2/15/2011

CHNG 6 BI CHN L P CH T TH I H P V SINH

GVHD: TS. NGUY N T N PHONG Email: ntphong@hcmut.edu.vn

N I DUNG CHNG 6
6.1. KHAI NIEM BAI CHON LAP CHAT THAI RAN 6.2. PHAN LOAI BAI CHON LAP CHAT THAI RAN 6.3. LA CHON V TR BAI CHON LAP CHAT THAI RAN 6.4. QUY NH VE MOI TRNG TRONG VIEC IEU TRA CHI TIET E LA CHON BAI CHON LAP 6.5. CAC QUA TRNH PHAN HUY CHAT THAI RAN TRONG BAI CHON LAP 6.6. NC RO R T BAI CHON LAP 6.7. CAU TRUC CHNH CUA BAI CHON LAP HP VE SINH

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Chon lap (landfilling): la hanh ong o chat thai vao khu at a c chuan b trc. Qua trnh chon lap bao gom ca cong tac giam sat chat thai chuyen en, thai bo, nen ep chat thai va lap at cac thiet b giam sat chat lng moi trng xung quanh. Chon lap la phng phap thai bo chat thai ran kinh te nhat va chap nhan c ve mat moi trng. Cong tac quan ly bai chon lap ket hp chat che vi quy hoach, thiet ke, van hanh, ong ca va kiem soat sau khi ong ca hoan toan bai chon lap.
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u iem:

Phu hp vi nhng ni co dien tch at rong. X l c tat ca cac loai CTR, ke ca cac CTR ma nhng phng phap khac khong the x ly triet e hoac khong x ly c. BCL sau khi ong ca co the s dung cho nhieu muc ch khac nhau nh: bai o xe, san chi, cong vien Thu hoi nang lng t kh gas. Khong the thieu du ap dung bat k phng phap x ly chat thai nao. Linh hoat trong qua trnh s dung, trong khi cac phng phap khac phai c m rong qui mo cong nghe e tang cong suat. au t ban au va chi ph hoat ong cua BCL thap hn so vi nhng phng phap khac.
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Nhc iem: Ton nhieu dien tch at chon lap, nhat la nhng ni tai nguyen at con khan hiem. Lay lan cac dch benh do s hoat ong cua ruoi, nhang va cac loai con trung. Gay o nhiem moi trng nc, at, kh xung quanh BCL. Co nguy c xay ra s co chay no, gay nguy hiem do s phat sinh kh CH4 va H2S. Cong tac quan trac chat lng moi trng BCL va xung quanh van phai c tien hanh sau khi ong ca. Anh hng canh quan.
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(1) Van e moi trng va cac quy nh rang buoc (2) Loai hnh va phng phap chon lap (3) V tr bai chon lap (4) Quan ly kh sinh ra trong qua trnh chon lap (5) Kiem soat nc ro r cua bai rac (6) Kiem soat nc be mat va nc ma (7) Cau truc BCL va s sut lun (8) Quan trac chat lng moi trng (9) Bo tr mat bang tong the va thiet ke s bo BCL (10) Xay dng quy trnh van hanh BCL (11) ong ca hoan toan BCL va nhng van e can quan tam 6 (12) Tnh toan va thiet ke chi tiet BCL

CAC VAN E CHNH LIEN QUAN EN VIEC THIET KE BCL HP VE SINH

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KHAI NIEM BCL CHAT THAI RAN Bai chon lap CTR (landfills): La mot dien tch hoac mot khu at c quy hoach, la chon, thiet ke, xay dng e thai bo chat thai ran. Bai chon lap hp ve sinh (sanitary landfill): La bai chon lap chat thai ran o th c thiet ke va van hanh sao cho cac tac ong en sc khoe cong ong va moi trng c giam en mc thap nhat. Bai chon lap an toan (secure landfill): La bai chon lap dung e chon lap chat thai nguy hai.
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Cac thuat ng c dung cho bai chon lap

- O chon lap chat thai (cell): la the tch cha vat lieu bao gom CTR va vat lieu che phu c o vao BCL trong mot n v thi gian van hanh, thng la 1 ngay. - Lp che phu hang ngay (daily cover): la lp at hay vat lieu khac day 0,15 0,35m c phu len be mat lam viec cua bai chon lap vao cuoi moi ngay van hanh.
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Cac thuat ng c dung cho bai chon lap - Lp (lift): la mot lp hoan chnh bao phu tat ca cac n nguyen tren toan bo be mat lam viec cua bai chon lap. Thong thng, bai chon lap gom nhieu lp. Lp cuoi cung (final lift): bao gom ca lp che phu. - Bac thang (bench hay terrace): c s dung khi bai chon lap cao hn 15,24 22,86m nham duy tr o doc cua bai chon lap, am bao u dien tch lap at mng thoat nc va ng ong thu hoi kh bai rac.
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Cac thuat ng c dung cho bai chon lap - Lp che phu cuoi cung (final cover layer): la

lp phu tren cung cua bai chon lap khi ket thuc hoat ong chon lap tai bai chon lap.

- Nc r rac (leachate): La nc c thu gom ay bai chon lap. Nc ro r sinh ra do nc ma, nc be mat chay tran va nc ti tieu tham vao bai chon lap. Nc r rac cung bao gom ca nc co san trong rac cung nh nc ngam ngam vao bai chon lap.
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Cac thuat ng c dung cho bai chon lap - Kh t o chon lap CTR (landfill gas): Phan ln kh bai rac cha kh methane (CH4), kh cacbonic (CO2), la san pham chnh cua qua trnh phan huy k kh phan chat thai hu c co kha nang phan huy sinh hoc. - Lp lot ay (landfill liner): la cac vat lieu (bao gom t nhien va nhan tao) c trai tren toan dien tch ay va thanh bao quanh o chon lap. Lp lot ay thng la lp at set nen va lp mang a chat c thiet ke nham ngan nga, giam thieu s ngam, tham thau cua nc r rac va kh bai rac vao tang nc ngam.
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Cac thuat ng c dung cho bai chon lap

- Cac phng tien kiem soat bai chon lap (landfill control facilities) bao gom lp lot ay, he thong thu gom va thoat nc r rac, he thong thu va thoat kh bai rac, cac lp che phu hang ngay va lp phu cuoi cung. - Vung em (surrounding area): la dai at bao quanh BCL nham muc ch ngan cach, giam thieu tac ong xau cua BCL en moi trng va khu dan c lan can.
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Cac thuat ng c dung cho bai chon lap -Hang rao bao ve (fence): la he thong tng, rao chan, vanh ai cay xanh hoac vat can co chieu cao nhat nh bao quanh BCL nham han che tac ong t cac hoat ong chon lap CTR en moi trng xung quanh. - Quan trac moi trng (environmental monitoring): la cac hoat ong gan lien vi viec lay mau va phan tch cac mau nc va khong kh nham kiem soat s lan truyen kh bai rac va nc ro r tai khu vc bai chon lap.
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Cac thuat ng c dung cho bai chon lap

- ong ca BCL (landfill closure): la viec ngng hoan toan hoat ong chon lap CTR tai BCL. ay la bc can thiet e bao am an toan cho bai chon lap khi a lap ay hoan toan. - Kiem soat sau khi ong ca (postclosure care): la nhng hoat ong lien quan en viec giam sat va bao dng lau dai cac bai chon lap a ong ca hoan toan (t 30 50 nam).
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Cac thuat ng c dung cho bai chon lap

- Thi gian hoat ong cua BCL: la toan bo thi gian t khi bat au chon lap CTR en khi ong ca BCL.
- He thong thu gom kh thai: la he thong cac

cong trnh, thiet b thu gom kh thai sinh ra t BCL nham ngan nga, giam thieu o nhiem khong kh va nguy c gay chay, no.
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Cac thuat ng c dung cho bai chon lap

- He thong thu gom nc rac: la he thong cac cong trnh bao gom tang thu gom, ng ong dan, mng dan e thu gom nc rac ve ho tap trung hoac ti tram x ly. - He thong thoat nc mat va nc ma: la he thong thu gom nc mat va nc ma dan ve ni quy nh nham ngan nga nc mat t ben ngoai xam nhap vao cac o chon lap.
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PHAN LOAI BCL CHAT THAI RAN

Phan loai theo hnh thc chon lap Can c tren hnh thc chon lap, cho en hien nay a ton tai 3 loai hnh chon lap CTR: Bai h (open dumps); Chon di bien (submarine disposal); BCL hp ve sinh (sanitary landfill)
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PHAN LOAI BCL CHAT THAI RAN

Bai h ay la bai chon lap theo phng phap co ien, a c ap dung t rat lau. Ngay ca trong thi ky Hy Lap va La Ma co ai cach ay khoang 500 nam trc cong nguyen, con ngi a biet o rac ben ngoai cac thanh luy - lau ai cuoi hng gio. Cho en nay, phng phap nay van con ap dung nhieu ni tren the gii.
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PHAN LOAI BCL CHAT THAI RAN O nhiem khong kh do qua trnh phan huy rac tao thanh cac kh co mui hoi thoi; hien tng "chay ngam" hay co the chay thanh ngon la, va tat ca cac qua trnh tren se dan en van e o nhiem khong kh. Phng phap x ly CTR re tien nhat, ch ton chi ph cho cong viec thu gom va van chuyen rac t ni phat sinh en bai rac. Tuy nhien phng phap nay lai oi hoi mot dien tch bai rac ln. Do vay cac thanh pho ong dan c va at ai khan hiem th phng phap nay tr nen at tien.
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PHAN LOAI BCL CHAT THAI RAN Phng phap nay co nhieu nhc iem: Lam mat ve tham my cua canh quan. Nhng ong rac thai la moi trng thuan li cho cac ong vat gam nham, cac loai con trung, vector gay benh sinh soi, nay n gay nguy hiem cho sc khoe con ngi. Nc r rac sinh ra t cac bai rac h se lam bai rac tr nen lay loi, am t. Nc r rac nay do khong co bien phap kiem soat, khong co he thong thu gom se tham vao cac tang at ben di gay o nhiem nguon nc ngam, hoac tao thanh dong chay tran gay o nhiem nguon nc mat.
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PHAN LOAI BCL CHAT THAI RAN

Chon di bien Nhieu nghien cu cho thay viec chon rac di bien cung co nhieu ieu li. V du, thanh pho New York, trc ay CTR c ch en ben cang bang nhng oan xe la rieng, sau o chung c cac xa lan ch em chon di bien o sau toi thieu 100 feets, nham tranh tnh trang li ca b vng mac.
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PHAN LOAI BCL CHAT THAI RAN

Ngoai ra, San Francisco, New York va mot so thanh pho ven bien khac cua Hoa Ky, ngi ta con xay dng nhng bai rac ngam nhan tao tren c s s dung cac khoi gach, be tong pha v t cac khu xay dng hoac tham ch cac o to thai bo. ieu nay va giai quyet c van e chat thai, ong thi tao nen ni tru an cho cac loai sinh vat bien,
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PHAN LOAI BCL CHAT THAI RAN

Tuy nhien, vi nhng nghien cu gan ay, viec thai bo qua mc CTR xuong bien a lam tac ong ln en lp vi sinh vat cung nh lp thc vat ay, anh hng en chuoi thc an cua he sinh vat bien. V vay, chon rac di bien khong con c anh gia la hieu qua.

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PHAN LOAI BCL CHAT THAI RAN

BCL hp ve sinh ay la phng phap c nhieu o th tren the gii ap dung cho qua trnh x ly rac thai. V du Hoa Ky co tren 80% lng rac thai o th c x ly bang phnng phap nay; hoac cac nc Anh, Nhat Ban,

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PHAN LOAI BCL CHAT THAI RAN

Bai chon lap hp ve sinh c thiet ke e o bo CTR sao cho mc o gay oc hai en moi trng la nho nhat. CTR c o bo vao cac o chon lap cua BCL, sau o c nen va bao phu mot lp at day khoang 1,5cm cuoi moi ngay.

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PHAN LOAI BCL CHAT THAI RAN

Khi bai chon lap hp ve sinh a s dung het cong suat thiet ke cua no, mot lp at sau cung day khoang 60cm c phu len tren. BCL hp ve sinh co he thong thu va x ly nc ro r, kh thai t bai chon lap.

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PHAN LOAI BCL CHAT THAI RAN

Bai chon lap hp ve sinh co nhng u iem: nhng ni co at trong, BCL hp ve sinh thng la phng phap kinh te nhat cho viec o bo chat thai ran. au t ban au va chi ph hoat ong cua BCL hp ve sinh thap so vi cac phng phap khac (ot, u phan). BCL hp ve sinh co the nhan tat ca cac loai CTR ma khong can thiet phai thu gom rieng le hay phan loai.
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PHAN LOAI BCL CHAT THAI RAN BCL hp ve sinh rat linh hoat trong khi s dung. V du, khi khoi lng CTR gia tang co the tang cng them cong nhan va thiet b c gii, trong khi o cac phng phap khac phai m rong nha may e tang cong suat. Do b nen chat va phu at len tren nen cac con trung, chuot bo, ruoi muoi khong sinh soi nay n c. Cac hien tng chay ngam hay chay bung kho co the xay ra, ngoai ra giam thieu c cac mui hoi thoi gay o nhiem khong kh.
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PHAN LOAI BCL CHAT THAI RAN

Gop phan lam giam nan o nhiem nc ngam va nc mat.

Cac BCL hp ve sinh sau khi ong ca co the xay dng thanh cac cong vien, cac san chi, san van ong, cong vien giao duc, san golf, hay cac cong trnh phuc vu ngh ngi giai tr (recreational facilities). V du, Hoa Ky co cac san van ong Denver, Colorado, Mout Transhmore co nguon goc la cac bai chon lap.
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PHAN LOAI BCL CHAT THAI RAN

BCL hp ve sinh cung co mot so nhc iem:

Cac bai chon lap hp ve sinh oi hoi dien tch at ai ln. Mot thanh pho ong dan c, co so lng rac thai cang nhieu th dien tch bai thai cang ln. Cac lp at phu cac BCL hp ve sinh thng hay b gio thoi va phat tan i xa. Cac BCL hp ve sinh thng sinh ra cac kh CH4 hoac kh H2S oc hai co kha nang gay chay no hay gay ngat. Tuy nhien kh CH4 co the c thu hoi e lam kh ot. Neu khong xay dng va quan ly tot co the gay ra o nhiem nc ngam va o nhiem khong kh.
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PHAN LOAI BCL CHAT THAI RAN Phan loai theo chc nang

Bai chon lap chat thai ran sinh hoat hon hp Ngoai lng CTR sinh hoat can chon lap theo yeu cau, mot lng nhat nh cac chat thai ran cong nghiep khong nguy hai va bun t tram x ly nc thai cung c phep o nhieu bai chon lap thuoc nhom nay.

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PHAN LOAI BCL CHAT THAI RAN Vat lieu che phu trung gian va che phu cuoi cung cua BCL co the la at hay nhng vat lieu khac nh phan compost t rac vun va rac sinh hoat, bun cong ranh, xa ban e tang them sc cha cua BCL, nhng BCL a ong ca mot so ni co the tai s dung bang cach ao phan chat thai a phan huy e thu hoi kim loai va s dung phan con lai lam vat lieu che phu hang ngay cho chat thai mi.
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PHAN LOAI BCL CHAT THAI RAN

Bai chon lap chat thai a nghien u iem lam tang khoi lng rieng cua rac thai len en 35% so vi chat thai ban au, CTR se c nghien trc khi chon lap va khong can che phu hang ngay. Cac van e ve mui, ruoi nhang, chuot, bo va gio thoi bay rac khong con quan trong na v rac nghien co the nen tot hn va co be mat ong nhat hn.
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PHAN LOAI BCL CHAT THAI RAN Nhng iem bat li chnh cua phng phap nay la can co thiet b nen rac va cung can danh rieng khu vc e chon lap chat thai khong nen c. Phng phap nay co the ap dung c nhng ni co chi ph chon lap cao, vat lieu che phu khong san co va lng ma thap hoac tap trung theo mua. CTR a nghien cung co the san xuat phan hu c hoac dung lam lp che phu trung gian.

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PHAN LOAI BCL CHAT THAI RAN

Bai chon lap nhng thanh phan chat thai rieng biet BCL nhng thanh phan chat thai rieng biet goi la bai chon lap n. Tro, amiang va nhng chat thai tng t, thng nh ngha la chat thai theo quy nh, c chon nhng bai chon lap rieng e tach biet chung vi cac thanh phan khac cua CTR sinh hoat.
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PHAN LOAI BCL CHAT THAI RAN Cac loai bai chon lap khac Bai chon lap c thiet ke e tang toc o sinh kh: Neu lng kh thai phat sinh va thu hoi t qua trnh phan huy k kh CTR c khong che at cc ai, khi o can thiet ke bai chon lap CTR ac biet. Chang han, e tan dung o sau CTR c o nhng n nguyen rieng biet khong can lp che phu trung gian va nc ro r c tuan hoan tr lai e tang hieu qua qua trnh phan huy sinh hoc.
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PHAN LOAI BCL CHAT THAI RAN Bai chon lap ong vai tro nh nhng n v x ly CTR hp nhat: Cac thanh phan hu c c tach rieng va o vao bai chon lap rieng e co the tang toc o phan huy sinh hoc bang cach tang o am cua rac nh s dung nc ro r tuan hoan, bo sung bun t tram x ly nc thai hoac phan ong vat. CTR a b phan huy dung lam vat lieu che phu cho nhng khu vc chon lap mi va n nguyen nay lai c dung cho loai rac mi.
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PHAN LOAI BCL CHAT THAI RAN Phan loai theo a hnh
Phng phap ao ho/ranh La phng phap ly tng cho nhng khu

vc co o sau thch hp, vat lieu che phu san co va mc nc ngam khong gan be mat, thch hp s dung cho nhng at ai bang phang hay nghieng eu va ac biet la nhng ni co chieu sau lp at ao tai bai o u e bao phu lp rac nen.
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PHAN LOAI BCL CHAT THAI RAN au tien phai ao ho/ranh, lap at he thong lp lot, he thong thu nc ro r va he thong thoat kh. at ao c dung lam vat lieu che phu hang ngay hoac lp che phu cuoi cung. Lp lot co the la lp mang a chat tong hp, lp at set co o tham thau thap hoac ket hp ca hai loai nay e han che s lan truyen cua nc ro r va kh thai phat sinh t BCL.
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PHAN LOAI BCL CHAT THAI RAN Ho chon lap thng co dang hnh vuong vi kch thc moi canh co the len en 305m va o doc mat tren dao ong trong khoang 1,5:1 en 2:1. Mng co chieu dai thay oi trong khoang 61 305m, chieu sau t 0,9 3,0m va chieu rong t 4,6 15,2m. Sau o CTR c o vao ho / ranh vi chieu day t 0,45 - 0,60 m. Xe ui se trai eu rac tren be mat ho/ranh ao va rac c nen bang xe lu hay xe am chan cu.
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PHAN LOAI BCL CHAT THAI RAN

Phng phap chon lap tren khu vc at bang phang Phng phap nay c s dung khi a hnh khong cho phep ao ho hoac mng. Khu vc bai chon lap c lot ay va lap at he thong thu nc ro r. Vat lieu che phu phai c ch en bang xe tai hoac xe xuc at t nhng khu vc lan can. at va mang a chat phu tren be mat n nguyen a o rac co the thao ra khi can o lp tiep theo.
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PHAN LOAI BCL CHAT THAI RAN

Trong phng phap nay, au tien phai xay dng mot con e at, lap at he thong lp lot, he thong thu nc ro r va he thong thoat kh cho khu vc o rac. CTR c o tren mat at, sau o s dung xe ui trai rac ra thanh nhng day dai va hep, moi lp co chieu sau thay oi t 0,40,75 m.

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PHAN LOAI BCL CHAT THAI RAN

Moi lp c nen bang xe lu hay am chan cu, sau khi lp di c nen xong th tiep tuc o, trai eu va nen them mot lp mi tren. Hoat ong c tiep dien nh the trong suot thi gian lam viec cua ngay, en khi chieu day cua chat thai at en o cao t 1,8 3 m. cuoi moi ngay hoat ong, mot lp at day t 0,15 - 0,3 m c phu len tren rac a nen.

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PHAN LOAI BCL CHAT THAI RAN Chieu rong cua khu vc o rac thng t 2,5 6,0 m, chieu dai BCL thay oi phu thuoc vao khoi lng rac, ieu kien bai o va trang thiet b. Khi mot tang rac chon, nen va phu at c hoan thanh th tang ke tiep c at len tren tang ben di cho ti khi at en o cao thiet ke.
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PHAN LOAI BCL CHAT THAI RAN Phng phap hem nui/loi lom
Cac hem nui, khe nui, ho ao, ni khai thac mo co the c s dung lam bai chon lap. Ky thuat o va nen chat thai trong cac khe nui, mom nui, mo a phu thuoc vao a hnh, a chat va thuy van cua bai o, ac iem cua vat lieu bao phu, thiet b kiem soat nc ro r, kh bai rac va ng vao khu vc bai chon lap.

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PHAN LOAI BCL CHAT THAI RAN

Thoat nc be mat la mot yeu to quan trong trong phng phap lom nui. Phng phap chon lap nhieu lp trong trng hp nay tng t nh BCL dang bang phang. Neu ay tng oi bang phang, trc khi chon lap, co the ap dung phng phap ao ho/ranh nh trnh bay tren e thu c at ao phu.

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PHAN LOAI BCL CHAT THAI RAN

u iem cua phng phap nay la vat lieu che phu san co cho tng lp rieng biet sau khi lap ay cung nh cho toan bo bai chon lap khi a at o cao thiet ke. Vat lieu che phu lay t vach hoac ay nui trc khi at lp lot ay. oi vi ho chon va khu vc mo khai thac neu khong u vat lieu che phu trung gian co the ch t ni khac en hoac dung phan compost lam t rac vn va rac sinh hoat e che phu.
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PHAN LOAI BCL CHAT THAI RAN

Theo loai CTR tiep nhan BCL CTR kho: la bai chon lap cac chat thai thong thng (rac sinh hoat, rac ng pho va rac cong nghiep). BCL CTR t: la bai chon lap dung e chon lap chat thai di dang bun nhao. BCL CTR hon hp: la ni dung e chon lap chat thai thong thng va ca bun nhao. oi vi cac o danh e chon lap t va hon hp bat buoc phai tang kha nang hap thu nc rac cua he thong thu nc rac, khong e cho rac tham en nc ngam.
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PHAN LOAI BCL CHAT THAI RAN

Theo ket cau Bai chon lap noi: La bai chon lap xay noi tren mat at nhng ni co a hnh bang phang, hoac khong doc lam. Chat thai c chat thanh ong cao en 15m. Trong trng hp nay xung quanh bai chon lap phai co cac e khong tham e ngan chan nc rac xam nhap vao nc mat xung quanh cung nh nc mat xung quanh xam nhap vao bai chon lap.
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PHAN LOAI BCL CHAT THAI RAN

Lp bao phu tren cung

Mat at

Cac o chon lap CTR

Ranh thoat nc ma, nc mat

Bai chon lap noi

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PHAN LOAI BCL CHAT THAI RAN Bai chon lap chm: La loai bai chm di mat at hoac tan dung cac ho t nhien, mo khai thac cu, hao, mng, ranh. Bai chon lap ket hp: La loai bai xay dng na chm, na noi. Chat thai khong ch c chon lap ay ho ma sau o tiep tuc c chat ong len tren.
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PHAN LOAI BCL CHAT THAI RAN

Cac o chon lap CTR

Lp bao phu tren cung (doc) Ranh thoat nc

Mat at

Bai chon lap ket hp chm noi

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PHAN LOAI BCL CHAT THAI RAN Bai chon lap khe nui: La loai bai c hnh thanh bang cach tan dung khe nui cac vung nui, oi cao. Ranh thoat nh bai Lp bao phu tren nc chon lap cung (doc)

Mat at ban au

Bai chon lap khe nui

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PHAN LOAI BCL CHAT THAI RAN Phan loai theo qui mo Quy mo BCL CTR o th phu thuoc vao quy mo cua o th nh dan so, lng CTR phat sinh , ac iem CTR... Theo Thong t lien tch so 01/2001/TTLT-BKHCNMTBXD: Hng dan cac quy nh ve bao ve moi trng oi vi viec la chon a iem, xay dng va van hanh BCL CTR

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PHAN LOAI BCL CHAT THAI RAN

STT

Loai bai

Dan so o th hien tai

Lng rac (tan/nam)

Dien tch bai (ha)

1 2 3 4

Nho Va Ln Rat ln

100.000 100.000 - 300.000 300.000 - 1.000.000 1.000.000

20.000 65.000 200.000 > 200.000

10 10 - 30 30 - 50 50
55

LA CHON V TR BCL CTR

Khi la chon a iem xay dng BCL, can phai can c vao quy hoach tong the cua tng vung, tnh hoac thanh pho a c c quan Nha nc co tham quyen phe duyet, phai am bao s phat trien ben vng va phai xem xet toan dien cac yeu to sau: 1) cac yeu to t nhien, 2) cac yeu to kinh te xa hoi, 3) cac yeu to ve c s ha tang, 4) khoang cach thch hp khi la chon BCL.
56

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LA CHON V TR BCL CTR

Cac yeu to t nhien - ky thuat a hnh Phai co kha nang lam tieu thoat nc, ngan nga ong trong khu vc BCL va xung quanh. ieu nay rat quan trong v giam c lng nc tham vao BCL. Kh hau Anh hng en viec la chon v tr bai chon lap. Kh hau am t, th bat buoc phai la chon khu vc chon lap tach biet. Kh hau bang gia th vat lieu bao phu phai c d tr san trong kho phong khi viec ao at khong the thc hien.
57

LA CHON V TR BCL CTR

Thuy van La yeu to quan trong trong viec thiet lap he thong thoat nc ma va nc chay tran. Nhng o ac e a ra phng phap chuyen hng dong chay tran khoi BCL la can thiet. a chat thuy van Neu lp at ao len e xay dng BCL c dung lam lp bao phu, th phai thu thap so lieu ve a chat va a chat thuy van trong khu vc.

58

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LA CHON V TR BCL CTR

a chat cong trnh Cac BCL mi khong c xay dng tren vung at mem tr khi: Nhng rui ro moi trng la toi thieu. Khong vi pham luat. Khong gay sut lun at nghiem trong. Co giai phap khac phuc khi s co xay ra. BCL khong c xay dng gan khe at nt trong pham vi 70 m Phai thu thap u thong so ve ac iem a chat.
59

LA CHON V TR BCL CTR - Yeu to tai nguyen, khoang san

Khu vc xay dng BCL khong nam trong hoac gay tac ong en khu vc co nguon tai nguyen khoang san phong phu va co tr lng ln. ac biet vi cac he tai nguyen sinh thai ong thc vat nhay cam, nam trong danh muc cac tai nguyen quy hiem can c bao ton can phai co khoang cach ly an toan toi thieu la 1000m.

60

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LA CHON V TR BCL CTR

Canh quan sinh thai. Mot BCL se tao ra bui do x ly va vui lap CTR. ong thi chat thai ti b phan huy se lan toa ra mui hoi, gay cam giac kho chu. ieu quan trong e chap nhan mot bcl la bo tr bcl ra khoi tam nhn va khu vc giai tr. a iem nen khuat gio va hng gio xa han khu dan c, cung nen tranh bo tr bcl gan cac nga t ng hay truc lo giao thong chnh.
61

LA CHON V TR BCL CTR Cac yeu to kinh te xa hoi

S phan bo dan c cua khu vc:

Nham han che nhng anh hng cua hoat ong BCL, BCL can c xay dng nhng vung xa khu dan c, khu cong nghiep ni ma dien tch at con rong.

62

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LA CHON V TR BCL CTR

- Hien trang kinh te va kha nang tang trng kinh te oi vi cac khu vc dan c nam trong vung cach ly an toan cua d an, phai di di nhat thiet phai co cac chnh sach on nh va ho tr kinh te cho ngi dan mot cach hp ly. - He thong quan ly hanh chnh a phng S hp tac va ung ho cua cac n v hanh chnh a phng co lien quan se la cau noi quan trong giai quyet cac mau thuan gia c quan au t va c dan khu vc, am bao on nh an ninh trat t.
63

LA CHON V TR BCL CTR Cac yeu to ve c s ha tang

Giao thong va cac dch vu khac. Hien trang s dung at.

Dien tch tai khu vc la chon BCL phai u cho viec xay dng BCL hoat ong trong thi gian t nhat la 5 nam va cac cong trnh phu tr.
Phan bo cac c s san xuat cong nghiep, khai khoang hien tai va tng lai. He thong cap thoat nc va mang li ien.
64

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LA CHON V TR BCL CTR

Khoang cach thch hp khi la chon bai chon lap - Khoang cach t BCL en cac o th. Khoang cach t BCL en cac cum dan c. Khoang cach t BCL en cac san bay. Khoang cach t BCL en cac cong trnh van hoa, khu du lch. Khoang cach t BCL en cac cong trnh khai thac nc ngam. Khoang cach t ra BCL en ng giao thong chnh.
65

LA CHON V TR BCL CTR

Can ac biet chu y: BCL chat thai hp ve sinh khong c at tai cac khu vc ngap lut. Khong c at v tr BCL chat thai hp ve sinh nhng ni co tiem nang nc ngam ln. BCL chat thai hp ve sinh phai co mot vung em rong t nhat 50 m cach biet vi ben ngoai. BCL chat thai hp ve sinh phai hoa nhap vi canh quan moi trng tong the trong vong ban knh 1000 m.

66

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LA CHON V TR BCL CTR

Quy nh khoang cach thch hp la chon v tr xay dng BCL Cac cong trnh ac iem Khoang cach toi thieu t vanh ai cong trnh en BCL (m) va quy mo cong trnh BCL nho BCL ln BCL rat va va ln Cac thanh pho, th tran, th xa, th t, 3 000 5 000 5 000 15 000 15 000 30 000

o th

T quy mo 1 000 San bay, 2 000 nho en cac khu ln cong nghiep, hai cang

2 000 3 000

3 000 5 000

67

LA CHON V TR BCL CTR

Cum dan c 15 ho ong bang Cuoi hng gio va trung du chnh Cac hng khac Cum dan c Theo khe nui mien nui Khong vung khe nui Cac cong trnh khai thac nc ngam Cong suat < 100 m3/ngay Cong suat < 10.000 m3/ngay Cong suat > 10.000m3/ngay > 1 000 > 300 3000 5000 Khong quy nh 50 100 > 100 > 500 > 1000 300 > 5 000 Khong quy nh > 100 > 500 > 1 000 > 1000 300 > 5 000 Khong quy nh > 500 > 1 000 > 5 000

68

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LA CHON V TR BCL CTR S dung bai chon lap a ong ca Muc ch s dung bai chon lap sau khi ong ca co anh hng rat ln en thiet ke va van hanh cung nh viec ong ca BCL va kiem soat sau khi ong ca. Do o, muc ch nay phai c xac nh trc khi bo tr mat bang va thiet ke BCL.

69

LA CHON V TR BCL CTR

V du: Phan tch la chon a iem xay dng bai chon lap Tan Thanh Long An Khu cong nghiep x ly CTR Tan Thanh co tong dien tch 1760 ha, a hnh bang phang, o cao trung bnh la 0,75m, co he thong kenh mng thuan li cho he thong thoat nc mat. Kh hau mang tnh ac trng cua vung nhiet i gio mua can xch ao, vi hai mua ro ret la mua ma bat au t thang 5 en thang 10 11 va mua kho bat au t thang 11 12 en thang 4 nam sau.
70

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LA CHON V TR BCL CTR

Nhiet o trung bnh trong nhieu nam bien ong trong khoang 27,8 29,50C. o am khong kh trung bnh nam tai cac tram quan trac Long An t 80,5 89,4%. Lng boc hi phan bo theo mua chiem t 6570% lng ma hang nam. Lng boc hi trong mua kho kha ln. Mua ma bat au t thang 5 en thang 11, vi lng ma trung bnh at t 1.350 1.880mm, chiem 90 95% tong lng ma ca nam.
71

LA CHON V TR BCL CTR

Tang nc ngam khoan khai thac la t 210234m. Theo d kien quy hoach vung kinh te trong iem pha nam en nam 2010, mc o th hoa cua vung se la 3845%. Mo hnh BCL c chon la BCL ket hp chm noi: bai chon lap xay dng na chm na noi, chat thai khong ch c chon lap ay ho ma sau o tiep tuc c chat ong len tren.

72

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QUY NH VE MOI TRNG TRONG VIEC IEU TRA CHI TIET E LA CHON BAI CHON LAP

Quy trnh la chon bai chon lap Thu thap cac tai lieu lien quan en yeu cau cua BCL; khoi lng chat thai can phai chon lap va d kien trong tng lai. Xac nh cac a iem co kha nang e xay dng BCL chat thai. Cac v tr nay co the xem xet va e xuat tren c s nghien cu phan tch cac ban o a hnh, a chat, a chat thuy van, ban o hien trang s dung at a co, hien trang phan bo dan c,... To chc cac chuyen khao sat thc a.
73

QUY NH VE MOI TRNG TRONG VIEC IEU TRA CHI TIET E LA CHON BAI CHON LAP

Xem xet tong quan, oi sanh cac tieu chuan cua BCL chat thai hp ve sinh va loai bo bt mot so a iem d nh. La chon hnh thc so sanh anh gia chi tiet cac a iem con lai tren c s phan tch anh gia da theo cac ch tieu: ky thuat, kinh te va xa hoi, la chon toi u, ap dung cac phng phap chap ban o, tnh iem cac ch tieu...
74

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QUY NH VE MOI TRNG TRONG VIEC IEU TRA CHI TIET E LA CHON BAI CHON LAP

Quy nh ve cac tai lieu ieu tra ieu tra ve a hnh oi vi tat ca BCL chat thai phai tien hanh o at a hnh vi ty le 1 : 5 000; 1 : 2 000, ngoai ra con phai co ban o a hnh khu vc, ty le 1 : 25 000 oi vi ong bang va 1 : 50 000 oi vi trung du va mien nui.

75

QUY NH VE MOI TRNG TRONG VIEC IEU TRA CHI TIET E LA CHON BAI CHON LAP

ieu tra ve thi tiet kh hau Lng ma trung bnh cac thang trong nam, lng ma ngay ln nhat, ngay nho nhat. o boc hi trung bnh va ln nhat trong thang. Hng gio va toc o gio trong nam. Nhiet o trung bnh, ln nhat va nho nhat trong thang.

76

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QUY NH VE MOI TRNG TRONG VIEC IEU TRA CHI TIET E LA CHON BAI CHON LAP

ieu tra ve thuy van Mang li song suoi cua khu vc va ac biet la cac dong chay qua khu vc BCL. Quy mo cua cac dong chay: o rong, o sau, hng chay... Lu vc cac dong chay: dien tch, o doc, kha nang tap trung nc. Lu lng dong chay, ac biet chu y lu lng lu. Mc nc cao nhat, nho nhat cua cac dong chay. Chat lngg nc. Hien trang s dung nc.
77

QUY NH VE MOI TRNG TRONG VIEC IEU TRA CHI TIET E LA CHON BAI CHON LAP

Cac ao ho, kch thc va hien trang s dung. Bien ong mc nc cac ho. Khoang cach t BCL en cac ho, cac dong chay. Ket qua phan tch mot so mau nc. Viec cap nhat cac so lieu tren vi chuoi thi gian cang nhieu cang co gia tr. Toi thieu khong nho hn 5 10 nam.

78

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QUY NH VE MOI TRNG TRONG VIEC IEU TRA CHI TIET E LA CHON BAI CHON LAP

ieu tra ve a chat, a chat thuy van va a chat cong trnh Dien phan bo cua cac lp at a trong khu vc BCL, dien tch, be day, chieu sau phan bo. Thanh phan thach loc cua cac lp. He so tham nc cua cac lp. Thanh phan hoa hoc cua nc, tnh chat c ly cua cac lp at, thanh phan hat. Mc nc cua cac lp.
79

QUY NH VE MOI TRNG TRONG VIEC IEU TRA CHI TIET E LA CHON BAI CHON LAP

Vung xay dng bai co cac t gay chay qua khong? Quy mo, tnh chat cua t gay. Mc o ong at Kha nang tr va chat lng at phuc vu viec phu va ong ca BCL. o sau nghien cu oi vi vung trung du phai ti chieu sau a goc, ong bang phai het o sau tang cha nc tren cung va mot so vung phai en o sau cua tang nc chay chu yeu ang khai thac.

80

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QUY NH VE MOI TRNG TRONG VIEC IEU TRA CHI TIET E LA CHON BAI CHON LAP

e thc hien cac yeu cau tren can phai:

Tien hanh o a vat ly e xac nh t gay. Khoan va th nghiem t nhat mot lo khoan a chat thuy van. o sau lo khoan a chat thuy van phai vao tang cha nc co y ngha cap nc. V tr lo khoan co the bo tr ngoai dien tch BCL en 50m. Hien trang khai thac s dung nc ngam cua khu vc.

81

QUY NH VE MOI TRNG TRONG VIEC IEU TRA CHI TIET E LA CHON BAI CHON LAP

a chat cong trnh: Mang li khoan cac lo a chat cong trnh co the 30 m x 30 m en 50 m x 50 m tuy theo bai ln hay nho. Chieu sau cac lo khoan a chat cong trnh So mau lay trong moi lp t nhat la mot mau. Ch tieu phan tch: he so tham, thanh phan hat, tnh chat c ly cua at a. Tat ca cac lo khoan phai o mc nc. Phan tch hoa hoc mot so mau at (moi lp toi thieu mot mau).
82

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QUY NH VE MOI TRNG TRONG VIEC IEU TRA CHI TIET E LA CHON BAI CHON LAP

ieu tra he sinh thai khu vc He thc vat, ong vat chu yeu va y ngha kinh te cua no. He thuy sinh. Cac loai ong vat va thc vat quy hiem co trong sach o cua khu vc BCL va vung phu can.

83

CAC QUA TRNH PHAN HUY CHAT THAI RAN TRONG BAI CHON LAP Cac qua trnh xay ra trong bai chon lap CTR c o BCL hp ve sinh chu ong thi cung mot luc nhng bien oi sinh hoc, ly hoc, hoa hoc: Phan ra sinh hoc cua chat hu c co the phan huy hieu kh hoac k kh, san sinh ra cac san pham kh va long. S oxy hoa hoa hoc cac vat lieu. S thoat kh t BCL va s khuech tan ngang cua kh xuyen qua BCL.
84

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CAC QUA TRNH PHAN HUY CHAT THAI RAN TRONG BAI CHON LAP S di chuyen cua chat long gay ra bi s khac nhau ve cot ap. S hoa tan, s ro r cac chat hu c va vo c vao nc, nc ro r di chuyen xuyen qua BCL. S di chuyen cua chat hoa tan bi gradient nong o va hien tng tham thau. S sut lun khong eu gay ra do qua trnh on nh vat lieu vao cac cho rong.

85

CAC QUA TRNH PHAN HUY CHAT THAI RAN TRONG BAI CHON LAP S phan huy va on nh BCL phu thuoc vao nhieu yeu to nh: s phan huy chat thai, mc o nen chat, o am hien tai, s co mat cua cac chat c che, toc o di chuyen cua nc va nhiet o. Toc o cua cac phan ng hoa hoc va sinh hoc BCL hp ve sinh gia tang cung vi s gia tang nhiet o va o am cho en khi at en mot gii han tren nao o.

86

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Thanh phan Thanh phan de phan huy sinh hoc Thc an tha Giay Giay ba Rac vn ( phan huy nhanh) Thanh phan khong de phan huy sinh hoc Vai Cao su Da Rac vn (phan huy cham) Go Tong cong

n v, kg

Khoi lng, kg 65,1

% khoi lng 84

9 34 6 16,1 12,4 2 0,5 0,5 7,4 2,0 77.5 100

87

16

Hay xac nh thanh phan kh sinh ra do phan huy hoan toan loai CTR nay

Ket qua tnh cong thc phan t oi vi chat hu c phan huy nhanh: C68,5 H110,5 O50,1 N (C68 H111 O50 N ) oi vi chat hu c phan huy cham: C19,5 H29 O9,2 N (C20 H29 O9 N ) Phng trnh phan ng phan huy (len men metan)
C68 H111 O50 N + 16 H2O 35 CH4 + 33 CO2 + NH3

1741

288

560

1452

17
+ NH3

C20 H29 O9 N + 9 H2O 11 CH4 + 9CO2

427

162

176

396

17
88

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Tnh lng metan va CO2 phat sinh

CH4 = 560 1 x = 0,449 m3 / kg 1741 0,7167

CO2 =
CH4 =

1452 1 x =0,422m3 / kg 1741 1,9768

176 1 x = 0,575m3 / kg 427 0,7167

CO2 =

396 1 x = 0,469m3 / kg 427 1,9768

Phan tram the tch:

%CH4 = 0,449+ 0,575 = 53 0,449+ 0,422+ 0,575+ 0,469

%CO = 2

0,422+ 0,469 = 47 0,449+ 0,422+ 0,575+ 0,469

89

CAC QUA TRNH PHAN HUY CHAT THAI RAN TRONG BAI CHON LAP Ly thuyet ve s phat sinh kh metan trong BCL hp ve sinh

Giai oan I: Giai oan thch nghi Giai oan II: Giai oan chuyen pha Giai oan III: Len men acid Giai oan IV: Len men methane Giai oan V: Giai oan on nh
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Loai kh Khong kh Ammonia Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Hydrogen Hydrogen sulfide Methane Nitrogen Oxygen

Cong thc

Khoi lng phan t

Khoi lng rieng (g/l) 1.2928

NH3 CO2 CO H2 H2S CH4 N2 O2

17.03 44.00 28.00 2.016 34.08 16.03 28.02 32.00

0.7708 1.9768 1.2501 0.0898 1.5392 0.7167 1.2507 1.4289

91

CAC QUA TRNH PHAN HUY CHAT THAI RAN TRONG BAI CHON LAP Thanh phan CTR hu c tm thay trong CTR o th (ngoai tr plastic) co cong thc tong quat dang CaHbOcNd, th tong the tch lng kh sinh ra co the tnh theo cong thc. CaHbOcNd + (4a - b - 2c + 3d)/4 H2O (4a + b 2c - 3d)/8CH4 + (4a - b + 2c + 3d)/8 CO2 + dNH3

92

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CAC QUA TRNH PHAN HUY CHAT THAI RAN TRONG BAI CHON LAP Chat hu c co trong CTR c phan lam hai loai: 1) chat co kha nang phan huy sinh hoc nhanh (3 thang en 5 nam) 2) chat hu c co kha nang phan huy sinh hoc cham (5 en 50 nam). Ty le chat hu c co kha nang phan huy sinh hoc tuy thuoc rat nhieu vao ham lng lignin cua chat thai.
93

Ty le phan tram cua cac kh sinh ra trong mot bai rac ve sinh khao sat suot 48 thang au sau khi mot o chon lap rac a c hoan chnh
Khoang thi gian tnh t khi o Phan tram trung bnh theo the tch, % chon lap hoan chnh (thang) N2 CO2 CH4 03 36 6 12 12 18 18 24 24 30 30 36 36 42 42 48 5.2 3.8 0.4 1.1 0.4 0.2 1.3 0.9 0.4 88 76 65 52 53 52 46 50 51 5 21 29 40 47 48 51 47 48
94

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CAC QUA TRNH PHAN HUY CHAT THAI RAN TRONG BAI CHON LAP S thay oi lng kh theo thi gian Di ieu kien bnh thng, toc o phan huy cua CTR trong BCL hp ve sinh at en gia tr cc ai trong 2 nam au tien, sau o giam dan va co the keo dai trong khoang thi gian 25 nam hoac hn the na. Toc o phan huy cua CTR trong BCL hp ve sinh thng c bieu dien bang san lng kh sinh ra trong mot khoang thi gian.
95

CAC QUA TRNH PHAN HUY CHAT THAI RAN TRONG BAI CHON LAP Toc o phan huy hang nam cua cac chat hu c phan huy nhanh va cham c bieu dien bang mo hnh san lng kh hnh tam giac, trong o gia tr san lng kh cc ai se at c sau 1 nam oi vi chat hu c phan huy nhanh va sau 5 nam oi vi chat hu c phan huy cham. Gia s rang s phat sinh kh xay ra cuoi nam th nhat tnh t thi iem bat au chon lap chat thai.
96

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CAC QUA TRNH PHAN HUY CHAT THAI RAN TRONG BAI CHON LAP

Tong lng kh sinh ra t lng chat thai chon lap cua nam th nhat c tnh theo cong thc: V(m3/kg) = 1/2 x h(m3/kg.nam) x T(nam) Trong o: h: gia tr san lng kh cc ai, m3/(kg.nam) T: thi gian e phan huy hoan toan cua phan chat thai ran hu c, nam
97

CAC QUA TRNH PHAN HUY CHAT THAI RAN TRONG BAI CHON LAP Xac nh toc o sinh kh cc ai a)oi vi chat hu c phan huy nhanh Theo phng phap o th tam giac, lng kh se sinh ra t chat hu c phan huy nhanh trong vong 5 nam va lng kh sinh ra cc ai vao cuoi nam th nhat. Tong lng kh sinh ra cua rac phan huy nhanh, m3/kg: = 1/2 x Thi gian phan huy (nam) x Toc o sinh kh cc ai (m3/kg.nam) Toc o sinh kh cc ai cua rac phan huy nhanh: = 2 x Tong lng kh sinh ra (m3/kg) /Thi gian phan huy (nam)
98

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CAC QUA TRNH PHAN HUY CHAT THAI RAN TRONG BAI CHON LAP
Toc o sinh kh m3/kg. nam

1 x

2 3/4x

3 2/4x

4 1/4x

Thi gian phan huy (nam)

o th tam giac bieu dien toc o phat sinh kh co kha nang phan huy nhanh
99

CAC QUA TRNH PHAN HUY CHAT THAI RAN TRONG BAI CHON LAP b) oi vi chat hu c phan huy cham Theo phng phap o th tam giac, lng kh se sinh ra t chat hu c phan huy cham trong vong 15 nam va lng kh sinh ra cc ai vao cuoi nam th 5. Tong lng kh sinh ra cua rac phan huy cham, (m3/kg): = 1/2 x Tong thi gian phan huy (nam) x Toc o sinh kh cc ai (m3/kg.nam) Toc o sinh kh cc ai cua rac phan huy cham = 2 x Tong lng kh sinh ra (m3/kg) / tong thi gian phan huy (nam)
100

50

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CAC QUA TRNH PHAN HUY CHAT THAI RAN TRONG BAI CHON LAP
Toc o sinh kh (m3/kg.nam)

10

11

12

13

14

1/5x

2/5x

3/5x

4/5x

5/5x

9/10x 8/10x 7/10x 6/10x 5/10x 4/10x 3/10x 2/10x 1/10x

Thi gian phan huy (nam)

o th tam giac bieu dien toc o phat sinh kh co kha nang phan huy cham
101

Tnh toan lng kh sinh ra moi nam cho bai rac co thi gian hoat ong la 5 nam Kh bat au sinh ra cuoi nam th 1 ke t khi van hanh BCL. Thi gian phan huy toan bo chat hu c phan huy nhanh la 5 nam. Thi gian phan huy toan bo chat hu c phan huy cham la 15 nam. Toc o phan huy cua cac chat hu c phan huy nhanh va cham tuan theo mo hnh tam giac. San lng kh cao nhat xay ra vao cuoi nam th 1 oi vi cac chat hu c phan huy nhanh va vao nam th 5 oi vi cac chat hu c phan huy cham. Tong lng kh sinh ra t cac chat hu c phan huy nhanh la 14m3/kg khoi lng kho cua CTR. Tong lng kh sinh ra t cac chat hu c phan huy cham la 16m3/kg khoi lng kho cua CTR. 102

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CTR o th tai BCL cha 79,5% chat hu c va 20,5% chat vo c. Trong 79,5% chat hu c co: nha (7%, xem nh la chat tr), chat hu c phan huy sinh hoc nhanh (60,1%), chat hu c phan huy sinh hoc cham. (12,4%),. Ngha la theo khoi lng kho, chat hu c phan huy sinh hoc nhanh chiem 44,8 % va chat hu c phan huy sinh hoc cham chiem 7,3% tong chat thai ran tai BCL. Trong chat hu c phan huy nhanh, ch co 75% la co kha nang phan huy sinh hoc. Trong chat hu c phan huy cham, 50% co kha nang phan huy sinh hoc.
103

1. Xac nh san lng kh sinh ra moi nam lan lt oi vi 1 kg chat hu c phan huy nhanh va 1 kg chat hu c phan huy cham:
Chat hu c phan huy nhanh: Toc o phat sinh kh cc ai 14 2 = 5 ,6 = (m3/kg.nam) 5 Tong lng kh phat sinh trong nam th nhat: Vn1 = 1/2 x 1 x 5,6 = 2,8 (m3/kg) Toc o phat sinh kh vao nam th hai cua qua trnh phan huy: = 3/4 x 5,6 = 4,2 (m3/kg.nam) Tong lng kh phat sinh trong nam th 2: Vn2 = [5,6 + 4.2) x 1] x 1/2 = 4,9 (m3/kg)

104

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Cuoi nam 1 2 3 4 5

Toc o phat sinh kh (m3/kg.nam) 5,6 4,2 2,8 1,4 0,0 Tong

Tong lng kh sinh ra (m3/kg) 2,8 4,9 3,5 2,1 0,7 14

105

Chat hu c phan huy cham 16 Toc o phat sinh kh cc ai 2 15 = 2,133 (m3/kg.nm) Toc o phat sinh kh vao cuoi nam th nhat: = 1/5 x 2,133 = 0,427 (m3/kg.nam) Tong lng kh sinh ra trong nam th nhat: = 1/2 x 0,427 x 1 = 0,213 (m3/kg) Tong lng kh sinh ra trong nam th 2: = [(0,427 + 2,133 x 2/5) x 1] x 1/2 = 0,64 (m3/kg)

106

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Cu i nm

Toc o phat sinh kh (m3/kg.nam)

Tong lng kh (m3/kg)

Cuoi nm

Toc o phat sinh kh (m3/kg.nam)

Tong lng kh (m3/kg)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

0,427 0,853 1,280 1,706 2,133 1,920 1,706 1,493

0,213 0,64 1,067 1,493 1,920 2,027 1,813 1,600 Tong:

9 10 11 12 13 14 15

1,280 1,066 0,853 0,640 0,427 0,213 0,000

1,387 1,173 0,960 0,747 0,534 0,320 0,107

16,001
107

2.Xac nh toc o phat sinh va lng kh sinh ra moi nam t 1 kg CTR trong bai chon lap (bao gom cac chat phan huy nhanh va phan huy cham) Xac nh lng kh sinh ra t chat hu c phan huy nhanh va phan huy cham cho 1 n v khoi lng CTR trong BCL:
Khoi lng chat thai hu c phan huy sinh hoc nhanh trong 1 kg CTR t BCL: Khoi lng chat thai hu c phan huy sinh hoc cham trong 1kg CTR t BCL: Tong the tch kh sinh ra do thanh phan hu c phan huy sinh hoc nhanh co trong 1 kg CTR t BCL: Tong the tch kh sinh ra do thanh phan hu c phan huy sinh hoc cham co trong 1 kg CTR t BCL:

= 0,448 x 0,75 = 0,336 kg /kg CTR

= 0,073 x 0,5 = 0,0365 kg/kg CTR

= 0,336 x 14 = 4,7 (m3/kg CTR)

= 0,0365 x 16 = 0,584 (m3/kg CTR)

108

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Xac nh toc o phat sinh kh va lng kh phat sinh moi nam do s phan huy 1 kg CTR t BCL:
Toc o phat sinh kh vao nam th nhat do thanh phan hu c phan huy sinh hoc nhanh co trong 1 kg CTR t BCL :

= 0,336 x 5,6 = 1,882 (m3/ kg CTR. nam)

Tong lng kh sinh ra vao nam th nhat do thanh phan hu c phan huy sinh hoc nhanh co trong 1 kg CTR t BCL :

= 0,336 x 2,8 = 0,941 (m3/kg CTR) Tng t tnh cho nhng nam con lai.
Toc o phat sinh kh vao nam th nhat do thanh phan hu c phan huy sinh hoc cham co trong 1 kg CTR t BCL :

= 0,0365 x 0,427 = 0,0116 (m3/ kg CTR. nam)

Tong lng kh sinh ra vao nam th nhat do thanh phan hu c de phan huy sinh hoc co trong 1 kg CTR t BCL :

= 0,0365 x 0,213 = 0,008 (m3/kg CTR)

109

CHC phan huy sinh hoc nhanh

Cuoi nm

CHC phan huy sinh hoc cham Toc o phat sinh (kg/m3.nam) 0,016 0,031 0,047 0,062 0,078 0,070 0,062 0,055 0,047 0,039 0,031 0,023 0,016 0,008 0,000 Tong lng kh (m3/ kg) 0,008 0,023 0,039 0,055 0,070 0,074 0,066 0,058 0,051 0,043 0,035 0,027 0,019 0,012 0,004 0,584

CTR (nhanh + cham) Toc o phat sinh (kg/m3.nam) 1,898 1,442 0,988 0,532 0,078 0,070 0,062 0,055 0,047 0,039 0,031 0,023 0,016 0,008 0,000 Tong lng kh (m3/ kg) 0,949 1,669 1,215 0,761 0,305 0,074 0,066 0,058 0,051 0,043 0,035 0,027 0,019 0,012 0,004 5,288 110

Toc o phat sinh (kg/m3.nam) 1,882 1,411 0,941 0,470 0,000

Tong lng kh (m3/ kg) 0,941 1,646 1,176 0,706 0,235

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Tong

4,704

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CAC QUA TRNH PHAN HUY CHAT THAI RAN TRONG BAI CHON LAP Thanh phan va tnh chat cua kh sinh ra t BCL Thanh phan cac kh chu yeu NH3, CO, H2, H2S, CH4, N2 va O2. Kh methane va kh CO2 la cac kh chnh sinh ra t qua trnh phan huy k kh cac chat hu c co kha nang phan huy sinh hoc trong CTR. Neu kh methane ton tai trong khong kh nong o t 5 15% se phat no. Do nong o oxy ton tai trong BCL thap nen khi nong o kh methane at en ngng ti han van co t kha nang gay no BCL.
111

CAC QUA TRNH PHAN HUY CHAT THAI RAN TRONG BAI CHON LAP
Thanh phan CH4 CO2 N2 O2 Mercaptans, hp chat cha lu huynh NH3 H2 CO Cac kh khac Tnh chat Nhiet o (0F) Ty trong % Theo the tch kho 45 - 60 40 60 25 0,1 1,0 0 1,0 0,1 1,0 0 0,2 0 0,2 0,01 0,6 Gia tr 100 120 1,02 1,06
112

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CAC QUA TRNH PHAN HUY CHAT THAI RAN TRONG BAI CHON LAP Thanh phan kh vi lng 116 hp chat co the tm thay trong kh BCL nh acetone, benzene, chlorobenzene, chloroform, vinyl chloride, S co mat cua cac chat kh nay trong nc ro r t BCL phu thuoc vao nong o cua chung trong kh BCL khi tiep xuc vi nc ro r. Nong o ang ke cua cac chat hu c bay hi trong kh BCL thng xuat hien BCL cu a tiep nhan cac loai CTR cong nghiep va thng mai co cha cac chat hu c bay hi.
113

CAC QUA TRNH PHAN HUY CHAT THAI RAN TRONG BAI CHON LAP Thu va x ly kh BCL Thu kh e am bao ve sinh moi trng va an toan cho tat ca nhng ngi ieu hanh hoac lam viec tren BCL, nhat la khu vc phat tan kh gas, nhng khu vc co the tch tu kh gas..., tat ca cac BCL phai co he thong thu hoi va x ly kh gas. Tuy theo lng kh san sinh, kh gas thu hoi co the s dung vao muc ch dan sinh hoac kh ot, khong c e kh thoat t nhien ra moi trng xung quanh.
114

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CAC QUA TRNH PHAN HUY CHAT THAI RAN TRONG BAI CHON LAP He thong thoat kh b ong: oi vi nhng BCL quy mo nho va va, ngi ta thng thiet ke he thong thoat kh b ong. ay la mot he thong da tren qua trnh t nhien e a kh vao kh quyen. He thong nay c xay dng bang cac tng at set khong tham nc day t 0,7 1 m e ngan chan kh tham qua. Pha trong tng co ao ranh thoat kh, c phu ay bang mot lp soi, a ng knh t 20 -40 mm.
115

CAC QUA TRNH PHAN HUY CHAT THAI RAN TRONG BAI CHON LAP Tng at set phai luon c gi am, chong kho nt. He thong mng ranh thoat phai sach se va kho rao, khong c e rac, at lap vao long mng ranh. Lp soi, a va he thong ong dan thoat kh phai luon c gi kho e viec thoat kh c thc hien de dang. He thong thoat kh gas n gian la khoan gieng vao lp phe thai sau toi thieu la 1 m, roi at ong thu, thoat kh.
116

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CAC QUA TRNH PHAN HUY CHAT THAI RAN TRONG BAI CHON LAP He thong thu kh chu ong: Co the c thiet ke nhng BCL phe thai ln, co nhieu phe thai. Chung c xay dng nhng ni c xem la co kha nang nguy hiem neu nh kh thoat vao nhng toa nha gan o hoac nhng ni ma s thu hoi kh gas c xem la co hieu qua.

117

CAC QUA TRNH PHAN HUY CHAT THAI RAN TRONG BAI CHON LAP Khoang cach at gieng thu gom kh: Khoang cach at gieng thu hoi kh thong thng t 70-100 m. Gii han ban knh cua gieng thu hoi kh:
R = Q

. D .h .q

R - Ban knh thu hoi, m. Q- San lng kh san sinh, m3/h. D- Ty trong cua CTR, tan/m3. h- Chieu sau chon lap CTR, m. q- Toc o tao kh, m3/tan.h.
118

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CAC QUA TRNH PHAN HUY CHAT THAI RAN TRONG BAI CHON LAP Thc te cho thay, neu chieu sau lp CTR chon lap h = 1,5m, ban knh thu hoi R = 25 -30m th san lng kh thu c se la Q = 20 m3/h. Cong thc tren ch ap dung vi nhng BCL a ay. Neu u ieu kien tao kh cung nh am bao khoang cach cac gieng thu kh t 70 -100 m th mot gieng thu kh co the at c san lng t 200 400 m3/h.

119

CAC QUA TRNH PHAN HUY CHAT THAI RAN TRONG BAI CHON LAP Phng phap at cac ong thu kh phun thang la khoan cac gieng vao CTR a c chon lap sau toi thieu la 1m, co the khoan sau toi a ti ay lp lot. Neu CTR a ong ket thanh khoi vng chac, co the at trc tiep ong thu kh ga vao gieng bang ong nha PVC ng knh toi thieu la 50mm.

120

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CAC QUA TRNH PHAN HUY CHAT THAI RAN TRONG BAI CHON LAP Xung quanh ong la cac tang a loc am bao o rong e thu c toi a lng kh gas tao thanh, ngoai ra con tao u khong kh can thiet e chong lai viec ro r kh. e kh i vao ong nha c de dang, khoan lo xung quanh ong nha khoang cach la 15 cm. Khi CTR ket thanh khoi khong vng chac th phai ong cac ong thep c khoan lo xung quanh vao gieng khoan.
121

CAC QUA TRNH PHAN HUY CHAT THAI RAN TRONG BAI CHON LAP

S o cau tao gieng thu kh gas ng

122

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CAC QUA TRNH PHAN HUY CHAT THAI RAN TRONG BAI CHON LAP Gieng thu hoi kh ng gom mot ong thu kh co ng knh 100 150 mm at trong mot lo khoan co kch thc 460 920 mm. Mot phan ba en mot phan hai ben di cua ong thu kh c uc lo va c at trong at hay CTR. Chieu dai con lai cua ong thu hoi kh khong c uc lo va at trong at hay CTR. Khoang cach gia cac gieng c xac nh da vao ban knh thu hoi kh.
123

CAC QUA TRNH PHAN HUY CHAT THAI RAN TRONG BAI CHON LAP Khong giong nh gieng nc, ban knh thu hoi cua cac gieng ng co dang hnh cau. V ly do nay, cac ong thu hoi kh nen at can than e tranh s chong len nhau cua ban knh thu hoi kh trong he thong. Ty le thu hoi kh qua d co the lam cho khong kh xam nhap vao khoi CTR t lp at ben canh.

124

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CAC QUA TRNH PHAN HUY CHAT THAI RAN TRONG BAI CHON LAP e am bao viec thu hoi kh gas c tot hn, co the thiet ke he thong phun nc vao BCL nham am bao o thuy phan cua CTR; Gi khong cho oxy lot vao cac tui kh tao ra cac vi sinh vat a kh va keo theo vi sinh vat k kh ra ngoai, lam cham lai qua trnh san sinh kh methane thoat vao khong kh.

125

CAC QUA TRNH PHAN HUY CHAT THAI RAN TRONG BAI CHON LAP Ngc lai neu o am qua cao se anh hng trc tiep en o am cua kh thu hoi. e khac phuc tnh trang nay, ngi ta thiet ke he thong hut nc thai t BCL (nc tro). He thong thu hoi nc tro c at pha ngoai va thap hn BCL. Nhieu he thong rut nc tro qua x ly lai c bm phun tr lai cho phe thai.

126

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CAC QUA TRNH PHAN HUY CHAT THAI RAN TRONG BAI CHON LAP He thong rut kh noi vi cac bm chan khong hay quat gio bang mot he thong ong dan en ni x ly thng co hien tng ngng tu nc thanh ong v vay can co nhng v tr thai nc thch hp tren he thong thu hoi kh. Ch nen thiet ke he thong rut c khoang t 20 70% the tch kh tao ra t BCL v thc te cho thay neu rut qua 70% the tch kh tao ra, se co hien tng khong kh lot vao he thong thu kh.
127

CAC QUA TRNH PHAN HUY CHAT THAI RAN TRONG BAI CHON LAP e thiet ke he thong thu hoi kh gas co hieu qua, can co cach nhn tong quat ve kha nang rut c kh gas BCL bang phng phap dung sc ep cua ap suat khong kh cao e xac nh v tr tap trung cua kh gas va kiem tra mc o phun thang len c cua kh gas. Neu xay dng BCL mi gan vi BCL a ay va a co he thong thu hoi kh gas th viec thiet ke he thong thu hoi kh gas cho BCL mi phai hp nhat ca hai he thong thanh mot.
128

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CAC QUA TRNH PHAN HUY CHAT THAI RAN TRONG BAI CHON LAP Xay dng mot he thong thu hoi kh gas cho BCL can phai s dung so tien von kha ln, v vay kiem tra xac nh chac chan kha nang thu hoi kh ga BCL la rat can thiet va phai c chng minh cu the.

129

CAC QUA TRNH PHAN HUY CHAT THAI RAN TRONG BAI CHON LAP X ly kh e x ly kh BCL co the ap dung cac bien phap ot Thu hoi san xuat ien Oxy hoa kh methane Kh mui

130

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CAC QUA TRNH PHAN HUY CHAT THAI RAN TRONG BAI CHON LAP ot Thu hoi san xuat ien Cac gieng thu kh c bo tr sao cho co the thu c kh sinh ra tren toan bo dien tch o chon lap. Chieu cao ong thu kh ng se c noi dai dan theo chieu day lp rac c chon lap. Sau khi phu nh, toan bo kh thu c t cac ong thu kh hoac se ot bang flare hoac se tai s dung e chay may phat ien neu u cong suat.

131

CAC QUA TRNH PHAN HUY CHAT THAI RAN TRONG BAI CHON LAP Oxy hoa kh metan Trong moi trng bai chon lap, kh CH4 c tao thanh khi ien the oxy hoa kh dao ong trong khoang t 150 en 300mV. Khi ien the oxy hoa kh tiep tuc giam, tap hp vi sinh vat chuyen hoa cac chat hu c co trong rac thanh CH4 va CO2 bat au qua trnh chuyen hoa cac chat hu c phc tap thanh cac acid hu c va cac san pham trung gian khac.

132

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CAC QUA TRNH PHAN HUY CHAT THAI RAN TRONG BAI CHON LAP Xap x mot na CH4 tao ra co the b oxy hoa bi tap hp vi sinh vat methane hoa. Qua trnh oxy hoa sinh hoc cua methane rat kho xay ra oi vi dong methane phat sinh t cac am lay, trong khi oi vi nguon CH4 phat sinh t BCL c anh gia la giam t 10 70%. Toc o oxy hoa CH4 phu thuoc vao o am cua at. Vi khuan methanotrophic oxy hoa CH4 hieu qua nhat khi chung trong mot tap hp nhieu vi khuan.
133

CAC QUA TRNH PHAN HUY CHAT THAI RAN TRONG BAI CHON LAP Kh mui Dung chat kh mui: Thc te s dung che pham EM e giam mui hoi tai cac BCL lam giam ang ke mui hoi trong qua trnh van hanh bai chon lap. Che phu: Che phu hang ngay, che phu trung gian va che phu khi ong BCL la mot giai phap khac co the han che s phat tan mui hoi ra moi trng xung quanh.

134

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CAC QUA TRNH PHAN HUY CHAT THAI RAN TRONG BAI CHON LAP Thu kh: Mui phat sinh t BCL la do thanh phan kh tao thanh do qua trnh phan huy chat hu c trong CTR chon lap. Do o, thu kh e x ly, han che s phat tan kh BCL vao moi trng la mot trong nhng giai phap cong nghe x ly mui hu hieu.

135

N C R R T

BI CHN L P

Nc rat can cho mot so qua trnh hoa hoc va sinh hoc xay ra trong BCL e phan huy CTR. Mat khac, nc co the tao ra s xoi mon tren tang at nen va nhng van e lang ong trong long nc mat chay qua. Nc ro r co the chay vao cac tang nc ngam va cac dong nc sach, t o gay o nhiem en nguon nc uong. V vay, van e can quan tam khi thiet ke, xay dng cho hoat ong cua mot BCL la kiem soat nc ro r.
136

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N C R R T

BI CHN L P

S hnh thanh nc ro r am nen: lng nc t do cha trong CTR c tach ra trong qua trnh nay. Phan huy sinh hoc: mot trong nhng san pham cua qua trnh phan huy sinh hoc. Nc ben ngoai: nc ben ngoai tham vao BCL.

137

N C R R T

BI CHN L P

Mc nc ngam co the dang len vao cac o chon rac. Nc co the r vao qua cac canh (vach) cua o chon lap. Nc t cac khu vc khac chay qua co the tham xuong o chon lap. Nc ma ri xuong khu vc chon lap CTR trc khi c phu at hoac trc khi o chon lap ong lai. Nc ma ri xuong khu vc chon lap CTR sau khi cac o chon lap a ay (o chon lap c ong lai).
138

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N C R R T

BI CHN L P

Nc co san trong CTR la nho nhat. Nc t nhng khu vc khac chay qua BCL can phai thu gom bang he thong thoat nc. He thong thoat nc khong ch bao ve nhng khu vc chon lap CTR khoi b xoi mon trong thi gian hoat ong ma con tieu thoat lng nc tha ngam vao o chon lap va tao ra lng nc ro r.

139

N C R R T

BI CHN L P

oi vi BCL hp ve sinh hien ai, co lot ay va co phu nh sau khi ong bai bang cac loai vat lieu chong tham, Lng nc ro r sinh ra trong mua kho chu yeu la lng nc t do cha trong CTR va lng nc tao thanh trong qua trnh phan huy thanh phan chat hu c cua CTR, Trong mua ma lng nc ro r sinh ra chu yeu la do nc ma tham qua be mat cua phan BCL ang hoat ong.

140

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N C R R T

BI CHN L P

Thanh phan cua nc ro r trong BCL Nc ro r sinh ra do nc ma, nc be mat chay tran, nc ti tieu, nc ngam ngam vao BCL, hoac la nc co san trong CTR em chon lap va nc sinh ra t cac phan ng hoa sinh phan huy cac chat hu c. Nc ro r cha nhieu tap chat hoa hoc.

141

N C R R T

BI CHN L P

Nc ro r gay chet rng tram

142

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Gia tr, mg/l Thanh phan BCL hoat ong 2 nam Khoang BOD5 TOC (total organic carbon) COD TSS (total suspended solids) N hu c (organic nitrogen) N amoniac (amonia nitrogen) NO3- (nitrate) Phospho tong (total phosphorus) PHOSPHO ORTHO o kiem pH o cng Ca Mg K Na ClSO42Fe tong 2.000 30.000 1.550 20.000 3.000 60.000 200 2.000 10 800 10 800 5 40 5 100 4 - 80 1.000 10.000 4.5 7.5 300 10.000 200 3.000 50 1.500 200 1.000 200 2.500 200 3.000 50 1.000 50 1.200 Gia tr ien hnh 10.000 6.000 18.000 500 200 200 25 30 20 3.000 6 3.500 1.000 250 300 500 500 300 60 BCL hoat ong hn 10 nam 100 200 80 - 160 100 500 100 400 80 120 20 40 5 10 5 10 48 200 1.000 6,6 7.5 200 500 100 400 50 200 50 400 100 200 100 400 20 50 20 - 200 143

Thanh phan nc ro r cua BCL ong Thanh, Tp Ho Ch Minh

STT 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 pH TDS o cng tong Ca2+ SS COD BOD5 Tetrachlorethylen Trichlorrethylen Phospho tong Ch tieu n v mg/l mg CaCO3/l mg/l mg/l mgO2/l mgO2/l mg/l mg/l mg/l Nc ro r mi 6,6 7,3 15.000 15.900 4.467 6.067 1.122 1.844 1.280 3.270 38.533 65.333 33.571 56.250 KPH KPH 14,9 21,5 Nc ro r cu 7,9 8,2 9.100 11.150 1.520 1.867 134 140 169 243 1.079 2.507 235 735 KPH KPH 4,7 9,6
144

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11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Nit tong N-NH3 SO42Fetotal Zn Crtotal Cu Pb Cd Mn Ni Humic

mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l

1.918 2.695 1.445 2.044 1.216 2.252 180 303 0,4 5,2 0,05 1,51 0,46 7,60 0,13 0,40 0,00 0,22 7,54 11,00 0,50 4,00 -

594 2.207 515 1.977 78 64 132 4,4 4,8 0,00 0,05 1,40 1,80 0,16 0,20 0,00 0,02 0,56 0,70 0,66 1,08 317 - 378
145

N C R R T

BI CHN L P

S bien oi thanh phan nc ro r Thanh phan hoa hoc cua nc ro r thay oi rat ln tuy thuoc vao tuoi cua BCL va thi gian lay mau. V du, neu lay mau nc ro r ngay thi iem dien ra pha acid hoa cua qua trnh phan huy th mau se co pH thap. Mat khac pH cua mau se cao (6.5 7.5) khi lay mau trong giai oan methane hoa, va cac gia tr khac nh BOD5, TOC, COD, va nong o cac chat dinh dng trong giai oan nay thap.
146

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N C R R T

BI CHN L P

Tng t, nong o cua cac kim loai nang se thap hn do kha nang hoa tan thap pH trung tnh. Gia tr pH cua nc ro r khong nhng phu thuoc vao nong o cua cac acid ma con phu thuoc vao nong o kh CO2 khi tiep xuc vi nc ro r. S thay oi kha nang phan huy sinh hoc cua nc ro r co the quan trac bang cach kiem tra ty so BOD5/COD. Luc au, ty so nay nam trong khoang 0.5 hoac ln hn.

147

N C R R T

BI CHN L P

Thong thng, ty so nay nam trong khoang 0.4 0.6 la dau hieu cho thay cac chat hu c ang trong qua trnh phan huy sinh hoc. Khi BCL a hoat ong trong thi gian lau th ty so nay se giam xuong khoang 0.05 0.2 bi v nc ro r cha nhng thanh phan kho hay khong phan huy sinh hoc nh acid humic, acid fulvic.

148

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Cac thong so phan tch trong thanh phan nc ro r

ac tnh vat ly pH o dan ien o mau o uc Nhiet o Mui Thanh phan hu c Hoa chat hu c Phenols COD TOC Acid bay hi Tannins, lignins N hu c Dau m Hp chat goc Cl Thanh phan vo c ac tnh sinh hoc BOD SS Tong chat ran hoa tan TDS Vi khuan Coliform Chat ran l lng bay hi VSS (tong fecal; Clfecal streptococci) SO42PO43o acid va o kiem N NO2 N NO3N NH3 Na K Ca Mg o cng Kim loai nang (Pb, Cu, Ni, Cr, Zn, Cd, Fe, Mn, Hg, Ba, Ag) Arsenic Cyanide Fluoride 149 Selenium

N C R R T

BI CHN L P

Mo ta cac thanh phan can bang nc trong BCL hp ve sinh Cac thanh phan tao nen s can bang nc cho mot n nguyen the tch bao gom: nc tham nhap vao BCL t pha tren (nc ma, nc ti,...), o am cua CTR, o am cua at bao phu, nc tieu thu cho cac phan ng tao kh BCL. Lng nc ro r can phai thu gom co the tnh c nh vao bai toan can bang nc trong BCL
150

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N C R R T

BI CHN L P

Nc i vao t pha tren: Chu yeu la nc ma tham xuyen qua lp vat lieu bao phu. Mot iem quan trong nhat khi tien hanh thiet lap bai toan can bang nc la phai xac nh c lng nc ma tham xuyen qua lp vat lieu che phu sau cung.

151

N C R R T

BI CHN L P

o am cua chat thai: Gom o am cua ban than CTR va o am hap phu t kh quyen hay nc ma khi cha trong cac container. Vao mua kho, o am co the b mat i tuy thuoc vao ieu kien lu tr. o am trong CTR o th va thng mai khoang 20%. Tuy nhien, v o am cua CTR phu thuoc vao thi tiet nen can thiet phai kiem tra o am theo thi tiet.
152

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N C R R T

BI CHN L P

o am trong at bao phu be mat: Phu thuoc vao loai at bao phu va mua trong nam. o am ln nhat cua at bao phu goi la o gi nc (field capacity FC) la lng chat long gi lai trong cac lo rong cua at di tac dung cua trong lc. at set co o gi nc t 612% va at mun set la 23 31%.

153

N C R R T

BI CHN L P

Nc mat i t lp lot ay: Nc mat i t lp lot ay o au tien cua BCL hay cac o tren lien ke vi he thong thu nc trung gian trong BCL goi la nc ro r. Nc tieu thu cho cac phan ng tao kh bai rac: Nc tieu thu trong suot qua trnh phan huy yem kh cac thanh phan hu c cua CTR. Lng nc tieu thu cho qua trnh tao kh t s phan huy chat hu c co the tnh cho chat thai hu c co kha nang phan huy sinh hoc nhanh.
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N C R R T

BI CHN L P

- Nc mat i do qua trnh bay hi: cac kh hnh thanh trong BCL thng dang kh bao hoa. Lng nc bay hi thoat ra khoi BCL co the tnh c t lng kh bao hoa hi nc. PV.V = nRT Trong o Pv: Ap suat hi bao hoa cua nc nhiet o T, kg/m2 V: The tch, m3 n: So mol kh R: hang so kh = 8,31.10-3 kJ(mol.K) T: nhiet o , K
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N C R R T

BI CHN L P

Kha nang gi nc cua bai rac (o gi nc) La lng nc co the gi lai trong CTR di tac dung keo xuong cua trong lc. Nc ro r la lng nc trong BCL vt qua kha nang gi nc. Kha nang gi nc cua BCL thay oi phu thuoc vao trong tai tac ong va co the tnh toan theo cong thc FC = 0.6 0.55 W
10.000 +W

FC: kha nang gi nc cua bai rac. W: trong tai tac dung tnh lai iem gia chieu cao cua tang CTR trong BCL hp ve sinh
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N C R R T

BI CHN L P

Phng trnh can bang nc

SSW = WSW + WTS + WCM + WA(R) WLG WWV WE WB(L) SSW : so gia lng nc cha trong rac BCL hp ve sinh, kg/m3. WSW: o am trong rac a vao chon bai rac, kg/m3. WTS: o am trong bun cong ranh, kg/m3. WCM: o am trong vat lieu bao phu, kg/m3. WA(R): lng nc i vao t tren (oi vi cac lp tren, nc i vao t tren la lng ma ri), kg/m3. WLG : lng nc mat i e tao thanh kh bai rac, kg/m3. WWV :lng nc mat i e tao thanh kh di dang hi nc bao hoa trong bai rac, kg/m3. WE : lng nc mat i do s bay hi be mat, kg/m3. WB(L) :lng nc ra i t ay cua phan t (oi vi o chon lap at trc tiep tren he thong thu gom nc ro r th nc ra i t ay tng ng vi nc ro r), kg/m3.
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N C R R T

BI CHN L P

Tnh toan lng nc ro r C = M(W2 W1) + P(1 R) - EA (m3/ngay) = (0.85P E) A + 35%M. M: khoi lng rac sinh hoat trung bnh ngay T/ngay (cuoi giai oan thiet ke). W1:o am cua rac sau khi nen = 25%. W2:o am cua rac trc khi nen = 60%. P: lng ma ngay trong thang ln nhat, mm/ngay. R: he so thoat nc be mat, R = 0.15. E: lng boc hi lay bang mm/ngay. A: dien tch cong tac moi ngay lay cuoi giai oan thiet ke, m2/ngay.
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N C R R T

BI CHN L P

Tnh toan lu lng nc ro r ln nhat cho BCL c xay dng vi 4 o chon lap trong o dien tch moi o la 47480m2 , biet: Khoi lng rac thai can chon lap la: 2 465tan/ngay Lng ma trung bnh thang cao nhat tai khu vc la 364,1mm/thang (thang 6) o boc hi t nhien trung bnh trong khu vc la 3,8mm/ngay.

159

Theo can bang nc oi vi toan bo cac ho chon lap: Qw = Sw + Ww + Lw - Pw - Ew Qw : Lng nc ro r t bai rac Sw : Lng nc ngam vao t pha tren Ww: Lng nc do thay oi o am cua rac va vat lieu phu be mat Co the tnh gan ung Ww = Cw G/100 :Khoi lng rieng cua nc (tan/m3). 250C, = 0,99708 Cw: Chenh lech o am gia rac a vao va rac trong ho (%) G: Lng rac a vao chon lap Lw: Lng nc t at tham vao Pw: Lng nc tieu thu cho cac phan ng Ew: Lng nc boc hi
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Lng ma tnh toan la: 364,1 1,5 x 30 = 18,204 mm/ngay Lng ma tren be mat ho chon lap: 47480m2 x 18,204mm/ngay = 864,3 m3/ngay Lng nc ma b ngam vao cac ho khac (a hoan thanh chon lap t trc) bang khoang 20% lng nc ma tren be mat cua mot ho chon se la: 20% x 864,33 = 172,9 m3/ngay Toan bo lng nc ma khac eu c thu gom va thoat ra ngoai th lng nc ma ngam xuong t pha tren se la: Sw = 864,3 + 172,9 = 1037,2 m3/ngay

Lng nc tham vao t pha tren (Sw)

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Lng nc do thay oi o am:

Theo cac ket qua thong ke ve rac cho thay o am trung bnh cua rac nam trong khoang 60 65%, thanh phan chat hu c trung bnh trong rac thai sinh hoat nam trong khoang 75 79%. Neu gia thiet o am trong cac thanh phan khac khong oi va thanh phan trung bnh cua rac thai sinh hoat chiem 93,86% trong toan bo khoi lng rac th lng nc tao thanh do thay oi o am khi b nen ep va chat hu c phan huy 90% se la: (60-65%) x (75-79%) x 90% x 93,86% = 40,36% Khoi lng rac thai c thu gom ln nhat la 2 465tan/ngay, lng nc sinh ra do thay oi o am se la: Ww = (2465 x 40,36%)/0,99708 = 997,7 m3/ngay.

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Lng nc tieu thu cho cac phan ng (Pw): Lng rac a vao hang ngay la 2 465tan/ngay, lng rac ha c trong o la: 2465 x (1 - 62,24%) x 78,5% x 93,86% = 685,8 tan/ngay Lng nc tieu thu cho phan ng: Pw = 685,8 x 90% x 0,18/0,9978 = 111,43 m3/ngay

163

Lng nc boc hi Boc hi nc t rac ch xay ra cac ho rac ang hoat ong. Do o lng boc hi t nhien se la: 189930m2 x 3,8mm/ngay = 721,7 m3/ngay Lng kh thai phat sinh t cac ho rac la: 685,8tan/ngay x 90% x 0,8m3/kg = 493776 m3/ngay Lng nc boc hi cung kh: 493776 x 0,03524/997,08 = 17,4 m3/ngay Lng nc bay hi la: Ew = 721,73 + 17,45 = 739,1 m3/ngay Lu lng nc ro r ln nhat t cac ho rac la: Qw = 1037,2 + 997 - 111,4 - 739,1 = 1184 m3/ngay
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CAU TRUC CHNH CUA BCL HP VE SINH

Mo hnh BCL hp ve sinh

165

CAU TRUC CHNH CUA BCL HP VE SINH

CAU TAO O CHON LAP
Ong thu kh Lp at trong co Lp cat thoat nc Lp phu be mat Lp vai a chat Lp chong tham HDPE 1mm Lp at (0,6m) Lp rac th n (2m) Lp rac va at phu Lp rac th 1 (2m/lp) Lp at bao ve (0,3m) Lp ay chong tham Lp vai a chat 2 Lp phu trung gian (0,2m) Lp rac th n -1

Lp soi + ng ong (0,2m) Lp cat (0,2m) Lp vai a chat 1 Lp chong tham HDPE 1.5mm Lp set chong tham (0,6m)

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CAU TRUC CHNH CUA BCL HP VE SINH

Cau tao lp chong tham

167

CAU TRUC CHNH CUA BCL HP VE SINH

He thong thu gom nc ro r

168

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CAU TRUC CHNH CUA BCL HP VE SINH

Mat cat cua lp phu cuoi cung

169

CAU TRUC CHNH CUA BCL HP VE SINH

Mo hnh cac cong oan thc hien

170

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CAU TRUC CHNH CUA BCL HP VE SINH

Mo hnh BCLHVS hoan chnh

171

CAU TRUC CHNH CUA BCL HP VE SINH

S o cau tao gieng quan trac nc ngam

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