L O U I S K H A N C H A R L E S C O R R E A B V D O S H I & I N D I A

AR. HARIPRIYA A MEASI ACADEMY OF ARCHITECTURE 2008

L O U I S

ISADORE

K H A N

(1901-1974)

AND architect, educator, I N D I A U.S.

and philosopher

evolved an original theoretical and formal language that revitalized modern architecture best known works, located in the United States, India, and Bangladesh They reveal an integration of structure, a reverence for materials and light, a devotion to archetypal geometry, and a profound concern for humanistic values. Influenced by ancient ruins, Kahn's style tends to the monumental and monolithic, heavy buildings that neither hide their weight, their materials, nor the way they are assembled. During the 1930s, Louis Kahn was devoted to the study of modern architecture and housing in particular. Louis I. Kahn undertook housing studies for the Architectural Research Group (1932-1933), a short-lived organization Louis Isadore Kahn helped to establish, and for the Philadelphia City Planning Commission. later 1930s - consultant to the Philadelphia Housing Authority and the United States Housing Authority early 1940s - wartime housing projects 1947 - independent practice and began a distinguished teaching career

PHILOSOPHY
Louis Kahn's work infused the International style with a fastidious, highly personal taste, a poetry of light
He was known for his ability to create monumental architecture that responded to the human scale He was also concerned with creating strong formal distinctions between served spaces and servant spaces His palette of materials tended toward heavily textured brick and bare concrete, the textures often reinforced by juxtaposition to highly refined surfaces such as travertine marble. Important works :
1. Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut (19511953) 2. Richards Medical Research Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania (19571965) 3. Jonas Salk Institute, La Jolla, California, (19591965), 4. Phillips Exeter Academy Library, Exeter, New Hampshire, (19651972) 5. Jatiyo Sangshad Bhaban (National Assembly Building) in Dhaka, Bangladesh (1962 1974) 6. Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth, Texas, (19671972) 7. Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad in India.

KEY POINTS

Louis Isadore Kahn was steeped in classicism by his Beux-Arts education and Rome American Academy education He came to India in 1962 Major design Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad Khans influence was similar to Corbusier and had

influenced many Indian Architects.

Doshi worked as site architect for IIM building Parallels could be drawn between Khans work and Mughal architecture.

Together with B V Doshi incepted CEPT.

A new period of architects emerged

INDIAN INSITUTE OF MANAGEMENT - AHMEDABAD 1963

Situated on 27 hectare site western side of Ahmedabad

Campus promotes interaction of students and teachers

Institutional complex and housing quarters All services located on north western side of campus Heart of complex is the hub known as Louis Khan Plaza Movement from active space to private space Plans are simple and volumes gigantic Exposed brickwork and concrete- Brutalist

LUOIS KAHN PLAZA

"The organization of the complex, as well as its architecture, reflects the conceptual organization of learning which is focused on three inevitable components: the school, the students, and the teachers, which constitute 'The Indian Institute of Management'...Thus, man's philosophy about his environment is contained here through the otherwise rarely achieved response between condition of program and plastic emphasis of the structures; the latter extending from the sudden vibration of light on the lowered arches spanning the concrete cord to the gesture of full arches, and them of the round openings with their curved shades, all maintained within the strict discipline of construction, spatial dimensioning, and plan organization."

The IIM Ahmedabad is spread on a flat site of 66 acres

Comprises of school buildings, library, faculty research offices, administrative areas, dormitories, faculty & support staff housing with sport facilities, dining halls Form a neighborhood with bank and post office facilities The dormitories and school building are grouped as one forming a citadel with a dug up lake in an L shape separating the school and dormitories and residences creating a psychological distance between the two

A loop road off the main street gave access to the faculty residences and the other brought visitors traffic to the school entry
Cross section through classrooms, plaza, part of the faculty research offices looking towards the library entrance

The brise soleil became porches in architectural terms Porches are considered as rooms the porches as screens became exterior walls that protect the building from sun and rain

Longitudinal section through the library, plaza and the earlier proposal for the students dining hall

The architectural order is consistent throughout brick masonry bearing walls and concrete as a restraining member containing the thrust thrown by the arches used over openings
The restraining member keeps the arch from pushing out and brings into the wall There is no column and the arch spans openings

The porch acts as the interface between the classroom and the living a transitional space where living and learning meet
Each students room opens directly on to the porch avoiding need for corridors The dormitories and other residences are turned toward the prevailing wind direction assuring cross ventilation

The inner core of the building is a court inseparable from the various spaces and has become a social meeting place This court on a large scale is a central meeting place of the school building The court is called Louis Kahn Plaza an enormous room open to the sky with ambulatories forming an edge to it all around encouraging social and community participation in events throughout the year

Brick arches - spanning

Typical window detail

buttress

Plan of Dormitories

C H A R L E S
AND I N D I A
BACKGROUND:

C O R R E A

(1930 - )

(PS: http://www.charlescorrea.net/)

Born in Secundrabad, India 1953 Completed undergraduate architecture studies from University at Michigan 1955 Completed Post graduate from MIT, United States 1958 to date : In private practice in Bombay

DESIGN PHILOSOPHY:
India is a land of abundant Sun and Plentiful Labor Open-to-sky and Tube dwelling Combinatorial game of cellular housing patterns Stepped interlocking of spaces and details Highly climatic responsive buildings, Caters to the socio-economic needs Correa's work in India shows a careful development, understanding and adaptation of Modernism to a non-western culture. Correa's early works attempt to explore a local vernacular within a modern environment. Correa's land-use planning and community projects continually try to go beyond typical solutions to third world problems.

1.

Gandhi Smarak Sangrahalaya,

Sabarmati Ashram, Ahmedabad 1958-63

Memorial museum erected in sabarmati ashram Dandi march Tiled roofs, brick walls, stone floor and wooden doors, RCC Channels No glass, Lighting and ventilation through operable wooden louvers Typology analogous to Gandhijis thinking of villages Water courts, Meandering design

2. Kovalam Beach Resort,

Cluster of detached units Kudils Stepped terrace that leads visually to the beach Subtle level changes having a certain oriental character Highly articulated living zones Views to beach even from kitchenettes Highly responsive resort with regional character

Kerala 1969-74

3. Kanchanjunga Apartments, Bombay - 1970-83

Tower 1:4 Proportion 21m X 84m hosts 32 three or four bedroom luxury apartments. Ingenious cellular planning interlock of one and a half storey, split-level units. Smaller displacement of levels differentiates external earth filled terrace to interior elevated living volumes Effectively shields the effects of both Sun and Rain Tower with deep garden verandahs (Unite d habitation)

Its minimal unbroken surfaces are cut away to open up the doubleheight terrace gardens at the corners, thus revealing some hint of the complex spatial organization of living spaces that lie within the tower.

4. JNIDB- Hyderabad 1986-91

Simple pure geometry humidified micro-climate numerous courtyards skillful play of color

1. Rooms laid out around the courtyard 2. Courtyard Central Kund with stone steps 3. Creates focus in the center of complex 4. An ideal place for casual conversations and also for formal events like concerts

5. VIDHAN BHAVAN PARLIAMENTARY BUILDING BHOPAL - 1986-91

Vidhan Bhavan, the new state assembly for the government of Madhya Pradesh, is located on a hill in the centre of Bhopal The site in an irregular pattern following the contours of the hill, the plan of the building and its interior gardens and courtyards was developed within an almost continuous circular exterior wall. This form established a visual unity and presence regardless of the direction from which one approaches it.

The building's four main functions - a Lower House, Upper House, Combined Hall, and Library require extensive administrative facilities, meeting rooms, suites for the political leaders, cafeterias, and common rooms. All of these diverse elements are linked by a series of gardens defined by two symmetrical architectural axes that intersect at the centre of the circle. The axes extend to the edges of the site and open into panoramic views of the surrounding city. Vidhan Bhavan is conceived as a "city within a city". The use of local red stone, handmade ceramic tiles, and painted surfaces refers to the architectural traditions of Madhya Pradesh: gateways, enclosures, courts, small domes, and other architectural details that develop a new imagery based on traditional forms. Large contemporary murals, sculpture, and paintings by local artists enliven the spaces. The creation of an ensemble that provides a wide range of spatial experiences as one moves through the complex.

INFERENCE Correa was influenced with many masters Le Corbusier, Louis Khan, Adolf Loos, Recardo Legoretta Correa has developed a unique style in reinterpreting and reintegrating the past ETERNAL PRESENT Inspired by mythic and cosmology of Indian context Other works:
Jawahar Kala Kendra Jaipur Cidade de Goa - Hotel Arts & Crafts Village Pragati Maidan, Delhi Bharat Bhavan Bhopal British Council New Delhi Housing New Bombay Previ Housing Peru Cochin waterfront Lakefront - Hyderabad

BALKRISHNA V DOSHI
Background

(1927 - )

BV Doshi studied at the Sir JJ School of Architecture 1951-4 Worked for Le Corbusier in Paris 1954-7 Returned back to India as Site architect for Chandigarh 1964-72 Worked for Louis I Khan as site architect in IIM project 1965 Founded the Center for Environmental Planning and Technology (CEPT) in Ahmedabad

Philosophy:
BV Doshi had a substantial influence in Northern India as educator and designer, not only as transmitter of Le Corbusiers and Louis I Khans philosophy but also in providing exemplar of work for others to follow. He was concerned with the Indian context to a greater extent, providing a quality environment rather than modern buildings

1. Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore: 1983

Courtyards Labyrinthine Academic complex Rich and Varied Architectural texture Heavy building stone and delicate concrete Traditional Built form in Modern Language Semi-formal Landscape Exterior Grey Monotony Interior soft and varied play of light Underlying Geometric order Vs surprise and apparent eccentricities

2. Sangath, Architects Own Office

Ahmedabad: 1980

Sangath means moving together Building + Garden Complete environmental design Structure small scale Long Barrel vault 3 level structure A porous post and beam structure holds the vaults

Vaults are light weight composite material Cylindrical terracotta tiles sandwiched between Ferro-cement shells. Exterior a heat reflecting waterproof coat of china-mosaic. Rain water is collected and channeled to reflecting ponds.
Inspired by the earth-hugging forms of the Indian vernacular, it also draws upon the vault suggestions of Le Corbusier. A warren of interiors derived from the traditional Indian city, it is also influenced by sources as diverse as Louis I. Kahn, Alvar Aalto and Antonio Gaudi.

3. Aranya Township: Indore - 1988

Aranya, 6 kilometres from Indore, will eventually house a total population of 60,000 in 6500 dwellings, on a net planning area of 85 hectares Designed around a central spine comprising the business district Comprises of 6 sectors of population 7000 - 12000 east & west of spine bisected by linear parks Site and Services strategy Plots, services and communal infrastructure are provided by the development authority

Efforts to optimize the economics

Dense urban neighborhood Scheme is sophisticated, highly unconventional configuration of plot and spaces.

Exterior of two similar houses with slightly different detailing

10 houses, each with a courtyard at the back, form a cluster that opens onto a street. Internal streets and squares are paved.

Septic tanks are provided for each group of twenty houses, and electricity and water are available throughout.
The site plan accommodates and integrates a variety of income groups. The poorest are located in the middle of each of the six sectors, while the better off obtain plots along the peripheries of each sector and the central spine. Payment schemes, and a series of site and service options, reflect the financial resources of this mixed community. 80 demonstration houses, designed by architect Balkrishna V. Doshi, display a wide variety of possibilities, ranging from one room shelters to relatively spacious houses.

Most of the income groups buy only a house plot. Available to the poorest, in addition to the plot itself, are a concrete plinth, a service core, and a room.

The down payment is based on the average income of the family, the loan balance being paid in monthly instalments.
Brick, stone, and concrete are available locally, but owners are free to use any material they choose for house construction and decoration. An innovative sites-and-services project that is particularly noteworthy for its effort to integrate families within a range of poor-to-modest incomes.

Housing is organized in concentric rings to avoid hierarchy. Large open areas are avoided Public spaces are evenly distributed in small parcels Back to back construction to share services Reduced infrastructure cost by 30% The site grows according to the owners affordability.

4. IIM: Ahmedabad - New Campus

New concrete-look campus have 25 dorms, each of which can hold 25-44 students in single-person rooms. Each dorm has its own distinctive culture and traditions. The new campus, connected to the old campus via a pedestrian tunnel (which also serves as a photo gallery), opened in 2006. The new campus is just across the road from the old campus and houses 7 of the 25 dorms and some classrooms and seminar halls

5. Amdavad ni Gufa
an underground art gallery housing the collaborative effort of artist M. F. Hussain & the architect B. V. Doshi. This marvel of contemporary architecture was constructed using computer aided design and tribal initiative, adding a new dimension to viewing art. The Gufa is a configuration of cavelike structures buried under the ground. This marvel of contemporary architecture is a fusion of the modern and ancient ideas.

Inference BV Doshi uses a mix of two philosophies combined with his own research and application of contextual factors like economical viable policy solutions, ferro-cement and chinamosaic etc..

ANANT RAJE
BIOGRAPHY:

(1929 - )

A major Indian Modernist whose career began in 1950s-Indian architect and intellectual born in Mumbai, India. Studied at the Sir J. J. School of Architecture and later worked with Louis Kahn in Philadelphia, where he also taught at the University of Pennsylvania For over thirty years he has taught at the School of Architecture in Ahmedabad. He also taught at the University of New Mexico, in America, and was a visiting professor at many universities in America and Europe. Throughout his career he has had a close relationship with Le Corbusier's student B. V. Doshi. IMPORTANT WORKS: Bhopal Development Authority Headquarters Galbabhai Training Institute - Palanpur

Executive Management Centre

at IIM Ahmedabad The Forest Management Institute in Bhopal Institute of Statistics in New Delhi. MAFCO Wholesale Market

BACKGROUND: Raje was exposed to both Le Corbusier and Khan Maintained continued link with CEPT Had substantial influence in Northern India DESIGN PHILOSOPHY: Greatly influenced by Khan. Brutalist approach in architecture exposed brickwork and lintels Volume should have subtle yet prominent presence.

1.Indian Statistical Institute, New Delhi- 1970-75

Located on 6-hectare long and narrow site with Qutab Minar backdrop Class rooms are created by folding the walls continuously. Concept based on series of courts for students and staff to intermingle Rooms pushed in and pulled out to create shadow pockets

2. MAFCO Wholesale Market, Vashi, New Bombay - 1975

Only first phase was built. Low-rise complex is urban in concept and experience limits transit vehicular movement and enhances pedestrian circulation within the commercial complex. Covered walkways and pedestrian streets are provided. The different facilities are arranged around three courts, with the wholesale market at the center and the trading cells, banks and post office buildings on the periphery.

The buildings are based on the repetition of 4.5 m wide structural bays roofed with a barrel vault concrete shell. This standardization allowed for a rapid and economical construction process. The project also features an auction hall with raised platform for loading and unloading produce.

3. Bhopal Development Authority Headquarters, Bhopal 1980

demonstrates - even though the entire plot is covered by the building to get the maximum land utilization, it has enough open space for terraces built and integrated in the composition of the layout. ground level - movement of vehicles elevated terrace levels -keeps pedestrian movement isolated from the vehicular traffic. It was intended that this model would become a prototype for other office buildings which are being undertaken by BDA and establish a route for elevated walkways around the future office blocks in the same business district. All openings are integrated with the structure in such a way that they create a pocket of shadow within which the windows fall offering a complete freedom to the design and form of the windows. The building works with the climate shading the internal spaces from the hot summer sun.

4. Galbabhai Training Institute, Palanpur, 1983

two distinct clusters respectively housing the school and residential units. The former group of structures, accessed by a courtyard, is designed as a house, with several courts and rooms where people can gather, and a verandah used as a dining space. Indoor and outdoor areas are clearly defined so as to reflect the villagers' perception of space and seclusion. The series of loggias making up the dormitories do not open on the courtyard placed in their center in order to achieve maximum privacy. The compound is enclosed by stone walls, and the buildings' openings are spanned by concrete lintels and are deeply recessed to provide additional shade. The exposed stone facades and arched lintels used throughout convey a visual unity to the overall design.

INFERENCE:
Even though greatly influenced by Khan, Anant Raje had developed a unique sense contextual buildings. One common element in international architects performing in Indian Context is a general lack of concern for urban design issues.

Buildings continue to be seen as elements in space rather than as urban space defining elements

Model of INDIAN INSTITUTE OF FOREST MANAGEMENT, Bhopal- 1989

UTTAM C JAIN

(1934 - )

BACKGROUND: Influenced by Indian Modernist has associated with BV Doshi as an educator in CEPT and completed projects predominantly in Rajasthan and Gujarat. For several years he was the editor of the Journal of the Indian Institute of Architects.

DESIGN PHILOSOPHY: Pure Form Regulated Geometry Culture to be incorporated in Buildings Use of Local materials and construction techniques

WORKS: Bandodkar's Memorial, Panaji, Goa Oberoi Bogmalo Beach Resort in Goa Habibganj Railway Station , Bhopal Indira Gandhi Institute of Development, Mumbai

Habibganj Railway Station, Bhopal 1995

A long, narrow, three-storey building which is inspired by the forms of city gates.

The station is a series of open vaulted concrete structures built at each of the three levels through which platforms and ramps pass.
The building contains ticket offices, a waiting hall, a restaurant, and arrival and departure platforms.

University of Jodhpur Campus, Jodhpur 1969 - 99

Stone serves as the primary building material Loose community of structure blended with golden colored sandstone Contemporary yet contextual building Sculptural expressiveness Double wall construction to prevent heat and radiation Volumetric exploration with double height courtyards, colonnades Building gives a bold presence water tank

Rhythmic progression of stone piers and towers, arts and social sciences block

Indira Gandhi Institute of Development,Mumbai 1987

A research complex along with staff and scholar housing, all accommodated in various building blocks on a sloped site. The blocks are arranged around an open patio and landscaped green space.

Inference:
1. Material significance plays a major role in UC Jains buildings. 2. Cultural significance could be seen in the use of decorative detailing in the interiors of BALOTRA MUNICIPAL COUNCIL building 3. The context requires Banal construction and Jain was very successful in breaking this Banality by creating unfolding drama of spaces.

Padmashree Achyut Kanvinde,

(1916 2003)
BACKGROUND 1947 completed architecture studies in Harvard, MA Worked with Walter Gropius president of the Indian Institute of Architects in 1976 DESIGN PHILOSOPHY: Radical thinker in Indian Architecture scenario Projects reflected of BAUHAUS style of modernism Kanvinde sought to create buildings that reflected modern technology Purity in Form Pioneered in using flexible column and beam grid in India Introduced newer technique that emerged with technology Waffle Slab International style with Indian tradition WORKS: 1. Dudhsagar Dairy Complex, Mehsana 1971-74 2. National Dairy Development Board, New Delhi 1983 3. IIT Kanpur, 1959 - 66 4. National Science Centre New Delhi-1991 5. Harivallavhdas House, Ahmedabad, 1964

Dudhsagar Dairy Complex, Mehsana - 1974

Anthropomorphic interpretation of building volumes Layout and hierarchy following function Walls and structure are theatrical than technical Large shafts in exterior for ventilation Height difference is exaggerated to a soaring mass and profile Graphic banding articulate the muscular physiognomy of the building Articulation of the structural, mechanical and ventilation systems transform the iconography of a plant and laboratory

Harivallavhdas House, Ahmedabad,- 1964

Distinct living modules are arranged under a sweeping parasol and sensitively sited in a garden setting.

IIT, Kanpur,- 1966

An elegant synthesis of urban design, architecture and gardens, it is the first example of a comprehensive modern campus built in India.

National Science Center, Delhi,- 1991

six-storey structure situated on a site that forms part of the Trade Fair complex. The building comprises an auditorium, conference rooms, lecture hall, library, training centre, exhibition areas, and a cafeteria, totaling 14,000 square m of built up area. An entrance concourse on the first floor leads to the multilevel display; and terraces provide additional outdoor exhibition areas. The building is finished with aggregate plaster using local Delhi blue quartzite stone chips with bands in Dhopur stone chips, and polished Kota stone with Jaisalmer stone (ochre) bands are used for the flooring.

National Dairy Development Board, New Delhi - 1983

Irregular terracing and hanging roof gardens Modest almost domestic character reflects Delhi Neighborhood and garden city character Alternative to conventional office planning High emphasis on office-workers amenities and environmentally sensitive space Services are concentrated on the rear Exterior rough finish plaster, floors are polished grey-green sandstone

Inference:
Kanvinde was much focused on technology and architecture that reflects purity of form and almost monumental Details that enhance the above statement Significantly influenced by the modernist thinkers of west like Gropius, Wright BAUHAUS Have influenced a series of Indian architects thereafter INDIAN MODERNIST Authored the book Campus design in India
His projects include : Ahmedabad Textile Industrys Research Association, Hospital for Gujarat State Housing Board, Darpana Dance Academy, NDDB Campus at Anand, Physical Research Laboratory at Ahmedabad, Administration building at Delhi for CSIR, CBRI Roorkee, CEERI Campus at Pilani, Housing for Rajasthan Atomic Power Project, Mahatame Phule Agricultural University at Rahuri, University of Agricultural Science at Bangalore, Nehru Science Centre at Mumbai, National Science Centre at New Delhi, Milk Dairy and Powder Plant at Mehsana, NIBM at Pune, National Insurance Academy at Pune, Shere Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences at Soura, Vedic Institute and Temple Complex for ISKCON at New Delhi