Artificial Intelligence is a part of computer science that is focused on developing such machines or systems which could solve the

problems that may otherwise require human intelligence. Artificial: It means something that is not natural but is made by human skills or produced by the humans. It implies creating a copy or imitation of human. Intelligence: It implies injecting intelligence into a machine so that it can perform the work which would otherwise require human brain. Types of Intelligence 1. Linguistic/Verbal the ability to use words 2. Visual the ability to imagine things in your mind 3. Bodily-Kinesthetic/Physical the ability to use your body in various situations 4. Musical - the ability to use and understand music 5. Mathematical the ability to apply logic to systems and numbers 6. Introspective the ability to understand your inner thoughts 7. Interpersonal the ability to understand other people, and relate well to them 8. Spatial think in images and pictures. Examples of artificial intelligence include robots, air conditioning units, autopilots, vending machines, smoke detectors, house alarms, cruise control, automatic soap dispensers, automatic pest sprays, automatic taps/hand dryers, gaming The 6 main areas of Artificial Intelligence consist of: 1. Intelligent Systems 2. Knowledge 3. Expert Systems 4. Agents 5. Neural Networks Features that Characteristics Artificial Intelligence a) Symbolic Processing: manipulation of symbols rather than numbers. b) Heuristics: where you need not rethink completely what to do every time a similar problem is encountered. c) Inferencing: form of reasoning with facts and rules using heuristics or some search strategies d) Pattern matching: process of describing objects, events or processes in terms of their qualitative features and logical and computational relationships e) Knowledge Processing: acquiring knowledge and representing it f) Knowledge bases: Collection of knowledge related to a problem or an opportunity used in problem. Reasoning: Reasoning implies the ability of the device or machine to reach to a conclusion according to the problem. Reasoning is further of two types viz. deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning. Inductive Reasoning : is defined as reasoning based on detailed facts and general principles, which are eventually used to reach a specific conclusion. argues from a specific to a general base e.g Example of a valid argument 1. All men are mortal

2. Socrates is a man . Therefore, Socrates is mortal. Example of an invalid argument 1. All men are mortal 2. Socrates is mortal . Therefore, Socrates is a man. Inductive Reasoning: (go from several specific cases to the general case) Example: 1. I did not win the lottery two weeks ago. 2. I did not win the lottery last week . Therefore I will not win the lottery this week. Deductive reasoning: is the method by which conclusions are drawn on the basis of proofs and not merely by assuming or thinking about a predetermined clause e.g The basic principle on which deductive reasoning examples are based is: All X are Y (premise) All Y are Z (premise) Hence, all X are Z (conclusion) Difference between these two types of reasoning is that:, inductive reasoning argues from a specific to a general base whereas deductive reasoning goes from a general to a specific instance. Also, deductive reasoning, unlike inductive reasoning, is something that is based on a premise and then follows accordingly
Overview of Knowledge Based Systems

Data: streams of raw facts before they have been organized and arranged into a form that people can understand and use. Information: decoded meaning (intended semantics) of statements in a data set (data that are processed to be useful) Knowledge: Refers to a body of facts or truths

Classification of knowledge Procedural (Compiled) Knowledge: Considers the manner in which things work under different sets of circumstances. Declarative Knowledge: Descriptive representation of knowledge. It tells us facts: what things are
Tacit Knowledge: Unconsciously knowing how to do something. By definition, tacit knowledge is not easily shared. Meta Knowledge: Knowledge about knowledge. Knowledge Engineering: Refers to the acquisition of knowledge regarding an application domain and

its conversion into a format that allows its automated use for solving problems Knowledge Acquisition: transfer of knowledge from humans to computers sometimes knowledge can be acquired directly from the environment machine learning, neural networks Knowledge Representation: storing and processing of knowledge in computers Explanation: illustrates to the user how and why a particular solution was generated Inference: mechanism that allows the generation of new conclusions from existing knowledge in a computer KBS Advantages 1.Allow distribution of expertise (which is often scarce) 2. Easy to update the existing knowledge 3. Consistent answers (without the anomalies sometimes exhibited by human experts); 4. Preservation of expertise 5. Capable of working with incomplete information 6. Capable of explaining their solutions (and their reasoning) 6. Encourages organizations to clarify the logic of their decision-making. 7. Never forgets to ask a question, as a human might. Disadvantages 1. Answers are heuristics, could even be incorrect 2. Limited to a very specific domain (field) of application. 3. Hard to extract the knowledge from the expert 4. Lack of commonsense KBS Roles 1. end user 2. knowledge engineer 3. developer KBS components 1. knowledge base 2. inference engine 3. case specific database 4.user interface 5. explanation facility 6. knowledge refinement component 7. Developer interface knowledge-base (KB): contains essential information about the problem domain (the field of interest) It is represented as a set of facts and rules Expert knowledge is stored as condition-action-rules (if-then- or premise-consequence-rules) case-specific database: This is an auxiliary component which is used to store specific information (information from outside, initial data of the concrete problem). It stores information obtained during reasoning Inference Engine: carries out the reasoning whereby the KBS reaches a solution.

Techniques of KBSs rule-based techniques inductive techniques hybrid techniques symbol-manipulation techniques case-based technique Kbs characteristics 1.Rely on internally represented knowledge to perform tasks 2. utilizes reasoning methods to derive appropriate new knowledge 3. Are usually restricted to a specific problem domain 4. strongly influenced by cognitive science and mathematics / logic That is, The way humans solve problems 5. Uses Production rules as representation mechanism (IF THEN type rules).

Conceptual structure of a kbs (conceptual schema) Central Part (Kernel): This implements the basic problem solving capabilities of the knowledge-based system. The kernel is in turn composed of three main components: Knowledge base (KB) Reasoning mechanism-inference engine. Working memory Peripheral Part : This provides additional functions necessary for a practical and effective use of the knowledge based system e.g. user interface, explanation system, learner, knowledge acquisition facility, etc.
TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE BASED SYSTEMS Expert Systems They model the higher order cognitive functions of the human mind They are used to mimic the decision making process of the human mind. Neural Networks They model the brain at the biological level They are adept at pattern recognition and introduce the concept of learning into computing. Case Based Reasoning Models the human ability to learn from past experience They borrow from the legal system where past cases are used as a basis for making decisions in the present cases. Fuzzy Logic systems Provide mechanisms for handling uncertain knowledge