng cao nng lc chuyn mn, nghip
v, tin hc v ngoi ng cho cn b qun l, gio vin trng chuyn.
- nh hng ni dung bi dng GV chuyn ph hp vi tng giai on.
Tng cng vic bi dng cho CBQL v kin thc, k nng qun l; bi dng
cho GV v i mi PPDH, i mi KTG, nng cao nng lc pht trin chng
trnh, ti liu mn chuyn, nng lc t chc cc hot ng gio dc;
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- T chc cc kha bi dng ting Anh, tin hc cho CBQL, GV; a i bi
dng ting Anh ti nc ngoi cc GV ging dy ting Anh trong cc trng
chuyn;
- T chc cc kha o to ngn, di hn trong, ngoi nc v ging dy bng
ting Anh cho GV dy cc mn ton, vt l, ha hc, sinh hc, tin hc, tng bc
thc hin dy hc cc mn hc ny bng ting Anh trong cc trng chuyn;
- Xy dng cc din n trn internet GV v HS trao i kinh nghim ging
dy v hc tp; t chc cc hi tho trao i kinh nghim gia cc trng chuyn vi
cc c s gio dc trong, ngoi nc c o to, bi dng HS nng khiu.
thc hin nh hng trn ca n, c nhiu vic phi lm, trong
cng tc bi dng nng cao nng lc chuyn mn v nghip v ca i ngu GV
c vai tr rt quan trng. B GDT (trc tip l V GDTrH v Chng trnh
pht trin GDTrH) t chc Hi tho, tp hun cho CBQL, GV ct cn cc trng
chuyn trong c nc ln th 2 Nm 2011 .
1. Mc tiu
1.1. Thng nht c nh hng ni dung, phng thc bi dng GV trng
THPT chuyn giai on 20112015 v k hoch bi dng tng nm.
1.2. Trang b cho GV mt s ni dung chuyn va thit thc phc
v ngay cho vic dy hc trng THPT chuyn; va nng cao tim lc ca
gio vin cc trng chuyn (Dy mt s chuyn chuyn su; i mi PPDH,
KTG trong trng THPT chuyn; i mi cng tc nh gi hc sinh gii; t
chc dy thc hnh.).
1.3. Hnh thnh mi lin kt v trao i thng tin, h tr nhau trong ging
dy ca cc GV dy mn chuyn gia cc trng chuyn, to c s bc u cho
vic hnh thnh mng li GV ct cn gia cc trng chuyn theo khu vc, ton
quc.
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2. Ni dung
2.1. T chc Hi tho i ng GV ct cn cc trng THPT chuyn c
cng nhau nghin cu, trao i, thng nht nhng ni dung c bn, trng tm v
nh hng ni dung, phng thc bi dng GV trng THPT chuyn giai on
2011 2015 v k hoch bi dng tng nm.
2.2. T chc tp hun mt s chuyn va thit thc phc v ngay cho
vic dy hc trng THPT chuyn hin nay; va nng cao tim lc ca GV
cc trng chuyn. C th: Dy mt s chuyn chuyn su; i mi PPDH,
i mi KTG; T chc dy thc hnh.
2.3. Xy dng c ch lin kt v trao i thng tin, h tr nhau trong ging
dy ca cc GV dy mn chuyn gia cc trng chuyn, to c s bc u
cho vic hnh thnh mng li GV ct cn gia cc trng chuyn theo khu vc,
ton quc. Gp phn Rn luyn mt s phm cht ca ngi gio vin ct cn
nh kh nng t chc hot ng, t vn, to ng lc cho ng nghip, x l cc
tnh hung lin quan n chuyn mn.
Nhng vn trn, cc anh ch em GV ct cn cn nm k c th v tp
hun li gip cho mi GV ca trng qun trit trong tng bc ca bi dy,
tng bi, tng chng hoc ch , tng lp hc ca tng mn hc; ng thi
hng ti vic hnh thnh mt mng li GV u n ton quc.
vic tp hun c cht lng, hiu qu cao, B GDT ngh Ban T
chc, cc ging vin thc hin vic tp hun theo phng thc m: Cng nhau t
chc, cng nhau xy dng ni dung, cung nhau nh gi v th hng kt qu tp
hun; to iu kin h tr ti a cho hc vin trong iu kin c th c. Cc
anh ch hc vin cn thc hin nghim tc cc quy nh ca ban t chc nhm m
bo kha hc c cht lng, hiu qu v mi hc vin u l cc bo co vin gii
ti cc lp bi dng gio vin ti a phng, c s gio dc.
Nhn dp ny, thay mt B GDT v Ban t chc, chng ti xin ghi nhn
v cm n s gip , h tr ca thy c gio l tc gi ti liu ng thi cng l
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cc bo co vin; cm n cc c quan lin quan gp phn lm cho t tp
hun din ra thun li. Xin knh chc cc ng ch i biu, cc thy c gio, cc
anh ch sc khe, hnh phc; chc t tp hun thnh cng./.
I. Vai tr ca dy hc thc hnh i vi hc sinh trng THPT chuyn
Khng th hnh dung c vic ging dy ha hc trong nh trng m
li khng c quan st, khng c th nghim hc tp. B.P. Exipp (trong cun
nhng c s ca LLDH). Quan st v th nghim l cc phng php nghin cu
c bn ca khoa hc t nhin, ca cc mn khoa hc thc nghim, trong c
mn ha hc. Ha hc l mt khoa hc v s khng th pht trin c nu
khng c quan st, th nghim.
Quan st v th nghim to kh nng cho cc nh khoa hc pht hin v
khai thc cc s kin, hin tng mi, xc nh nhng quy lut mi, rt ra nhng
kt lun khoa hc v tm cch vn dng vo thc tin.
i vi qu trnh dy hc cc mn khoa hc t nhin, khoa hc thc nghim,
quan st v th nghim cng l phng php lm vic ca hc sinh (HS), nhng
vi HS nhng bi tp quan st hoc cc th nghim c gio vin (GV) trnh
by hay do chnh cc em tin hnh mt cch c lp (thc hnh quan st, th
nghim ca HS) di s t chc, hng dn ca GV thng gii quyt nhng
vn bit trong khoa hc, rt ra nhng kt lun cng bit tuy vy i vi
cc em HS vn l mi.
Thng qua quan st, th nghim, bng cc thao tc t duy phn tch, tng hp,
tru tng ha v khi qut ha gip cc em xy dng cc khi nim. Bng cch
cc em nm kin thc mt cch vng chc v gip cho t duy pht trin.
Quan st v th nghim i hi phi c nhng thit b dy hc nh tranh nh,
m hnh, cc mu vt t nhin v cc phng tin thit b phc v cho vic tin
hnh cc th nghim.
Quan st v th nghim khng ch cho php HS lnh hi tri thc mt cch su
sc, vng chc m cn to cho cc em mt ng lc bn trong, thc y cc em
thm hng say hc tp.
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Tc ng c cu Trm nghe khng bng mt thy, trm thy khng bng mt
lm/ mt s, ni ln vai tr ca quan st th nghim. Ngi n v ngi
Trung Hoa cng ni: Nghe th quen, nhn th nh, lm th hiu.
Nhng kt qu phn tch trn y khng ch cho chng ta thy r tm quan
trng ca th nghim thc hnh ha hc (TNTHHH) m cn nhn mnh n
phng php s dng cc TNTHHH nh th no c th t c hiu qu
cao, p ng mc tiu dy hc hin nay ca s nghip gio dc.
II. Thc trng th nghim thc hnh mn ha hc THPT v cc gii php ci
tin thc trng
Hin nay s lng v cht lng TNTHHH cha p ng c yu cu ca
vic dy hc ni chung v c bit l yu cu vic i mi dy hc ni ring.
Tnh trng c th c nhiu nguyn nhn, phn v kinh ph cho khu vc ny cn
hn hp tuy c nhiu c gng, phn v trch nhim ca nh sn xut (cn m
khng dng c, dng c th cng chng hng), phn v thiu mt s qun l
ch o, ng vin nhng ngi tt, vic tt trong s dng v ci tin sng to
TNTHHH hin c
Nh phn tch, hiu qu dy hc cn ty thuc vo phng php s dng
cc TNTHHH. Nu mt bc tranh, mt th nghim ch c s dng minh ha
v cng c nhng iu GV trnh by y v phng din l thuyt s hn
ch mt t duy sng to ca HS, HS hu nh khng thu lm c thm g v
mt kin thc, nu khng phi ch l rn luyn k nng quan st, th nghim.
Nhng nu c s dng theo con ng tm ti nghin cu (khm ph)
i n kin thc cn lnh hi (kin thc mi) s c ngha khc c bn so vi
loi hnh th nghim trn, n gip HS c iu kin, c hi pht trin t duy sng
to - mt phm cht v nng lc cn c con ngi mi m nh trng c trch
nhim o to.
i theo con ng ny, sau khi hiu c nhim v cn lm sng t (mc
ch ca th nghim) bng t duy tch cc, HS s hnh thnh c cc gii nh
(trong nghin cu khoa hc y chnh l bc xy dng gi thuyt v vn
nghin cu (t s ny sinh cu hi: iu g s xy ra nu? Cu hi c
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hnh thnh t nhng lin tng da trn vn kin thc v kinh nghim c ca
HS.
Khi gi nh c hnh thnh, trong hm cha con ng phi gii quyt,
HS d kin k hoch gii quyt chng minh cho gi nh nu.
Hai bc nu gi nh v d kin k hoch gii quyt chng minh cho gi
nh l hai bc i hi t duy tch cc v sng to. y l nhng c hi rn
luyn tu duy sng to cho HS rt tt, l giai on tin hnh th nghim tng
tng (th nghim trong t duy) nh hng cho hnh ng th nghim tip
theo da trn k hoch c HS thit k (k hoch d kin).
Cui cng, cn c vo kt qu ca th nghim, HS rt ra kt lun, nghi l HS
lnh hi c kin thc t th nghim m khng phi do thy truyn t v HS
tip thu mt cch th ng.
Hin nay hu ht cc bi thc hnh th nghim sinh hc THPT trong
chng trnh v SGK c b tr cui mi chng ch mang tnh cht cng c
minh ha cho cc kin thc l thuyt c trnh by trong cc bi hc ca
chng trnh di hnh thc phn ln l by sn tng bc cho HS. Hn na
s tit thc hnh quy nh trong chng trnh v SGK cng cn rt hn ch. Ri
y, chc chn s tit ny c th s c nng ln cho ph hp vi xu th chung
ca gio dc th gii v tng ng vi tnh cht ca cc mn khoa hc thc
nghim.
Trc mt trong khi ch i, i hi lng nhit tm v s nghip gio dc ca
cc thy c ang tin hnh cc bi thc hnh hin c theo phng thc mi
nhng ni dung ph hp v cng c th b sung thm cc th nghim vo cc tit
dy khi c th v c iu kin thch hp.
Trong ti liu ny, ngoi mt s th nghim thc hnh quen thuc, chng
ti s gii thiu mt s th nghim thc hnh c tnh cht gi cc n v
tham kho v vn dng trong iu kin c th, cng c th tin hnh hnh thc
ngoi kha hoc i n cc c s c iu kin v trang thit b th nghim thc
hnh sinh hc hc tp.
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III. Nhng yu cu cn thit cho vic dy thc hnh ha hc c hiu qu
Dy thc hnh, mc ch chnh l rn cc k nng thao tc chn tay, cc c
tnh kin nhn, bit chp nhn tht bi v t tm cch khc phc tht bi t
c mc ch ca mnh. V vy hc sinh phi t mnh lm th nghim cho d
cc thao tc ban u cn vng v v thng xuyn tht bi. Nh vy, nu quan
nim thc hnh ch l minh ha, trnh din hc sinh xem th vic t chc cho
c lp hc sinh vo mt phng th nghim lm cng lc l c nhng hc sinh
khng th hnh thnh c k nng cng nh rn luyn c nhng c tnh cn
thit ca ngi lm khoa hc. Cn nu hc sinh t lm th li phi chia lp
thnh cc nhm nh ti a khong 10 em th cc em mi c th t lm th nghim
c v hc sinh ch hnh thnh c k nng khi c lm i lm li nhiu ln
mt k nng nht nh.
Mt quan nim khng ng v dy thc hnh l gio vin thng khng a
ra cc tnh hung khc thng dy hc sinh cch phn tch rt ra cc kt lun
ph hp cng nh khng bit cch tm ra nguyn nhn khi th nghim khng
thnh cng. Hc sinh c yu cu phi tm ra nguyn nhn (a ra gi thuyt)
v lm th nghim chng minh gi thuyt ca mnh l ng. Nh vy mc ch
ct li ca dy thc hnh l rn cc k nng kho lo trong cc thao tc tay chn,
cc k nng b tr th nghim, thu thp kt qu, gii thch kt qu thc nghim,
l gii a ra cc gi thuyt v t tin hnh cc th nghim chng minh gi
thuyt ca mnh l ng ch khng n thun l minh ha cho cc bi l thuyt.
Nh vy dy thc hnh pht trin cc k nng tng hp v do vy tt c cc hc
sinh cn c dy thc hnh. Lu l ngay c trong cc k thi Olympic ha hc
Quc t c s dng cc trang thit b hin i nh trc quang, in di, sc k,
quang ph vv... th im ca hc sinh cao hay thp khng ph thuc vo thit b
tr phi hc sinh cha c lm quen vi thit b . V s dng thit b hin i
cng ch thu thp s liu, trong khi cc k nng n gin nh pha long
ha cht, x l s liu thu c nh v th, rt ra cc kt lun ph hp, bit
cch sp xp thi gian hp l vv... li quyt nh kt qu cui cng.
Qui trnh cho mt bi th nghim c th gm cc bc nh sau:
15
- Chun b th nghim: GV phi c k hoch m bo chun b y dng
c, ha cht, mu vt v cc iu kin cn thit khc th nghim thnh cng.
C th giao cho HS chun b nhng phi kim tra.
- Bc 1: GV nu mc tiu th nghim (hoc hng dn hc sinh pht biu
mc tiu thc hnh), phi m bo mi HS nhn thc r mc tiu lm th nghim
lm g?
Ph bin ni qui an ton phng th nghim: Ngay khi bt u mt bi thc hnh,
gio vin cn phi hng dn cho hc sinh v qui tc an ton trong phng th
nghim. iu ny l ht sc cn thit v phi lm ngay mi ln hc sinh vo
phng th nghim. Bn cnh cng cn ph bin cch cp cu trong nhng
trng hp cn thit nh bng ha cht, bng b khi b thng vv...
- Bc 2: GV hng dn HS cch tin hnh th nghim, phi m bo mi
HS nhn thc r lm th nghim nh th no? Bng cch no?
Gio vin gii thiu qui trnh th nghim: Hc sinh c th t c qui trnh th
nghim nu c sn trong SGK hoc gio vin gii thiu cho tng hc sinh. Sau
hc sinh t kim tra cc loi ha cht thit b, mu vt xem c p ng c
vi yu cu bi thc hnh hay khng.
Tin hnh th nghim: Hc sinh t tin hnh th nghim theo qui trnh cho
thu thp s liu.
- Bc 3: M t kt qu th nghim. HS vit ra (hoc ni ra) cc kt qu m
h quan st thy trong qu trnh lm th nghim.
X l s liu thc nghim: Hc sinh x l s liu v vit bo co th nghim
np cho gio vin. Cui bui gio vin c th a ra cc tnh hung khc vi th
nghim hc sinh suy ngm v tm cch l gii.
Gii thch cc hin tng quan st c: y l giai on c nhiu thun li
t chc HS hc theo phng php tch cc. GV c th dng h thng cu hi
dn dt theo kiu nu vn gip HS t gii thch cc kt qu.
- Rt ra kt lun cn thit: GV yu cu HS cn c vo mc tiu ban u
trc khi lm th nghim nh gi cng vic lm.
- Ch : Cc th nghim ha hc c th l th nghim nh tnh hay nh
lng. Cc th nghim nh tnh th khng nn qu tit kim nguyn liu, s kh
16
quan st kt qu. Cc th nghim nh lng th cn chnh xc hm lng cc
cht lm th nghim mi c kt qu.
- Tm tt quy trnh mt bi thc hnh
Bc 1. Xc nh mc tiu (cho GV v cho HS). Yu cu ca bc ny l
HS phi nhn thc c v pht biu r mc tiu (tr li cu hi: lm g?)
Bc 2. Kim tra kin thc c s v kim tra s chun b thc hnh (tr li
cu hi: c lm c khng?).
Bc 3. Xc nh ni dung thc hnh (tr li cu hi: lm nh th no?)
Bc 4. Tin hnh cc hot ng thc hnh (tr li cu hi: quan st thy
g? thu c kt qu ra sao?).
Bc 5. Gii thch v trnh by kt qu, rt ra kt lun (tr li cu hi: ti
sao? Mc tiu hon thnh hay cha?).
Vit bo co thc hnh.
B. QUY TC LM VIC TRONG PHNG TH NGHIM HA HC
I. An ton khi lm vic vi axit v kim
1. An ton khi lm vic vi axit:
- Phi lm vic trong t ht bt c khi no un nng axit hoc thc hin
phn ng vi cc hi axit t do.
- Khi pha long, lun phi cho axit vo nc tr phi c dng trc tip.
- Gi axit khng bn vo da hoc mt bng cch eo khu trang, gng tay
v knh bo v mt. Nu lm vng ln da, lp tc ra ngay bng mt lng nc
ln.
- Lun phi c k nhn ca chai ng v tnh cht ca chng.
- Ly axit ng lng ghi trong ti liu, mi axit phi c mung hoc ng
ht ring..
- Axit ri ra ngoi phi dn ngay, cc axit thi ng ni quy nh.
2. An ton khi lm vic vi kim
- Kim c th lm chy da, mt gy hi nghim trng cho h h hp.
- Mang gng tay cao su, khu trang khi lm vic vi dung dch kim m c.
- Thao tc trong t ht, mang mt n chng c phng nga bi v hi kim.
17
- Dung dch amoniac: l mt cht lng v kh amoniac rt n da, mang gng
tay cao su, khu trang, thit b bo v h thng h hp. Hi amoniac d phn ng
mnh vi cht oxi ho, halogen, axit mnh.
- Kim loi Na, K, Li, Ca: phn ng cc mnh vi nc, m, CO
2
, halogen,
axit mnh, dn xut clo ca hydrocacbon. To hi n mn khi chy. Cn mang
dng c bo v da mt.
- Can xi oxit rt n da, phn ng cc mnh vi nc, cn bo v da mt,
ng h hp do d nhim bi oxit.
- Natri hiroxit v kali hiroxit: rt n da, ta nhit ln khi tan trong nc.
Cc bin php an ton nh trn, cho tng vin hoc t bt vo nc ch khng
c lm ngc li.
- Ly kim ng lng ghi trong ti liu, mi loi kim phi c mung
hoc ng ht ring..
- Kim ri ra ngoi phi dn ngay, cc kim thi ng ni quy nh.
II. Quy tc lm vic vi ha cht th nghim
1. Ho cht th nghim:
Cc ho cht dng phn tch, lm th nghim, tin hnh phn ng, ... trong
phng th nghim c gi l ha cht th nghim. Ho cht c th dng rn (Na,
MgO, NaOH, KCl, (C
6
H
5
COOH) ...; lng (H
2
SO
4
, aceton, ethanol,
chloroform, ...) hoc kh (Cl
2
, NH
3
, N
2
, C
2
H
2
...) v mc tinh khit khc nhau:
- Sch k thut (P): sch > 90%
- Sch phn tch (PA): sch < 99%
- Sch ha hc (PC): sch > 99%
Ha cht c tinh khit khc nhau c s dng ph hp theo nhng yu
cu khc nhau v ch nn s dng ha cht cn nhn hiu.
18
2. Nhn hiu ho cht:
Ha cht c bo qun trong chai l thy tinh hoc nha ng kn c nhn
ghi tn ho cht, cng thc ha hc, mc sch, tp cht, khi lng tnh, khi
lng phn t, ni sn xut, iu kin bo qun.
3. Cch s dng v bo qun ho cht:
Khi lm vic vi ha cht, nhn vin phng th nghim cng nh gio vin, hc
sinh cn ht sc cn thn, trnh gy nhng tai nn ng tic cho mnh v cho mi
ngi. Nhng iu cn nh khi s dng v bo qun ha cht c tm tt nh sau:
- Ha cht phi c sp xp trong kho hay t theo tng loi (hu c, v c,
mui, axit, baz, kim loi, ...) hay theo mt th t a, b, c khi cn d tm.
- Tt c cc chai l u phi c nhn ghi, phi c k nhn hiu ha cht
trc khi dng, dng xong phi tr ng v tr ban u.
- Chai l ha cht phi c np. Trc khi m chai ha cht phi lau sch
np, c chai, trnh bi bn lt vo lm hng ha cht ng trong chai.
- Cc loi ha cht d b thay i ngoi nh sng cn phi c gi trong
chai l mu vng hoc nu v bo qun vo ch ti.
- Dng c dng ly ha cht phi tht sch v dng xong phi ra ngay,
khng dng ln np y v dng c ly ha cht.
- Khi lm vic vi cht d n, d chy khng c gn ni d bt la.
Khi cn s dng cc ha cht d bc hi, c mi,... phi a vo t ht, ch
y kn np sau khi ly ha cht xong.
- Khng ht bng pipet khi ch cn t ha cht trong l, khng ngi hay nm
th ha cht.
- Khi lm vic vi axit hay baz mnh: Bao gi cng axit hay baz vo
nc khi pha long (khng c nc vo axit hay baz); Khng ht axit hay
baz bng ming m phi dng cc dng c ring nh qu bp cao su, pipet my.
Trng hp b bng vi axit hay baz ra ngay vi nc lnh ri bi ln vt
bng NaHCO
3
1% (trng hp bng axit) hoc CH
3
COOH 1% (nu bng baz).
Nu b bn vo mt, di mnh vi nc lnh hoc NaCl 1%.
Trng hp b ha cht vo ming hay d dy, nu l axit phi sc ming v
ung nc lnh c NaHCO
3
, nu l baz phi sc ming v ung nc lnh c
CH
3
COOH 1%.
19
C. CC CNH BO V CC NGUY HIM C TH GP
V KHUYN CO V AN TON
TRONG KHI LM TH NGHIM
1. Cnh bo cac nguy c c bi t (K hiu R - Risk)
R 1. Gy n khi da ng kh.
R 2. Nguy c n khi va p, ma sa t, co la ho c ngu n gy cha y kha c.
R 3. Nguy c gy n r t cao khi va p, ma sa t, co la ho c ngu n gy cha y kha c.
R 4. Ta o ra cac h p ch t n kim loa i r t nha y.
R 5. un no ng co th gy n.
R 6. Gy n khi ti p xuc hoc khng ti p xu c vi khng khi .
R 7. Co th gy cha y.
R 8. Ti p xu c vi v t li u cha y co th gy cha y.
R 9. Gy n khi tr n vi ch t d cha y
R 10. Co th cha y.
R 11. R t d cha y.
R 12. D cha y.
R 13. Khi ho a lo ng rt d cha y.
R 14. Pha n ng ma nh li t vi n c.
R 15. Ti p xu c vi n c gia i pho ng khi d bc cha y.
R 16. Gy n khi tr n vi ca c ch t oxi ho a.
R 17. T bc cha y trong khng khi .
R 18. Khi s du ng, co th tao ra hn h p hi v i khng khi gy cha y hoc n.
R 19. Co th tao ra ca c peoxit gy n.
R 20. Nguy hi m khi hi t va o.
R 21. Nguy hi m khi ti p xuc v i da.
R 22. Nguy hi m nu nu t va o.
R 23. Ng c khi hi t va o.
20
R 24. Ng c khi ti p xuc v i da.
R 25. Ng c n u nut va o.
R 26. R t c khi hit va o.
R 27. R t c khi ti p xu c vi da.
R 28. R t c nu nu t va o.
R 29. Ti p xu c vi n c gia i pho ng khi c.
R 30. Khi s du ng, co th r t d cha y.
R 31. Ti p xu c vi axit gia i pho ng khi c.
R 32. Ti p xu c vi axit gia i pho ng khi r t c.
R 33. Gy nguy hi m do ca c tac ng tich lu y.
R 34. Gy bo ng.
R 35. Gy bo ng nng.
R 36. Gy cay mt.
R 37. D ng cho h h h p.
R 38. Gy m n ng a da.
R 39. Nguy hi m do ca c ta c ng nghim tro ng khng th loa i bo.
R 40. Co th nguy hi m do cac ta c ng nghim tro ng khng th loa i bo.
R 41. Nguy hi m do gy ho ng m t nng.
R 42. Co th gy s mu i khi hit va o.
R 43. Co th gy m n ng a khi ti p xu c vi da.
R 44. Nguy c gy n nu un nong trong bi nh ki n
R 45. Co th gy ung th.
R 46. Co th gy tn hai gen.
R 47. Co th gy tn hai phi.
R 48. Nguy hi m do bi t n ha i ke o da i.
.
2. Khuyn cao v an toa n (K hiu S - Safety)
S 1. Nu t ki n bi nh ch a.
21
S 2. ca ch xa t m v i cua tre con.
S 3. Gi ni thoa ng ma t.
S 4. Ba o qua n ca ch xa khu dn c.
S 5. Ba o qua n bi nh ch a di ca c iu ki n....(ch t lo ng c nha sa n xu t a ra
chi dn ring).
S 6. Ba o qua n di ca c iu ki n... (khi tr c nha san xut chi dn ring).
S 7. Ba o qua n bi nh ch a da ng o ng ki n.
S 8. Ba o qua n bi nh ch a kh ra o.
S 9. Ba o qua n bi nh ch a ni thng gio .
S 10. Ba o qua n bi nh ch a ch t trong bi nh da ng t.
S 11. Tra nh ti p xu c vi khng khi .
S 12. Khng bao qua n binh cha da ng ki n.
S 13. Ba o qua n ca ch xa thc ph m, n c u ng va thc ph m cho gia suc.
S 14. Ba o qua n ca ch xa ..... ( cac ch t ki nhau pha i c nha san xu t chi inh).
S 15. Ba o qua n ca ch xa nhi t.
S 16. Ba o qua n ca ch xa ngu n pha t l a. C m hut thu c.
S 17. Ba o qua n ca ch xa ca c ch t d cha y.
S 18. Ti p xuc va m bi nh ch a hoa ch t cn th n.
S 20. Khi s dung ho a ch t khng n hoc u ng ng thi.
S 21. Khi s dung ho a ch t khng hut thu c.
S 22. Khng hit bui ho a ch t.
S 23. Khng hit khi /kho i/ hi/ khi phun sng.
S 24. Tra nh ti p xu c hoa ch t v i da.
S 25. Tra nh hoa ch t bn va o mt.
S 26. Trong trng hp bi b n va o m t, pha i ra ngay vi nhi u n c va n c
quan y t.
S 27. C i bo ngay ao qu n bi nhi m b n ho a ch t.
S 28. Khi bi di nh va o da, r a ngay v i m t l ng nhi u.....(do nha sa n xu t chi i nh).
22
S 29. Khng lam kh ki t bi nh ch a.
S 30. Khng bao gi c cho n c va o san ph m nay.
S 31. Ba o qua n ca ch xa ca c ch t gy cha y.
S 33. C n co ca c bi n pha p pho ng s pho ng i n.
S 34. Tra nh va p va ma sa t.
S 35. Ch t na y va binh cha no pha i c loa i bo theo cach an toa n thi ch hp.
S 36. M c qu n ao bao v thi ch h p.
S 37. eo gng tay thi ch h p.
S 38. Trong tr ng hp khng u thng thoa ng, pha i eo thi t bi tr h h p.
S 39. eo phng ti n bao v mt/ mt.
S 40. v sinh sa n va ca c v t du ng bi nhi m bn hoa ch t na y, c n s du ng ...
(do nha sa n xu t chi inh).
S 41. Trong tr ng hp cha y va / hoc n khng c hit kho i.
S 42. Trong thi gian phun kho i / phun sng pha i eo thi t bi tr h h p thi ch hp.
S 43. Trong tr ng h p cha y, s du ng ....(chi ro chi nh xa c du ng loa i du ng cu c u ho a
na o. N u n c la m tng nguy c thi khng bao gi c du ng n c)
S 44. Nu ca m th y ngi khng kho e, n c quan y t ngay (co bi n chi d n)
S 45. Trong tr ng hp tai na n ho c n u ngi khng c kho e n c quan y
t ngay (co bi n chi d n).
3. V d v ngha R v S
Axeton
Cng thc C
3
H
6
O
Khi lng phn t 58,08
im nng chy
95
o
C
im si 56
o
C
Khi lng ring 0,79 g/cm
3
R11 Rt d chy
23
S9 Gi bnh cha ni thng thong
S16 Trnh xa ngun la
S23 Khng hi t khi /kho i/ hi/kh phun sng
S33 Thc hin cc bin php phng nga chng phng tnh in
Axit clohidric
Cng thc HCl
Khi lng phn t 36,46
3
R34 Nguyn nhn bng
R37 D ng cho h h hp
S26 Trong trng hp tip xc vi mt, ra sch ngay vi tht
nhiu nc v tm kim y t t vn
S36 Mc qun o bo h ph hp
S45 Trong trng hp xy ra tai nn hoc nu bn cm thy
khng c khe, tm t vn y t ngay lp tc (mang theo
nhn hiu nu c th)
Metanol
Cng thc CH
4
O
Khi lng phn t 32,04
im nng chy
98
o
C
im si 65
o
C
3
R11 Rt d chy
R23-25 c khi ht phi, tip xc vi da v nu nut phi
R39/23/
24/25
c hi: nguy c nh hng rt nghim trng khng th o
ngc qua ng h hp, tip xc vi da v nu nut phi
S7 Gi bnh cha ng kn
S16 Trnh xa ngun la Cm ht thuc
24
S36/37 Mc qun o bo h ph hp v eo gng tay
Cht c (T) v rt
c (T
+
)
Cht d chy (F) v rt d chy (F
+
)
Cht d bt la (X
i
) v c (X
n
)
Cht gy n (E)
Cht oxi ha mnh
Cht n mn (C)
Cht gy nguy him
vi mi trng (N)
Hnh 1. K hiu biu din mt s cnh bo nguy him
D. CC PHNG PHP X L CHT THI NGUY HI
Khi cha thc hin chng trnh gim thiu cht thi, lng cht thi sinh ra
ln v tch ly ngy cng nhiu. Khi trin khai cc bin php gim thiu, tn
dng cht thi, lng cht thi gim i ng k nhng chng vn tn ti trong
mi trng. Do , chng ta vn cn phi tin hnh x l, thi b cht thi mt
cch an ton, theo cc phng php c trnh by di y:
Phn loi rc thi
Rc thi hin nay ang l mt vn nan gii ca x hi v mi trng,
phn loi rc thi to thun li hn cho qu trnh x l, ti ch v lm gim tc
ng ti mi trng.
M hnh phn loi rc nn thc hin theo tng bc.
Bc 1 l phn loi c hai loi rc thi l v c v hu c;
25
Bc 2 l phn loi c ba loi rc thi l hu c, v c c th ti ch v
v c khng th ti ch, c hi.
Khi mi thc hin phn loi rc thi s c loi rc c phn loi v rc
cha c phn loi v vy loi rc cha c phn loi s c thu gom ring.
Rc sau khi c thu gom c vn chuyn ti nh my ch bin rc thi; ch
bin phn bn nng nghip t rc hu c, gch xy dng t nhng rc thi ph
liu nh , si
Cc phng php ho hc v vt l
X l cht thi nguy hi bng phng php vt l nhm tch cht nguy hi
ra khi cht thi bng cc phng php tch pha.
X l cht thi nguy hi bng phng php ho hc nhm thay i tnh cht
ho hc ca cht thi chuyn n v dng khng nguy hi.
1. Lc. Lc l phng php tch ht rn t dng lu cht (kh, lng hay kem
nho) khi i qua mi trng xp (vt liu lc). Cc ht rn c gi li vt
liu lc. Qu trnh lc c th thc hin nh chnh lch p sut gy bi trng lc,
lc ly tm, p sut chn khng, p sut d.
2. Kt tu. Kt tu l qu trnh chuyn cht ho tan thnh dng khng tan
bng cc phn ng ho hc to ta hay thay i thnh phn ha cht trong dung
dch (thay i pH), thay i iu kin vt l ca mi trng (h nhit )
gim ho tan ca ho cht, phn khng tan s kt tinh. Phng php kt tu
thng dng kt hp vi cc qu trnh tch cht rn nh lng cn, ly tm v lc.
3. Oxy ho kh. Phn ng oxy ho kh l phn ng trong trng thi oxy
ho ca mt cht phn ng tng ln trong khi trng thi oxy ho ca mt cht
khc gim xung. Cht cho electron l cht kh, cht nhn electron l cht oxy
ho. thc hin qu trnh oxy ho kh, ngi ta trn cht thi vi ho cht x
l (tc nhn oxy ho hay kh) hay cho tip xc cc ho cht cc dng dung dch
vi ho cht th kh.
26
4. Bay hi. Bay hi l lm c cht thi dng lng hay huyn ph bng
phng php cp nhit ho hi cht lng. Phng php ny thng dng trong
giai on x l s b gim s lng cht thi cn x l cui cng.
5. ng rn v n nh cht thi. ng rn l lm c nh ho hc, trit tiu
tnh lu ng hay c lp cc thnh phn nhim bng lp v bn vng to thnh
mt khi nguyn c tnh ton vn cu trc cao. Phng php ny nhm gim tnh
lu ng ca cht nguy hi trong mi trng; lm cht thi d vn chuyn do
gim khi lng cht lng trong cht thi v ng rn cht thi; gim b mt tip
xc cht thi vi mi trng trnh tht thot cht thi do lan truyn, r r, hn ch
ho tan hay kh c cc thnh phn nguy hi. ng rn l qu trnh b sung vt
liu vo cht thi to thnhkhi rn. Trong c th c cc lin kt ho hc
gia cht c hi v ph gia. n nh l qu trnh chuyn cht thi thnh dng n
nh ho hchn. Thut ng ny cng bao gm c ng rn nhng cng bao
gm c s dng cc phn ng ho hc bin i cc thnh phn cht c hi
thnh cht mi khng c. C nh ho hc l bin i cht c hi thnh dng
mi khngc. Bao gi l qu trnh bao ph hon ton hay s dng hng ro
baoquanh khi cht thi bng mt cht khc. Cht kt dnh v c thng dng
l ximng, vi, pozzolan, thch cao, silicat. Cht kt dnh hu c thng dng l
epoxy, polyester, nhc asphalt, polyolefin, ure formaldehyt.
Cc phng php nhit
1. Phng php t. Qu trnh t l mt qu trnh bin i cht thi rn
di tc dng ca nhit v qu trnh oxi ha ho hc. t l qu trnh oxy ho
nhit cao bng oxy khng kh, bng cch t cht thi ta c th gim th tch
ca n n 80-90%; Nhit bung t phi cao hn 800
o
C, sn phm sau cng
bao gm kh c nhit cao bao gm nit v cacbonic, hi nc, v tro. Nng
lng c th thu hi c t qu trnh trao i nhit do kh sinh ra c nhit
cao.
27
t thng quay. L t thng quay c s dng x l cc loi cht thi
nguy hi dng rn, cn, bn v cng c th dng lng. Thng quay hot ng
nhit khong 1100
o
C.
t bng phng php phun cht lng. Cht thi nguy hi dng lng c
t trc tip trong l t bng cch phun vo vng ngn la hay vng chy ca l
ph thuc vo nhit tr cht thi. L t c duy tr nhit khong trn
1000
o
C. Thi gian lu ca cht thi lng trong l t vi phn giy n 2,5 giy.
t c xc tc. S dng xc tc cho vo l t tng cng tc oxy ho
cht thi nhit thp hn so vi l t thng thng (<537oC). Phng php
ny ch p dng cho cht thi lng.
2. S dng cht thi nguy hi lm nhin liu. y l phng php tiu hy
cht thi bng cch t cng vi cc nhin liu thng thng khc tn dng nhit
cho cc thit b tiu th nhit: ni hi, l nung, l luyn kim, l nu thy tinh.
Lng cht thi b sung vo l t c th chim 12-25% tng lng nhin liu.
3. Nhit phn. Nhit phn l qu trnh phn hy hay bin i ho hc cht
thi rn xy ra do nung nng trong iu kin khng c s tham gia ca oxy v to
ra sn phm cui cng ca qu trnh bin i cht thi rn l cc cht di dng
rn, lng v kh. Nhit phn l qu trnh tiu hy hay bin i ho hc xy ra do
nung nng trong iu kin khng c oxy.
Qu trnh nhit phn gm hai giai on:
Giai on mt l qu trnh kh ho. Cht thi c gia nhit tch thnh phn d
bay hi nh kh chy, hi nc ra khi thnh phn chy khng ho hi v tro.
Giai on hai cc thnh phn bay hi c t iu kin ph hp tiu hy
ht cc cu t nguy hi.
Nhit phn bng h quang - plasma. Thc hin qu trnh t nhit cao
(c th n 10.000
o
C) tiu hy cht thi c tnh c cc mnh. Sn phm l
kh H
2
v CO, kh axit v tro.
28
E. MT S K NNG V THAO TC C BN V CHUN
TRONG TH NGHIM THC HNH HA HC
1. Cch s dng Pipet: dng ly chnh xc th tch dung dch. Khi thao
tc vi pipet trnh nm c tay vo pipet v nhit t tay s lm thay i th tch
ca cht lng trong pipet. Khi ly dung dch bng pipet, tay cm u trn ca
pipet bng ngn ci v ngn gia ca tay thun ri nhng u di ca pipet vo
dung dch (gn y bnh). Tay kia cm qu bp cao su, bp li ri a vo u
trn ca pipet ht dung dch vo pipet n khi dung dch trong pipet cao hn
vch mc 2-3 cm. Dng ngn tay tr bt nhanh u trn ca pipet li cht lng
khng chy khi pipet. Dng tay khng thun nng bnh ng dung dch ln, iu
chnh nh ngn tay tr cht lng chy t t ra khi pipet cho n khi mt cong
pha di ca cht lng trng vi vch ca pipet th dng ngn tay tr bt cht
u trn ca pipet l v chuyn pipet c cha mt th tch chnh xc cht lng
sang bnh chun . Khi ly dung dch v khi cho cht lng chy khi pipet cn
gi cho pipet v tr thng ng. Khi cht lng chy xong cn chm nh pipet
vo phn bnh khng c dung dch (hnh 3) nhng tuyt i khng thi git dung
dch cn li trong pipet (nu thnh pipet c ch thch l loi TD).
Khi c th tch trn pipet ch ly 02 ch s c ngha sau du phy.
2. Cch s dng Buret: Khi lm vic vi buret cn kim tra cu kha buret
c m bo kn v trn, nu cn th bi kha vi mt lp mng vaselin tng
kn v trn. Kp buret vo gi buret v tr thng ng. Trc mi ln chun
cn trng buret bng chnh dung dch s ng trong buret v phi dung dch
vo buret ti vch 0 pha trn v ch lm y c phn cui v c kha buret.
Khi c th tch buret, mt phi v tr ngang mt cong pha di dung dch
trong sut hoc phn trn mt li vi dung dch khng mu v ch ly 01 ch
s c ngha sau du phy. Khi tin hnh chun phi cho dung dch chy
khi buret t t tt c cht lng chy ra ht khi buret v sau 30 giy k t khi
kha dung dch mi c kt qa. Cui qu trnh chun phi nh tng git
29
dung dch v lm vi ln ly gi tr trung bnh. Php chun c coi l kt
thc khi hiu th tch gia cc ln chun song song khng qu t 0,1 ml.
(a) np dung dch vo
buret
(b) Kim tra xem c
cn bt kh kha van
khng
(c) ra u buret
bng nc ct
(d) lm sch v kh
buret trc khi chun
Hnh 2. Cc thao tc vi buret trc khi chun

3. Cch ly dung dch chun : (ch dng nc ct trng, khng c
dng dung dch cn ly trng bnh nn).
Chng ta s dng pipet ly dung dch chun hoc dung dch phn tch
vo bnh nn (hnh 12).
(a) trng pipet bng
chnh dung dch cn
ly
(b) lau pha ngoi pipet
bng giy thm
(c) pipet thng
ng v nghing bnh
nn dung dch
chy vo
(d) Tia nc ct xung
quang bnh nn
m bo tt c th tch
chnh xc dung dch
ly c phn ng
vi cht chun
Hnh 3. Cc thao tc ly dung dch vo bnh nn bng pipet
4. pha dung dch chun t cht gc, ngi ta cn mt lng xc nh ph
hp cht gc trn cn phn tch c chnh xc 0,0001 hoc 0,00001g, ho tan
nh lng lng cn trong bnh nh mc c dung tch thch hp ri pha long
bng nc ct hoc dung mi thch hp ti vch mc.
30
Th d: pha dung dch chun NaOH 0,0500 M (M = 40), trc tin cn
tnh khi lng NaOH cn thit pha ch c 250 ml dung dch NaOH nng
0,0500M theo cng thc:
m= 0,250 0,05 40 = 0,50 gam.
Cn 0,50 gam NaOH c tinh khit phn tch trong cc cn trn cn phn
tch, chuyn cht rn qua phu vo bnh nh mc 250,0 ml. Trng cc cn 3 ln
bng nc ct vo bnh nh mc. Thm khong 150ml nc ct na v lc k
cho tan ht sau thm nc ct n vch mc, lc k trn u, ta c dung
dch chun NaOH 0,0500M.
5. Cch tin hnh chun :
- Tay khng thun cm kha van (hnh 13a)
- Tay thun cm bnh nn (hnh 13b)
- Chun vi tc nhanh trc im tng ng mt vi ml
- u buret chm vo bnh nn (hnh 13c)
- Tia nc ct xung quanh dung dch ca cht chun nu c bm trn
thnh ca bnh nn s c i xung (hnh 13d)
- Khi gn n im tng ng chun vi tc chm
- Du hiu kt thc chun l khi dung dch va chuyn t mu A sang
mu B
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Hnh 4. Cc thao tc trong qu trnh chun
31
KClO
3

+MnO
2
BI 1. PHN NG OXI HA KH
Th nghim 1: iu ch oxi trong phng th nghim
I. Mc ch ca th nghim
- Hc sinh hiu nguyn tc iu ch oxi trong phng th nghim.
- iu ch v thu kh oxi trong phng th nghim.
- Rn luyn cc k nng th nghim c bn: ly, s dng ha cht, lp dng c th
nghim, thu kh bng cch y nc, quan st hin tng, d on v gii thch
cc hin tng xy ra.
II. C s l thuyt
- Nhit phn cc hp cht giu oxi hoc phn hy cc cht khng bn nhit
cao nh KClO
3
, KMnO
4
, HgO, H
2
O
2
,
2KClO
3

o
MnO
t
2
2KCl + 3O
2
2KMnO
4

o
t
K
2
MnO
4
+ MnO
2
+ O
2
2H
2
O
2

o
MnO
t
2
2H
2
O + O
2
- Th nghim iu ch oxi t hn hp (KClO

3
+ MnO
2
) v (H
2
O
2
+ MnO
2
)cn
hnh thnh khi nim cht xc tc. Trong th nghim nhit phn KClO
3
, phn hy
H
2
O
2
, cht MnO
2
lm tng tc phn ng iu ch oxi, nhng cn li sau phn
ng (MnO
2
c gi l cht xc tc).
III. Dng c, ha cht th nghim thc hnh
DNG C HA CHT
ng nghim;
L thu tinh ming rng, ng dn kh
cong; nt cao su;
Bnh thy tinh, nt cao su c cm ng dn
kh;
KClO
3
(tinh th);
(R8-22, S 12-15)
MnO
2
(tinh th); (R20/22-S25)
KMnO
4
(tinh th);
(R8-22, S 12-15)
32
KClO
3

+MnO
2
Lp bng
Phu brom (phu hnh qu l);
Chu thy tinh;
Gi st, n cn. v.v
H
2
O
2
(dung dch bo ha);
(R5/8/20/22/ 35-
S1/2/17/26/28/36/37/39/45).
IV. Cc bc tin hnh ca th nghim thc hnh
IV.1 iu ch oxi t hn hp KClO
3
v MnO
2
Trn 5,0g KClO
3
nghin nh vi khong 1,25g MnO
2
(t l 4:1) ri cho hn
hp vo mt ng nghim kh.
Lp ng nghim cha ho cht ln gi st nh hnh v. Lp nt c cm ng
dn kh vo ng nghim ng ha cht. Th kn ca thit b bng cch ly mt
t nc cho vo ng dn kh. Sau khi nt vo ng nghim nu mc nc trong
ng dn kh thp hn ming ng dn kh th thit b kn, sau a ng dn
kh vo bnh thu kh.
Hnh 5. iu ch t KClO
3
v thu oxi bng cch y nc
Chun b l thy tinh, chu nc thu kh oxi bng phng php y nc
hoc y khng kh.
Chm n cn, h nng u ho cht trong ng nghim sau un tp trung ti
ch c cha nhiu ho cht.
Thu y l kh O
2
, y kn l. Tip tc thu l kh O
2
khc.
33
KClO
3

+MnO
2
O
2
Lp bng
IV.2 iu ch t KMnO
4
Ly khong 2,0 g KMnO
4
vo mt ng nghim kh. Lp ng nghim ln gi st,
sao cho ming ng nghim hi thp hn y ng nghim. Thm mt lp bng
vo bn trong ming ng nghim, ri lp nt c cm ng dn kh. Th kn ca
thit b bng cch p dng nguyn l bnh thng nhau nh trn.
Chm n cn, h nng u ho cht trong ng nghim sau un tp trung ti
ch c cha nhiu ho cht.
Sau khi nung mt thi gian, c bt kh sinh ra. Nhng bt kh u tin c ln kh
nit nn khng thu ngay.
Thu y l kh O
2
, y kn l. Tip tc thu l kh O
2
khc.
Hnh 6. iu ch t KMnO
4
IV.3. iu ch t H
2
O
2
Lp dng c nh hnh di y.
Hnh 7. iu ch t H
2
O
2
Cho mt lng H
2
O
2
vo phu brom, cho 0,5 gam MnO
2
vo bnh thy tinh c
34
MnO
2
H
2
O
2
KMnO
4
O
2
Lp bng
nt cao su. M t t kho phu brom cho dd H
2
O
2
chy xung, tip xc vi
cht xc tc MnO
2
; kh O
2
c thu vo l thu kh bng phng php y nc.
Mi hc sinh chun b t nht 4 l c nt nhm thu kh oxi chun b cho cc
th nghim v tnh cht ca oxi.
V. Mt s lu th nghim thc hin thnh cng
Khi lp ng nghim cha ho cht ln gi st cn ch : ming ng nghim hi
chc xung phng hn hp cht rn m, khi un hi nc bay ln s khng chy
ngc li lm v ng nghim;
Lu KClO
3
l mt cht gy n nn khng nghin nhiu mt lc, khng nghin
ln vi bt k mt cht no khc. L ng KClO
3
khng c h nt nht l khi
cnh cc cht P, C, S.
trnh hin tng cc ht tinh th KMnO
4
b kh O
2
y vo ng dn nn
mt lp bng ming ng nghim, gn ng dn kh.
Khi ngng thu kh phi tho ri ng dn kh ra trc khi tt n cn.
Khng thu kh t nhng bt kh u tin, v cn ln nit trong khng kh.
Khi thu kh oxi, gi li mt lp nc mng trong l kh oxi.
VI. Phn tch kt qu th nghim v bo co
Kh oxi c sinh ra theo phng trnh ha hc nh th no?
Kh oxi c to ra do qu trnh oxi ha kh ca nhng cht no? Vit
phng trnh biu din qu trnh oxi ha kh.
Kh oxi sinh ra c nhng c im v trng thi, mu sc, mi v, khi
lng so vi khng kh nh th no?
C th nhn ra kh oxi thu c bng cch no?
VII. Cu hi kim tra v m rng
1) Ti sao khi lp ng nghim vo gi st hay kp g th ming ng nghim c
ng ha cht (KClO
3
+ MnO
2
) phi hi chc xung?
2) V sao c th thu oxi bng cch y nc hoc y khng kh?
3) Ti sao phi tho ri ng dn kh trc khi tt n cn?
35
kh oxi
(I)
4) Khi dng KMnO
4
lm nguyn liu iu ch oxi, phi dng bng y pha
gn ming ng nghim nhm :
A. Lc kh oxi
B. Ngn KMnO
4
b cun theo oxi khi nung nng.
C. Tng din tch tip xc.
D. Gi kh oxi thot ra t t
5) Trong qu trnh iu ch kh oxi bng phng php y nc, mun dng th
nghim ta phi lu iu g?
A. Rt nhanh n cn ra khi ng nghim cha ha cht.
B. Rt nhanh ng dn kh trc khi tt n cn.
C. Kha ngay ng ng dn kh.
D. Thi tt ngay n cn.
6) Phi t bnh thu nh th no khi thu kh oxi bng phng php y khng kh
?
A. (IV) B. (I) C. (III) D. (II)
7) Khi lp h thng iu ch oxi, ta phi t ng nghim cha ha cht nh th
no ?
A. (2) B. (2) v (3) C. (1) D. (3)
36
kh oxi
(II)
kh oxi
kh oxi
(IV)
(III)
bng bng
Kh oxi
KMnO
4
Kh oxi
(1)
KMnO
4
Kh oxi
(2)
KMnO
4
bng
(3)
Th nghim 2. Oxi tc dng vi kim loi v phi kim
I. Mc ch ca th nghim
Nghin cu kh nng phn ng ca O
2
vi Fe, Na v S.
Rn luyn k nng :
+ Xon dy Fe, t dy Fe trong bnh cha O
2
(a dy Fe qua ming l
thy tinh, khng chm thnh l), quan st.
+ Ct kim loi Na, t mu Na trn mung t ha cht, t ngoi khng kh
v a qua ming l thy tinh cha O
2
, khng chm thnh l.
+ Cch ly S bng u a thy tinh v t trong l cha O
2
.
II. C s l thuyt
Fe l mt kim loi chuyn tip, 26, thuc nhm VIIIB ca bng tun hon,
cu hnh electron: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
6
4s
2
. Fe c tnh kh mc trung bnh, s oxi
ha thng gp trong cc hp cht l +2 v +3.
Na l mt kim loi kim, 11, thuc nhm IA ca bng tun hon, cu hnh
electron1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
1
, c 1e lp ngoi cng, tnh kh mnh, ch c s oxi ha +1
trong cc hp cht.
S l mt phi kim, 16, thuc nhm VIA ca bng tun hon, cu hnh
electron:1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
4
, c 6e lp ngoi cng, th hin c tnh oxi ha v tnh
kh trong cc phn ng ha hc, c cc s oxi ha -2; +4, +6 trong cc hp cht.
III. Dng c, ha cht th nghim
DNG C HA CHT
L thu tinh ming rng;
n cn;
Mung t ha cht;
Mu ba cactong;
a thy tinh;
Giy lau;

Kh O
2
; (R7-S7)
Dy phanh xe p ( cun thnh l xo),
mt u gn vi mt thanh g nh, u kia
ca l xo gn vi mt mu que dim
Nc hoc ct;
Natri (ngm trong du ha)
(R12/14/21/30/35/-S2/7/18/29/35/41)
37
Lu hunh (bt) (R30-S16) .
IV. Cc bc tin hnh th nghim
IV.1. Oxi tc dng vi st
Thu kh oxi vo l thu tinh (ly t th nghim 1), y
l c mt lp nc mng hoc mt lp ct mng.
Ly si dy Fe (thp) nh, tt nht l dy phanh xe p
di 30cm cun trn thnh l xo. Cm mt u cun
dy vo thanh g nh, u kia cun dy kp cht
khong 1/3 que dim . t chy phn que dim ri t t
a vo l cha oxi.
Quan st hin tng (nh sng, mu sc, u dy Fe,
thnh l thy tinh); nhn xt.
IV.2. Oxi tc dng vi Natri
Thu kh oxi vo l thu tinh (ly t th nghim 1)
Ct 1 mu Na bng ht ng nh, ct b ht lp oxit
quanh, dng giy lc thm kh du.
Cho mu Na vo mung t ha cht xuyn qua
ming ba cc tng. Sau un nng trn n cn
cho n khi Na nng chy hon ton c mu sng
ng nh ri a vo l cha oxi. Quan st.
Hnh 9. Oxi tc dng vi Na
IV.3. Oxi tc dng vi Lu hunh
t nng mt u a thu tinh ri cho chm vo
mt lng nh bt S, bt S nng chy bm ngay
vo u a thy tinh.
a a thu tinh dnh S vo ngn la, S chy
ngay u a thu tinh. Quan st hin tng S
Hnh 10. Oxi tc dng vi lu hunh
chy trong khng kh, sau a nhanh u a ang chy vo l cha oxi.
Quan st hin tng lu hunh chy trong kh oxi.
38
H
2
O
mu dim
O
2

dy st
Hnh 8. Oxi tc dng vi Fe

Ct
Na
O2

Ba cc tng
Hnh 5. Oxi tc dng vi Na

S

O2
Hnh 6. Oxi tc dng vi Lu hunh
V.1. Tt nht l nn dng 01 si dy thp tch t dy phanh xe p. Trong l
thy tinh cha oxi c mt lp nc mng hoc mt lp ct mng.
Phn ng chy ca Fe xy ra nhit cao, do phi gn mt mu dim u
l xo cung cp nhit lc u cho phn ng.
Nu dy thp g phi nh sch trc khi t.
V.2. Nn cho vo l cha O
2
mt lp ct mng.
a mung t xung su 2/3 l; khng chm vo thnh l; khi rt mung
t ra y ngay l bng nt.
Na d cn c x l bng cch ngm trong etanol hoc trc khi ra mung
t ly mt t giy cun thnh hnh phu, t mung t vo gia phu nhng
vo chu nc Na cn d s phn ng ht.
V.3. Khng nn a thy tinh nng chm vo thnh l thy tinh.
C th thay l cha oxi bng ng nghim cha oxi.
Tuyt i khng dng a thu tinh ang nng chm vo c chu bt lu hunh.
Trong l nn cho trc mt lp nc mng th sn phm.
VI. Phn tch kt qu th nghim v Bo co
VI. 1. St chy trong oxi theo phng trnh ha hc nh th no?
Phn ng t chy st trong oxi l phn ng ta nhit hay thu nhit?
Que dim chy mnh lm cho si dy thp c nhng hin tng g tip theo?
u dy thp c hin tng g? thnh l c hin tng g? Gii thch.
VI.2. Natri chy trong oxi theo phng trnh ha hc nh th no?
Phn ng vi ngn la chy c mu sc nh th no v c km theo hin tng
g khng?
Phn ng t chy natri trong oxi l phn ng ta nhit hay thu nhit?
VI.3. Lu hunh chy trong oxi theo phng trnh ha hc nh th no?
Khi a a thy tinh h nng vo cc ng bt lu hunh th lu hunh
c ly ra bng a thy tinh nh th no?
Phn ng ngoi khng kh v khi a S vo kh c g khc khng?
39
Phn ng t chy lu hunh trong oxi l phn ng ta nhit hay thu nhit?
1) V sao phi xon si dy Fe v u dy Fe phi kp mt mu dim khi TN.
2) Sn phm ca phn ng t chy Fe trong O
2
l cht g? V sao?
3) Trong th nghim t chy st trong oxi, lp nc mng hoc lp ct mng
y l thy tinh c tc dng g?
4) C th nhn bit sn phm ca phn ng t chy st trong oxi bng cch no?
5) Sau phn ng chy c th x l Na cn d bng cch no?
6) V sao trong th nghim t Na ngi ta cho trc vo y l cha O
2
mt lp
ct mng m khng phi l mt lp nc?
7) bo qun Na, ngi ta ngm chng trong du ha. Trc khi t chy Na,
phi dng giy thm lau sch du ha trn mu Na lm g?
8) Vai tr ca nc trong l cha oxi khi tin hnh cc th nghim t st trong
oxi v t lu hunh trong oxi? Nc c nh hng g n qu trnh phn
ng khng?
9) Hy gii thch hin tng khi trng to ra trong bnh sau khi t lu hunh
trong oxi?
10) C th nhn bit sn phm ca th nghim IV.3 bng cch no?
11) ly ha cht rn (nh photpho hay lu hunh ) t l ng ha cht cho
vo mung t ha cht, ta c th :
A. Nghing l ha cht, sau t t ha cht vo mung st.
B. Dng mt chic mung khc ly ha cht t l ng cho vo mung st.
C. ha cht ra giy lc ri cho vo mung st
D. Dng mung st trc tip ly ha cht t l ng.
Th nghim 3. Phn ng gia mt s kim loi Fe, Cu vi H
2
SO
4
long hoc
c, nng v Phn ng gia kim loi Fe vi dung dch mui CuSO
4
.
I. Mc ch th nghim
40
Nghin cu kh nng phn ng ca Fe, Cu vi dung dch H
2
SO
4
long hoc c,
nng;
Nghin cu kh nng phn ng ca Fe vi dung dch CuSO
4
;
Rn luyn cc k nng: rt cht lng vo ng nghim, th cht rn vo cht lng,
un nng dung dch
II. C s l thuyt
Axit H
2
SO
4
long c tnh axit mnh v tnh oxi ha yu, ch tc dng vi kim
loi ng trc H trong dy in ha gii phng H
2
. H
2
SO
4
c, nng c tnh
oxi ha mnh, tc dng vi hu ht kim loi (k c kim loi ng sau H trong
dy in ha) khng gii phng H
2
.
Cation kim loi trong cp oxi ha kh c th in cc chun ln hn c th oxi
ha c kim loi trong cp oxi ha kh c th in cc chun nh hn.
Cc phn ng xy ra u thuc loi phn ng oxi ha kh.
DNG C HA CHT
Cc thu tinh 50 ml;
ng nghim, gi ng nghim;
n cn;
Cnh hoa hng;
Kp g;
Giy lau;
ng ht nh git

H
2
SO
4
c 96%; (R21/22/27/34/35/41/-
S1/2/5/7/18/23/25/27/29/)
Dung dch H
2
SO
4
long 10% (R23/24/25/
35/36/ 37/38 S23/30/36/37/39/45)
Dung dch NaOH 2M (R35-S1/2/26/37/
39/45)
ng vn; inh st
Dung dch bo ha CuSO
4
(R22/36/37/
38/50/53 S26/60/61)
Qu tm (dung dch) .
IV.1. Phn ng ca kim loi Fe, Cu vi H
2
SO
4
long
Ly 2 ng nghim, rt t t vo mi ng 2ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
long bng ng
ht nh git.
41
Th vo ng th nht 1 inh st, ng th hai 1 t vn ng.
Quan st hin tng.
IV.2. Phn ng ca kim loi Fe, Cu vi H
2
SO
4
c, nng
Ly 2 ng nghim, rt t t vo mi ng 2ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
c bng ng ht
nh git.
Th vo ng th nht 1 inh st, ng th hai 1 t vn ng.
cnh hoa hng (qu tm m) trn ming mi ng nghim. Quan st hin
tng.
Sau un nng 2 ng nghim. Quan st hin tng.
IV.3. Phn ng gia kim loi Fe vi dung dch mui CuSO
4
.
Ly khong 15ml dung dch bo ha CuSO
4
vo cc thy tinh. Buc dy ch vo
mt inh st sch v th vo cc ng dung dch bo ha CuSO
4
. Quan st hin
tng xy ra.
H
2
SO
4
c rt nguy him, nn ch thao tc th nghim.
Kh SO
2
c nn chun b bng tm xt hn ch lng SO
2
thot ra ngoi.
inh st phi mi v sch mi d quan st.
Khi pha dung dch bo ha CuSO
4
bng nc ct s thy hin tng vn c. Thm
vo dung dch vi git dung dch H
2
SO
4
c, hin tng vn c s bin mt.
VI.1. Phn ng ca kim loi Fe, Cu vi H
2
SO
4
long
mi ng nghim c hin tng g?
Phn ng xy ra theo phng trnh ha hc nh th no?
VI.2. Phn ng ca mt s kim loi Fe, Cu vi H
2
SO
4
c, nng:
* Khi cha un nng:
* Khi un nng:
42
* Vi H
2
SO
4
long nhng kim loi nh th no s xy ra phn ng? s oxi ha
kim loi bin i nh th no? Kh no thot ra trong cc phn ng ny? Hin
tng xy ra i vi giy qu tm tm nc hoc mu cnh hoa hng t trn
ming ng nghim?
VI.3. Phn ng gia kim loi Fe vi dung dch mui CuSO
4
.
Hin tng mu xanh ca dung dch bo ha CuSO
4
c thay i khng? Nu s
bin i trn inh st ?
Nu kt lun v th t th in cc chun ca cc cp oxi ha kh tronh th
nghim
1) Pha long H
2
SO
4
c nh th no?
2) Gii thch hin tng mt s kim loi Fe, Al, Cr th ng ha trong H
2
SO
4
c, ngui.
3) Gii thch ti sao kim loi Cu khng phn ng vi dung dch H
2
SO
4
long
nhng khi sc lin tc kh O
2
vo dung dch th phn ng xy ra mt cch d
dng. Trong thc t dng phn ng ny lm g?
4) Trong th nghim nghin cu kh nng phn ng vi kim loi ca H
2
SO
4
c
c gii phng kh SO
2
, hy nu mt cch khc nhn bit c SO
2
to thnh.
5) Trong th nghim phn ng ca Cu vi H
2
SO
4
c, v sao mu ca Cu t
chuyn sang en ri dn tan ht?
6) Gii thch vic thm H
2
SO
4
vo dung dch bo ha CuSO
4
lm cho dung dch
ang vn c tr thnh trong sut.
7) ng dng ca th nghim trn trong sn xut nng nghip nh th no?
Th nghim 4. Phn ng oxi ho - kh nhit cao v nh mi trng
I. Mc ch th nghim
43
Nghin cu kh nng phn ng oxi ha kh ca Mg vi CO
2
.
Nghin cu kh nng phn ng oxi ha kh ca Cu vi KNO
3
trong mi trng
dung dch H
2
SO
4
.
Rn luyn k nng: thu kh vo l, t cht rn trn mung t ha cht, ly cht
lng vo ng nghim, nh dung dch vo ng nghim bng cng t ht
II. C s l thuyt
Mg l kim loi c tnh kh mnh, c th kh CO
2
(cht oxi ha) thnh C nhit
cao;
Cu l kim loi c tnh kh, ion nitrat (NO
3
) trong nc khng c tnh oxi ha;
ion nitrat (NO
3
) trong mi trng axit c tnh oxi ha mnh.
DNG C HA CHT
L thu tinh ming rng 100 ml;
Bnh kp (iu ch CO
2
); bnh ra
kh;
Mung t ha cht;
n cn;
Pipet;
ng ht nh git
CaCO
3
(rn); (R37/38/41-S26/36/37/39)
ng vn; Magie (phoi bo)
Dung dch HCl c 36,5% (R34/37-
S26/36/45)
Dung dch H
2
SO
4
long 10% (R23/24/25/
35/36/ 37/38 S23/30/36/37/39/45)
Dung dch NaOH 2M (R35-S1/2/26/37/
39/45)
Dung dch bo ha KNO
3
(R22/36/37 S26)
Dung dch bo ha NaHCO
3
(R22/36/37/
38 S26).
IV.1. Phn ng gia kim loi Mg vi oxit CO
2
nhit cao.
iu ch CO
2
v thu vo l thy tinh ming rng. Thm 10ml nc bo v l
thy tinh.
44
Ly vi mnh phoi bo Mg vo mung t ha cht, t chy trn ngn la n
cn sau a nhanh vo l ng kh CO
2
.
IV.2. Phn ng gia kim loi Cu vi dung dch KNO
3
trong H
2
SO
4
.
Ly 5ml dung dch KNO
3
bo ha vo ng nghim.
Cho vi vn ng nh vo ng nghim trn, lc nh. Quan st hin tng.
Thm vo ng nghim vi git dung dch H
2
SO
4
long, lc nh. Quan st hin
tng.
thu c kh CO
2
sch, ngi ta s dng bnh ra kh cha dung dch
NaHCO
3
bo ha.
Nhit ta ra t phn ng t chy rt ln nn thao tc cn thn trnh chm vo
thnh bnh gy v, hng dng c.
Do phn ng c to ra kh c l NO v NO
2
nn cn tin hnh ni thong kh,
ming ng nghim hng v pha khng c ngi, lng ha cht ly va
phi. Kh kh c bng bng tm xt.
VI.1. Phn ng gia kim loi Mg vi oxit CO
2
nhit cao.
Mg l mt kim loi nh th no? V sao CO
2
phn ng vi Mg. Sn phm ca
phn ng l g? C hin tng nh th no?
thc hin c mc ch, c th thay Mg bng nhng kim loi no?
VI.2. Phn ng gia kim loi Cu vi dung dch KNO
3
trong H
2
SO
4
.
Ban u, khi cha cho axit c hin tng g xy ra khng ?
Khi thm axit, lc nh, thy c cc hin tng g ? Gii thch cc hin tng
bng phng trnh ha hc dng ion thu gn.
Phn tch kt qu th nghim khi lng axit cho vo khng v cho vo n
d.
45
1) Khi s dng bnh kp iu ch CO
2
cn ch iu g? Nu cu to ca bnh
ra kh v tc dng ca dung dch NaHCO
3
bo ha trong bnh ra kh?
2) Gii thch v sao khng dng bnh bt cha cc m chy kim loi?
3) Ti sao ch quan st c lp bt mu en nm pha di lp bt trng ca
MgO?
4) Phn ng gia Cu + KNO
3
+ H
2
SO
4
c ng dng g ?
5) Nu thay H
2
SO
4
bng HCl th phn ng c xy ra khng, ti sao ?
Bi 2. TC PHN NG CN BNG HO HC
Th nghim 1. Cc yu t nh hng n tc phn ng
I. Mc ch th nghim
Nghin cu mt s th nghim chng minh nh hng ca nng cht phn
ng, nhit phn ng v din tch b mt cht rn n tc phn ng.
Rn luyn cc k nng: s dng pipet, ng h bm giy, cn in t; cch ly
cht lng vo ng nghim, un nng cht lng, cch pha long dung dch
II. C s l thuyt
1. Mi phn ng ho hc u c th biu din bng phng trnh tng qut sau :
Cc cht phn ng Cc sn phm
Trong qu trnh din bin ca phn ng, nng cc cht phn ng gim
dn, ng thi nng cc sn phm tng dn. Phn ng xy ra cng nhanh th
trong mt n v thi gian nng cc cht phn ng gim xung v nng
cc sn phm tng ln cng nhiu. Nh vy, c th dng bin thin nng
theo thi gian ca mt cht bt k trong phn ng lm thc o tc phn ng.
Tc phn ng l bin thin nng ca mt trong cc cht phn ng hoc
sn phm trong mt n v thi gian.
(Theo quy c, nng c tnh bng mol/l, cn n v thi gian c th l giy
(s), pht (ph), gi (h)...)
Tc phn ng c xc nh bng thc nghim.
46
2. iu kin cc cht phn ng c vi nhau l chng phi va chm vo
nhau, tn s va chm (s va chm trong mt n v thi gian) cng ln th tc
phn ng cng ln. Khi nng cc cht phn ng tng, tn s va chm tng, nn
tc phn ng tng. Tuy nhin, khng phi mi va chm u gy ra phn ng,
ch c nhng va chm c hiu qu mi xy ra phn ng. T s gia s va chm c
hiu qu v s va chm chung ph thuc vo bn cht ca cc cht phn ng, nn
cc phn ng khc nhau c tc phn ng khng ging nhau.
Kt lun : Khi tng nng cht phn ng, tc phn ng tng.
3. Khi nhit phn ng tng dn n hai h qu sau :
Tc chuyn ng ca cc phn t tng, dn n tn s va chm gia cc cht
phn ng tng.
Tn s va chm c hiu qu gia cc cht phn ng tng nhanh. y l yu t
chnh lm cho tc phn ng tng nhanh khi tng nhit .
Kt lun : Khi tng nhit , tc phn ng tng.
4. Cht rn vi kch thc ht nh c tng din tch b mt tip xc vi cht phn
ng ln hn so vi cht rn c kch thc ht ln hn cng khi lng, nn c
tc phn ng ln hn.
Kt lun : i vi phn ng c cht rn tham gia, khi tng din tch b mt,
tc phn ng tng.
47
DNG C HA CHT
Pipet chia vch 10 ml;
Qu bp cao su;
Cc thy tinh chia 100 ml;
ng ong c vch chia ;
n cn;
ng h bm giy; nhit k;
Cn in t.

CaCO
3
(vin); CaCO
3
(bt);
(R37/38/41-S26/36/37/39)
Dung dch HCl 4M (R34/37-S26/36/45)
Dung dch H
2
SO
4
1M (R23/24/25/35/36/
37/38 S23/30/36/37/39/45)
Dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
0,1 M (R22/36/37
S26)
Nc ct.

IV.1. nh hng ca nng n tc phn ng
Chun b 2 cc: Cc 1 ng 25ml dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
0,1M, cc 2 ng 10ml
dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
0,1M.
Lm th nghim theo trnh t sau:
Thm 15ml nc ct vo cc 2 pha long dung dch.
25ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
0,1M vo cc 1, lc nh. Dng ng h bm giy
xc nh thi gian t lc dung dch H
2
SO
4
vo n lc kt ta xut hin.
25ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
0,1M vo cc 2, lc nh. Dng ng h xc nh
thi gian xut hin kt ta.
So snh thi gian xut hin kt ta 2 cc.
IV.2. nh hng ca nhit n tc phn ng
25ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
0,1M vo cc 1 ng 25ml dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
0,1M
nhit thng. Dng ng h xc nh thi gian t lc 2 dung dch
vo nhau n lc bt u c kt ta xut hin.
48
Cng ly 2 dung dch nh trn vo cc 2 nhng em un nng c 2 dung dch
n khong 50 60
0
C ri mi vo nhau. Dng ng h xc nh thi gian
xut hin kt ta. So snh vi thi gian trng hp khng un nng.
IV.3. nh hng ca b mt cht rn n tc phn ng
Cn 2 mu vi (CaCO
3
) c khi lng bng nhau: mt mu c kch thc ht
ln hn v mt mu c kch thc ht nh.
Dng pipet ht 2 th tch bng nhau ca dung dch HCl 4M vo 2 ng nghim.
Cho 2 mu vi chun b vo 2 ng nghim trn. Cho mu ht vo ng 1,
cho mu bt vo ng 2. Quan st hin tng.
Dng ng h xc nh thi gian v so snh thi gian CaCO
3
ca hai mu
phn ng ht.
Ly dung dch ng th tch, cn thn khi s dng pipet
Cn in t khng di qut gi
Bm ng h kp thi, ng thi im
Khi un nng dung dch, cn quan st nhit k
Ghi chp thi gian kp thi.
VI.1. nh hng ca nng n tc phn ng
Hin tng xy ra c 2 cc nh th no?
Vit phng trnh ha hc gii thch cho cc hin tng .
Cn c vo thi gian cho bit cc no hin tng xy ra chm hn?
Nu kt lun v nh hng ca nng cht phn ng n tc ca phn ng
IV.2. nh hng ca nhit n tc phn ng
So snh v thi gian, thy cc khng un nng xut hin kt ta nh th no so
vi cc c un nng?
Nu kt lun v nh hng ca nhit phn ng n tc ca phn ng?
IV.3. nh hng ca b mt cht rn n tc phn ng
49
Hin tng xy ra c 2 ng nghim nh th no?
Vit phng trnh ha hc gii thch cho cc hin tng .
So snh thi gian CaCO
3
ca hai mu phn ng ht.
Nu kt lun nh hng ca din tch b mt cht rn phn ng n tc phn
ng.
1) Trong quy trnh sn xut NH
3
ngi ta s dng nhng yu t no tng tc
phn ng ?
2) Than t ong c nhng l nh lm g?
3) Gii thch vic bo qun thc phm trong t lnh.
4) Khi tng th tch bnh phn ng ln 2 ln, tc phn ng:
2NO + O
2
2NO
2

A. gim 4 ln B. tng 4 ln
C. gim 8 ln D. tng 8 ln
5) ly ha cht lng t l ng ha cht cho vo ng nghim, ngi ta s
dng cch no trong cc cch sau :
A. Dng ng nh git ht ha cht t l ng sang ng nghim.
B. trc tip l ng ha cht cho vo ng nghim.
C. t p ming ng nghim va kht vo ming l ng ha cht, sau dc
ngc l ng ha cht ha cht t t chy sang ng nghim .
D. Dng mung mc cht lng t l sang ng nghim
Th nghim 2. nh hng ca nhit n cn bng ho hc
I. Mc ch th nghim
Nghin cu th nghim chng minh nhit thay i c th lm chuyn dch
cn bng ha hc theo nguyn l L Sa-t-li-.
Rn luyn k nng: lp dng c th nghim theo hnh v, un nng ng nghim,
lm lnh ng nghim, quan st v nhn xt
II. C s l thuyt
50
Hng s cn bng K
c
ca phn ng xc nh ch ph thuc vo nhit , nn
khi nhit bin i, cn bng s chuyn dch sang mt trng thi cn bng mi
ng vi gi tr mi ca hng s cn bng. Th d :
N
2
O
4
(k)
2NO
2
(k) ; H = 58 kJ > 0
(khng mu) (mu nu )
Gi tr 58 kJ l nhit ca phn ng thun, phn ng thu nhit. Phn ng
nghch l phn ng to nhit vi H = 58 kJ < 0.
Khi hn hp kh trn ang trng thi cn bng, nu un nng hn hp kh
mu nu ca hn hp kh m ln, ngha l cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu
thun, chiu ca phn ng thu nhit. Nu lm lnh hn hp kh, mu ca hn hp
kh nht i, ngha l cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu nghch, chiu ca phn ng
to nhit.
Nh vy khi tng nhit , cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu phn ng thu
nhit, ngha l chiu lm gim tc dng ca vic tng nhit v khi gim nhit
, cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu phn ng to nhit, chiu lm gim tc dng
ca vic gim nhit .
DNG C HA CHT
ng nghim c nhnh, gi ng
nghim;
Nt cao su;
ng dn cao su; kha thy tinh;
Chu thy tinh;
NO
2
(kh); (R20/22/25/26/39
S1/2/7/13/18/23/29/36)
Nc
51
Lp mt dng c gm hai ng nghim
c nhnh (a) v (b), c ni vi nhau
bng mt ng nha mm, c kho K m
(hnh 11).
Np y kh NO
2
vo c hai ng (a) v
(b) nhit thng. Nt kn c hai ng,
mu ca hn hp kh trong cn bng c
hai ng (a) v (b) l nh nhau.
ng kho K li ngn khng cho kh hai ng khuch tn vo nhau. Ngm ng
(a) vo nc . Mt lt sau ly ra so snh mu ng (a) vi ng (b).
Cn thn khi iu ch NO
2
v np vo hai ng nghim (a) v (b). Kh NO
2
c
nn cn ch n cnh bo nguy him v gi an ton khi th nghim.
S dng nt cao su va kht vi ming ng nghim v kim tra nt tht cht sau
khi np kh.
Kim tra k kha thy tinh v ng dn cao su sao cho tht kn.
C th thay chu nc bng cch s dng n cn un nh ng (b).
Sau khi ngm ng (a) vo nc mt thi gian ta thy mu ng (a) nh th
no?
Trnh by cn bng ha hc gii thch hin tng trn?
Nu kt lun v nh hng ca nhit n s chuyn dch cn bng ha hc.
1) Nu khi lp dng c m nt cao su b h th xy ra hin tng g?
2) Nu ngm ng (a) vo nc m kha K khng ng th hin tng xy ra
nh th no? Gii thch.
52

Hnh 11. Th nghim nhn bit s chuyn
dch cn bng ca phn ng
2NO
2
(k) N
2
O
4
(k)
3) Thay th vic ngm ng (a) vo nc bng un nng nh ng (b) c g khc
khng? Gii thch
4) Trong sn xut ammoniac, yu t nhit c s dng nh th no
chuyn dch cn bng sang chiu thun?
Bi 3. TNH CHT AXIT BAZ CA MT S CHT CHUN
AXIT BAZ CN BNG TO PHC TRONG DUNG DCH
Th nghim 1. Xc nh pH ca mt s dung dch c cng nng 0,01M
I. Mc ch th nghim
Bit pH ca cc axit mnh, yu; cc baz mnh, yu; cc dung dch mui
khc nhau nh th no?
K nng s dng my o pH
So snh kt qu o pH bng my vi kt qu tnh ton theo l thuyt
thy s khc nhau gia l thuyt v thc nghim.
II. C s l thuyt
1. Cch tnh pH ca dung dch axit mnh mt nc
V d: dung dch HCl nng mol/l l C
a
. Trong dung dch c
HCl + H
2
O Cl
+ H
3
O
+
2H
2
O
OH
+ H
3
O
+
Theo nh lut bo ton proton ta c: [H
3
O
+
] = C
a
+

2
+
3
1

]

Gii phng trnh bc 2 tm [H
3
O
+
] ri tnh pH = lg[H
3
O
+
]
Nu dung dch c C
a
> 3,16 10
7
th c th b qua [H
3
O
+
] do nc in li ra,
nn [H
3
O
+
] = C
a
v pH = lg C
a
2. Cch tnh pH ca dung dch baz mnh mt nc
V d: dung dch NaOH nng mol/l l C
b
. Trong dung dch c
53
NaOH OH
+ Na
+
2H
2
O
OH
+ H
3
O
+
Theo nh lut bo ton proton ta c: [H
3
O
+
] + C
b
=

2
+
3
1

]
3
O
+
] ri tnh pH = lg[H
3
O
+
]
Nu dung dch c C
b
> 3,16 10
7
th c th b qua [OH
] do nc in li ra,
v [OH
] = C
b
v pOH = lg C
b
hay pH = 14 pOH = 14 + lg C
b

3. Cch tnh pH ca dung dch axit yu mt nc
V d: dung dch HA nng mol/l l C
a
. Trong dung dch c
HA + H
2
O
+ H
3
O
+
(1)
2H
2
O
OH
+ H
3
O
+
(2)
Theo nh lut bo ton proton v cc hng s K
a
, K

2
ta c:
[H
3
O
+
]
3
+ K
a
[H
3
O
+
]
2
(K
a
C
a
+ K

2
)[H
3
O
+
] K
a
K

2
= 0
Dng phng php gn ng vi sai s pH 005 trong cc iu kin sau:
* Nu K
a
C
a
> 10
12
v 0,1 <
a
a
C
K
< 100 th b qua (2). Ch xt (1):
HA + H
2
O
+ H
3
O
+
(1)
[ ] C
a
x x x vi 0 < x < C
a
K
a
=
a
x
C x
2
3
O
+
] ri tnh pH
* Nu K
a
C
a
> 10
12
v
a
a
C
K
> 100 th coi C
a
x C
a
v K
a
=
a
x
C
2
[H
3
O
+
] = a a
K C
54
4. Cch tnh pH ca dung dch baz yu mt nc
V d: dung dch NH
3
nng mol/l l C
b
. Trong dung dch c
NH
3
+ H
2
O
OH
+ NH
+
4

(1)
2H
2
O
OH
+ H
3
O
+
(2)
Theo nh lut bo ton proton v cc hng s K
b
, K

2
ta c:
K
b
[H
3
O
+
]
3
+ (K
b
C
b
+ K

2
) [H
3
O
+
]
2
K
b
K

2
[H
3
O
+
] (K

2
)
2
= 0
Dng phng php gn ng:
* Nu K
b
C
b
> 10
12
v 0,1 <
b
b
C
K
< 100 th b qua (2). Ch xt (1):
NH
3
+ H
2
O
OH
+ NH
+
4

(1)
[ ] C
b
x x x vi 0 < x < C
b
K
b
=
b
x
C x
2
Gii phng trnh bc 2 tm [OH
] ri tnh pH
* Nu K
b
C
b
> 10
12
v
b
b
C
K
> 100 th coi C
b
x C
b
v K
b
=
b
x
C
2
[OH
] = b b
K C
5. Cch tnh pH ca dung dch mui
V d: dung dch NH
4
Cl nng mol/l l C
m
. Trong dung dch c
NH
4
Cl NH
+
4
+ Cl

nn [NH
+
4
] = [Cl
] = C
m
Do NH
+
4
l axit lin hp ca baz yu NH
3
nn b thy phn:
NH
+
4
+ H
2
O
NH
3
+ H
3
O
+
vi K
a1
=
+
3 3
+
4
[ ][ ]
[ ]
(3)
Tng t, dung dch NaF l mui ca axit yu v baz mnh nn:
F
+ H
2
O
HF + OH
vi K
a2
=
F
HF
+
3
[ ][ ]
[ ]
(4)
55
* Xt dung dch NH
4
F c: NH
+
4
+ H
2
O
NH
3
+ H
3
O
+

F
+ H
2
O
HF + OH

2H
2
O
OH
+ H
3
O
+
Nu K
a
C
m
ca NH
+
4
>> 10
14
v K
b
C
m
ca F

>> 10
14
th phn ng ch yu
trong dung dch l: NH
+
4
+ F
NH
3
+ HF
[ ] C x C x x x
Ngha l: [NH
+
4
] = [F
] v [NH
3
] = [HF]; thay vo (3) (4) c:
K
a1
K
a2
= [H
3
O
+
]
2
[H
3
O
+
] =
a a
K K
1 2
Trng hp ny pH ca
dung dch khng ph thuc vo nng ca mui
DNG C HA CHT
My o pH;
HCl 0,01M; (R34/37-S26/36/45)

NaOH 0,01M; (R35-S1/2/26/37/ 39/45)
CH
3
COOH 0,01M; (R10/35-S1/2/23/26/
45)
NH
3
0,01M (R10/23/34/50-S1/2/16/36/37 /
39/45)
CH
3
COONa 0,01M; (S22/24/25)
NH
4
Cl 0,01 M.
Chun ha my o pH: y l thao tc cn thit trc khi o pH (hoc hng
tun) hiu chnh cc sai s gy ra do s thay i yu t ha hc ca in
cc lm cho th mng khng lp li gi tr trc khi xy dng ng
chun. Cc dung dch m c pH = 4.01; 7.00 v 10.01 thng c dng. C
th hiu chnh theo phng php hai im hoc 1 im v ty vng gi tr pH
cn o.
56
Dng my o pH nhng vo cc dung dch v ghi li tr s pH ca tng dung
dch.
dung dch trong ng nghim trn gi v khng di chuyn
Nhng my o pH vo cc dung dch vi thi gian nh nhau
Dung dch axit mnh HCl c pH ? . Gii thch.
Dung dch baz mnh NaOH c pH ? . Gii thch.
Dung dch axit yu CH
3
COOH c pH ? . Gii thch.
K
a
(CH
3
COOH) = 1,8 10
5
Dung dch baz yu NH
3
c pH ? . Gii thch.
K
b
(NH
3
) = 1,8 10
5
Dung dch mui CH
3
COONa c pH ? . Gii thch.
Dung dch mui NH
4
Cl c pH ? . Gii thch.
1) p dng l thuyt tnh pH ca tng dung dch. So snh vi kt qu o c
theo thc nghim v gii thch.
2) Axit c trong hm m (Acid Mine Drainage gi tt l AMD) lm cho nc c
pH thp, nh hng n cht lng ngun nc trn th gii. Ni Iron M
pH nc l 3,6. Oxi v nc phn ng vi b mt ca pirit st FeS
2
to thnh
dung dch axit
4FeS
2
+ 15O
2
+ 2H
2
O 4Fe
3+
+ 8SO
4
2-
+ 4H
+
Ti pH = 3,6, nng mol ca ion H
+
c to thnh bi AMD l
A. 10
3,6
M B. 6 10
3
M C. 6 10
3
M D. 3980 M
3) Nc ly t mt qung hm m c pH = 0. Hy tnh lng Ca(OH)
2
cn dng
trung ha mu 1 lt nc trn?
A. 0 g B. 37,0 g C. 74,0 g D. 148 g.
57
4) Tnh axit ca cc dch lng trong c th bin i nh sau:
Dch lng Dch bao t Nc bt Mu Rut non
Tr s pH 1,6 1,8 6,4 6,8 7,35 7,45 9,0
Dung dch no sau y c pH bng vi pH ca dung dch H
2
SO
4
0,1mol.L
-1
A. Dch bao t. B. Nc bt. C. Mu.
D. Rut non.
Th nghim 2. Chun axit baz, dng ch th qu tm, phenolphtalein,
metyl da cam
I. Mc ch th nghim
Nm c nguyn tc ca phng php chun axit baz thng qua
chun dung dch HCl bng dung dch chun NaOH.
Rn luyn k nng s dng buret, pipet, pha dung dch chun, chun
dung dch, xc nh im tng ng, tnh sai s chun
II. C s l thuyt
1. Nguyn tc chung
Chun axit baz, hay cn gi l chun trung ho, l phng php phn
tch chun c s dng rt rng ri xc nh nng cc dung dch axit
v cc dung dch baz. Trong phng php ny ngi ta dng dung dch kim
(NaOH hoc KOH) bit chnh xc nng lm dung dch chun chun
dung dch axit v dng dung dch axit mnh (HCl, H
2
SO
4
, HNO
3
) bit chnh
xc nng chun dung dch baz. Thc cht cc phn ng chun l
phn ng trung ho. Th d, chun dung dch HCl cha bit nng bng
dung dch chun NaOH :
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H
2
O (1)
Chun dung dch CH
3
COOH bng dung dch chun NaOH :
CH
3
COOH + NaOH CH
3
COONa + H
2
O (2)
Chun dung dch NH
3
bng dung dch chun HCl :
NH
3
+ HCl NH
4
Cl (3)
58
Trong qu trnh chun , pH ca dung dch thay i lin tc. Ti im tng
ng, tc l thi im m dung dch chun va trung ho ht dung dch axit
hoc baz cn chun , pH ca dung dch ph thuc vo bn cht ca axit hoc
baz cn chun v nng ca chng. Vi phn ng (1), pH ti im tng
ng l pH ca dung dch NaCl bng 7,0 v khng ph thuc vo nng ca
NaCl. pH ti im tng ng ca phn ng (2) l pH ca dung dch
CH
3
COONa (baz yu), nn pH ln hn 7. pH ti im tng ng ca phn
ng (3) l pH ca dung dch NH
4
Cl (l axit yu), nn pH nh hn 7.
nhn ra im tng ng ca phn ng chun , ngi ta dng cht
ch th gi l cht ch th axit baz hay cht ch th pH. l axit hu c hoc
baz hu c yu c mu sc ca phn t v ca ion khc nhau, nn mu ca cht
ch th ph thuc vo pH ca dung dch. C 3 cht ch th thng c s dng
l: Phenolphtalein, metyl da cam hoc metyl .
* Phenolphtalein l axit 2 nc, trong mi trng axit hoc trung tnh tn ti
dng lacton khng mu, khi phn li proton mi u chuyn thnh anion
cacboxylat khng mu, sau chuyn v ni phn t thnh quinonphenolat c
mu tm;

OH
OH
HO
C
O
CO
Lacton, khng mu
H
2
O
H
2
O +
OH HO
C
COOH
Khng mu
H
+
OH

OH
OH HO
C
COO
OH
H
+
O O
C
COO
OH
H
+
Khng mu Quinonphenolat, mu tm
59
Trong dung dch kim mnh li chuyn sang dng cacbinol khng mu.

OH
O
C
COO
O
Khng mu
* Metyl da cam (heliantin) c tn ha hc l:
Natri paradimetylaminoazo-benzensunfonat

H
3
C
H
3
C
N N N SO
3
Na
Trong mi trng kim v mi trng trung tnh, c mu vng ca anion
H
3
C
H
3
C
N N N SO
3
Trong mi trng axit c mu ca ion lng cc
H
3
C
H
3
C
NH N N SO
3
H
3
C
H
3
C
N N NH SO
3
+
+
* Metyl c tn ha hc l: axit para-dimetylamino-azobenzen-o-cacboxylic

H
3
C
H
3
C
N N N COOH
Bng sau y ghi khong pH i mu ca 3 cht ch th thng c s dng
nhiu trong chun axit- baz.
Tn cht ch
th
Khong pH i
mu
Mu dng axit - dng
baz
Metyl da cam 3,1 4,4 Vng
Metyl 4,2 6,3 Vng
Phenolphtalein 8,3 10,0 Khng mu-
60
Vi mi phn ng chun axit baz ngi ta chn cht ch th no c
khong pH i mu trng hoc rt st vi pH ca im tng ng ca s
chun .
Khi chun trnh nhng sai s ln, ngi ta dng cc dung dch chun
c nng gn vi nng ca dung dch cht cn xc nh.
Th d, gi s phi chun 20,00 ml dung dch HCl 0,100M bng dung dch
chun NaOH. Trong trng hp ny ta khng nn dng dung dch NaOH c nng
ln, th d 1,00M. Trong trng hp ny im tng ng s t c khi
thm vo 20,00
0,100
1,00
= 2,00 (ml) dung dch NaOH 1,00M. Trong trng hp
, nu khi cho d 1 git dung dch chun c th tch 0,05ml th sai s s l
0,05
.100 2,5%
2
. V th, ta nn dng dung dch NaOH 0,100M chun th
khng mc cc sai s ln.
2. Chun dung dch HCl bng dung dch chun NaOH
Trc ht ta hy xt s bin thin pH trong qu trnh chun . Gi s ta chun
Vml dung dch HCl nng C
o
mol/l bng dung dch chun NaOH nng C mol/l.
Phn ng chun :
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H
2
O (1)
Trc im tng ng, khi thm V ml dung dch NaOH vo, nng ion
H
+
c tnh theo cng thc :
o o
o
C V CV
[H ]
V V
+

+
(2)
Ti im tng ng, ta c dung dch NaCl c pH = 7.
Sau im tng ng, tc l khi thm vo lng d dung dch NaOH, th :
o o
o
C V CV
[OH ]
V V
+
(3)
pOH = - lg [OH
-
] ; pH = 14 pOH (4)
61
Th d, p dng cc cng thc trn, khi chun 100 ml dung dch HCl 0,100M
bng dung dch chun NaOH 0,100M, ta tnh c pH trong qu trnh thm dn
dung dch chun NaOH vo v cc kt qu c ghi trong bng sau :
V
NaOH
0 10 50 90 99 99,9 100 100,1 101 110
pH 1 1,1 1,48 2,28 3,30 4,30 7,0 9,70 10,7 11,68
Nh vy, xung quanh im tng ng c mt s thay i pH rt t ngt :
Khi thm 99,9 ml NaOH vo tc l khi chun 99,9% lng axit th pH ca
dung dch bng 4,3. Khi thm vo 100,1 ml NaOH tc l khi chun qu
0,1% th pH ca dung dch bng 9,7 tc l bc nhy pH l 5,4 n v pH. Nu
ta chn cc cht ch th no c khong i mu nm trong khong t 4,3 n 9,7
kt thc chun th sai s khng vt qu 0,1%. Ta thy trong trng hp
ny c th dng c 3 cht ch th metyl da cam, metyl v phenolphtalein lm
cht ch th.
Cch tnh: Nng mol ca dung dch HCl c tnh theo cng thc
NaOH NaOH
HCl
HCl
V .C
C
V
3. Sai s chun :
Sai s chun l t s % gia lng cht chun cho d (+) hoc cho cn
thiu () so vi lng cn thit chun n im tng ng.
q =
w
K C C
h
h C C
+
_

,

(trong : h l [H
+
]; Co l nng baz; C l nng axit)
62
DNG C HA CHT
B th nghim phn tch th tch
(buret, pipet, bnh tam gic)
Gi th nghim
Dung dch HCl; (R34/37-S26/36/45)

Dung dch chun NaOH; (R35-S1/2/26/37 /
39/45)
Cht ch th phenolphtalein hoc metyl da
cam.
1. Cch pha dung dch chun t cht gc, ngi ta cn mt lng xc nh
ph hp cht gc trn cn phn tch c chnh xc 0,0001 hoc 0,00001g, ho
tan nh lng lng cn trong bnh nh mc c dung tch thch hp ri pha
long bng nc ct hoc dung mi thch hp ti vch mc.
Th d: pha dung dch chun NaOH 0,0500 M (M = 40), trc tin cn
tnh khi lng NaOH cn thit pha ch c 250 ml dung dch NaOH nng
0,0500M theo cng thc:
m= 0,250 0,05 40 = 0,50 gam.
Cn 0,50 gam NaOH c tinh khit phn tch trong cc cn trn cn phn
tch, chuyn cht rn qua phu vo bnh nh mc 250,0 ml. Trng cc cn 3 ln
bng nc ct vo bnh nh mc. Thm khong 150ml nc ct na v lc k
cho tan ht sau thm nc ct n vch mc, lc k trn u, ta c dung
dch chun NaOH 0,0500M.
2. Cch chun : Ly dung dch chun NaOH vo buret. Ly dung dch
HCl cn xc nh nng vo bnh tam gic sch (dng pipet). Thm vo
1 - 2 git cht ch th, th d phenolphtalein. Thm t t dung dch chun vo
bnh (va thm va lc trn) n khi dung dch cht ch th chuyn mu t khng
mu sang mu hng th kt thc. c th tch dung dch chun tiu tn.
Tin hnh chun t 2 n 3 ln, ghi cc kt qu v tnh gi tr trung bnh.
63
Pha dung dch chun cn thn
Cc thao tc s dng pipet v buret phi thnh tho, nn s dng trc khi chun
chnh thc (nu kha buret b kt cn nh 1 -2 git glyxerol)
Khi cht ch th nhum mu hng, cn lc k, nu mu hng bin mt th thm
cn thn tng git nh dung dch chun ng thi lc bnh n khi chc chn mu
hng khng bin mt th kt thc.
V d: Tnh chnh xc nng dung dch HCl, bit rng khi chun 50,00
ml dung dch ny phi dng ht 30,00 ml dung dch chun NaOH 0,0500M
lm i mu metyl da cam t sang vng (pT = 4,4); pT l ch s chun ca
cht ch th, php chun thng kt thc ti gi tr pH = pT.
Nng gn ng (thc nghim, C
oTN
) ca HCl:
C
oTN
=
, ,
,
0 0500 30 00
50 00
= 0,0300 M
Sai s chun : q = 10
4,4
, ,
, ,

+

4
0 0500 0 0300
5 00 3 00 10
= 2,1 10
3
Nng chnh xc ca HCl:
C
o
(HCl) = 0,0300 + 0,0300 2,1 10
3
= 0,03006 M
1) Khi chun , s dng buret thng c hin tng qu tay hoc non tay. Sau
khi chun , tnh sai s chun nhn c gi tr q < 0 hoc q > 0; hy cho
bit ngha ca cc gi tr ny trong chun ?
2) nh gi sai s khi chun dung dch NaOH 0,02 M bng HCl 0,1 M, nu
kt thc chun ti pT = 4,0?
3) Chn cht ch th thch hp trong s: metyl da cam, metyl , phenol ,
phenolphtalein xc nh im tng ng ca php chun dung dch
NH
3
0,03 M bng HCl 0,06 M. Bit: K
a
(NH
+
4
= 5,75 10
10
) v phenol
chuyn mu t vng (dng axit) sang (dng baz) khong pH = 6,4 8,0.
64
Th nghim 3. S to thnh phc cht [Cu(NH
3
)
4
]
2+
v s phn hy phc
cht ny bng axit
I. Mc ch th nghim
Nghin cu s to thnh phc cht [Cu(NH
3
)
4
]
2+
v s phn hy phc cht
bi axit
Rn luyn k nng: nh git ha cht lng bng cng t ht v quan st
II. C s l thuyt
Trong dung dch nc Cu
2+
c mu xanh lc. Dung dch c phn ng axit:
Cu
2+
+ H
2
O
CuOH
+
+ H
+
pH ca dung dch Cu
2+
(10
2
M) vo khong 5
Phc cht ca Cu
2+
vi NH
3
:
Cu
2+
+ NH
3

Cu(NH
3
)
2+
lg
1
= 3,49
Cu
2+
+ 2NH
3

Cu(NH
3
)
+ 2
2
lg
2
= 7,33
Cu
2+
+ 3NH
3

Cu(NH
3
)
+ 2
3
lg
3
= 10,06
Cu
2+
+ 4NH
3

Cu(NH
3
)
+ 2
4
lg
4
= 12,03
c mu xanh m, thng dng pht hin ra Cu
2+
khi nng khng qu
b. Tuy vy, cn ch rng bn ca phc cht khng ln nn d b phn hy
di tc dng ca cc axit mnh.
Cu(NH
3
)
+ 2
4
+ 4H
+

Cu
2+
+ 4NH
+
4
lgK = 25
DNG C HA CHT
ng nghim, cp ng nghim
ng ht nh git
.
Dung dch HCl 1M; (R34/37-S26/36/45)
Dung dch NH
3
c; (R10/23/34-
S1/2/16/36/37 /39/45)
Dung dch CuSO
4
2M (R22/36/37/38 S26).
.
65
a) Ly khong 10ml dung dch CuSO
4
2M vo ng nghim, nh t t n d
dung dch NH
3
vo ng nghim . Quan st hin tng xy ra.
b) Thm tip t t dung dch HCl vo ng nghim. Quan st hin tng xy ra.
Khi nh dung dch hay thm dung dch cn ht sc t t tng git, va thc hin
va quan st
Tin hnh t ng nghim trn nn giy trng so snh mu r hn
a) Khi nh dung dch NH
3
vo dung dch CuSO
4
2M c hin tng g? Vit
phng trnh ha hc?
Khi d NH
3
hin tng thay i nh th no? Vit phng trnh ha hc?
b) Khi thm tip dung dch axit HCl, kt ta c xut hin tr li khng? Vit
phng trnh ha hc gii thch?
1) Trong qu trnh TN c s to thnh cc phc Cu(NH
3
)
+ 2
3
, Cu(NH
3
)
+ 2
2
v
Cu(NH
3
)
2+
khng? V sao?
2) Nu tip tc cho d dung dch HCl th hin tng xy ra th no?
3) Thm NaOH d vo dung dch CuSO
4
, thm tip cho n d dung dch
NH
4
NO
3
th c hin tng g xy ra? Vit cc PTHH gii thch.
4) Nu cc bc tin hnh xc nhn s c mt ca cc ion Cu
2+
, Cd
2+
v Ni
2+
trong cng mt dung dch.
66
Th nghim 4. S to thnh kt ta AgCl (t dung dch AgNO
3
v dung dch
HCl). S ha tan kt ta AgCl bng dung dch NH
3
I. Mc ch th nghim
Nghin cu s to thnh kt ta AgCl v s ha tan kt ta bi NH
3
.
Rn luyn k nng: nh git ha cht lng bng ng ht nh git, lc dung dch
v quan st
II. C s l thuyt
* Ion Cl
tc dng c vi ion Ag
+
to thnh kt ta trng AgCl tan t trong
HCl to thnh phc AgCl
2
. Ag
+
+ Cl
AgCl
AgCl + Cl
AgCl
2
lgK = 5
Khi pha long dung dch bng nc th nng ion Cl
gim nn li xut
hin kt ta AgCl (c)
* Kt ta AgCl tan trong dung dch NH
3
do to thnh phc amin Ag(NH
3
)
2
Cl.
AgCl
Ag
+
+ Cl
lgK = 10
Ag
+
+ 2NH
3

Ag(NH
3
)
+
2
lgK = 7,24
AgCl+ 2NH
3

Ag(NH
3
)
+
2
+ Cl
lgK = 2,76
* Khi axit ha dung dch bng HNO
3
th c kt ta AgCl xut hin tr li.
* Kt ta AgCl cn c th tan trong dung dch (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
v hn hp m
(AgNO
3
0,01M; NH
3
0,25M; KNO
3
0,25M hoc HNO
3
)
DNG C HA CHT
ng nghim, cp ng nghim
ng ht nh git
My quay li tm hoc phu lc
Giy lc
.
Dung dch HCl 2M; (R34/37-S26/36/45)
Dung dch NH
3
c; (R10/23/34-
S1/2/16/36/37 /39/45)
Dung dch AgNO
3
2M (R34 S1/2/22/
26/45).
.
67
a) Ly khong 10ml dung dch AgNO
3
2M vo ng nghim, nh t t dung
dch HCl 2M vo ng nghim . Quan st hin tng xy ra.
b) Pha long hn hp bng nc ri li tm hoc lc ly kt ta
b) Thm tip t t dung dch NH
3
vo kt ta. Quan st hin tng xy ra.
Khi nh dung dch hay thm dung dch cn ht sc t t tng git, va thc hin
va quan st
Tin hnh t ng nghim trn nn giy trng so snh mu r hn
a) Khi nh dung dch HCl d vo dung dch AgNO
3
c hin tng g? Vit
phng trnh ha hc?
Khi pha long hn hp hin tng c g khc khng? Vit phng trnh ha
hc?
b) Sau khi lc ly kt ta v thm dung dch NH
3
d vo kt ta, hin tng
thay i th no? Vit phng trnh ha hc gii thch?
1) Hy nu cc k nng c bn khi s dng my quay li tm hoc lc dung dch
qua phu lc?
2) Ly 2 git dung dch NaCl, thm 2 git dung dch AgNO
3
, li tm ly kt ta
chia lm 3 phn. Thm vo mi phn 2 git cc dung dch: NH
3
2M;
(NH
4
)
2
CO
3
2M v hn hp m (AgNO
3
0,01M; NH
3
0,25M; KNO
3
0,25M
hoc HNO
3
). Li tm ly dung dch nc trong, ri thm 2 git dung dch
HNO
3
2M. So snh kt ta thu c trong 3 trng hp trn. Kt lun
3) Ly 1 git dung dch NaCl thm vo 1 git hn hp m ni trn. Quan st
hin tng. Thm tip 1 git HNO
3
. Quan st v gii thch.
68
Bi 4. NGHIN CU TNH CHT HA HC CA ANDEHIT-
XETON, AXIT CACBOXYLIC
Th nghim 1: Phn ng oxi ha fomandehit bng thuc th
I. Mc ch th nghim
Nghin cu cc th nghim oxi ha nhm CH=O bng mt s cht oxi ha
chng minh tnh kh ca cc anehit, qua bit cch phn bit andehit vi
cc dn xut khc ca hidrocacbon.
Bit mt s thuc th ha hc
Rn cc k nng th nghim: Ty ra ng nghim, thm cht lng vo cht lng,
nh cht lng bng ng ht nh git vo cht lng theo thnh ng nghim,
un nng cht lng, quan st.
II. C s l thuyt:
1. Phn ng oxi ha andehit bng thuc th Tollens (phn ng trng bc)
Amoniac to vi ion Ag
+
phc cht tan trong nc. Anehit kh c Ag
+

phc cht thnh Ag kim loi :
AgNO
3
+ 3NH
3
+ H
2
O [Ag(NH
3
)
2
]OH + NH
4
NO
3
(phc cht tan)
RCH=O + 2[Ag(NH
3
)
2
]OH R-COONH
4
+ 2Ag + 3NH
3
+ H
2
O
Phn ng trng bc c dng nhn bit nhm chc andehit v c ng
dng trng gng, trng rut phch.
2. Ngoi thuc th Tollens c th dng mt s thuc th khc nh:
a) Thuc th Fehling: c mu xanh l phc ca Cu
2+
vi ion tactrat to bi hn
hp 2 dung dch ng (II) sunfat v dung dch kim ca mui seignett (mui
kali natri tartrat:
NaOOC CH CH COOK
| |
OH OH
.4H
2
O hay C
4
H
4
O
6
NaK.4H
2
O).
Trong phn ng, Cu
2+
oxi ha nhm CH=O thnh COONa; COOK, ng thi
69
b kh thnh Cu
+
(to kt ta gch Cu
2
O). Thuc th fehling dng nhn
bit cc hp cht c nhm chc andehit.
2KNa[Cu(C
4
H
4
O
6
)
2
] + OH
+ RCHO + H
2
O
Cu
2
O+ RCOO
+ 2H
2
C
4
H
4
O
6
+ 2KNaC
4
H
4
O
6
b) Thuc th Benedict: c mu xanh l phc ca Cu
2+
vi ion xitrat to bi hn
hp 2 dung dch ng (II) sunfat v dung dch kim ca mui xitrat
COOH
|
HOOC
2
CH C
2
CH COOH
|
OH
. Trong phn ng, Cu
2+
oxi ha nhm CH=O
thnh COONa; COOK, ng thi b kh thnh Cu
+
(to kt ta gch
Cu
2
O). Thuc th benedict dng nhn bit andehit v cc ng kh.
Trong y hc, thuc th benedict cn dng kim tra lng ng gluoz
trong mu (nhm xc nh mc ca bnh tiu ng)
DNG C HA CHT
ng nghim, kp g
ng ht nh git
n cn,
Cc thy tinh 100 ml
Ni cch thy
....
Dung dch NaOH 10%; (R35-S1/2/26/37 /
39/45)
Dung dch NH
3
c; (R10/23/34-
S1/2/16/36/37 /39/45)
Dung dch AgNO
3
2M (R34 S1/2/22/
26/45).
Dung dch HCHO 40% (R10/35-S1/2/23/
26/45)
Thuc th fehling, thuc th benedict...
IV.1. Vi thuc th Tollens
Ra sch ng nghim bng cch cho vo ng nghim 2ml dung dch NaOH
10% un si, b dung dch kim v trng ra vi ln bng nc sch.
70
Cho vo ng nghim sch 1ml dung dch AgNO
3
3%, cho tip 1ml dung
dch NaOH 10%, xut hin kt ta, cho tip dung dch NH
3
5% vo hn hp phn
ng cho ti khi kt ta mi to thnh tan ht. Tip tc cho vo hn hp phn ng
mt vi git kim NaOH 10%. Rt khong 1ml dung dch fomanlin 40% vo hn
hp phn ng. Ch rt nh theo thnh ng nghim. un nh hn hp vi pht
trn n cn

(khng cho hn hp phn ng si), duy tr nhit 35
o
C trong
thi gian 2,0 - 3,0 pht. Quan st th nghim.
IV.2. Vi thuc th Fehling:
Cch p ha thuc th Fehling: ha tan 0,4 gam CuSO
4
.5H
2
O trong 10ml
nc ct (nu dung dch c th cn lc) c dung dch A. Ha tan 0,2 gam
C
4
H
4
O
6
NaK.4H
2
O v 1,5 gam NaOH trong 10ml nc ct c dung dch B.
Thuc th Fehling (ch pha ngay trc khi s dng hn ch s to thnh kt
ta Cu(OH)
2
): trn 1 th tch dung dch A v 1 th tch dung dch B, lc u,
thu c dung dch thuc th Fehling trong, xanh bic.
S dng thuc th Fehling lm th nghim tng t thuc th Tollens.
IV.3. Vi thuc th Benedict:
Cch p ha thuc th Benedict: ha tan 17,3g natri citrat trong 70ml nc
ct un si, thm 10g Na
2
CO
3
khan, lm lnh, thm t t 10ml dung dch CuSO
4
17,3%, thm nc n 100ml, dung dch benedict c mu xanh dng.
S dng thuc th benedict lm th nghim tng t thuc th Tollens.
Nu ng nghim khng c ra tht sch th kt ta Ag sinh ra nhanh,
khng to ra gng m to mt mng en. Khi un nng hn hp phn ng khng
nn lc ng nghim m yn cho lp Ag to ra t t mi thu c gng p.
Th nghim xong, ra ng nghim bng dung dch HNO
3
long, cc cht
vo cc thu hi sn phm.
C th thay vic un nng nh hn hp bng cch t ng nghim vo ni
cch thy ang si hoc ngm ng nghim trong cc nc si.
Cn cho d kim do phn ng oxi ha andehit xy ra trong mi trng
kim
71
72
Cho dung dch NaOH vo ng nghim ng AgNO
3
thy c hin tng g?
Thm tip dung dch NH
3
hin tng c g khc khng? Vit phng trnh ha
hc.
Thm formalin vo hn hp c thay i g cha?
Khi un nng nh hin tng xy ra nh th no? Vit phng trnh ha hc
gii thch.
Khi s dng thuc th Fehling v benedict lm th nghim tng t thuc th
Tollens th hin tng xy ra nh th no? Vit cc phng trnh ha hc.
1) Mun cho phn ng trng bc thu c kt qu tt cn phi lm th no?
2) Trng hp khng c n cn un nng th lm th no phn ng trng
bc xy ra?
3) i khi kt thc th nghim phn ng trng bc, trong ng nghim xut hin
mu en, hy gii thch hin tng ny?
4) i khi th nghim phn ng trng bc khng thnh cng, hy cho bit nguyn
nhn?
5) M t thao tc khi un nng nh ng nghim phn ng xy ra nhanh hn.
6) ly ha cht lng t l ng ha cht cho vo ng nghim, ngi ta s
dng cch no trong cc cch sau :
A. Dng ng nh git ht ha cht t l ng sang ng nghim.
B. trc tip l ng ha cht cho vo ng nghim.
C. t p ming ng nghim va kht vo ming l ng ha cht, sau
dc ngc l ng ha cht ha cht t t chy sang ng nghim .
D. Dng mung mc cht lng t l sang ng nghim
73
Th nghim 2: Tnh cht ha hc c trng ca axeton
I. Mc ch th nghim
Nghin cu th nghim phn ng iodofom ca axeton v phn ng gia axeton
vi 2,4- initrophenylhirazin, chng minh kh nng phn ng th nguyn t
O trong nhm C=O bng nguyn t N (phn ng ngng t) v kh nng th
nguyn t H trong gc hirocacbon ca xeton.
Bit cch nhn ra nhm >C=O v nhm CHOHCH
3
bng cc phn ng c
trng.
Rn cc k nng th nghim: nh cht lng bng ng ht nh git vo cht lng
theo thnh ng nghim, un nng cht lng, quan st.
II. C s l thuyt
1. Trong phn t xeton
R
2
CH C
3
CH
||
O
, nguyn t H
ca gc hidrocacbon
c hot ha bi nhm >C=O tr nn linh ng hn d b thay th, ng thi
hp cht >C=O c kh nng chuyn thnh dng enol theo mt cn bng:

|
C C
| ||
O

C =C OH
| |
(dng xeton) (dng enol)
Khi , nguyn t hiro v tr i vi nhm >C=O trong phn t xeton
(anehit cng vy) d b th bi clo, brom hoc iot. Th d :

3
CH C
3
CH
||
O
+ X
2

H
hoc OH
+

3
CH C
2
CH X
||
O
+ HX
(X l Cl, Br, I)
Trong trng hp dng d halogen v thc hin phn ng trong mi trng
kim:
3
CH C R
||
O

3
CX C R
||
O
(R : hiro, ankyl, aryl...)
74
dn xut
3
CX C R
||
O
b kim phn ct ngay thnh CHX
3
(halofom) v RCOONa.
Th d : cho iot v NaOH tc dng vi axeton :
3
CH C
3
CH
||
O
+ I
2
+ 3NaOH

3
CH C
3
CI
||
O
+ 3NaI + 3H
2
O
3
CH C
3
CI
||
O
+ 3NaOH
CHI
3
(mu vng) + CH
3
COONa
Phn ng ny c gi l phn ng ioofom dng nhn bit nhm CH
3
CO-
trong phn t xeton hoc anehit hoc nhm CH
3
-CHOH- trong phn t
ancol (v trong iu kin ca phn ng ioofom, nhm CH
3
-CHOH- b oxi
ha thnh CH
3
-CO-). Ngoi ra phn ng ny cn c dng iu ch
CHI
3
, CHBr
3
v CHCl
3
t axeton hoc t etanol.
2. Hp cht xeton khng ch c phn ng th nguyn t H gc hirocacbon m
cn phn ng th nguyn t O trong nhm >C=O bng nguyn t N to nn
lin kt cacbon nit (phn ng ngng t vi dn xut ca amoniac RNH
2
)
R C =O
|
R
+ H
2
N-R'

R C =N R'
|
R
+ H
2
O
S phn ng:
+
>C=O
+ H
2
N Y
cng

1
1
1
1
]
OH
\ /
C
/ \
NHY

H O
tch
2
>C = N Y
Th d:
C ch phn ng gia 2,4 - dinitrophenylhydrazine v aldehyt hoc xeton
c biu din di y:
75

Phn ng to thnh phenylhirazon, c bit l 2,4initro phenylhirazin
c dng nhn ra xeton (v anehit) v 2,4-initro phenylhirazon l nhng
cht c mu hoc da cam (nu l xeton thm), c mu vng (nu l xeton
khng thm) v rt t tan trong cc dung mi thng thng.
DNG C HA CHT
ng nghim, kp g
ng ht nh git
n cn hoc cc nc nng
....
Dung dch NaOH 10%; (R35-S1/2/26/37 /
39/45)
Axeton; (R11 S9/16/23/33)
Iot (tinh th) (R21/30/35/-S/29/35/41)
2,4-initro phenylhyrazine
(DNPH)
(R 1-11-22, S 35)
....
76
IV.1. Phn ng iodofom ca axeton
Cho vo ng nghim sch 10 ml axeton, th vo ng nghim 2,0 gam
Iot, lc u cho ti khi Iot bt u tan trong axeton. Sau thm t t tng
git dung dch 10% NaOH v tip tc lc ng nghim trn ln
cc cht, ri gi ng nghim nhit phng 20 pht.
Nu vn khng c g xy ra, lm nng ng nghim nh cc
th nghim ng nc nng, duy tr nhit 35
o
C trong thi
gian 5 pht. Quan st hin tng.
IV.2. Phn ng ca axeton vi 2,4- initro phenylhirazine (DNPH)
iu ch thuc th 2,4-initrophenylhyrazin bng cch ho tan 3,0 gam
2,4-initro phenylhyrazin vo 15 ml axit sunfuric c v thm vo dung dch
ny 20 ml nc vi 70 ml etanol 95%, trong iu kin khuy trn tt hn hp.
Ho tan 100 mg axeton trong 2 ml etanol 95%, ri 2 ml thuc th 2,4-
initro phenylhyrazin vo dung dch ny. Lc mnh hn hp.
Cn s dng ng th t cc ha cht phn ng
Trong c hai th nghim phi lc u tay v duy tr nhit cn thit

Nu kt ta khng xut hin ngay, th yn dung dch 15 pht
IV.1. Phn ng iodofom ca axeton
+ Iot tan dn trong axeton lm dung dch c mu g?
+ Sau khi thm dung dch NaOH, phn ng bt u xy ra nhanh hn, khi mu
sc dung dch thay i cha? Vit phng trnh ha hc.
77
+ Khi lm nng hn hp, hin tng xy ra nh th no? Vit phng trnh
ha hc gii thch?
+ Nu kt lun v ng dng ca phn ng ny?
IV.2. Phn ng ca axeton vi 2,4- initro phenylhirazine (DNPH)
+ Thuc th iu ch c c mu g?
+ Sau khi trn vi dung dch axeton trong etanol, phn ng bt u xy ra,
Vit
phng trnh ha hc ca phn ng?
+ Sau 15 pht, gi yn hn hp, hin tng xy ra nh th no?
+ Nu kt lun v vic s dng DNPH?
1) Cho 4 cht : axeton ; axetanehit, propionanehit v ancol isopropylic.
Hy phn bit cc cht bng phng php ha hc.
2) Nu cho cc cht lng HCOOH, CH
3
COOH, CH
3
CH
2
CHO, CH
3
COCH
3
v
CH
2
=CHCOOH, lm th no phn bit chng bng phng php ha hc ?
3) Trong 5 l khng nhn cha ring r 5 hp cht thm l: C
6
H
5
COCH
2
CH
3
;
C
6
H
5
COOH; C
6
H
5
COCH
3
; C
6
H
5
CHOHCH
3
; C
6
H
5
CH=O. Da vo cc kt qu
th nghim sau cho bit k hiu ca mi cht:
Cho vo mi cht mt git hn hp kali bicromat + axit sunfuric v lc u, sau
vi pht thy mu ca A v C bin i t da cam thnh xanh lc;
Cho vo mi cht mt t dung dch NaOH long th ch ring B tan c;
Khi cho tc dng vi iot trong dung dch kim A v E to ra kt ta vng;
Lc vi
2,4-initrophenylhyrazin thy C, D, E u phn ng to kt ta mu
da cam.
4)
2,4-initrophenylhyrazin thng mi thng l bt t c iu ch bi
phn ng ca hirazin sunfat (N
2
H
4
.H
2
SO
4
) vi 2,4 initroclorobenzen trong
dung mi CH
3
COOK. Hy vit phng trnh ha hc ca phn ng ny
78
Th nghim 3: Phn ng este ha
I. Mc ch th nghim
Nghin cu th nghim phn ng ha este gia axit axetic vi ancol etylic
chng minh phn ng hu c thng xy ra rt chm iu kin thng v l
phn ng thun nghch.
Bit cch s dng cc bin php dch chuyn cn bng ca phn ng v lm
tng hiu sut phn ng
II. C s l thuyt:
Phn ng ca ancol vi axit cacboxylic, c axit v c mnh lm xc tc
(thng l H
2
SO
4
m c) thu c este c gi l phn ng este ha
3
||
CH C OH
+
2 5
H OC H

3 2 5
||
CH C O C H
+
2
H O
Axit axetic Ancol etylic Etyl axetat Nc
Phn ng este ha l rt chm iu kin thng v l phn ng thun
nghch.
Nu ta trn mt mol CH
3
COOH vi mt mol C
2
H
5
OH th dn dn s sinh ra
CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
v H
2
O, ng thi lng CH
3
COOH v C
2
H
5
OH s gim i. Sau
mt thi gian di (khong mt nm nhit phng) hn hp c thnh phn
khng i, gm 1/3 mol axit axetic, 1/3 mol ancol etylic, 2/3 mol este v 2/3 mol
nc. Ta gi l trng thi cn bng ha hc. Hng s cn bng K
cb
ca phn
ng c tnh nh sau :
3 2 5 2
cb
3 2 5
[CH COOC H ][H O] 2/3.2/3
K 4
[CH COOH][C H OH] 1/3.1/3

Mun cho phn ng mau t ti trng thi cn bng, tc l tng tc
phn ng, ngi ta dng cht xc tc axit (H
2
SO
4
, HCl khan v.v...) v un
nng. Mun chuyn dch cn bng v pha to ra este ta c th tng nng ca
79
O
O
mt trong hai cht u (ancol hoc axit cacboxylic) v chng ct dn este ra khi
mi trng phn ng.
C ch ca phn ng este ha gm hai giai on c bn l cng nucleophin
ancol vo nhm cacboxyl c hot ng ha bng H
+
v tch nc t sn
phm cng c este dng proton ha ; dng ny b tch proton s cho este.
Th d :
nng cao hiu sut phn ng (cn bng dch chuyn theo chiu thun, to
thnh este) c th ly d mt trong hai cht tham gia phn ng hoc lm gim
nng cc cht sn phm. Axit H
2
SO
4
m c va lm xc tc, va c tc
dng ht nc, do gp phn lm tng hiu sut este.
DNG C HA CHT
ng nghim, gi ng nghim,
Nt cao su c l cm dn kh
hnh thc th
n cn.
Cc thy tinh 100 ml
Bng, bt...
CH
3
COOH 20%; (R36/37/38-S23/26/ 45)
Etanol; (R11-S7/16)
H
2
SO
4
c 96%; (R21/22/27/34/35/41/-
S1/2/5/7/18/23/25/27/29)
....
Rt vo ng nghim 2,5 ml C
2
H
5
OH 96
0
, rt tip vo 2,5ml axit axetic, cho
thm vo hn hp phn ng 1ml H
2
SO
4
m c, lc nh hn hp phn ng cho
80
cc cht trn u vo nhau; thm vo hn hp phn ng vi vin bt. y ng
nghim bng nt cao su c cm ng dn kh hnh thc th, a u ng dn kh
vo ng nghim c cha sn ng nghim nc lnh, u ng dn kh gn st
ti y ca ng nghim ng nc, ton b ng nghim ny c ngm trong
cc ng nc .
un nng ton b hn hp phn ng. Ch un ui t y ng nghim ln
pha ming ng nghim este sinh ra bay sang ng nghim thu sn phm c
nhng trong cc nc lnh; este thu c c mi thm c trng.
Khi ngng th nghim, tho nt ng dn kh, tt n cn, b ng dn kh
khi ng thu sn phm.
Th sn phm bng cch: Ly ngn tay ci bt ming ng nghim cha
etylaxetat, dc ngc ng, etylaxetat tip xc vi ngn tay khong pht, h
m ngn tay nc phun ra thnh tia.
CH
3
COOH + C
2
H
5
OH
+ o
t H ,
CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
+ H
2
O
Sn phm thu c l etylaxetat l cht lng, d bay hi, c mi thm c trng.
Este etylaxetat sinh ra bay sang ng nghim thu sn phm c nhng trong
cc nc lnh, este chuyn sang dng lng khng tan trong nc. Cht lng thu
c gm nc ( pha di) v etylaxetat khng tan, nh hn nc ( pha trn)
c mi thm c.
1) Hy cho bit vai tr ca H
2
SO
4
m c trong qu trnh th nghim. Mun to
ra nhiu sn phm este cn phi ch nhng vn g?
2) Cho C
6
H
5
-CO-Z (Z = OH, Cl, OOC
6
H
5
) tc dng vi C
2
H
5
OH.
a- Vit cc phng trnh phn ng.
b- Phn ng no xy ra nhanh nht ? Ti sao ?
c- Phn ng no xy ra chm nht ? Nu iu kin phn ng v c ch ca
phn ng .
81
3) Hy nu cch phn bit cc dung dch axit axetic, anehit axetic v etanol
cha trong ba l khng dn nhn.
82
Th nghim 4: Phn ng iu ch CH
3
COOH t CH
3
COONa
I. Mc ch th nghim
Nghin cu th nghim phn ng gia axit sunfuric m c vi Natri axetat
iu ch axit axetic, chng minh axit axetic l mt axit yu.
Rn cc k nng th nghim: Lp dng c theo b trn gi th nghim, thm cht
lng vo cht rn, m kha phu cho cht lng chy xung bnh cu, un
nng cht lng, x l cht thi, quan st.
II. C s l thuyt
Trong dung dch nc, axit cacboxylic phn li theo mt cn bng :
( ) ( )
3 2 3 3
CH COOH +H O CH COO H O
+
+
K
a
=
[ ]
RC H O
RCOOH
+
1 1

] ]
3
l hng s ion ha ca axit.
K
a
cng ln, hoc pK
a
= -lgK
a
cng nh, lc axit cng mnh.
Tuy nhin, axit cacboxylic ni chung ch l nhng axit yu (K
a
= 1,8 10
5
); cho
nn cc axit mnh nh H
2
SO
4
, HCl... c th y chng ra khi mui tng ng.
Th d :
un nng
3 2 4 3 2 4
2CH COONa H SO 2CH COOH Na SO + +
Phn ng ny dng nhn ra mui axetat kim loi v iu ch axit axetic
trong phng th nghim.
DNG C HA CHT
Bnh cu c nhnh, gi ng
nghim,
Bnh tam gic 100 ml
Phu brom (phu hnh qu l)
Nt cao su c l cm dn kh
hnh thc th
n cn.
Cc thy tinh 100 ml
Bng
Phu thy tinh nh ....
CH
3
COONa khan; (S22/24/25)
H
2
SO
4
c 96%; (R21/22/27/34/35/41/-
S1/2/5/7/18/23/25/27/29/)
NaOH 0,01M; (R35-S1/2/26/37/ 39/45)
Nc
...
83
M kha phu brom cho axit H
2
SO
4
m c nh t t xung bnh cu c
nhnh ng khong 3 gam CH
3
COONa khan, un nh. ng dn kh cm vo
bnh tam gic c ng nc thu CH
3
COOH. Ly ming bng tm dung dch
NaOH long y trn ming bnh tam gic.
Th kh xem y bnh cha bng cch mu giy qu tm m ming
bnh tam gic nu qu chuyn mu chng t dung dch axit axetic bo ha.
Nhc ng dn kh ra, y np bnh tam gic li ng thi cm tip vo bnh
thu axit axetic tip theo.
Khi ngng un, tho ng dn kh ra, lp phu thy tinh nh chm vo bng
c tm dung dch NaOH long trong cc kh axit axetic d.
Ch H
2
SO
4
m c, CH
3
COONa phi kh, h thng th nghim phi kn.
Sn phm l hi axit nn phi tun th nghim ngt quy tc an ton
Khi m kha phu brom cho axit H
2
SO
4
m c nh t t xung bnh cu
c nhnh ng CH
3
COONa khan, un nh th c hin tng g? Vit phng
trnh ha hc ca phn ng
Quan st bnh tam gic c nc v ming bng y trn ming bnh thy c
hin tng g? Gii thch.
1) V sao phi y ming bng tm dung dch NaOH trn ming bnh tam gic?
2) Khi ngng un c nn tho ngay ng dn kh ra khi nhnh ca bnh cu khng?
3) Hy ngh mt thc nghim khc chng t axit axetic l axit yu.
4) Trong th nghim trn ti sao li dng H
2
SO
4
m c, c th dng axit khc
c khng?
84
Bi 5. TNH CHT CA MT S CHT HU C
Th nghim 1: Xc nh ch s axit ca cht bo
I. Mc ch th nghim
Nghin cu th nghim phn ng gia cht bo vi dung dch NaOH, xc nh
lng NaOH trung ha 1,0 gam cht bo suy ra ch s axit ca cht bo.
Rn cc k nng th nghim: Cn, s dng pipet, nh git cht lng vo cht
lng, quan st, ghi chp, tnh ton.
II. C s l thuyt
Trong cc cht bo thng c cha mt lng axit t do. nh gi lng
axit bo t do c trong cht bo ngi ta dng ch s axit. Ch s axit l s
miligam KOH trung ha axit bo t do c trong 1 gam cht bo. Trong cc th
nghim, thng dng NaOH trung ha axit, t lng NaOH s xc nh c
ch s axit.
DNG C HA CHT
Bnh tam gic 250 ml
Cn in t hin s.
Pipet my
Cht bo lng;
NaOH 30%; (R35-S1/2/26/37/ 39/45)
Cht ch th phenolphtalein
Cn 2,0 gam cht bo lng cho vo bnh tam gic c cha sn mt vi git
phenolphtalein. Dng pipet my nh tng git dung dch NaOH 30% vo bnh
tam gic. Va nh dung dch va lc hn hp phn ng n khi hn hp phn
ng bt u xut hin mu hng th dng li. Xc nh th tch dung dch NaOH
30%.
Nh dung dch NaOH tng git v lc km theo di mu ca cht ch th
Ch khi c th tch dung dch NaOH.
85
Khi cho NaOH vo cht bo lng, NaOH s phn ng vi axit t do
NaOH + RCOOH RCOONa + H
2
O
Khi ht axit, mt git NaOH d s lm dung dch c cha phenolphthalein
chuyn mu hng.
Khi hn hp phn ng bt u xut hin mu hng th dng li. Xc nh th
tch dung dch NaOH 30%. Tnh s mol NaOH, s mol KOH v da vo khi
nim ch s axit tnh ton xc nh ch s axit.
1) Cht bo c cc loi ch s: axit, x phng ha, este, iot, peroxitHy gii
thch mi loi ch s ny?
2) C mt cht bo gi s thuc loi triolein.
a) Xc nh ch s x phng ha v ch s iot ca cht bo
b) Tnh khi lng cht bo cn iu ch 5,880 kg glixerol, nu hiu sut
t 85%.
c) Tnh khi lng tristearin sn xut c t 1 tn cht bo , bit hiu
sut l 80%.
3) x phng ha 10 kg cht bo c ch s axit bng 7 ngi ta un n vi
dung dch cha 1,420 kg NaOH. Sau phn ng, trung ha hn hp cn
dng 0,5 lt HCl 1M. Tnh khi lng x phng thu c, gi s hiu sut l
100%.
Th nghim 2: Phn ng ca glucoz vi thuc th Tolen, Felinh, Benedict
v nc brom
I. Mc ch th nghim
Nghin cu th nghim phn ng gia glucoz vi thuc th tollens, thuc th
Fehling, thuc th Benedict v nc brom.
Bit cch nhn ra glucoz v phn bit glucoz vi fructoz v cc cacbohidrat
khc
86
II. C s l thuyt
V trong phn t glucoz c cha nhm chc CHO nn c kh nng phn
ng vi thuc th Tollens, Fehling v Benedict (ging nh andehit)
Phn ng oxi ha glucoz bng thuc th Tollens (AgNO
3
trong dung dch
NH
3
) hoc Fehling (phc cht ca Cu
2+
vi mui Natri kali tactrat trong dung
dch NaOH
NaOOC CH CH COOK
| |
OH OH
) v Benedict (phc ca Cu
2+
vi ion
xitrat to bi hn hp 2 dung dch ng (II) sunfat v dung dch kim ca mui
xitrat
COOH
|
HOOC
2
CH C
2
CH COOH
|
OH
) xy ra trong mi trng kim nn khng
phn bit c glucoz v fructoz (trong mi trng kim fructoz chuyn
thnh glucoz: Fructoz
Glucoz).
(Xem thm Bi 4 th nghim 1 trang 68)
phn bit glucoz v fructoz phi dng dung dch brom:
CH
2
OH(CHOH)
4
CHO + Br
2
+ H
2
O CH
2
OH(CHOH)
4
COOH + 2HBr
DNG C HA CHT
ng nghim, kp g
ng ht nh git
n cn,
Cc thy tinh 100 ml
...
Dung dch NaOH 10%; (R35-S1/2/26/37 /
39/45)
Dung dch NH
3
c; (R10/23/34-
S1/2/16/36/37 /39/45)
Dung dch AgNO
3
2M (R34 S1/2/ 26/45).
Dung dch glucoz 1% (R10/35-S1/2/23/ 26/
45)
87
Dung dch nc brom 2M
(R21/22/27/34/35 -S18/23/25/27/29/)
Dung dch bo ha CuSO
4
(R22/36/37/38 S26)
Bt Na
2
CO
3
, Bt natri citrat
HOOCCH
2
C(OH)(COOH)CH
2
COONa
Bt C
4
H
4
O
6
NaK.4H
2
O
Nc ct ....
IV.1. Nhn bit glucoz bng thuc th Tollens
Ra sch ng nghim bng cch cho vo ng nghim 2ml dung dch NaOH
10% un si, b dung dch kim v trng ra vi ln bng nc sch.
Cho 1ml dung dch AgNO
3
3% vo ng nghim sch s 1, cho tip 1ml dung
dch NaOH 10%, kt ta xut hin, cho tip dung dch NH
3
5% vo hn hp phn
ng cho ti khi kt ta mi to thnh tan ht. Tip tc cho vo hn hp phn ng
mt vi git kim NaOH 10%. Rt thm 2ml dung dch glucoz 1% vo hn hp
phn ng. Ch rt nh theo thnh ng nghim. un nng hn hp vi pht
trong ni nc nng 60
o
C - 70
o
C

(khng cho hn hp phn ng si). Quan st
th nghim.
IV.2. Nhn bit glucoz bng thuc th Fehling hoc thuc th Benedict
Pha thuc th Fehling v thuc th Benedict nh hng dn Bi 4 th
nghim 1 trang 69.
Cho 2ml dung dch glucoz 1% vo ng nghim, thm tip 1ml thuc th
Fehling (hoc thuc th Benedict). Lc u ng nghim, un n khi bt u
si, quan st hin tng.
Ch : Phn ng vi thuc th Benedict rt c trng v nhy vi ng
kh hn phn ng vi thuc th Fehling
IV.3. Nhn bit glucoz bng dung dch nc brom
Rt 2ml dung dch brom vo ng nghim sch s 3, thm tip vi git dung
dch glucoz 1%, lc mnh ng nghim. Quan st hin tng.
88
Nu ng nghim khng c ra tht sch th kt ta Ag sinh ra nhanh,
khng to ra gng m to mt mng en. Khi un nng hn hp phn ng
khng nn lc ng nghim m yn cho lp Ag to ra t t mi thu c gng
p.
Phn ng vi thuc th Benedict rt nhy, ch cn s dng glucose 0,1%
l to kt ta Cu
2
O gch, tuy nhin kt ta ln vi dung dch mu xanh
dng nn dung dch chuyn sang mu xanh m.
+ Nu s dng glucose 1% th lng kt ta sinh ra ln, s nhn thy r
kt ta Cu
2
O (ln vi mu xanh ca dung dch nn khng thy mu gch m
chuyn sang nu, gn nh en).
Th nghim xong, ra ng nghim bng dung dch HNO
3
long, cc cht
vo cc thu hi sn phm.
VI.1. Nhn bit glucoz bng thuc th Tollens
+ ng nghim xut hin kt ta? Mu kt ta l mu g?
+ Theo l thuyt th mu kt ta l mu g? Ti sao thc t mu kt ta li khc?
Gii thch kt qu thu c v vit phng trnh ha hc.
Kt lun rt ra l g?
VI.2. Nhn bit glucoz bng thuc th Fehling hoc thuc th Benedict
+ Dung dch chuyn mu nh th no? Nu s dng glucose 1% th c th thy
kt ta mu g?
Kt lun rt ra l g?
VI.3. Nhn bit glucoz bng dung dch nc brom
+ Dung dch brom chuyn mu nh th no?
Nu kt lun v ng dng ca thuc th ny?
89
1) Phn ng nhn ra cc nhm hydroxyl v nhm cacbonyl trong phn t glucoz
u dng Cu(OH)
2
. Hy phn bit iu kin phn ng
2) Bng phn ng ho hc hy phn bit cc cht trong mi dy sau :
a) Glucoz ; fomanehit.
b) Glucoz ; fomanehit ; glixerol ;
c) Glucoz ; fructoz ; axetanehit.
d) Glucoz ; axetanehit ; glixerol ; etanol.
3) Cho mt thuc th duy nht l X ; vi thuc th c th phn bit c
cc dung dch trong mi trng hp sau :
a) Saccaroz v glucoz ;
b) Saccaroz v mantoz ;
c) Saccaroz, mantoz v axetanehit.
X l cht g ? Cch phn bit cc dung dch nu trn nh th no ?
Th nghim 3: S thy phn ca tinh bt
I. Mc ch th nghim
Nghin cu th nghim phn ng thy phn tinh bt, th phn ng kt thc bng
thuc th dung dch I
2
v th sn phm thy phn vi thuc th tollens, thuc
th Fehling, suy ra thnh phn cu to nn tinh bt.
Bit cch nhn ra tinh bt bng Iot v phn bit glucoz vi tinh bt.
II. C s l thuyt
Tinh bt c phn t khi rt ln. Khi em thu phn n cng, tinh bt cho
ta glucoz. Vy c th coi tinh bt l polime do nhiu mt xch glucoz lin kt
90
vi nhau v c cng thc (C
6
H
10
O
5
)
n
, n = t 1000 n 6000. Thc cht tinh bt l
mt hn hp ca hai loi polisaccarit l amiloz v amilopectin.
Amiloz l polime c mch khng phn nhnh, Trong phn t amiloz cc
mt xch -glucoz ni vi nhau bng lin kt -1,4-glicozit tc l lin kt C
1
ca mt xch ny vi oxi C
4
ca mt xch khc tng t nh phn t mantoz
Phn t amilopectin cng do cc mt xch -glucoz ni vi nhau ch yu
bng lin kt -1,4 glicozit. Song amilopectin c mch nhnh, ch phn
nhnh c thm lin kt -1,6-glicozit ni lin nguyn t C
1
u ca on
mch ny vi nguyn t oxi C
6
ca mt mt xch pha trong ca on mch
khc :
Dung dch h tinh bt khng c phn ng trng bc. Khi un nng dung
dch h tinh bt trong mi trng axit, h tinh bt b thy phn hon ton cho
glucoz
(C
6
H
10
O
5
)
n
+ nH
2
O n C
6
H
12
O
6
CH
2
OH(CHOH)
4
CHO + 2[Ag(NH
3
)
2
]OH
CH
2
OH(CHOH)
4
CONH
4
+ 2Ag+ 3NH
3
+ H
2
O
91
DNG C HA CHT
ng nghim, kp g
ng ht nh git
n cn,
Cc thy tinh 100 ml
Dung dch NaOH 10%; (R35-S1/2/26/37 /
39/45)
Dung dch NH
3
c; (R10/23/34-
S1/2/16/36/37/39/45)
Dung dch AgNO
3
2M (R34 S1/2/ 26/45).
Dung dch h tinh bt
Iot (tinh th) (R21/30/35/-S/29/35/41)
Etanol (R11- S 7/16)
Dung dch bo ha CuSO
4

(R22/36/37/38 S26)
Thuc th fehling, Thuc th benedict.
Cch pha ch dung dch h tinh bt: Ly 3 gam tinh bt cho vo cc thy
tinh 200ml, thm tip khong 100ml nc si, khuy u, thu c dung dch h
tinh bt.
Cho vo ng nghim khong 3ml dung dch h tinh bt, thm tip khong
4ml nc v 1ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
(1:5). un si hn hp phn ng t 3-5 pht,
khi un cn dng a thy tinh khuy u hn hp phn ng. Sau khi un
khong 3 pht, ly khong 0,5ml dung dch phn ng cho vo ng nghim khc,
ngui, nh vi git dung dch I
2
(pha trong cn). Nu dung dch chuyn mu
xanh c ngha l h tinh bt cha thy phn ht. Tip tc un hn hp phn ng
cho n khi ly dung dch trong ng nghim ang thy phn, em th vi dung
dch I
2
(pha trong cn) khng c mu xanh. Tinh bt b thy phn ht.
Cch pha ch thuc th Tollens, Fehling, Benedict (xem Bi 4 Th nghim
1 trang 69)
92
hn hp phn ng trong ng nghim ngui, trung ha axit d trong dung
dch h tinh bt n mi trng kim d (th bng qu tm). Chia hn hp phn
ng thnh 2 phn vo 2 ng nghim th sn phm.
ng nghim 1 th phn ng vi thuc th Tollens. Quan st hin tng
ng nghim 2 th phn ng vi thuc th Fehling hoc Benedict. Quan st
hin tng
Mun cho th nghim thnh cng cn phi un si k, khuy u hn hp phn ng.
Phi trung ha axit H
2
SO
4
d trong hn hp phn ng n mi trng kim d.
Tinh bt t tan trong nc lnh, tan tt hn trong nc nng, do cn cho
tinh bt vo nc v un si thu c h tinh bt
un h tinh bt trong mi trng axit thc hin phn ng thy phn,
ngui hn hp phn ng, trung ha axit bng kim d do phn ng vi thuc th
Tollens v Fehling xy ra trong mi trng kim.
ng nghim 1: xut hin kt ta mu trng sng.
ng nghim 2: xut hin kt ta mu gch.
1) Hy gii thch v sao khi nh iot vo h tinh bt th xut hin mu c trng,
nhng khi un nng mu c trng li bin mt?
2) Trong th nghim trn, c cn thit phi th bng iot khng? V sao?
3) Hy xut mt tin trnh th nghim khc xc nh c sn phm thy
phn v phn bit c sn phm thy phn vi cht ban u?
4) Tinh bt ng vt: Glicogen c cu trc gn vi amilopectin; l polime
mch phn nhnh do cc mt xch -glucoz to nn bng cc lin kt -1,4-
v -1,6-glicozit. Phn t glicogen khc vi amilopectin ch no?
5) Nu phng php ha hc phn bit: tinh bt, glicogen, Saccaroz, glucoz
v frutoz?
93
Th nghim 4: Mt s phn ng mu ca amino axit v protein
I. Mc ch th nghim
Nghin cu th nghim v phn ng mu ca aminoaxit v protein, t bit
cch phn bit -aminoaxit vi cc loi aminoaxit khc.
Bit cch phn bit Protein vi ipeptit.
Rn cc k nng th nghim: thm cht lng vo cht lng, nh cht lng bng
ng ht nh git vo cht lng theo thnh ng nghim, lc cht lng trong ng
nghim, un nng cht lng, lm lnh cht lng, quan st.
II. C s l thuyt
1. Cc amino axit u c phn ng vi ninhirin (C
9
H
6
O
4
) cho sn phm c mu
tm xanh (ring prolin cho mu vng). Phn ng ny rt nhy nn c dng
trong phn tch nh tnh v nh lng amino axit.
O
O
OH
OH
+
+ R CH COOH
NH
2
Ninhidrin Amino axit
O
O
N
O
OH
R CH O + CO
2
+ 3H
2
O
Mu tm xanh
2. Nhng Peptit c t hai nhm peptit tr ln v Protein c mt s phn ng mu
c trng:
a) Phn ng biure: tc dng vi CuSO
4
trong dung dch kim to ra phc
cht mu xanh tm (phc to bi Cu
2+
v hai nhm peptit)
b) Phn ng xantoproteic: tc dng vi HNO
3
c s to thnh hp cht mu
vng do phn ng nitro ha vng benzen cc gc amino axit Phe, Tyr
DNG C HA CHT
ng nghim, kp g
ng ht nh git
n cn,
Cc thy tinh 100 ml
Dung dch NaOH 30%; (R35-S1/2/26/37 /39 /
45)
Axit nitric HNO
3
65% (R35 S23/26/36/ 45)
Dung dch protit
94
.... Dung dch CuSO
4
5% (R22/36/37/38 S26)
Ninhyrin 0,5% trong axeton(C
9
H
6
O
4
);
(R11/22/36/37/38 S9/16/26)...
IV.1. Cho vo ng nghim s 1 khong 2ml dung dch Glyxin
(H
2
NCH
2
COOH), thm vo khong mt vi git thuc th Ninhyrin. Quan
st s xut hin ca mu sc.
IV.2. Cho vo ng nghim s 2 khong 2ml dung dch protein (lng trng
trng), thm vo khong 1ml dung dch NaOH 30% v thm tip vi git
CuSO
4
5% (thuc th biure). Lc u hn hp phn ng. Quan st mu sc ca
dung dch v gii thch.
IV.3. Cho vo ng nghim s 3 khong 1ml dung dch protein (lng trng
trng), sau thm vo ng nghim 0,5ml HNO
3
c (d= 1,4g/ml). Lc u hn
hp phn ng. Quan st mu sc ca dung dch v gii thch.
C th iu ch sn Cu(OH)
2
trc lm thuc th,
ng nghim s 1: xut hin dung dch c mu tm xanh c trng tan trong nc

O
O
OH
OH
+
+
R CH COOH
NH
2
Ninhidrin Amino axit
O
O
R CH O + CO
2
+ 3H
2
O
OH
H

O
O
OH
OH
+
Ninhidrin
O
O
N
O
OH
+ NH
3
Mu tm xanh
O
O
OH
OH
ng nghim s 2: xut hin dung dch c mu xanh tm c trng l do
CuSO
4
+ NaOH Cu(OH)
2
+ Na
2
SO
4
95
Cu(OH)
2
phn ng vi hai nhm CO-NH trong protein cho sn phm mu xanh
tm (ging mu ca phn ng gia Cu(OH)
2
vi biure, gi l phn ng mu biure)
ng nghim s 3: thu c kt ta mu vng l do nhm C
6
H
4
OH ca mt s gc
amino axit trong protein phn ng vi HNO
3
cho hp cht mi mang nhm
NO
2
c mu vng, ng thi protein b ng t bi HNO
3
to thnh kt ta.
1) Khi thc hin phn ng mu biure c nn dng d CuSO
4
khng? Ti sao?
2) Lm th no chng minh protein c trong thc phm, trong len v t tm?
Bi 6. THC HNH T CHN V HA HC HU C
Xc nh hm lng axit axetylsalixylic (CH
3
COOC
6
H
4
COOH) c trong
thuc aspirin (vin) bng phng php thu phn trong kim v chun
ngc vi dung dch chun l HCl hay dung dch H
2
SO
4
v cht ch th
phenolphtalein.
I. Mc ch th nghim
V nhiu l do, cc vt liu ng gi cho cc ng dng gia nh th thng
c pha long bi cc hp cht tr, ng vai tr cht n. Trong trng hp
ca cc dc phm, mt trong nhng l do cho vic lm ny l cung cp liu
lng ng cho vin thuc c kch thc chp nhn c. V d aspirin (axit
axetylsalicylic) th thng c trn vi mt cht n trong qu trnh tng hp
thng mi. Mc ch ca thc nghim ny l xc nh phn trm aspirin thc
c trong vin thuc.
HS nghin cu phn ng thy phn este v thc hnh chun mt baz

mnh bng axit mnh;
96
Tp phng php nghin cu khoa hc: Xc nh hm lng axit

axetylsalixylic (CH
3
COOC
6
H
4
COOH) c trong vin thuc aspirin;
II. C s l thuyt

Aspirin (axit axetylsalixylic) l mt axit hu c c cha c este hu c. N c
s dng rng ri trong y hc nh mt loi thuc gim au v nh mt loi thuc
gim st. N thng c iu ch bng phn ng ca axit salixylic vi anhydrit
axetic theo phn ng sau:
axit Salixylic anhydrit axetic axit axetyl salixylic axit axetic
Mt lng axit axetylsalixylic c th c xc nh bi s chun vi mt
baz mnh nh Natri hiroxit
CH
3
COO-C
6
H
4
COOH(aq) + OH
-
(aq) CH
3
COOC
6
H
4
COO
-
(aq) + H
2
O(l)
Khi x l vi mt dung dch natri hidroxit, aspirin b thy phn v hai axit
sinh ra cng c trung ha ngay.
CH
3
COOC
6
H
4
COOH + 2NaOH CH
3
COO Na + HOC
6
H
4
COONa + H
2
O
Nu dng mt lng d dung dch NaOH trong phn ng ny, th lng NaOH
d c xc nh bng php chun vi dung dch axit. Tuy nhin, iu cn
thit l axit dng chun phi khng tc dng vi natri axetat v natri
salicylat (c hai cht ny u cha nhng anion baz). C th trnh iu ny
bng cch chn cht ch th l phenol (khong chuyn mu pH t 6,8 n 8,4)
hoc phenolphatalein (khong chuyn mu pH t 8,3 n 10,0).
Tuy nhin, axit axetylsalixylic cng l mt este nn d dng b thy phn khi
chun vi mt baz mnh, do trong mi trng kim n b phn hy dn
97
n sai st trong s phn tch. Nh vy, khi p dng phng php chun th
tt c axit c mt trong dung dch s thy phn hon ton trong NaOH d. Mt
mol axit trong aspirin phn ng va vi mt mol NaOH, mt mol este trong
aspirin phn ng va vi mt mol NaOH. Nh vy s mol NaOH phn ng s
gp i s mol aspirin, sau lng NaOH tha s c chun vi dung dch
axit chun. Trong th nghim ny, axit acetylsalicylic s c chun b, tng
lng acid c mt s c xc nh bng cch s dng mt phng php chun
li.
III. Dng c, Ha cht th nghim
DNG C HA CHT
cc, 100 ml,
Bnh tam gic (Erlenmeyer) 250
mL
Pipet, 5 ml v 10 ml
Xi lanh c chia , 50 ml
buret, 50 ml
Thanh khuy
HCl 0,3M; (R23/25/34/37-S26/36/37/45)
NaOH 0,5M; (R35-S1/2/26/37/ 39/45)
Etanol (lng)(R11/20/21/22/36/37/38/40),
(S7/16/24/25/36/37/39/
45)
CH
3
CO
O
C
6
H
4
CO
O
H (tinh th)
(R22/36/37/38/41-S22/26/36/37/39)
Cht ch th phenolphtalein
1. Cn cc vin aspirin c lng khong 0,5 g. Ghi li s vin v khi lng.
Ha tan cc vin aspirin cn c vo 15 ml etanol trong mt bnh tam
gic 250 ml.
2. Thm 20 mL dung dch NaOH 0.50 mol.L
-1
.
3. tng tc phn ng thy phn, un nng cc mu trong mt cc nc
khong 15 pht.
98
4. Lm lnh mu n nhit phng v cn thn tt c vo mt bnh nh mc
250 mL. Ra bnh phn ng vi ln vi nc, thm phn ra vo bnh nh
mc. Lm long dung dch n vch mc v lc k hn hp.
Ly 25 mL hn hp phn ng pha long v n vo mt bnh nn sch,
thm 2- 4 git ch th phenolphtalein vo bnh. Mu sc ca dung dch l mu
hng nht. Nu dung dch khng mu th thm 5 ml dung dch NaOH 0,50
mol. L
-1
ri lp li cc bc 3 v 4.
5. Ghi li tng khi lng dung dch NaOH 0,50 mol.L
-1
c thm vo.
6. Chun baz tha trong dung dch bng dung dch HCl 0,30 mol.L
-1
cho n
khi mu hng bin mt v dung dch tr nn c. Ghi li nng mol ca axit
v cht chun thu c. Lp li s xc nh cho n khi no kt qu gn nh
khng i. Tnh gi tr trung bnh.
7. Ghi li khi lng dung dch HCl 0,30 mol.L
-1
c thm vo.
8. Lp li cc bc ca s chun hai ln na bng cch s dng hai mu mi.
Trnh un si, bi v cc mu c th b phn hy;

Lm ngui hn hp phn ng bng cch gi bnh di vi nc ang chy;
1. Tnh lng axit axetylsalixylic c trong mu asppirin
V d: S mol (axit axetylsalixylic) theo l thuyt=
, g
, g/mol
100
180 0
= 5.55 mmol
40 ml NaOH 0,5 M cha 20 mmol
Chun 1,00 g mu vi HCl 0.30 M, thc nghim dng trung bnh 27.0 ml
27 ml HCl 0,3M cha 8,10 mmol
n(NaOH dng phn ng vi axit axetylsalixylic) = 20.0 8.10 = 11.9 mmol
1,0 mol axit axetylsalixylic phn ng vi 2,0 mol NaOH nn
S mol (axit axetylsalixylic) =
, 119
2
= 5.95 mmol
99
loi b axit axetic to ra sau phn ng, qu trnh kt tinh li (ti kt tinh)
c lp i lp li v ra sch mu bng nc d. Do lng mu gim t
1,50 g n 1,05 g.
Trong s chun ti kt tinh 1,00 g mu vi HCl 0.30 M, thc nghim dng
trung bnh 28.9 ml. (28,9 ml HCl 0,30M cha 8,67 mmol)
n(NaOH dng phn ng vi axit axetylsalixylic) = 20,0 8,67 = 11,3 mmol
1,0 mol axit axetylsalixylic phn ng vi 2,0 mol NaOH nn
S mol (axit axetylsalixylic) =
, 113
2
= 5,67 mmol
2. Tnh tinh khit ca aspirin v biu th bng t l phn trm khi lng
im nng chy ca mu l 132
o
C ch ra rng mu khng tinh khit. Khi
lng axit axetylsalixylic tm thy trong (b) nhiu hn so vi l thuyt ch ra
rng phng php tnh cho thy khng ch axit axetylsalixylic m cn axit
salixylic v sn phm ph axit axetic cng khng phn ng. V vy n s nh
hng n tinh khit ca mu aspirin.
1) Ti sao cn phi lm ngui hn hp phn ng?
2) Ti sao cn phi trn k hn hp phn ng?
3) Pipet u tin nn c ra bng g?
4) Nn ra bnh bng g?
5) Ti sao cn pha long dung dch NaOH?
6) Tnh khi lng ca axit axetylsalicylic trong mi vin thuc v so snh iu
ny vi ghi ch trn hp v gii thch.
7) Phn tch k thut v kt qu ca bn trong th nghim ny. Lit k (theo mc
quan trng), ngun gc li khc nhau c th xut hin trong phn tch ny.
100
Bi 7. PHN TCH NH LNG AXIT ASCORBIC
TRONG VIN THUC VITAMIN C
I. Mc ch th nghim
Mc ch ca TN ny l kim tra hm lng axit Ascorbic c trong vin
thuc vitamin C thng mi (hm lng ghi trn bao b l 500 mg)
Rn luyn cc k nng th nghim nh: cn, tn nh cht rn, ha tan cht
rn, lc, s dng b thit b phn tch th tch, chun dung dch.
II. C s l thuyt
Thnh phn chnh trong vitamin C thng mi l axit ascorbic (H
2
C
6
H
6
O
27
,
FW = 176,12). Axit ascorbic va l mt axit, va l mt cht kh, do , c
chun axit-baz v chun oxi ha kh u c th s dng xc nh
lng axit ascorbic trong nhng vin vitamin C thng mi.
Vitamin C l 1 cht chng oxy ha cn thit i vi dinh dng ca con
ngi. Thiu vitamin C c th dn n bnh scurvy (scobat) c trng khin cho
xng v rng khng bnh thng v mt s bnh khc.
Vitamin C l tn thng gi ca axit L-ascorbic (AsA), c danh php quc
t l 2-oxo-L-threo-hexono-1,4-lactone-2,3-enediol, CTPT C
6
H
6
O
6
(M=
176,1g/mol), CTCT nh sau:
Trong cng thc cu to ca ascorbic ta nhn thy c C
4
v C
5
l 2 cacbon
bt i xng, v vy ascorbic c 4 ng phn quang hc l axit L-ascorbic, axit
izo L-ascorbic, axit D-ascorbic v axit izo D-ascorbic. Trong s cc ng phn
ny ch c axit L-ascorbic v izo L-ascorbic l c tc dng cha bnh cn 2 ng
phn cn li l cc khng vitamin, tc l c ch tc dng ca vitamin. Trong t
101
nhin ch tn ti dng axit L-ascorbic, cc ng phn cn li c to ra theo con
ng tng hp.
Axit ascorbic tn ti dng tinh th hoc bt kt tinh trng hoc hi ng
vng, khng mi, c v chua, tan nhiu trong nc (300g/lt), t tan hn trong
ru v khng tan trong chloroform, benzene hay cc dung mi h c khng
phn cc.
Axit ascorbic rt d b phn hy di tc dng ca nh sng v nhit .
Dung dchaxit ascorbic khng bn, rt d b oxy ha di tc dng ca oxy
khng kh, c bit l khi c mt mt s kim loi nng: Fe, Cu V vy cn
phi bo qun vitamin C trong bng ti v nhit thp.
Ha tnh ca vitamin C l ha tnh ca nhm chc lacton, ca cc nhm
hydroxyl, ca lin kt i, song quan trng nht l nhm chc endiol. Chnh
nhm ny quyt nh tnh axit v tnh kh ca axit ascorbic.
Nguyn tc phng php
1. Phng php axit baz
Trong dung mi nc, axit ascorbic l axit phn ly hai nc vi cc gi tr pK
a
ln lt bng 4,2 v 11,6 tng ng vi s phn ly H
+
ca nhm OH nh vo
C
3
v C
2
.
Axit ascorbic d dng phn ng vi cc dung dch kim to mui.
+ NaOH
HOH
2
C (CHOH)
3
C
O
COONa + H
2
O
O
HO OH
O
CH
2
OH
H
H OH
nh lng axit ascorbic c th dng phn ng chun nc 1 vi NaOH, ch
th phenolphatalein.
1. Phng php oxi ha kh:
Axit L- ascorbic b oxi ha thnh axit L- dehydroascorbic theo bn phn ng
oxiha sau y ( E
0
= 0,127V pH=5)
102
+ 2H
+
+ 2e
-
O
HO OH
O
CH
2
OH
H
H OH
O
O
O
O
CH
2
OH
H
H OH
Axit ascorbic Axit dehidroascorbic
Qu trnh oxy ha ascorbic xy ra hai mc khc nhau:
- S oxy ha thun nghch vitamin C thnh axit dehydroascorbic: tnh cht
ny v cng quan trng i vi tc dng sinh hc ca axit ascorbic l tham gia
xc tc cc qu trnh oxy ha kh xy ra trong c th.
- S oxy ha bt thun nghch bin vitamin C thnh cc sn phm khc
khng c hot tnh v bin mu. Phn ng ny tng nhanh theo pH v nhit
ca dung dch.
Cc cht oxy ha thng dng oxi ha axit ascorbic l: dung dch AgNO
3
,
thuc th Fehling, dung dch KMnO
4
, 2,6-diclorophenolindophenol, brom, iot...
Phng php chun c tin hnh bng cch nh t t dung dch
thuc th t buret vo dung dch c cha axit ascorbic trong mi trng thch
hp. im tng ng c nhn nh s chuyn mu ca dung dch khi c
cht ch th thch hp.
Phng php ny c th p dng xc nh trc tip vitamin C trong cc
mu thc phm. Trong cc i tng khc nh rau qu, thc phm, nc gii
kht c thnh phn tng i phc tp, cha nhiu cht kh khc nhau, dung
dch c v c mu, gy kh khn trong vic xc nh im cui ca qu trnh
chun .
Trong th nghim ny hm lng vitamin C trong vin nn c xc nh
bng phng php chun axit- baz hoc chun oxi ha kh. Axit ascorbic
c xc nh da trn phn ng oxi ha n bng iot (trong KI d) theo phng
php chun trc tip vi cht ch th h tinh bt.
103
Th nghim ny gm hai phn, phn u dng chun axit-baz xc
nh lng axit ascorbic trong mt vin vitamin C. Phn th hai dng chun
oxi ha kh thc hin xc nh tng t.
DNG C HA CHT
ng ong 10 ml; 100 ml
Cc thy tinh 100 ml; 250 ml
Bnh Erlenmeyer (bnh tam
gic): 125 ml; 250 ml
Giy lc
Giy cn
Khun v Phn mu
Buret thng
Buret Brush
Bnh nh mc, 100 ml
Tha
Phu
Pipet (20 mL) / Bm an ton
Pipet Pasteur (ng nh git)
Bn chi
Dung dch NaOH (R35-S1/2/26/37/ 39/45)
(0,1 M)
Dung dch Iod (0.01 M)
Dung dch Phenonphtalein
Dung dch metyl
Dung dch h tinh bt
....
Cn chnh xc vin vitamin C (c v), ha tan vin vitamin C trong nc, lc
nu cn thit. Th tch cui cng ca dung dch nn l 100 mL. Cn li phn b
ri tr i v ghi li khi lng axit ascorbic em TN.
Chun b cc dung dch:
* Dung dch vitamin C chun:
Cn chnh xc lng c 0,1 gam axit ascorbic trn cn phn tch v chuyn
nh lng vo bnh nh mc dung tch 250 ml. Thm khong 2 gam axit oxalic
104
vo bnh nh mc, thm nh mc n 2/3 th tch bnh v lc u cho cht rn
tan ht sau nh mc n vch mc bng nc ct. Nt kn bnh trnh s
oxi ha ca oxi khng kh. Dung dch ny c dng chun dung dch iot.
* Dung dch it:
Ha tan 5 g KI v 0,268 g KIO
3
trong 200 ml nc ct, thm 30 ml axit
sunfuric 3 M v chuyn vo bnh nh mc 500 ml, nh mc n vch mc, ta
c dung dch KI
3
Phn 1: Chun axit-baz.
1-1 Dng pipet 10 mL ht dung dch trn cho vo mt bnh tam gic
(Erlenmeyer). Chn cht ch th thch hp thc hin s chun .
1-2 Lp li 3 ln bc th 2.
Phn 2: Chun oxi ha kh
2-1 Xc nh nng dung dch iot cho
S dng dung dch thiosunfat chun xc nh nng dung dch iot cho.
2-1-1 Dng pipet 20 mL a dung dch iodin vo bnh Erlenmeyer, ri chun
bng cch s dng dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
chun. Dng tinh bt lm cht
ch th.
2-1-2 Lp li 3 ln bc th 4.
2-2 Xc nh lng axit ascorbic.
2-2-1 Dng Pipet 10 mL a dung dch t bc 1 vo bnh Erlenmeyer. Thm
vo vi git tinh bt lm cht ch th v chun vi dung dch iod.
2-2-2 Lp li 3 ln bc th 6.
Khi cn khng cn in t di qut trn hoc qut bn
Kim tra buret trn tru, nu khng trn th cn nh mt git glixerol vo
kha buret
S dng pipet my tht thnh tho trc khi TN
105
Dung dch iot d b kt tinh tr li lm cho nng thay i nn cn xc
nh chnh xc nng dung dch iot trc khi TN
S nh gi c da trn s chnh xc ca mi php chun . Tnh 30%
cho chun axit-baz, tnh 60% cho chun oxi ha kh v 10% cho s so
snh hai phng php.
1 Chun axit - baz
Chun ln 1 Dung dch Vitamin C mL; Dung dch NaOH dng mL
2 Chun oxi ha kh
2-1 Xc nh nng iot
Chun ln 1 Dung dch Iod mL; Dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
dng mL
2
S
2
O
3
dng mL
2
S
2
O
3
dng mL
2-2 Xc nh axit ascorbic
Chun ln 1 Dung dch Vitamin C mL; Dung dch Iod dng mL.
1) Gi s axit ascorbic l mt n axit, dng d liu t chun axit-baz
tnh lng axit ascorbic trong c vin vitamin C.
2) Phn ng ca I
2
vi Na
2
S
2
O
3
nh sau:
2 S
2
O
3
2-
+ I
2
S
4
O
6
2-
+ 2I
-
Tnh nng dung dch iod.
3) Phn ng ca axit ascorbic vi I
2
l:
H
2
C
6
H
6
O
6
+ I
2
C
6
H
6
O
6
+ 2 I
-
+ 2H
+
Tnh lng axit ascorbic trong c vin vitamin C
4) So snh u im v khuyt im ca hai phng php chun .
Bi 8. THC HNH T CHN V TNG HP HU C 2 GIAI ON
106
Thc hin phn ng tng hp etylbenzoat qua 2 giai on:
+ Giai on1: iu ch axit benzoic bng phn ng oxi ho toluen vi
KMnO
4
nng.
+ Giai on 2: iu ch etylbenzoat bng phn ng este ho.
Giai on 1- iu ch axit benzoic bng PHN NG OXY HA toluen vi
KMnO
4
nng.
I. Mc ch th nghim
1. Trnh by c nguyn tc iu ch axit benzoic, cch tinh ch v loi b
sn phm ph ca phn ng iu ch axit benzoic.
2. Rn luyn k nng: Lp c b dng c iu ch axit benzoic, rt cht
lng, lc cht lng, un nng cht lng, lc cht rn,
3. iu ch c axit benzoic, c t
0
nc
= 122
0
C, hiu sut t 70-81%.
II. C s l thuyt
II.1. Phn ng oxy ha ca hp cht hu c
Phn ng oxy ha c ng dng rng ri trong tng hp hu c. S oxy
ha mt hp cht hu c thng gn vi vic tch nguyn t hydro hoc s kt
hp nguyn t oxy vo. V bn cht, s oxy ha l qu trnh cho electron. Nh
vy, cht no c khuynh hng d cho electron th cng d b oxy ha. Ngc li,
cht no c i lc ln vi electron (d nhn electron) th l cht oxy ha mnh, v
d: KMnO
4
, axit cromic, hydroperoxyd, axit sulfuric c, cc peroxyd kim loi, Cl
2
,
Br
2
,
Mc d b oxy ha ca mt s hp cht hu c c th sp xp theo th t:
RH < R-OH < R-NH
2
-CH
3
< -CH
2
- < -CH=
RCH
2
CH
2
R < RCH=CHR
Phn ng dehydro ha cng c xem l trng hp ring ca phn ng
oxy ha. Qu trnh oxy ha ph thuc vo nhiu yu t khc nhau nh bn cht
tc nhn oxy ha, c tnh ca cht oxy ha v mi trng phn ng.
107
II.2. Mt s phn ng thng dng iu ch axit carboxylic
II.2.1. i t alcol
R-CH
2
-OH
] [O
RCHO
] [O
RCOOH
II.2.2. i t hidrocarbon
II.2.2.1. i t hidrocarbon no
R-CH
3

] [O
RCOOH
II.2.2.2. i t hidrocarbon khng no
R-CH=CH-R
1

] [O
RCOOH + R
1
COOH
II.2.2.3. i t hidrocarbon thm
Ar-R
] [O
Ar-COOH
II.2.3.. i t hp cht nitril
R-CN
O H
2
R-COOH
[H
+
]
II.2.4. i t hp cht c kim
RMgX

2
CO
RCOOMgX

O H
2
RCOOMgX
[H
+
]
II.3. Nguyn tc iu ch axit benzoic
Oxy ha toluene bng KMnO
4
trong nc ta thu c axit benzoic dng mui.
Phng trnh phn ng:
C
6
H
5
-CH
3
+ 2KMnO
4
C
6
H
5
-COOK + 2MnO
2
+ KOH + H
2
O
C
6
H
5
-COOK + HCl C
6
H
5
-COOH+ HCl
108
II.4. Cc hng s vt l v kh nng ha tan ca nguyn liu v sn phm tng
hp trong mt s dung mi.
Cht M
T
0
nc
(
0
C)
T
0
s
(
0
C)
D
(g/ml)
Kh nng ha tan nhit
thng
H
2
O Alcol Ether Aceton
Toluen 92,14 -95 110,6 0,86 - + + +
C
2
H
5
OH 46 -117 78,5 0,79 + + + +
C
6
H
5
COOH 122 122 - + + +
KMnO
4
158 + - - -
DNG C HA CHT
Bnh cu y trn 150ml
ng ong
Cc thy tinh 100ml
Sinh hn hi lu
Phu lc, giy lc (nu c phu
Buchner th tt)
n cn.
Cc thy tinh 100 ml
Li aming, Bt s
Phu thy tinh
Bp in
KMnO
4
dung dch (R 8-22),
Axit HCl c 36%
(R23/25/34/37-S26/36/37/45)
Alcol Etylic (R11/20/21/22/36/37/38/40),
(S7/16/24/25/36/37/39/
45)
Toluen (R 11-38-45/20-,
S 9-16-29-33-36/37)
Nc ct
Giy Cngg
109
Cho 1,0 gam toluen, 75 ml nc ct v vi vin bt (hoc mnh s) vo
bnh cu y trn dung tch 150 ml. Lp ng sinh hn hi lu v un hn hp
cch li aming si nh. Trong khi lc u cho t t tng phn ca 3,4 gam
KMnO
4
vo bnh (qua ng sinh hn) trong khong 1,0 gi. Sau khi cho ht
KMnO
4
, dng vi ml nc rt qua ng sinh hn ha tan ht nhng tinh th
KMnO
4
bm trong rut ng.
Tip tc un nng v lc lin tc khong 4,0 gi na.
Lm lnh hn hp, lc b MnO
2
trn phu thy tinh (c th lc trn phu
Buchner loi ht MnO
2
) ly dung dch trong. Ra kt ta MnO
2
bng 10 ml
nc nng (ra nh vy 2 ln)
Gp phn dung dch ra v phn nc lc vo cc thy tinh, un trn bp
in (qua li amiang) hoc trn ni cch ct cho n khi th tch dung dch cn
khong 10 15 ml. Lc ln na trn phu thy tinh loi ht MnO
2
v cng ra
kt ta bng 10 ml nc nng. Tip tc c dung dch cho n khi t th tch 7
10 ml. ngui dch lc ri axit ha bng axit HCl long (1: 1) cho n phn
ng axit theo giy Cngg. Axit benzoic tch ra di dng kt ta trng. Lc
ht qua phu Buchner s thu c axit benzoic, ra kt ta bng mt lng nh
nc lnh, lm kh trong khng kh. Hiu sut : 1 gam (khong 80% so vi l
thuyt), nng chy 122
0
C.
Axit benzoic tinh khit thu c bng cch kt tinh li trong nc hoc
bng phng php thng hoa: t
o
nc
= 122,3
o
C; tan rt t trong nc, tan tt trong
ancol etylic, ete, benzen, clorofom, axeton.
Khi cn khng cn in t di qut trn hoc qut bn
Kim tra buret trn tru, nu khng trn th cn nh mt git glixerol vo
kha buret
S dng pipet my tht thnh tho trc khi TN
Khi phn ng oxi ha xong, nu dung dch cn mu tm nht th nh thm
vi git ancol etylic hoc vi git axit oxalic lm mt mu.
110
Oxy ha toluene bng KMnO
4
trong nc ta thu c axit benzoic dng mui.
C
6
H
5
-CH
3
+ 2KMnO
4
C
6
H
5
-COOK + 2 MnO
2
+ KOH + H
2
O
Khi oxy ha toluene bng KMnO
4
trong nc ta thu c axit benzoic
dng mui kali benzoat tan trong nc v mangan dioxit khng tan. Khi kt thc
phn ng, loi KMnO
4
d bng ancol etylic, lc loi b mangan dioxit. Bc hi
dch lc, thm t t axit clohydric c n phn ng axit s thu c axit benzoic
dng kt tinh. Lc, ra ta bng nc lnh. Ly kt ta v sy kh ngoi
khng kh. (Axit benzoic c th tinh ch bng phng php thng hoa).
C
6
H
5
-COOK + HCl C
6
H
5
-COOH+ HCl
1) Trnh by nguyn tc ca phn ng iu ch axit benzoic?
2) Trnh by cch loi cc sn phm ph sinh ra trong qu trnh iu ch axit
benzoic?
3) Hy cho bit c th iu ch axit benzoic t nguyn liu u l cc ng ng
ca toluene c khng? Ti sao?
Giai on 2- iu ch etylbenzoat bng PHN NG ESTE HA
I. Mc ch th nghim
1. Trnh by c nguyn tc iu ch etylbenzoat.
2. Trnh by c cc bin php lm tng hiu sut ca phn ng este ha.
3. Lp c b dng c iu ch etylbenzoat.
4. iu ch c etylbenzoat, c t
0
S
=213
0
C, hiu sut khong 60%-66%
II. C s l thuyt
II.1. Phn ng este ha
Phn ng gia axit carboxylic vi ancol gi l phn ng este ha.
111
R C OH +H

+ o
H ,t
OR' R C
2
OR' + H O
|| ||
O O
II.2. C ch ca phn ng este ha
O
OH
OH
+
OH
H
+
O H
2
O
O CH
2
CH
3
H
+
+
+
C H
3
CH
2
OH
CH
3
O H
OH
OH
+
CH
2
CH
3
OH
+
O CH
2
II.3. c im ca phn ng este ha
Phn ng este ha l phn ng thun nghch, do b gii hn bi trng thi
cn bng. Thc nghim chng t rng, trng thi cn bng ch c 2/3 lng axit v
alcol c ester ha. Do hiu sut phn ng ester ha ti a ch khong 66,67%.
nhit phng v khng c mt xc tc, phn ng ny din ra rt chm.
Khi c mt cc yu t ny, phn ng nhanh chng t trng thi cn bng nhng
khng thay i c trng thi cn bng. Xc tc thng dng l H
2
SO
4
m c,
n va c tc dng xc tc va c kh nng ht nc. Lng axit thng dng
bng 5-10% so vi lng alcol, mt s phn ng phi dng nhiu axit hn na
mi thu c hiu sut cao.
112
II.4. Cc hng s vt l v kh nng ha tan ca nguyn liu v sn phm tng
hp trong mt s dung mi.
Hp cht
t
0
chy
(
0
c)
t
0
si
(
0
c)
tan
(g/100g
H
2
O)
kh nng ha tan nhit thng
H
2
O ancol ete
axit benzoic 122 250 0,34 +++ +++ +++
ancol etylic 78 +++ +++ +++
H
2
SO
4
+++ +++
etylbenzoat -35 213 0,901 - +++ +++
DNG C HA CHT
Bnh Vuyc 150 ml
Sinh hn rut thng
Nt cao su c l
ng dn cong
Phu nh git
Phu chit
Nhit k
n cn.
Bp un cch ct
Bnh gn, bnh hng
Mt s mnh s hoc bt
Axit benzoic; (R10/35-S1/2/23/26/ 45)
H
2
SO
4
c 96%; (R21/22/27/34/35/41/-
S1/2/5/7/18/23/25/27/29/)
Dung dch Na
2
CO
3
20% (R36-S2/22/26)
Ancol etylic tuyt i (R 11, S 7-16)
Dung dch CaCl
2
bo ha (R20/25 S1/2/45)
Na
2
SO
4
khan, CaCl
2
khan
...
Cho 2 ml ancol etylic vo bnh Vuyc dung dch 150ml, nh t t 1,5 ml
H
2
SO
4
c vo ancol trong bnh, ng thi lc u. y bnh bng nt c lp
phu nh git. Lp ng sinh hn rut thng vo nhnh bnh cu, ui ng sinh
hn c ng ni cong dn vo bnh hng. Rt vo phu chit hn hp gm 30 ml
ancol etylic v 4,9 gam axit benzoic, lc nh. un bnh phn ng trn bp cch
ct n nhit 140
o
C ri nh t t hn hp ancol v axit benzoic xung bnh
113
vi tc bng tc cht lng chy sang bnh hng. Trong sut thi gian phn
ng lun gi nhit 140
o
C.
Sau khong mt gi ri phn ng kt thc, chuyn cht lng bnh hng
vo phu chit, lc cht lng vi dung dch Na
2
CO
3
cho n khi t mi trng
trung tnh hoc kim yu, kim tra bng giy qu. Tho b lp nc di. Lc
lp este ( trn) vi dung dch CaCl
2
bo ha loi ancol d. Tch ly lp este
trn, lm kh bng CaCl
2
khan hoc Na
2
SO
4
khan. Chng ct trong bnh Vuyc
trn ni nc si, thu este etyl benzoat nhit 70
o
C. Nhn bit etylbenzoat
bng quan st l cht lng khng mu, trong sut, c mi thm ca qu chn
Ch : Etyl benzoat c th to hn hp ng ph nh sau:
Hn hp 91,8% ester vi 8,2% nc si 70,4
0
C.
Hn hp 69,2% ester vi 30,8% alcol ethylic si 71,8
0
C.
Hn hp 83,2% ester, 9% alcol ethylic v 7,8% nc si 70,3
0
C.
nhit phng v khng c mt xc tc, phn ng ny din ra rt chm.
Khi c mt cc yu t ny, phn ng nhanh chng t trng thi cn bng nhng
khng thay i c trng thi cn bng.
Lng axit thng dng bng 5-10% so vi lng ancol (ancol d)
Khi lc vi dung dch Na
2
CO
3
cn cn thn v CO
2
si bt mnh
Ct este ra khi hn hp phn ng hoc dng tc nhn loi nc ra khi
hn hp phn ng.
chuyn dch cn bng theo chiu thun thng dng mt s bin php sau:
+ Dng d mt trong hai cht phn ng, trong th nghim ny ta dng d cht
no? V sao? Vit phng trnh ha hc cho phn ng.
114
+ Gim nng cht to thnh, este etyl benzoat c nhit si 213
o
C cao
hn cc este bo n chc. Trong th nghim chng ct theo kiu no
ly c este?
Mc ch lc cht lng sau phn ng vi dung dch Na
2
CO
3
cho n khi t mi
trng trung tnh hoc kim yu lm g?
Khi lc lp este vi dung dch CaCl
2
bo ha xy ra qu trnh g loi ancol
cn d?
1) Trnh by nguyn tc ca phn ng iu ch etylbenzoat?
2) Hy trnh by cc bin php nng cao hiu sut ca phn ng este ha c ng
dng trong qu trnh iu ch etylbenzoat?
3) Trnh by cch loi sn phm ph, tinh ch etylbenzoat t hn hp phn ng.
4) So snh phn ng este ha to etyl benzoat vi phn ng este ha to etyl
axetat?
5) C th xem phn ng este ha l phn ng axyl ha ancol bng axit
cacboxylic. Kh nng axyl ha ancol (hoc phenol) bng halogenua axit v
anhirit axit nh th no so vi axit cacboxylic tng ng?
BI BI 9. NHN BIT V TCH CC ION TRONG DUNG DCH 9. NHN BIT V TCH CC ION TRONG DUNG DCH
9.1. NHN BIT MT S ION THNG DNG C TRONG DUNG DCH 9.1. NHN BIT MT S ION THNG DNG C TRONG DUNG DCH
HN HP BNG MT PHN NG HN HP BNG MT PHN NG
I. Mc ch th nghim
Lm th nghim nhn bit s c mt ca mt s ion nh HCO Lm th nghim nhn bit s c mt ca mt s ion nh HCO
3
, SO , SO
2
4
, ,
Cl Cl

, Fe , Fe
3+ 3+
, Fe , Fe
2+ 2+
... trong dung dch. ... trong dung dch.
Rn luyn cc thao tc, th nghim mt cch an ton, chnh xc: rt cht Rn luyn cc thao tc, th nghim mt cch an ton, chnh xc: rt cht
lng vo ng nghim, nh git cht lng bng ng ht nh git, lc ng nghim. lng vo ng nghim, nh git cht lng bng ng ht nh git, lc ng nghim.
115
II. C s l thuyt
nhn bit mt ion trong dung dch, ngi ta thm vo dung dch mt nhn bit mt ion trong dung dch, ngi ta thm vo dung dch mt
thuc th to vi ion mt sn phm c trng nh: mt cht kt ta, mt thuc th to vi ion mt sn phm c trng nh: mt cht kt ta, mt
hp cht c mu hoc mt cht kh kh tan si bt, bay ra khi dung dch. hp cht c mu hoc mt cht kh kh tan si bt, bay ra khi dung dch.
1. Nhn bit HCO 1. Nhn bit HCO
3

Thuc th c trng cho ion HCO Thuc th c trng cho ion HCO
3
l dung dch axit mnh (H l dung dch axit mnh (H
+ +
). Nu dung ). Nu dung
dch c cha HCO dch c cha HCO
3
th khi thm axit vo s thy dung dch si bt kh. th khi thm axit vo s thy dung dch si bt kh.
HCO HCO
3
+ H + H
+ +
H H
2 2O + CO O + CO
2 2
2. Nhn bit SO 2. Nhn bit SO
2
4

Thuc th c trng cho anion ny l dung dch BaCl Thuc th c trng cho anion ny l dung dch BaCl
2 2 trong mi trng axit trong mi trng axit
long. long.
Ba Ba
2+ 2+
+ SO + SO
4 4
2- 2-
BaSO BaSO
4 4
Mi trng axit d l cn thit v mt lot cc anion nh CO Mi trng axit d l cn thit v mt lot cc anion nh CO
3 3
2- 2-
, PO , PO
4 4
3- 3-
, SO , SO
3 3
2- 2-
, ,
HPO HPO
4 4
2- 2-
cng cho kt ta trng vi ion Ba cng cho kt ta trng vi ion Ba
2+ 2+
. .
3. Nhn bit Cl 3. Nhn bit Cl

Thuc th c trng ca anion ny l dung dch bc nitrat AgNO Thuc th c trng ca anion ny l dung dch bc nitrat AgNO
3 3 trong mi trong mi
trng HNO trng HNO
3 3 long: long:
Ag Ag
+ +
+ Cl + Cl
- -
AgCl AgCl
4. Nhn bit Fe 4. Nhn bit Fe
2+ 2+
* * Cho dung dch NaOH hoc NH Cho dung dch NaOH hoc NH
3 3 vo dung dch Fe vo dung dch Fe
2+ 2+
th kt ta Fe(OH) th kt ta Fe(OH)
2 2
mu trng hi xanh s c to thnh. Ngay sau , trong dung dch kt ta ny mu trng hi xanh s c to thnh. Ngay sau , trong dung dch kt ta ny
tip xc vi oxi khng kh v b oxi ha thnh Fe(OH) tip xc vi oxi khng kh v b oxi ha thnh Fe(OH)
3 3 c mu nu . c mu nu .
4 Fe(OH) 4 Fe(OH)
2 2 + O + O
2 2 + 2 H + 2 H
2 2O O 4 Fe(OH) 4 Fe(OH)
3 3
* * xc nh Fe xc nh Fe
2+ 2+
khi c mt Fe khi c mt Fe
3+ 3+
ngi ta c th s dng thuc th o- ngi ta c th s dng thuc th o-
phenantrolin, phn ng to phc mu . phenantrolin, phn ng to phc mu .
Fe Fe
2+ 2+
+ 3 o-Phen + 3 o-Phen [Fe(o-Phen) [Fe(o-Phen)
3 3] ]
2+ 2+
116
Cu to ca Cu to ca o o Phenantrolin: Phenantrolin:
N N
* * xc nh Fe xc nh Fe
2+ 2+
cng c th dng Kali ferixianua K cng c th dng Kali ferixianua K
3 3[Fe(CN) [Fe(CN)
6 6], ],
Fe(CN) Fe(CN)
3
6
+ Fe + Fe
2+ 2+
Fe Fe
3 3[Fe(CN) [Fe(CN)
6 6] ]
2 2 xanh tuc bun xanh tuc bun
Thuc th khng to kt ta vi ion Fe Thuc th khng to kt ta vi ion Fe
3+ 3+

3+ 3+
Thuc th Thuc th c trng ca ion Fe c trng ca ion Fe
3+ 3+
l dung dch ion thioxianat SCN l dung dch ion thioxianat SCN
- -
, n to , n to
vi ion Fe vi ion Fe
3+ 3+
ion phc c mu mu: ion phc c mu mu:
Fe Fe
3+ 3+
+ SCN + SCN
- -
Fe(SCN) Fe(SCN)
2+ 2+
DNG C HA CHT
ng ht nh git. ng ht nh git.
ng nghim, ng nghim,
Cp ng nghim. Cp ng nghim.
... ...
FeCl FeCl
3 3 0,01 M. 0,01 M. (R 22-38-41, S 26-39)
FeSO FeSO
4 4 0,01 M. 0,01 M. (R 22-38-41, S 26-39)
NaOH 0,01M; (R35-S1/2/26/37/ 39/45)
Ba(NO Ba(NO
3 3) )
2 2 0,01 M. 0,01 M.
AgNO AgNO
3 3 0,01 M. 0,01 M. (R34 S1/2/22/ 26/45)
NH NH
4 4SCN 0,01 M. (R22/36/37/38-S17/26/36) SCN 0,01 M. (R22/36/37/38-S17/26/36)
o-Phenantrolin. o-Phenantrolin.
Kali ferixianua K Kali ferixianua K
3 3[Fe(CN) [Fe(CN)
6 6], ],
HNO HNO
3 3 0,01 M. (R35-S23/26/36/45) 0,01 M. (R35-S23/26/36/45)
Xc nh s c mt ca cc ion Xc nh s c mt ca cc ion HCO HCO
3
, SO , SO
2
4
, Cl , Cl

, Fe , Fe
3+ 3+
, Fe , Fe
2+ 2+
c mt trong c mt trong
cng mt dung dch. Cn chia dung dch hn hp lm 5 mu. cng mt dung dch. Cn chia dung dch hn hp lm 5 mu.
1. 1. Xc nh HCO Xc nh HCO
3
(mu th nht): S dng axit HNO (mu th nht): S dng axit HNO
3 3 (trnh cc ion SO (trnh cc ion SO
2
4
,Cl ,Cl

) )
Ly 2 ml dung dch phn tch cho vo ng nghim, thm vi git dung dch Ly 2 ml dung dch phn tch cho vo ng nghim, thm vi git dung dch
HNO HNO
3 3. Quan st hin tng v a ra kt lun. . Quan st hin tng v a ra kt lun.
117
2. 2. Xc nh SO Xc nh SO
2
4
(mu th hai) (mu th hai)
Ba(NO Ba(NO
3 3) )
3 3. Xc nh Cl . Xc nh Cl

(mu th ba) (mu th ba)
AgNO AgNO
4 4. Xc nh Fe . Xc nh Fe
3+ 3+
(mu th t) (mu th t)
NH NH
4 4SCN. Quan st hin tng v a ra kt lun. SCN. Quan st hin tng v a ra kt lun.
5 5. Xc nh Fe . Xc nh Fe
2+ 2+
(mu th nm) (mu th nm)
o-phenantrolin. Quan st hin tng v a ra kt lun. o-phenantrolin. Quan st hin tng v a ra kt lun.
Hoc ly Hoc ly 2 ml dung dch phn tch cho vo ng nghim, thm vi git dung 2 ml dung dch phn tch cho vo ng nghim, thm vi git dung
dch Kali ferixianua K dch Kali ferixianua K
3 3[Fe(CN) [Fe(CN)
6 6]. Quan st hin tng v a ra kt lun. ]. Quan st hin tng v a ra kt lun.
1. V cc ion u c mt trong cng mt dung dch nn thuc th c trng ch 1. V cc ion u c mt trong cng mt dung dch nn thuc th c trng ch
phn ng vi ion cn nhn bit m khng tc dng vi cc ion cn li trong phn ng vi ion cn nhn bit m khng tc dng vi cc ion cn li trong
dung dch. C th s dng th t nhn bit cc ion dung dch. C th s dng th t nhn bit cc ion hoc chia dung dch hoc chia dung dch
thnh nhiu mu, trnh a thm ion cn nhn vo dung dch; thnh nhiu mu, trnh a thm ion cn nhn vo dung dch;
2 2. S dng cng t ht ly dung dch, khi nh git khng cc git dung . S dng cng t ht ly dung dch, khi nh git khng cc git dung
dch ri trn thnh ng nghim; dch ri trn thnh ng nghim;
3 3. Nu hin tng xy ra chm, c th lc nh ng nghim; . Nu hin tng xy ra chm, c th lc nh ng nghim;
4 4. d quan st nn t ng nghim trn nn giy trng . d quan st nn t ng nghim trn nn giy trng
5. Khi nhn ion Fe 5. Khi nhn ion Fe
2+ 2+
, phi tin hnh phn ng pH < 7, phi trnh s c mt cc , phi tin hnh phn ng pH < 7, phi trnh s c mt cc
cht oxi ha c th oxi ha Fe cht oxi ha c th oxi ha Fe
2+ 2+
thnh Fe thnh Fe
3+ 3+
v cc cht kh Fe(CN) v cc cht kh Fe(CN)
3
6
thnh thnh
Fe(CN) Fe(CN)
4
6
. .
118
1. Nhn bit HCO 1. Nhn bit HCO
3 3
- -
(mu th nht) (mu th nht)
Nu Nu dung dch c cha HCO dung dch c cha HCO
3 3
- -
th khi thm axit vo s thy dung dch si th khi thm axit vo s thy dung dch si
bt kh. bt kh.
HCO HCO
3 3
- -
+ H + H
+ +
H H
2 2O + CO O + CO
2 2
2. Nhn bit SO 2. Nhn bit SO
4 4
2- 2-
(mu th hai) (mu th hai)
Ba Ba
2+ 2+
+ SO + SO
4 4
2- 2-
BaSO BaSO
4 4 (kt ta trng) (kt ta trng)
3. Nhn bit Cl 3. Nhn bit Cl
- -
(mu th ba) (mu th ba)
Ag Ag
+ +
+ Cl + Cl
- -
AgCl AgCl (kt ta trng) (kt ta trng)
kt ta ngoi nh sng s ha en: 2AgCl kt ta ngoi nh sng s ha en: 2AgCl
as
2Ag + Cl 2Ag + Cl
2 2
3+ 3+
(mu th t) (mu th t)
Phn ng to Phn ng to ion phc c mu mu: ion phc c mu mu:
Fe Fe
3+ 3+
+ SCN + SCN
- -
Fe(SCN) Fe(SCN)
2+ 2+
2+ 2+
(mu th nm) (mu th nm)
* * Phn ng to phc mu Phn ng to phc mu
Fe Fe
2+ 2+
+ 3 o-Phen + 3 o-Phen [Fe(o-Phen) [Fe(o-Phen)
3 3] ]
2+ 2+
(mu ) (mu )
* * Phn ng to kt ta mu xanh c trng Phn ng to kt ta mu xanh c trng
Fe(CN) Fe(CN)
3
6
+ Fe + Fe
2+ 2+
Fe Fe
3 3[Fe(CN) [Fe(CN)
6 6] ]
2 2 xanh tuc bun xanh tuc bun
1) Phng trnh ha hc: Ba 1) Phng trnh ha hc: Ba
2+ 2+
+ SO + SO
2
4
BaSO BaSO
4 4 v Ag v Ag
+ +
+ Cl + Cl

AgCl AgCl
Kt ta c mu g? dng keo hay dng rn? Kt ta c mu g? dng keo hay dng rn?
2) Hp cht to thnh gia Fe 2) Hp cht to thnh gia Fe
3+ 3+
v SCN v SCN

c mu g? Vit cng thc cc dng tn c mu g? Vit cng thc cc dng tn
ti ca sn phm. ti ca sn phm.
3) Hy nu mt s phng php khc nhn bit ion Fe 3) Hy nu mt s phng php khc nhn bit ion Fe
2+ 2+
, Fe , Fe
3+ 3+
. .
4) 4) TN 1, nu thay Ba(NO TN 1, nu thay Ba(NO
3 3) )
2 2 bng Ba(CH bng Ba(CH
3 3COO) COO)
2 2 th c thay i g khng? th c thay i g khng?
119
5) 5) Ngoi o-phenantrolin cn dng cc thuc th no khc nhn Fe Ngoi o-phenantrolin cn dng cc thuc th no khc nhn Fe
2+ 2+
? Trnh ? Trnh
by cch nhn bit v hin tng xy ra. by cch nhn bit v hin tng xy ra.
9.2. 9.2. TCH V NHN BIT MT S ION THNG DNG THUC CC TCH V NHN BIT MT S ION THNG DNG THUC CC
NHM PHN TCH KHC NHAU C TRONG DUNG DCH HN HP NHM PHN TCH KHC NHAU C TRONG DUNG DCH HN HP
I. Mc ch th nghim
Lm th nghim tch v nhn bit mt s ion thng dng thuc cc nhm Lm th nghim tch v nhn bit mt s ion thng dng thuc cc nhm
phn tch khc nhau nh Pb phn tch khc nhau nh Pb
2+ 2+
, Ag , Ag
+ +
, Cu , Cu
2+ 2+
, Al , Al
3+ 3+
... trong cng mt dung dch. ... trong cng mt dung dch.
Rn luyn cc thao tc, th nghim mt cch an ton, chnh xc: rt cht lng Rn luyn cc thao tc, th nghim mt cch an ton, chnh xc: rt cht lng
vo ng nghim, nh git cht lng bng ng ht nh git, lc ng nghim, vo ng nghim, nh git cht lng bng ng ht nh git, lc ng nghim,
lc cht khng tan qua phu, ha tan cht rn, s dng my ly tm. lc cht khng tan qua phu, ha tan cht rn, s dng my ly tm.
II. C s l thuyt
nhn bit mt ion c tnh cht tng t nhau trong dung dch, trc ht nhn bit mt ion c tnh cht tng t nhau trong dung dch, trc ht
ngi ta phi tin hnh tch cc ion ny ra khi nhau ri sau tin hnh nhn ngi ta phi tin hnh tch cc ion ny ra khi nhau ri sau tin hnh nhn
bit cc ion ring r. bit cc ion ring r.
1. Nhn bit Pb 1. Nhn bit Pb
2+ 2+
Thuc th c trng cho ion Pb Thuc th c trng cho ion Pb
2+ 2+
l dung dch KI. Khi thm KI vo dung l dung dch KI. Khi thm KI vo dung
dch c cha Pb dch c cha Pb
2+ 2+
s thy xut hin kt ta mu vng. s thy xut hin kt ta mu vng.
Pb Pb
2+ 2+
+ 2 I + 2 I
- -
PbI PbI
2 2
Kt ta ny tan ra khi un nng ng nghim Kt ta ny tan ra khi un nng ng nghim, kt ta xut hin tr li thnh , kt ta xut hin tr li thnh
tinh th ng nh vng khi ngui. tinh th ng nh vng khi ngui.
2. Nhn bit Cu 2. Nhn bit Cu
2+ 2+
* * Thuc th c trng cho ion ny l dung dch amoniac hoc kh H Thuc th c trng cho ion ny l dung dch amoniac hoc kh H
2 2S. S.
Cu Cu
2+ 2+
+ 4 NH + 4 NH
3 3 [Cu(NH [Cu(NH
3 3) )
4 4] ]
2+ 2+
xanh thm xanh thm
Cu Cu
2+ 2+
+ H + H
2 2S S CuS CuS en en
3. Nhn bit Ag 3. Nhn bit Ag
+ +
Thuc th c trng ca ion ny l dung dch axit clohidric. Thuc th c trng ca ion ny l dung dch axit clohidric.
Ag Ag
+ +
+ Cl + Cl
- -
AgCl AgCl
120
4. Nhn bit Al 4. Nhn bit Al
3+ 3+
Cho dung dch NaOH vo dung dch Al Cho dung dch NaOH vo dung dch Al
3+ 3+
th kt ta Al(OH) th kt ta Al(OH)
3 3 mu trng s mu trng s
c to thnh. Khi thm lng d NaOH kt ta s tan dn cho n khi thu c to thnh. Khi thm lng d NaOH kt ta s tan dn cho n khi thu
c dung dch trong sut. c dung dch trong sut.
Al Al
3+ 3+
+ 3 OH + 3 OH
- -
Al(OH) Al(OH)
3 3
Al(OH) Al(OH)
3 3 + OH + OH
- -
[Al(OH) [Al(OH)
4 4
- -
] ]
DNG C HA CHT
ng nh git. ng nh git.
ng nghim. ng nghim.
n cn. n cn.
My ly tm. My ly tm.
a thy tinh. a thy tinh.
Pb(NO Pb(NO
3 3) )
2 2 0,01 M. 0,01 M. (R34- S1/2/22/ 26/45)
AgNO AgNO
3 3 0,01 M. 0,01 M. (R34- S1/2/22/ 26/45)
Cu(NO Cu(NO
3 3) )
2 2 0,01 M. (R22/36/37/38- -S26) 0,01 M. (R22/36/37/38- -S26)
Al(NO Al(NO
3 3) )
3 3 0,01 M. (R8-36/38-S17/26/36) 0,01 M. (R8-36/38-S17/26/36)
KI 0,01 M. (R36/38/42/43-S26/36/37/39/45) KI 0,01 M. (R36/38/42/43-S26/36/37/39/45)
NH NH
3 3 0,01 M. 0,01 M. (R 34, S 26-36/37/39-45)
HCl 0,01 M. HCl 0,01 M. (R34/37-S26/36/45)
NaOH 0,01M; (R35-S1/2/26/37/ 39/45)
Xc nh s c mt ca cc ion Pb Xc nh s c mt ca cc ion Pb
2+ 2+
, Ag , Ag
+ +
, Cu , Cu
2+ 2+
, Al , Al
3+ 3+
c mt trong cng mt c mt trong cng mt
dung dch. dung dch.
HCl kt ta hon ton. Cho ng nghim vo my ly tm tch ring kt ta HCl kt ta hon ton. Cho ng nghim vo my ly tm tch ring kt ta
(A) v phn dung dch (B). (A) v phn dung dch (B).
1. Xc nh Ag 1. Xc nh Ag
+ +
v Pb v Pb
2+ 2+
Ly phn kt ta (A) cho vo ng nghim cha 5 ml nc ct ri un nng, Ly phn kt ta (A) cho vo ng nghim cha 5 ml nc ct ri un nng,
chuyn phn dung dch trong sang mt ng nghim khc cha 2 ml dung dch KI. chuyn phn dung dch trong sang mt ng nghim khc cha 2 ml dung dch KI.
Phn cht rn khng tan c cho vo ng nghim c cha 2 ml dung dch NH Phn cht rn khng tan c cho vo ng nghim c cha 2 ml dung dch NH
3 3
c ri khuy u bng a thy tinh. Quan st hin tng v rt ra kt lun. c ri khuy u bng a thy tinh. Quan st hin tng v rt ra kt lun.
2. Xc nh Cu 2. Xc nh Cu
2+ 2+
v Al v Al
3+ 3+
121
S Sc kh H c kh H
2 2S ti d vo phn dung dch B. Thm tip dung dch NaOH ti S ti d vo phn dung dch B. Thm tip dung dch NaOH ti
d. Quan st hin tng v a ra kt lun. d. Quan st hin tng v a ra kt lun.
1. V cc ion u c mt trong cng mt dung dch nn thuc th c trng ch 1. V cc ion u c mt trong cng mt dung dch nn thuc th c trng ch
phn ng vi ion cn nhn bit m khng tc dng vi cc ion cn li trong phn ng vi ion cn nhn bit m khng tc dng vi cc ion cn li trong
dung dch. C th s dng th t nhn bit cc ion hoc chia dung dch dung dch. C th s dng th t nhn bit cc ion hoc chia dung dch
thnh nhiu mu, trnh a thm ion cn nhn vo dung dch; thnh nhiu mu, trnh a thm ion cn nhn vo dung dch;
2. S dng cng t ht ly dung dch, khi nh git khng cc git dung 2. S dng cng t ht ly dung dch, khi nh git khng cc git dung
dch ri trn thnh ng nghim; dch ri trn thnh ng nghim;
3. Nu hin tng xy ra chm, c th lc nh ng nghim; 3. Nu hin tng xy ra chm, c th lc nh ng nghim;
4. d quan st nn t ng nghim trn nn giy trng 4. d quan st nn t ng nghim trn nn giy trng
5. Phn ng Cu 5. Phn ng Cu
2+ 2+
+ 4NH + 4NH
3 3 Cu(NH Cu(NH
3 3) )
+ 2
4
cng c dng nh lng Cu cng c dng nh lng Cu
2+ 2+
; cc ; cc
ion Ni ion Ni
2+ 2+
, Co , Co
2+ 2+
to phc mu vi NH to phc mu vi NH
3 3 s cn tr phn ng ny. s cn tr phn ng ny.
6. Kt ta AgCl t tan trong HCl to thnh phc AgCl 6. Kt ta AgCl t tan trong HCl to thnh phc AgCl
2
, kt ta tan trong dung , kt ta tan trong dung
dch NH dch NH
3 3 to phc amin Ag(NH to phc amin Ag(NH
3 3) )
2 2Cl, khi axit ha dung dch bng HNO Cl, khi axit ha dung dch bng HNO
3 3 th kt th kt
ta AgCl xut hin li. ta AgCl xut hin li.
1. Xc nh Ag 1. Xc nh Ag
+ +
v Pb v Pb
2+ 2+
P Phn kt ta (A): Pb hn kt ta (A): Pb
2+ 2+
+ 2Cl + 2Cl

PbCl PbCl
2 2 v Ag v Ag
+ +
+ Cl + Cl

AgCl AgCl
* Kt ta c mu g? dng keo hay dng rn? * Kt ta c mu g? dng keo hay dng rn?
* Khi un nng, kt ta no tan trong nc, v sao phi chuyn phn nc lc * Khi un nng, kt ta no tan trong nc, v sao phi chuyn phn nc lc
vo dung dch KI? vo dung dch KI?
* Phn cht rn khng tan c trong nc nhng tan trong dung dch NH * Phn cht rn khng tan c trong nc nhng tan trong dung dch NH
3 3
c l kt ta no? c l kt ta no?
2. Xc nh Cu 2. Xc nh Cu
2+ 2+
v Al v Al
3+ 3+
* * Phn dung dch B c sc kh H Phn dung dch B c sc kh H
2 2S ti d vo th kt ta no tch ra? Kt S ti d vo th kt ta no tch ra? Kt
ta tch ra dng no? C mu g? ta tch ra dng no? C mu g?
122
* Sau khi lc, thm tip dung dch NaOH ti d vo nc lc th c hin * Sau khi lc, thm tip dung dch NaOH ti d vo nc lc th c hin
tng kt ta ri kt ta li tan trong thuc th d. Vit PTHH chng minh tng kt ta ri kt ta li tan trong thuc th d. Vit PTHH chng minh
ion nhn c. ion nhn c.
1) Hy nu mt s phn ng c trng khc pht hin cc ion 1) Hy nu mt s phn ng c trng khc pht hin cc ion Pb Pb
2+ 2+
, Ag , Ag
+ +
, Cu , Cu
2+ 2+
, ,
Al Al
3+ 3+
trong dung dch. trong dung dch.
2) Hy nu phng php kim tra xem ha cht X mt nhn c phi l 2) Hy nu phng php kim tra xem ha cht X mt nhn c phi l
(CH (CH
3 3COO) COO)
2 2Cu khng? Cu khng?
3) Hy phn bit hai dung dch: Fe 3) Hy phn bit hai dung dch: Fe
2 2(SO (SO
4 4) )
3 3 (dung dch A) v Fe (dung dch A) v Fe
2 2(SO (SO
4 4) )
3 3 c ln c ln
FeSO FeSO
4 4 (dung dch B). (dung dch B).
4 4) Hy trnh by s tch v nhn bit tng ion trong mi hn hp sau: ) Hy trnh by s tch v nhn bit tng ion trong mi hn hp sau:
(a) Ag (a) Ag
+ +
, Ba , Ba
2+ 2+
, Fe , Fe
3+ 3+
, Sn , Sn
2+ 2+
v Zn v Zn
2+ 2+
. .
(b) Ag (b) Ag
+ +
, Ca , Ca
2+ 2+
, Pb , Pb
2+ 2+
, Zn , Zn
2+ 2+
, Fe , Fe
3+ 3+
v Cu v Cu
2+ 2+
. .
Bi 10. CHUN COMPLEXON;
Xc nh ion kim loi dng php o complexon.
I. Mc ch th nghim
Mc ch ca th nghim ny l xc nh lng nc kt tinh trong niken
sunfat.
Rn luyn k nng s dng cc thit b chun nh: cn, pipet, buret v k
nng chun dung dch c s dng thuc th.
II. C s l thuyt
1. S to phc ca EDTA vi cc ion kim loi
Nng ion Ni
2+
c th c xc nh bng s to phc vi EDTA
EDTA (Axit etylendiamin tetraaxetic) l mt axit 4 nc (k hiu l H
4
Y)
H
4
Y
H
3
Y
+ H
+
; K
a1
= 10
2,0

H
3
Y
H
2
Y
2
+ H
+
; K
a2
= 10
2,67

123
H
2
Y
2

HY
3
+ H
+
; K
a3
= 10
6,16

HY
3

Y
4
+ H
+
; K
a4
= 10
10,26

EDTA t tan trong nc, v vy thng dng di dng mui inatri
Na
2
H
2
Y, gi l complexon III hoc trilon B, chelaton B v trong thc hnh quen
gi l EDTA. EDTA to c phc vi hu ht cc ion kim loi (tr cc kim loi
kim), phc to thnh theo t l 1: 1 v rt bn. V d:
Ag
+
+ Y
4

AgY
3
; lg = 7,32
Ca
2+
+ Y
4

CaY
2
; lg = 10,57
Fe
3+
+ Y
4

FeY
; lg = 25,10
Phn ng to phc gia EDTA vi ion kim loi ph thuc nhiu yu t trong
quan trng nht l pH. Nguyn nhn l do pH nh hng n s to phc
hiroxo ca ion kim loi v s phn li ca thuc th. Ty theo bn ca phc
cht m mi phn ng to phc xy ra mt khu vc pH ti u. V d, Phn ng
gia Fe
3+
v EDTA c th xy ra trong mi trng axit v phc FeY

rt bn, cn
phn ng gia Mg
2+
, Ca
2+
vi EDTA phi c thc hin trong mi trng baz.
Mt khc, ngn nga s to hiroxit kim loi ngi ta thng iu chnh
pH hoc thm cc cht to phc ph, v d chun ion Mg
2+
bng EDTA
phi thc hin trong mi trng m (NH
3
+ NH
+
4
) khng to kt ta
Mg(OH)
2
. V vy hiu sut phn ng to phc gia EDTA vi cc ion kim loi
ph thuc vo pH, nng cng nh bn cht cc cht to phc ph.
2. Cc cht ch th dng trong chun complexon
Cc cht ch th phi p ng cc yu cu:
C nhy cao c th thy c s i mu khi nng cht ch th b
Phc cht ca ion kim loi vi cht ch th phi tng i bn nhng phi
km bn hn phc ca ion kim loi vi EDTA.
Phn ng to phc gia ion kim loi v cht ch th phi nhanh v thun
nghch.
124
Cc cht ch th kim loi c kh nng to phc c mu vi ion kim loi.
Cc cht ch th kim loi thng l cc axit, baz hu c c mu khc nhau cc
pH khc nhau.
Trong bi ny, s dng cht ch th murexide . (A. murexide; cg. amoni
pupurat), C
8
H
4
N
5
O
6
NH
4
.H
2
O, bt thm, tan rt t trong nc to thnh dung
dch mu ta, c mu hng trong mi trng axit v mu tm trong mi trng
kim. Murexide c dng lm cht ch th kim loi trong phng php
complexon chun canxi, niken, coban v ng, v phc cht kim loi to
vi Murexide t bn hn phc cht complexon. Murexide cng c dng
nh lng canxi bng phng php trc quang. Cht ch th l murexide g c th
to phc vi ion Ni
2+
nhng phc ny khng bn bng EDTA. Phc cht ch th
vi Ni
2+
c mu vng.
III. Dng c v ha cht th nghim
DNG C HA CHT
Cn
Cc ong 100 mL
Bnh tam gic
B thit b chun
Niken sunfat (R 20/21/22, 42/43,
45, 46 -S 26, 27, 28, 36/37/39, 45)
Dung dch EDTA tiu chun (R 22- S 36)
Cht ch th murexide (R - S 22, 24/25)
Ammoni clorua (tinh th) (R 22, 36- S 22)
Ammoniac m c (20 ml)
(R10/23/34-S1/2/16/36/37 /39/45)
Cn chnh xc 300 mg niken sunfat v ha tan vo nc. Dng cc ong 100 ml.
iu ch dung dch m bng cch ha tan 2,7 gam ammoni clorua v 17,5 ml
ammoniac m c trong 50 ml nc. y dung dch EDTA tiu chun 0,01
M vo mt buret. Dng pipet ly 10,00 ml dung dch niken sunfat cho vo cc
hnh nn 200 ml v pha long vi khong 90 ml nc. Va thm va khuy u
10 ml dung dch m vo cc hnh nn. Thm mt t cht ch th murexide rn v
m bo tan ht. Chun vi dung dch EDTA n khi i mu t vng sang
125
tm. Th nghim ny cn c thc hin t nht hai ln.
Khi mu i chm, thm mt t ammoniac m c lc cui chun .
Vic chun ion Ni
2+
thc hin trong mi trng m NH
3
NH
+
4
c pH
9,0 v khng c s ti kt ta Ni(OH)
2
. Dng murexide lm cht ch th
Murexide c tnh axit yu:
H
4
In
+ H
2
O
H
3
O
+
+ H
3
In
2
; K
a2
= 10
9,2

tm tm
H
3
In
2
+ H
2
O
H
3
O
+
+ H
2
In
3
; K
a2
= 10
9,2

tm tm xanh
* Trc khi chun , dung dch c mu vng ca phc NiH
2
In
.
Ni
2+
+ H
3
In
2
+ NH
3
NiH
2
In

+ NH
+
4
(mu vng)
* Khi chun , mi u s c phn ng to phc gia EDTA vi Ni
2+
:
Ni
2+
+ Y
4

NiY
2
;
(khng mu)
Ti im dng chun , mt t EDTA d s phn hy phc NiH
2
In

:
NiH
2
In

+ H
2
Y
2
+ NH
3

NiY
2
+ H
3
In
2
+ NH
+
4
V vy, s chuyn mu xy ra t mu vng (ca NiH
2
In
) sang mu tm ca
H
3
In
2
. Cn c vo lng EDTA dng c th tnh nng ion kim loi:
C
Ni
+ 2 =
EDTA EDTA
Ni
V C (mol /l)
V
+
2
T , tnh khi lng NiSO
4
nguyn cht nc kt tinh trong tinh th.
Ghi li cc s liu sau:
1. Lng dung dch EDTA theo mL. Cng ghi li chnh xc chun ca dung dch.
2. Khi lng niken sunfat.xH
2
O.
3. Tnh nng Ni
2+
trong dung dch.
4. Tnh s mol nc kt tinh trong mt mol niken sunfat (trnh by cch tnh).
126
1) Cht ch th Eriocrom en T, phm nhum azo c tnh axit yu:
H
2
In
+ H
2
O
H
3
O
+
+ HIn
2
; K
a2
= 10
6,3

xanh
HIn
2
+ H
2
O
H
3
O
+
+ In
3
; K
a2
= 10
11,6

xanh vng da cam
Ha tan 1,25 gam mt mu NiSO
4
.nH
2
O v pha long chnh xc thnh 500 ml.
Ly 50,00 ml dung dch thu c, thm 25,00 ml Na
2
HY 0,0216 M v chun
hn hp bng dung dch ZnSO
4
dng eriocrom en T lm ch th pH = 10
(m NH
3
+ NH
+
4
) ht 11,00 ml dung dch ZnSO
4
0,012 M. Tnh hm lng
Ni trong mu. (P S: 19,16%)
2) Chun 50,00 ml dung dch Na
2
H
2
Y pH = 10,00 (m NH
3
+ NH
+
4
) dng
Eriocrom en T lm ch th ht 32,05 ml dung dch MgSO
4
0,045 M.
Chun 100,00 ml nc sui pH = 10,00 ht 8,40 ml EDTA lm i mu
ch th Eriocrom en T.
Mt khc, sau khi thm NaOH d vo 50,00 ml nc sui lm kt ta ion
Mg
2+
di dng Mg(OH)
2
. em lc tch kt ta v chun Ca
2+
bng EDTA
dng murexit lm ch th th phi dng ht 3,35 ml EDTA.
Tnh s mg CaO v MgO c trong 1,00 lt nc sui.
(P S: 19,75 mg MgO v 108,40 mg CaO)
127

Tai Lieu Thuc Hanh Thi Nghiem Chuan Bi Cho Thi HSG QuocGia 20112012

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Tai Lieu Thuc Hanh Thi Nghiem Chuan Bi Cho Thi HSG QuocGia 20112012

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Li ni u

Hnh 2. Cc thao tc vi buret trc khi chun

- Th nghim iu ch oxi t hn hp (KClO

HCl 0,01M; (R34/37-S26/36/45)

Dung dch HCl; (R34/37-S26/36/45)

HS nghin cu phn ng thy phn este v thc hnh chun mt baz

Tp phng php nghin cu khoa hc: Xc nh hm lng axit

Trnh un si, bi v cc mu c th b phn hy;

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