Digital Signal Processing

Introduction
1.4. A/D & D/A Conversion
1.4.1. Analog to Digital Converter (A/D): Conceptually, the A/D comprise 3 step process as in the following figure.
A/D Converter
Analog signal Digital signal

Sampler

x(n)

Quantizer

xq (n)

Coder
0101101..

xa(t)
Discrete-Time signal Quantized signal

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Digital Signal Processing

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Introduction
1.4. A/D & D/A Conversion
1.4.1. Analog to Digital Converter (A/D): 1.4.1.1. Sampling:
It is the conversion of a CT signal into DT signal obtained by taking Samples of the CT signal at DT instants.

Periodic or Uniform Sampling:

This type of sampling is used most often in practice, describe by the relation: where x(n) is the DT signal obtained by taking samples of the analog signal xa(t) every T seconds.

The rate at which the signal is sampled is Fs: Fs = 1/T Fs is called the SAMPLING RATE or SAMPLING FREQUENCY (Hz)

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Digital Signal Processing

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Introduction
1.4. A/D & D/A Conversion
1.4.1. Analog to Digital Converter (A/D):

1.4.1.1. Sampling:
Consider an analog sinusoidal signal of the form:

Sampling Frequency: Normalized frequency: Sampled Signal:

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Digital Signal Processing

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Introduction
1.4. A/D & D/A Conversion
1.4.1. Analog to Digital Converter (A/D): 1.4.1.1. Sampling: Relation among frequency variable:

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Digital Signal Processing

1

Introduction
1.4. A/D & D/A Conversion
1.4.1. Analog to Digital Converter (A/D):

1.4.1.1. Sampling: Examples:

I. Two analog sinusoidal signals:

Which are sampled at a rate Fs = 40 Hz. Discrete-time signals: However, This mean The frequency F2 = 50 Hz is an alias of the frequency F1 = 10 Hz at the sampling rate of 40 samples per second.
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F2 is not the only alias of F1

Digital Signal Processing

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Introduction 1.4. A/D & D/A Conversion

Aliasing

Fk F0 kFs ,

k 1, 2
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Aliases of F0

Digital Signal Processing

1

Introduction
1.4. A/D & D/A Conversion
1.4.1. Analog to Digital Converter (A/D):

1.4.1.1. Sampling:

Sampling Theorem: Given Band Limited (Frequency Limited Signal) with highest frequency Fmax: The signal can be exactly reconstructed provided the following is satisfied: Sampling Frequency: The samples are not quantized (analog amplitudes)
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Digital Signal Processing

1

Introduction
1.4. A/D & D/A Conversion
1.4.1. Analog to Digital Converter (A/D):

Reconstruction Formula:
The signal: The samples:

Formula: Interpolation Function:

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Digital Signal Processing

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Introduction
1.4. A/D & D/A Conversion
Example

xa (t ) 3cos(3000 t ) 2sin(2000 t ) 3cos(7000 t )

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Digital Signal Processing

1

Introduction
1.4. A/D & D/A Conversion
1.4.1. Analog to Digital Converter (A/D):

1.4.1.2. Quantization:
The process of converting a DT continuous amplitude signal into digital signal by expressing each sample value as a finite number of digits is called QUANTIZATION.

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Digital Signal Processing

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Introduction 1.4. A/D & D/A Conversion

1.4.1. Analog to Digital Converter (A/D): 1.4.1.2. Quantization:

Fs = 1 Hz

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Digital Signal Processing

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Introduction 1.4. A/D & D/A Conversion

1.4.1. Analog to Digital Converter (A/D): 1.4.1.2. Quantization:

xmax xmin L 1

L 2b

Quantization Error

eq (t ) xa (t ) xq (t ) eqmax 2 SQNRdB 1.76 6.03dB

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Digital Signal Processing

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Introduction
1.4. A/D & D/A Conversion
1.4.2. Digital to Analog Converter (A/D):

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