Contents:

1. Introduction 2. Various properties of dental materials i. Abrasion & Abrasion resistance ii. Viscosity iii. Creep and Flow iv. Thermo plastic properties a) Thermal conductivity. b) Thermal diffusivity. c) Coefficient of thermal expansion. V. Tarnish and corrosion VI. Color and color perception a)Three dimension of color [Hue,Value,Chroma] b) Shade guide.

INTRODUCTION
All materials are made of atoms To predict reaction or properties of materials a basic knowledge of material is very important. Physical properties are based on basic Physical science Hue, Value, Chroma (Optics science) Thermal properties (Laws of thermodynamics) Viscosity (Material science)

ABRASION AND ABRASION RESISTENCE

Hardness often used as index of the ability of material to resist Abrasion or Wear. It is a complex mechanism Various factors plays role. Hardness is one of many o Various other factors: I ) Biting IV) Diet II) Rough surface V) Temperatyre III) Concentration Force VI) Anatomy

VII) Physical properties. All are not controllable under dentist.

RHEOLOGY
Rheology is the study of flow characteristic of material. In dentistry study of rheology is necessary. Because Many dental materials are mixed as fluid pastes, which subsequently solidify. The setting of such materials initially involves a change in viscosity with time.

WORKING TIME:
It is the period during which the material can be manipulated.(No thickening take place)

SETTING TIME:
It is the time when the material has reached a given degree of rigidity

VISCOSITY
Viscosity is the resistance of a liquid to flow. Although a liquid at rest cannot support a shear stress. Most liquid when placed in motion, resist imposed forces that cause them to move.

 This resistance to fluid flow is controlled by internal frictional force within the liquid. Thus viscosity is a measure of the consistency of a fluid and its inability to flow. A higher viscous fluid flows slowly. Dental materials have different viscosity depending upon their intended clinical application. Viscosity is measured in units MPa per second or Centipoise (cP)

VISCOSITY DEPENDS UPON VARIOUS FACTORS

The nature of the substances. Temperature (viscosity temperature ) Pressure (High pressure viscosity greater) Shear rate.

Shear history (structure of some materials is broken down on shearing )

SHEAR STRESS AND SHEAR STRAIN

A liquid is placed between two plates and the upper plates and the upper plate is moved to the right. The stress required to move the plate is called shear stress. The changes produced is called shear strain rate.

NEWTONIAN:
If shear stress and shear strain rate is plotted, An ideal fluid shows Shear stress is proportional to shear strain. This behavior is called as Newtonian.

PLASTIC:
Some class of materials behave like a rigid body until some minimum value of shear stress is reached. E.g. Ketchupa sharp blow to the bottle is usually required to produce an initial flow.

PSEUDO PLASTIC:
Material viscosity decreases with increased in shear rate. E.g. Elastomeric impression materialswhen extruded under pressure through a syringe tip shows more fluidity but when loaded into a tray shows higher viscosity.

DILATANT:
These are liquids that shows higher viscosity as shear rate increases. These liquids become more rigid as the rate of deformation (shear strain rate) increases.

THIXOTROPIC:
This materials exhibit a different viscosity after it is deformed. A material which become less viscous and more fluid under repeated application of pressure. E.g. ZOE Cement(after vigorous mixing), Dental prophylaxis pest.

Pseudoplastic

Strain rate

CREEP AND FLOW

CREEP:Creep is defined as the time dependent plastic strain of a material under a static load or constant stress.

Example Dental Amalgam contain from 42 to 52% wt Hg Melting point of Hg is slightly above room temperature. Because of this dental amalgam can slowly creep from restoration under Periodic sustained stress.

FLOW: Generally been used in dentistry to describe the Rheology of amorphous materials . It is some what similar to creep. Usually employed for testing dental materials.

THERMO PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

The conduction of heat through metals occurs through the interactions of crystal lattice vibrations and by motion of electrons and their interaction with atoms.

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

It is the quantity of heat in calories per second that passes through a specimen 1 cm thick having a cross-sectional area of 1 cm when the temperature difference between the surfaces perpendicular to the heat flow of the specimen is 1 " K. Materials that have a high conductivity are called Conductors. Materials of low thermal conductivity are called Insulators.

THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY

The value of thermal diffusivity of a material controls the time rate of temperature changes as heat passes through a material. It is a measure of the rate at which a body with a non uniform temperature reaches a state of thermal equilibrium. Although The Thermal conductivity of Zinc oxide-eugenol is slightly less than that of dentin, its Thermal diffusivity is more than twice that of dentin. Thickness of the cement base is directly related to its benefit as an insulator.

COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION Defined as the change in length per unit of the original length of a material when its temperature is raised 1 K. The units of are typically expressed in units of m/m K or ppm/ K. A tooth restoration may expand or contract more than the tooth during change in temperature, and produce micro leakage or the restoration may get debond too. Restorative materials may change in dimension up to 4.4 times more than the tooth enamel for every degree temperature changes.
Coefficients of Thermal Expansion
Material Aluminous porcelain 6.6 Dentin Commercially pure titanium Type II glass Ionomer Enamel Gold-Palladium allot Gold (pure) Amalgam Composite Denture resin Pit & fissure sealant Inlay wax 8.3 8.5 11.0 11.4 13.5 14.0 14.0 25.0 14-15 85.0 400 0.58 0.75 0.77 0.96 0.96 1.18 1.23 1.30 2.19 1.2-4.4 7.46 35.1

) of Dental Materials Relative to Tooth Enamel & Dentin.

(ppm K1) material/tooth enamel

TARNISH AND CORROSION TARNISH:

It is a surface discoloration on a metal, slight loose or alteration of the surface finish or lustre. In oral environment tarnish often occurs by formation of hard or soft deposits. Eg. Calculus, mucin and plaque. Pigment producing bacteria produces stains. Drugs, chemical, iron, mercury also play a role in causing stains Formation of thin films of oxide, sulphides or chlorides may even act as a protector of underlying restorations.

CORROSION It is a process in which deterioration of a metal is caused by reaction with its environment. The rate of corrosion attack may actually increase over time, especially with surfaces subjected to stress, with inter granular impurities in the

metal, or with corrosion products that do not completely cover the metal surface. Corrosion causes severe and catastrophic disintegration of the metal body. Extremely localized corrosion may cause rapid mechanical failure of a structure, even though the actual volume loss of material. Action of corrosion may occur through the action of moisture, atmosphere, acid or alkaline solutions, and certain chemicals. In dental particles a limited amount of corrosion around the margins of dental amalgam restorations may be beneficial, since the corrosion product tends to seal the marginal gap and inhibit the ingress of oral fluids and bacteria .

CLASSIFICATION
1. Chemical or dry corrosion In which the metal reacts to form oxide, sulfides electrolytes. E.g. Formation of Ag2S in dental alloys containing silver . Oxidation of alloy particles in dental amalgam. 2. Electrochemical or wet corrosion This requires the presence of water or other electrolytes . There is formation of free electrons and the electrolyte provides the pathway for the transport of electrons. An electrolyte cell is as follows: The anode is the surface where positive ions are formed This metal surface corrodes since there is loss of electrons in absence of

At the cathode an electron must occur that will consume the free electrons Hence the anode looses electrons and the cathode consumes it The surface of anode corrodes due to loss of electrons.

TYPE OF ELECTROLYTIC CORROSION

A. GALVANIC CORROSION Saliva with its salts provides a weal electrolyte. Galvanic corrosion occurs when dissimilar metals lie in direct physical contact with each other. Incase a gold restoration comes in contact with a amalgam restoration the amalgam forms the anode and starts corroding. The electric couple (500 milli volts) created when the two restorations touches . Sharp pain can be felt called as galvanic shock. It is minimised by painting a varnish on the surface of the restoration but best is to avoid dissimilar metals in contact. amalgam

B. HETEROGENOUS COMPOSITION
This kind of corrosion occurs within the structure of the restoration itself ( mix composition can cause galvanic shock) When an alloy containing eutectic is immersed in an electrolyte the metallic grains with the lower electrode potential are attacked and corrosion results In a corrode structure difference in the composition within the alloy grains are found , thus part of a grain can be anode and part cathode. In metals or alloys the grain boundaries may act as anode and the interior of grain as the cathode Soldered joints may also corrode due to inhomogeneous composition (homogenization of alloy improves the corrosion resistance)

Metallic restoration showing two possible current pathway between an external surface exposed to saliva and an interior surface exposed to dentinal fluid.

C. STRESS CORROSION:
A metal which has been stressed by cold working becomes more reactive at the site of maximum stress If stressed and unstressed metals are in contact in an electrolyte the stressed metal will become the anode of a galvanic cell and will corrode

D. CONCENTRATED CELL CORROSION :

ELECTROLYTIC CONCENTRATION CELL; in a metallic restoration which is partly covered by food debris the composition of the electrolyte under the debris will differ from that of saliva and this can contribute to the corrosion of the restoration. OXYGEN CONCENTRATED CELL; difference in oxygen tension in between parts of the same cell cause corrosion of the restoration Greater corrosion occurs in the part of the restoration having lower concentration of oxygen A pit on a dental alloy as a corrosion cell. The region of the pit is an Anode, and the surface around the rim of the pit is the cathode. The ionic current flows through the electrolyte and the electronic current flows through the metal.

PROTECTION AGAINST CORROSION

1. PASSIVATION:

Certain metals readily forms strong oxide films on their surface which protests them from corrosion. Such metals are called passive (chromium, titanium, aluminum)

2. INCREASING NOBLE METAL CONTENT :

Alloys with a noble metal content below 65% may tarnish. Thus it has been suggested at least 50% atoms in a dental alloy should be gold, platinum or palladium to ensure against corrosion. Noble metals resist corrosion because their EMF is positive with regard to any of the common reduction reaction found in the oral environment.

3. POLISHING

4. MAINTAINING GOOD ORAL HYGIENE

5. DISSIMILAR METAL RESTORATION SHOULD BE AVOIDED

COLOR
Light is a form of electro-magnetic radiant energy that can be detected by the human eye The eye is sensitive to wavelength from approximately 400nm (violet) to 700nm (dark red) The combined intensities of wavelength present in a beam of light determine property called color

THREE DIMESIONS OF COLOR: Quantatively color has come to be described as three dimensional quality By values from their variable:-

HUE, VALUE, CHROMA

HUE: Refers to the basic color of an object E.g:- red, green, blue.

VALUE: Colors can be separated into light and dark shades E.g.:- The yellow of a lemon is lighter than the red of a sweet cherry the lightness which can be measured independently of the color hue is called value

CHROMA: A particular color may be dull or more vivid this difference in color intensity or strength is called Chroma. Chroma represent the degree of saturation of a particular hue Chroma cannot exist by itself , and is always associated with hue or value MEASUREMENT OF COLOR: One of the most commonly used methods to define and measure color quantitatively is the Munsell system It is a co-ordination system which can be viewed as a cylinder the lines are arranged sequentially around the parameter of the cylinder. while the Chroma increases along a radius from the axis. The value co-ordinate varies along the length of the cylinder From black at the bottom to neutral gray at the centre to white at the top.

METAMERISM:
The appearance of an object depends on the type of the light by the object is viewed Day light, incandescent lamp, fluorescent lamps are called common source of light in dental operatory Objects that appear to be color matched under one type of light may appear very different under another light source. This phenomenon is called METAMERISM. which

FLUORESCENCE
Natural tooth structure absorbs light at wave lengths too short to be visible to the human eye. These wavelengths between 300 and 400 nm referred to as near ultra violet radiations. Natural sun light, photoflash lamps, certain types of vapor lamps, and ultraviolet lights used in decorative lighting are sources containing substantial amounts of near-ultraviolet radiation. The energy that the tooth absorbs is converted into light with longer wavelengths, in which case the tooth actually becomes a light source. This phenomenon is called fluorescence.

SHADE GUIDE
In the dental operatory or laboratory, color matching is usually performed by the use of a shade guide. The neck region of these shade tabs has been removed because its shade is darker and its presence would complicate the matching of the correct shade.

SELECTING THE COLOR USING NEW VITAPAN SYSTEM