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Question 1: .............................................................................................................................................. 2 1.1 Define subnet mask (or extended prefix length) for this organization. ....................................... 2 1.2 Write IP number for the Subnet number 421 explicitly in binary and decimal notation (Note: The first subnet starts from zero) ....................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Write explicitly IP address of the host number 68 on the Subnet number 421 ........................... 3 1.4 What is the broadcast address for the Subnet number 421? ....................................................... 3 Question 2: Part I .................................................................................................................................... 4 2.1 What is the source port number? ................................................................................................. 4 2.2 What is the destination port number? ......................................................................................... 4 2.3 What is the sequence number? .................................................................................................... 4 2.4 What is the acknowledgment number?........................................................................................ 4 2.5 What is the length of the header? ................................................................................................ 4 2.7 What is the window size? ............................................................................................................. 4 Question 2: Part II ................................................................................................................................... 5 Question 3: .............................................................................................................................................. 6 Question 3: Part I - IP address design .................................................................................................... 7 Subnet the IP address ......................................................................................................................... 7 State the subnet masks ....................................................................................................................... 7 Choose an IP address for each PC and default gateway in LANs ........................................................ 7 Question 3: Part II - Global configuration ............................................................................................... 8 Question 3: Part III - Connectivity verify ................................................................................................. 9 Question 3: Part IV - Network extension .............................................................................................. 10 How many useful IP addresses are left and why? ............................................................................ 10 If you are given only one extra device either one router or one switch to do expansion of this network, which one will you choose to obtain the maximum usable IP addresses? And why? ...... 10
Question 1:
An organization is assigned the network number 172.10.0.0 /16, and it must create a set of subnets that supports up to 90 hosts on each subnet. Please answer the following questions:
Private IPv4 network ranges 24-bit block (/8 prefix, 1 A) 20-bit block (/12 prefix, 16 B) 16-bit block (/16 prefix, 256 C) Start 10.0.0.0 172.16.0.0 192.168.0.0 End 10.255.255.255 172.31.255.255 192.168.255.255 No. of addresses 16777216 1048576 65536
32
16
Class B default subnet mask for 172.10.0.0 /16 = 255.255.0.0 172.10.0.0 172 1010 1100 172.10.0.0/16 255 1111 1111 8bit 255 1111 1111 8bit 0 0000 0000 0bit 0 0000 0000 0bit 10 0000 1010 0 0000 0000 0 0000 0000
16bits
1.1 Define subnet mask (or extended prefix length) for this organization.
Requirements for sub netting 90 Hosts Option 1 - /25 (1bit subnet) 1 subnet 126 hosts per subnet Option 2 - /26 (2bit subnet) 3 subnets 62 hosts per subnet
1.2 Write IP number for the Subnet number 421 explicitly in binary and decimal notation (Note: The first subnet starts from zero)
Subnet Number Subnet 1 Subnet 2 Subnet 3 Subnet 4 Continued. Subnet 419 Subnet 420 Subnet 421 Subnet 422 172 172 172 172 10 10 10 10 109 209 210 210 0 128 0 128
10 10 10 10
0 0 1 1
0 128 0 128
Odd subnets start the IP range with a 0 (172.10.xxx.1 172.10.xxx.127 usable) Even subnets start the IP range with a 128 (172.10.xxx.129 172.10.xxx.254 usable)
1.3 Write explicitly IP address of the host number 68 on the Subnet number 421
172.10.210.0 Reserved for subnet ID Therefore host number 68 would simply be 172.10.210.68
IP Binary
172 10101100
10 0000 1010
68 0100 0100
1.4 What is the broadcast address for the Subnet number 421?
Subnet 421 can support up to 126 hosts Subnet 421 has a subnet ID of 172.10.210.0 Therefor subnet 421 will have a broadcast address of 172.10.210.127
Question 2: Part I
The following is a dump of a TCP header in hexadecimal format:
The minimum size header is 5 words and the maximum is 15 words thus giving the minimum size of 20 bytes and maximum of 60 bytes, allowing for up to 40 bytes of options in the header. Therefor 5 = 20 bytes The TCP Header Length is 20 Bytes
2.6 Which control bits are set? And what do they represent?
Bits Hexadecimal Binary 000100010 (URG, SYN) Decimal
Indicates that the Urgent pointer field is significant Synchronize sequence numbers. Only the first packet sent from each end should have this flag set. Some other flags change meaning based on this flag, and some are only valid for when it is set, and others when it is clear.
Question 2: Part II
2.8 what does the last four digits 0010' of the above dump represent? What action will the destination node take when it receives this packet?
As shown in the contents of TCP header table below the final 16bits, in this case 0010 represents the Urgent Pointer. This field communicates the current value of the urgent pointer as a positive offset from the sequence number in this segment. The urgent pointer points to the sequence number of the octet following the urgent data. This field is only be interpreted in segments with the URG control bit set. Working notes for Question 2 Question 2 notes and working out Decimal to Hex conversion table Dec Hex 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 A 11 B 12 C 13 D 14 E 15 F
The contents of a TCP Header: Destination Port - 16 bits Sequence Number - 32 bits Acknowledgment Number - 32 bits Data offset - 4 bits / Reserved - 3 bits / Flags - 6 bits Window - 16 bits Header Checksum - 16 bits Urgent Pointer - 16 bits Options Data offset (4 bits) specifies the size of the TCP header in 32-bit words. Data offset 4bits Reserved 000 3bits
N S 1 bit C W R 1 bit E C E 1 bit U R G 1 bit A C K 11 bit P S H 11 bit R S T 11 bit S Y N 11 bit F I N 1 bit
NS (1 bit) ECN-nonce concealment protection (added to header by RFC 3540). CWR (1 bit) Congestion Window Reduced (CWR) flag is set by the sending host to indicate that it received a TCP segment with the ECE flag set and had responded in congestion control mechanism. ECE (1 bit) ECN-Echo indicates If the SYN flag is set (1), that the TCP peer is ECN capable. If the SYN flag is clear (0), that a packet with Congestion Experienced flag in IP header set is received during normal transmission (added to header by RFC 3168). URG (1 bit) indicates that the Urgent pointer field is significant ACK (1 bit) indicates that the Acknowledgment field is significant. All packets after the initial SYN packet sent by the client should have this flag set. PSH (1 bit) Push function. Asks to push the buffered data to the receiving application. RST (1 bit) Reset the connection SYN (1 bit) Synchronize sequence numbers. Only the first packet sent from each end should have this flag set. Some other flags change meaning based on this flag, and some are only valid for when it is set, and others when it is clear. FIN (1 bit) No more data from sender
Reference (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol)
Question 3:
Notes
This question is designed to test your practical networking skills by using Packet Tracer simulation software. The task is to set-up and configure two networks (LAN1, LAN2) that are connected via a serial connection (WAN1). Below is a diagram of the network:
The IP address of LAN1 is assigned as 192.168.10.0/24 and LAN2 is 192.168.20.0/24. And the WAN connection between the two routers is 209.1.14.0/24. LAN 1 will have 14 users (PC1 and PC2 stand for the users with the lowest and highest usable IP), LAN 2 will have 29 users (PC3 and PC4 stands for the users with the lowest and highest usable IP) and the WAN link should have 2 IP addresses individually. Please use VLSM to design the IP address for the device of each LAN and configure the given network. The configuration of this question includes 4 stages; each stage has various tasks to complete.
Note: The LOWEST IP addresses of each subnet should be given to the two PCs (PC1 and PC3). The second HIGHEST IPs should be given to PC3 and PC4. And the HIGHEST IP addresses of each subnet are given as the default gateway.
MOTD MOTD R1> enable R1# configure terminal R1(config)# banner motd #Welcome to ITC233, Peter Voghts ASG1# R1(config)# CTRL-Z R1# copy running-config startup-config R1# exit
Before the subnet of 255.255.255.252 was applied the network of 209.1.14.0 /24 had a possible range of 209.1.14.1 209.1.14.254 However, after applying the subnet mask it cut the number of possible links on that same subnet to 2. Therefore after using host IPs for R1 and R2, there are no subnets left on this subnet.
If you are given only one extra device either one router or one switch to do expansion of this network, which one will you choose to obtain the maximum usable IP addresses? And why?
To expand this network to support the most possible IP addresses would be a switch. The reason is because the router provides a network address and could connect ONE pc to another network where as if we connected a switch to another switch on this network it would give us the potential to use the unallocated IP addresses within the 192.168.10.xx /27 or 192.168.20.xx /27 networks