CHƯNG CẤT METANOL - NƯỚC

Tng quan
I.
Gii thiu v nguyn liu

1. Methanol
Methanol cn gi l ru g, c cng thc ha hc CH3OH. L cht lng khng mu, d

bay hi v rt c. Cc thng s ca methanol:
Phn t lng: 32,04 g/mol.
Khi lng ring: 0,7918 g/cm3.
Nhit nng chy: -97oC (176K).
Nhit si: 64,5oC ( 337,8K).
nht: 0,59 Ns/m2 20oC.
1.1. ng dng
Methanol c dng lm cht chng ng, lm dung mi, lm nhin liu cho ng c t
trong, nhng ng dng ln nht l lm nguyn liu sn xut cc ha cht khc.
Khong 40% metanol c chuyn thnh forml dehyde, t sn xut ra cht do,
snCc ha cht khc c dn xut t metanol bao gm dimeylete
1.2. Sn xut
Methanol c sinh ra t s trao i cht ym kh ca 1 vi li vi khun. Kt qu l 1
lng nh hi methanol c to thnh trong khng kh. V sau vi ngy khng kh c cha methanol s
b oxy h bi O2 di tc dng ca nh sng chuyn thnh CO2 v H2O theo phng trnh:
2CH3OH +
3O2
2CO2 + 4H2O
Hin nay methanol c sn xut bng cch tng hp trc tip t H2 v CO, gia nhit
p sut thp c mt cht xc tc.
2. Nc
Trong iu kin bnh thng: nc l cht lng khng mu, khng mi, khng v nhng khi
nc dy s c mu xanh nht.
Khi ha rn n c th tn ti dng 5 dng tinh th khc nhau.
Tnh cht vt l:
- Khi lng phn t
: 18 g / mol
- Khi lng ring d4oC
: 1 g / ml
- Nhit nng chy
: 0 0C
- Nhit si
: 1000 C
Nc l hp cht chim phn ln trn tri t (3/4 din tch tri t l nc bin) v rt cn thit cho s
sng.
Nc l dung mi phn cc mnh, c kh nng h tan nhiu cht v l dung mi rt quan trng trong
k thut ha hc.
3. Hn hp Methanol-nc
Ta c bng cn bng lng-hi cho hn hp methanol-nc 1 atm
Bng 1
toC
x
y
100
0
0
92,3
5
26,8
87,7
10
41,8
81,7
20
57,9
78
30
66,5
75,3
40
72,9
73,1
50
77,9
71,2
60
82,5
69,3
70
87
67,5
80
91,5
66
90
95,8
64,5
100
100
y
x l thnh phn lng
y l thnh phn hi
II.
L thuyt v chng ct:

1. Khi nim:
Chng ct l qu trnh dng tch cc cu t ca mt hn hp lng (cng nh hn hp kh

lng) thnh cc cu t ring bit da vo bay hi khc nhau ca cc cu t trong hn hp (ngha l khi
cng mt nhit , p sut hi bo ha ca cc cu t khc nhau).
Thay v a vo trong hn hp mt pha mi to nn s tip xc gia hai pha nh trong qu
trnh hp thu hoc nh kh, trong qu trnh chng ct pha mi c to nn bng s bc hi hoc ngng
t.
Trong trng hp n gin nht, chng ct v c c khng khc g nhau, tuy nhin gia hai
qu trnh ny c mt ranh gii c bn l trong qu trnh chng ct dung mi v cht tan u bay hi (ngha l
cc cu t u hin din trong c hai pha nhng vi t l khc nhau), cn trong qu trnh c c th ch c
dung mi bay hi cn cht tan khng bay hi.
Khi chng ct ta thu c nhiu cu t v thng th h c bao nhiu cu t s thu c by
nhiu sn phm. Nu xt h n gin ch c 2 cu t th ta thu c 2 sn phm:
+ Sn phm nh ch yu gm cu t c bay hi ln v mt phn rt t cc cu t c bay
hi b.
+ Sn phm y ch yu gm cu t c bay hi b v mt phn rt t cu t c bay hi ln.
Vy i vi h methanol - nc th:
- Sn phm nh ch yu l methanol.
- Sn phm y ch yu l nc.
2. Cc phng php chng ct:

2.1. Phn loi theo p sut lm vic
- p sut thp
- p sut thng
- p sut cao
2.2. Phn loi theo nguyn l lm vic
- Chng ct n gin
- Chng bng hi nc trc tip
- Chng ct a cu t
2.3. Phn loi theo phng php cp nhit y thp
- Cp nhit trc tip
- Cp nhit gin tip
Vy i vi h methanol - nc, ta nn chn phng php chng ct lin tc cp nhit gin tip.
3. Thit b chng ct:

Trong sn xut thng dng nhiu loi thit b khc nhau tin hnh chng ct. Tuy nhin yu
cu c bn chung ca cc thit b vn ging nhau ngha l din tch b mt tip xc pha phi ln, iu ny
ph thuc vo mc phn tn ca mt lu cht ny vo lu cht kia. Nu pha kh phn tn vo pha lng ta c
cc loi thp mm, nu pha lng phn tn vo pha kh ta c thp chm, thp phun, y ta kho st 2 loi
thng dng l thp mm v thp chm.
- Thp mm: thn thp hnh tr, thng ng pha trong c gn cc mm c cu to khc nhau, trn pha
lng v pha hi c cho tip xc vi nhau. Ty theo cu to ca a, ta c:
-
Thp mm chp : trn mm b tr c chp dng trn, xupap, ch s
Thp mm xuyn l: trn mm c nhiu l hay rnh
- Thp chm (thp m): thp hnh tr, gm nhiu bc ni vi nhau bng mt bch hay hn. Vt chm
c cho vo thp theo mt trong hai phng php: xp ngu nhin hay xp th t.
So snh u nhc im ca cc loi thp:
Thp chm
u
im
Thp mm xuyn l
Thp mm chp
- Cu to kh n gin.
- Tr lc tng i thp.
- Kh n nh.
- Tr lc thp.
- Hiu sut kh cao.
- Hiu sut cao.
- Lm vic c vi cht lng bn.
Nhc
im
- Do c hiu ng thnh nn hiu sut

truyn khi thp.
- Khng lm vic c vi
cht lng bn.
- n nh thp, kh vn hnh.
- Kt cu kh phc tp.
- Kh tng nng sut.
- C tr lc ln.
- Tiu tn nhiu vt
t, kt cu phc
tp.
- Thit b kh nng n.
Trong bo co ny ta s dng thp mm xuyn l chng ct h methanol - nc.
CHNG 2
Quy trnh cng ngh

1. Thuyt minh quy trnh cng ngh:
Hn hp methanol - nc c nng nhp liu methanol 10% (theo phn hi lng), nhit
khong 280C ti bnh cha nguyn liu (13) c bm (1) bm ln bn cao v (2). T c a n
thit b trao i nhit vi sn phm y (12). Sau , hn hp c gia nhit n nhit si trong thit
b un si dng nhp liu (3), ri c a vo thp chng ct (5) a nhp liu.
Trn a nhp liu, cht lng c trn vi phn lng t on luyn ca thp chy xung. Trong thp,
hi i t di ln gp cht lng t trn xung. y, c s tip xc v trao i gia hai pha vi nhau. Pha
lng chuyn ng trong phn chng cng xung di cng gim nng cc cu t d bay hi v b
pha hi to nn t hi nc c cp trc tip vo y thp li cun cu t d bay hi. Nhit cng ln trn
cng thp, nn khi hi i qua cc a t di ln th cu t c nhit si cao l nc s ngng t li, cui
cng trn nh thp ta thu c hn hp c cu t methsanol chim nhiu nht (c nng 95% phn khi
lng). Hi ny i vo thit b ngng t (7) v c ngng t hn tn. Mt phn ca cht lng ngng t
c hn lu v thp a trn cng. Phn cn li c lm ngui n 400C, ri a v bnh cha sn
phm nh.
Mt phn cu t c nhit si thp c bc hi, cn li cu t c nhit si cao trong cht
lng ngy cng tng. Cui cng, y thp ta thu c hn hp lng hu ht l cc cu t kh bay hi (nc).
Hn hp lng y c nng methanol l 1,5% phn khi lng, cn li l nc. Dung dch lng y
i ra khi thp i vo thit b trao i nhit vi dng nhp liu, ri c a qua bn cha sn phm y
(11).
H thng lm vic lin tc cho ra sn phm nh l methanol. Sn phm y l nc sau khi trao khi
trao i nhit vi dng nhp liu c thi b nhit 600C.
Ch thch cc k hiu trong qui trnh:
1.
Bn cha nguyn liu
2.
Bm
3.
Bn cao v
4.
Thit b trao i nhit.
5.
Thit b un si dng nhp liu
6.
Lu lng k.
7.
Thp chng
8.
Thit b un sn phm y
9.
Bn cha sn phm nh.
10. Thit b ngng t sn phm nh

11. Thit b lm ngui sn phm nh
12. By hi
13. Bn cha sn phm y
CHNG 3
TNH TN S B
I. Cc thng s ban u:
- Chn loi thp l thp mm xuyn l. Thit b hot ng lin tc.
- Khi chng luyn dung dch metanol th cu t d bay hi l metanol.
- Hn hp:
+ Methanol: CH3OH, MR = 32 (g/mol)
+ Nc: H2O, MN = 18 (g/mol)
Nng sut nhp liu: GF = 1000 (l/h)
Nng nhp liu: x F = 10% (kg Methanol/ kg hn hp)
Nng sn phm nh: x P = 95% (kg Methanol/ kg hn hp)
Nng d sn phm y: xW = 1,5% (kg Methanol/ kg hn hp)
Chn:
- Nhit nhp liu ban u: tB = 28oC
- Nhit sn phm nh sau khi lm ngui: tPR = 60oC
- Nhit dng nc lnh i vo: tV = 28oC
- Nhit dng nc lnh i ra: tR = 40oC
- Trng thi nhp liu vo thp chng ct l trng thi lng si.
Cc k hiu:
GF, F: sut lng nhp liu tnh theo kg/h, kmol/h.
GP, P: sut lng sn phm nh tnh theo kg/h, kmol/h.
GW, W: sut lng sn phm y tnh theo kg/h, kmol/h.
L : sut lng dng hn lu, kmol/h.
xi, x i : nng phn mol, phn khi lng ca cu t i.
II. Cn bng vt cht:

1. Nng phn mol ca Methanol trong thp
xF
xF / M R
0.1 / 32
0.0588
x F / M R (1 x F ) / M N 0.1 / 32 (1 0.1) / 18
xP
xP / M R
0.95 / 32
0.9144
x P / M R (1 x P ) / M N 0.95 / 32 (1 0.95 ) / 18
xW
xW / M R
0.0.15 / 32
0.0085
xW / M R (1 xW ) / M N 0.015 / 32 (1 0.015 ) / 18
T s liu ca bng 1 ta xy dng th t-x,y cho h Methnol- nc
100
t0C
95
90
hi
85
lo
ng
80
75
70
65
60
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
x,y
1.0
th 1 th t-x,y cho h Methnol- nc
Do ta chn trng thi nhp liu vo thp chng ct l trng thi lng si nn t th 1 trn, ti xF =
0.0588 ta ni suy ra nhit nhp liu vo thp chng ct l
TF = 91,50C
Tra bng 1.249, trang 310, {1} ta c N = 964,25 kg/m3
Tra bng 1.2, trang 9, {1} ta c R = 722.19 kg/m3
Suy ra khi lng ring ca hn hp khi nhp liu vo thp
xF
1 xF
F 933 .0 kg/m3
Suy ra GF = 933,0 kg/h
0.1
1 0.1
1,072 .10 3
722 ,19 964 ,25
Ta c M F x F .M R (1 x F ).M N 0,1.32 (1 0,1).18 19 ,4 kg/kmol

Nn F
GF
933 ,0
48,093 kmol/h
MF
19 ,4
2. Sut lng mol ca cc dng

- Phng trnh cn bng vt cht cho tn thp
F=P+W
F.xF = P.xP + W.xW
- Th cc gi tr vo ta c h phng trnh sau
P W 48,093
0,9144P 0,0085W 48,093.0,0588
P = 2,67 kmol/h
W= 45,42 kmol/h
- Li c
M P x P .M R (1 x P ).M N 0,95 .32 (1 0,95 ). 18 31,30 kg/kmol

M w xW .M R (1 xW ).M N 0,015 .32 (1 0,015 ). 18 18,21 kg/kmol
- Suy ra
GP = P.MP = 2,67.31,30 = 83,57 kg/h
GW = W.MW = 45,42.18,21 = 827,1 kg/h
3. Cc phng trnh lm vic

- T bng s liu 1 ta xy dng th cn bng pha ca h Methanol-nc p sut
1atm
- Vi xF = 0,0588 ta ni suy t th 2 c y F* = 0,295
+ T s hn lu ti thiu
x P y F* 0,9144 0,295
Rmin *
2,62
y F x F 0,295 0,0588
+ T s hn lu lm vic:
R = 1,3Rmin + 0,3 = 1,3.2,62 + 0.3 = 3,71
+ Sut lng mol tng i ca dng nhp liu
x P xW 0,9144 0,0085
18,01
x F xW
0,0588 0,0588
Phng trnh ng lm vic ca phn chng:
R f
1 f
3,71 18,01
1 18,01
x
xW
.x
.0,0085 4,61 .x 0,031`
R 1
R 1
3,71 1
3,71 1
Hay y 4,61.x 0,031`
Phng trnh ng lm vic ca phn luyn:
R
1
3,71
1
x
.x P
.x
.0,9144 0,788 .x 0,194
R 1
R 1
3,71 1
3,71 1
Hay y 0,788.x 0,194
y
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
th 2: th cn bng pha ca h Methanol-nc p sut 1atm
CHNG 4:
Thit k ch to thp chng ct

I.
ng knh thp:
1. Phn luyn:
a. Khi lng ring trung bnh ca pha lng trong phn luyn:
- Nng phn mol trung bnh ca pha lng trong phn luyn:
xL
x P x F 0,9144 0,0588
0,4866 mol
2
2
- Ni suy t th 1 ta c nhit trung bnh ca pha lng trong phn luyn

TLL = 73,4 oC
- Nng phn khi lng trung bnh ca pha lng trong luyn:
xL
x P x F 0,95 0,1
0,525
2
2
- Tra bng 1.249, trang 311, [1]

Khi lng ring ca nc 73,4oC: N = 975,76 kg/m3
- Tra bng 1.2, trang 9, [1]
Khi lng ring ca metanol 73,4oC: R = 739,77 kg/m3
- p dng trong cng thc (1.2), trang 5, [1]
LL
xL
1 xL
0,525 1 0,525
1,196 .10 3
739 ,77
957 ,76
LL = 835,78 kg/m3
b. Khi lng ring trung bnh ca pha hi trong phn luyn:
- Nng trung bnh ca pha hi trong phn luyn:
yL = 0,788xL + 0.194 = 0,788.0,4866 + 0.194 = 0,5775
Nhit trung bnh ca pha hi trong phn luyn: THL = 81,6 oC
- Khi lng mol trung bnh ca pha hi trong phn luyn:
MHL = yL. MR + (1 yL). MN = 0,5775.32 + (1 0,5775). 18 = 26,085 kg/kmol
- Khi lng ring trung bnh ca pha hi trong phn luyn:
HL
PM HL
1.26,085
0,8965 kg / m 3
22,4
RTHL
(81,6 273)
273
- Chn khong cch mm h = 250 mm

- Tra hnh 2.2, trang 42,[6]:
C = 0,028
- Vn tc pha hi i trong phn luyn
L C
LL
835,78
0,028
0,855 m / s
HL
0,8965
Lu lng pha hi i trong phn luyn ca thp:
QV
G P .(1 R ). 22 ,4.THL 83,57 .(1 3,71). 22 ,4.(81,6 273 )
0,102 m 3 / s
M P .To .3600
31,3.273 .3600
ng knh on luyn
DL
4.QV
4.0,102
0,390 m
. L
3,14.0,855
2. Phn chng:
a. Khi lng ring trung bnh ca pha lng trong phn chng:
- Nng phn mol trung bnh ca pha lng trong phn chng:
xC
x F xW 0,0588 0,0085
0,034 (mol metanol/mol hn hp)

2
2
- Nhit trung bnh ca pha lng trong phn chng: TLC = 94,6 oC
- Nng phn khi lng trung bnh ca pha lng trong luyn:
xC
x F xW 0,1 0,015
0,0575 kg metanol/ kg hn hp
2
2
- Tra bng 1.249, trang 311, [1]

LC
xC
1 xC
0,0575 1 0,0575
1,059 .10 3
719 ,18
962 ,78
LC = 941,39 (kg/m3).
b. Khi lng ring trung bnh ca pha hi trong phn chng
- Nng trung bnh ca pha hi trong phn chng
yC = 4,61xC - 0,031 = 4,61.0,034 0,031 = 0,126
Nhit trung bnh ca pha hi trong phn chng:
THC = 96,4 oC
- Khi lng mol trung bnh ca pha hi trong phn chng
MHC = yC. MR + (1 yC). MN = 0,126.32 + (1 0,126). 18 = 19,76 kg/kmol
- Khi lng ring trung bnh ca pha hi trong phn chng:
HC
PM HC
1.19,76
0,566 kg / m 3
22,4
RTHC
(96,4 273)
273
- Chn khong cch mm h = 250 mm

- Vn tc pha hi i trong phn chng:
- Tra hnh 2.2, trang 42,[6]:
C C
C = 0,028
LC
941,39
0,028
1,142 m / s
HC
0,566
- Lu lng pha hi i trong thp:
QV
G P .(1 R ). 22 ,4.THC 83,57 .(1 3,71). 22 ,4.(96 ,4 273 )
0,106 m 3 / s
M P .To .3600
31,3.273 .3600
- ng knh on chng
DC
4.QV
4.0,106
0,344 m
.C
3,14.1,142
Tra bng IX.4a, trang 169, [2], ta chn theo chun D = 400 mm
Kt lun: ng knh thp l D = 0,4 m
Vn tc pha hi trong thp theo thc t:
II.
4.QV
4.0,106
0,844 m / s
2
3,14 .DC . 3,14 .0,4 2
4.QV
4.0,102
0,812 m / s
2
3,14 .D L . 3,14 .0,4 2
Chiu cao thp:
1. S mm l thuyt
Ta dng th 2 ng lm vic vo trong th 2 ( th cn bng pha).
th 3: th xc nh s bc l thuyt ca thp
T th 3 trn ta suy s mm l thuyt ca thp l Nlt = 10 mm. Nhng do ta dng thit b un nng gin
tip nn ta xem thit b ny nh l 1 mm l thuyt
Vy s mm trong thp l 9 mm, trong
+ S mm phn chng l 5
+ S mm phn luyn l 4
2. Xc nh s mm thc t ca thp
a. Hiu sut trung bnh ca thp
+ V tr nh
Nng phn mol: xP = 0,9144
tsi = 65,8oC
y * = 0,972
bay hi tng i:
y * .(1 x) 0,972 .(1 0,9144 )
3,250
(1 y*).x (1 0,972 ). 0,9144
Tra bng 1.104, trang 96, [1] nht ca nc mN = 0,432 cP

Dng tn 1.18, trang 90, [1] nht ca metanol mR = 0,325 cP
Cng thc (I.12), trang 84, [1]
nht ca hn hp lng: lgmhh = x1lgm1 + x2lgm2

Nn: lgmhh = 0,9144.lg0,325 + (1 0,9144).lg0,432 = -0,478
mhh = 0,333 cP
aLmL = 3,250.0,333 = 1,082
Tra hnh IX, trang 171, [2] E = 46%
+ V tr nhp liu
Nng phn mol: xF = 0,0588
tsi = 91,5oC
y * = 0,305
bay hi tng i:
y * .(1 x) 0,305 .(1 0,0588 )
7,025
(1 y*).x (1 0,305 ). 0,0588

Nn: lgmhh = 0,0588.lg0,245 + (1 0,0588).lg0,312 = -0,512
mhh = 0,308 cP
aLmL = 7,025.0,308 = 2,161
+ V tr y:
Nng phn mol: xP = 0,0085
tsi = 98,5oC
y * = 0,052
bay hi tng i:
y * .(1 x) 0,052 .(1 0,0085 )
6,40
(1 y*).x (1 0,052 ). 0,0085

Nn: lgmhh = 0,0085.lg0,215 + (1 0,0085).lg0,289 = -0,541
mhh = 0,288 cP
aLmL = 6,40.0,288 = 1,842
+ Hiu sut trung bnh ca thp
Etb
46 41 43
43,3%
3
b. Chiu cao thp

- S mm thc t ca thp
N tt
N lt
9
21 mm
E tb 0,433
Trong
N ttC
NC
5
12 mm
Etb 0,433
N ttL
NL
4
9 mm
E tb 0,433
Chiu cao tn thp: S dng cng thc IX.54, trang 169, [2]
Hthp = Ntt.(hmm + d ) = 21.( 0,25 + 0,002 ) + 0,8 = 6,092 m
- Chn y (np) tiu chun c
ht
0,25 suy ra ht = 0,25.D = 0,25.0,4 = 0,10 m
Dt
- Chn chiu cao g: hg = 25 mm = 0,025 m

- Chiu cao y (np): Hn = ht + hg = 0,1 + 0,025 = 0,125 m
Kt lun: Chiu cao tn thp: H = 6,34 m
III.
Tr lc thp:
Cu to mm l:
+ Chn thp mm xuyn l c ng chy chuyn vi:

- Tit din t do bng 8% din tch mm.
- ng knh l dl = 3 mm = 0,003 m
- Chiu cao g chy trn: hg = 30mm = 0,03 m
- Din tch ca 2 bn nguyt bng 20% din tch mm.
- L b tr theo hnh lc gic u.
- Khong cch gia 2 tm l bng 15 mm.
- B dy mm bng 2 mm
- Mm c lm bng thp khng g X18H10T.
+ S l trn 1 mm:
D
8% S m
N=
0,08 t
Sl
dl
0,4
0,08.
= 1422 l
0,003
Gi a l s hnh lc gic.
p dng cng thc (V.139), trang 48, [2]: N = 3a(a-1) +1
Gii phng trnh bc 2 a = 22,3 23 N = 1519 l
S l trn ng cho: b = 2a - 1 = 43 l
2. Tr lc ca a kh:
p dng cng thc (IX.140), trang 194, [2]:
Pk
' 2 . H
2
i vi a c tit din t do bng 10% din tch mm th x = 1,82

2.1. Phn luyn
Vn tc hi qua l: ' L
Nn: DPkL = 1,82 .
L
8%
0,812
10 ,15 m/s
0,08
10 ,15 2.0,8965
84 ,05 N/m2
2
2.2. Phn chng

Vn tc hi qua l: ' C
C
8%
0,844
10 ,55 m/s
0,08
Nn: PkC 1,82 .
10 ,55 2.0,566
57 ,33 N/m2
2
3. Tr lc do sc cng b mt
V a c ng knh l > 1mm
Ap dng cng thc (IX.142), trang 194, [2]:
4
1,3d lo 0,08d 2lo
3.1. Phn luyn

Ti nhit trung bnh ca pha lng trong phn luyn TLL = 73,4oC th:
Tra bng 1.249, trang 310, [1] Sc cng b mt ca nc sNL = 0,6334 N/m
Tra bng 1.242, trang 300, [1] Sc cng b mt ca ru sRL = 0,0184 N/m
Ap dng cng thc (I.76), trang 299, [1]:
1 1
1
1 2
1 2
1 2
LL
0,6334 .0,0184
0,0179 N/m
0,6334 0,0184
PL
4 0,0179
18,36 N/m2
2
1,3 0,003 0,08 0,003
3.2. Phn chng

Tnh tn tng t nh phn luyn
Ti nhit trung bnh ca pha lng trong phn luyn TLL = 94,6oC th:
Tra bng 1.249, trang 310, [1] Sc cng b mt ca nc sNL = 0,5964 N/m
Tra bng 1.242, trang 300, [1] Sc cng b mt ca ru sRL = 0,0160 N/m
Ap dng cng thc (I.76), trang 299, [1]:
1 1
1
1 2
1 2
1 2
LL
0,5964 .0,0160
0,0126 N/m
0,5964 0,0160
PL
4 0,0126
12 ,92 N/m2
2
1,3 0,003 0,08 0,003
4. Tr lc thy tnh do cht lng trn a to ra:

Ap dng cng thc trang 68, [3]
DPb = 1,3hbKrLg
Vi: hb = hg + Dhl
QL
hl
1,85L K
g
2/ 3
Trong :
Lg : chiu di ca g chy trn, m
K = rb/rL : t s gia khi lng ring cht lng bt v khi lng ring ca cht lng, ly gn
bng 0,5.
QL
n L .M L
: sut lng th tch ca pha lng, m3/s.
Tnh chiu di g chy trn:
Ta c: Squt - SD = Sbn nguyt
R2
1
20 % 2
2. R sin R cos
R
2
2
2
2
2
a - sina = 0,2p
Dng php lp a = 1,627 rad = 93,32o
Nn Lg = Dt . sin( ) 0,4. sin(
93,32
) 0,290 m
2
4.1. Phn luyn:

Khi lng mol trung bnh ca pha lng trong phn luyn:
MLL = 0,4866.32 + (1 0,4866).18 = 24,81 kg/kmol
Sut lng th tch ca pha lng trong phn luyn:
QLL =
G P .R.M LL
83,57 .3,71 .24 ,81
8,17 .10 5 m3/s

M P . LL
31,30 .835 ,78 .3600
8,17.10 5
hlL
1,85.0,290.0,5
2/3
0,0045 m
Cho ta: DPbL = 1,3.(hg + DhlL).KrLLg

= 1,3.(0,03 + 0,0045). 0,5. 835,78. 9,81 = 183,86 N/m2
4.2. Phn chng

Tnh tn tng t nh phn luyn
Khi lng mol trung bnh ca pha lng trong phn luyn:
MLC = 0,034.32 + (1 0,034).18 = 16,54 kg/kmol
Sut lng th tch ca pha lng trong phn luyn:
QLC =
GP .R.M LC
83,57 .3,71 .16 ,54
4,83 .10 5 m3/s

M P . LC
31,30 .941,39 .3600
4,83.10 5
hlC
1,85.0,290.0,5
2/3
0,0032 m
Cho ta: DPbC = 1,3.(hg + DhlC).KrLCg

= 1,3.(0,03 + 0,0032). 0,5. 941,39. 9,81 = 199,29 N/m2
5. Tng tr lc thu lc ca thp

Tng tr lc ca 1 mm trong phn luyn ca thp l:
DPL = DPkL + DPsL + DPbL = 84,05 + 18,36 + 183,86 = 286,27 N/m2
Tng tr lc ca 1 mm trong phn chng ca thp l:
DPC = DPkC + DPsC + DPbC = 57,33 + 12,92 + 199,29 = 269,54 N/m2
Kim tra hot ng ca mm:
- Kim tra li khong cch mm h = 0,25m m bo cho iu kin hot ng bnh
thng ca thp: h > 1,8
P
( trang 70, [3] )
L g
Vi cc mm trong phn luyn tr lc thu lc qua 1 mm ln hn tr lc thu lc ca mm

trong phn chng, ta c:
1,8
PL
286 ,27
1,8
0,063 m
LL g
835 ,78 .9,18
iu kin trn c tha.
- Kim tra tnh ng nht ca hot ng ca mm.

T cng thc trang 70, [3] Ta c vn tc ti thiu qua l ca pha hi vmin cho cc l trn
mm u hot ng:
vmin = 0,67
g LL hbL
HL
0,67
9,81.835,78.(0,03 0,0045)
8,822 m/s < 10,15 m/s
1,82.0,8965
Cc l trn mm u hot ng.

Kt lun:
Tng tr lc thy lc ca thp:
DP = NttL.DPL + NttCDPC = 9. 286,27 + 14. 269,54 = 6350,0 (N/m2)
6. Kim tra ngp lt khi thp hot ng:

Khong cch gia 2 mm: Dh = 250 mm
B qua s to bt trong ng chy chuyn, chiu cao mc cht lng trong ng chy chuyn ca
mm xuyn l c xc nh theo biu thc (5.20), trang 120, [3]:
hd = hg + Dhl + DP + hd
,mm.cht lng
Trong :
+ hg : chiu cao g chy trn ,mm
+ Dhl : chiu cao lp cht lng trn mm ,mm
+ DP: tng tr lc ca 1 mm ,mm.cht lng
+ hd : tn tht thy lc do dng lng chy t ng chy chuyn vo mm, c xc nh
theo biu thc (5.10), trang 115, [3]:
2
QL
hd' 0,128.
100.Sd ,mm.cht lng
+ QL : lu lng ca cht lng (m3/h).
+ Sd : tit din gia ng chy chuyn v mm.
Sd = 0,8 . Smm = 0,8.
.0,42 = 0,10 m2
4
thp khng b ngp lt khi hot ng th: hd
1
Dh = 125 mm
2
6.1. Phn luyn

DhlL = 0,0045. 1000 = 4,5 mm
DPL =
hd 'L
286 ,27
286 ,27
1000
1000 34 ,92 mm.cht lng
LL g
835 ,78 .9,81
QLL
0,128.
100.S d
8,17.10 5.3600
0,128.
1,11.10 4 mm.cht lng
100
.
0
,
10
Nn: hdL = 30 + 4,5 + 34,92 + 1,11.10-4 = 69,42 mm < 125 mm

Vy: Khi hot ng th mm phn luyn s khng b ngp lt.
6.2. Phn chng

DhlC = 0,0032. 1000 = 3,2 (mm)
DPC =
hd 'C
269 ,54
269 ,54
1000
1000 40 ,02 mm.cht lng
LC g
941,39 .9,81
Q
0,128. LC
100.S d
4,83.10 5.3600
0,128.
3,89.10 5 mm.cht lng
100.0,10
Nn: hdC = 30 + 3,2 + 40,02 + 3,89.10-5 = 73,22 mm < 125 mm

Vy: Khi hot ng th mm phn chng s khng b ngp lt.
Kt lun: Khi hot ng thp s khng b ngp lt.
IV.
B dy thp :
1. Thn thp
V thp hot ng p sut thng nn ta thit k thn hnh tr bng phng php hn h quang in,
kiu hn gip mi 2 pha. Thn thp c ghp vi nhau bng cc mi ghp bch.
m bo cht lng ca sn phm ta chn thit b thn thp l thp khng g m X18H10T.
1.1. Cc thng s cn tra v chn phc v cho qu trnh tnh tn
Nhit tnh tn: t = tmax= 100oC
p sut tnh tn: v thp hot ng p sut thng nn: P = Pthy tnh + DP
Khi lng ring trung bnh ca pha lng trong tn thp:
rL =
LL LC
2
941,39 835,78
888,85 kg/m3
2
Nn: P = rLgH + DP = 888,58. 9,81. 5,17 + 6350,0 = 51416.7 N/m2

= 0,0514 N/mm2
H s b sung do n mn ha hc ca mi trng:
V mi trng c tnh n mn v thi gian s dng thit b l trong 20 nm
Ca = 1 mm
ng sut cho php tiu chun:
V vt liu l X18H10T s * = 142 (N/mm2)
(Hnh 1.2, trang 16, [7])
H s hiu chnh:
V thit b khng bc lp cch nhit h = 1 (trang 26, [7])
ng sut cho php: [s] = h [s]* = 142 (N/mm2)
H s bn mi hn:
V s dng phng php hn h quang in, kiu hn gip mi 2 pha
jh = 0,95 (Bng XIII.8, trang 362, [2])
1.2. Tnh b dy
Ta c:
[ ]
142
h
0,95 2443 ,84 > 25
P
0,0552
S =
Dt P
400 0,0514
0,077 mm S + Ca = 0,077 + 1 = 1,077 mm

2[ ] h 2 142 0,95
Quy trn theo chun: S = 2 mm (Bng XIII.9, trang 364, [2])

B dy ti thiu: Smin = 2 mm
(Bng 5.1, trang 94, [7])
B dy S = 2 mm
1.3. Kim tra bn

iu kin:
Nn: [ P ]
S Ca
0,1
2 1
2,5.10 3 0,1 (tha)
400
2[ ]Dt ( S C a ) 2 142 0,95 (2 1)
0,673 > P = 0,09 (tha)

Dt ( S C a )
400 (2 1)
Kt lun: S = 2 mm
2. y v np:
Chn y v np c dng hnh ellip tiu chun, c g, lm bng thp X18H10T
Chn b dy y v np bng vi b dy thn thp: S = 3 mm.
Kim tra iu kin:
S Ca
D 0,125
t
2[ ] h (S Ca )
[ P]
P
R t ( S Ca )
V y v np c hnh ellip tiu chun vi
ht
0,25 Rt = Dt
Dt
iu kin trn c tha nh kim tra phn thn thp.
Kt lun: Kch thc ca y v np:

ng knh trong: Dt = 400 mm
ht = 100 mm
Chiu cao g: hg = 25 mm
B dy: S = 2 mm
Din tch b mt trong: Sb mt = 0,2 m2
(Bng XIII.10, trang 382, [2])
V. B dy mm :
1. Cc thng s cn tra v chn phc v cho qu trnh tnh tn
Nhit tnh tn: t = tmax = 100 (oC)
p sut tnh tn: P = Pthy tnh + Pg
Chn b dy g chy trn l 3mm.
Th tch ca g chy trn: V = 0,29.0,03.0,003= 2,61.10-5 m3
Tra bng XII.7, trang 313, [6]:
Khi lng ring ca thp X18H10T l: rX18H10T = 7900 kg/m3
Khi lng g chy trn: m = V.rX18H10T = 2,61.10-5.7900 = 0,2062 kg
p sut do g chy trn tc dng ln mm trn
mg
Pg
Dt
4
0,2062 .9,81
11,60 N/m2
2
0,4
3,14 .
4
Khi lng ring ca cht lng ti y thp:

Ta c xW = 0,0085 suy ra TW = 98,5oC
- Tra bng 1.249, trang 311, [1]
LW
xW
1 xW
0,0085 1 0,0085
1,045 .10 3
715 ,08
959 ,22
Suy ra rLW = 956,44 kg/m3
p sut thy tnh:

Pthy tnh = rLWg(hg + DhlC)
= 956,44. 9,81. (0,03 + 0,0045)
= 326,75 N/m2
P = 326,75 + 11,06 = 337,81 N/m2
H s b sung do n mn ha hc ca mi trng:
Thi gian s dng thit b l trong 20 nm
Ca = 1 mm
ng sut cho php tiu chun:
V vt liu l X18H10T s * = 142 N/mm2
H s hiu chnh: h = 1
(Hnh 1.2, trang 16, [7])

(Trang 19, [7])
ng sut cho php: [s] = h [s]* = 142 N/mm2

Mun n hi: E = 20.106 N/cm2
(Bng 2.12, trang 45, [7])
H s Poisson: m = 0,33
(Bng XII.7, trang 313, [2])
H s iu chnh: jb = 0,571
2. Tnh b dy:
i vi bn trn c ngm kp cht theo chu vi:
2
ng sut cc i vng chu vi: max
i vi bn c c l: l max
S Dt
3P D
(Cng thc 6.36, trang 100, [8])

16 S
max
3P
b
16 b
D
[ ]
S
3P
3 337,81.10 6
400
0,354 mm
16[ ] b
16 142 0,571
Nn: S + Ca = 1,354 mm
Chn S = 2 mm
Kim tra iu kin bn:

vng cc i tm: Wo
PR4
64DT
i vi bn c c l: Wlo
DT
Vi:
Wlo
Wo
Wo
(Cng thc 6.35, trang 100, [8])
PR4
64 b DT
ES 3
12(1 2 )
12PR4 (1 2 ) 3 PR4 (1 2 )
.
16
64 b ES 3
b ES 3
m bo iu kin bn th: Wlo < S
Wlo
3 337 ,811 .10 6 200 4 (1 0,33 2 )

S
.
0,050 <
1,0
3
16
0,571 200000 2
2
B dy S chn tha iu kin.

Vy: S = 2 mm
VI. Bch ghp thn y v np :

Mt bch l b phn quan trng dng ni cc phn ca thit b cng nh ni cc b phn khc vi
thit b. Cc loi mt bch thng s dng:
Bch lin: l b phn ni lin vi thit b (hn, c v rn). Loi bch ny ch yu dng thit b lm
vic vi p sut thp v p sut trung bnh.
Bch t do: ch yu dng ni ng dn lm vic nhit cao, ni cc b bng kim loi mu v

hp kim ca chng, c bit l khi cn lm mt bch bng vt liu bn hn thit b.
Bch ren: ch yu dng cho thit b lm vic p sut cao.
Chn bch c ghp thn, y v np lm bng thp CT3, cu to ca bch l bch lin khng c.
Tra bng XIII.27, trang 417, [2], ng vi Dt = f = 400 (mm) v p sut tnh tn P = 0,055 (N/mm2)
chn bch c cc thng s sau:
Bu lng
Dt
Db
Dl
Do
h
db
(mm)
400
515
475
Z
(ci)
450
411
20
M16
20
Tra bng IX.5, trang 170, [2], vi Dh = 250 mm khong cch gia 2 mt bch l 1000 mm v s mm
gia 2 mt bch l 4.
S mt bch cn dng ghp l: 21/4 + 2 = 8 bch
kn ca mi ghp bch ch yu do vt m quyt nh. m lm bng cc vt liu mm hn so
vi vt liu bch. Khi xit bu lng, m b bin dng v in y ln cc ch g gh trn b mt ca bch.
Vy, m bo kn cho thit b ta chn m l dy aming, c b dy l 3mm.
VII. Chn thp :

1. Tnh trng lng ca tn thp:
Tra bng XII.7, trang 313, [2]:
Khi lng ring ca thp CT3 l: rCT3 = 7850 kg/m3
Khi lng ca mt bch ghp thn:
mbch ghp thn =
. D 2 Dt .h. CT 3
2
0,515
4
0,40 2 0,02 7850 12,97 kg
Khi lng ca mt mm:

mmm =
Dt mm (100% 8% 10%) X 18 H 10T =

2
.0.402.0,002.0,82.7900 = 1,63 kg
4
Khi lng ca thn thp:

mthn =
.(D2ng D2t).Hthn . rX18H10T = .0,4042 0,40 2 .5,042.7900 100,56 kg

4
4
Khi lng ca y (np) thp:

my(np) = Sb mt .dy . rX18H10T = 0,20 . 0,002 . 7900 = 3,16 kg
Khi lng ca tn thp:
m = 8 mbch ghp thn + 21 mmm + mthn + 2 my(np)
= 8.12,97 + 21.1,63 + 100,56 + 2.3,16 = 243,43 kg
2. Tnh chn thp:

Chn chn : thp c trn bn chn.
Vt liu lm chn thp l thp CT3.
Ti trng cho php trn mt chn: Gc =
P mg 243,43.9,81
597,01 N
4
4
4
m bo an tn cho thit b, ta chn: Gc = 1000 N

Tra bng XIII.35, trang 437, [2] chn chn c cc thng s sau:
B1
B2
70
60
60
90
150
105
30
14
Khi lng mt chn : mchn = 3,32 kg
VIII. Tai treo thp :

Chn tai treo: tai treo c gn trn thn thp gi cho thp khi b dao ng trong iu kin ngoi
cnh.
Chn vt liu lm tai treo l thp CT3.
Ta chn bn tai treo, ti trng cho php trn mt tai treo: Gt = Gc = 1000 (N).
Tra bng XIII.36, trang 438, [2] chn tai treo c cc thng s sau:
B1
80
55
70
125
30
10
14
Khi lng mt tai treo: mtai treo = 0,53 kg
IX.
Ca ni ng dn vi thit b- bch ni cc b phn ca thit b v ng

dn:
ng dn thng c ni vi thit b bng mi ghp tho c hoc khng tho c. Trong thit b
ny, ta s dng mi ghp tho c.
i vi mi ghp tho c, ngi ta lm on ng ni, l on ng ngn c mt bch hay ren
ni vi ng dn:
Loi c mt bch thng dng vi ng c ng knh d > 10mm.
Loi ren ch yu dng vi ng c ng knh d 10mm, i khi c th dng vi d 32mm.
ng dn c lm bng thp X18H10T.
Bch c lm bng thp CT3 , cu to ca bch l bch lin khng c.
1. ng nhp liu:
Khi lng ring ca hn hp: rF = 933,0 kg/m3
Chn loi ng ni cm su vo thit b.
Chn vn tc cht lng trong ng ni l vF = 1 m/s
ng knh trong ca ng ni:
Dy =
4.GF
4.933,0
0,0188 m
3600 F v F
3600 933,0 1
Chn ng c Dy = 20 mm
Tra bng XIII.26, trang 409, [2]
Cc thng s ca bch ng vi P = 0,055 N/mm2 l:
Bu lng
Dy
Dn
Dd
Dl
h
db
(mm)
20
25
90
65
Z
(ci)
50
2. ng hi nh thp:
- Nng trung bnh ca pha hi nh thp
yP = xP = 0,9144
Nhit trung bnh ca pha hi nh thp: THP = 67,8 oC
12
M10

MHL = yL. MR + (1 yL). MN = 0,9144.32 + (1 0,9144). 18 = 30,80 kg/kmol
HL
PM HL
1.30,80
1,101 kg / m 3
22
,
4
RTHL
(67,8 273)
273
Chn vn tc hi ra khi nh thp l vHD = 50 m/s

Dy =
4.GHD
4.83,57
0,023 m
3600 HDv HD
3600.1,101.3,14.50
Chn ng c Dy = 25 mm
Tra bng XIII.32, trang 434, [2] Chiu di on ng ni l = 90 mm
Bu lng
Dy
Dn
Dd
Dl
h
db
(mm)
25
32
100
75
(ci)
60
3. ng hn lu:
- Nng trung bnh ca pha lng nh thp
xP = 0,9144
Nhit trung bnh ca pha hi nh thp: THP = 65,8 oC
- Tra bng 1.249, trang 311, [1]
LC
xC
1 xC
0,95 1 0,95
1,30 .10 3
752 ,8 981,2
12
M10
LC = 768,1 kg/m3
Chn loi ng ni cm su vo thit b.
Chn vn tc cht lng trong ng ni l vLD = 0,5 m/s
4.GLP
4.83,57.3,71
0,017 m
3600 LP v LP
3600 768,1 0,5
Dy =
Chn ng c Dy = 20 mm
Bu lng
Dy
Dn
Dd
Dl
h
db
(mm)
20
25
90
65
(ci)
50
12
M10
4. ng hi y thp:
- Nng trung bnh ca pha hi y thp
yW = xW = 0,0085
Nhit trung bnh ca pha hi y thp: THP = 99,6 oC
MHW = yW. MR + (1 yW). MN = 0,0085.32 + (1 0,0085).18 = 18,12 kg/kmol
HW
PM HW
1.18,12
0,593 kg / m 3
22
,
4
RTHW
(99,6 273)
273
Chn vn tc hi vo y thp l vHW = 120 m/s

Dy =
4.GHW
4.827,1
0,064 m
3600 HW v HW
3600.0,593. .120
Chn ng c Dy = 70 mm
Cc thng s ca bch ng vi P = 0,055 (N/mm2) l:

Bu lng
Dy
Dn
Dd
Dl
h
db
(mm)
70
76
160
130
(ci)
110
14
M12
5. ng dn lng ra khi y thp:

- Nng trung bnh ca pha lng y thp
xW = 0,0085
Nhit ca pha lng y thp: TLW = 98,5 oC
- Tra bng 1.249, trang 311, [1]
Khi lng ring ca nc 98,50C: N = 959,2 kg/m3
LW
xW
1 xW
0,015 1 0,015
1,05 .10 3
716 ,8
959 ,2
LW = 954,4 kg/m3
Chn vn tc cht lng trong ng ni l vLW = 0,5 m/s
Dy =
4.GLW
4.827,1
0,025 m
3600 LW v LW
3600.954,4. .0,5
Chn ng c Dy = 25 mm
Bu lng
Dy
Dn
Dd
Dl
h
db
(mm)
Z
(ci)
25
32
100
75
60
12
M10
CHNG 5:
Tnh thit b ph
I.
THIT B UN SI Y THP :
Chn thit b un si y thp l ni un Kettle.
ng truyn nhit c lm bng thp X18H10T, kch thc ng 38 x 3:
ng knh ngi: dn = 38 mm = 0,038 m

B dy ng: t = 3 mm = 0,003 m
ng knh trong: dt = 0,032 m
Hi t l hi nc 2,0 at i trong ng 38 x 3. Tra bng 1.251, trang 314, [1]:
Nhit ha hi: rH O = rn = 2208 kJ/kg

2
Nhit si: t H O = tn = 119,6 oC

2
Dng sn phm ti y c nhit :

Trc khi vo ni un (lng): tS1 = 98,5 oC
Sau khi c un si (hi): tS2 = 99,6 oC
1. Sut lng hi nc cn dng:

Cn bng nhit cho tn thp:
Q + GFhFS = (R+1) GDrD + GDhDS + GWhWS + Qm
Gi s Qm = 0,05Q
0,95Q = (R+1) GDrD + GD(hDS hFS) + GW(hWS hFS)
hFS = cF.tFS = [ x F cN (1 x F )cA ]tFS

hWS = cW.tWS = [ x W cN (1 x W )cA ]tWS
hPS = cP.tPS = [ x P c N (1 x P )c A ]tPS
rD = x D rN (1 x D )rA
Vi xF = 0,0588 tFS = 91,5oC
xW = 0,0085 tWS = 98,5oC
xP = 0,9144 tPS = 65,8oC
1.1. Nhit dung ring:
Tra bng 1.249, trang 310, [1]

Nhit dung ring ca nc 91,5oC = 4,210 kJ/kg.K

Tra bng 1.154, trang 172, [1]
Nhit dung ring ca methanol 91,5oC = 2,920 kJ/kg.K
1.2. Enthalpy:
hFS = (0,1. 2,920 + (1 - 0,1). 4,210). 91,5 = 373,41 kJ/kg

hWS = (0,0085. 2,958 + (1 - 0,0085). 4,218). 98,5 = 414,42 kJ/kg
hPS = (0,9144. 2,788+ (1 - 0,9144). 4,184). 65,8 = 191,31 kJ/kg
1.3. Nhit ha hi:
Tra bng 1.250, trang 312, [1]

Nhit ha hi ca nc 65,8oC = rN = 2344,8kJ/kg
Dng tn 1.65, trang 255, [1]
Nhit ha hi ca methanol 65,8oC = rR = 330,5 Kcal/kg = 1383,74 kJ/kg
Nn:
rP = x P rN (1 x P )rA
= 0,95. 2344,8 + (1 - 0,95). 1383,74 = 2296,75 kJ/kg
1.4. Tnh lng hi nc cn dng:
Nhit lng cn cung cp:
Q =
( R 1)G P rP G P (hPS hFS ) GW (hWS hFS )

0,95
(3,71 1). 83,57 .2296 ,75 83,57 .(191,31 373 ,41) 827 ,1.( 414 ,42 373 ,41)
0,95
= 971300.88 kJ/h
Nu dng hi nc bo ha (khng cha m) cp nhit th: Q = G H 2O . rH 2O
Tra bng 1.251, trang 314, [1]

Nhit ha hi ca nc 2,0 at = rH O = 2208 kJ/kg
2
Vy: GH 2O
Q
971300,88
= 440,0 kg/h

rH 2O
2208
2. Hiu s nhit trung bnh:

Chn kiu truyn nhit ngc chiu, nn:
t log
(119 ,6 98,5) (119 ,6 99 ,6)

= 20,545 K
119 ,6 98,5
ln
119 ,6 99 ,6
3. H s truyn nhit:
H s truyn nhit K c tnh theo cng thc nh i vi tng phng:
1
1
1
rt
n
S
,W/m2.K)
Vi:
n : h s cp nhit ca hi t,W/m2.K.
S : h s cp nhit ca sn phm y, W/m2.K.
rt : nhit tr qua thnh ng v lp cu.
3.1. Nhit ti qua thnh ng v lp cu:
qt
t w1 t w 2
, W/m2
rt
Trong :
tw1 : nhit ca vch tip xc vi hi t (trong ng), oC
tw2 : nhit ca vch tip xc vi sn phm y (ngi ng), oC
rt
t
r1 r2
t
B dy thnh ng: t = 0,003 m

H s dn nhit ca thp khng g:
t = 16,3 W/mK (Bng XII.7, trang 313, [6])
Nhit tr lp bn trong ng:
r1 = 1/5800 m2.K/W (Bng 31, trang 419, [4])
Nhit tr lp cu ngi ng:
r2 =1/5800 m2.K/W
Nn: rt = 5,289.10-4 m2.K/W
3.2. Xc nh h s cp nhit ca dng sn phm y ngi ng:
p dng cng thc (V.89), trang 26, [2]:

0,033
.r
0,75 .q 0,7
S = 7,77 . 10 . h
.
. 0,45 0.117 0,37
.c .Ts
h
Nhit si trung bnh ca dng sn phm ngi ng:
t t
98,5 99,6
t S S1 S 2
= 99,05 oC
2
2
TS = 99,05 + 273 = 372,05 K
Ti nhit si trung bnh th:
-2
0,333
- Khi lng ring ca pha hi trong dng sn phm ngi ng:

PM HW
1.18,12
h
= 0,594 kg/m3
22,4
RTS
.372,05
273
- Khi lng ring ca nc:
N = 959,2kg/m3 (Bng 1.249, trang 310, [1])
- Khi lng ring ca methanol:
R = 715,0 kg/m3 (Bng 1.2, trang 9, [1])
1 xW 1 xW 0,015 1 0,015
1,05.10-3
Nn:
R
A
715 ,0
959 ,2
= 954,3 kg/m3
- nht ca nc:
N = 2,85.10-4 N.s/m2 (Tra bng 1.104, trang 96, [1])
- nht ca methanol:
A = 2,45.10-4 N.s/m2 (Dng tn 1.18, trang 90, [1])
S dng cng thc (I.12), trang 84, [1] suy ra nht ca hn hp lng:
lgmhh = x1lgm1 + x2lgm2
Nn: lgmhh = 0,0085.lg(2,45.10-4) + (1 0,0085).lg(2,85.10-4)

mhh = 2,846.10-4 N.s/m2
- H s dn nhit ca nc:
N = 0,680 W/mK (Bng 1.249, trang 310, [5])
- H s dn nhit ca methanol:
R = 0,188 W/mK (Bng 1.130, trang 134, [5])
p dng cng thc (1.33), trang 123, [5]):
= R .xW N .(1 xW ) 0,72 .xW .(1 xW ).( N R ) = 0,667 W/mK
- Nhit dung ring ca nc:
cN = 4219,2 J/kgK (Bng 1.249, trang 310, [1])
- Nhit dung ring ca methanol:
cR = 2906,0 J/kgK (Bng 1.154, trang 172, [1])
Nn: c = cR x W + cN. (1 - x W ) = 4199,3 J/kgK
- Sc cng b mt ca nc:
N = 0,59022 N/m (Bng 1.249, trang 310, [1])
- Sc cng b mt ca methanol:
A = 0,01578 N/m (Bng 1.242, trang 300, [1])
NA
Nn:
= 0,0158 N/m
N A
- Nhit ha hi ca nc:
rN = 2262,2 kJ/kg (Bng 1.250, trang 312, [5])
- Nhit ha hi ca methanol:
rR = 1032,3 kJ/kg (Tn 1.65, trang 255, [5])

Nn: r = rR x W + rN.(1 - x W ) = 2243,8 kJ/kg
3.3. Xc nh h s cp nhit ca hi t trong ng:
p dng cng thc (3.65), trang 120, [4]:

rn . 2n .g.3n
n .(t n - t W1 ).dtr
Dng php lp: chn tW1 = 119,4 oC
n 0,7254
Nhit trung bnh ca mng nc ngng t: tm =
t n t W1
119,5 oC
2
Ti nhit ny th:
- Khi lng ring ca nc: n = 943,4 kg/m3
- nht ca nc: n = 2,33.10-4 N.s/m2
- H s dn nhit ca nc: n = 0,685 W/mK
Nn: n = 31342 W/m2K
qn = n (tn tW1) = 6268,4 W/m2
qt = qn = 6268,4 W/m2 (xem nhit ti mt mt l khng ng k)
tw2 = tw1 - qtrt = 116,08 oC
S = 362,84 W/m2K (vi q = qt)
qS = S (tW2 tS) = 6126,5 W/m2
Kim tra sai s:
qn qS
=
qn
100% = 2,26% < 5% (tha)
Kt lun: tw1 = 119,4oC v tw2 = 116,08oC

3.4. Xc nh h s truyn nhit:
1
1
1
5,289 .10 4
31342
326 ,84
= 301,5 W/m2K
4. B mt truyn nhit:
B mt truyn nhit c xc nh theo phng trnh truyn nhit:
F=
Q
971300.1000
= 43,56 m2
K .t log 3600.301,5.20,545
5. Cu to thit b:
Chn s ng truyn nhit: n = 217 ng. ng c b tr theo hnh lc gic u.
- Chiu di ng truyn nhit: L =
F
= 1,83 m chn L = 2 m
dn dt
n
2
Tra bng V.II, trang 48, [2] S ng trn ng cho: b = 17 ng

- Bc ng: t = 1, 2dn = 0,046 m
- ng knh trong ca thit b (p dng cng thc (V.140), trang 49, [2])
D = t.(b-1) +4dn= 0,934 m
II.
THIT B NGNG T SN PHM NH

Chn thit b ngng t v ng loi TH, t nm ngang.
- ng knh ngi: dn = 38 mm = 0,038 m

- B dy ng: t = 3 mm = 0,003 m
- ng knh trong: dtr = 0,032 m
Chn:
- Nc lm lnh i trong ng vi nhit vo tV = 28 oC v nhit ra tR = 40 oC.
- Dng hi ti nh i ngi ng vi nhit ngng t tngng = 65,8 oC
1. Sut lng nc lm lnh cn dng :

Cn bng nhit: Qnt = (R + 1).GP.rP = GN.cN.(t2 t1)
rD: nhit lng ring ca hi nh thp:
rD = x .rR + (1 - x ).rN
rR, rN : nhit lng ring ca cu t ru v nc nh, J/kg.
x phn khi lng ca cu t ru trong pha hi nh.

Tra bng 1.213, trang 256, [1] :
rR = 675,2 kcal/kg = 2826,25 kJ/kg
Tra bng 1.250, trang 312, [1] :
rN = 559,5 kcal/kg = 2341,96 kJ/kg
Suy ra: rD = 0,95.2826,25 + (1 - 0,95).2341,96 = 2801,1 kJ/kg
Qnt = (1 + 3,71).83,57.2801,1 = 1102,55 kW
Nn: Qnt = (R + 1).DcP = 1102,55 kW
Lng nc cn dng: G N
Qnt
1102,55.3600.103
79221,4 kg/h
c N .(t 2 t1)
4175,5.(40 28)
Nhit dung ring ca nc cN c o nhit t f
tV t R 28 40
34 oC
2
2
2. Hiu s nhit trung bnh :

t log
(65,8 28 ) (65,8 40 )
= 31,42 K
65,8 28
ln
65,8 40
3. H s truyn nhit:
H s truyn nhit K c tnh theo cng thc:
1
1
1
rt
n
ngng
,W/m2.K
Vi:
n : h s cp nhit ca dng nc lnh ,W/m2.K
ngng : h s cp nhit ca dng hi ngng t ,W/m2.K
3.1. Xc nh h s cp nhit ca nc i trong ng :

Nhit trung bnh ca dng nc trong ng: tf = 34oC
Ti nhit ny th:
- Khi lng ring ca nc: n = 994,42 kg/m3

- nht ca nc: n = 7,23.10-7 m2/s
- H s dn nhit ca nc: n = 0,626 W/mK
- Chun s Prandtl: Prn = 4,9
Chn vn tc nc i trong ng: vn = 1 m/s

S ng:
Gn
4
79221 ,4
4
.
.
= 27,53
2
3600 N .d tr .v n 3600 994 ,42 .0,032 2.1
Tra bng V.II, trang 48, [2] chn n = 37 ng

Vn tc thc t ca nc trong ng:
vn
4G n
4.79221 ,4
= 0,744 m/s
2
3600 n nd tr 3600 .994 ,42 .37 . .0,032 2
Chun s Reynolds :
Re n
v n. d tr
0,744 .0,032
= 32929,5 > 104 Ch chy ri
7,23 .10 7
p dng cng thc (1.74), trang 28, [5] cng thc xc nh chun s Nusselt:
Nu n 0,021. l . Re
0 ,8
n
0 , 43
n
Pr
Pr
. n
PrP 2
0 , 25
Trong : 1 h s tnh n nh hng ca h s cp nhit theo t l gia chiu di L v ng

knh d ca ng.
Tra bng 1.1, trang 29, [5] chn 1 = 1
H s cp nhit ca nc i trong ng trong: n =
Nu n . n
d tr
3.2. Nhit ti qua thnh ng v lp cu :
qt
t w1 t w 2
,W/m2
rt
Trong :
tw1 : nhit ca vch tip xc vi hi ngng t, oC
tw2 : nhit ca vch tip xc vi nc lnh, oC
rt
t
r1 r2
t

H s dn nhit ca thp khng g: t = 16,3 W/mK
Nhit tr lp bn trong ng: r1 = 1/5000 m2.K/W
Nhit tr lp cu ngi ng: r2 =1/5800 m2.K/W
Nn: rt = 5,565.10-4 m2.K/W
3.3. Xc nh h s cp nhit ca hi ngng t ngi ng :

iu kin:
- Ngng t hi bo ha.
- Khng cha khng kh khng ngng.
- Hi ngng t mt ngi ng.
- Mng cht ngng t chy tng.
- ng nm ngang.
p dng cng thc (3.65), trang 120, [4] i vi ng n chic nm ngang th:
r. 2 .g.3
1 0,7254
.(t ngng - t W1 ).dn
Tra bng V.II, trang 48, [2] vi s ng n = 37 th s ng trn ng cho ca hnh 6 cnh l: b = 7
Tra hnh V.20, trang 30, [2] h s ph thuc vo cch b tr ng v s ng trong mi dy thng
ng l tb = 0,72 (v xp xen k v s ng trong mi dy thng ng l 7)
H s cp nhit trung bnh ca chm ng: ngng = tb1 = 0,721
Dng php lp: chn tP1 = 59,0 oC

Nhit trung bnh ca mng cht ngng t: tm = (tngng + tW1) = 62,4 oC
Ti nhit ny th:
Khi lng ring ca nc: N = 982,0 kg/m3

Khi lng ring ca methanol: R = 753,5 kg/m3
Nn khi lng ring hn hp l
xP
1 xP
0,95 1 0,95
1,31 .10 3
753 ,5 982 ,0
= 762,4 kg/m3
nht ca nc: N = 4,496.10-4 N.s/m2

nht ca methanol: R = 3,424.10-4 N.s/m2
Nn: lg = xPlgR + (1 xP)lgN
= 0,9144.lg(3,424.10-4) + (1 - 0,9144).lg(4,496.10-4)
= -3,45
= 3,50.10-4 N.s/m2
H s dn nhit ca nc: N = 0,661 W/mK

H s dn nhit ca methanol: R = 0,205 W/mK
Nn: = R .x P N .(1 x P ) 0,72 .x P .(1 x P ).( N R ) = 0,212 W/mK
Nhit ngng t ca dng hi: r = rD = 2801100 J/kg
Nn: 1 = 4295,4 W/m2K
ngng = 3092,7,3 W/m2K
qngng = ngng (tngng tP1) = 21030,3 W/m2
qt = qngng = 21030,3 W/m2 (xem nhit ti mt mt l khng ng k)
tP2 = tP1 - qtrt = 46,35 oC
PrP2 = 3,90
Nun = 161,5
n = 1700,2 W/m2K
qn = n (tP2 tf) = 20998,7 W/m2
Kim tra sai s:
q ngng q n
q ngng
100% = 0,15% < 5% (tha)
Kt lun: tP1 = 59,0oC v tP2 = 46,3oC

1
1
1
5,565 .10 4
4295 ,4
1700 ,2
= 726,0 W/m2K
4. B mt truyn nhit:
F=
Qnt
1102550.1000
= 13,4 m2
K .t log 3600.726,0.31,42
5. Cu to thit b:
S ng truyn nhit: n = 61 (ng). ng c b tr theo hnh lc gic u.
Chiu di ng truyn nhit: L =
F
= 3,3 m chn L = 4 m
d n d tr
n
2
S ng trn ng cho: b = 7 ng
Bc ng: t = 48 mm = 0,048 m

ng knh trong ca thit b: D = t(b-1) + 4dn = 0,44 m
III.
THIT B LM NGUI SN PHM NH :
Chn thit b ngng t v ng loi TH, t nm ngang.

- ng knh ngi: dn = 38 mm = 0,038 m

- B dy ng: t = 3 mm = 0,003 m
- ng knh trong: dtr = 0,032 m
Chn
- Nc lm lnh i trong ng trong vi nhit vo tV = 28oC v nhit ra tR = 40oC.
- Sn phm y i trong ng ngi vi nhit vo tPS = 65,8oC v nhit ra tPR = 35oC.
1. Sut lng nc lm lnh cn dng:

Cn bng nhit: Q = GP(hPS hPR) = Gn (hR hV)
Nhit dung ring ca nc 35oC = 4,178 kJ/kg.K
Nhit dung ring ca methanol 35oC = 2,645 kJ/kg.K
Nn: hWR = (0,05. 4,178 + 0,95. 2,645). 35 = 95,26 kJ/kg

Enthalpy ca nc 28oC = hV = 117,3 kJ/kg
Enthalpy ca nc 40oC = hR = 167,6 kJ/kg
Lng nhit trao i: Q = GW(hWS hWR) = 8040,4 kJ/h
Q
Sut lng nc cn dng: G n
= 159,9 kg/h
hR hV
2. Hiu s nhit trung bnh:
t log
(65,8 40) (35 28)

= 14,40 K
65,8 40
Ln
35 28
3. H s truyn nhit:
1
1
1
rt
n
W
,W/m2.K
Vi:
n : h s cp nhit ca dng nc lnh, W/m2.K.
W : h s cp nhit ca dng sn phm y, W/m2.K
3.1. Xc nh h s cp nhit ca nc trong ng:

Kch thc ca ng trong:
ng knh ngi: dn = 38 (mm) = 0,038 m
B dy ng: t = 3 (mm) = 0,003 m
ng knh trong: dtr = 0,032 m
Nhit trung bnh ca dng nc trong ng: tf = (tV + tR) = 34 oC

Ti nhit ny th:
Khi lng ring ca nc: n = 994,34 kg/m3

nht ca nc: n = 7,39.10-7 m2/s
H s dn nhit ca nc: n = 0,624 W/mK
Chun s Prandtl: Prn = 5,004
Vn tc nc i trong ng:
vn
4Gn
4.159 ,9
= 0,056 m/s
2
3600 nd tr 3600 .994 . .0,032 2
Chun s Reynolds :
Re n
v n. d tr
0,056 .0,032
= 2424,9 < 104 : ch chy qu
7,39 .10 7
p dng cng thc V.44,trang 16, [2] cng thc xc nh chun s Nusselt:
Nu n k o . 1 . Pr n0, 43 .(
Pr n 0, 25
)
Pr w 2

knh d ca ng. Tra bng V.2, trang 15, [2] . Chn e1 = 1
ko h s ph thuc Re, tra bng trang 16, [2]. Chn ko = 1
H s cp nhit ca nc trong ng: n =
Nu n . n
d tr
3.2. Nhit ti qua thnh ng v lp cu:
qt
t w1 t w 2
, W/m2
rt
Trong :
tP1 : nhit ca vch tip xc vi sn phm y (trong ng trong), oC
tP2 : nhit ca vch tip xc vi nc lnh (ngi ng trong), oC
rt
t
r1 r2
t

Nn
rt = 5,565.10-4 m2.K/W
3.3. Xc nh h s cp nhit ca dng sn phm y ngi ng:
Kch thc ca ng ngi:

ng knh ngi: Dn = 57 mm = 0,057 m
B dy ng: t = 3 mm = 0,003 m
ng knh trong: Dtr = 0,051 m
Nhit trung bnh ca dng sn phm y ngi ng:

tP = (tPS + tPR) = 50,4 oC
Ti nhit ny th:
Khi lng ring ca nc: N = 987,9 kg/m3

Khi lng ring ca methanol: R = 764,6 kg/m3
1 xP 1 xP
0,95 1 0,95
Nn:
= 773,4 kg/m3
R
N
764 ,6 987 ,9
nht ca nc: N = 5,46.10-4 N.s/m2
nht ca methanol: R = 3,19.10-4 N.s/m2
Nn: lg = xPlgR + (1 xP)lgN = 0,9144.lg(3,19.10-4) + (1 - 0,9144)lg(5,46.10-4)
= 3,343.10-4 (N.s/m2)

H s dn nhit ca methanol: R = 0,207 W/mK
Nn: = R .x P N .(1 x P ) 0,72 .x P .(1 x P ).( N R )
= 0,214 (W/mK)
Nhit dung ring ca nc: cN = 4178,2 J/kgK
Nhit dung ring ca methanol: cA = 2716,8 J/kgK
Nn: c = cN x P + cA. (1 - x P ) = 2789,8 J/kgK
c
= 4,365
Pr
Vn tc ca dng sn phm y ngi ng:

v
4G P
4.83,57
= 0,0346 m/s
2
2
3600 ( Dtr d n ) 3600 .773 ,4. .( 0,051 2 0,038 2 )
ng knh tng ng: dt = Dtr dn = 0,051 0,038 = 0,013 m
Chun s Reynolds :
Re
vd t
0,0346 .0,013 .773 ,4

= 986,8 < 2300 : ch chy mng
3,343 .10 4
p dng cng thc (V.45), trang 17, [2] cng thc xc nh chun s Nusselt:
Nu P 0,015. l . Re
0 , 33
0 ,1
.Gr . Pr
0 , 43
Pr
.
Pr
P1
0 , 25

knh d ca ng.
Tra bng V.2, trang 15, [2] chn 1 = 1
Chun s Grashof
Gr .
g 2 l 3 t
l = dtd =0,013 m
b = h s dn n th tch
H s dn nhit ca nc: bN = 4,514.10-4 1/K
H s dn nhit ca methanol: bR = 1,322.10-4 1/K
Dt = chnh lch nhit gia thnh ng vad dng sn phm y
Dt = tP1 - tP , oC
H s cp nhit ca dng sn phm y ngi ng: P =
Nu P .
d t
Dng php lp: chn tW1 = 43,3 oC

Ti nhit ny th:
nht ca nc: N = 6,167.10-4 N.s/m2
nht ca ru: R = 4,322.10-4 N.s/m2
Nn:
lgP1 = xPlgR + (1 xP)lgN = 0,9144.lg(4,322.10-4) + (1 - 0,9144).lg(6,167.10-4)
W1 = 4,50.10-4 N.s/m2

H s dn nhit ca ru: R = 0,208 W/mK
Nn: P1 R .x D N (1 x D ) 0,72 x P .(1 x P )( N R ) = 0,214 W/mK
Nhit dung ring ca ru: cR = 2865,0 J/kgK
Nn: cP1 = cR x P + cN. (1 - x P ) = 2759,5 J/kgK
c
p dng cng thc (V.35), trang 12, [2]: Pr P1 P1 P1 = 5,73
P1
Gr = 1020040,5
Nn NuP = 10,45
aP = 171,8 W/m2K
qP = aP (tP tP1) = 1217,98 W/m2
qt = qP = 1217,98 W/m2 (xem nhit ti mt mt l khng ng k)
tP2 = tP1 - qtrt = 42,622 oC
PrP2 = 5,796
Nun = 7,32
an = 142,78 W/m2K
qn = an (tP2 tf) = 1231,2 W/m2
Kim tra sai s:
=
Kt lun:
qW qn
qW
100% = 1,085% < 5% (tha)
tw1 = 43,3oC v tP2 = 42,6oC
1
1
1
5,565.104
171,8
142,78
= 74,73 W/m2K
4. B mt truyn nhit:
F=
Q
8040 ,4.1000
= 2,075 m2
K .t log 3600 .74,73.14,4 0
5. Cu to thit b:
Chn s ng truyn nhit: n = 19 ng. ng c b tr theo hnh lc gic u.
- Chiu di ng truyn nhit: L =
F
= 0,966 m chn L = 1 m
dn dt
n
2
Tra bng V.II, trang 48, [2] S ng trn ng cho: b = 5 ng

- Bc ng: t = 1,2dn = 0,046 m
- ng knh trong ca thit b (p dng cng thc (V.140), trang 49, [2])
D = t.(b-1) +4dn= 0,336 m
IV. Thit b trao i nhit gia sn phm y v nhp liu:

Chn thit b ngng t v ng, t ngang
ng truyn nhit c lm bng thp hp kim X18H10T, kch thc ng 38 x 3:
B dy ng: dt = 3 mm = 0,003 m
Chn:
Nhp liu i ngi ng vi nhit vo tFV = 28oC v ra nhit
Sn phm y i trong ng vi nhit tv = 98,5 oC, tr = 65oC.
1. Nhit ra ca dng nhp liu :

Cn bng nhit: Q = GF.cF.(tFr tFv) = GW.cW.(tWv tWr)
nhit trung bnh t = 81,75oC, th:
Nn: cW = cR xW + cN.(1 - xW ) = 41,75 J/kgK
Q = 827,1.41,75.(98,5 65) = 115,7 kW
28oC, th:
Nhit dung ring ca ru: cR = 2610 J/kgK
Nn: cF = 3596,89 J/kgK
tFr =
Q
t Fv 60,0 oC
G F .c F

t log
(98,5 60 ,0) (65,0 28,0)

37 ,75 K
98,5 60 ,0
ln
65,0 28,0
3. H s truyn nhit:
1
1
1
rt
n
ngng
,W/m2.K)
Vi:
an : h s cp nhit ca dng nc lnh, W/m2.K
angng : h s cp nhit ca dng hi ngng tu, W/m2.K
3.1. Xc nh h s cp nhit ca sn phm y i trong ng :

Nhit trung bnh ca dng nc trong ng: tf = (tV + tR) = 81,75 oC
Ti nhit ny th:
Khi lng ring ca nc: rn = 970,2 kg/m3
Khi lng ring ca ru: rR = 731,3 kg/m3
Nn:
xW
1 xW
0,0085 1 0,0085
731,3
970 ,2
r = 967,5 kg/m3
nht ca nc: mN = 3,348.10-4 N.s/m2
nht ca ru: mR = 2,552.10-4 N.s/m2

Nn: lgm = xWlgmR + (1 xW)lgmN = 0,015.lg(2,552.10-4) + (1 - 0,015).lg(3,348.10-4)
m = 3,33.10-4 N.s/m2
H s dn nhit ca nc: lN = 0,679 W/mK
H s dn nhit ca ru: lR = 0,200 W/mK
Nn: R .xW N .(1 xW ) 0,72 .xW .(1 xW ).( N R ) = 0,675 (W/mK) (cng thc 1.37,
trang 124,[1])
Nn: cW = cR xW + cN.(1 - xW ) = 41,75 J/kgK
p dng cng thc (V.35), trang 12, [2]: Pr
= 2,03
Vn tc thc t ca sn phm y trong ng:
vw
4GW
4.827 ,1
0,016 m/s
2
3600 W n .d tr 3600 .964 ,18 .19 . .0,032 2
Chun s Reynolds :
Re w
vW . d tr .W
0,016 .0,032 .964 ,18

1470 ,0 < 2300 : ch chy tng
3,27 .10 4
Nu w 0,15. l . Re
0 , 33
n
0 , 43
n
Pr
Pr
.Gr . n
Prw 2
0 ,1
0 , 25
Trong : e1 h s tnh n nh hng ca h s cp nhit theo t l gia chiu di L v ng

knh d ca ng.
Tra bng 1.2, trang 31, [5] chn e1 = 1
Chn t2 = 8,25oC tw2 = 81,75 + 8,25 = 90oC
Ti nhit ny:
nht ca nc: mN = 3,276.10-4 N.s/m2
nht ca ru: mR = 2,3.10-4 N.s/m2
Nn: lgm = xWlgmR + (1 xW)lgmN = 0,015.lg(2,3.10-4) + (1 - 0,015).lg(3,276.10-4)

m = 3,27.10-4 N.s/m2
Nn: R .xW N .(1 xW ) 0,72 .xW .(1 xW ).( N R ) = 0,675 (W/mK) (cng thc 1.37,
trang 124,[1])
Nn: c = cR. xW + cN.(1 - xW) = 41,93 J/kgK
p dng cng thc (V.35), trang 12, [2]: PrW 2
Gr
= 2,55
g.d o3 . 2 . .t
1
1
2,755.10 3 ( K 1 )
T 90 273
9,81.0,0323.964,182.2,755.10 3.8,25
Gr
61,59.10 6
3 2
(0,327.10 )
NuW = 12,19
H s cp nhit ca sn phm y i trong ng trong:
aW =
NuW .W 12 ,19 .0,675
257 ,20 W/m2

d tr
0,032
qW = aW. t2 = 257,2.8,25 = 2121,6 W/m2
3.3. Xc nh h s cp nhit ca dng nhp liu ngi ng :

Nhit trung bnh ca dng nhp liu: tf = (tV + tR) = 44,0 oC
Ti nhit ny th:
Khi lng ring ca nc: rN = 990,2 kg/m3
Nn:
xF
1 xF
0,1 1 0,1
1,02 .10 3 r = 962,5 kg/m3

768 ,8 990 ,2
nht ca nc: mN = 5,68.10-4 N.s/m2

nht ca ru: mR = 4,05.10-4 N.s/m2
Nn: lgm = xFlgmR + (1 xF)lgmN
m = 5,22.10-4 (N.s/m2)
Nn: l = R .xW N .(1 xW ) 0,72 .xW .(1 xW ).( N R ) = 0,482 W/mK (cng thc 1.37,
trang 124,[1])
Nn: c = cR.xF + cN. (1 xF) = 40,90 J/kgK
= 4,43
ng knh tng ng ca khong khng ngi ng:
Dt2 n.d o2 0,7 2 127.0,0322

d td
0,076m
Dt n.d o
0,7 127.0,032
Vn tc thc t ca dng nhp liu i ngi ng:
vF
4G F
4.1000
3,57 .10 3 m/s

2
2
2
2
3600 ( Dt n.d o ) 3600 .962 ,5. .( 0,7 127 .0,032 )
Chun s Reynolds :
Re F
v F . d td . F
3,57.10 3.0,076.962,5
710,9 < 2300 : ch chy tng.
5,22.10 4
p dng cng thc (V.56), trang 20, [2] cng thc xc nh chun s Nusselt:
Nu D 1,16.d td0,6 . Re 0D,6 PrD0,33

1,16.0,1080,6.710,9 0,6.4,430,33 25,64
Chn t1 = 18oC
H s cp nhit ca dng nhp liu ngi ng:
aF =
Nu F . F 25,64 .0,482
114 ,43 W/m2

d td
0,108
qF = aF. t1 = 112,75.18 = 2059,7 W/m2

Kim tra sai s:
e=
qW q F
qW
100% = 2,92% < 5% (tha)
Xc nh h s truyn nhit:
3.4.
4.
1
1
1
5,565 .10 4
257 ,20
114 ,43
75,85 W/m2K
B mt truyn nhit:
F=
Q
115 ,7.1000
40 ,41 m2
K .t log 75,85 .37 ,75
5. Cu to thit b:
S ng truyn nhit: n = 127 ng. ng c b tr theo hnh lc gic u.
F
d d tr
n n
2
= 2,51 (m) chn L = 2,5 m
Bc ng: t = 48 (mm) = 0,048 m

ng knh trong ca thit b: D = t(b-1) + 4dn = 0,7 m.
V. Thit b un si dng nhp liu:

Chn thit b ngng t v ng, t ngang.
ng truyn nhit c lm bng thp hp kim X18H10T, kch thc ng 38 x 3:
B dy ng: dt = 3 mm = 0,003 m
Chn:
Nhp liu i trong ng vi nhit vo tV = 60,0oC v nhit ra tR = 68,5oC.
Dng hi ngng t i ngi ng vi nhit ngng t tngng = 126,25oC, c p sut 2at, n nhit ha
hi r = 2189500 J/kg.
1. Lng hi nc cn dng :
Cn bng nhit: Q = GF.cF.(tr tv) = Gn.rn
nhit trung bnh ttb = 64,25oC th:
Nn: cF = cR.xF + cN. (1 xF) = 41,02 J/kgK
Q = 1000.41,02.( 68,5 - 60) = 34,87 kW
Gn = 15,93 (kg/h)
t log
(126 ,25 60 ,0) (126 ,25 68,5)

62 ,15 K
126 ,25 60 ,0
Ln
126 ,25 68,5
3. H s truyn nhit:
1
1
1
rt
n
ngng
,W/m2.K
Vi:
an : h s cp nhit ca dng nc lnh, W/m2.K
angng : h s cp nhit ca dng hi ngng tu, W/m2.K
Nhit tr lp cu trong ng: r1 = 1/5800 m2.K/W
Nn: rt = 5,289.10-4 m2.K/W
3.1. Xc nh h s cp nhit ca dng nhp liu i trong ng :

Nhit trung bnh ca dng nhp liu trong ng: tf = (tV + tR) = 64,25oC
Ti nhit ny th:
Nn:
xF
1 xF
0,1
1 0,1
r = 950,06 kg/m3
746 ,2 979 ,8
nht ca nc: mN = 3,88.10-4 N.s/m2

nht ca ru: mR = 3,12.10-4 N.s/m2
Nn: lgm = xF.lgmR + (1 xF).lgmN
m = 3,65.10-4 N.s/m2
Nn: l = R .x F N .(1 x F ) 0,72 .x F .(1 x F ).( N R ) = 0,569 W/mK (cng thc 1.37,
trang 124,[1])
Nn: c = cR.xF + cN. (1 xF) = 40,475 J/kgK
= 2,60
Vn tc thc t ca dng nhp liu trong ng:
vF
4G F
4.1000
0,003 m/s
2
3600 F nd tr 3600 .950 ,06 .127 . .0,032 2
Chun s Reynolds :
Re F
v F . d tr . F
0,003 .0,032 .950 ,06

250 ,0 < 2300 : ch chy tng
3,65 .10 4
Nu w 0,15. l . Re
0 , 33
n
0 , 43
n
Pr
Pr
.Gr . n
Prw 2
0 ,1
0 , 25
Trong : e1 h s tnh n nh hng ca h s cp nhit theo t l gia chiu di L v ng

knh d ca ng.
Tra bng 1.2, trang 31, [5] chn e1 = 1
Chn t2 = 20oC tw2 = 84,25oC

Ti nhit ny:
nht ca nc: mN = 3,03.10-4 N.s/m2
nht ca ru: mR = 2,26.10-4 N.s/m2
Nn: lgm = xFlgmR + (1 xF)lgmN
m = 2,98.10-4 N.s/m2
Nn: l = R .x F N .(1 x F ) 0,72 .x F .(1 x F ).( N R ) = 0,595 W/mK (cng thc 1.37,
trang 124,[1])
Nn: c = cR. xF + cN.(1 xF) = 4126,5 J/kgK
p dng cng thc (V.35), trang 12, [2]: PrW 2
Gr
= 2,067
g.d o3 . 2 . .t
1
1
2,96.10 3 K 1
T 64,25 273
9,81.0,0323.950,06 2.2,96.10 3.20

Gr
193,4.10 6
3 2
(0,298.10 )
NuF = 11,4
H s cp nhit ca dng nhp liu i trong ng trong:
aF =
Nu F . F 11,4.0,595
212 ,0 W/m2
d tr
0,032
qF = aF. t2 = 212,0.20 = 4240,0 W/m2
3.3. Xc nh h s cp nhit ca hi ngng t ngi ng :

p dng cng thc (1.110), trang 38, 5 i vi ng n chic nm ngang th:
1 0,7254
r. 2 .g.3
.(t ngng - t W1 ).dn
Tra bng V.II, trang 48, [2] vi s ng n = 127 th s ng trn ng cho ca hnh 6 cnh l: b = 13
Tra hnh V.18, trang 19, [4] h s ph thuc vo cch b tr ng v s ng trong mi dy thng ng l
etb = 1,1
H s cp nhit trung bnh ca chm ng: angng = etba1 = 1,1a1
Chn t1 = 0,2oC tW1 = 126,05oC
Tra cc thng s ca hi ngng t:
Khi lng ring ca hi: rN = 939,16 kg/m3
nht ca hi: mN = 2,28.10-4 N.s/m2
H s dn nhit ca hi: lN = 0,686 W/mK
a1 = 19886,13 W/m2K
an = 21874,74 W/m2K
qn = an (tn tW1) = 4374,94 W
Kim tra sai s:
e=
qn q F
qn
100% = 3,08% < 5% (tha)
1
1
1
5,565 .10 4
212 ,0
21874 ,74
188 ,0 W/m2K
4. B mt truyn nhit:
F=
Qnt
15,93.1000
1,36 m2
K .t log 188,0.62,15
5. Cu to thit b:
S ng truyn nhit: n = 127 ng. ng c b tr theo hnh lc gic u.
F
= 0,09 (m) chn L = 0,1 m
d n d tr
n
2
Tra bng trang 21, 3 Bc ng: t = 48 mm = 0,048 m

ng knh trong ca thit b: D = t(b-1) + 4dn = 0,7 m.
VI. Bn cao v:
1. Tn tht ng ng dn:
Chn ng dn c ng knh trong l dtr = 80 mm
Tra bng II.15, trang 381, [1] nhm ca ng: e = 0,2 mm = 0,0002 m
Tn tht ng ng dn:
l1
vF 2
h1 1 1 .
d1
2g
Trong :
l1 : h s ma st trong ng ng.
l1 : chiu di ng ng dn, chn l1 = 30 m
d1 : ng knh ng dn, d1 = dtr = 0,08 m
x1 : tng h s tn tht cc b.
vF : vn tc dng nhp liu trong ng dn
1.1. Xc nh vn tc dng nhp liu trong ng dn :

Cc tnh cht l hc ca dng nhp liu c tra nhit trung bnh:
tF =
t FV t FS 28 65,8
= 46,9 oC
2
2
Ti nhit ny th:
Nn:
xF
1 xF
0,1
1 0,1
rF = 961,6 kg/m3
768 ,4 989 ,2
nht ca nc: mN = 5,15.10-4 N.s/m2

nht ca ru: mR = 3,75.10-4 N.s/m2
Nn: lgmF = xFlgmN + (1 xF)lgmA
mF = 4,65.10-4 N.s/m2
Vn tc ca dng nhp liu i trong ng:
vF
4G F
4.1000
= 0,057 m/s
2
3600 F d tr 3600 .961,6. .0,08 2
1.2. Xc nh h s ma st trong ng ng :
Chun s Reynolds :
Re F
v F d tr F
0,057 .0,08 .961,6

= 9429,9 > 4000 : ch chy ri
4,65 .10 4
Chun s Reynolds ti hn: Regh = 6(d1/e)8/7 = 5648,513

Chun s Reynolds khi bt u xut hin vng nhm:
Ren = 220.(d1/e)9/8 = 186097,342
V Regh < ReF < Ren ch chy ri ng vi khu vc qu .
100
p dng cng thc (II.64), trang 379, [1]: l1= 0,1.1,46.
d1 Re F
0 , 25
= 0,035
1.3. Xc nh tng h s tn tht cc b :

Ch un cong :
Tra bng II.16, trang 382, [1]:
Chn dng ng un cong 90o c bn knh R vi R/d = 2 th xu1 (1 ch) = 0,15.
ng ng c 6 ch un xu1 = 0,15. 6 = 0,9
Van :
Chn van cu vi m hn tn th xvan (1 ci) = 10.
ng ng c 2 van cu xvan = 10. 2 = 20
Lu lng k : xl1 = 0 (coi nh khng ng k).
Vo thp : xthp = 1
Ti ming ra ca bn cao v: Tra bng 10, trang 385, [1]: x = 11
Nn: x1 = 33,05
30
0,0572
Vy: h1 0,035.
= 7,65.10-3 (m)
33,05.
0,08
2.9,81
2. Tn tht ng ng dn trong thit b trao i nhit gia dng nhp liu v sn

phm y:
v 22
l2
h2 2
2 .
d2
2g
Trong :
l2 : chiu di ng ng dn, l2 = 2,5 m
d2 : ng knh ng dn, d2 = dtr = 0,032 m
v2 : vn tc dng nhp liu trong ng dn
2.1. Vn tc dng nhp liu trong ng dn :v2 = 3,57.10-3 m/s
Chun s Reynolds : Re2 = 710,9 < 2300 : ch chy tng.
nhm: e = 0,0002
p dng cng thc (II.64), trang 379, [1]:
64
64
0,09
Re 710 ,9

t thu :
Tra bng II.16, trang 382, [1]: Khi
Fo 0,0322
= 0,160 th xt thu 2 (1ch) = 0,458
F1
0,082
C 1 ch t thu xt thu 1 = 0,458

t m :
Fo 0,0322
= 0,160 th xt m 2 (1ch) = 0,708
F1
0,082
C 1 ch t m xt m 2 = 0,708
Nn: x2 = xt thu 2 + xt m 2 = 1,166
2,5
(3,57.10 3 ) 2
Vy: h2 127. 0,09.
1,166.
0,68.10 3 m
0,032
2.9,81
3. Tn tht ng ng dn trong thit b un si dng nhp liu:

l3
v3 2
h3 3
3 .
d3
2g
,m
Trong :
l3 : chiu di ng ng dn, l2 = 0,5 m.
d3 : ng knh ng dn, d3 = dtr = 0,032 m.
v3 : vn tc dng nhp liu trong ng dn
3.1. Vn tc dng nhp liu trong ng dn :v2 = 0,003 m/s

Chun s Reynolds : Re2 = 250 < 2300: ch chy tng
nhm: e = 0,0002
p dng cng thc (II.64), trang 379, [1]:
64
64
0,256
Re 250

t thu :
Fo 0,0322
= 0,160 th xt thu 3 (1ch) = 0,458
F1
0,082
C 1 ch t thu xt thu 3 = 0,458

t m :
Fo 0,0322
= 0,160 th xt m 3 (1ch) = 0,708
F1
0,082
C 1 ch t m xt m 3 = 0,708
Nn: x3 = xt thu 3 + xt m 3 = 1,166
Vy: h3 127. 0,256.
0,5
0,0032
1,166.
0,30.10 3 m
0,032
2.9,81
4. Chiu cao bn cao v:

Chn :
Mt ct (1-1) l mt thng cht lng trong bn cao v.
Mt ct (2-2) l mt ct ti v tr nhp liu thp.
Ap dng phng trnh Bernoulli cho (1-1) v (2-2):
2
2
P1
P2
v1
v2
z1 +
+
= z2 +
+
+hf1-2
F . g 2. g
F . g 2. g
P P1 v2 v1
z1 = z2 + 2
+hf1-2
F .g
2.g
2
Trong :
z1: cao mt thng (1-1) so vi mt t, hay xem nh l chiu cao bn cao v Hcv = z1.
z2: cao mt thng (2-2) so vi mt t, hay xem nh l chiu cao t mt t n v tr nhp liu:
z2 = hchn + hy + (nttC 1).Dh
= 0,105 + 0,02 + (12 1).0,25 = 2,875 m
P1 : p sut ti mt thng (1-1), chn P1 = 1 at = 9,81.104 N/m2
P2 : p sut ti mt thng (2-2)
Xem DP = P2 P1 = nttL .DPL = 9. 286,27 = 2576,4 N/m2
v1 : vn tc ti mt thng (1-1), xem v1 = 0 m/s
v2 : vn tc ti v tr nhp liu, v2 = vF = 0,057 m/s
hf1-2 : tng tn tht trong ng t (1-1) n (2-2):
hf1-2 = h1 + h2 + h3 = 8,63.10-3 m
P2 P1 v2 v1
+hf1-2
F .g
2.g
2
Vy: Chiu cao bn cao v: Hcv
= z2 +
2576 ,4
0,057 2 0
= 2,875 +
+ 8,63.10-3
9,81 .961,6
2.9,81
= 3,16 m
Chn Hcv = 5 m
VII. Bm:
1. Nng sut:
Nhit dng nhp liu l tF = 28oC.
Ti nhit ny th:

Nn:
xF
1 xF
0,1
1 0,1
rF = 970,2 kg/m3
784 ,8 996 ,3
nht ca nc: mN = 8,36.10-4 N.s/m2

nht ca ru: mR = 0,51.10-3 N.s/m2
Nn: lgmF = xF.lgmN + (1 xF).lgmA
mF = 7,35.10-4 N.s/m2
Sut lng th tch ca dng nhp liu i trong ng:
QF
GF
1000
= 1,03 m3/h
970 ,2
Vy: chn bm c nng sut Qb = 2 m3/h
2. Ct p:
Chn :
Mt ct (1-1) l mt thng cht lng trong bn cha nguyn liu.
Mt ct (2-2) l mt thng cht lng trong bn cao v.
p dng phng trnh Bernoulli cho (1-1) v (2-2):
2
z1 +
P1
P2
v
v
+ 1 + Hb = z2 +
+ 2 +hf1-2
F . g 2. g
F . g 2. g
Trong :
z1: cao mt thng (1-1) so vi mt t, chn z1 = 1m.
z2: cao mt thng (2-2) so vi mt t, z2 = Hcv = 5m.
P1 : p sut ti mt thng (1-1), chn P1 = 1 at.
P2 : p sut ti mt thng (2-2), chn P2 = 1 at.
v1,v2 : vn tc ti mt thng (1-1) v(2-2), xem v1= v2 = 0 m/s
hf1-2 : tng tn tht trong ng t (1-1) n (2-2).
Hb : ct p ca bm.
2.1. Tnh tng tr lc trong ng:
Chn ng knh trong ca ng ht v ng y bng nhau: dtr = 50 mm
Tra bng II.15, trang 381, [1] nhm ca ng: e = 0,2 mm = 0,0002
Tng tr lc trong ng ht v ng y
lh l
vF 2
hf1-2 =
h .
d tr
2g
Trong :
lh : chiu di ng ht.
Chiu cao ht ca bm: Tra bng II.34, trang 441, [1] hh = 4,2 m
Chn lh = 6 m
l : chiu di ng y, chn l = 8 m
xh : tng tn tht cc b trong ng ht.
x : tng tn tht cc b trong ng y.
l : h s ma st trong ng ht v ng y.
vF : vn tc dng nhp liu trong ng ht v ng y m/s
vF
4Qb
4.2
0,283 m/s
2
3600 d tr 3600 . .0,050 2
11 Xc nh h s ma st trong ng ht v ng y :
Chun s Reynolds :
Re F
v F d tr F
0,283 .0,05 .970 ,2

= 17053,8 > 4000 : ch chy ri
8,05 .10 4
Chun s Reynolds ti hn: Regh = 6(dtr/e)8/7 = 3301,065

Chun s Reynolds khi bt u xut hin vng nhm:
Ren = 220(dtr/e)9/8 = 109674,381
V Regh < ReF < Ren ch chy ri ng vi khu vc qu .
100
p dng cng thc (II.64), trang 379, [1]: l = 0,1.1,46.
d tr Re F
0 , 25
= 0,033
12 Xc nh tng tn tht cc b trong ng ht :

Ch un cong :
Tra bng II.16, trang 382, [1]: Chn dng ng un cong 90o c bn knh R vi R/d = 2 th xu1 (1 ch)
= 0,15.
ng ht c 2 ch un xu1 = 0,3
Van :
Chn van cu vi m hn tn th xv1 (1 ci) = 10.

ng ht c 1 van cu xv1 = 10
Nn: xh = xu1 + xv1 = 10,3
13 Xc nh tng tn tht cc b trong ng y :
Ch un cong :
Tra bng II.16, trang 382, [5]: Chn dng ng un cong 90o c bn knh R vi R/d = 2 th xu2 (1 ch)
= 0,15.
ng y c 4 ch un xu2 = 0,15. 4 = 0,6
Van :
Tra bng 9.5, trang 94, [1]: Chn van cu vi m hn tn th xv2 (1 ci) = 10.
ng y c 1 van cu xv2 = 10
Vo bn cao v : xcv = 1
Nn: x = xu1 + xv1 + xcv = 11,6
Vy: hf1-2 = 0,033
68
0,2832
= 0,127 m
10,3 11,6 .
0,05
2.9,81
2.2. Tnh ct p ca bm:

Hb = (z2 z1) + hf1-2 = ( 5 1) + 0,127 = 4,127 m
3. Cng sut:
Chn hiu sut ca bm: hb = 0,8.
Cng sut thc t ca bm: Nb =
Qb H b F .g 2.4,127 .970 ,5.9,81
3600 . b
3600 .0,8
= 27,3 W
Kt lun: m bo thp hot ng lin tc ta chn 2 bm li tm, c:

Nng sut: Qb = 2 m3/h
Ct p: Hb = 4,127 m
Cng sut: Nb = 27,3 W
CHNG 6:
Tnh kinh t
Lng thp X18H10T cn dng:
M1 = 21mmm + mthn + 2my(np) = 243,43 kg
Lng thp CT3 cn dng:

M2 = 8mbch ni thn + mbch ghp ng lng + mbch ghp ng hi
+ 4. mchn + 4. mtai treo + 4. mtm lt = 163,82 kg
S bulng cn dng:
n = 164 (ci)
Chiu di ng 38 x 3mm:
L1 = 837m
Chiu di ng 70mm: Chn tng chiu di ng dn lng vo thp l 10m.
Chiu di ng 150mm: Chn tng chiu di ng hi nh thp v ng hi y thp l L4 = 10m.
Chiu di ng 50mm: Chn tng chiu di ng chy trn v ng x y t bn cao v, ng nhp
liu v ng hn lu l 40m.
Bm ly tm: chn 2 bm ly tm Nb = 2. 27,3 = 54,6 W
S lng
Vt liu
n gi
Thnh tin ()
Thp X18H10T
243,43 (kg)
50000 (/kg)
12171500
Thp CT3
163,82 (kg)
10000 (/kg)
1638200
164 (ci)
2500 (/ci)
410000
837 (m)
50000 (/m)
41850000
ng 70mm
10 (m)
100000 (/m)
1000000
ng 150mm
10 (m)
100000 (/m)
1000000
ng 50mm
40 (m)
100000 (/m)
4000000
Bm ly tm
54,6 (W)
700000 (/Hp)
56000
p k
2 (ci)
200000 (/ci)
400000
Nhit k
3 (ci)
150000 (/ci)
450000
Lu lng k ( 50mm)
2 (ci)
1000000 (/ci)
2000000
Bulng
ng dn 38 x 3mm
Tng chi ph vt t
Vy tng chi ph vt t l 65 triu ng.

Xem tin cng ch to bng 200% tin vt t.
Vy: tng chi ph l 195 triu ng.
64975700
CHNG 7:
Kt lun
Vi h thng chng ct metanol - nc dng thp mm xuyn l nh thit k, ta thy bn cnh nhng u
im cng cn c nhiu nhc im. Thit b c u im l nng sut v hiu sut cao nhng thit b cn
rt cng knh, i hi phi c s vn hnh vi chnh xc cao. Bn cnh , khi vn hnh thit b ny ta
cng phi ht sc ch n vn an tn lao ng trnh mi ri

CHƯNG CẤT METANOL - NƯỚC

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CHƯNG CẤT METANOL - NƯỚC

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Tng quan

Gii thiu v nguyn liu

Methanol cn gi l ru g, c cng thc ha hc CH3OH. L cht lng khng mu, d

- Khi lng ring d4oC

- Nhit nng chy

L thuyt v chng ct:

Chng ct l qu trnh dng tch cc cu t ca mt hn hp lng (cng nh hn hp kh

2. Cc phng php chng ct:

3. Thit b chng ct:

Thp mm chp : trn mm b tr c chp dng trn, xupap, ch s

Thp mm xuyn l: trn mm c nhiu l hay rnh

- Hiu sut kh cao.

- Hiu sut cao.

- Lm vic c vi cht lng bn.

- Do c hiu ng thnh nn hiu sut

- Kh tng nng sut.

Trong bo co ny ta s dng thp mm xuyn l chng ct h methanol - nc.

Quy trnh cng ngh

Bn cha nguyn liu

Thit b trao i nhit.

Thit b un si dng nhp liu

Bn cha sn phm nh.

10. Thit b ngng t sn phm nh

II. Cn bng vt cht:

T s liu ca bng 1 ta xy dng th t-x,y cho h Methnol- nc

th 1 th t-x,y cho h Methnol- nc

Tra bng 1.2, trang 9, {1} ta c R = 722.19 kg/m3

Suy ra khi lng ring ca hn hp khi nhp liu vo thp

Ta c M F x F .M R (1 x F ).M N 0,1.32 (1 0,1).18 19 ,4 kg/kmol

2. Sut lng mol ca cc dng

0,9144P 0,0085W 48,093.0,0588

M P x P .M R (1 x P ).M N 0,95 .32 (1 0,95 ). 18 31,30 kg/kmol

3. Cc phng trnh lm vic

+ Sut lng mol tng i ca dng nhp liu

Phng trnh ng lm vic ca phn chng:

Hay y 4,61.x 0,031`

Phng trnh ng lm vic ca phn luyn:

Hay y 0,788.x 0,194

th 2: th cn bng pha ca h Methanol-nc p sut 1atm

Thit k ch to thp chng ct

- Ni suy t th 1 ta c nhit trung bnh ca pha lng trong phn luyn

- Tra bng 1.249, trang 311, [1]

- Tra bng 1.2, trang 9, [1]

Khi lng ring ca metanol 73,4oC: R = 739,77 kg/m3

- p dng trong cng thc (1.2), trang 5, [1]

- Chn khong cch mm h = 250 mm

- Vn tc pha hi i trong phn luyn

Lu lng pha hi i trong phn luyn ca thp:

G P .(1 R ). 22 ,4.THL 83,57 .(1 3,71). 22 ,4.(81,6 273 )

0,034 (mol metanol/mol hn hp)

- Tra bng 1.249, trang 311, [1]

- Tra bng 1.2, trang 9, [1]

Khi lng ring ca metanol 94,6oC: R = 719,18 kg/m3

- p dng trong cng thc (1.2), trang 5, [1]

- Chn khong cch mm h = 250 mm

- Lu lng pha hi i trong thp:

G P .(1 R ). 22 ,4.THC 83,57 .(1 3,71). 22 ,4.(96 ,4 273 )

Chiu cao thp:

y * .(1 x) 0,972 .(1 0,9144 )

Tra bng 1.104, trang 96, [1] nht ca nc mN = 0,432 cP

nht ca hn hp lng: lgmhh = x1lgm1 + x2lgm2

y * .(1 x) 0,305 .(1 0,0588 )

Tra bng 1.104, trang 96, [1] nht ca nc mN = 0,312 cP