Bi ging: Truyn s liu CHNG 11

Chng 11: Giao thc kt ni d liu

GIAO THC KT NI D LIU (DATA LINK PROTOCOLS)

Giao thc (protocol) c hiu l tp cc lut hay qui c nhm thc hin mt nhim v c th, trong ngha hp hn giao thc l tp cc lut hay c tnh c dng thit lp mt hay nhiu lp trong m hnh OSI. Giao thc trong truyn s liu l tp cc lut hay c tnh c dng thit lp mt hay nhiu lp trong m hnh OSI. Giao thc kt ni d liu l tp cc c tnh c dng thit lp lp kt ni d liu Giao thc kt ni d liu chia ra hai nhm con: Giao thc khng ng b x l cc k t trong dng bit mt cch c lp. Giao thc ng b dng nguyn dng bit chuyn sang thnh k t c cng chiu di.

Hnh 11.1 Hai nhm con trong giao thc kt ni d liu

11.1

GIAO THC KHNG NG B

Hnh 11.2 Cc giao thc khng ng b dng trong cc modem Cc giao thc ny ch yu c dng trong cc modem. Phng thc ny c yu im l truyn chm (do tn ti start bit, stop bit v khong trng gia cc frame) nn hin nay, c cc giao thc truyn tc cao dng c ch ng b. 11.1.1 XMODEM

Truyn file dng ng truyn in thoi gia cc PC. Giao thc ny, c gi l XMODEM: L giao thc stop and wait ARQ Truyn bn song cng (half-duplex)

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Hnh 11.3 XMODEM - Trng u tin l mt byte tiu header (start of header: SOH). - Trng th hai l header gm 2 byte: byte u l mt chui bit mang gi tr s frame v byte th hai c dng kim tra gi tr hp php ca chui bit. - Trng c nh gm 128 byte d liu (binary, ASCII, Boole, text) - Trng cui cng l CRC, ch dng kim tra li trong trng d liu. - Bt u truyn bng cch gi mt frame NAK t my thu n my pht. - Mi khi my pht gi i mt frame th phi ch tn hiu ACK trc khi gi tip frame k. - Nu my pht nhn c NAK th frame va gi s c gi li. - Mt frame cng c th c gi li nu my pht khng nhn c tn hiu xc nhn sau mt thi gian nh trc. - Ngoi tn hiu ACK v NAK, my thu cn c th nhn c tn hiu CAN (cancel), yu cu hy vic truyn. 11.1.2 YMODEM 11.1.3 n v d liu l 1024 byte. Dng hai tn hiu CAN hy vic truyn tin. Dng phng php kim tra li ITU-T, CRC-16. C th truyn ng thi nhiu file.

Dng giao thc tng t nh XMODEM, ngoi mt s im khc bit sau:

ZMODEM

Giao thc mi, kt hp c hai giao thc XMODEM v YMODEM. 11.1.4 BLAST

Blocked asynchronous transmission (BLAST) mnh hn XMODEM. Giao thc dng ch song cng (full-duplex) dng phng php kim sot lu lng dng ca s trt (sliding window). 11.1.5 KERMIT

Hin l giao thc khng ng b c dng nhiu nht hin nay. Giao thc truyn file ny tng t nh hot ng ca XMODEM, My pht ch NAK trc khi bt u truyn. Kermit cho php truyn cc k t kim tra dng text theo hai bc:

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u tin, k t kim tra c dng dng text, c chuyn thnh cc k t in c thng qua vic thm vo mt s c nh v m ASCII c dng biu din. Bc hai, thm k t # vo pha trc k t va chuyn i. Theo cch ny, k t kim tra dng nh text c gi i nh hai k t. Khi my thu gp k t #, th bit phi b i v k t k chnh l k t kim tra. Nu my pht mun pht k t #, th cn phi gi i hai k t ny. 11.2.GIAO THC NG B Tc truyn ng b l chn la tt hn so vi trng hp khng ng b, trong cng ngh LAN, WAN hay MAN. Cc giao thc ng b truyn d liu c chia thnh hai dng: giao thc theo hng k t v giao thc theo hng bit.

Hnh 11.4 Cc giao thc ng b truyn d liu Giao thc theo hng k t (cn gi l giao thc theo hng byte) din dch cc frame hay gi cn truyn thnh cc k t lin tip nhau, mi k t gm mt byte (8 bit). Tt c cc thng tin u dng hin hu ca k t (m ASCII) Giao thc theo hng bit din dch d liu hay gi cn truyn thnh ca cc bit n, to ngha cho chng bng cch sp xp v tr trong frame v bng phng thc xp t chng vi cc bit khc. Cc thng tin iu khin trong giao thc ny c th dng mt hay nhiu bit, ty theo kiu thng tin trong mu Trong giao thc theo hng k t, cc frame hay gi c chuyn thnh chui cc k t. Trong giao thc theo hng bit, cc frame hay gi c din dch thnh chui cc bit. 11.2.1. CC GIAO THC THEO HNG K T BINARY SYNCHRONOUS COMMUNICATION (BSC) a. Gii thiu: Dng cho cu hnh im - im v a im C ch truyn bn song cng (half-duplex) Dng phng php kim tra li v iu khin lu lng stop and wait ARQ (BSC khng h tr ch full-duplex hay giao thc ca s trt) b.Cc k t iu khin K t ACK khng c dng trong giao thc ny. BSC dng phng php stop and wait ARQ v ACK phi l ACK0 hay ACK1 cho cc frame d liu lin tip nhau.

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Trong bng biu din cc k t dng m ASCII, ch l cc k t iu khin c th biu din bng nhiu k t Character ACK 0 ACK 1 DLE ENQ EOT ETB ETX ITB NAK NUL RVI SOH STX SYN TTD WACK ASCII Code DLE and 0 DLE and 1 DLE ENQ EOT ETB ETX US NAK NULL DLE and < SOH STX SYN STX and ENQ DLE and : Function Good even frame received or ready to receive Good odd frame received Data transparency marker Request for a response Sender terminating End of transmission block; ACK required End of text in a message End of intermediate block in a multiblock transmission Bad frame received or nothing to send Filler character Urgent message from receiver Header information begins Text begins Alerts receiver to incoming frame Sender is pausing but not relinquishing the line Good frame received but not ready to receive

Bng 11.1 Bng biu din cc k t dng m ASCII c. M ASCII: d. BSC frames:

Hnh 11.5 Frame BSC Control frame: ch cha cc thng tin v iu khin. Data frame: cha cc thng tin v d liu, nhng cng c cc thng tin iu khin dng trong thng tin ny. e. Data Frame:
Block check count : A one-byte LRC or two-byte CRC

S Y N

S Y N

ST X

Da ta

E T X

B C C

Hnh 11.6 Fame d liu Bin dch: Nguyn Vit Hng Trang 231

Bi ging: Truyn s liu Chiu mi tn l chiu truyn.

Chng 11: Giao thc kt ni d liu

Frame c hai k t ng b hay nhiu hn. Cc k t ny cnh bo my thu l frame mi n v cung cp bit pattern cho my thu nhm ng b thi gian vi my pht. V d m ASCII ca SYN l 00010110. Bit u (th 8) ca byte thng c thm vo cc s 0. Hai k t SYN cng nhau s c dng 0001011000010110. Tip sau 2 k t ng b th bt u k t vn bn (STX: 00000010 start of text). Cc k t ny bo cho my thu l ht thng tin iu khin v byte k tip l d liu. D liu hay vn bn c th l mt s cc k t. K t chm dt text (end of text: ETX: 00000011) cho bit c s chuyn tip t vn bn sang nhiu k t iu khin. Sau cng, mt hay hai k t c gi l khi m-kim tra (block check count: BCC) c thm vo lim tra li. Trng BCC c th c mt k t kim tra li dng LRC hay hai k t kim tra li CRC.

f. Trng tiu (Header Fields) Mt frame n nh va m t thng t c dng, do phi c thm a ch ca thit b thu, a ch ca thit b gi, v s nhn dng frame (0 hay 1) cho trng hp stop and wait ARQ, xem hnh bn di. Cc thng tin ny thng c cha trong mt trng c bit gi l tiu (header), c bt u bng k t start of header (SOH). Tiu ny n sau k t SYN v trc k t STX; mi thng tin nhn sau trng SOH nhng trc k t STX l cc thng tin tiu .

Hnh 11.7 Trng tiu g. Multiblock Frame Khi chiu di ca khi (block) tng th xc sut xut hin li cng gia tng theo. Cng nhiu bit trong mt frame th kh nng b li cng cao, lm cho vic pht hin li cng tr nn kh khn. Do , cc vn bn trong bn tin thng c chia ra thnh nhiu block. Mi block(tr block cui cng) u bt u vi mt k t STX v chm dt bng mt khi text trung gian (ITB: intermediate text block). Block cui bt u dng STX nhng tn cng dng ETX. Lin k ngay sau mi ITB hay ETX l trng BCC. Theo cch ny, th my thu c th kim tra li cho tng blck ring bit, cho php gia tng kh nng pht hin li. Nu mt blck c li th c frame phi c chuyn li. Sau khi ETX n v BCC cui cng c kim tra xong, my thu mi gi c mt xc nhn cho ton frame. Hnh v bn di minh ha cu trc ca frame nhiu blck; th d ny ch dng hai block, ty nhin trong thc t th c th c nhiu hn hai.

Hnh 11.8 Multiblock frame Bin dch: Nguyn Vit Hng Trang 232

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Truyn nhiu frame (Multiframe Transmission) Trong th d va ri, mt frame n mang ton bn tin. Sau mi frame, bn tin c chm dt v kim tra chuyn sang ng th hai (th d trong ch full-duplex). Mt s bn tin, thng di c th t vo format ca mt frame n, nh th, my pht s chia bn tin ra khng nhng theo nhiu block m cn thnh nhiu frame. Nhiu frame c th chuyn lin tc mt bn tin. my thu bit c l phn cui ca frame cha phi l phn cui ca bn tin, th k t ETX trong tt c cc frame (tr frame cui cng) c thay th bng k t end of transmission block (ETB). My thu phi xc nhn mi frame ring bit nhng khng th iu khin ton kt ni cho n khi tm c k t ETX ti frame cui.

Hnh 11.9 Truyn nhiu frame Frame iu khin (Control Frames) Mt frame kim tra khng th b hiu lm thnh mt k t kim tra. Mt frame iu khin c mt thit b dng gi tn hiu iu khin, cng c thng tin, cho thit b khc. Mt frame iu khin cha cc k t iu khin nhng khng c data; chng cha cc thng tin c bit t vn hnh lp kt ni d liu.

Hnh 11.10 Frame iu khin Control frame c ba mc ch: Thit lp kt ni Duy tr lu lng v kim tra li trong khi truyn dn Kt thc kt ni.

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Hnh 11.11 Chc nng ca frame iu khin DATA TRANSPARENCY Nu mt trng text khi truyn gm mu 8 bit ging nh k t iu khin ca BSC, th my thu s bin dch thnh mt k t v hy ngha ca bn tin. Th d: my thu nhn thy mt chui bit 0000011 c c l k t ETX, nn nh ta bit, khi my thu nhn ra k t ETX, n s cho rng hai byte k tip l BCC v bt u kim tra li. Thc ra mu 0000011 y l d liu ch khng phi l thng tin iu khin. Hiu lm ny c gi l thiu thng tin minh bch (transparency). mt giao thc l hu ch th giao thc ny phi l minh bch - tc l c th mang bt k t hp bit nh l d liu m khng b hiu lm l thng tin iu khin. Data transparency trong thng tin s liu c hiu l ta c th truyn cc t hp bit d liu bt k. Tnh minh bch ca BSC c th c thc hin thng qua qu trnh bit nhi (bit stuffing). Bao gm hai tc ng: nh ngha vng vn bn transparency dng k t data link escape (DLE) v x l cc k t DLE trong vng transparency bng cc k t DLE extra. nh ngha vng transparency, ta chn vo mt k t DLE ngay trc k t STX ti lc bt u trng text v DLE khc ngay trc ETX (hay ITB hay ETB) ti cui trng

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text. DLE u cho my thu bit l text c th cha cc k t iu khin v phi b qua chng. DLE cui cho my thu bit l vng transparency chm dt.

Hnh 11.12 K t DLE trong vn bn transparency 11.2.2 CC GIAO THC THEO HNG BIT

Hnh 11.13 Cc giao thc theo hng bit Cc bit c nhm thnh cc mu to k t. So snh vi phng php theo hng byte th giao thc theo hng bit c th ng gi nhiu thng tin hn trong mt frame ngn hn v trnh c vn transparency (minh bch) Cc giao thc theo hng bit ngy nay ngy cng nhiu v dn pht trin thnh cc chun. a s chng c cc nh sn xut thit k nhm h tr cho cc sn phm ca mnh. Trong s , chun HDLC do ISO thit k v ngy cng tr thnh c s ca cc giao thc theo hng bit hin nay. Nm 1975, IBM i u trong vic pht trin giao thc theo hng bit vi giao thc synchronous data link control (SDLC) v yu cu ISO chp nhn a vo lm chun. Nm 1979, ISO tr li bng cch a ra high-level data link control (HDLC), pht trin t SDLC. Vic ISO chp nhn chun HDLC lm giao thc ny c nhiu t chc chp nhn v m rng. ITU-T l t chc u tin chp nhn HDLC. T 1981, ITU-T pht trin mt tp cc giao thc c gi l link access protocol (LAPs, LAPB, LAPD, LAPM, LAPX, v.v...) u da trn HDLC. Cc giao thc khc (th d Frame Relay, PPP, v.v..) c c ITU-T v ANSI cng da trn HDLC, v lm giao thc cho mng LAN. Nh th hu ht cc giao thc theo hng bit u xut pht t HDLC, nn chnh l nn tng tm hiu cc giao thc khc. Tt c cc giao thc theo hng bit u xut pht t HDLC (high-level data link control), l dng giao thc theo hng bit do ISO cng b. HDLC h tr c ch song cng v bn song cng trong cu hnh im-im hoc im ni nhiu im. HDLC HDLC l giao thc kt ni d liu theo hng bit c thit k nhm h tr cho cc ch bn song cng v song cng, cu hnh im ni im hay im ni nhiu im. H thng dng HDLC c th c c trng ho bi dng trm, cu hnh v ch p ng. Bin dch: Nguyn Vit Hng Trang 235

Bi ging: Truyn s liu Cc dng trm

Chng 11: Giao thc kt ni d liu

HDLC chia thnh cc trm : s cp, th cp v kt hp Trm s cp trong chc nng HDLC: tng t nh chc nng thit b s cp ca phng php kim sot lu lng. S cp l thit b kim sot mng theo cc cu hnh kt ni im im hay im nhiu im. S cp chuyn tn hiu iu khin n cc trm th cp. S cp - iu khin, th cp-p ng. Trm hn hp l trm c th iu khin v p ng. Mt trm kt hp c th l mt tp cc thit b ng cp kt ni c lp trnh c th vn hnh nh s cp hay th cp ty theo bn cht v chiu truyn dn. Trm trong HDLC c ba dng : s cp, th cp v kt hp. Trm s cp gi tn hiu iu khin, th cp gi tn hiu p ng. Trm kt hp gi c tn hiu iu khin v p ng. Cu hnh (Configuration) T cu hnh ni ln quan h ca cc thit b phn cng trong kt ni. Cc trm s cp, th cp v kt hp c th c cu hnh theo 3 cch: khng cn bng, i xng v cn bng. Cc cu hnh ny u h tr cho phng thc truyn song cng v bn song cng.

Hnh 11.14 Cc cu hnh ca cc trm s cp, th cp v kt hp Cu hnh khng cn bng (hay cn gi l cu hnh master/slave) trong c mt thit b l s cp v cc thit b khc l th cp. Cu hnh khng cn bng cn c gi l cu hnh im -im nu ch c hai thit b, v thng l im -nhiu im trong mt thit b s cp iu khin nhiu thit b th cp. Cu hnh i xng, trong mi trm vt l trn mng gm hai trm lun l, mt l s cp v mt l th cp. Cc dy ring bit ni s cp ca mt trm vt l n th cp ca mt trm vt l khc. Cu hnh i xng hot ng tng t nh cu hnh khng cn bng tr vic iu khin mng c th c c hai mng thc hin.

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Cu hnh cn bng, trong c mt trm dng hn hp, trong s cc trm cu hnh im - im . Cc trm c kt ni dng mt dy v c iu khin t cc trm khc. HDLC khng h tr ch cn bng nhiu im. iu ny a ra nhu cu cho vic thit lp cc giao thc truy cp mi trng cho mng LAN. Ch thng tin Hot ng ca HDLC da trn quan h gia hai thit b cn trao i thng tin: Ch ny cho bit ai iu khin mng. Trao i trong cu hnh khng cn bng thng c thc hin trong ch p ng bnh thng. Trao i trong cu hnh i xng hay cn bng c th c thit lp cc ch c bit dng cc frame c thit k mang lnh iu khin (s tho lun trong phn U-frame). HDLC h tr ba ch thng tin gia cc trm: Ch p ng bnh thng (normal response mode: NRM). Ch p ng khng ng b (asynchronous response mode: ARM). Ch cn bng khng ng b (asynchronous balanced mode: ABM). NRM: l chun v quan h s cp-th cp. Trong ch ny, thit b th cp phi cho php t thit b s cp th mi c th gi tin. Khi c php ri th thit b th cp c c th khi to mt p ng truyn mt hay nhiu frame d liu. ARM: thit b th cp c th khi to vic truyn khng cn s cho php ca thit b s cp khi no knh trng. Cc trng hp khc th quan h master/slave vn c duy tr. Mi thng tin truyn t thit b th cp (hay t mt thit b th cp khc trong ng truyn) vn phi dng thit b s cp lm relay i n ch. ABM: mi thit b u ng quyn nn cn c cc trm hn hp im ni im. Cc trm hn hp c th gi tin n cc trm hn hp khc m khng cn c php. Normal response mode (NRM) Asynchronous response mode (ARM) Asynchronous balanced mode (ABM) Cc ch HDLC: NRM Station type Primary & secondary Primary ARM Primary & secondary Either ABM Combined

Initiator

Any

Bng 11.2 Cc ch HDLC FRAMES Nhm cung cp h tr mm do cho tt c cc trng hp v ch v cu hnh ni trn, HDLC nh ngha 3 dng frame: frame thng tin (I-frame: information frame), frame gim st (S-frame: supervisory frame) v frame khng nh s (unnumbered frame U-frame). Mi dng frame hot ng nh lp v truyn thng tin n nhiu dng bn tin.

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I-frame: c dng vn chuyn d liu ca ngi dng (user) v thng tin iu khin lin quan n ngi dng. S-frame: ch dng vn chuyn cc thng tin iu khin, lu lng ca lp kt ni d liu v kim tra li. U-frame: c dng d phng cho qun l h thng. Thng tin do U-frame thng c dng cho vic t qun l mng.

Hnh 11.15 Cc frame trong HDLC Mi frame trong HDLC c th cha n 6 trng: trng bt u flag, trng a ch, trng iu khin, trng thng tin, trng kim tra sequence ca frame (FCS: frame check sequence) v trng cui flag. Khi truyn nhiu frame, flag cui c th l mt frame i v lm flag bt u cho frame k tip. Flag field Trng flag ca HDLC l chui 8 bit c mu 01111110 nhm nhn dng c phn u, phn cui ca frame v mu ng b cho my thu. Hnh di y v sp xp ca hai trng flag trong mt I-frame

Hnh 11.16 Trng flag trong HDLC Trng flag l trng gn nht m HDLC n mt k t iu khin d b my thu c sai nht. Nh th, trng flag c th l nguyn nhn cho vn transparency. Khi mt trm nhn ra flag, xc nh trng ny c nh a ch n mnh, th bt u c qu trnh truyn, v ch flag k tip nhm cho bit phn kt thc ca frame. Cn c kh nng l chui bit, d l thng tin iu khin hay d liu, u c th cha mu 01111110. Nu iu ny xut hin trong d liu th my thu s tm v gi s l sp t ti phn cui ca frame (vi kt qu l sai).

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bo m l flag khng xut hin mt cch khng bo trc (inadvertently) trong frame, HDLC tr tnh mt qu trnh c gi l bit nhi (bit stuffing). Mi ln my pht mun gi mt chui bit c hn 5 bit 1 lin tip, th n s chn (nhi) thm mt bit tha 0 sau 5 s 1. Th d, chui 011111111000 s tr thnh 0111110111000. S 0 thm vo bit 1 th 6 cho bit l c bit nhi, v my thu khi nhn c s loi b i
Data send 0001111111001111101000

Frame send Flag Address Control 000111110110011111001000 Stuffed and unstuffed bits 000111110110011111001000 FCS Flag FCS Flag

Frame received Flag Address Control

0001111111001111101000 Data received

Hnh 11.17 Qu trnh chn thm bit nhi Qu trnh ny c ba ngoi l: khi chui bit thc s l flag, khi vic truyn b hy b v khi knh truyn khng cn c s dng. Lu di y cc bc m my thu dng nhn dng v loi bit nhi. Khi my thu c cc bit thu c, th bt u m s bit 1, Sau khi tm ra 5 bit 1 tip n l bit 0, th tip tc kim tra 7 bit tip. Nu bit th by l 0, my thu xc nhn l bit nhi , v reset li b m. Nu bit th 7 l bit 1, th my thu kim tra bit th 8. Nu bit th 8 tip tc l bit 1, th my thu tip tc m. Gi tr tng l 7 hay 14 bit 1 lin tip, cho ch th loi b. Khi tng ny l 15, tc l knh trng. Address field Trng th hai ca frame HDLC cha a ch ca trm th cp, c th l originator hay destination ca frame (hay trm ng vai tr trm th cp trong trng hp trm hn hp. Nu trm th cp to ra mt frame, th frame ny cha from address. Trng a ch c th di mt byte hay nhiu byte, ty theo nhu cu ca mng. Mng cng ln th i hi trng a ch vi nhiu byte hn.

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Hnh 11.18 Qu trnh nhn dng v loi b bit nhi Hnh v tip theo y cho thy quan h ca trng a ch vi cc phn khc ca frame.

Hnh 11.19 Mi quan h trng a ch v cc phn cn li ca frame Nu trng a ch ch gm mt byte, th bit cui cng thng l bit 1. Nu trng ny di hn mt byte, tt c cc byte u c bit cui c gi tr 0, tr byte cui tn cng bng bit 1. Cc byte trung gian c tn cng l bit 0, nhm bo cho my thu bit l cn nhiu byte a ch khc n. Control field Trng iu khin l on gm mt hay nhiu byte ca frame c dng qun l. u tin, kho st trng hp mt byte, ri s pht trin thnh trng hp 2 byte, c gi l ch m rng. Ty theo dng frame m trng iu khin c th khc nhau. Nu bit u tin ca trng iu khin l 0, th l I-frame. Nu bit u l 1 v bit k l 0 th l S-frame. Nu c hai bit u v k u l 1, th l U-frame. Trng iu khin ca c ba dng frame u cha mt bit c gi l poll/final (P/F)-bit th 5.

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Mt I-frame cha 2 chui 3 bit iu khin lu lng v kim tra li, c gi l N(S) v N(R), nm gia bit (P/F). N(S) cho bit s frame mong mun gi tr v trong trng hp trao i hai chiu; cn N(R) cho bit s frame k tip trong chui. Nu frame cui khng c nhn chnh xc, th s N(R) s l s cc frame b hng, cho thy nhu cu cn truyn li. Trng iu khin trong S-frame c cha trng N(R) nhng khng cha trng N(S). S-frame c dng gi v N(R) khi my thu khng c d liu ring gi i. Mt khc, tn hiu xc nhn cha trong trng iu khin ca mt I-frame (ni trn). S-frame khng truyn d liu nn khng cn trng N(S) nhn dng chng. Hai bit nm trc bit P/F trong S-frame c dng mang m lu lng (code flow) v thng tin kim tra li, s c tho lun phn sau

Hnh 11.20 Cu trc I-frame, S-frame v U-frame U-frame th khng c cc trng N(S) v N(R), v khng c thit k trao i d liu ca ngi dng hay tn hiu xc nhn. Thay vo , U-frame c hai trng code, mt gm hai bit, v mt l ba bit, chen gia bi bit P/F. Cc m ny c nhn ra dng ca Uframe cng cc chc nng (th d thit lp cc ch ca trao i). Hnh di y m t trng iu khin trong ch m rng. Ch l trong ch m rng, trng iu khin ca I-frame v S-frame c chiu di hai byte cho php dng 7 bit dng cho trng hp pht v s chui thu ( s ny c th nm gia 0 v 127). Tuy nhin, Uframe vn l mt byte.
I-frame 0 N(S) S-frame 1 0 Code U-frame 1 1 Code P/F Code 0 0 0 0 P/F N(R) P/F

Hnh 11.21 Trng iu khin trong ch m rng Trng P/F l mt bit n c hai mc ch. N ch c ngha khi thit lp vi (bit=1) v c th cho bit l poll hay final. N l poll khi frame c trm s cp gi i (tc l khi trng a ch cha a ch my thu) v l final khi frame c th cp gi v s cp nh trng hp hnh bn di.

Hnh 11.22 Trng P/F (Poll/Final) Bin dch: Nguyn Vit Hng Trang 241

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Chng 11: Giao thc kt ni d liu

Hnh 11.23 Trng thng tin Trng thng tin cha d liu ngi dng trong I-frame, v mng qun l thng tin trong U-frame. Chiu di ca fame thay i ty thuc vo tng dng mng nhng gi c nh trong cng mt mng. S-frame khng c trng thng tin. Nh thy trong cc trng hp trn th thng c kh nng t cc thng tin v lu lng, li v cc thng tin khc trong mt I-frame tc l frame c cha d liu. Th d, trong phng thc trao i hai chiu (half hay full duplex), trm 2 c th xc nhn d liu nhn c t trm 1 trong trng iu khin ca chnh frame d liu ca mnh thay v gi cc frame xc nhn ring. Kt hp d liu gi vo thng tin iu khin theo cch ny c gi l piggybacking (cng, ci trn lng ngi khc). Piggybacking (cng) l phng thc kt hp d liu truyn v xc nhn vo trong mt frame n. FCS Field

Hnh 11.24 Trng kim tra li (FCS) Frame Check Sequence (FCS) nm trong trng kim tra li ca HDLC, trong cha t 2 n 4 byte CRC. NI THM V FRAME Trong ba frame ca HDLC th I-frame l n gin nht, do c thit k vn chuyn cc thng tin ca ngi dng (user) v piggybacking xc nhn. Do , tm bin ng ca Iframe cc khc bit lin quan n d liu (ni dung v CRC), nhm nhn dng s frame hay xc nhn cc frame nhn c. Tri li, S-frame v U-frame th cha cc trng con trong frame iu khin. Nh tho lun phn trng iu khin, th cc trng con ny cha m nhm thay i ngha ca frame. Th d, m ca S-frame dng cho selective-reject (SREJ) khng th c dng thay cho m ca S-frame dng cho receive ready (RR). S-FRAME

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Hnh 11.25 S-frame Frame gim st c dng xc nhn, iu khin lu lng, v kim tra li khi vic piggybacking vo I-frame l khng th c hoc khng thch hp (khi trm khng c d liu gi hay khi cn gi cc tn hiu iu khin, hay p ng thay cho cc tn hiu xc nhn). S-frame khng c trng thng tin, m nm trong cc bn tin c gi n trm thu. Cc bn tin ny ty theo dng ca S-frame v context ca tin truyn, dng ca mi S-frame c xc nh t mt m gm hai bit thit lp trong trng iu khin, ngay trc bit P/F. C 4 dng S-frame: Thu, sn sng thu (RR). Cha sn sng thu (RNR). Loi (REJ) Chn-lc (SREJ) Receive Ready S-frame cha cc m cho RR (00) c th c dng trong 4 trng hp khc nhau: ACK: Tn hiu RR c trm thu dng gi tr v mt xc nhn khi nhn c Iframe khi my thu khng c d liu ring gi (khng c I-frame piggybacking tn hiu xc nhn). Trong trng hp ny, trng N(R) ca frame iu khin cha cc s ca chui ca frame k cn nhn. Trong trng iu khin mt byte, trng N(R) c 3 bit, cho php xc nhn n 8 frame. Trong ch m rng, trng N(R) c 7 bit cho php xc nhn n 128 frame. Poll: Khi trm s cp truyn (hay trng hp trm hn hp ng vai tr s cp), vi bit P/F c thit lp chc nng poll hay bit P, RR s hi trm th cp c g gi khng ? Negative response to poll: Khi gi bng trm th cp dng bit P/F c thit lp final hay bit F, RR s bo cho trm pht bit l trm thu khng c g gi. Nu trm th cp c d liu cn truyn, th s p ng vi poll thng qua Iframe, ch khng dng S-frame. Positive response to poll: Khi trm th cp c kh nng thng tin truyn t s cp, th n gi v mt frame RR trong bit P/F c thit lp 1 (bit F). Receive not ready: Frame RNR c th c dng theo 3 cch:

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ACK: Tn hiu RNR t my thu gi v my pht nhm xc nhn v tt c cc frame nhn, nhng khng bao gm frame c ch trong trng N(R) nhng yu cu l khng gi thm frame no na cho n khi c frame RR c gi i. Select: Khi trm s cp mun truyn d liu ti mt trm th cp c th, n cnh bo cho th cp bng cch gi frame RNR vi bit P/F c thit lp bit P. M RNR bo cho my th cp ng gi d liu ring ca mnh na, do frame c thit lp ch select ch khng phi l poll. Negative response to select. Khi trm th cp c chn khng c kh nng nhn d liu, th n gi tr v frame RNR vi bit P/F c thit lp bit F. Reject. Dng th 3 ca S-frame l reject (REJ). REJ l tn hiu khng xc nhn c my thu gi tr v trong h thng sa li go-back-n ARQ, vi trng hp my thu khng c d liu piggybacking p ng. Trong frame REJ, trng N(R) cha s ca frame b hng cho bit l frame ny v tt c cc frame tip sau u phi c truyn li. Selective-Reject: Frame selective-reject (SREJ) l tn hiu khng xc nhn trong h thng selective-reject ARQ. N c my thu gi v my pht cho bit mt frame nhn c b hng (s nm trong trng N(R)) v yu cu gi li frame ny.

Hnh 11.26 Cc dng S-frame RR v RNR U-FRAME Cc frame khng nh s c dng trao i cc thng tin v qun l v iu khin gia cc thit b ang kt ni. Khc vi S-frame, U-frame c cha trng thng tin, nhng l cc thng tin qun l h thng ch khng phi l d liu ca user. Tng t nh S-frame, nhiu thng tin do U-frame mang c cha trong m t trng iu khin. M ca Uframe c chia thnh hai phn: mt prefix gm hai bit t trc bit P/F v mt suffix 3 bit sau bit P/F. Hai phn on ny (5 bit) cng c dng to ra 32 dng U-frame. Mt s t hp c minh ha trong hnh di y

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Hnh 11.27a Cu trc U-frame

Bng 11.27b Mt s t hp trong U-frame Cc lnh trong U-frame c ghi trong bng c th chia thnh 5 phm tr chc nng c bn: thit lp ch , trao i khng nh s, ngng kt ni, khi to, v cc chc nng khc(hn hp): Mode setting

Cc lnh thit lp ch c trm s cp , hay do trm hn hp ng vai tr s cp gi i nhm iu khin qu trnh trao i, nhm thit lp kim sot kt ni. Frame thit lp ch ca U-frame thng bo cho trm thu bit v format ca qu trnh sp truyn. Th d, mt trm hn hp mun thit lp mt quan h s cp -th cp tm thi vi mt trm khc, th n gi i mt U-frame cha m 00 001 (nhm thit lp p ng thng thng). Trm c a ch nhn hiu c l mnh c chn nhn tin (t s cp) nn t chnh nh cho thch hp. Unnumbered-Exchange

Cc m v trao i khng nh s c dng truyn hay cng c phn c th v thng tin kt ni d liu gia hai thit b. M poll khng nh s (UP: unnumbered poll) 00 100 c trm s cp (hay trm hn hp ng vai tr s cp) truyn i trn mng nhm thit lp trng thi ca trm c a ch trong qu trnh trao i khng nh s ny. M thng tin khng nh s (UI: unnumbered information) 00 000 c dng truyn i phn c th ca thng tin nh time/date dng cho ng b. Frame UI c th c truyn i nh cc lnh (list cc tham s cho qu trnh truyn) hay p ng (m t v kh nng ca trm c a ch nhn tin). M ca xc nhn khng nh s (UA: unnumbered acknowledgment) 00 110 c my thu gi tr v nhm tr li cho mt unnumbered poll, xc nhn cho mt unnumbered Bin dch: Nguyn Vit Hng Trang 245

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request frame (th d RD: request disconnect) hay l chp nhn lnh thit lp ch (xem li bng). Disconnection C ba m ngng kt ni, mt l lnh t trm ng vai tr s cp hay trm hn hp, cn li l hai p ng t trm thu. Lnh u tin, disconnect (DISC, 00 010) c trm th nht gi n trm th hai thng bo ngng kt ni. Lnh th hai: do my th hai gi yu cu ngng kt ni request disconnect (RD, 00 010) v my th nht sau khi nhn c DISC. Lnh th ba ch ngng kt ni (DM: disconnect mode 11 000) c my c a ch nhn gi n my pht nh mt negative response cho lnh thit lp ch (xem bng). Initialization Mode M 10 000, c dng lm lnh (do trm th nht gi n trm th hai) nhm thit lp ch khi to (SIM: set initialization mode) nhm chun b cho trm thu chun b khi to cc chc nng iu khin kt ni d liu. Lnh SIM v tip theo l trng UI cha cc chng trnh hay cc tham s c thit lp. Cng m ny 10 000, c dng lm p ng (do my th hai gi v my th nht) , cho bit ch yu cu khi to (RIM: request initialization mode) v cng c lnh SIM do trm th nht gi n. Lnh ny c dng p ng lnh thit lp ch khi trm th hai khng th hot ng c theo lnh without first receiving a SIM (xem bng). Miscellaneous Trong ba lnh trn th hai lnh u: reset (RSET, 11 001) v trao i ID (XID, 11 101) l lnh c gi t my pht n my thu theo a ch. Lnh th ba, frame reject (FRMR, 10 001) l p ng t trm nhn gi v trm pht: RSET: cho trm th hai bit l trm th nht reset send sequence numbering v thng bo cho trm th hai lm cc bc tng t. Lnh ny thng c gi i khi nhn c FRMR. XID: yu cu trao i d liu nhn dng t my th hai (a ch ca bn l g?) FRMR: bo cho h thng th nht l U-frame do trm th hai nhn c c syntax b sai (iu ny khng ging nh frame HDLC). Th d, tn hiu ny c gi v khi mt frame c nhn dng l S-frame nhng li c cha trng thng tin. CC TH D: Sau y l mt s th d v phng php thng tin dng HDLC. Th d 1: Poll/Response Trong hnh bn di th thit b s cp (mainframe) trong h nhiu im gi poll n thit b th cp (A) bng S-frame cha m ca poll. u tin l trng flag, tip n l a ch ca th cp cn c poll, trng hp ny l A. Trng th ba, iu khin cha m nhn dng frame l S-frame, theo sau l cc m RR (receive ready), trng thi my pht, bit P/F c thit lp poll, v trng N(R) = 0 . Sau khi trng iu khin l FCS error detection code v trng ending flag. Trm A c d liu cn gi, nn tr li bng mt I-frame nh s 0 v 1. Frame th hai c bit P/F thit lp v final cho bit chm dt d liu. Trm s cp xc nhn v c hai frame cng mt lc dng S-frame cha s 2 trong trng N(R) cho trm A bit l frame 0 v 1

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c nhn v nu A cn gi thm frame no, th trm s cp mong nhn c fram s 2 k tip

Hnh 11.28 Poll/Response Th d 2: Select/Response

Hnh 11.29 Select/Response Th d ny cng dng cu hnh nhiu im cho thy cch s cp chn la trm th cp, trm B nhn tn hiu truyn. u tin, s cp gi S-frame n trm a ch B c cha m select. Frame select ny tng t nh frame poll, nhng trng thi RR trong trng iu khin c thay bng RNR, cho th cp bit sn sng nhng cha gi. Trm B tr li dng mt S-frame khc, nh a ch t B, cha m RR cng vi bit final, cho bit l my sn sng nhn v y l frame cui. S cp gi I-frame c cha d liu. Frame ny c gi cho a ch B, trng N(S) nhn dng l frame s 0, bit P cha c thit lp cho thy frame khng phi l poll, v trng N(R) cho thy l nu I-frame b tr v, th cng mong c nh s l 0. Trm B tr

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li dng frame RR vi hai mc tiu: bit final c thit lp cho s cp bit l B khng c g gi v N(R)=1 cho thy l B mong nhn c frame 1.

Th d 3: Peer Devices

Hnh 11.30 Peer devices Th d nhm minh ha qu trnh truyn dn trao i trong ch cn bng khng ng b (ABM) dng phng php xc nhn piggybacking. Hai trm l ng quyn v kt ni im-im. Trm A gi U-frame cha m ca SABM thit lp kt ni ch cn bng khng ng b. Bit P c thit lp cho bit trm A mun iu khin kt ni v c pht u tin. Trm B ng yu cu bng cch gi v U-frame cha m UA, thit lp bit F. Chp nhn truyn ch cn bng khng i xng, c hai trm u ang ch trm hn hp, thay v s cp-th cp, nn bit P/F khng cn gi tr v c b qua trong frame k tip. Trm A bt u trao i thng tin vi I-frame nh s 0 tip theo l I-frame nh s 1. Tram B gi xc nhn piggybacking ca c hai frame ny vo trong I-frame ca mnh. I-frame u tin ca B cng c nh s 0 (trng N(S)) v cha 2 trong trng N(R), xc nhn nhn frame s 1 v s 0 ca A v cho bit mong mun nhn c frame 2. Trm B gi tip fram th hai v ba (nh s 1 v 2) trc khi chp nhn thm cc frame n t A. Cc thng tin N(R), nh th th cha thay i. Cc fram 1 v 2 ca B cho bit l trm B cn mong nhn c frame 2 t A. Trm A gi ht d liu. Nh th, khng c th piggybacking xc nhn vo trong Iframe nn phi gi S-frame thay vo. M RR cho thy l A vn cn sn sng nhn. S 3 trong trng N(R) cho B bit l cc frame 0, 1, v 2 c chp nhn v hin ang ch s 3. Th d 4: Peer Communication with Error

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Trong th d va qua, hy gi s l frame 1 gi t B n A l c li. Trm A, cn bo cho B gi li frame 1 v 2 (h thng dng giao thc go-back-n). Trm A gi mt frame reject supervisory nhm thng bo li frame 1.
Station A Station B

` Data F l a g F l a g I-Frame A 0 Data I-Frame A 1 Data F l a g I-Frame A 2 Reject F l a g F C S S-Frame B 1 Data F l a g I-Frame A 1 Data F l a g I-Frame A 2 2 Acknowledgement F l a g F C S S-Frame B 3 RR F l a g Data F C S F l a g 2 Data F C S F l a g REJ F l a g 2 Data F C S F l a g 2 Data Error F C S F l a g 2 Data F C S F l a g

Hnh 11.31 Peer communication with Error

11.2

TH TC TRUY CP KT NI MNG

Nhiu giao thc da trn phm tr link access procedure (LAP) c pht trin. Cc giao thc c th ny l cc tp con ca HDLC trong cc ng dng c th, trong LAPB, LAPD v LAPM l thng dng nht. LAPB Link access Procedure, Balanced (LAPB), n gin l tp con ca HDLC v ch c dng kt ni mt trm vi mng. Chun ny ch cung cp nhng chc nng c bn cn thit thng tin gia DTE v DCE (tc l khng c cc k t poll v select) LAPB ch c dng trong cc cu hnh i xng gia hai thit b. Thng tin thng ch khng i xng cn bng. LAPB hin c dng trong ISDN, knh B LAPD Link access procedure for D channel (LAPD) l mt tp con n gin ca HDLC dng trong ISDN v dng vi ch khng ng b cn bng (ABM) LAPM Link access procedure for modems (LAPM) l tp con n gin ca HDLC dng cho modem. c thit k cho chuyn i khng ng b-ng b, pht hin li, v chuyn li. c pht trin cho cc ng dng ca HDLC trn modem. Bin dch: Nguyn Vit Hng Trang 249

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BI TP CHNG 11
I. CU HI N TP 1. Trong BSC, tnh minh bch ca d liu l g? 2. Khi no mu DLE DLE xut hin trong BSC? 3. Cho bit khc bit gia cc trng thng tin trong I-frame v U-frame trong HDLC. 4. nh ngha giao thc trong truyn d liu. 5. Cc giao thc trong kt ni d liu c chia ra thnh nhng lp no? C s ca phng php chia? 6. Cc giao thc khng ng b ban u c dng ch yu nh th no? 7. Ti sao cc giao thc khng ng b ngy cng t c dng? 8. Cc giao thc ng b c phn loi ra sao? Trn c s no? 9. Cc giao thc theo hng k t chuyn thng tin iu khin nh th no? 10. M t cu hnh ng dy, ch truyn dn, phng php iu khin lu lng v kim tra li trong BSC. 11. M t cc dng frame ca BSC. 12. Ti sao mt bn tin BSC di th nn chia thnh nhiu block? 13. Trong BSC (truyn nhiu frame), cho bit cch my thu phn bit gia phn kt thc mt frame v kt thc mt bn tin. 14. Cc frame iu khin trong BSC c dng lm g? 15. M t ba dng trm trong HDLC? 16. Cho bit cc lnh v p ng trong cc cu hnh HDLC? 17. S khc bit gia ba dng frame trong cc frame HDLC? 18. Trong HDLC, bit nhi l g? Cng dng? 19. Lit k v m t vn tt cc bit trong trong trng iu khin HDLC? 20. Piggybacking l g? 21. Cho bit bn loi S-frame? 22. Cho bit nm phm tr ca U-frame? 23. Cho bit khc bit gia cc loi LAPB, LAPD v LAPM?

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II.

CU HI TRC NGHIM c. thng tin d. gim st 30. Trong giao thc BSC, th sau ETB, ETX hay ITB, th dng trng no sau y? a. DLE b. EOT c. BCC d. SYN 31. Trong giao thc BSC, th kt thc truyn dn hay p ng m cho poll th dng: a. DLE b. ETX c. EOT d. ETB 32. Trng no sau y l trng c di thay i trong BSC? a. d liu b. BCC c. Tiu (header) d. tt c cc cu trn 33. HDLC l vit tt ca: a. high-duplex line communication b. high-level data link control c. half-duplex combination digital link a. Binary synchronous control b. Binary synchronous communication c. Bit-oriented synchronous comunication d. Byte-oriented communication

24. BSC c ngha l:

25. Mt p ng m cho poll trong BSC l: a. NAK b. EOT c. WACK d. b v c 26. Mt p ng m cho select trong BSC l a. NAK b. EOT c. WACK d. b v c 27. Trong BSC, khi nhn c mt frame khng li v nh s chn th my thu s tr li bng: a. ACK b. ACK0 c. ACK1 d. a hay b 28. Ch truyn dn s liu dng trong giao thc BSC l: a. simplex b. half-duplex c. full-duplex d. half -simplex 29. Cc frame trong BSC c chia thnh frame d liu v frame cn li l: a. truyn dn b. iu khin

d. host double level circuit 34. Trong giao thc HDLC, trng a ch ca frame cha a ch ca: a. s cp b. th cp c. my th ba d. a v b

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Bi ging: Truyn s liu 35. HDLC l giao thc: a. theo hng k t b. theo hng bit c. theo hng byte d. theo hng m 36. BSC l giao thc: a. theo hng k t b. theo hng bit c. theo hng byte d. theo hng m 37. Trong HDLC, phn bt u v kt thc frame c nh ngha bi trng sau: a. c b. a ch c. iu khin d. FSC 38. Trong mi trng iu khin ca HDLC u tn ti: a. bit (P/F) b. N(R) c. N(S) d. Cc bit m 39. Poll v select l chc nng ca frame trong HDLC: a. I-frame b. S-frame c. U-frame d. a v b 40. Trong HDLC, ngha ca bit poll/final ph thuc vo: a. Cu hnh h thng b. Ty thuc frame ang l iu khin hay p ng c. ch ca h thng d. tt c u sai

Chng 11: Giao thc kt ni d liu 41. Trng ngn nht trong giao thc HDLC thng l trng: a. thng tin b. gim st c. qun l d. tt c u sai 42. Khi gi cng lc d liu v xc nhn trong cng mt frame, phng php c gi l: a. piggybacking b. backpacking c. piggypacking d. a good idea

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Bi ging: Truyn s liu III. BI TP 43. Cho bit d liu thc trong frame hnh sau:

Chng 11: Giao thc kt ni d liu

Hnh 11.32 44. Cho bit d liu hin c trong frame hnh sau:

Hnh 11.33 45. Minh ha phng thc m frame p ng gim st trong HDLC c th kch khi frame BSC no: a. ACK 0 b. ACK 1 c. NAK d. WACK 46. Dng phng php bit nhi cho chui d liu sau 000111111011111001111001111101 47. Dng phng php bit nhi cho chui d liu sau 00011111111111111111111111111111001111101 48. Frame HDLC trong hnh 11.35 c gi t trm s cp gi n th cp. Tr li cc cu hi sau:

Hnh 11.34 a. a ch th cp b. dng frame c. s ca chui pht (nu tn ti) d. s ca xc nhn (nu tn ti) e. frame c cha d liu khng? nu c, cho bit gi tr ca d liu f. frame c mang d liu qun l khng? nu c cho bit gi tr

g. Mc ch ca frame l g? 49. Lm li bi tp 48, khi frame c gi t th cp n s cp 50. Frame HDLC trong hnh 11.35 c gi t s cp n th cp. Tr li cc cu hi sau:

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Hnh 11.35 a. a ch ca th cp b. dng frame c. s ca chui c gi (nu c) d. s ca xc nhn (nu c) e. frame c mang d liu user khng? nu c, cho bit gi tr f. frame c mang d liu qun l khng? nu c, cho bit gi tr

g. mc ch ca frame 51. Lm li bi tp 50 khi frame c gi t th cp n s cp 52. Frame trong hnh 11.36 c gi t s cp n th cp. Tr li cc cu hi sau

Hnh 11.36 a. a ch th cp b. dng ca frame c. s ca chui c gi (nu c) e. frame c mang d liu user khng? nu c, cho bit gi tr f. frame c mang d liu qun l khng? nu c, cho bit gi tr

d. s ca xc nhn (nu c) 53. Frame trong hnh 11.37 c gi t s cp n th cp. Tr li cc cu hi sau

Hnh 11.37 a. a ch th cp b. dng ca frame c. s ca chui c gi (nu c) g. s ca xc nhn (nu c) d. frame c mang d liu user khng? nu c, cho bit gi tr e. frame c mang d liu qun l khng? nu c, cho bit gi tr 54. Frame trong hnh 11.38 c gi t s cp n th cp. Tr li cc cu hi sau

Hnh 11.38

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Bi ging: Truyn s liu a. a ch th cp b. dng ca frame c. s ca chui c gi (nu c) d. s ca xc nhn (nu c)

Chng 11: Giao thc kt ni d liu

e. frame c mang d liu user khng? nu c, cho bit gi tr. f. frame c mang d liu qun l khng? nu c, cho bit gi tr. 55. Dng BSC, chng minh rng chui frame trong trng hp sau c cu hnh im-im gia hai my tnh: a. My tnh A xin php my tnh gi d liu b. My tnh B p ng dng c. My tnh A gi ba frame, mi frame gm 4 block 100 byte d. My tnh B xc nhn d liu nhn 56. Dng BSC, chng minh l chui frame trong trng hp sau l (my A l s cp v my B l th cp) a. My tnh A kim tra xem my tnh B c d liu gi khng. b. My tnh B gi frame 50 byte c. My tnh A xc nhn d liu nhn 57. Dng hnh 11.39, m t phng thc trao i frame nu my A khng c d liu cn truyn

Hnh 11.39 58. Dng hnh 11.39, m t phng thc trao i frame nu frame 1 b tht lc 59. Dng hnh 11.40, m t phng thc trao i cc frame nu trm B cha sn sng nhn d liu

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Hnh 11.40 60. Dng hnh 11.40, m t phng thc trao i cc frame nu xc nhn b tht lc.

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