15.05.

05

Introduction to Optical Communications.

Problems and Solutions
Dr. B.I. Lembrikov
Department of Communication Engineering.
Holon Academic Institute of Technology
I.

Sample Problem 1

A = 1:55 m digital communication system operating at B = 1Gb=s

receives an average power P (dBm) = 40dBm at the detector. Assuming
that 1 and 0 bits are equallylikely to occur, calculate the number of
photons Nph received within each 1 bit.
Solution.
P (dBm) = 10 log10

P
1mW

! P (mW ) = 10P (dBm)=10

= 10 4 mW = 10 7 W
The energy E is given by
E = P T; T =

1
= 10 9 s ! E = 10
B

10

= 10

The number of photons Nph

Nph =
10 16 1:55 10 6
6:6260755 10 34 3 108

E
E
10 16
=
=
h
hc
6:6260755

= 779: 75
780 photons
1

1:55 10
10 34 3

108

16

Joule

II.

Sample Problem 2

A = 0:8 m optical receiver needs at least Nmin = 1000 photons to detect

the 1 bit accurately. The ber loss is loss = 2dB=km at = 0:8 m. Assume
the NRZ format and a rectangular pulse shape. What is the maximum
possible length Lmax of the ber link for a B = 100M b=s optical
communication designed to transmit P (dBm) = 10dBm of average
power?
Solution.

Popt (dBm) = 10 log10

Popt
1mW

! Popt (mW ) = 10Popt (dBm)=10

= 10 1 mW = 10 4 W
Nmin h
1
(Preceiver )min =
; T =
T
B
Nmin hc
(Preceiver )min =
B
Popt
(Preceiver )min
Lmax =

Popt
(Preceiver )min

= 10 log
=

10
log
2

1000

10 4 0:8 10 6
1000 6:6260755 10 34 3 108 108

Popt

(dB) = 10 log

(Preceiver )min

(dB)

Popt
Nmin hcB

1
loss (dB=km)

1
loss (dB=km)

10 4 0:8
6:6260755 10

10
34

108

= 4024: 5

= 5 log10 (4024: 5)

5 (log10 4 + 3)

4 = 10x , Solution is : fx = : 602 06g

log10 4 = 0: 602 06
Lmax = 15 + 5

0: 602 06
2

18km

108

III.

Sample Problem 3

Calculate the carrier frequency and energy in eV for optical

communication systems operating at 1;2;3 = 0:8, 1:3, and 1:55 m.
Solution.
=
3 108
0:8 10

= 3: 75

3
3 108
1:55 10

3
=
1:3

108
10

= 3: 75

1014 Hz

= 2: 307 7

1014 Hz

3 108
1:55 10

= 1: 935 5

1014 Hz

10 34 3: 75
1:6 10 19

6:626
h
! E1 (eV ) =
e

6:626 10 34 3: 75 1014
1:6 10 19

1014

= 1: 553eV

= 1: 553

E2 (eV ) =
6:626 10 34 2: 307 7 1014
1:6 10 19

E3 (eV ) =
6:626 10 34 1: 935 5 1014
1:6 10 19

IV.

1014

= 1: 935 5

E (eV ) =

108
10

3
0:8

1014

= 2: 307 7

1014
2

3 108
1:3 10

6:626

10 34 2: 307 7
1:6 10 19

1014

= 0: 955 68eV

= : 955 68
6:626

10 34 1: 935 5
1:6 10 19

1014

= 0: 801 54eV

= : 801 54

Sample Problem 4

A = 1:3 m optical transmitter is used to obtain a digital bit stream

at a bit rate of B = 2Gb=s. Calculate the number of photons Nph
3

contained in a single 1 bit when the average power emitted by the

transmitter is P = 4mW . Assume that the 0 bits carry no energy.
Solution
1
c
P T
; T = ; =
h
B
3
P
4 10
1:3 10 6
=
=
hcB
6:626 10 34 3 108 2
Nph =

Nph
4 10
6:626 10

3
34

1:3 10 6
3 108 2 102

1014

= 1: 308
13

V.

102

1013 photons

Sample Problem 5

The active region of a 1:3 m Fabri-Perot InGaAsP laser is L = 250 m,

internal loss coe cient int = 30cm 1 , mode refraction index n = 3:3, the
connement factor a = 0:4. Neglect the material dispersion.
Find the material gain gm required for the laser to reach threshold. Find the distance
L between the FP cavity modes.
Solution
I
1. The evaluation of the reection coe cents R1;2
.

I
R1;2
3:3 1 2
3:3+1

n 1
n+1

3:3 1
3:3 + 1

= : 286 1
= 0: 286 1

2. The evaluation of the threshold gain g.

g=
30 +

int

1
2 250 10

1
ln
2L
4

ln

1
R1I R2I

1
0: 286 12

= 30 +

1
250 10

= 80: 057
= 80: 057cm
4

ln

1
0: 286 12

3. The material gain.

g=

a gm

! gm =

80: 057
0:4

200cm

4. The distance between modes.

m

=
L

3 1010
2 3:3 250 10

VI.

m 1

c
2nL

1011

= 1: 818 2
L

c
m; m = 1; 2; 3; :::
2nL

3
3:3

1010
250 10

= 1: 818 2

1011 Hz

Sample Problem 6

A single-mode ber has an in index step

n1

n2 = 0:005

where n1 = 1:45. Calculate the core radius a if the ber has a cuto
wavelength of c = 1 m.
Solution
The conditon of a single-mode regime is
V = p01 = 2:405
where
V =

2 a
c

n21

n22

and p01 is the rst root of the rst kind Bessel function of the zeroth order
J0 (x).
2:405
p01 c
p
a= p 2
=
2
2
1:452 1:4452
2
n1 n2
2

p 2:405
1:452 1:4452

= 3: 181 5

= 3: 181 5 m
5

VII.

Sample Problem 7

A Raman amplier is pumped in the backward direction using a pumping

power Pp (L) = 1W . The ber length L = 5km, a signal is injected into the
amplier: Ps (0) = 1 W . The Raman gain is gR = 6 10 14 m=W ; the cross
section area Aef f = 50 m2 ; the losses are p (dB=km) = 0:25dB=km and
s (dB=km) = 0:2dB=km. Find the output signal power Ps (L) .
Solution
1. Evaluation of losses.
p L (dB)

s L (dB)

(dB=km) L = 0:25
s

(dB=km) L = 0:2

sL

= 10

5 = 1:25dB
5 = 1dB

s L(dB)=10

= 100:1 = 1: 258 9
100:1 = 1: 258 9
pL

= 10

p L(dB)=10

= 100:125 = 1: 333 5
1: 333 5
m 3
p =
5 103
100:125 = 1: 333 5
2. Evaluation of Lef f . Taking into account the backward pumping we
have
Pp (L) = Pp (0) exp ( p L)
and
Lef f =

exp (

p L)

(1
(1 exp(1:3335)) 5 103
1:3335

exp (1:3335))
1:3335

= 10477:
= 10477m

103

3. Evaluation of the output signal power.

Ps (L) = Ps (0) exp

10
10

exp

exp

6 10 14 1 10477
50 10 12

gR Pp (L) Lef f
Aef f

10 14 1
50 10

10477
12

1: 258 9 = 0:081 92

= 0:081 92W = 82mW

sL

1: 258 9