Thng tin di ng 1

Th.s L Vn Thanh V
Chng 1
TNG QUAN H THNG THNG TIN DI NG
Nh chng ta u nhn thy th khi cuc sng cng pht trin chng ta cng
rt cn thng tin ng thi th thng tin cng lm cht xc tc cho cuc sng hin nay
pht trin ngy cng cao hn. Trong rt nhiu lnh vc thng tin th thng tin di ng
v ang l vn pht trin nhanh nht, cng ngy thng tin di ng cng c ph
bin rng ri v su rng. T nhng nhn thc th vic tm hiu k thut cng ngh
ca chuyn ngnh thng tin di ng l mt yu cu tt yu ca cc sinh vin chuyn
ngnh thng tin lin lc hin ny v sau ny. H thng thng tin di ng l mt h
thng vin thng kh phc tp v c nhiu ng dng rng ri, t in thoi di ng n
hin nay l truyn s liu di ng cng c trin khai rng khp.
1.1. Gii thiu tng quan
Hin nay trn th gii ni chung v trong c Vit Nam chng ta ang v s
tn ti hai h thng thng tin di ng l mng in thoi di ng t ong GSM
(Global System for Mobile Communication) v mng di ng s dng cng ngh
CDMA (Code Division Multipe Acess). Mi h thng c nhng c tnh ring, c u
nhc im c trng m h thng cn li khng (hoc cha) thay th c. Trong gio
trnh ny chng ta s cp n c hai h thng ni trn theo tng c tnh chung v
ring ca chng.
1.1.1. Khi qut lch s pht trin
Ct mc nh du s ra i v pht trin ca thng tin di ng hin nay phi
c xt n k t khi James Clerk Maxwell a ra l thuyt v sng in t vo nm
1861, y l nn tng l thuyt quan trng nht ca cc k thut thng tin khng dy
ni chung v trong c c thng tin di ng ca chng ta. Tuy nhin p dng c
l thuyt vo thc t l c mt chng ng lu di. Cho n nhng thp nin u
th k XIX, cc dng thng tin di ng u tin c pht trin phc v cho qun s
v cc dch v an ton cng cng nht l trong th chin th 2.
Sau th chin th hai, thng tin di ng bt u c pht trin cho mc ch
thng mi, u tin c xy dng M h thng in thoi di ng MTS (Mobile
Telephone System) vo nm 1946; nhng trn mng ch cho php truyn n cng
v s dng chuyn mch nhn cng. Mi n 1969 h thng in thoi di ng song
cng s dng chuyn mch t ng mi c pht trin thnh cng l IMPS (Improved
Mobile Telephone System). Mng thoi ny s dng di tn 450MHz v c chun
ha ti M nhng li khng th p ng nhu cu pht trin.
Thng tin di ng 2
Th.s L Vn Thanh V
Vo cui thp k 70, phng th nghim Bell LaBTS pht trin thnh cng h
thng AMPS v a ra thng mi ha bi hng AT&T vo nm 1983; h thng ny s
dng di tn trn 800MHz vi hng ln trong khong 824-846MHz v hng xung
l 869-894MHz. Trong AMPS s dng k thut iu ch tng t FM vi khong dch
tn cc i 12KHz cho knh thoi v khong cch tn s l 30KHz; phn b tn s
trong mng tun theo nguyn l chia . AMPS chia s cho hai nh cung cp vi 832
knh. Cc knh c chia u cho cc nh cung cp dch v, v khu vc a l, vi 42
knh mang thng tin ca mng (knh bo hiu chung).
Song song vi AMPS ca M th Chu u cng thc hin c h thng di
ng cho mnh vo 01/10/1981 bng chun NMT450 l mt mng di ng t bo ch
yu phc v cho khu vc Bc u. NMT450 s dng di tn trn 450MHz vi k thut
FDMA/FM vi khong dch tn cc i l 5KHz v khong cch tn gia hai knh l
25KHz v s dng k thut iu ch kha dch tn FSK. Sau h thng ny c
nng cp s dng khong tn 900MHz v tr thnh NMT900 vo nm 1986 v y
l c s cho vic pht trin mng di ng s th h th 2 c ph bin rng ri vi tn
gi GSM (Global System Mobile).
Da vo AMPS, ti Anh a ra chun TACS (Total Access Communication
System), h thng truyn thng truy cp ton th, vi s thay i di tn ca cc knh
v tuyn. H thng TACS sau ny c pht trin nhiu nc nh Nht l J-TACS,
hy chun m rng l N-TACS. TACS c di tn knh 25kHz di tn 890-915MHz
cho ng ln v 935-960MHz cho ng xung vi khong cch knh 45MHz; ban
u c cp di 25MHz, d tr 10MHz cho h thng pan_TACS Anh v 16MHz
cho chun m rng N-TACS. Trong h thng TACS s dng knh iu khin v bo
hiu tc 8kbps.
Cng vi s pht trin ca cng ngh s ha trong in t v vin thng lin lc
th vic chuyn i trong thng tin di ng cng c s chuyn bin cng ngh, cc
mng tng t nh trn dn c thay th bng cc mng s ha m thnh cng nht
l h thng thng tin di ng ton cu GSM (Global System Mobile). S chuyn i t
mng tng t qua mng s thng c bit n nh s chuyn i th h mng di
ng, m mng thng tin cng ngh tng t c xem l th h th nht (1G) v
mng thng tin di ng ton cu GSM l th h th 2 (2G). Hin nay chng ta thng
c nghe n cc khi nim 2.5G v 3G chnh l cc th h mng thng tin mi c
xut v ang pht trin p ng nhu cu trao i tin ngy cng cao ca x hi
hin i. Trong cc th h mng sau ny th ch yu c nng cp k thut cng ngh
p ng c cc yu cu ca thng tin a phng tin tc cao (truyn hnh,
truyn s liu tc cao,).
Thng tin di ng 3
Th.s L Vn Thanh V
Nm 1982, theo xut ca Cty Nordic Telecom (Vin thng Bc u),
Netherlands, nhm nghin cu Group Special Mobil (GSM) th T chc Bu chnh
Vin thng Chu u CEPT (Conference Euro Posts and Telecommunication) hnh
thnh tiu chun mi cho h thng thng tin di ng xuyn Chu u. Sau 5 nm
(1987) th 13 nh khai thc qun l k kt tha thun a ra tiu chun GSM l vit
tt theo tn ting Php ca Global System for Mobile Communication l tiu chun
chng ta s dng hin nay. GSM s dng m ha ting ni d on c tuyn xung
kch chnh tc (PRE-LPC) v phng thc TDMA phn chia theo thi gian.
T nm 1989 GSM c chuyn nhng cho Vin tiu chun vin thng Chu
u (ETSI) v c vin pht trin qua nhiu giai on mi n nm 1997 mi hon
thnh tiu chun y thnh GSM 2G c kt hp vi dch v s liu chuyn mch tc
cao (HSCSD) v dch v truyn sng v tuyn gi a dng (GPRS).
GSM s dng giao din v tuyn di tn trn 850MHz, c th l 890-915MHz
cho ng ln v 935-960 cho ng xung i vi cc mng di ng (hin nay ang
s dng di tn 1800MHz). K thut iu ch ca GSM l GMSK (Kha m cc tiu
Gaussian) vi mi gi tr BT l 0.3 ti tc d liu tng 270kbps. iu ny a ra
cn i ti u gia phc tp ca thit b v hiu qu s dng ph tn ca h thng.
Bng 1.1. Tm lc lch s pht trin ca GSM
Nm S kin
1982 Nhm nghin cu di ng c bit c CEPT thnh lp (GSM ra i)
1986 Di tn 900MHz dnh ring cho GSM c s chp thun ca EC Telecom
C 3 s truyn dn sng v tuyn khc nhau v khc c tc m ha m
thanh cc quc gia khc nhau.
1987 Cc thng s c s ca chun ha GSM c chp thun vo thng 2
1988 c t chi tit GSM pha 1 c hon thnh cho c s h tng mng
1989 Nhm di ng c bit chuyn sang cho ETSI thnh h thng thng tin di
ng ton cu (GSM hin nay) thnh chun ha quc t cho mng dch v
thoi di ng cu trc t bo.
1990 GSM bc u tng thch cho hot ng bng tn DSC1800
1991 Mng GSM u tin c xy dng Phn Lan
1992 Ln u tin vic ng k chuyn vng quc t c thc hin gia Vin
thng Phn Lan (Telecom Finland) v Vodafone (Vng quc Anh).
Bn tin SMS u tin c gi i.
1993 Telstra Australia tr thnh mng ngoi Chu u u tin i vo hot ng.
Mng GSM u tin hot ng trong di tn DCS1800 (GSM1800) Vng
quc Anh.


Thng tin di ng 4
Th.s L Vn Thanh V
1994 GSM pha 2 (cho cc dch v mng thng tin s liu / fax) ban hnh.
S lng thnh vin ca MoU GSM vt qua con s 100, thu bao GSM tin
n con s hng triu.
1995 Mng GSM u tin hot ng Nga v Trung Quc
S lng thu bao GSM tin n con s 50 triu
1997 My cm tay 3 bng u tin c cng b
1998 S thu bao GSM trn ton cu vt qua 100 triu
1999 WAP bt u c trin khai th nghim Php v Italia
2000 Cc dch v GPRS thng mi u tin c cng b, my cm tay GPRS
u tin c a ra th trng. Nm t bn tin SMS c gi trong 1 thng.
2001 Mng 3G GSM u tin i vo cuc sng.
S lng lng thu bao GSM trn ton th gii vt xa 500 triu.
2003 Mng EDGE u tin i vo hot ng.
S lng thnh vin ca hip hi GSM vt qua 200 quc gia.
Hn na t my cm tay c sn xut trong 1 nm.
2008 Con s thu bao GSM vt qua ngn 3 t.

Hin nay song song vi h thng in thoi di ng t bo GSM th cn c mt
cng ngh mi, trc y ch s dng cho mc ch qun s l CDMA v c a ra
thng mi bi hnh Qualcomm IS-95 (Interim Standard 95A) vi tn gi l CDMA-
ONE vo nm 1991. IS-95 s dng phng php a truy cp phn chia theo m
(CDMA) l nn tng cho s m rng dung lng thu bao, hn ch cng sut pht
chng nhiu v nng cao hiu sut s dng di tn hn ch. Cng ngh CDMA ra i
ha hn s t ph mi trong s pht trin ca h thng thng tin di ng bi kh nng
chng nhiu v tc truyn tin cao p ng cho cc yu cu dch v a phng tin.
H thng thng tin di ng th h 3 c nghin cu pht trin cc dch v
mi cng nh ci thin cht lng cc dch v truyn thng v nng cao tnh hiu qu
s dng bng tn v tuyn. Trong rt nhiu h thng th h ba th ni bt nht l: H
thng thng tin di ng a nng UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System)
do CEPT xut; v h thng thng tin di ng mt t cng cng tng lai - FPLMTS
(Future Public Land Mobile Telecommunication Systems) do ITU-R pht trin.
V hin nay ang nghin cu xu th OFDM trin khai cho mng thng tin di
ng tng lai, hay cn gi l 4G. Vi mng di ng s dng k thut OFDM s cho
php lin kt tc cao trong iu kin nhiu ln v di chuyn tc cao. Tuy nhin
vi OFDM cc k thut iu ch cn c s kt hp ca ghp knh v a thm nhp kh
phc tp cn phi nghin cu th nghim trong thi gian ti.
Thng tin di ng 5
Th.s L Vn Thanh V
1.1.2. Cu trc chung ca h thng
Mt h thng thng tin di ng c bn s gm cc thnh phn nh H-1.1 sau
Trong s (H-1.1) cc thnh phn trong ch biu th chc nng ca khi
con (h thng con) m cha cp n thit b di ng c nhn (thit b u cui ngi
dng). Trong h thng di ng th trung tm chuyn mch dch v di ng MSC
(Mobile Service Switching Centrel) l quan trng nht, c vai tr chuyn mch gia
thu bao ngi dng vi mng vin thng tng th.
Cc h thng con trong trong thng tin di ng gm:
- Trm di ng MS (Mobile Station): L thit b u cui ngi dng, c th l
in thoi, hay thit truyn s liu,
- Modun xc nhn thu bao SIM (Subscriber Indentity Module) l n v cha
thng tin ngi dng s dng cho cng tc xc nhn thu bao v tnh cc.
Tp hp hai chc nng trn to nn mt u cui thu bao di ng hon chnh
- Trm thu pht gc BTS (Base Transceiver Station): Thc hin chc nng
pht v thu tn hiu vi cc MS gm anten thu pht, thit b thu pht v iu khin.
- B iu khin trm gc BSC (Base Station Controller) c nhim v qun l
tt c cc giao din v tuyn thng qua lnh iu khin t xa ca MS v BTS. Thc
cht cc BSC l cc tng i c nh c kh nng tnh ton ln dng cho vic qun l
cc knh truyn giao din v tuyn v chuyn giao (handover).
- Khi chuyn m v thch ng tc - TRAU (Transcoder and Rate Adapter
Unit). y l thit b m ti thc hin chc nng chuyn i gia m ting ca GSM
thnh m ting bnh thng mt knh thoi v ngc li; v ng thi cng thc hin
chc nng thch ng tc c trong cc kt ni truyn s liu khc.

Hnh 1.1. Cu trc ca mt h thng thng tin di ng
Thng tin di ng 6
Th.s L Vn Thanh V
- MSC (Mobile Service Switching Center): Trung tm chuyn mch dch v di
ng. MSC thc hin kt ni cc BSC li vi nhau thng qua giao din Abis v cng
giao tip vi mng bn ngoi thng (cn c gi l MSC cng).
- Thanh ghi thng tr HLR (Home Location Register) l c s d liu lu gi
cc thng tin cung cp dch v cho thu bao m khng ph thuc vo v tr thu bao
hin thi trn mng nhng n cng c c thng tin v v tr hin thi ca thu bao. Mt
chc nng quan trng ca HLR chnh l chc nng xc thc AUC (Authentication
Centrer).
- Thanh ghi tm tr VLR (Visitor Location Register) l c s d liu th hai
ca h thng; c th c ni vi mt hay nhiu MSC. Chc nng chnh ca VLR l
lu gi tm thi s liu thu bao ca cc thu bao hin ang nm trong vng phc v
ca MSC tng ng.
Tp hp cc chc nng trn to thnh h thng con trm gc BSS (Base
Station Subsystem) l khi m to nn kt ni gia h thng thng tin vi thu bao di
ng. y l phn giao tip chnh vi khch hnh thu bao thng tin di ng.
Ngoi ra hon chnh mt h thng thng tin th thng tin di ng cng phi c
thm s kt ni vi cc mng thng tin khc cng nh phi cc thnh phn qun l h
thng. Vi h thng thng tin di ng th s gm thm NSS (Netwok and Switching
Subsystem) v h thng khai thc v h tr - OSS (Operation and Support System).
Trong OSS c chc nng khai thc bo dng h thng mng thng tin, qun l v
tnh cc thu bao trong mng, qun l thit b di ng. NSS vi chc nng chnh l
chuyn mch t mng thng tin ra mng vin thng bn ngoi, ng dng cho cc cuc
gi lin mng.
Trong vic qun l thit b di ng OSS s cn phi c h tr t thanh ghi
nhn dng thit b EIR (Equipment Identity Register), ti y s lu gi tt c cc d
liu lin quan n trm di ng MS c ni vi MSC qua ng bo hiu kim tra
hp php ca thit b . Nu thit b khng c xc nhn s b cm lin lc vi mng
thng tin. Nhng ch rng EIR li c xem l thnh phn con ca h thng trm gc
chuyn mch.
1.2. Cu trc t bo
S hu mt di tn v tuyn gii hn, cc mng di ng s ch c th cung cp
mt s lng rt nh cc knh v tuyn cho truyn dn thng tin v t s ngi
dng hn ch. V d, vi h thng GSM s dng di tn 900MHz c di thng 25MHz
s c s lng ti a l 125 knh tn s, di thng s mang 200kHz; nu s dng ghp
knh thi gian vi 8 khe th cng ch c 1000 knh. Nhng quan trng hn l vi s
Thng tin di ng 7
Th.s L Vn Thanh V
phn b rng v s di chuyn ca u cui, s dng cp pht c nh knh s khng th
s dng lin kt u cui vi mng v bi ton t ra s phn chia khu vc phc v
vi cc di tn khc nhau c th lp li nhng khong cch xa c p dng cho
cc mng thng tin di ng; mi khu vc phc v c gi l mt t bo (cell). Nguyn
l chia cell v ti s dng tn s c th m t nh (H-1.)
Cc nh ngha:
+ T bo (cell) l mt khu vc phc v ca trm pht sng c bn (BTS), ton
mng ph sng s c chia nh thnh cc t bo thng c dng lc gic vi trm
pht sng s trung tm ca t bo.
+ Mi t bo i c mt tp con tn s Si c ly t tp di tn c cp pht cho
mng. Trong h thng GSM tp con S
i
gn cho mt t bo c gi l Cp pht t bo
(Cell Allocation - CA). Hai t bo ln cn khng bao gi dng chung mt di tn, do
yu cu trnh xuyn nhiu cng knh ca cc t bo lin k.
+ Ch mt khong D th c th s dng li tp con tn s S
i
, cc t bo cch t
bo i mt khong D c th c gn cho mt hoc tt c tp cho S
i
ca t bo i. Khi
thit k mng di ng, D phi c chn ln nhiu ng knh l nh c th
chp nhn c m khng lm gim cht lng tn hiu nhn c.
+ Khi mt trm di ng chuyn t mt t bo ny n t bo khc khi ang m
thoi th s t ng c s thng i knh/tn s, gi l handover.

Hnh 1. : M hnh mng t bo ti s dng tn s

Hnh 1. : Ti s dng tn s v phn chia cluster trong mng t bo
Thng tin di ng 8
Th.s L Vn Thanh V
1.2.1. T s sng mang trn xuyn nhiu
Cht lng tn hiu trong mt kt ni c o bng t s cng sut tn hiu s
dng cho cng sut xuyn nhiu nhn t mt t bo ng knh, k hiu l CIR (hay C/I):
= =
Cng sut tn hiu nhn Cng sut tn hiu nhn
Cng sut tn hiu nhiu Cng sut xuyn nhiu t c c tbo kh c
C
I
(1.)
Xuyn nhiu v c bn l mt hm ca nhiu ng knh ph thuc vo khong
cch ti s dng tn s D. T im ng ca trm di ng, xuyn nhiu ng knh c
nguyn nhn ca trm gc cch trm gc hin ti mt khong D. Trong nh gi xu
nht CIR ca trm di ng bin vng ph cch anten pht l R, bao gm c suy hao
lan truyn vi gi thit l su trm ln cn pht nhiu cng cng sut v c khong cch
xp x nhau (cho khong D rt ln hn bn knh t bo R). Lc :

6 6
1 1
. . 1
6
.
t t
i t
i i
P R P R C R
I D
P P D

= =
| |
= =
|
\ .

(1.)
1.2.2. nh dng ca CLUSTER
Thng thng vic phn tp lp li tn s s to nn cc nhm t bo (cluster),
cc t bo trong cng mt cluster phi c cp pht tn s khc nhau, trong khi cc t
bo cc cluster khc c th s dng li cc knh nh cng phn tp. Kch thc ca
cluster c c trng bi s lng t bo trong cluster l k, c xc nh bng s tn
s s dng trong mt khong D vi bn knh t bo R cho.
Mi cluster c cc c tnh sau:
- Mt cluster c th bao hm ht tt c di tn c cp pht cho ton mng.
- Trong cng mt cluster tn s sng khng c s dng li, cc tn s trong
tp Si ch c th ti s dng cc cluster ln cn.
- Vi mt cluster ln s cho khong s dng li tn s ln v gi tr CIR cng
kh ln, tuy nhin vi cluster ln th s lng knh trong mt t bo phi nh
i v s lng thu bao cung cp c trong mt t bo cng s gim nh.
Khong ti s dng tn s D c th xc nh theo gi tr hnh hc t m hnh t
bo lc gic (H- ) ph thuc theo k v R l:
3. D R k = (1.)
Lc ny c th vit li biu thc ca CIR l

( )
( )
2
1
3.
6. 6
6 3
C R R
k
I D
R k





= = = (1.)
Thng tin di ng 9
Th.s L Vn Thanh V
p dng kt qu ny ta c th xc nh c kch thc ti u ca cluster vi
yu cu cht lng CIR
min
cho trc nh biu thc sau

( )
2 2
2
min
, 0
1
min . 3.
6
i j
k i i j j CIR k

>

= + + s
`
)

Theo nh php o trn, mc tn hiu m c th nhn tt th gi tr CIR c th
chp nhn c c khong CIR
min
= 18dB. Gi s h s lan truyn c gi tr xp x l
= 4 th lc ny ta tnh c kch thc ca cluster s l:

min min
10lg 18 63,1
C C
dB
I I
| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .


( )
2
min
1
3. 63,1 6,5 hay 7
6
C
k k k
I

| |
> = > =
|
\ .

Gi tr ny cng c xc nhn bng m phng trn my tnh, v cng ch
ra c vi thng s CIR
min
= 18dB th khong cc ti s dng tn s D = 4,6R. Ngoi
ra trong thc t, mt s mng cn s dng mt s kch thc cluster khc l 3 v 12.
1.2.3. Dung lng ti v qun l ti
Nh chng ta cp trn, s lng cc knh v dung lng ti cc i trn
mt t bo ph thuc kch thc cluster k, theo quan h nh sau

.
t
F
c
B
n
B k
= (1.)
Trong , n
F
l s lng tn s cp pht trn mt t bo.
B
t
l bng thng tng cng ca h thng mng t bo.
B
c
l bng thng ca mt knh.
S lng knh trn mt t bo trong h thng FDMA bng s lng knh tn s
c cho t bng thng ca h thng v tng knh: n = n
F
.
S lng knh trn mi t bo h thng TDMA s bng s lng knh tn s
nhn vi s khe thi gian trn mi knh: n = m. n
F
.
Mi t bo c th m hnh nh l mt h thng tn hao ti theo dng l thuyt
vi n dch v (knh thu bao), gi s qu trnh cuc gi n c phn phi hm m theo
thi gian (qu trnh Possion), v mt qu trnh Possion khc l qu trnh dch v. Cc
qu trnh dch v v gi n cn c gi l qu trnh Markov, nh l mt h thng
bit l h thng suy hao M/M/n. Cho mt xc xut khi B, mt t bo phc v ti a ti
yu cu l A
max
trong sut thi gian bn l
( )
max max
,
m
A f B n T = = (1.)
Thng tin di ng 10
Th.s L Vn Thanh V
Trong
max
l s cuc gi thc hin trong thi gian bn
T
m
l thi gian ko di trung bnh ca cc cuc gi.
Mi lin h yu cu ti A v xc sut khi B vi tng s knh n c cho bi
biu thc Erlang sau

0
!
!
n
n
i
i
A
n
B
A
i
=
=

(1.)
Tuy nhin cc gi tr xp x ny ch c ngha trong mi trng microcell, s
lng ngi dung trong t bo l ln tng ng vi s lng knh cho php v do
s lng cuc gi n c xem nh xp x hng s. Trong cc h thng picocell v
microcell vi gi thit cuc gi khng gi lu, th lc ny nh lng ti theo l thuyt
phi s dng m hnh Engset, kt qu l s cuc gi n khng phi l hng s thi
gian di. Xc sut m tt c cc knh u cho kt qu bn t M s ngi dng trong t
bo v c a ngi dng khng bn th:

0
n
n
n
i
i
M
a
n
P
M
a
i
=
| |
|
\ .
=
| |
|
\ .

(1. )
Trong trng hp hy xc sut khi c mt cuc gi n m khng c mt knh
ri c sn (xc xut b kha) l

0
1
1
n
B
n
i
i
M
a
n
P
M
a
i
=
| |
|
\ .
=
| |
|
\ .

(1.)
Vi M th cng thc kha Engset s tr thnh biu thc kha Erlang.
1.2.4. Phn chia sector trong t bo
T vic tm hiu CIR yu cu kch thc cluster v kt qu thu c v dung
lng ti tin phn trn, ch ra vic thit k h thng vi dung lng ti cho trc
trong mt vng l: T yu cu CIR l ti thiu tm c kch thc cluster v t xc
nh s lng knh ti a trong mt t bo; dung lng ti trong mt khu vc c xc
nh bng bn knh t bo. Nhng do ti nguyn cp pht cho mng l gii hn (nh di
tn, bng thng, ...) nn dung lng ti c th tng thm bng vic chn cc t bo c
kch thc nh hn. Nhng iu li yu cu gia tng s lng cc trm gc (BTS),
iu ny lm gia tng chi ph u t cho cc trm BTS v bao gm c cc kt ni ng
trc. Mt cch tip cn khc l s dng cc t bo sector thay cho cc t bo ng
Thng tin di ng 11
Th.s L Vn Thanh V
hng, trong tm hiu su hn phn sau. Trong trng hp sector ha, mi t bo v
hng c chia thnh ba sector 120
o
hoc su sector 60
o
, mi sector c h tr bi
mt anten sector thu pht trong cc gc ph sng ca chnh sector ; do vy s
lng xuyn nhiu ng knh s gim nh t 6 xung cn 2 trong trng hp 3 sector
120
o
v 1 trng hp su sector. T chng ta ci thin c h s CIR nh sau

( )
0
2
120
1 1
3. 3.
2 2
omni
C C R
k
I I D

| | | | | |
= =
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
(1.)
Vi trng hp 3 sector mt t bo, cn vi trng hp 6 sector s l

( )
o
2
60
6. 3.
omni
C C R
k
I I D

| | | | | |
= =
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
(1.)
Vi mt gi tr CIR cho, ta c th gim c kch thc cluster k thnh
o
120
k v
o
60
k ca cc trng hp ba v su sector tng ng theo cc biu thc sau
( )
120 2 2
2
, 0
min
1
min . 3.
2
o
i j
C
k i i j j k
I

>

| |
= + + s
`
|
\ .
)
(1.)
V ( )
o
60 2 2
2
, 0
min
min . 3.
i j
C
k i i j j k
I

>

| |
= + + s
`
|
\ .
)
(1.)
Do vy chng ta s thu c s lng knh trn t bo ln hn, tuy nhin mt
iu cn ch l s lng knh c cp pht phi chia cho s lng sector. Trong
thc t, s lng knh kh d tng th l khng ln, v khi chia cho sector s lm phn
nh lng knh cn cung cp iu ny a n vic cc knh ch c s dng trong
mt sector lm gim s nh hng xuyn di n cc t bo v sector bn cnh nn
s lm gii hn li. Tuy nhin s ph thuc cc tham s trn ca vic sector ha
c gim nh n mc c th khng lm gim dung lng h thng.
lm r vn ny ta xt mt v d sau: gi s yu cu cht lng tn hiu l
CIR
min
=18dB, kch thc cluster l ng hng k=7 v tham s =4 (nh v d trn).
S dng phng trnh (1.) chng ta thu c
( )
o
120
7
23dB
k
C
I
=
=
cho cng cluster k=7 v
chia sector 120
o
. Trong trng hp gim cluster k=4, th gi tr
( )
o
120
4
18,5dB
k
C
I
=
= th vn
cho cng kt qu nhng nu gim v k=3 th th gi tr
( )
o
120
3
16dB
k
C
I
=
=
l gi tr qu nh
hn yu cu ra. Do vy kch thc cluster nh nht trong trng hp chia sector
120
o
s l k=4. Cn vi vic chia 6 sector trong mt t bo c th thu nh kch thc
cluster v k=3, lc
( )
o
60
3
19dB
k
C
I
=
=
tha yu cu ca biu thc (1.). Trong nhng
Thng tin di ng 12
Th.s L Vn Thanh V
nghin cu tm c dung lng ln hn, iu ny c th thu c t vic phn chia
sector chng ta s c c xc sut khi. Xc sut khi thu c t biu thc Erlang,
trong ta k hiu B(a,n) vi a l ti tin v n l s lng thu bao (knh truyn). Trong
trng hp t bo ng hng, xc sut khi tr thnh:

( )
sys
omni
omni
,
b
N
P B A
k
= (1.)
Trong , A l ti tin d kin cho t bo, N
sys
l s lng cc knh kh dng ca
h thng. Trong trng hp phn chia sector cc gi tr phi gim i mt lng tng
ng vi s sector trong t bo; do s lng knh trong mt sector n l s bng vi
lng ti tin c gn cho sector . Do vy xc sut khi trong trng hp sector 120
o

s l

o
0
sys
120
120
,
3
3
b
A N
P B
k
| |
|
=
|
\ .
(1.)
V trong trng hp sector 60
o
, ta s thu c l:

o
0
sys
120
60
,
6
6
b
A N
P B
k
| |
|
=
|
\ .
(1.)
Bng 1. : li dung lng sector ha vi gi tr CIR
min
= 18dB
Sector N
sys
=84 N
sys
=252

120
o
27,6% 50,6%
60
o
17,8% 72,9%
1.2.5. Lc khng gian gim nh xuyn nhiu
cc trm gc s dng anten thng minh c th pht c bp sng thch
ng vi cc ngi dng ring l, lc trng pht cho hng xung v trng nhn
hng ln l nh nhau. Thng qua khi nim ny bn knh v cng sut xuyn nhiu ti
s dng ng k trong h thng t bo, lc ny s dng chm pht tng thch gia

Hnh 1. :

Thng tin di ng 13
Th.s L Vn Thanh V
tng dung lng trong k thut SDMA (Space Division Multi Access). Mt cch khc l
bin im xuyn nhiu ti s dng thnh li dng lng ti xc thc SFIR (Spatial
filtering for Interference reduction). Trong khi SDMA cho php ti s dng knh trong
cng mt t bo v c trng th cao hn khi ci tin dung lng, n cng yu cu mt
phng php qun l ti nguyn v tuyn mi (RRM- Radio Resource Management),
m t cho knh v tr v chuyn giao duy tr s trc giao cc knh trong khng gian.
Ngc li vi SFIR khng cho php ti s dng knh trong cng t bo v cng khng
cn km theo s thay i giao thc cng nh phng php RRM. Trong mt h thng
SFIR mt chm sng tng thch c hng n mt ngi dng nht nh, nhng
mt ngi trong mt t bo phi c cp pht nhng knh ti lu lng khc nhau
(nh TDMA hay FDMA).



1.3. Phn lp v giao thc trong mng di ng
1.3.1. Phn lp trong mng di ng
Mng di ng cng l mt mng thng tin nn vn tun theo phn lp chc nng
theo m hnh 7 lp OSI (Open System Interconnection), vi cc chc nng ca tng lp
vn tun th nguyn tc chung v ng thi cng c nhng c im ring ca thng
tin di ng. Vic s dng m hnh 7 lp cho mng thng tin vi cc nguyn nhn sau:
- S dng vi x l trong vin thng s cho php m rng cc dch v mi nhng
lm gia tng yu cu thng tin ti my tnh v tng i.
- Ngi dng khng quan tm n cc kt ni vt l thc t ca mng, m ch
quan tm n qu trnh trao i thng tin n gin v an ton bo m n ch.
- My tnh l mt b phn c cu trc, nn c nhng khc bit gia cc my
khc nhau nn cn phi c s tng ng trong h thng.
- H thng ngy nay cng yu cu nhiu dch v khc nhau, nn phi c s mm
do trong vic p ng yu cu pht trin gia tng trong h thng.
T cc yu cu , ITU xut m hnh 7 lp nh sau

Hnh 1.2: Cc lp trong m hnh OSI
Thng tin di ng 14
Th.s L Vn Thanh V
Nguyn tc tng qut cho m hnh 7 lp c th tm tt nh sau:
+ Cc lp lm vic c lp vi nhau, lp trn nhn dch v ca lp di v cung
cp dch v cho lp ngay trn n. Lp thp hn s khng quan tm n ni dung
thng tin m ch cung cp dch v truyn dn cho lp trn m thi.
+ Mi lp trong m hnh ch thng tin vi lp k st n v tng thch ngang
hnh gin tip vi lp u cui bt tay (xem H-1.2).
+ Trong mng thng tin, trong qu trnh truyn dn qua nhiu nt mng, mng
thng tin ch m ng gi tng ng vi chc nng ca ba lp thp nht (lp vt l, lp
lin kt d liu v lp mng).
+ Giao thc ti ba lp cui khng nht thit phi ging nhau ti mi lin kt
trong mng. V d trong mng thng tin GSM, lp 2 lin kt gia BTS v BSC s
dng l LAPD, trong khi lin kt gia BSC v MSC li s dng giao thc SS7.
+ Thng tin qua cc lp s c tch gp ng gi to thnh giao thc tng
ng cho mi lp trong mng c th, t lp cao nht xung n lp thp nht thng tin
s c ng gi v b sung tiu qua mi lp trong khi u nhn s thc hin theo
chiu ngc li. Qu trnh c m t nh sau
A/ Lp vt l: Lp vt l l lp thp nht (lp 1) l lin kt vt l trong mng thng tin
Lp vt l c th ng nht vi mi trng lin kt, nn c th l dy dn tn
hiu (cp), ng truyn v tinh, sng v tuyn, cp quang, . Ti lp ny s khng
cn bit ni dung thng tin cng nh nh dng ca n, thm ch c th khng cn phn
bit l thng tin hay lnh iu khin h thng, do vy khng c tiu cho lp 1.
Trong h thng GSM lp vt l s l giao din Air interface cho lin kt gia
MS vi BTS, nhng trong cc lin kt khc c th s dng c mi trng hu tuyn.
B/ Lp lin kt d liu- Lp 2:
Lp lin kt d liu c chc nng ng gi thng tin chuyn n lp vt l
pht i trong mi trng ng b hoc khng ng b. Trong lp ny giao thc ph
bin nht l HDLC, nhng vi thng tin di ng c th l LAPD hoc SS7.

Hnh 1.3: Lung tin trong m hnh 7 lp
Thng tin di ng 15
Th.s L Vn Thanh V
C/ Lp mng lp 3
Lp mng l lp cao nht trong phn lp mng truyn tin, v ti y cha cc
thng tin h tr cho qu trnh xc nh ng i ca tin tc trn mng m ta thng gi
l nh tuyn do vy m ti tt c cc nt mng lun phi x l cc thng tin ca lp
ny thc hin vic truyn nhn thng tin.
Trong thng tin di ng, vi giao thc RR gia MS, BTS, BSC v MSC s s
dng thng tin a ch nh tuyn theo h thng bo hiu knh chung s 7. Ch
rng, cc bn tin MM v CC khng ging nh vi RR, thng tin ca MM v CC khng
thuc lp 3, hn na RR cung cp dung lng chuyn ti mang MM v CC mt cch
thng sut gia MS v NSS.
D/ Lp giao vn lp 4
Lp giao vn c chc nng chnh l chuyn giao chc nng gia cc lp hng
ng dng vi cc lp hng mng, cung cp gii php bo v cho chuyn lp end-to-
end thch hp trc khi thng tin c chuyn ln cc lp cao hn. Trong m hnh 7
lp, lp giao vn c chc nng phn on d liu thnh gi tin v thc thi cng vic
iu khin end-to-end.
E/ Lp phin lp 5

1.3.2. Phn lp giao thc
Do c tnh ca mng thng tin di ng s dng mi trng truyn dn a dng
v cc lin kt bn trong mng rt phc tp nn giao thc c s dng cng rt a
dng cho tng c im lin kt. V mt giao thc thng tin di ng s dng cc giao
thc cho mng GSM nh sau: giao thc khng gian (Air interface) cho lin kt gia MS
v BTS; giao thc Abis cho kt ni gia BTS v MSC; giao thc A ng dng trong lin
kt gia MSC vi


MS
Hnh 1. : Phn chia giao thc trong mng di ng
BTS BSC MSC/VLR HLR GMSC
RR
MM
RR
Truyn
dn
Thng tin di ng 16
Th.s L Vn Thanh V


Thng tin di ng 17
Th.s L Vn Thanh V
Chng 2
C IM TRUYN DN V TUYN
2.1. Khi qut
Knh v tuyn l mt vn quan trng bc nht mang tnh sng cn ca thng
tin di ng, v y l mi trng lin kt gia mng v thu bao, tuy nhin knh v
tuyn l mt knh truyn c nhiu yu t nh hng n cht lng lin kt rt a dng.
Knh v tuyn vn chu nh hng ln ca iu kin khch quan khi s dng mi
trng m, th trong thng tin di ng knh v tuyn cn c cc c tnh ring c ca
n. Vi c tnh v tuyn s dng di tn t 450MHz n 3000MHz s chu nh hng
ca cc hin tng che khut, nhiu in t v trong mi trng di ng vi c
tnh truyn khng trc x s l hin tng Fadinh.
Tp m, l nhng tn hiu khng mong mun tc ng ln tn hiu lan truyn
trong mi trng. Thng trng tp m c chia thnh hai loi l tp m cng v tp
m nhn, s phn loi ny da vo c im tc ng ca tp m ln tn hiu. Tp m
cng s tc ng cng tnh ln tn hiu; vi tp m nhn s iu bin tn hiu mang tin.
Trong cc h thng vin thng ni chung v thng tin di ng th ch yu l tp m
cng v c chia lm cc dng sau: tp m kh quyn, tp m v tr, tp m trong
my thu.
Can nhiu, l cc nh hng ca cc tn hiu trong cng h thng hoc t cc h
thng khc v c bit l ngay trong chnh tn hiu cng c th gy nn can nhiu vi
chnh n. phn chia can nhiu c th da vo c tnh ph tn ca tn hiu s chia
thnh can nhiu cng knh (CCI Co Channel Interference) v nhiu knh ln cn
(ACI Adjacent Channel Interference). Vi cc knh truyn khng l tng, tn hiu s
b can nhiu tc ng s gy nn mo tn hiu lm cc k hiu trong cng mt tn hiu
can nhiu ln nhau, trng hp ny c gi l xuyn nhiu k hiu (ISI Inter
Symbol Interference).
Nhiu knh ln cn ACI,
2.2. Suy hao khng gian t do
Khi sng lan truyn, d trong iu kin no cng s c s suy gim theo khong
cch cng nh chu s tc ng ca mi trng truyn dn; trong tt c cc iu kin
th khi lan truyn trong iu kin n gin nht l khng gian t do (chn khng). Xt
mt qu trnh truyn sng v tuyn dng sin im pht vi cng sut P
rad
(W) th
mt khong cch d (m) th vector bin trng (cng sut nhn) s l
Thng tin di ng 18
Th.s L Vn Thanh V

( )
2
4 .
rad
fs
P
W
P
m
d t
= (2.1)
Trong trng hp u pht s dng anten c tng ch G
t
th cng sut pht
P
rad
s c thay bng .
rad t t
P P G = khi P
t
l cng sut c cp ra t khi pht anten.
Nhng do nh hng ca yu t mi trng, s lan truyn sng thng c
tnh theo mt ng in trng trung bnh qun phng nh sau
.
fs fs fs
E Z P = (2.2)
Vi Z
fs
l tr khng khng gian t do, tnh theo cng thc
( ) 120 377
fs
fs
fs
Z

t
c
= = O (2.3)
Lc cng in trng u nhn cch u pht mt khong d vi mi
trng khng gian t do do anten d hng c tng ch G
t
l

2
30 .
120
4 .
t t t t
fs
P G PG
E
d d
t
t
= = (2.4)
Mt khc chng ta cng bit, khi lan truyn cng in trng cng nh
cng sut nhn ch thu c theo mt hng duy nht ca tn hiu n, nn cng sut
nhn vo khi thu P
r
ch l mt phn ca cng sut nhn c:

2
4
r rec
P P

= (2.5)
Vi P
rec
l cng sut truyn n im t anten thu. Trong trng hp anten thu
l anten d hng c h s tng ch G
r
, cng sut vo khi nhn s l

2 2
.
4 4
rec
r rec t r
fs
E
P P G G
Z

t t
= = (2.6)
Kt hp vi biu thc tnh cng sut pht v in trng pht (2.3) v (2.4) th

( )
2
2
2
2
2
tng qu t
.
4 .
2 120 30.
. khng gian t do
4 .
rec
t r
fs
fs r rec r
t t
t r
E
GG
E d
d E P E G
P G
G G
d

t
t

t

| |
| |

|
|
|

| | \ .
\ .
= =

|
\ .

| |

|
\ .
(2.7)
Trong trng hp tng qut ca (2.7), chng ta c th xc nh nh hng ca
lan truyn trong cc s hng ca cng in trng trong mi trng khng gian t
do dng suy hao sau y:
Thng tin di ng 19
Th.s L Vn Thanh V

1 4
10.lg 20.lg 20lg
fs
r
t t r rec
fs nfs
E
P d
Suy hao
P GG E
L L
t

| | | |
| |
= = +
| | |
\ .
\ . \ .
= +
(2.8)
Vi L
fs
l suy hao trong khng gian t do
v L
nfs
l suy hao trong m trng thc.
Lc
( )
4 4 .1000
20lg 20lg
299,8
32,45 20lg .
fs
d d
L
f
d f
t t

| |
| | |
= =
|
|
\ .
|
\ .
= +
(2.9)
Trong , d l khong cch lin kt t pht n thu tnh theo km.
f l tn s sng mang, tnh theo n v MHz.
2.3. Cc m hnh lan truyn sng phng ngang
2.3.1. S tc ng ca kh quyn
Vi cc dng thng tin mt t nht l trong di tn VHF v UHF, trong lan
truyn t u pht n u nhn s b tc ng bi nhiu yu t. u tin trong iu
kin khng gian t do nhng s b tc ng bi kh quyn, nht l tng i lu (tng kh
thp nht) m trong c rt nhiu loi kh gas. Do nh hng ny hng s in mi c
r

rt nh hn so vi n v, tc l gi tr tng ng trong khng gian t do (chn khng)
l do mt kh gas gim theo cao; v cng vi n l chit xut mi trng
r
n c =
cng s gim theo cao. S thay i chit xut mi trng s pht sinh nn cc hiu
ng lan truyn ca sng v tuyn mt t l: khc x, phn x, nhiu x, truyn qua ng
dn v fading tn hiu.
nh hng u tin xt n l s tc ng ln ng dn sng, v chit xut thay
i theo cao, nn ta c th xem n nh l hm ca cao so vi mt t h; n
gin c th ly gi tr chun ha cho chit xut l
0,39
12
n
m ft

= . V s t l
nghch ca chit xut v cao, tc lan truyn s tng theo cao, v s lm cho
sng truyn theo ng cong m khng phi theo ng thng tng t vi sng mt
t; v bn knh cong ca ng dn lc
ny s l
w
4
e
r r , vi re l bn knh Tri
t (l 6,370km). Trong (H-2.1) m t qu
o lan truyn sng s theo ng cong
khng ct mt t, m khng thng nh
dng tia sng.

Hnh 2.1: Qu o cong ng dn sng
Qu o ng truyn cong
B mt Tri t
Thng tin di ng 20
Th.s L Vn Thanh V
V do sng lan truyn theo ng cong, nn di ng i ca sng s ln hn
khong cch nhn thng (ng thng), nn phi tnh li qung i i ca sng v tuyn
theo nh m hnh (H-2.2)
Trong m hnh biu din khong cch lan truyn sng ngang (H-2.2), cao
anten pht hei t vung gc mt phng Tri t. ng truyn s c dng cong (H-
2.2a) v lc ny cch tnh s phc tp do phi tnh n un cong chnh xc ca dng
hnh hc. Nhng n gin hn ta c th s dng m hnh bn phi, vi bn knh Tri
t lc no c tnh li l
4
.
3
e e
a k r r = = . T kt qu ta c th tnh c khong
cch theo m hnh bn phi nh sau:
( )
2
2
2 .
Lsi ei ei
L a h a ah = + ~ (2.10)
Thay gi tr ca bn knh Tri t biu kin, ta thu c:
0,002. . 17.
Lsi ei ei
L ah h = = (2.11a)
Hay ( ) ( ) 2
Lsi ei
d km h ft (2.11b)
Trong 8,493 a km l bn knh Tri t biu kin
v h
ei
l cao anten pht tnh theo n v m.
Khi xt thm u thu c cao anten th khong cch ng truyn nhn thng
s c nh ngh gm hai phn nh sau:
Lsi Lst Lsr
d d d d + > (2.12)
2.3.2. nh hng t tnh a hnh
Chng ta u bit rng trong s lan truyn sng v tuyn rt thng phi i qua
cc vn chn do nhiu yu t, nh ni, i, cc ta cao c, ... gia u pht v u thu
v nh th s nh hng n nhiu yu t lan truyn nh s thay i khong cch
ng dn, suy hao do vt cn, hiu ng a ng do tn hiu i theo nhiu ng dn
cng n u nhn.

Hnh 2. 2: M hnh tnh khong cch lan truyn sng ngang
Khong cch
ng dn cong
L
Lsi
(cho sng v
tuyn ngang)

Tia truyn
thng
Hng tm
Tri t r
e (a)

h
ei

h
ei

Khong cch
ng dn thng
L
Lsi
Hng tm Tri
t a = k.r
e
(b)
Thng tin di ng 21
Th.s L Vn Thanh V
Cc vt cn trn ng truyn sng s c cao khc nhau v nh hng ca
chng cng khc nhau, nn c t cho thng s ny ta c th biu din cao a
hnh l hm h theo khong cch tnh t u pht l x, th

( ) ( ) ( )
a ref s
h x h x h x = + (2.13)
Trong , h
ref
l cao mt tham chiu so vi mc 0 (mc nc bin) v h
s
(x) l
gi tr thay i so vi mt tham chiu. Vi iu kin kho st mi trng truyn dn
chng ta ch cn ch n s chch lch cao, v y l yu t tc ng ln cht
lng tn hiu truyn, v thc hin c vic xc nh c tnh a hnh c chuyn
thnh chch lch vi mt phng tham chiu nh (H-2.3).
Qua nhiu ln thng k s liu a hnh, chun ha cho s chnh lch cao Ah
c tnh theo quan h vi khong cch lin kt nh sau

( )
50
1 0,8.
d
h d h e
| |
A = A
|
\ .
(2.14)
V c ngi ta cng kho st a ra bng gi tr chnh lch cao ca mt
s a hnh c th nh sau
Bng 2.1: Cc gi tr chnh lch cao ca mt s a hnh
Dng a hnh Ah (m)
Mt nc v ng bng phng
ng bng
ng bng c gp ghnh nh
ng bng gp ghnh
Vng i thp
Vng ni
Vng ni him tr
Vng ni rt him tr
0-5
5-20
20-40
40-80
80-150
150-300
300-700
ln hn 700
Xt n qu trnh truyn v tuyn s c anten pht v thu, v lc cao anten
cng l mt yu t nh hng ln n c tnh truyn dn, cao hiu dng anten c
xc nh theo cng thc sau:
( ) ( ) { }
max ,
ei gi gi s ref
h h h h x h x +

Hnh 2.3: lch ca a hnh
10% bn di
10% mc cao
Thng tin di ng 22
Th.s L Vn Thanh V
Trong k hiu , i t r = ch l anten pht hoc l anten thu tng ng, h
gi
l
cao ca anten so vi mt t ti im t; k hiu h
s
l cao a hnh v tr t
anten so vi mt tham chiu. Nh trong (H-2.4) m t cc i lng lin quan
Vi mc ch ra l s c mt ca thng tin a hnh c th, tham s Ah c
lin h vi s thng k v tr lp t anten. Nu anten c v tr ngu nhin, nh vi trm
di ng th c th a ra gi tr cao trung bnh ( )
a
h x tng ng vi cao mt tham
chiu theo gi tr h
ref
. Vi cc v tr c nh chc chn, nh t anten trm gc trn i
th t cc thng tin phn tch rt nhiu v tr a hnh chng ta c c biu thc tnh
cao hiu dng ca anten nh sau khi gi thit cao cu trc anten l 10m:

2
1 .max 1,sin
10
gi
gi
h
gi ei
h
gi
h
h h
h c e
m
t
A

( = | |

+ +
` ( |

\ . )
(2.15)
Trong , c = 4 (v tr ngu nhin) hoc 9 (v tr c nh chc chn).
Vi biu thc thc nghim (2.15) tnh cao hiu dng anten khng c
thng tin chi tit v a hnh c th c dng c lng khong cch phng ngang
theo mt Tri t t u pht n u nhn
Lst
d v
Lsr
d v khong cch LOS
Ls Lst Lsr
d d d = + bng vic dng 2
Lsi ei
d ah = . Kt qu c cho nh (H-2.5)


Hnh 2.4: cao hiu dng ca anten
cao a hnh
trung bnh
cao mt t
trn ng truyn

Hnh 2.5: nh hng a hnh v v tr anten ln khong cch truyn ngang
Thng tin di ng 23
Th.s L Vn Thanh V
Lc gi tr trung bnh ca khong cch LOS
1 2 L L L
d d d = + v khong cch
ngang d
Li
c th c lng theo cng thc thc nghim:

( )
0,07
max ,5
ei
h
h m
Li Lsi
d d e
A

= (2.16)
2.3.3. Cc ch lan truyn
nh hng ca Tri t ln s truyn sng mt t ca cc sng v tuyn trong
di tn VHF v UHF ph thuc khong cch ng truyn. Vi cc ng dn LOS
ngn, th tc dng chnh ca Tri t l tia phn x n u nhn cng vi tia trc tip,
y chnh l nguyn nhn gy nn nhiu suy gim hoc gia tng. Cho cc ng dn
nhn thng hng xa (BLOS Beyond line of sight) s lan truyn tn hiu theo phng
ngang vn xy ra bi v s nhiu x ca sng theo phng ngang, s tn x t kh
quyn v c hai. Cc ch truyn sng trong iu kin nhn thng c m t nh
(H-2.6), ch truyn bt u t LOS khong cch gn v ln lt n cc ch
truyn khc.
T ng cong ngu nhin (H-2.5) p dng cho trm di ng trong h thng t
bo s c cao anten khong h
gm
= h
em
= 2m, s c khong phng ngang theo mt
t khong 5
Lsm
d km = . p dng cho vng nng thn, c th thy rng yu t a hnh
s l gim khong cch ny nh trong cng thc thc nghim (2.16). V d, nu a
hnh c c tnh i vi tham s bn nh Ah = 100m, gi tr khong cch ngang thc t
vo khong

( )
( )
100
0,07
max 2,5
0,07 20
5. 5. 3,7
Lm
d e e km

= = =
Vi trm gc trong h thng t bo c th ly chun ha cao anten 30-60m, ta
ly gi tr 50m. Trn b mt Tri t vi cao anten s tng ng vi khong cch
ngang khong ( ) 16,99 29,1
Lsb gb
d h km = = . Trong trng hp a hnh xc thc, anten
trm gc c t trn t cao, nn s dng ng cong im t chc chn (2.14) th
cao anten trm gc hiu dng lc ny s l:

Hnh 2.6 : Cc ch truyn


ng truyn trc tip cng thm nhiu a ng t cc gc
khc nhau ph thuc cao anten v b mt a hnh
Tn x trn mt cong Tri t
v trn cc c tnh a hnh

Tn x kh quyn, xuyn thu yu, l ch
u th cho khong cch khong 100km
Thng tin di ng 24
Th.s L Vn Thanh V

( )
{ }
( )
2
2.50
100
.
1 4.max 1,sin
10
50 1 4max 1,sin 5 51,8
gb
h
gb
h
eb gb
h
h h e
e m
t
t

( | |

= + +
` ( |
\ . )
( = + + =


Vi cao hiu dng ca anten lc ny th khong cch ngang mt t ca
29,7
Lsb
d km = s b gim i mt lng do a hnh, do gi tr thc s ch cn l
( )
100
0,07
51,8
29,7 27,0
Lb
d e km

= =
T cc kt qu th khong cch ng dn phng ngang cho lin kt gia
trm di ng v trm gc cc i vo khong
( ) 27,0 3,7 30,7
L Lm Lb
d d d km = + = + =
2.4. Cc ch truyn LOS v phn x
Chng ta u bit c rng mi trng lan truyn thc t ca sng v tuyn
trong iu kin ca h thng t bo l rt phc tp do s tc ng ca a hnh, cc yu
t nhn to (cao c, mt t, ...). Tuy nhin thun li trong qu trnh tm hiu qu
trnh lan truyn th m hnh u tin n gin v l c bn nn tng vn l m hnh lan
truyn LOS v s phn x ca sng in t qua vt cn v mt t.
2.4.1. S lan truyn theo ng nhin thng
iu kin truyn LOS c dng hnh hc c trnh by trong (H-2.7), trong
t anten pht c mt tia trc tip n u nhn theo ng dn r
1
v mt tia phn x vi
di r
2
. V theo hng truyn th in trng ti im phn x tia phn x s b dch
pha 180
o
vi cc song phn cc ngang, do tia phn x s l nhiu suy gim khi
1 2
r r ~
tng ng vi iu kin anten c cao thp v khong cch lin kt ln.
Tuy nhin do mt t c dng cong, do vic tnh khong cch thc a s
phc tp, nn n gin hn s quy chiu mt cong thnh mt phng nh hnh bn
phi vi cao anten lc ny s ngn hn l
'
t
h (i=t,r) < h
t
. Kt qu l sai khc gia r
1

v r
2
l nh hn v do vy s tc ng ca nhiu suy gim ln hn. Mt nh hng
khc l s chia nh cc tia phn x lm gim cng tia phn x. Do c hai tc ng

Hnh 2.7: Dng hnh hc ca ng dn tia LOS
Tia trc tip Tia phn x mt t
Thng tin di ng 25
Th.s L Vn Thanh V
ngc nhau, lm mc nh hng ca ng dn LOS trong qu trnh lan truyn thc
t c th c phn tch bng cch s dng m hnh mt t phng nh hnh bn phi
trong (H-2.7). V t kt qu (H-2.7) lch trong chiu di ng dn gia tia trc
tip v tia phn x s l

( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 1
2 2
1 1
1 1
2 2
2. .
t r t r
t r t r
t r
r r h h d h h d
h h h h
d d
d d
h h
d
= + + +
( (
+ | | | |
+ +
( (
| |
\ . \ .
( (

=
(2.17a)
lch ng dn ny s dn n s lch pha gia hai tia n u thu l

5
4 . .
1,3343 10
t r t r
h h f hh
d d
t
t

A = = (2.17b)
Trong , f l tn s trung tm sng mang tnh theo n v MHz, khong cch
lin kt d tnh theo km v cc cao anten theo n v m. Gc nghin hay gc phn x
cho bi:

t t t r
t
t t r
h hd h h
tg h
d h h d
+
+ = = =
+
(2.17c)
Nu b qua thnh phn tn hiu n u thu do lan truyn sng mt t t im
phn x do c gi tr rt nh trong di VHF v UHF, bnh phng t s nng lng in
trng nhn c v nng lng trong khng gian t do s l:
( )
2
2
2
1 . 1 2 os
j rec
fs
E
Re R Rc
E

A
~ + = + + A+ (2.18a)
Trong , R l h s phn x lin h vi gc phn x v tr khng mt t z l

sin
sin
j
z
R Re
z

=
+
(2.18b)
V tr khng mt t z ph thuc hng s in mi ca Tri t cho bi:

2
2
cos 1 phn cc ngang
cos 1
phn cc dc
g g
g g
g g
z
c c
c c
c c

(2.19a)
Gi tr c
g
ph thuc hng s in mi ca khng gian t do c, lin h vi c tnh
in mi v dn ca mt t tng ng nh sau:

4
1,796 10
2 . .
g
fs
j
j
f f
o o
c c c
t c
= = (2.19b)
Thng tin di ng 26
Th.s L Vn Thanh V
V d: Cc tham s chun ca Tri t l 0,005 o = v 15 c = s cho
90
15
g
j
f
c = , nn vi f = 100MHz th gi tr tr khng mt t s l 3,75 1,84
o
z= Z
cho phn cc ngang v
o
0,25 1,59 z= Z cho phn cc dc. Vi tn s f = 1000MHz th
o
3,74 0,18 z= Z cho phn cc ngang v
o
0,25 0,16 Z cho phn cc dc. Do vy vi cc
tn s t bo UHF vi cc gc ti rt nh th 1 R v (2.18a) tr thnh

( )
2
2
2
2 1 cos 4sin
.
rec t r
fs
E hh
E d
t

| |
~ A =
|
\ .
(2.20)
Quan h trong (2.20) cho thy lan truyn LOS trn b mt Tri t cho kt qu
c li 6dB trn khong khng c A/2 l bi s l ca t/2 khi sin(A/2) = 1; v c
kt qu trit tiu khi A/2 l bi s ca t do lc sin(A/2) = 0. V s thay i gc lch
ny c nguyn nhn t cao anten hoc khong cch lin kt.
khong cch c A=n.t c xc nh bi quan h:

4
.
.
t r
n
hh
d n
n
t

= A = (2.21)
Lu rng nu
1
4
t r
hh
d d

> = th
2 2
t A
< v s khng c s dao ng (2.20)
xut hin cng sut tn hiu nhn, cng lc th cng sut tn hiu nhn s gim khi
khong cch d tng ln.
Tp hp cc v tr tha iu kin A < n.t c gi l i Fresnel th n; i
Fresnel th nht tng ng vi d > d
1
. Vi
' 12
t r
hh
d d

> th
2 6
t A
< lm cho
( )
sin 0,5
2
A
< th cng sut nhn theo ng LOS s lun nh hn so vi khng gian t
do theo nh (2.20). Cng vy th hm sin trong (2.20) c th c thay bng
argument ca chnh n, v

2
2
'
4
.
rec t r
fs
E hh
d d
E d
t

| |
~ >
|
\ .
(2.22a)
li mng cho ng dn (2.20) nhn vi suy hao khng gian t do s l:

( )
2
2
2
2
'
2
2 . .
4sin
. 4 .
2 . .
4
. 4 .
r t r
t
t r
t r
P h h
P d d
hh
h h
d d
d d d
t
t
t
t
| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
| | | |
~ = >
| |
\ . \ .
(2.22b)
Lc ny d thy cng sut nhn c t l nghch vi bc 4 ca khong cch lin
kt. S dng phng php tnh suy hoa ng truyn cho qu trnh lan truyn LOS th
Thng tin di ng 27
Th.s L Vn Thanh V

( )
( )
2
LOS 4
10lg 120 40lg 20lg
t r
t r
hh
L d hh
d
(
= ( = +
(

(2.22c)
Xt mt v d v lan truyn a ng n gin cho h thng t bo, mt trm
gc c anten cao 50
t
h m = v cao 2
r
h m = c minh ha (H-2.8). Gi thit h
thng s dng tn s trung tm 850 f MHz = , lc ta c
1,134
d
t
A = ; do vi d nh
hn 1,134km th gc lch ln hn
2
t
th li (2.20) dao ng khi trm di ng tin
xa trm gc nh th trong (H-2.9). Cn khi d > 1,134km gc A/2 lun nh hn 90
o

nn s khng cn dao ng trong suy hao khi trm di ng di chuyn ra xa trm gc.
Ch trong (H-2.9) dao ng nh hn nu bin ca phn x mt t nh hn
n v, c nguyn nhn t s nhp nh ca Tri t to nn h s phn x R nh hn 1.
T kt qu , p dng biu thc tnh li ng truyn ta s thu c h
ng cong li nh trong (H-2.10). Trong (H-2.10) biu din r s ph thuc li


Hnh 2.8: V d trng hp a ng hai tia n gin
trit tiu nh
Anten trm gc
Anten di ng

Hnh 2.9: Quan h ca suy hao vi khng gian t do H-2.8
Thng tin di ng 28
Th.s L Vn Thanh V
theo hm bc 4 ca khong cch. bin ca cc i Fresnel th nht v th 2 cng
ng ch ra trong hnh, v s ph thuc ca bin ca tia phn x vo h s phn x
mt t R cng c a ra.
T v d ny c th thy l cc im phn x mt t trong i Fresnel th nht
th cc trm di ng xa trm gc. Khi a hnh khng bng phng, hay c cc ta nh
nm trong ln cn ng truyn trc tip th s c nhiu im phn x lm xut hin
xuyn nhiu a ng suy gim. Tng qut hn, i Fresnel th nht c xc nh c
dng elip cha cc im phn x tha iu kin lch chiu di ng truyn gia tia
trc tip v tia phn x nh hn na bc sng (H-2.11). Ch l do cao a hnh
c tnh dc theo ng cong Tri t, do ng truyn trc tip c th v nh mt
ng thng.
Lc bn knh i Fresnel th nht h
0
dc theo chiu di ng dn d
khong d
t
t trm pht v cch trm nhn mt khong d
r
c gii t quan h:

di - ng phn x -
2
khong c ch u ph t n im phn x +
+ khong c ch u thu n im phn x -
d
d

=
=

Hnh 2.10: li mng cho v d (H-2.8)


Hnh 2.11: i Fresnel th nht v ng dn thng sut
h
0
: bn knh i Fresnel th nht
Bn knh Tri t hiu dng 4/3R
Thng tin di ng 29
Th.s L Vn Thanh V
Hay
( )
2 2 2 2
0 0
2 2
0 0
2 2
2
0
2
1 1
2 2
2
t r
t r t r
t r
t r
t r
d h d h d
h h
d d d d
d d
h d d
d d

= + + +
( (
= + + + + + +
( (

+

Do
( )
0
. .
548
.
t r t r
d d d d
h m
d d f

= = (2.23)
2.4.2. Nhiu x qua a nhn v vt cn nhn to
Khi m khong cch lin kt d ln hn nhiu khong cc LOS dLs, hay khi c
cc vt cn t nhin v nhn to trn ng truyn trc tip nhng chng ta vn nhn
c cng sut tn hiu n u thu do hiu ng nhiu x. Sng v tuyn c th truyn
xuyn qua vng LOS to thnh mt khu vc che khut bi hiu ng nhiu x; nhiu x
l mt c tnh c bn ca s truyn sng, trong quang hc dng gii thch cho quang
hnh hc trong vic m t xc thc ng truyn sng quang un cong qua vt cn.
C th m t n gin qu trnh truyn nhiu x qua vt cn nh trong (H-2.12).
hnh (a) gii thiu khi nim vng che khut bi i ni (hay cn gi l vng bng)
v hnh (b) m hnh ha qu trnh truyn nhiu x theo dng mt ct.
Xt mt lan truyn sng t T n R vi mt vt cn c cao H t gia ng
cung truyn sng vi khong lin kt d nh trong (H-2.11b) th khi cao mn chn
tng (nhng vn thp hn ng dn H < 0) th ln trng nhn s bt u dao
ng. Bin ca dao ng s l cc i khi nh mn chn trn ng thng u
pht v u thu (H < 0), v lc ny suy hao s l 6dB. Theo l thuyt nhiu x in
trng qua mt ct th suy hao mt ct lin h vi cao mt chn; vi l thuyt nhiu
x quang hc s c dng tch phn sin v cos Fresnel. Vi H > 0, suy hao c xp x
theo biu thc sau:
( )
2
6,02 9,11 1,27 2,4
12,953 20lg 2,4
v v v
A v
v v
+ s
=

+ >

(2.24a)
Trong
2 2
.
.
t r
d d
v tg tg H
d d
o |

= = (2.24b)

(a) Vng bng khut

(b) M hnh mt ct
Vng che khut
t r
d d d = +

R
T
Hnh 2.11: M t qu trnh lan truyn nhiu x sng v tuyn
Thng tin di ng 30
Th.s L Vn Thanh V
V cc gc o, | c nh ngha nh trong hnh (H-2.11) v hm xp x A(v) c
th c v ra trong (H-2.12)
2.5. Cc cng thc thc nghim
Trong thc t cc h thng t bo s khng th a ra c m hnh chi tit ca
cc ng lan truyn sng v tuyn, bi v s phc tp ca cc tham s v s thay i
iu kin lan truyn s dn n cc chng trnh tnh ton qu phc tp xc nh
c suy hao v vng che ph. Nn n gin v thc t hn hin nay thng s
dng cc cng thc thc nghim v c b sung cc tham s ph thuc m trng, hay
cn c gi l m hnh thc nghim v m hnh bn thc nghim.
Hin nay c kh nhiu cc m hnh ton hc cho phm vi suy hao lan truyn da
trn thc nghim vi rt nhiu php o thc tin suy hao; hoc cc m hnh bn thc
nghim khi s dng thm l thuyt v cc hiu ng lan truyn trn c s kt qu o cc
tham s vt l ca mi trng lan truyn. Cc m hnh c th s cho php chng ta
kho st suy hao v s ph sng t bo kh chnh xc khi nghin cu vi mt s tham
s ph thuc mi trng c th mt cc n gin v r rng vi kt qu kh chnh xc.
2.5.1. Cc cng thc Hata v CCIR
Theo kt qu o suy hao lan truyn sng v tuyn vng rng thnh th v thnh
ph nh ca Okumura v ng s cng b h cc ng cong thc nghim s dng
cho b tr h thng t bo. Cc ng cong thc nghim s sau c s dng li mt
s thit lp nn biu thc Hata, c gi l m hnh Hata c s dng rng ri
trong cng nghip. Biu thc c bn cho suy hao lan truyn c Hata a ra l

( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 1
69,55 26,16lg 13,82lg 44,9 6,55lg lg L dB f h a h h d K = + + (2.25a)
Trong , h
1
v h
2
ln lt l cao anten trm gc v anten di ng, n v m.
d l khong cch lin kt, n v km.
f l tn s trung tm c n v l MHz.

Hnh 2.12: Suy hao mt ct nhiu x
Thng tin di ng 31
Th.s L Vn Thanh V
Tha s a(h
2
) l gi tr hiu chnh anten ph thuc mi trng:

( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2
2
2 2
2
2
1,1.lg 0,7 1,56lg 0,8 thnh ph nh v va
8,29 lg1,54. 1,1 thnh ph l n, 200
3,2 lg11,75 4,97 thnh ph l n, 400
f h f
a h h f MHz
h f MHz

= <

>

(2.25b)
Tha s K trong (2.25a) c dng hiu chnh thnh ph nh cho ngoi v
vng m:

( )
( )
2
2
2 lg 5,4 v ng ngoi
28
4,78 lg 18,33lg 40,94 v ng m
f
K
f f

(
+

(
=

(2.25c)
Mt cng thc thc nghim khc c nghin cu bi CCIR (nay l mt b
phn ca ITU-R) tng t m hnh Hata khi kho st suy hao ng dn khng gian t
do kt hp vi suy hao a hnh a ra cng thc:

( ) ( )
1 2 1
69,55 26,16lg 13,82lg 44,9 6,55lg lg L f h a h h d B = + + (2.26a)
Vi cc tha s hiu chnh ph thuc mi trng nh sau
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
1,1lg 0,7 1,56lg 0,8 a h f h f = (2.26b)
( ) 30 25lg % v ng blp y bi cng trnh B= (2.26c)
Cng thc ny tng t nh cng thc Hata trong iu kin thnh ph nh v
va, vi b sung tha s hiu chnh B. Tha s B s c gi tr hiu chnh B=0 cho khu
v thnh ph vi khong lp y 15% l cc ta nh; cn vi khu vc c mt xy
dng khong 20% th 30 25lg20 2,5 B dB = = .
Cc gi tr trong cng thc CCIR trong phng trnh suy hao ng truyn cho
cc tham s chun ha h thng t bo f=850MHz v h
2
=2m nh sau

( )
1 1
144,9 13,82lg 44,9 6,55lg lg
.lg
L h h d B
d B o |
= +
= +
(2.27)
o v | m t ng cong suy hao lan truyn (khng dng c n v dB)
hm m c dng L a d

= . Bng (2.2) lit k mt s cc gi tr o, | v khc nhau ng

vi cc cao anten trm gc.
Bng 2.2: Tham s hm m cng thc CCIR/Hata
h
1 o |
10m
20m
30m
131,09
126,93
124,50
38,35
36,38
35,22
3,84
3,64
3,52
Thng tin di ng 32
Th.s L Vn Thanh V
T bng (B-2.2) th gi tr h s m c gi tr trong khong t 3,54 cho cc
lin kt t bo, so vi h s m trong khng gian t do =2. Nh phn trc th trong
trng hp a ng hai tia nm trong i Fresnel th nht (trm di ng xa trm
gc) h s m lc ny c gi tr cc i =4.
so snh hai cng thc suy hao Hata v CCIR, hnh (H-2.13) v th ca cc
h ng cong suy hao theo hai m hnh trong cc iu kin thng s c th.
Nh t u cp, m trng di ng rt phc tp lin kt v tuyn nh
hng ngu nhin ln ln tn hiu thu do nhiu a ng suy gim. S dao ng ph
thuc nhiu yu t, nh phn trc th trong khong cch gn ln tn hiu dao
ng cho n bin ca i Fresnel th nht. Nhng trong phn ny chng ta cha
cp n vn dao ng ca ln tn hiu nhn m ch ch trng vo gi tr suy hao
trung bnh trong iu kin lan truyn di ng t bo.
So snh kt qu trong (H-2.13), cng thc CCIR c tha s hiu chnh B c
chc nng tng t tha s K biu thc Hata nhng phc tp hn do cn ph thuc
mt xy dng. T quan h (2.26c) c th thy suy hao s ng bin vi mt xy
dng theo dng biu thc hm m. ng thi vi cc m hnh Hata/Okumura/CCIR
cng c kh nhiu cc cng thc thc nghim khc v cng c kim chng
trong nhiu iu kin khc nhau qua cc php o suy hao. Kt qu kim tra cho thy
thng s cc th Nht Bn s cho gi tr suy hao nh hn khong 10dB so vi vic
o trong iu kin th Anh, Canada, v Hoa K, nhng li cho gi tr nh nhau khi
o cc vng ngoi .
2.5.2. Cng thc Walfisch-Ikegami
Chu u kt qu chng trnh nghin cu ca "Cooperation in Field of
Scientific and Technical Research COST" pht trin m hnh thc nghim v bn

Hnh 2.13: So snh hai h ng cong thc nghim CCIR v Hata
Cc ng lin nt l
h ng CCIR
Cc ng nt t l
h ng Hata
iu kin: f=850MHz, h
1
=30m, h
2
=2m
Vng m
Ngoi
Thnh ph
5% 10% 15% 15%
Thng tin di ng 33
Th.s L Vn Thanh V
thc nghim cho lan truyn sng v tuyn. Thc t th D n 231 (Cost 231) c t
tn l "Trin khai truyn thng v tuyn di ng mt t" a ra kt qu l khuyn
ngh m hnh ha lan truyn cho cc ng dng PCS v t bo ca ITU, l m hnh bn
thc nghim cho t bo c trung n ln trong cc khu vc c xy dng c gi l m
hnh Walfisch-Ikegami. M hnh Walfisch-Ikegami (WIM) cho c kt qu ph
hp vi thng s lan truyn ng dn trong khong cch t 0,02 n 5km.
WIM phn chia hai trng hp lan truyn l LOS v khng LOS (NLOS). Trong
trng hp LOS s khng c vt chn trn ng truyn trc tip gia u pht v u
thu th m hnh WIM cho suy hao lan truyn cho bi phng trnh
42,64 26lg 20lg , 0,02
LOS
L d f d km = + + > (2.28)
Lu rng h s lan truyn (s m khong cch) cho trng hp LOS l
26
2,6
10
= tc l
2,6
LOS
L d . M hnh ny gi thit rng cao anten trm gc (> 30m)
chc rng ng dn trong khong i Fresnel bc cao. Xt li suy hao lan truyn
trong khng gian t do cho bi:
32,45 20lg 20lg
fs
L d f = + + (2.29a)
Th suy hao truyn dn LOS c th vit li

( )
10,19 6lg 6lg(50 )
6lg
20
LOS fs fs
m
fs
L L d L d
d
L
= + + = +
| |
= +
|
\ .
(2.29b)
Trong
( ) m
d l khong cch lin kt tnh theo n v mt. T biu thc (2.29b)
ta c th thy l c mi khong 20m th suy hao theo tuyn LOS s ln hn 6dB so vi
khng gian t do tnh t khong 20m u tin. So snh ny c c th bng cc th
nh trong hnh v (H-2.14).

Hnh 2.14: So snh suy hao ca WIM v khng gian t do khi truyn LOS
Tn s 850MHz
Khng gian t do
WIM trong iu kin LOS
Tn s 1900MHz
Thng tin di ng 34
Th.s L Vn Thanh V
Cho trng hp ng dn NLOS, WIM a ra biu thc cho suy hao ng dn
c cc tham s c m t nh trong hnh (H-2.15) vi cc i lng chi tit nh sau:
h
b
= cao anten trm gc so vi mt ng, tnh theo m (t 4 n 50m)
h
m
= cao anten trm di ng, tnh theo m (t 1 n 3m)
h
B
= cao bnh thng ca tng trit ta nh, tnh theo m.
Ah
B
= h
b
- h
B
= cao anten trm gc trn mi ta nh
Ah
B
= h
m
- h
B
= cao anten trm di ng bn di mi ta nh
b = Khong cch ta nh, n v m (s ly 2050 khi khng c d liu)
w = rng con ng (ly bng b/2 khi khng c thng tin)
| = Gc ti ca sng so vi hng di ng (khng c s ly 90
o
)
Bng vic s dng cc thng s trn, vi ng truyn NLOS th WIM a ra
biu thc tnh suy hao ng truyn theo dB nh sau:

0
0
fs rts mds rts mds
NLOS
fs rts mds
L L L L L
L
L L L
+ + + >
=

+ <

(2.30a)
Vi ( ) 32,45 20lg 20lg l suy hao khng gian t do
fs
L d f = + + (2.30b)
Suy hao nhiu x v tn x t trn mi n - ng
rts
L = (2.30c)
Suy hao nhiu x a mn chn
msd
L = (2.30d)
Cc tha s suy hao L
rts
v L
msd
l hm ca cc thng s ca NLOS nh sau
16,9 10lg 10lg 20lg
rts m ori
L w f h L = + + A + (2.31a)
Trong tha s cui cng l suy hao hng truyn c tnh bi:

( )
( )
10 0,354 0 35
2,5 0,075 35 35 55
4,0 0,114 55 55 90
o
o o o
ori
o o o
L
| |
| |
| |

+ s s

= + s s

s s

(2.31b)
T biu thc d thy rng Lrts s nghch bin vi rng con ng v ng
bin vi cao ca ta nh. nh hng ca gc ti | c v (H-2.17) di y.
Hnh 2.16: Cc tham s mi trng trong WIM NLOS
Trm di
ng
w
b
h
B

d
Anten trm gc
Anten trm di ng
h
m

h
b

Hng di
chuyn
Hng
sng n
|
Thng tin di ng 35
Th.s L Vn Thanh V
Cng thc tnh tha s suy hao do nhiu mn chn L
msd
nh sau:
lg lg 9lg
msd bsh a d f
L L k k d k f b = + + + (2.32a)
Trong biu thc trn c L
bsh
l li che khut (suy hao m) xut hin l do trm
gc trn mi chp ta nh

( ) 18lg 1 0
0 0
b b
bsh
b
h h
L
h
+ A A >
=

A s

(2.32b)
Cc h s k
d
, k
f
v k
a
c dng xc nh s ph thuc ca suy hao tng ng
theo khong cch, tn s v nh hng ca a mn chn; trong h s k
a
a mn chn
c xc nh theo biu thc sau:

( )
54 0
54 0,8 0, 0,5
54 0,8 0, 0,5
0,5
b
a b b
b b
h
k h h d km
d
h h d km

A >

= + A A s >

+ A A s <

(2.32c)
H s k
d
trong biu thc tnh suy hao a mn chn c cho bi

18 0
18 15 0
b
d
b
b
B
h
k
h
h
h
A >

=
| | A
+ A s
|

\ .
(2.32d)
V h s suy hao ph thuc tn s c cho biu thc sau

0,7 1 thnh ph va v nh
925
4
0,5 1 thl n
925
f
f
k
f
| |

|
\ .
= +

| |

\ .
(2.32e)
Kt hp cc biu thc cho cc tha s suy hao khc nhau trong suy hao lan
truyn iu kin NLOS th m hnh WIM s cho kt qu suy hao trong tng trng
hp c th nh sau:

Hnh 2.17: Suy hao theo hng trong WIM
S
u
y

h
a
o

t
h
e
o

h

n
g

L
o
r
i

Gi tr gc ti |
Thng tin di ng 36
Th.s L Vn Thanh V
+ Khi Ah
b
> 0

( )
69,55 38lg 26lg 10lg 9lg
20lg 18lg 1
NLOS
m b ori
L d f w b
h h L
= + + + +
+ A + A +
(2.33a)
+ Khi Ah
b
s 0, d > 0,5km:

69,55 38 15 lg 26lg 10lg 9lg
20lg 0,8lg
b
NLOS
B
m b ori
h
L d f w b
h
h h L
| | A
= + + + + +
|
\ .
+ A A +
(2.33b)
+ Khi Ah
b
s 0, d < 0,5km

( )
69,55 38 15 lg 26lg 10lg 9lg
20lg 0,8
0,5
b
NLOS
B
m b ori
h
L d f w b
h
d
h h L
| | A
= + + + + +
|
\ .
+ A A +
(2.33c)
T cc tnh ton thc t vi WIM a n mt s kt qu nh sau:
1. Suy hao ng truyn rt nhy vi cao anten trm gc v cao ta
nh thng qua cc thng s Ah
b
v Ah
m
, c bit l vi cc lin kt ln
hn 500m. Cho cc ta nh thp hn anten trm gc (Ah
b
> 0) h s m
trong suy hao theo khong cch c gi tr =3,8. Cn vi cc ta nh cao
hn anten trm gc h s m nm trong khong =3,85,3.
2. Suy hao c lin h khng nhy vi khong cch ta nh b.
3. Suy hao ng truyn s rt nhy vi cao anten trm di ng h
m
cho
kt qu gn lin vi tham s ny
2.6. Cc m hnh suy hao lan truyn cho my tnh
Ngoi cc m hnh suy hao trong lan truyn sng v tuyn di ng th cn c
mt s cc m hnh my tnh ni ting p dng cho cc k thut ngoi suy cho c
lng cc tham s a hnh v cc thng tin u vo khc v vic la chn t ng gi
tr cc tham s thc nghim tng ng vi trng hp di ng ra. C hai m hnh
my tnh ng ch nht l m hnh Longley-Rice (cn c bit n vi tn gi
ITSITM- Institute for Telecommunications Sciences Irregular Terrain Model) v m
hnh a hnh Tri t gp ghnh (TIREM Terrain Integrated Rough Earth Model).
2.6.1. Cc m hnh Longley-Rice v TIREM
C hai m hnh Longley-Rice v TIREM xem xt cc tham s a hnh dc
theo ng cong ln t u pht n u thu pht trin cng thc ty bin cho suy
hao lan truyn vt qu suy hao khng gian t do L
fs
nh l mt hm theo khong cch
Thng tin di ng 37
Th.s L Vn Thanh V
lin kt dc theo ng truyn. Nh vi m hnh Longley-Rice gi tr tham chiu trung
bnh theo dB ca suy hao lan truyn vt ngn da trn cng thc:

1 2 min
lg
el Ls
ref ed d Ls x
es s x
A k k d d d d
A A m d d d d
A md d d
+ + < <

= + < <

+ >

(2.34)
Trong c 3 vng khong cch tng ng vi cc iu kin m hnh lan truyn
LOS, nhiu x v tn x. mi min khong cch c xc nh t chng trnh u
vo v cc c tnh mt chn, dc v h s m c a ra tng ng.
Cc gi tr tham s trong (2.34) c chn trong s cc ng cong bn kinh
nghim nh l hm ca khong cch. Trong hnh (H-2.18) l mt v d v suy hao lan
truyn tng cng theo dB bng chng trnh Longley-Rice cho trng hp thng tin di
ng 850MHz. Trong v d ch ra (H-2.18) khong cch LOS d
Ls
l 29,4km trn mt
t phng. Biu thc suy hao cho chn khng theo dB v d l FSL = 91,04+20lgd.
Gi tr ca cc tham s trong min LOS v nhiu x trong (2.34) gn lin vi cc ng
cong trong hnh (H-2.18) c cho bng (B-2.3) nh sau
Bng 2.3: Cc tham s Longley-Rice
Ah A
el
k
1
k
2
A
ed
m
d
1
10
100
200
-4,19
-0,442
14,4
27,0
0,500
0,495
0,623
0,547
13,0
9,47
0
0
8,40
10,4
20,2
32,3
0,722
0,598
0,428
0,370
Lc suy hao tng trong v d tnh theo gi tr tuyt i s l

( )
1 2
2
1
9,104 2
10 10
9,104 2
10 10
10 10
lg10
10 ,
10
el
el
A k d k
A k
k d
L d d
e d
|
|
+
+ +
=
= =
(2.35)
Kim tra biu thc (2.35) h s m ca suy hao lan truyn nh l hm ca
khong cch trong min LOS l
2
2
10
k
= + . Trong (B-2.3) v trong hnh (H-2.18) rt
ra c l h s m s l =3,3 cho mt t rt phng (Ah =1m) v gim n =2 khi
tham s bt nh a hnh rt ln. S ph thuc ny c kt qu t cc tia phn x c
suy hao ln hn tia trc tip. Ngoi ra suy hao theo dB v mt dng khc ca n c
iu chnh cho c lng v cc tham s khc, u ra chng trnh Longley-Rice s
thay i theo suy hao thc t theo dB, biu din trong tha s chch lch suy hao o
c
.
Mt cch chun ha o
c
vo khong 8dB. Nh vy chng trnh c th c xem nh
lm mt m hnh suy hao lan truyn theo dB nh l mt bin ngu nhin Guass vi gi
tr trung bnh (cng c ngha tr trung bnh trong trng hp bin Guass) v lch
Thng tin di ng 38
Th.s L Vn Thanh V
chun. S dng cc gi tr A
ref
, o
c
v phn b Guass, cc chng trnh tnh c cc gi
tr suy hao s khng vt qu t l c th ca thi gian v v tr thch hp hay trng
hp ng vi thng tin u vo nhiu thay i.
M hnh my tnh TIREM c c s cho cc tnh ton suy hao lan truyn l thng
tin cao a hnh dc theo ng dn pht n thu. S dng thng tin bn s, m
hnh cao a hnh c th gia hai v tr anten v ph thuc vo tnh cht a l ca
khu vc la chn m hnh lan truyn cho vic tnh ton suy hao truyn dn trung
bnh. S khc bit chnh gia m hnh TIREM v Longley-Rice l vic tnh ton suy
hao trong min LOS, l nhng lin kt c ng dn khng b chng ngi xut hin
gia b pht v u thu. Trong m hnh Longley-Rice s dng kt hp gia a ng
hai tia v s nhiu x tnh suy hao LOS b sung thm vo suy hao khng gian t do;
TIREM la chn nh hn l suy hao nhiu x Tri t bng v suy hao trong min phn
x tm c bng vic tnh vng rng gia tia trc tip vi a hnh:
Nu vng rng l ln hn 1,5 ln bn knh ca i Fresnel th nht, chng
trnh xut ra suy hao khng gian t do nh l suy hao lan truyn thc t.
Nu vng rng l nh hn mt na bn knh i Fresnel th nht (ng trc
tip n rt gn Mt t) chng trnh s dng mt biu thc thc nghim
a ng cho Mt t g g tnh suy hao.
Nu vng rng nm gia khong 0,5 n 1,5 ln bn knh i Fresnel th
nht, chng trnh pht trin kt hp c trng s ca suy hao khng gian
t do v biu thc thc nghim a ng Mt t g g nh gi suy
hao lan truyn cn tm.






Hnh 2.18 : V d tnh ton suy hao tuyt i
Thng tin di ng 39
Th.s L Vn Thanh V
2.6. Mi trng truyn a trng sng v tuyn di ng
Chng ta cp cc ch m hnh lan truyn trong thit k mng t bo vi
trng tm vng che ph trong t bo, s dng cc v d c th minh ha cho cch
tip cn . By gi chng ta m t mi trng sng v tuyn di ng trong yu t nh
hng n knh thng tin cho tn hiu v tuyn v nghin cu ch v hm tri tr,
vi c tnh m hnh knh che khut do phn b a ng trong cng thi im. Ngoi
vic m t knh trong min thi gian, chng ta cng nghin cu c tnh trong min tn
s, bao gm hm truyn tn s knh, hm tri Doppler. Cc knh di ng hu ht chu
phn tn thi gian nh hng hiu ng fading a ng do s kt hp lan truyn theo
nhiu ng dn cng n u nhn. c t knh fading s c tm hiu chnh trong
phn ny theo mt s loi fading s ra trong biu din theo c thi gian v tn s,
fading nhanh v chm, fading phng v khng phng. Chng ta nh ngha cc thut
ng ny mt cch chnh xc v xem xt mi lin h gia tc tng m v tc di
ng nh l hm ca su tng m.
2.6.1. M hnh knh
gia anten ca khi pht v anten khi nhn, tn hiu lan truyn chu nh
hng ca nhiu hiu ng; khi nim "Knh" lin h vi cc hiu ng tn hiu v s
truyn qua b lc tc ng ln tn hiu truyn. Cc hiu bao gm cc tc ng l gim
do suy hao ng truyn v hiu ng fading thay i; v trong cc th nghim ton hc
cng c rt nhiu cc m hnh c a ra. Mt s m hnh n gin ch ra s m
t mt mt do khong cch lan truyn trong cc m t hiu ng fading. Bi v knh c
th xem l mt b lc, cc m hnh knh c m hnh bi hm truyn ca b lc.
Hu ht cc m hnh knh l m t cc nh hng ca knh ln tn hiu thay i
theo thi gian, do cc m hnh ny c biu din dng ton hc l mt hm theo
thi gian, v cng c th m t dng tng ng trong min tn s. Mt thnh phn
quan trong i vi knh di ng l vic n cng lc nhiu bn sao tn hiu xuyn nhiu
vi tn hiu mong mun; v mt nh hng trong min tn s l s di tn xut pht t
c tnh di chuyn tng i gia u pht v u nhn.
2.6.1.1. Hm phn b tr
Mt tc dng ca knh l xut hin nhiu bn sao ca tn hiu cng n ch vi
pha v bin khc nhau, y chng ta s nh lng v biu din nh hng dng
ton hc. Xt mt knh truyn vi mt tn hiu dng m phc z(t), lc
( ) ( ) ( )
z z
z t I t jQ t = + (2.a)
Lc knh s tc ng ln tn hiu vo bng vic to ra mt tn hiu phc w(t)
( ) ( ) ( )
w w
w t I t jQ t = + (2.b)
Thng tin di ng 40
Th.s L Vn Thanh V
S dng m hnh h thng (H-2.), trong min tn
s ta c th biu din li cc tn hiu trn theo dng sau

( ) ( ) { } ( )
2
.
j ft
Z f F z t z t e dt
t

= =
}
(2.c)
V
( ) ( ) { } ( )
2
.
j t
W f F w t w t e dt
t

= =
}
(2.d)
Trong min thi gian, ng bao phc ca tn hiu ra khi knh c th c
biu din nh l nhn chp ca ng bao phc u vo z(t) vi hm ca knh g(t,t):

( ) ( ) ( ) . , w t z t g t d t t t

=
}
(2.)
Trong , hm knh g(t,t) l hm tri tr ca knh, v tng qut th n c bin
phc. Mt khc chng ta bit l vi mt tch phn chp cho h thng tuyn tnh s
c c trng bi hm p ng xung h(t,t); do th g(t,t) chnh l p ng xung ca
knh tin, khi cho u vo c dng xung kch ( ) ( )
0
z t t o t = th

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0 0
. , , w t t g t d g t t o t t t t t

= =
}
(2.)
T kt qu trn, ta thy c p ng xung knh truyn s l mt hm tr mt
khong t khi u vo l mt xung kch. Knh cng c th c m t theo dng tng
cc s hng ph thuc khong nguyn ln t l (i.At), lc ta vit li:
( ) ( ) ( ) . . . ,
i
w t z t i g i t t t t A A A

(2.)
Do vy


Knh tin z(t) w(t)
Hnh 2. : M hnh knh tin
Thng tin di ng 41
Th.s L Vn Thanh V
Chng 3
H THNG THNG TIN DI NG TON CU GSM
H thng thng tin di ng ton cu GSM (Global System for Mobile) l mt
mng thng tin c tnh ph dng rng ri c v mt k thut cng nh ng dng ca n.
Nhng nm u pht trin n c xem l chun ha cho mng 2G, nhng hin nay h
thng ny v ang c s pht trin n nh tin ln 3G thng qua cc dch v b
sung trong cc chun mi thnh lp.
Mng GSM s dng k thut GMSK iu ch tn hiu s trn knh v tuyn
giao din khng gian v s dng kt hp hai phng php a truy cp l TDMA/FDMA
kt hp.
3.1. Gii thiu tng quan mng GSM
M hnh h thng GSM c xut theo dng di y
T ta thy c s kt ni gia cc thu bao di ng vi cc i tng khc
(vi thu bao trong h thng di ng, vi ngi dng mng tch hp s ISDN, vi mng
PSPDN, vi CSPDN hay vi cc thu bao in thoi c nh PSTN, ). Trong tng
kt ni s c nhiu c trng khc nhau cng nh trong cc dch v khc nhau s c cc
yu cu khc nhau.
3.1.1. Dch v thoi
Trong dch v thoi th do c tnh knh truyn di ng s dng ch m ting
c trng, nn vi trng hp lin mng khi kt ni vi h thng in thoi c in
theo tiu chun chuyn mch knh hay PSTN chng ta phi c s thch ng gia hai
chuyn truyn dn m thanh khc nhau nh (H-4.2). Ch rng mt d hnh v s
dng mt phng chung cho c hai hng nhng thc cht th tiu chun cho tng pha
Hnh 4.1: M hnh h thng GSM

Um
Abis
C
A
E
B
E
D
Thng tin di ng 42
Th.s L Vn Thanh V
l hon ton khc nhau. Ti hng thu bao di ng s dng chun 13kbps s phi s
dng b lc v m ha ting c trng nhng vi hng thu bao c nh s dng
chun m thanh 8bit c nn theo lut A.
T phn b mt phng trnh by nh trn th giao tip m ti thu bao di ng,
m s c m ha lp mt phng 13kbps thng qua mt b lc c bit (m phng
vm ming v chuyn i ADC) s c iu ch theo sng mang n BTS. Ti y
tn hiu m c ti to v chuyn i thnh tn hiu s 64kbps tng ng vi chun
m c in thng gp (thng qua TRAU). T sau khi thch ng v chuyn m tn
hiu c chuyn n cc thu bao PSTN hay cc mng c chc nng thoi khc. Bin
gii phn chia mt phng trnh by ting c xc nh theo hai im sau
- Gia giao tip ngi dng vi thit b u cui; ti y s dng mt phng
m c hc.
- Gia tng i chuyn mch dch v MSC vi tng i hay mng truyn dn
c ng dng thoi khc.
Cht lng truyn dn trong dch v thoi ca thng tin di ng ph thuc ln
vo phng tin truyn dn cng nhng hng truyn. Ch rng khi kt ni lin mng
rt c th xy ra hin tng hi m do s thay i giao thc cng nh chun ha mi
trng truyn dn.
3.1.2. Cc dch v phi thoi
Khi cng ngh cng pht trin th thng tin di ng ngy cng c nhiu dch v
m rng v chnh l cc dch v phi thoi nh: truyn s liu dng gi, tin nhn vn
bn, tin nhn a phng tin, hnh nh tnh v hnh nh ng, . Lc cc thit b
u cui cng nh thit b trong mng phi x l c cc yu cu c th ca cc chc
nng sau:

Hnh 4.2: Phn lp trnh by dch v thoi


B
T
S
TRAU Chuyn m v
tc m thanh
Mt phng m thanh
Mt phng tng t
Mt phng s 13kbps
Mt phng s 64kbps
Thng tin di ng 43
Th.s L Vn Thanh V
- M ha ngun, thc hin vic bin i thng tin a dng u vo thnh cc m
nh phn v ngc li khi thc hin vic nhn thng tin.
- Trong mt lin kt cc u cui phi c kh nng x l cc yu cu trnh by
thng tin (nh t chc trang, phin v ngn ng, ).
- Ti to thng tin giao tip vi ngi s dng.
T nhng yu cu , lin kt vi mng bn ngoi thng tin di ng cn c
- Chc nng thch ng u cui TAF (Terminal Adaptation Function) thch
ng vi thit b u cui vi phn truyn dn v tuyn chung.
- Chc nng tng tc mng IWF (Network Interworking Function) kt ni
mng GSM vi cc mng khc.
Tuy nhin do c tnh ca cc mng khc nhau l rt khc nhau m cc chc
nng thch ng u cui v tng tc mng s c nhng c im khc nhau thch
ng vi chc nng tng thch gia mng GSM vi cc mng khc khi cc thu bao s
dng cc dch v vi cht lng tt nht c th c.
3.1.3. Nguyn l a thm nhp
Do trong mng thng tin di ng cc thu bao s dng chung mi trng truyn
dn v tng i kt ni h thng; nn phi c s phn chia ti nguyn mng cho tng
thu bao khc nhau. chnh l yu cu tin quyt ca cc k thut a thm nhp; v
hin nay c cc phng php a thm nhp nh sau
- a thm nhp phn chia theo tn s FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple
Access) s dng nguyn l phn cp tn s cho cc thu bao khc nhau phn nh
cng nh xc thc thu bao.
- a thm nhp phn chia theo thi gian TDMA (Time Division Multiple
Access) s dng ti nguyn thi gian cp pht cho cc thu bao; lc ny cc thu bao
c th truy nhn h thng cng mt tn s nhng ti nhng thi im khc nhau.

Hnh 4. : Mt phng truyn s liu

Lin kt u cui
TAF IWF

GSM
Thng tin di ng 44
Th.s L Vn Thanh V
- a thm nhp phn chia theo m CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) l
k thut s dng chui s ngu nhin lm m phn chia cc thu bao khi kt ni vi
h thng.
- a thm nhp trc giao OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple
Access) l mt k thut c pht trin da trn cng ngh OFDM; cho php cc thu
bao s dng mt nhm cc sng mang con trc giao ti mt thi im no v
nhng thi im khc s s dng cc sng mang con khc.

3.2. Giao din v tuyn
Mng GSM ni ring, hay mng di ng ni chung th giao din v tuyn l mt
c im ring c cho tng mng v c tnh cht quyt nh n quy m v cht lng
ton mng trn nhiu phng din. Do khi ni n mng di ng ngi ta s thng
cp mng truy cp (v tuyn) nh l c trng cho ton mng di ng.
Cc giao din v tuyn trong mng thng tin di ng c kh nhiu phng thc
thc hin ty thuc vo yu cu dch v v hng giao kt lin mng phc v cho dch
v thng tin di ng tng ng. Tuy nhin do c tnh ca mng thng tin di ng s
dng chun ha m ting ni khc vi chun ha ca m m thanh c trong mng
truyn thng ni chung v mng in thoi c in m chng ta bit; nn trong cu
hnh mng th chng ta phi b sung cc thch ng u cui cho cc lin kt khng dy
theo chun thng tin di ng ton cu GSM.
+ Truyn dn ting, qu trnh truyn dn ting c th phn thnh cc giao on
- Trm di ng, thc hin qu trnh m ha ting mt phng 13kbps (ton
tc) hoc 6,5kbps (bn tc) theo s m RPE-LTP (Regular Pulse Excitation Long
Term Prediction; kch thch xung di tin nh thi gian di). Qu trnh m ha v
gii m ti trm di ng v TRAU c cho hnh sau
Ti u vo MS sng m c hc c thu nhn qua b lc thng thp gii

LPF ADC
Khi
m ha

LPF
DAC
Khi
gii m

8bit/lut A vo
13bit ng u
Khi
m ha
Khi
gii m
13bit ng u
vo 8bit/lut A
(a) M ha MS
(b) Chuyn m TRAU giao tip vi mng PSTN
Hnh 4.2 : Qu trnh m ha v gii m ting GSM
Phn on
Phn tch
LPC
B lc phn
tch LPC
B lc
thng thp
Chn li
PRE
B lc
phn tch
LPC



Ghp
knh

Lung
tc
13kbps
Hnh 4.4: S khi b m ting trong GSM
Thng tin di ng 45
Th.s L Vn Thanh V
hn di thng sau chuyn thnh tn hiu s 14bit ng u tng khi 20ms vi
260bit tc lung bit l 13kbps. Ngc li khi mng GSM nhn lung bit dch v
thoi t PSTN s l tn hiu 8bit/lut A nn phi c s chuyn m to thnh lung bit
13bit ng u.

- T trm di ng n trm gc.
- T trm gc n b thch ng v chuyn m TRAU
- T TRAU n MSC
3.2.1. Lp vt l giao din Um
Ti lp vt l, giao din Um s dng k thut iu ch GMSK, da trn nn a
truy cp FDMA/TDMA vi mi BTS s c 6 knh phn chia theo tn s v mi knh
li chia thnh 8 khe thi gian ng vi 8 knh truyn tin. Do giao din lp v
tuyn mi BTS s c 68=48 knh tin mc vt l. Vi trng hp s dng knh
bn tc, th trn mt knh tn s s c 16 khe thi gian. Trong mt di tn dng cho
BTS, s c chia thnh cc knh tn s vi khong rng bng tn iu ch 0,2MHz,
khong cch vi knh ln cn l 45MHz. Biu thc tnh tn s trung tm mi knh s l

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
890, 2 0, 2 1
45
L
U L
F n n MHz
F n F n MHz
= +
= +

Trong : F
L
(n), F
U
(n) l tn s th n ca knh c xung v ln.
Trong GSM, thng tin c truyn i dng khi, c gi l cm tin (burst),
c ghp vo cc knh thng tin v tuyn theo dng phn cp thi gian. C bn loi
cm c s dng trong GSM gm:
Cm bnh thng (NB - Normal Burst) dng mang thng tin lu lng v knh
kim tra c cu trc nh (H-3.) ch cha 114bit thng tin. NB thng c s dng
cc knh lu lng TCH, cc knh iu khin tr cc knh RACH, SCH v FCCH.
S bit 8,25 3 57 1 26 1 57 3
Tn GP TB Tin m ha C Chui hun luyn C Tin m ha TB
Hnh 3. : Cu trc cm bnh thng - NB

Hnh 3. : Cu trc FDMA/TDMA ca GSM
Thng tin di ng 46
Th.s L Vn Thanh V
Trong : GP (Guard Period) c u cm c chc nng bo v cm
TB (Tail Bits ) trng 3bit ui (000) xc nh bin ca mi cm.
Chui hun luyn (Midamble hay Training Sequence) hun liu
cn bng gia cm
Cm hiu chnh tn s (FB - Frequency Correction Burst) ch cha 142bit ton 0
dng to ra s dch pha 67,7kHz trn tn s danh nh. FB s dng cho knh FCCH.
S bit 8,25 3 142 3
Tn GP TB Cc bit hiu chnh tn s c nh TB
Hnh 3. : Cu trc hiu chnh tn s - FB
Cm ng b (SB - Synchronous Burst) ch cha 142bit ton 0 dng to ra s
dch pha 67,7kHz trn tn s danh nh. Cm SB s dng knh ng b SCH.
S bit 8,25 3 39 64 39 3
Tn GP TB Thng tin m ha Chui ng b Thng tin m ha TB
Hnh 3. : Cu trc cm ng b - SB
Cm thm nhp (AB Access Burst) ch c s dng cho cc thm nhp ngu
nhin v thm nhp chuyn giao. Mi AB cha 36bit thng tin v 41 bit ng b (bit
hun luyn), hai trng bit ui (8+3)bit v 68,25 bit bo v. AB s dng cho cc knh
thm nhp RACH v TCH.
S bit 8 41 36 68,25
Tn TP Chui ng b Cc bit thng tin Khong thi gian bo v
Hnh 3. : Cu trc cm thm nhp - AB
Cm gi (DB - Dummy Burst) ch pht i BTS trong mt s trng hp, DB
khng mang tin v c cu trc tng ng vi NB.
S bit 8,25 3 58 26 58 3
Tn GP TB Cc bit hn hp Chui hun luyn Cc bit hn hp TB
Hnh 3. : Cu trc cm gi
Trong qu trnh truyn tin, thng tin ti Um ca GSM phn cp theo thi gian,
vi n v nh nht l khe thi gian truyn mt cm ko di 576,9s cha 156,25bit
v kt hp 8 khe (c nh s t TS0TS7) s to thnh mt khung ko di trong
khong thi gian 4,615ms.
Hp nhiu khung s to thnh cc a khung (MultiFrame), trong GSM tn ti hai


Hnh 3. : Phn cp thi gian trong GSM


Cu trc, nh s siu siu khung
Cu trc, nh s siu khung
Cu trc, nh s trong a khung
Cu trc, nh s khe trong khung
t
F
= 576,98 = 4,615ms
t
MF
= 235,38ms t
MF
= 120ms
t
SF
= 6s120ms
t
HF
= 3h28m53s760ms
Thng tin di ng 47
Th.s L Vn Thanh V
loi a khung, l a khung 26khung dng cho knh lu lng s ko di trong khong
120ms v a khung 51khung cho cc knh iu khin c thi gian ko di l 235,4ms.
Kt hp 26 a khung 51khung hoc 51 a khung 26khung s to thnh mt siu khung
(SuperFrame) s c khong thi gian l 6s120ms; cc a khung trong siu khung c
nh s t 0 n 26 hoc t 0 n 51. Cu trc ln nht ti Um ca GSM l Siu siu
khung (HyperFrame) s gm 2048 siu khung c nh s t 0 n 2047 c thi gian
ko di l 3h28m53s760ms. S phn cp theo thi gian Um c cho (H-3.)

Trn cc knh vt l s mang cc knh logic th hin chc nng thng tin c
thc hin trong cc tc v c th, v vic nh x knh logic ln knh vt l ty thuc
hon cnh lin kt v kh nng p ng ca mng.
Cc knh logic c phn chia thnh tng nhm theo chc nng trao i thng
tin v nhim v iu khin kt ni trong giao din Um nh sau:
Cc knh iu khin dng chung (CCCH Common Control Channel)
- Knh hiu chnh tn s (FCCH Frequency Correction Channel), c pht
t BTS mt tone tng ng vi cc bit u 0 thu bao thu nhn cho mc
ch hiu chnh dao ng ca n.
- Knh ng b (SCH Synchronization Channel) lun c hng xung t
BTS, v s pht lin tc m nhn dng trm gc v gi tr thi gian hin ti.
- Knh iu khin qung b (BCCH Broadcast Control Channel), pht lin
tc cc bn tin nh dng, cu hnh v c tnh ca BTS. Cc bn tin trong
ARFCN cng cung cp c thng tin ca cc BTS ln cn.
Cc knh iu khin dnh ring (DCCH Delicated Control Channel)
- Knh iu khin dnh ring ng mt mnh SDCCH (Standalone Delicated
Control Channel) dng trao i thng tin gia MS v BTS khi cha c
knh lu lng.
- Knh iu khin lin kt chm (SACCH Slow Associated Control
Channel), dng cho truyn dn thng tin bo hiu trong sut qu trnh kt ni
cuc gi.
- Knh iu khin lin kt nhanh (FACCH Fast Associated Control Channe),
cng nh SACCH l truyn dn thng tin bo hiu cuc gi nhng ch khi
cn thit.
- Knh thm nhp ngu nhin (RACH Ramdom Access Channel) MS s truy
xut ngu nhin knh ny ng k kt ni vi h thng.
Thng tin di ng 48
Th.s L Vn Thanh V
- Knh tm gi (PCH Paging Channel) mang bn tin tm gi PAG_REQ.
- Knh cho php thm nhp (AGCH - Access Grant Channel) cho php ng
k knh iu khin lin kt chm SDCCH bi bn tin IMM_ASS_CMD.
Cc knh lu lng (Traffic Channel),
Knh Tc bit (kbps) Cc knh c cp Ch hot ng
Bm 13
FACCH
SACCH
Song cng
Lm <13
FACCH
SACCH
Song cng
BCCH 0,782 --------- ng xung
RACH 0,034 --------- ng ln
AGCH 0,782 --------- ng xung
PCH 0,782 --------- ng xung
SDCCH 0,782 --------- ng xung
SACCH
0,391
0,383
--------- Song cng
FACCH
9,2
4,6
--------- Song cng

nh x knh logic ln ng truyn vt l,
3.3. Cc giao thc trong GSM

Giao din Abis





7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
LPD
SAPI C/R Trng a ch
Trng iu khin
di M Ch th di

Thng tin lp 3

Trng tin
Cc bit m



Thng tin di ng 49
Th.s L Vn Thanh V


Loi khung Bn tin Mu bit C/R Trng tin
I N(R) P N(S) 0 Lnh C
S
RR N(R) P/F 0 0 0 1 C hai Khng
RNR N(R) P/F 0 1 0 1 C hai Khng
REJ N(R) P/F 1 0 0 1 C hai Khng
U
SABM 0 1 P 1 1 1 1 Lnh C th
DM 0 00 F 1 1 1 1 Tr li Khng
UI 0 00 P 0 0 1 1 Lnh C
DISC 0 10 P 0 0 1 1 Lnh Khng
UA 0 11 F 0 0 F 1 Tr li C th






TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS31


Cc knh 64kbps
Cc knh con 16kpbs
Byte 1 Byte 2+3 Byte 4+5 Byte N
C a ch iu khin Thng tin CRC C
01111110 16bit 8/16bit N bit 16bit 01111110

Loi
khung

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
I N(R) P N(S) 0
S N(R) P/F S S 0 1
U M M M P/F M M 1 1

Loi
khung

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
I
N(R) 0
N(S) P
S
X X X X S S 0 1
N(R) P/F
U M M M P/F M M 1 1

Thng tin di ng 50
Th.s L Vn Thanh V






M Kiu bn tin
0000.
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000
1001
1010
1011
Cc bn tin qun l lp v tuyn
- Yu cu s liu (truyn cc bn tin trong sut cc khung ti giao din Air)
- Ch th s liu I ca lp 2
- Ch th li (ch th li giao thc lp lin kt v tuyn)
- Yu cu thit lp (thit lp ng ni lp 2 ti giao din v tuyn)
- Xc nhn lin kt
- Ch th thit lp
- Yu cu gii phng (gii phng lin kt lp 2 ti giao din v tuyn)
- Khng nh gii phng
- Ch th gii phng
- Yu cu s liu n v (truyn cc bn tin trong sut cc khung UI)
- Ch th s liu n v
00010...
001
010
011
100
101
110
111
Cc bn tin qun l knh chung
- Thng tin BCCH (ch th thng tin mi s c pht BCCH)
- Ch th ti BCCH (ch th ti RACH v BCCH)
- Knh c yu cu (nhn c bn tin yu cu knh RR)
- Ch th xa (xa bn tin n nh knh tc th RR do qu ti AGCH)
- Lnh tm gi (yu cu tm gi MS)
- Lnh n nh knh tc th (thit lp DCCH, tr li yu cu knh)
- Yu cu qung b SMS (pht qung b bn tin SMS trong )
00011
001
Cc bn tin qun l TRx
- Ch th tim nng RF (mc nhiu cc knh v tuyn li)
C a ch iu khin Thng tin CRC C
01111110 16bit 8/16 bit N bit 16bit 01111110

SAPI C/R EA0
TEI EA1

Cu trc bn tin lp 2 ca giao din Abis
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Phn bit bn tin T Byte 1
EM Kiu bn tin Byte 2
Trng tin

Byte N



Phn bit bn tin
0
1
4
6
8
khc
D tr
Qun l ni thng
Qun l knh dnh ring
Qun l knh chung
Qun l TRx
D tr cho tng lai

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Nhn dng phn t thng tin
Ni dung thng tin
Trng tin c di c nh

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Nhn dng phn t thng tin
di ca trng tin
Ni dung thng tin
Trng tin c di thay i
Thng tin di ng 51
Th.s L Vn Thanh V
010
011
100
- Chn m SACCH (thng tin chn m mi s c s dng SACCH)
- Qu ti (qu ti knh iu khin hay b x l ca TRx)
- Thng bo li (pht hin bn tin b mt li)
001..
00001
00010
00011
00100
00101
00110
00111
01000
01001
01010
01011
01100
01101
01110
01111
10000
10001
10010
10011
Cc bn tin qun l knh dnh ring
- Tch cc knh (tch cc mt knh v tuyn)
- Cng nhn tch cc knh
- Ph nhn tch cc knh
- Ch th s c kt ni (s c kt ni v tuyn)
- Thi tch cc SACCH
- Lnh mt m (bt u mt m giao din v tuyn)
- Pht hin chuyn giao (pht hin MS chuyn giao n BTS mi)
- Kt qu o (s liu o tn hiu v tuyn t BTSMS)
- Yu cu thay i ch (thay i ch knh)
- Cng nhn thay i ch
- Ph nhn thay i ch .
- Yu cu ni dung vt l (ni dung vt l khng c ETSI nh ngha)
- Khng nh ni dung vt l
- Gii phng knh v tuyn
- iu khin cng sut MS (thay i mc cng sut MS hay cc gii hn)
- iu khin cng sut MS (thay i mc cng sut BTS)
- Lp cu hnh x l trc (truyn cc thng s x l trc n BTS)
- Kt qu o c x l trc (t BTS)
- Cng nhn gii phng knh v tuyn
Bng 4. : Phn t thng tin giao din Abis
M Phn t thng tin Abis
00000001
00000010
00000011
00000100
00000101
00000110
00000111
00001000
00001001
00001010
00001011
00001100
00001101
00001110
00001111
00010000
00010001
00010010
00010011
00010100
00010101
00010110
00010111
00011000
00011001
00011010
00011011
- S knh (ch th knh giao din v tuyn)
- Nhn dng ng ni
- Kiu tch cc
- Cng sut BTS
- Nhn dng knh
- Ch knh
- Thng tin mt m
- S khung
- Tham kho chuyn giao
- Thng tin L1
- Thng tin L3
- Nhn dng MS
- Cng sut MS
- Nhm tm gi
- Ti tm gi
- Khung cnh vt l
- Tr thm nhp
- Ti RACH
- Tham kho yu cu
- Ch gii phng
- Thng tin tim nng knh v tuyn
- L do RLM
- Thi gian khi u
- nh trc thi gian
- Cc kt qu o
- L do
- S kt qu o
Thng tin di ng 52
Th.s L Vn Thanh V
00011100
00011101
00011110
00011111
00100000
00100001
00100010
00100011
00100100
- Nhn dng bn tin
- Ch th bn tin
- Kiu thng tin h thng
- Cc thng s cng sut MS
- Cc thng s cng sut BTS
- Cc thng s x l trc
- Cc kt qu o c x l trc
- Thng tin n nh knh tc th
- Thng tin SMSCB













7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Phn bit bn tin
T
EM
Kiu bn tin
Cc phn t thng tin
Thng tin L3
TI Gi tr TI
Phn bit
giao thc
0 Kiu bn tin
Phn t thng tin

Phn bit bn tin = 1
T = 1: Bn tin trong sut
Nhn dng bn tin
C TI=0 Bn tin c pht t im
khi xng TI
C TI=1 Bn tin c pht n im
khi xng TI
Gi tr TI=07

Nhn dng giao thc
3 iu khin cuc gi, gi, dch
v b sung
4
6
9
11
15
Khc
Qun l di ng
Qun l tim nng
Cc dch v bn tin ngn
Cc dch v b sung phi thoi
D tr cho th tc kim tra
D tr cho tng lai


Thng tin di ng 53
Th.s L Vn Thanh V

3.4. Bo hiu trong mng GSM
Khi nim bo hiu nguyn thy c a ra cho qu trnh iu khin kt ni gia
ch gi (thu bao gi i) v b gi (thu bao nhn gi); nhng vi cc dch v v cng ngh
hin nay bo hiu c nhiu s thay i ton din.
Bo hiu l qu trnh iu khin lin kt gia thu bao vi thu bao, gia thu bao
v mng thng tin, gia cc mng thng tin, s dng vi mc ch to lin kt truyn
thng tin gia cc nt mng. Mng bo hiu l tp hp cc thit b v ng truyn dn
c s dng cho mc ch truyn cc thng tin bo hiu, v c minh ha nh sau
Bo hiu trong GSM hot ng da trn nguyn l mng bo hiu knh chung s 7
v c mt s thay i ph hp hn vi mi trng di ng v cc dch v c th ca
mng di ng. M hnh mng bo hiu s 7 c cho nh hnh (H-3)
Trong , CM (Connection Management) qun l ni thng
MM (Mobility Management) qun l di ng
RR (Radio Resource Management) Qun l ti nguyn v tuyn
BTSM (BTS Management) Qun l trm gc
STP
SP SP
ng bo hiu
Lin kt thng tin
ng bo hiu
im chuyn bo hiu
(Signalling Transfer Point)
im bo hiu (Signalling Point)
STP
SP
Mng bo hiu






SCCP


SCCP
MTP lp 3 MTP lp 3
MTP lp 2 MTP lp 2
MTP lp 1 MTP lp 1


Lp 3
CM
MM
RR
Lp 2 LAPDm
Lp 1
Bo hiu
lp 1

RR BTSM
LAPDm LAPD
Bo hiu
lp 1
Bo hiu
lp 1

RR

BSSP
BTSM SCCP
LAPD
MTP lp 3
MTP lp 2
Bo hiu
lp 1
MTP lp 1

BSSAP
TCAP
I
S
U
P

T
U
P
MAP
MM
CM
Khng gian Abis A
BTS BSC MSC MSC/VLR,
HLR, GMSC
OSI MS
Hnh 3. : M hnh bo hiu SS7 trong GSM theo cu trc 7 lp
Thng tin di ng 54
Th.s L Vn Thanh V
BSSAP (Base Station System Application Part) Phn ng dng h thng trm gc
SCCP (Signalling Connection Control Part) phn iu khin ni thng bo hiu
MTP (Message Transfer Part) phn truyn bn tin bo hiu
MAP (Mobile Application Part) phn ng dng di ng
TCAP (Transaction Capabilities Application Part) phn ng dng cc kh nng
trao i
ISUP (ISDN User Part) phn ngi s dng ISDN.
TUP ( Telephone User Part) phn ngi s dng in thoi.
A/ Bo hiu gia MSC vi cc thnh phn khc trong h thng
Tng i MSC s thc hin bo hiu vi cc thnh phn khc trong mng theo
phng thc SS7, y l bo hiu gia hai tng i hoc gia tng i (MSC) vi cc
c s d liu ca h thng.
Giao thc bo hiu trong cc lin kt ny s l
- MAP v TCAP l cc giao thc bo hiu trong GSM ti lp 7, bo m chc
nng thng tin u xa ca bo hiu v thit lp kt ni trao i thng tin.
Trong MAP c a ra dnh ring cho GSM.
- SCCP s dng ti lp 3, l mt b sung cho SS7 tng thch vi m hnh
OSI 7 lp vi cc chc nng thit lp cc lin kt logic v m rng thm vic
nh a ch v nh tuyn.
- MTP l ba lp thp nht cho qu trnh truyn bn tin ti cc lp 1, 2 v 3.
- ISDNUP v TUP c t ra ti lp 7 ng dng cho PSTN v MSC thit lp
v qun l gim st cuc gi.
B/ Bo hiu trong giao din A
Gia MSC v BSC GSM s dng giao din A vi hai giao thc thc hin hai
chc nng chnh trong h thng l Qun l ni thng CM (Connection Management);
Qun l di ng MM (Mobility Management).
C/ Giao din Abis


D/ Giao din Um

3.4.1. Cc bo hiu trong mng GSM
thc hin vic qun l thng tin thu bao cng nh thc hin qu trnh to kt
ni trong mi trng di ng, mng GSM s thc hin cc dng bo hiu nh sau
Thng tin di ng 55
Th.s L Vn Thanh V
+ Cp nht v tr
L qu trnh xy ra khi MS di chuyn t mt vng nh v trc bi s nhn
dng LAI sang mt vng nh v mi vi gi tr LAI mi. Qu trnh cp nht v tr c
phn lm hai loi (H-3. )




3.4.2. Bo hiu ti giao din khng gian






Yu cu knh (Channel Resquest)
Khi u MOC, tham kho ngu nhin
n nh knh tc thi UI
(Tham kho yu cu, s SDCCH)
UA
I (Yu cu nhn thc)
(RAND, CKSC)
SABM (Yu cu dch v CM)
(iu khin cuc gi)
Tr li nhn thc
(SRES)
I (Lnh m ha)
I (Ch mt m honh thnh)
Sn sng thu
I (thit lp)
(Kh nng mang, tng thch,
s b gi, cc tnh nng)
I (ang tin hnh gi)
Sn sng thu
Hnh : Phn u bo hiu MOC
Thng tin di ng 56
Th.s L Vn Thanh V










I (Bo chung)
Sn sng thu
Sn sng thu
I (Cng nhn lin kt)
Sn sng thu
I (Lnh n nh)
TCH - No
SABM
UA
I (Hon thnh n nh)
Sn sng thu
I (Lin kt)
Hnh : Bo hiu MOC, cp pht FACCH mun

I (Lnh n nh)
(TCH - no)
Sn sng thu
UA
I (Hon thnh n nh)
SABM
I (Bo chung)
Hnh : Cp pht FACCH sm
Sn sng thu
Sn sng thu
I (Kt ni)
I (Cng nhn lin kt)
Sn sng thu
Thng tin di ng 57
Th.s L Vn Thanh V


+ Bo hiu gi n thu bao di ng MTC












UI (Yu cu tm gi)
TMSI
Yu cu knh
(L do : tr li tm gi, tham kho ngu nhin)
UA
I (Yu cu nhn thc)
(RAND, CKSC)
UI (n nh tc thi)
(Tham kho yu cu, SDCCH-No)
SABM (Tr li tm gi)
(TMSI, CKSN)
I (Yu cu ch m ha)
I (Ch mt m honh thnh)
I (thit lp)
(Kh nng mang, tng thch,
s ch gi, cc tnh nng)
I (cuc gi c kt ni)
Sn sng thu
Hnh : Phn u bo hiu MTC
I (tr li nhn thc)
(SRES)
Thng tin di ng 58
Th.s L Vn Thanh V





















I (Lnh n nh)
(TCH - No)
Sn sng thu

UA
I (Lin kt)
I (Hon thnh n nh)
SABM (Tr li tm gi)
I (Chp nhn kt ni)
Sn sng thu
Hnh : Bo hiu MTC cp pht FACCH sm
Sn sng thu
I (Bo chung)
Sn sng thu

I (Bo chung)
Sn sng thu

I(Lnh n nh)
(TCH - NO)
I (hon thnh n nh)
Sn sng thu
I (Kt ni)
I (Chp nhn kt ni)
Sn sng thu
Hnh : Bo hiu MTC cp pht FACCH mun
SABM
UA

I (Ngt kt ni)
I (gii phng)

I (Hon thnh gii phng)

I (Gii phng)

I(Gii phng knh)
I (Hon thnh gii phng)
Thng tin di ng 59
Th.s L Vn Thanh V



Thng tin di ng 60
Th.s L Vn Thanh V



Bo hiu ti giao din Abis


Yu cu knh (MS yu cu DCCH)
Tch cc knh (tch cc knh SDCCH)
Cng nhn tch cc knh
Lnh n nh tc th (SDCCH cho MS)
Lnh chuyn giao
(S liu v mi, TCH No mi, tham kho chuyn giao)
Hnh : Chuyn giao
Thm nhn chuyn giao
(tham kho chuyn giao)
SABM
UA
I (Hon thnh chuyn giao)
Sn sng thu
Sn sng thu
Thm nhn chuyn giao
(tham kho chuyn giao)
Thm nhn chuyn giao
(tham kho chuyn giao)
Thm nhn chuyn giao
(tham kho chuyn giao)

Yu cu knh (Channel Request)
(L do: cp nht v tr, tham kho ngu nhin)
Hnh : Cp nht v tr
SABM (Yu cu cp nht v tr)
(TMSI+LAI c, CKSN, kiu cp nht)
I (Hon thnh cp pht li TMSI)
I (Gii phng knh)
DISC
UA
UI(n nh knh tc th)
(Tham kho yu cu, s SDCCH)
UA
I(Tr li nhn thc)
(SRES)
I (ch mt m hon thnh)

I (Yu cu nhn thc)
(RAND, SKSC)
Lnh mt m ha
I (chp nhn v tr)
(TMSI mi, LAI mi)
Thng tin di ng 61
Th.s L Vn Thanh V

































Thng tin di ng 62
Th.s L Vn Thanh V

































Thng tin di ng 63
Th.s L Vn Thanh V






























Thng tin di ng 64
Th.s L Vn Thanh V
Chng 4
H THNG THNG TIN DI NG CDMA IS95A
Hin nay ang tn ti song song hai h thng thng tin di ng s dng hai
nguyn l phn chia ti nguyn v tuyn l GSM s dng kt hp TDMA/FDMA v h
thng CDMA vi nguyn l tri ph. H thng tri ph hot ng da trn nguyn l
tri rng ph tn hiu theo m bng mt chui ngu nhin chnh l cha kha thc
hin gii tri ph ti to tn hiu mong mun. Mc d cn c nhiu yu t nh hng
n s pht trin ca k thut CDMA, tuy nhin y vn v ang chng t c s
u vit ca mng qua s trin khai ca CDMAone (hay IS95) l nn tng pht trin
cho th h mng th 3, CDMA bng rng hay chun UTMS2000 ca ITU xut.
4.1. Gii thiu tng quan
4.1.1. Khi qut k thut CDMA c c
Mt h thng v tuyn c th c m t khi qut nh sau:

( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( )
1 1 1 1
1 1
ss ss
n
S t n t i t S t n t i t
S n t i t




( (
+ + = + + ( (


= + + ( (





( ) ( ) .
n c
n
c t c p t nT
+
=
=

Hm tng quan ca chui ngu nhin trong khong T = L.Tc s l
( ) ( ) ( ) ,
,
0
1
.
T
cc
c t c t dt
T
t t 9 = +
}

f
S(f)
f
S(f)
f
S(f)

Tn hiu tin
Nhiu
Nn
Tn hiu tin
Nhiu
Lc
Tn hiu tin
Hnh 4. : Minh ha tri ph trong CDMA
S
n

()
Knh v tuyn
( ) H f

-1
()

n S
n(t) i(t)
Hnh 4.1. Kht qut h thng s dng k thut CDMA
Thng tin di ng 65
Th.s L Vn Thanh V
Xt trong trng hp .
c
k T t c = + vi 0
c
T c < < ; lc
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
, ,
,
0
, ,
1
0 0
0
1
,
.
1 1 1 1
c
c c
c
LT
m c m c c
cc cc
m m c
T T
m m m m k c
m m
c c T
k c c p t mT c p t kT mT dt
LT
c c p p d c c p p T d
L T L T
c
c
t c
c c
+ +
= =

+ +
+ +
= =

9 = 9 = + +
( (
= + + + ( (
( (


}

} }


t ( ) ( )
,
,
1 1
,
0 0
1
m m k
L L
a a
m m
cc
m m
k c c u
+

+
= =
= =


Lc ( ) ( ) ( ) , , ,
1
, 1 1
cc cc cc
c c
k k k
L T T
c c
c u u
( | |
9 = + +
( |
\ .

Mt chui s PN gi ngu nhin phi tha mn cc tnh cht sau
1. Tn xut ca cc bit l nh nhau, tc xc xut xut hin ca bit 0 v bit
1 bng nhau v bng 0,5.
2. di chy ca bit tng ng s xut hin trong vic tung ng xu. C
ngha l mt na s cc bc chy l 1, 0,25 s cc bc chy l 2,
3. Nu dch PN mt s bc khc 0 cc phn t ta s thu c mt PN mi
tng quan vi chui c l 1n v.

Lc mi gi tr ca a
n
s l

=
= + + + =

1 1 2 2
1
r
n n n r n r i n i
i
a c a c a c a ca
Trong , tt c cc s hng biu thc trn iu l s nh phn v php cng
trong chui hi tip l php cng b 2 (modulo 2).
Ta nh ngha a thc sinh ca chui PN l
( )

=
+ + + =

2
0 1 2
0
k
k
k
G D a a D a D a D
Thay chui a
n
vo biu thc sinh ta c
+ + +
c
2 c
1
c
r
a
n
a
n-1
a
n-2
a
n-r
Hnh 4. : S to chui ngu nhin
Thng tin di ng 66
Th.s L Vn Thanh V
( )
( )

= = = =


=
(
= =
(

( = + + +

0 1 1 0
1
1
1
r r
k i n i
i k i i k i
k i i k
r
i i
i i
i
G D ca D c D a D
c D a D a D G D

T ta c th vit li thnh
( ) ( )


=
| |
= + +
|
\ .


1
1
1
1
r
i i i
i i i
i
G D c D c D a D a D
Hay
( )
( )
( )
( )


=
=
+ +
=

1
1
0
1
1
1
r
i i
i i
i
r
i
i
i
c D a D a D
g D
G D
f D
c D

Trong , ( )
1
1
r
i
i
i
f D c D
=
=

Vi iu kin u ca thanh ghi l 1
r
a = v cc gi tr khc bng 0 th
( )
0
1 g D =
Lc :
( )
( )
1
G D
f D
=

2 1
r
P=
( ) ( ) 1
k b b
d t d kT t k T = s < +
( ) ( ) 1
k c c
c t c kT t k T = s < +
S dng iu ch pha nh phn ta s c cc kt qu sau
( ) ( )
0
2sin 1
2
n c c
s t t d nT t n T
t
e
(
= + s < +
(


( )
0
0
2 sin
2
. 2 cos
n k
n nN k
y t S t d c
d c S t
t
e
e
+
(
= +
(

=

H s tri ph
ss b
b c
W T
PG N
R T
= = =
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
0
. 2 cos
.
y t c t d t S t
c t s t
e =
=

Thng tin di ng 67
Th.s L Vn Thanh V
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
, ,
. 2 . os
d d d d d d
x t T c t T Sd t T c t T c t T c t T e | ( = +


,
d d
T T =


d(t) 1 0

0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
c(t)

1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
d(t) c(t)

u
d
(t)+ u
c
(t) t 0 t 0 t t t 0 0 t 0 t t t t 0 0 t t 0 0 0 0 t

u
c
(t) 0 t 0 t 0 0 0 t t 0 t 0 t t t 0 0 t t 0 0 0 0 t

u
d
(t) t t t t t t t t t t t t 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

d(t) 1 0

nh hng ca nhiu ln tn hiu tri ph
( ) ( ) ( ) y t x t J t = +
Ti my thu, sau khi nhn vi m tri ph ti u nhn s l
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
. . .
.
r t c t y t c t x t c t J t
s t c t x t
= = +
= +

T hp bit thng tin Gc lch pha
00 0
01 90
0
11 180
0
10 270
0


Thng tin di ng 68
Th.s L Vn Thanh V
Lc , ti mi nhnh sau iu ch (nhn vi sng mang) ta s c
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
0
2 cos
I
n n c k
n
I t E d c k h t nT t e | = +

V ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
0
2 sin
Q
n n c k
n
Q t E d c k h t nT t e | = +

( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
0 0
2 os 2 sin
I I Q Q
n d n d
x t Ec k c t Ec k t e | e |
( (
= + + +


Trong h thng s dng iu ch khng nht qun MFSK, bo m c c
tnh ng b trong iu ch th khong cch tn s ca FSK phi l bi s nguyn ln
tc chip.
Lc cc k hiu iu ch s trnh c hin tng nhiu xuyn k hiu ISI.
V do bng tn tn hiu c chia thnh

ss
t
c
W
N
R
= ()
Vi W
ss
l rng bng tn ca FHSS
Trong N
t
phn li c chia thnh N
b
nhm

t
b
N
N
M
= ()
rng bng thng nhy tn nhanh
.
ss d
W k W = ()
iu ch
xung
iu ch
xung

H(f)

H(f)

+
( )
( )
I
n
c k

( )
( )
Q
n
c k

Bit thng tin
li vo
0
2 sin E t e
0
2 cos E t e
( ) I t
( ) Q t

M ha


iu ch
MFSK


iu ch
FH
Tn hiu
ra FH
Chui bit PN
Thng tin
vo
Thng tin di ng 69
Th.s L Vn Thanh V

T s tn hiu trn tp nhiu s l
b ss
j b
E W S
N J R
=
Trong nhy tn chm
b
c s h
R
R R R
K
= = >
Xc xut li bit trong nhy tn chm
( ) ( )
( )
2
. 1 1
1 exp 1
2 1 2 1
M
i
b
b s
i
j
M K E M
P P
M M i N J
=
(
| |
| |
= =
(
| |

\ .
( \ .

4.1.2. Tng qut v h thng IS95
IS95 c cho l lng ch (Dual-Mode) bi v trong mng cho php c hai
ch tng t v s, iu ny s thun li cho vic chuyn i dn t h thng 1G
tng t (AMPS) sang h thng s 2G CDMA. V mt cu trc chung, h thng IS95
c m t:
- Trm di ng c th l thit b cm tay (Handset), hay tch hp vi cc vt di
chuyn, lc lin kt gia thu bao v mng s thng qua hai ng (ng
xung Forward link) v ng ln (Reverse link). im cn lu l thu
bao c th lin kt vi nhiu trm gc ng thi.
Chui PN


Gii iu ch
FH
1
2
M

Gii
m
iu
ch
H thng iu khin
v chuyn mch
MTSO

Trm gc
Trm gc
Trm gc
Mng
thoi
PSTN

ng ln - R
(Reverse link)
ng xung - F
(Forward link)
R
F
F
F
R
Hnh 4.1. Cu trc c bn h thng IS95
Thng tin di ng 70
Th.s L Vn Thanh V
- Trm gc, thc hin chc nng giao tip gia thu bao v mng thng qua CAI
tng ng vi BTS h thng GSM.
- Kt ni vi chuyn mch thoi s l cc MTSO (Mobile Telephone Switching
Office), c chc nng tng ng BSC nhng km theo mt s chc nng
c th: ng k tn s cho mi cuc gi, chun ha thi gian v tn s trong
mng v to cc lin kt ni. Chc nng ca MTSO cho (H-4.3)
+ Phn tp thi gian v tn s
H thng IS95 s dng di tn trc y c cp pht cho h thng AMPS vi
bng thng lin k 10MHz, v sau o c tng ln thnh 12,5MHz phn tp cho c
ng xung v ng ln vi cc khong rng 30kHz nh sau
( )
0,03 825 1 799
0,03 1023 825 990 1023
R
N N
f
N N
+ s s
=

+ s s

(MHz) (4.1a)
( )
0,03 870 1 799
0,03 1023 870 990 1023
F
N N
f
N N
+ s s
=

+ s s

(MHz) (4.1b)
Cc knh ti trm gc
Knh
Pilot
Knh
ng b
Knh
Tm gi #1
Knh
Tm gi #2

Knh
Truy xut #1
Knh
Truy xut #2

Knh
Lu lng #1
Knh
Lu lng #2



Hnh 4.2. Cc knh v tuyn CAI ca IS95


Chun ha thi
gian v tn s

Chuyn mch
iu khin
Lin kt ni
MTS
O
Nhn
GPS
PTSN
MTSO khc
Hnh 4.3. Chc nng ca MTSO
Thng tin di ng 71
Th.s L Vn Thanh V

AMPS ti Bc M c cp cho hai cng ty khai thc mng (A v B) mi
mng s c bng thng 10MHz v sau c cp thm 2,5MHz thnh 12,5MHz.
Nhng vi h thng CDMA th s dng iu ch bng rng 1,25MHz v kt hp vi
khong bo v th khong cch tn s s l 1,5MHz, do s phn tp tn s c mt s
thay i nh (H-4.). Trong , ta thy c tn s thp nht l 824MHz s l
khong na bng thng ca tn hiu CDMA ca bng A, S phn chia ny s to ra
c 5 sng CDMA cc tn s trung tm trong bng A v 6 knh CDMA cho bng B
ph thuc vo kch thc khong bo v gia cc tn s trung tm trong h thng
CDMA.
Vi cc h thng tng t ng b thi gian thng khng c t nng nh
cc h thng s, v nht l h thng s dng k thut CDMA. Vi h thng IS95 chun
thi gian c da vo cc tn hiu GPS (vi gc thi gian l 00h00s00m ngy
06/06/1980) so vi gc UTC (Universal Coordinated Time) v n c yu cu thit
lp thc t cho cc m PN s dng tt c cc trm gc trong h thng CDMA. IS95
s dng hai m PN ngn vi chu k 26,66ms v mt m PN di c chu k ko di 41
ngy. Vic ng b thi gian cho mt s trm gc CDMA trong vng ph v ca mt
t bo l cn thit bi v mi trm gc pht cng trn mt tn s trung tm v cng hai
m ngn tri ph cho cc knh (ng xung). Cc tn hiu cc trm gc khc
nhau c phn bit u nhn di ng ch da vo im u ca m PN ngn (offset
pha) (H-4.)

Hnh 4. : Phn tp tn s theo knh thi gian ca AMPS
Cho cc trm gc
(ng xung)
Cho cc trm di
ng (ng ln)

Hnh 4. : Phn tp tn s trong h thng IS95
Cho cc trm gc
(ng xung)
Cho cc trm di
ng (ng ln)
Thng tin di ng 72
Th.s L Vn Thanh V

Mc d cc trm gc c ng b ln nhau bi v chng u ly thi gian t
GPS, mt cc tng qut mi trm di ng nhn t trm gc vi t hp tr truyn khc
nhau bi v trm di ng lun cc khong cch khc nhau so vi cc trm gc. h
thng thi gian tham chiu cho mt trm di ng c thit lp khi n nhn c tn
hiu trm gc chc chn, v c bn tin ng b qung b ca trm gc. Bn tin cha
thng tin cho php trm di ng ng b m di ca n v thi gian tham chiu ca
trm gc thc t nhng c tr truyn.
4.2. Hot ng ng xung
Cu trc cc knh ng xung bao gm vic truyn dn ng thi 64 knh,
nhn nh cc knh da vo cc hm khc nhau do ghp trc giao to thnh trn cng
sng mang RF. Mt trong cc knh c cng sut ln l knh hoa tiu (Pilot) c
truyn di lin tc nh l s tng quan tham chiu pha nhn c sng mang. Knh
ng b dng cho hot ng ng b thi gian cng c pht lin tc. Ngoi ra s cn
c hai loi knh s dng cho lin kt thu bao l knh tm gi v knh truy sut, v
thng tin hai chiu c chuyn ti qua cc knh lu lng.
Cc vn lin quan trong giao din khng gian chung (giao din v tuyn), m
chng ta phi tm hiu tp trong vo mt s c trng sau:
- Ghp knh: Vic phn chia knh cho ng xung da trn s ghp knh
phn chia m trc giao, bng vo vic s dng tp trc giao cc sng mang con dng
s l cc hm Walsh.
- Chng xuyn nhiu: Sng ng xung c iu ch bng chui PN tri
ph trc tip phn chia cc tn hiu nhn t cc trm gc hin thi v phn bit cc


Mt cho k PN (M.N chip)
Hnh 4. : Offset ca cc m ngn cc trm gc khc nhau
Pha tham chiu (offset bng 0)
Pha on m cho offset th nht (N chip)

Pha on m cho offset th hai (2N chip)
Pha on m cho offset th ba (3N chip)
Pha on m cho offset th t (4N chip)
Pha on m ng vi offset cui cng (MN -Nchip)
im u ca chui PN
Thng tin di ng 73
Th.s L Vn Thanh V
tn hiu t cc trm gc khc. Trong trng hp ny cc trm di ng s dng offset
pha m PN phn bit tn hiu cc trm gc.
- iu ch: ng xung s dng k thut iu ch sng mang RF I (cosine)
v Q (sine) bng chui d liu s bng gc lng cc m PN, sau pht i theo dng
kha dch pha vung gc (QPSK Quaternary Phase Shift Keying).
- Dng xung: dng xung ca tn hiu s bng gc u ra I v Q ca knh c
xc nh bi b lc FIR c thit k cho mc ch iu khin ph c cng sut pht
x cc tiu cho xuyn nhiu tn s ln cn.
- Tc chip PN: trong IS95 s dng tc chip nh nhau cho tt c cc knh
l 1,2288Mcps, gp 128 ln tc thng tin ti a l 9,6kbps.
- Hiu sut bng thng: ng vi tc chip PN v iu khin ph danh nh,
nng lng ca tn hiu ng xung trong IS95 hu ht u c bng thng l
1,25MHz.
- M ting: IS95 s dng m ha m tc thay i c ty tng trng hp
c th; v c cc tc 1200, 2400, 4800 v 9600bps ty thuc vo yu cu m.
-M iu khin li: vi ng xung s dng cc khi m chp v s dng
gii m cn bng Viterbi.
- Ghp xen: bo v chng li cm (trong mi trng fading c trng), cc
lin kt ng xung s dng k thut ghp xen trc truyn dn theo cc m ghp xen
vi nhp 20ms.
4.2.1. S ghp knh trc giao
ng xung trong h thng IS95 s dng tp 64 chui m Walsh trc giao
phn bit iu ch cc knh v tuyn nh l cc sng mang con phn c lp. Cc
chui Walsh s l cc hng trong ma trn Hadamard bc 2 v c tnh trc giao khi ly
tng quan trong mt chu k. Thng tin cc knh tm gi v knh lu lng c
trt bng cch s dng cc offset pha c ng k ca m PN di c cp pht
chuyn bit, nhng khng dng phn tp cc knh. Cc knh c phn b trong
(H-4.) vi cc chui m Walsh tng ng k hiu H
i
, vi 0, 63 i = . D tc thng tin
bng gc cc knh c th khc nhau, nhng vi tc cc i l 19,2ksps. Mi chui
thng tin cc knh c kt hp vi mt chui Walsh c cp pht 64chip tc
19,2ksps; do cc t hp trc giao cho cc knh ng xung lun c dng thng tin
bng gc tc 6419,2ksps = 1,2288Mcps.
Trong iu ch ca CDMA, chui tin s c nhn vi m Walsh ca knh
tng ng tc 1,2288Mcps s c chia lm hai kt hp vi hai m PN ngn
thnh phn vung gc tng ng vi hai sng mang I v Q. Hai thnh phn vung gc
Thng tin di ng 74
Th.s L Vn Thanh V
ln lt c k hiu l ( ) PN ,
I i
t u v ( ) PN ,
Q i
t u c pht t thanh ghi dch hi tip
tuyn tnh (LFSR Linear Feedbak Shift Register). K hiu u
i
ch offset pha c cp
pht cho trm gc tng ng, v s c 512 offset pha c cp pht.

Do vy khng ging nh QPSK, cc k hiu bng gc c phn chia lun
phin ra cc thnh phn vung gc I v Q, IS95 gn cng mt chui d liu cho cc
knh vung gc nhng c kt hp vi chui tri vung gc nn cn c gi l tri
vung gc. Cc tn hiu bng gc t cc nhnh c sa dng bng b lc FIR cho
mc ch sa dng ph. Sau cc chui bng gc s c iu ch tng ng vi cc
sng mang cng pha (In phase) l cos2
c
f t t v vung pha (Quadrature phase) l
sin2
c
f t t

4.2.2. Cc knh lin kt ng xung
Hot ng ghp knh trc giao ng xung c cho nh (H-4.). Cc knh
ng xung gm: knh dn ng (pilot), knh ng b, cc knh tm gi v cc
E
Knh
Pilot
Knh
Tm gi 1
Knh
Tm gi 7
Lu
lng 1
Lu
lng 24
Knh
ng b
Lu
lng 25
Lu
lng 25
H
0
Knh
hoa
tiu
H
1
H
7
H
8
H
31
H
32
H
33
H
63
Knh v tuyn CDMA ng xung tc 1,2288Mcps
Tn hiu tm gi c
gii m, ghp xen, iu
ch tri ph cho mt
hoc nhiu thu bao
Knh ng b
Cc knh lu lng c m ha, ghp xen, ngu nhin,
iu ch tri ph mang m thanh hay thng tin iu
khin cng sut
Hnh 4. : Phn b cc knh logic cho ng xung
( ) PN ,
I i
t u , n=15
1,2288Mcps
B lc bng gc
FIR
Chui k hiu
kt hp m Walsh
Hnh 4 : Tri vung gc cho ng xung CAI
cos2
c
f t t

( ) PN ,
I i
t u , n=15
1,2288Mcps
B lc bng gc
FIR
sin2
c
f t t

E s(t)
Thng tin di ng 75
Th.s L Vn Thanh V
knh lu lng. Mi knh c iu ch bi mt chui Walsh c th k hiu l H
i
,
0, 63 i = . chun ha IS95, gn H
0
cho knh dn ng, H
32
cho knh ng b, H
1
n
H
7
cho cc knh tm gi v cn li l cc knh lu lng. V s iu ch mi knh
theo hai nhnh I v Q l nh nhau v c cng tc chip s iu ch vung gc.



Chui PN knh I
Hnh 4 : Tri vung gc cho ng xung CAI
Knh dn ng: ton 0 (khng c tin)
H
0
(ton 0)
H
32

Ghp xen
khi
M chp
Lp li
Thng tin knh
ng b
1,2kbps
4,8
kbps
H
k

Ghp xen
khi
M chp
Lp li
Thng tin knh
tm gi
9,6kbps,
4,8kbps
19,2
kbps
Pht m
di
Mt n m di
knh tm gi
H
i

Ghp xen
khi
M chp
Lp li
Thng tin knh
lu lng
9,6kbps; 4,8kbps
2,4kbps; 1,2kbps
19,2
kbps
Pht m
di
Mt n m di
ngi dng
M
U
X

Bit iu khin
cng sutcng
Chui PN knh Q
Thng tin di ng 76
Th.s L Vn Thanh V
Chng 6
H THNG DI NG TH H MI
Vi s pht trin ca thng tin di ng, vi s thnh cng ca GSM t c
rt nhiu thnh tu nhng cng bc l nhiu hn ch nh kh nng truyn dn cc
dch v tc cao v pht trin thu bao. Hai vn ny c gii quyt khi c s
ra i ca k thut CDMA, tuy nhin h thng IS95 li c nhc im ln l b chi
phi bi bn quyn cng ngh nn rt kh pht trin. gii quyt vn mt cch
trit v pht trin ton din ca thng tin di ng, ITU xut tiu chiu
UTMS2000 (phin bn 1999) v cc pht trin sau v ang c p dng rng ri
hin nay. Do cc k thut di ng tin tin rt phc tp v a dng, nn ni dung ca
chng ny khng i su tm hiu ton b tng h thng m ch l nhng xut pht
trin v khi qut mang tnh tng th gii thiu lm c s chng ta c th i su tm
hiu chi tit mt h thng no cn cho cng vic sau ny.
6.1. H thng UMTS2000

Thng tin di ng 77
Th.s L Vn Thanh V
Ph lc 1DANH MC CC THUT NG VIT TT
Thut ng Ng ting Anh y Ngha ting Vit
A
ACCH Associated Control Channel Knh iu khin lin kt
ACI Adjacent Channel Interference Nhiu xuyn knh lin k
AP Access Point im truy cp
ACI Adjacent Channel Interference Nhiu knh ln cn

AGCH Access Grant Channel Knh cp php truy cp
AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone System H thng in thoi di ng tin tin
AT Access Terminal u cui truy cp
AUC Authentication Center Trung tm xc thc

B
BCCH Broacast Control Channel Knh iu khin qung b chung
BCH Broacast Channel Knh qung b chung
BER Bit Error Rate Tc li bit
BHCA Busy Hour Calling Attempt S ln gi gi bn
BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying Kha dch pha nh phn
BSC Base Station Controller Khi iu khin trm gc
BSIC Base Station Identity Code M nhn dng trm gc
BSS Base Station System H thng trm gc
BSSAP+ Base Station System Application Part+ Phn ng dng h thng trm gc
BSSGP BSS GPRS Protocol Giao thc GPRS BSS
BSSGP Base Station System GPRS Protocol Giao thc phn h trm gc
C
C/A Carrier to Adjacent Ratio T s sng mang trn sng ln cn
C/I Carrier to Interference Ratio T s sng mang trn xuyn nhiu
C/R Carrier to Reflection Ratio T s sng mang trn sng phn x
CCCH Common Control Channel Knh iu khin chung
CCI Co-Channel Interfernce Nhiu cng knh
CE Channel Element n v knh
CCI Co-Channel Interfernce Nhiu cng knh
CCCH Common Control Channel Knh iu khin chung
D


E


Thng tin di ng 78
Th.s L Vn Thanh V

I
ISI Inter Symbol Interference Nhiu xuyn k hiu

O
OSI Open System Interconnect Kt ni h thng m






Thng tin di ng 79
Th.s L Vn Thanh V
MC LC
TNG QUAN H THNG THNG TIN DI NG ................................................ 1
1.1. Gii thiu tng quan ......................................................................................... 1
1.1.1. Khi qut lch s pht trin ........................................................................ 1
1.1.2. Cu trc chung ca h thng ...................................................................... 5
1.2. Cu trc t bo .................................................................................................. 6
1.2.1. T s sng mang trn xuyn nhiu ............................................................. 8
1.2.2. nh dng ca CLUSTER .......................................................................... 8
1.2.3. Dung lng ti v qun l ti ..................................................................... 9
1.2.4. Phn chia sector trong t bo.....................................................................10
1.2.5. Lc khng gian gim nh xuyn nhiu .................................................12
1.3. Phn lp v giao thc trong mng di ng ...................................................... 13
1.3.1. Phn lp trong mng di ng ....................................................................13
1.3.2. Phn lp giao thc ....................................................................................15
C IM TRUYN DN V TUYN ............................................................... 17
2.1. Khi qut ........................................................................................................ 17
2.2. Suy hao khng gian t do ............................................................................... 17
2.3. Cc m hnh lan truyn sng phng ngang ................................................... 19
2.3.1. S tc ng ca kh quyn ........................................................................19
2.3.2. nh hng t tnh a hnh ......................................................................20
2.3.3. Cc ch lan truyn ................................................................................23
2.4. Cc ch truyn LOS v phn x ................................................................. 24
2.4.1. S lan truyn theo ng nhin thng .......................................................24
2.4.2. Nhiu x qua a nhn v vt cn nhn to ................................................29
2.5. Cc cng thc thc nghim ............................................................................ 30
2.5.1. Cc cng thc Hata v CCIR ....................................................................30
2.5.2. Cng thc Walfisch-Ikegami ....................................................................32
2.6. Cc m hnh suy hao lan truyn cho my tnh ................................................. 36
2.6.1. Cc m hnh Longley-Rice v TIREM ......................................................36
2.6. Mi trng truyn a trng sng v tuyn di ng ....................................... 39
2.6.1. M hnh knh ............................................................................................39
H THNG THNG TIN DI NG TON CU GSM..................................... 41
3.1. Gii thiu tng quan mng GSM .................................................................... 41
3.1.1. Dch v thoi ............................................................................................41
3.1.2. Cc dch v phi thoi ................................................................................42
3.1.3. Nguyn l a thm nhp ...........................................................................43
3.2. Giao din v tuyn .......................................................................................... 44
3.2.1. Lp vt l giao din Um ...........................................................................45
3.3. Bo hiu trong mng GSM ............................................................................. 53
3.3.1. Cc bo hiu trong mng GSM .................................................................54
3.3.2. Bo hiu ti giao din khng gian .............................................................55
H THNG THNG TIN DI NG CDMA IS95A ........................................... 64
4.1. Gii thiu tng quan ....................................................................................... 64
Thng tin di ng 80
Th.s L Vn Thanh V
4.1.1. Khi qut k thut CDMA c c ...............................................................64
4.1.2. Tng qut v h thng IS95 ......................................................................69
4.2. Hot ng ng xung ................................................................................. 72
4.2.1. S ghp knh trc giao .........................................................................73
4.2.2. Cc knh lin kt ng xung .................................................................74
MC LC ............................................................................................................... 79