1

CHAPTER TWO
THICK-WALLED CYLINDERS and
SPINNING DISKS
* Important concepts and equations in MECH 202
** Calculation of mechanical and thermal stresses in thick-
walled cylinders and disks
1.1 The Theory of Elasticity (MECH 202) Method -------
Equilibrium Equations and Boundary Conditions and Strain-
Displacement Relations
1.2 Equilibrium Equations, Stress, Strain and Displacement
Formulas for thick-walled cylinders and spinning disks
1.3 Thick-walled cylinder under Pressure, Compound Cylinders
1.4 Stresses in spinning disks
1.5 Thermal stress in cylinders and disks
Review and Summary
1.1 THE THEORY OF ELASTICITY (MECH 202)
METHOD
The deformation mode does not have to be described in order to
solve a problem
The solution satisfies
(1) condition of equilibrium at every point
(2) continuity of displacement field
(3) loading and support conditions (boundary condition)
2
0
0
xy
x
x xy x xy
xy y
xy y xy y
tdy tdx dx tdy dy tdx
x y
tdy tdx dx tdy dy tdx
x y

_
_
+ + + +


,
,

_ _
+ + + +


, ,
Equilibrium equations and boundary conditions
(1) In general stresses are functions of the coordinates
(2) Consider the equilibrium of a differential element
(3) The equilibrium of forces in X and Y directions requires
(t thickness of the element)
(4) Differential equations of equilibrium
x direction:
y direction:
y
x
dx
dy
0
0
xy
x
xy y
x y
x y

+


+

3
cos 2 sin 2
2 2
sin 2 cos 2
2
x y x y
B xy
x y
B xy




+
+ +

+
(5) Boundary conditions
on CD:
B
= -P,
B
= 0
on DEA:
B
= 0,
B
= 0
(a) displacement boundary conditions
on ABC, u = 0, v = 0
(b) stress boundary conditions (surface tractions are related to the
internal stress by Mohr's circle)
4
Strain-displacement relations
(1) displacements in X, Y and Z directions,
displacement fields ---- dictate the strain fields
FIGURE 2.3.1. Lines OA and OB are drawn on a body in its strain-free state. As a result of
loading, configuration OAB is converted to O9A9B9. Equations 2.3.3 are derived from this
sketch.
(2) Normal strain
Similarly,
(3) Shear strain
( )
( ) ( )
1
x
final original
original
OA OA
OA

1

]
( )
1 u u
dx u dx u dx
dx x x
1 _
_
+ +
1

,
,
]
y
v
y

xy
u
v
u dy u
v dx v
u v y
x
dy dx y x

+
+


+ + +

, ,
x y xy
u v u v
x y y x


+

u = u(x,y)
v = v(x,y)

x
=
x
(x,y)

y
=
y
(x,y)

xy
=
xy
(x,y)
5
Equations in polar coordinates
FIGURE 2.6.1. Stresses that act on a plane differential element of unit thickness in polar
coordinates.
(1) Hookes law (for plane stress,
z
=
rz
=
z
= 0)
(2) Equilibrium equations (no body force)
(3) Strain displacement relations
y
x
( ) ( )
1 1
,
r r r
r
r
E E
G

: 0
2 1
: 0
r r r
r r
r direction
r r r
direction
r r r

+ +


+ +

1
1
r
r
r
r
r
u
r
u u
r r
u u u
r r r

+

6
Saint-Venant's Principle
If a system of forces acting on a small region of an elastic solid is
replaced by another force system, acting within the same region
and having the same resultant force and moment as the first
system, then stresses change appreciably only in the
neighborhood of the loaded region.
FIGURE 2.2.3. Illustration of Saint-Venant's principle. When distributed pressure loads (a) are
replaced by statically equivalent concentrated loads (b), stresses change considerably near the
loads (shaded regions), but change little elsewhere.
7
1.2 EQUILIBRIUM EQUATIONS, STRESS,
STRAIN AND DISPLACEMENT FORMULAS
FOR THICK-WALLED CYLINDERS AND
SPINNING DISKS
Thin- and thick-walled cylinders
Equilibrium equations for cylinder and disk
FIGURE 3.2.1. (a) Cross section of a thick-walled cylinder, under internal pressure P
i
and
external pressure P
o
, or plan view of a disk spinning with constant angular velocity . (b) Force
that act on a differential element of dimensions r du by dr by h, where h is the (constant) thickness
of the disk or a typical length along the cylinder. The mass density is r.
2
0
r r
d
w r
dr r

+ +
* two kinds of loads: P
o
or(&) P
i
; v
* only two stress components:

,
r
, (
r
u

= 0), they are
only functions of r, i.e.,

=

(r),
r =

r
(r)
0.1
t
r
<
8
Strain, displacement and elastic stress formulas
(1) strain (due to axial symmetry, there are only 2 strain
components
u
and
r
, and they only depend on r)
( u = u(r) is the only displacement component, u

= 0 )
(2) stress
(state of plane stress)
(3) equilibrium equation expressed in terms of
displacement, displacement and stress solution
( )
2 2
,
2
r
r u r
u du
r r dr

+

( )
( )
2 2
2 2
1 1
1 1
r r
r
E E du u
dr v
E E u du
r dr

_
+ +


,
_
+ +


,
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2 2
2
2 2
2 3
2 2
1
2
1 2 2 2
2 2
1 2 2 2
0
1 1
,
1
8
, ,
1 3
1
1 8
1 1 3
1
1 8
r r
r r
r
d
r
dr r
u
d u du u
r u u r
dr r dr r E
C r
u C r
r E
u
E
C C r
r
E
C C r
r

+ +

+ 1
]

+

+ 1
+
1

]
+
1
+ +
1

]
9
C
1
, C
2
are constants of integration, they are determined by
boundary conditions.
1.3 THICK-WALLED CYLINDER UNDER
PRESSURE, COMPOUND CYLINDER
Thick-walled cylinder under pressure ( = 0)
(a) boundary conditions

r
= -P
i
at r = b

r
= -P
o
at r = b

r
u
= 0 at r = a, r = b
(b) stress formulas
By using above boundary conditions
the constants C
1
and C
2
are found to
be
Finally, we have stress formulas
(Lam solution)
(a) Internal pressure
( )
2 2
1
2 2
2 2
2
2 2
1
1
i o
i o
b P a P
C
E a b
a b P P
C
E a b

u
(b) External pressure
FIGURE 3.4.1. Stresses s
r
and s
u
in thick-
walled cylinders under internal and external
pressure. Stresses are drawn to scale for the
case a = 3b.
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1
1 1
i o
r
i o
Pb P a a b
a b r a b r
Pb P a a b
a b r a b r

_ _



, ,
_ _
+ +


, ,
internal pressure external pressure
u
10
(1) If t/b [ 0.1 (thin-wall), the stress solution s
u
for thin-wall is
almost the same as thick-wall cylinder.
(2) If t/b :, (or > 4), the s
u
b
/P
i
1.0, i.e., s
u
b
P
i
,
rb
= -P
i
,

u
a
0.
max
= P
i
(3) In a cylinder with closed ends, axial force is provided by
pressure against the end caps, the axial stress due to internal
and external pressure load is
(4) The largest shear stress is on the inside surface, at r = b,
FIGURE 3.4.2. Stress s
u
at r = b due to
internal pressure only. The upper curve is the
Lam solution. The lower curve is the thin-
walled equation, s
u
= P
i
b/t. The middle curve
uses the mean radius R = (a + b)/2 in place of
b in the thin-walled equation.
FIGURE 3.4.3. Pressurized holes in a flat
body of arbitrary contour. If holes are widely
separated and not close to an edge, stresses at
the holes due to pressure P are much like
stresses in a very thick pressurized cylinder.
2 2
2 2
i o
z
Pb P a
a b

( )
2
max
2 2
1
2
i
r
Pa
a b

11
Compound cylinder
(1) More efficient use of material
(2) Shrink-fitting
The contact pressure P
c
due to
shrink-fitting depends on the
radius mismatch , i.e.,
U
r(outer-cylinder)
(P
c
, )
U
r(inner-cylinder)
(P
c
, ) =
(a)
(b)
FIGURE 3.6.1. (a) Stresses produced by
shrink-fit contact pressure P
i
at thin interface
of a compound cylinder. (b) Stresses
produced by the combination of shrink-fit and
internal pressure. Dashed lines represent
stresses due to P
i
alone.
12
Once P
c
is known, the residual stress in the 2 cylinders can be
calculated by Lam solution
Superposing the stresses of internal pressure P
i
more
efficient use of material
1.4 STRESSES IN SPINNING DISKS OF
CONSTANT THICKNESS
Solid Disk
Disk with a central hole

r
= 0 at r = a and r = b C
1
= , C
2
=
* A small central hole doubles the stress over the case of no hole!
( )
2
2
2
1
2
2 2
2
2
2 2
2
0, 0
, 0
1
3
8
3
1
8
3 1 3
1
8 3
r
r
r C
r a
a
C
E
r
a
a
r
a
a

+
_ +


,
_ + +


+
,
(a)
(b)
2 2
2 2 2 2
2
2 2
2 2 2 2
2
3
8
3 1 3
8 3
r
a b
a b r
r
a b
a b r
r

_ +
+

,
_ + +
+ +

+
,
FIGURE 3.7.1. Stresses
r
and
u
in
elastic spinning disks of constant
thickness. (a) Solid disk. (b) Disk with
a central hole.
13
( )
o
o r
r
u r
E


Example
A steel disk and a solid shaft are connected by shrink-fitting. To
determine:
(1) What are the stresses at standstill;
(2) At what speed the shrink-fit will loosen; and what are the
stresses at this speed;
(3) What are the largest
u
and contact pressure at half this speed.
(1) , at r = r
o
, s
u
= -P
c
(in the shaft); s
u
= +1.093P
c
(in the disk), s
r
= -P
c
(2)
(a) (b)
FIGURE 3.7.2. Two days to connect a disk and a shaft. The second way, with
a solid disk and a discontinuous shaft, results in lower stresses. Larger flanges
(dashed lines) allow bolts to be placed farther from the axis, where disk stresses
are lower.
( ) ( )
0.08 0.08
1.093 0.0001
c c c c
P P P P
E E
1 1
] ]

2
2 2
2
3
0 | 1
8
518 /
r r
o
r c L
L
b
P a
a
rad s

_ +
+

,

14
o
c
P
(3) at v = 259 rad/s and r = r
o
, s
u
= s
u
(
v
)
+ s
u
(fit)
= 161Mpa;
P
c
= + s
r(
v
)
= 89.3 MPa
1.5 THERMAL STRESS IN CYLINDERS AND
DISKS
Disk (plane stress) (hollow or solid disk)
Cylinder (plane strain) (with or without central hole)
For a steady state of heat flow, we have
( )
( )
1 2
2 2 2
1 2
2 2 2
1
1
1
1
1
1
r
r r
b
r
r
b
E E
C C T dr
r r
E E
C C T dr ET
r r

1
+
1

1
+ + +
1

( )
( )
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
2
2 2 2
1
1
a r
r
b b
a r
b b
E r b
Trdr Trdr
r a b
E r b
Trdr Trdr Tr
r a b

1

1

]
1 +
+
1

]


( )
0
ln , | , |
ln
i
i i r b o r a
T T r
T T T T T T
a b b