CN SX Ruou Bia Va NC Giai Khat 1 7305

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK
MC LC
Chng 1 CNG NGH SN XUT RU ETYLIC ................. 1
1.1 NGUYN LIU V YU CU K THUT...................................................1
1.1.1 Ng (bp) .........................................................................................................1
1.1.2 Sn....................................................................................................................2
1.1.3 Khoai ................................................................................................................2
1.1.4 Cc nguyn liu khc .......................................................................................3
1.1.5 Mt r ng.....................................................................................................3
1.2 CC PHNG PHP CNG NGH SN XUT CN ETYLIC.................4
1.2.1 S tng qut ................................................................................................4
1.2.2 Cc phng php sn xut in hnh ...............................................................5
1.2.2.1 Quy trnh sn xut etanol t nguyn liu cha nhiu tinh bt ......................5
1.2.2.2 Chng ct v tinh ch cn etylic.................................................................13
1.2.2.3 Tn tht trong sn xut v hiu sut ru...................................................24
Chng 2 CNG NGH SN XUT RU VANG NHO ............ 28

2.1 TNG QUAN, PHN LOI SN PHM ...........................................................28
2.1.1 Nhm vang khng c gas....................................................................................29
2.1.1 Nhm vang c gas...............................................................................................29
2.2 CNG NGH SN XUT VANG NHO TRNG, CHAMPAGNE V RU
NGUYN LIU CHO COGNAC ...............................................................................29
2.2.1 c tnh chung ca nhm ru...........................................................................29
2.2.2 Gii thiu quy trnh cng ngh ..........................................................................29
2.2.3 Nhng qu trnh ln men vang nho trng khng bnh thng, nguyn nhn gy
ra v phng php khc phc ......................................................................................37
2.3 CNG NGH SN XUT VANG NHO ......................................................39
Chng 3 K THUT SN XUT BIA ...................................... 48

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122
I. NGUYN LIU DNG SN XUT BIA .................................................49

4.1 Malt ...................................................................................................................48
4.1.1 i mch .......................................................................................................49
4.1.2 Lm sch v phn loi....................................................................................52
4.1.3 Ra v st trng ............................................................................................52
4.1.4 Ngm ht .......................................................................................................53
4.1.5 m mm .....................................................................................................58
4.1.6 Sy malt .........................................................................................................65
4.1.7 Cc tc nghip cng ngh sau khi sy ...........................................................70
4.1.8 Cc ch tiu cht lng ca malt bia..............................................................71
4.1.9 Sn xut mt s loi malt c bit .................................................................72
4.2 Hoa houblon.....................................................................................................74
4.2.1 Vai tr ca hoa houblon i vi cng ngh bia .............................................74
4.2.2 Cc cht c gi tr ca hoa houblon i vi cng ngh bia ..........................74
4.2.3 Bo qun hoa houblon....................................................................................77
4.2.4 Cc dng ch phm hoa houblon ..................................................................77
4.3 Nc..................................................................................................................78
4.3.1 S nh hng ca nc n tin trnh cng ngh .........................................78
4.3.2 S nh hng ca nc n cht lng ca bia ...........................................79
4.3.3 Nhng yu cu c bn ca nc dng nu bia .........................................79
4.4 Nguyn liu thay th .........................................................................................80
4.4.1 Nguyn liu giu tinh bt...............................................................................80
4.4.2 Cc nguyn liu giu ng .........................................................................80
II. K THUT SN XUT BIA...........................................................................81
4.1 Quy trnh cng ngh .........................................................................................81
4.2 Lm sch nguyn liu .......................................................................................81
4.3 Nghin nguyn liu ...........................................................................................81
123
4.3.1 Mc ch ca qu trnh nghin.......................................................................81

4.3.2 Yu cu ca vic nghin nguyn liu ............................................................82
4.3.3 Cch tin hnh................................................................................................82
4.4 Nu nguyn liu ...............................................................................................83
4.4.1 Mc ch .......................................................................................................83
4.4.2 Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh nu ......................................................83
4.4.3 Cc qu trnh xy ra khi nu bia ...................................................................84
4.4.4 Cc phng php nu bia ..............................................................................85
4.5. Lc dch ng ...............................................................................................86
4.5.1 Mc ch ........................................................................................................86
4.5.2 Cch tin hnh ...............................................................................................86
4.6 Houblon ha......................................................................................................87
4.6.1 Mc ch .......................................................................................................87
4.6.2 Cc qu trnh xy ra ......................................................................................87
4.6.3 Cch tin hnh houblon ha ..........................................................................88
4.7 Lng trong v lm lnh dch ln men...............................................................90
4.7.1 Mc ch .......................................................................................................90
4.7.2 Cc qu trnh xy ra ......................................................................................90
4.7.3 Phng php thc hin .................................................................................91
4.8 Ln men dch ng ........................................................................................91
4.8.1 Mc ch ca qu trnh..................................................................................91
4.8.2 Cc qu trnh xy ra ......................................................................................92
4.8.3 Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh ln men ..............................................93
4.8.4 Phng php thc hin .................................................................................86
4.9 Lm trong bia (lng, lc, ly tm) ................................................................100
4.10 n nh bia....................................................................................................102
4.11 Chit bia ........................................................................................................103
124
4.12 Cc phng php nng cao bn cho bia .................................................104

4.12.1 Khi nim v bn ................................................................................104
4.12.2 Cc phng php x l bia .......................................................................104
4.13 Cc ch tiu cht lng ca bia ....................................................................106
4.13.1 Thnh phn ha hc ca bia......................................................................106
4.13.2 Cc ch s cm quan ca bia ....................................................................107
Chng 4 KTHUT SN XUT NC GII KHT ........... 109

1 hp chm chm ...........................................................................................110
1.1 Qui trnh cng ngh.........................................................................................110
1.2 Thuyt minh quy trnh ...................................................................................110
2. K thut ch bin cam, qut .............................................................................117
2.1 Quy trnh cng ngh .......................................................................................117
2.2 Thuyt minh quy trnh.....................................................................................103
Mc lc, ti liu tham kho...................................................................................109
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. Bi i - Cng ngh ln men ng dng trong cng ngh thc phm,
NXB h Quc gia TP HCM.
2. T Triu Hi ,CaoTch Vnh k thut ch bin tri cy ,Nh xut bn
thng k 2001.
3. Nguyn Vn Tip K thut sn xut hp rau qu . NXB Thanh nin
2000.
4. Nguyn Vn Tip , Cng ngh sau thu hoch v ch bin rau qu, NXB
KH&KT ,1996.
5. PGS. Trn Minh Tm , Bo qun v ch bin nng sn sau thu hoch,
NXB Nng nghip TP HCM.1997.
125
Chng 1
CNG NGH SN XUT RU ETYLIC

Nguyn tc c bn
C th s dng tt c nguyn liu cha ng ln men c hoc nguyn
liu cha gluxit c th chuyn ho thnh thnh ng ln men c sn xut
ru etylic.
Da trn nguyn tc , ngi ta chia ra ba nhm nguyn liu sau:
- Nguyn liu cha nhiu tinh bt: go, ng, khoai, sn, la m, i mch
- Nguyn liu cha ng: r ng, nc ma, tri cy chn
- Nguyn liu cha nhiu cellulose: rm r, g vn, mn ca
1.1 Nguyn liu v yu cu k thut
Trn thc t, ch c hai nhm nguyn liu u c s dng trong sn
xut, nhm th ba do hiu qu kinh t km nn khng c s dng.
nc ta, go l cy lng thc chnh, v vy khng ch trng dng
go nu ru m khuyn khch dng ng, sn, khoai thay th.
1.1.1 Ng (bp)
c trng nhiu vng nhit i v nhit i nh Trung M, Chu
, Ht ng c cha nhiu tinh bt, mt t ng, dng sn xut ru etylic
rt tt.
Cu to ca ht ng gm phi v ni nh. Phi chim t 12 15% trng
lng ht cn li l ni nh. Tinh bt ng ch yu nm trong ni nh, trong
gm 1015% amylose v 8590% l amylopectin. Ngoi ra trong ni nh cn
0.506% acid bo. Cc hp cht cha Nit trong ht ng hu ht protein, phn
ln thuc nhm zein, ngoi ra cn c prolamin, glutelin; albumin hu nh
khng c; globulin chim khong 0.4% trng lng ht. Zein l dng protein
khng y v thiu cc acid amin khng thay th nh: triptophan, lysin. c
bit, hm lng cht bo ng nhiu hn nhng loi ng cc khc v tp trung
ch yu phi (chim 3040 trng lng phi), cht bo ny a s l acid cha
1
no, mu vng nht, chim 72% tng lng cht bo, thng ta tch phi ra
lm b nhn to hay du n, ht ng tch phi dng nu ru.
Gluxit trong ng gm c:
- Tinh bt: 43.47 61.8%;
- ng: 1.76 4.62%;
- Destrin v pectin: 1.09 14.67%.
Bng 1.1 cho bit thnh phn % mt s ht ng cc.
Bng 1.1
Loi
Ng
Thc
i mch
La m
Thnh phn
nc
14.0
12.0
14.0
14.0
Protid
10.0
6.7
10.5
12.0
Cht bo
4.6
1.9
2.1
1.7
Gluxit
67.9
63.8
66.4
68.2
Cellulo
2.2
10.4
4.5
2.0
Tro
1.3
5.2
2.5
1.6
1.1.2 Sn (khoai m)
Thng c trng nhiu vng t i, khng cn nhiu n chm bn,
nng sut trung bnh 8 10tn/ha, thi gian sinh trng t 10-12 thng. C
nhiu loi sn khc nhau nh sn ng, sn ngt hoc da vo mu sc chia ra
sn vng v sn trng. Thnh phn ho hc ca sn ti v kh nh bng 1.2
Bng 1.2
Loi
Sn ti
Sn kh
Thnh phn
nc
70.25
13.12
Protid
1.2
0.205
Cht bo
0.41
0.41
Gluxit Cellulo Tro

26.58 1.11
0.54
74.74 1.11
1.69
c bit ch l trong sn c acid HCN rt c, vi hm lng 0.007 0.24%

trng lng, HCN thng tp trung v v x. Sn cng ng th cng cha
nhiu HCN. tch HCN ta c th ngm trong nc sch hoc nc vi.
1.1.3 Khoai
Trn th gii khoai c dng nh mt nguyn liu chnh sn xut cn
etylic. Loi khoai c dng ph bin nht l khoai lang, ngoi ra thnh thong
cng c dng khoai ty. Thnh phn ho hc khoai lang, khoai ty (% khi
lng) theo bng 1.3.
Trong tinh bt khoai lang c cha t 13-25% l amylose v 77-87% l
amylopectin. Khoai lang ti rt kh bo qun, thng ta phi ct lt phi kh
hoc sy.
Bng 1.3
Loi
Thnh phn
Khoai ty ti
Khoai lang ti
Khoai lang kh
nc
74.9
68.1
12.9
Protid
1.99
1.6
6.1
Cht bo
0.15
0.50
0.50
Gluxit
20.8
27.9
76.7
Cellulo
0.98
0.90
1.4
Tro
1.09
1.00
2.4
1.1.4 Cc loi ng cc khc

nc ta thng dng mt s ng cc nh: ng, khoai, sn, tm, cm
go
Thnh phn (%) mt s ht ng cc ph bin nh bng 1.4
Bng 1.4
Loi
Go gi
Go xay
Tm
Cm
Thnh phn nc
12.6
11.6
11.8
12.5
Protid
9.00
9.10
8.90
13.17
Cht bo
0.5
2.45
1.00
10.12
Gluxit
77.0
74.79
77.0
38.72
Cellulo
0.40
0.65
0.60
14.05
Tro
0.50
1.41
0.70
11.44
1.1.5 Mt r ng
L ph liu cha nhiu ng khng kt tinh trong sn xut ng ma
hoc c ci ng. Thng thng t l r ng trong sn xut ng ma
khong 3-3.5% trng lng ma. Tu thuc vo ging ma, iu kin trng trt,
cng ngh sn xut thnh phn r ng dao ng nh sau: nc 15-20%,
cht kh 80-85%. Trong 60% l ng (40% sacarose, 20% fructose v
glucose), 40% cht phi ng).
Thnh phn phi ng c khong 30-32% cht hu c v 6-10% cht v
c. Trong nhng hp cht hu c gm cc cht cha nit dng acid amin:
acid aspactic, glutamic, leuxin, izoleuxin. Ngoi ra cn mt s vitamin.
3
Mt khc, trong r ng lun c mt vi sinh vt vi mt rt ln.

Thng gp nht l cc vi sinh vt gy mng v gy chua, dn ti lm gim cht
lng r ng. V vy, trong sn xut ta hay dng flosillicate natri 2%oo so vi
trng lng r ng bo qun.
u im ca vic s dng r ng sn xut cn etylic so vi nhng
nguyn liu khc l:
- Gi r.
- Khi lng ln, di do.
- S dng tin li.
- Ngun cung cp n nh.
- Khng vi phm chnh sch lng thc.
1.2 CC PHNG PHP CNG NGH SN XUT CN ETYLIC
1.2.1 S tng qut
Hnh 1.1
Tu thuc vo iu kin ban u, cc iu kin khch quan, ch quan

mi ni s p dng nhng phng php c trng ring. mi phng php
u c th p dng theo 3 chiu hng: gin on, bn lin tc, lin tc.
1.2.2 Cc phng php sn xut in hnh
1.2.2.1 Quy trnh sn xut etanol t nguyn liu cha nhiu tinh bt
Da trn c s s dng nm mc chia ra 2 phng php.
A. Phng php Amylo:
y l phng php c in. Nm mc dng ng ho tinh bt c
nui cy ban u trong phng th nghim iu kin mi trng c, nhng khi
a vo s dng th nm mc pht trin v ng ho trong mi trng tng
i long (nm c nui v pht trin theo phng thc chm su). Hin nay
phng php ny vn cn dng ph bin mt s nc trn th gii, trong
c Vit Nam.
Phng php Amylo c nhng c im sau:
- Nh ng ho kh trit nn hiu sut ru so vi nguyn liu cao.
- Tuy nhin, do chu k mt m ru ko di nn nng sut hn ch.
- Nhc im ln ca phng php ny l kn chn nguyn liu: ch
thch hp vi go, bp (do nht thp khi h ho). Mt khc do thit b dng
ng ho (nm mc) v ln men (nm men) nn ch kim sot vi sinh vt
rt cht ch.
S quy trnh cng ngh
Hnh 1.2
Thc hin: Bt v nc c phi trn theo mt t l thch hp ( 1.5:3)

thng ngm (15-30pht), ng thi dng H2SO4 330Be (4-6lit/tn bt) hoc HCl
200Be (8-9lt/tn bt), sau chuyn qua ni nu c cnh khuy, p lc nu
trong ni t t 3.5-4.2at, thi gian nu t 60-90pht tu loi bt. Sau khi nu
thnh cho chn, cho c chuyn qua thng (thng ng ho v ln men).
Dng nc di ngui thng h nhit khi cho t 1000C xung cn
khong 390C, kim tra chn ca cho (bng tc lc cho, Bal t 1218%). M van nn kh, a bnh cu 1lit mc ging vo thng , tin hnh
ng ho t 35-40h, ng thi lin tc m kh nn. Kim tra khi ng t
50-60g/l th tip th tip tc a mt bnh cu ng 1lit nm men vo, m mnh
van nn kh h p nhit xung cn khong 320C, nn kh lin tc trong
24h pht trin sinh khi nm men, ng thi tip tc qu trnh ng ho.
Kim tra thy ng t 90-100g/l th dng kh nn, thc hin qu trnh ln
men k kh sinh etanol. Sau 72-96h tin hnh kim tra ru, ng st,
acid, nhit v tnh trng nm men quyt nh thi im kt thc thi
im ln men.
1- Phiu ngm nguyn liu; 2- Ca np nguyn liu vo ni nu; 3- Ni nu;

4- H thng truyn ng; 5- Van an ton; 6- Bnh du chng tt ng dn ra p k; 7p k; 8- ng x hi tha; 9- ng hi chnh; 10- ng hi ph thuc vo ni; 11- ng
ly mu; 12- ng dn khi nu sang thng ; 13- Bnh cha acid; 14- ng nc
1- trc khuy; 2- cnh khuy my cho; 2- cnh khy m neo; 3,3- vng x
nc lm ngui; 4- ng dn cho vo; 5- ng cy nm mc, nm men; 6- ng o nhit
; 7- bnh lc kh; 8- knh quan st; 9- bnh lc CO2; 10- ng sang hm t thng ny
sang thng khc khi h hng; 10- ng rp vi ng sang hm; 11- ng ra t y c
th rp vi ng dn hm ra 2 ng dn hi kh nn; 12,12- ng thm d.
7
B. Phng php Mycomalt

Mycomalt l ch phm ca nm mc, c nui cy trn b mt ca mi
trng c gm cm bi hoc bt ng v tru. Lng ch phm th dng ng
ho kh ln, thng t 10-12% so vi trng lng nguyn liu tinh bt, lng
nm men dng ln men chim khong 10% so vi th tch dch ng ln
men.
So vi phng php Amylo, phng php Mycomalt c mt s u im
sau:
- t b chua, khng i hi ch v trng nghim ngt.
- Rt ngn chu k sn xut, tng nng sut dy chuyn.
- Thch hp cho quy m sn xut cng nghip quy m nh, va.
Nhc im:
- Tn nhiu din tch nui cy nm mc (1m2 ch nui c 10-16 kg).
- Tn nhiu bt ng, tru, cm nui cy nm mc.
- Thao tc nui cy nm mc phc tp, vt v hn.
- Tn nhiu thit b ln men, ng ho.
- Cn c my lnh lm ngui nhanh dch ng ho t 600C xung 300C.
Phng php ny thng s dng ging mc Asp.Ussami ( Asp.Niger).
c im ca ging mc ny l ng ho tt, song dch ho km nn trong sn
xut ru ang c xu hng kt hp vi Asp. Oryzae hoc Asp.Awamory.
sn xut etanol theo phng php Mycomalt, trc ht phi sn xut ra
mycomalt theo cc bc sau:
a. Sn xut ging trong phong th nghim:
- Lm mi trng.
+ ng nghim: Nc nm vng ng ho + nc malt + agar.
+ Bnh tam gic: 100g bt ng + 30g tru gi nh + 120g nc ct, hp trong
2h, ly ra 25-26g cho vo bnh tam gic loi 500ml, v trng p sut 1,5at
trong 30pht.
Sau khi phn lp hp petri vo t m 2-3 ngy, khi khun lc mc
thnh bo t ly hp petri ra, chn khun lc no c t mu vng, pha di
c t c mu vng nhn nheo, bo t c mu nu bc em cy vo 3-4ng
8
nghim thch. c ging mc n nh ngi ta tin hnh cy truyn v bo

qun lnh (khng qu 4 ngy).
b. Sn xut mc trung gian:
Phi ch nguyn liu: Bt ng nh100% + Tru nh 35% + nc 75%
(theo trng lng bt ng v tru); hoc Bt ng to 100%, bt ng nh 20%,
tru nh 20%, nc 80% (theo trng lng bt ng v tru).
Sau khi trn u xong, cho qua my nh ti ri a i hp p sut
thng trng 3h i vi bt ng nh, 2h i vi bt ng to.
Lm ngui v trn ging: Sau khi hp xong, nguyn liu c ly ra cho
qua my nh ti v dng qut lm ngui. Khi nhit gim xung 36-380C,
trn ging mc vo theo t l 0.3% so vi trng lng nguyn liu. Ch , trn
ging ging cho tht u. Khi nhit gim xung 30-310C, cho nguyn liu
trn ging vo khay v a vo phng mc. Lc u ta mc trong ng
nguyn liu ln nhm gi nhit, m cho ging pht trin, c 3 gi o trn mt
ln, nhit phng l 29-300C, m gi 95-100%. Sau 6h ng ln ta
chia thnh ng nh trn khay, dy 1.5-2cm, nhit phng khong trn
300C, gi n nh m, nhit trong ging khong 330C, sau 9-10h ng
nh ging s kt bnh. Khi ging kt bnh ta tin hnh b bnh nh, nhit
phng duy tr 29-310C, nhit ging khong 33-350C. Sau 5-10h th tin hnh
y vi sch, t. Thi gian y vi t ph thuc vo mi trng kh hay m,
nhit trong phng cao hay thp. Thng sau khi y vi t th t pht trin
nhanh t mu trng thnh mu vng. n giai on ging pht trin mnh th
khng nn y vi v nhit ging s tng nhanh, nm di pht trin. Sau 3240h, bo t bt u chn en.
Sau 40-50h tip tc tng nhit phng ln 360C nhit ca ging
khng thay i qu nhanh. Khi ging chn n bo t en ht th sy ging
nhit 38-400C v m cui cng ca ging 14-15%.
Bo qun: Ging ly ra cha dng ht phi c bo qun tt bng cch
sy ging kh v ng vo bao giy kh v sch.
c. Sn xut mycomalt (ging sn xut)
Qu trnh ny cng gn ging nh sn xut mc trung gian, vi cc cng

thc phi trn nh sau: Bt ng nh100% + Tru nh 35-40% + nc 50-55%
(theo trng lng bt ng v tru); hoc Cm 100%, bt ng nh 25-30%, tru
nh 30%, nc 48-50% (theo trng lng bt ng v tru). Cch tin hnh
ging nh sn xut mc trung gian.
Quy trnh sn xut etanol t nguyn liu bt theo phng php
mycomalt
Hnh 1.5
Nu s b: t l nc nng/bt; 1.8-2.5L/kg, lng acid tng t nh

phng php Amylo, nu nhit 60-900C trong khong thi gian 30-75pht.
Nu chn: p sut nu 3.5 5at, nhit 110-1200C trong 40-90pht. Sau
gim p sut xung cn 0.2-0.5at v nhit gim xung khong 102-1050C
trong 40-50pht.
ng ho: b sung mycomalt 10-12% trng lng nguyn liu, kim tra
hm lng ng v pH nh phng php Amylo.
Ln men: B sung men ging 1lit ging phn lp trong bnh tam gic cho
mt tn nguyn liu ban u. Sau 72-96h tin hnh kim tra ru, ng st,
pH tin hnh dng qu trnh ln men.
10
Quy trnh sn xut etanol t r ng bng phng php mycomalt
Hnh 1.6
khu pha long s b thc hin acid ho v x l tp cht trong mt

r cn tun th:
- Nng mt r khng ch t 50-600Bx;
- Lng acid cho vo t 0.35 - 0.4% trng lng mt r;
- Lng clorua vi 0.01 - 0.05%;
- Lng KmnO4 khng qu 5ml/1000l mt r 50%;
- Thi gian acid ho: 4-6h (2-3h cho kh nn, 2-3h cho lng).
Vi phng php ln men mt nng , v l phng php n gin d p dng
nn c s dng ph bin. Song, y l phng php c nhiu nhc im:
- Cng mt nng dch m phi thc hin hai nhim v l gy ging v ln
men nn nng ru trong dm chn thp.
11
- Khng ch ng kim sot c cht lng men ging trc khi ln men k
kh to etanol. Do vy, hiu sut ln men thng thp, cht lng ru khng
cao.
khc phc nhng nhc im nu trn y, ngi ta chuyn sang
phng php ln men vi hai nng khc nhau:
- Nng long: dng nui v gy men ging.
- Nng c: dng ln men sinh ru.
iu kin k thut cn tun th khi pha long ln men c nng long:
- Nng mt r c pha v 10-120Bx, trong ng chim 6-8%.
- Lng (NH4)2SO4 cho vo t l 0.35-0.4% so vi trng lng mt r.
- Super phosphat cho vo vi t l 1% so vi trng lng mt r.
- chua 0.8-10.
- Nhit 27-300C.
iu kin k thut cn tun th khi pha dch ln men c nng c:
- Nng mt r c pha v 30-320Bx, trong ng chim 18-23%.
- Lng (NH4)2SO4 cho vo t l 0.18-0.2% so vi trng lng mt r.
- Super phosphat cho vo vi t l 0.4-0.5% so vi trng lng mt r.
- chua 0.6-0.80.
- Nhit 27-300C.
Bng phng php ln men hai nng , kt hp vi iu kin ln men
gin on, bn lin tc hay lin tc s nng cao c hiu sut tng thu hi,
ng thi cht lng cn thu hi s tt.
Mt s s c thng xy ra trong qu trnh ln men v bin php x l:
a. Ln men chm
Nguyn nhn:
- Nhit dch ln men qu thp, men ging sinh sn chm.
- Thiu cht dinh dng.
- S lng t bo nm men sng khng .
Bin php x l:
- Theo di n nh nhit .
- B sung cht dinh dng: cm, (NH4)2SO4 , Ca3(PO4)2
12
- Tng cng thong kh cho trong giai on ln men.

b. acid tng nhanh
Nguyn nhn thng do vi khun gy acid xm nhp.
Bin php x l:
- B sung nm men kho vo.
- Nng hm lng H2SO4 hoc cho thuc st trng thch hp.
Bin php phng:
- Tng cng cng tc qun l, gy men tt, lm v sinh thit b.
- Tng cng st trng, thay ging men mi.
c. Sinh mng (thng gp khi ln men r ng)
Nguyn nhn: Vi khun sinh mng xm nhp.
Khc phc: nng cao acid khi ln men; gim bt (NH4)2SO4 , Ca3(PO4)2.
d. Ln men qu nhanh (tng nhit )
Nguyn nhn:
- ng st tng.
- Nhit ln men cao.
- Khi ln men c vi khun xm nhp. Nm men cht nhiu.
X l:
- Tng cng kim tra nhit ln men, di ngui kp thi.
- X l, kim sot vi khun
Khi qu trnh ln men ru chm dt, ton b dch ng chuyn
thnh dm chn, cht lng ca dm chn c nh gi qua nhng ch tiu k
thut nh: ln men, hm lng cht ng ln men, acid, hm lng
etanol
1.2.2.2 Chng ct v tinh ch cn etylic
Chng ct l qu trnh phn tch nhng thnh phn ring bit trong hn
hp cht lng c nhit si khc nhau. Hi ca nhng cht lng nhit
khc nhau c p sut ring phn khc nhau, hi cht lng no c p sut ring
phn ln th cht lng si nhit thp hn v d bay hi hn. Nu p
sut thng, nhit si ca ru nguyn cht l 780C v nc l 1000C, do
ru d bc hi hn nc.
13
Dm chn bao gm cc cht d bay hi nh ru etylic, ester, aldehyt, v

cc ru bc cao. Cc cht ho tan khng bay hi nh: destrin, protein, cc cht
v c cng vi mt t ng maltose cha ln men v cc cht khng ho tan
nh: v tru, xc nm men. Do , dm chn l mt hn hp nhiu cu t. Hin
nay, l thuyt v chng ct ch mi nghin cu h hai cu t, mt khc, thnh
phn ch yu ca dm chn l nc v ru etylic. V vy, ta xem dm chn nh
l mt hn hp 2 cu t.
a. Tin hnh chng ct v tinh ch ru etylic
Dch ng sau khi ln men ru xong em i chng ct gi l dm chn.
Dm chn l mt hn hp rt phc tp, gm nhiu thnh phn, trong c cht
rn khng ho tan, nc, etanol v cc tp cht bay hi. Thnh phn ca dm
chn ph thuc nhiu v nguyn liu ban u. Khi sn xut etanol t nguyn liu
ng cc, trong dm chn c nhiu v tru, do , s chuyn ng trong cc mm
v ng chy truyn ca cc thit b rt kh khn. Hm lng ru trong dm
chn dao ng ph thuc vo loi nguyn liu v phng php cng ngh, thng
thng t mt r c th t 7-10% (th tch), tinh bt khong 6-10% (th tch).
Dm chn t thng ln men nh bm a ln thng tm cha, ri t y
s a vo thp chng ct. Ru etylic v ton b cc tp cht bay hi ca dm
chn bc thnh hi v ngng t thnh cn th, phn cn li cha cc cht rn v
huyn ph gi chung l b ru. Trong b ru c cha cc cht kh ph thuc
vo nguyn liu, nh hm lng cht th trong b ru nu t khoai ty l
4.5%, t bp l 6.8%, v t r ng l 5.5%.
14
Bng 1.8 thnh phn b ru

Thnh phn theo %
Hm lng nc
Tinh bt v dextrin
Cellulose
Protid
Cht bo
Tro
Cht phi m ho tan
sy kh
4.7
5.7
12.1
25.7
6.6
3.3
45.8
34.1
8.7
10.2
3.0
5.3
19.1
15.7
Nc b
8.5
10.2
34.7
37.4
0.2
0
29.5
14.6
9.5
10.3
8.7
5.6
18.9
21.9
Thnh phn ho hc ca cn th cng ph thuc vo tng nguyn liu: v

nng ru yu cu khng c thp hn 88% (theo th tch); v cm quan
th cn th l dung dch khng mu, c mi v c bit t r ng hay ng cc.
Hm lng tp cht trong cn th yu cu phi t theo bng 1.9
Bng 1.9
Tp cht
Aldehyt (tnh theo cn khan) % (th tch) khng hn
Ester (tnh theo acetat etyl) mg/l (trong cn khan) khng ln hn
Ru metylic (tnh theo cn khan), % (th tch) khng ln hn
Trong cn th
T ng cc
T r ng
0.03
0.05
500
700
0.13
-
b. Cc loi thp chng ct:

chng ct dm chn, trong cng ngh sn xut etanol ngi ta thng
dng thit b chng ct mt thp hoc 2 thp.
15
- Thit b chng ct loi 1 thp (hnh 1.7).
Hnh 1.7
Thp ct gm 2 phn: phn di (B) l thp dm chn, phn trn (A) l

thp ru.
Thp dm chn c nhim v tch ru etylic khi dm chn theo nguyn
tc chng ct n gin. Trong thp t t 15-22 a (loi chp nu dm chn t
r ng, loi li nu dm chn t nguyn liu bt). Phn di cng ca thp
dm chn l b phn bc hi lm nhim v tch ru khi dm chn; hi i vo
thit b cn b tho ra khi thit b. Thp ru A c nhim v c c hn hp
ru nc th hi bc ln t dm chn. Thp ru gm t 15-18 a loi
li hoc chp.
16
S lm vic ca h thng thit b chng ct loi 1 thp
Hnh 1.8
1- bm dm chn; 2- bu hi; 3- bnh ngng t (hm dm); 4- bnh lm lnh; 5- bu quan st ru;
6- b phn iu chnh b ru; 7- thng cha b; 8- bm b ru; 9- bnh ngng t ru st; 10bu quan st ru; 11- p k; 12- ng dn nc; 13- b phn iu chnh hi nng; 14- b phn chn
khng; 15- cha sn phm.
Qu trnh lm vic thit b H 1.8

Dm chn t bm 1 qua thit b ngng t 3 v c nhit ngng t ca
hi ru nc hm nng n 750C, theo ng ng i vo a trn cng ca
thp dm chn B. Cht lng ngng t t a trn ca thp ru A cng t t
chy xung. Dm chn chy t a trn cng ca thp B xung ti b phn bc
hi. Hi ru - nc t thp dm chn bc hi c c gn 30% v qua thp ru
tip tc c c c. Phn trn cng ca thp ru c nng chng 88-90%v.
Hi ru qua thit b ngng t phn ln ngng t thnh th lng v chy hon
lu v a trn cng ca thp ru A. Ru c nng cng cao th lng hi
lu vo thit b cng nhiu. T s gia lng ru hi lu v lng ru ct ra
gi l h s hi lu. Khi nng ru 88%v theo th tch th h s hi lu l
2.5. Phn hi ru sau khi qua bnh ngng t 3 m cha c ngng t s tip
tc qua bnh lm lnh 4 tip tc ngng t thnh sn phm lng. Sn phm ct
c ban u gi l cn th s qua bu quan st 5 kim tra ru ri chy
qua b phn ong ru bn cha sn phm 15.
17
pha di ca thp dm chn B hi nng c vo thp qua b phn

iu chnh hi 13, b ru t b phn bc hi ca thp qua b phn tho b t
ng 6 tho vo thng cha b 7 ri nh bm 8 bm i. Hi ca b t b phn
tho b t ng 6 bc ra c ngng t v lm lnh nh b phn ngng t kim
tra 9, qua bu quan st 10 kim tra ru st trong b. Lng ru cn st
li trong b tho ra thng l 0.015-0.018%v
- Thit b chng ct loi 2 thp
Hnh 1.9
A- on c c ru; B- thp dm chn; C- on ct ru st; D- thit b ngng t; E- thit b lm
lnh; T- thit b tch bt; 1 dm chn; 2- b ru; 3- hi nng; 4- cn th; 5- nc thi.
u im ca thit b ny so vi thit b mt thp nng cht kh ca b

ru rt cao v chiu cao ca thit b khng cao lm. H thng gm 2 thp; thp
1 l thp dm chn B; thp 2 chia lm 2 on, on c c A v on ct ru
st C.
Dm chn c hm nng bnh ngng t D ri chy xung ngn trn
cng ca thp dm chn B, chy qua cc ngn t trn xung di v c hi
nng 3 un nng phn di cng ca thp. B ru c ng dn b 2 tho
ra, cn hi ru t thp dm chn bc ln qua b phn tch hi T vo on ct
18
ru C v c c on c c ru A. Hi ru c c qua thit b ngng

t tip tc qua thit b lm lnh E thnh sn phm cn th.
Hi nng 3 a vo phn di thp lm bc hi ru, cn nc ngng 5
c tho ra ngoi.
Hi nng dng chng ct cn th thng hao tn t 16-20kg hi cho
100kg dm chn.
Nng sut thp chng ct ph thuc vo tc hi, ng knh ca thp
v t s hi lu.
- Thit b chng ct ly du fuzel
Hnh 1.10
A- thp dm chn; B- thp ru; D- bnh ngng t; E- bnh lm lnh cn th; F- bu quan st du
fuzel; E1- thit b lm lnh ru; O1- b phn gn du fuzel; O2- b phn ly du fuzel.
Nng ru cn th khi ly du fuzel l 94-95%v . c c nng

ca cn th ln th thp ct phi lm vic vi t s hi lu ln, mc d s a
ca thp ru ln. tng t s hi lu, ngi ta thng tng cng lm lnh
bnh ngng t, nh vy nng sut ca thp ct s gim v s hao tn hi s tng.
Ru fuzel (hn hp ru nc) c ly ra t bn a cui cng ca
thp ru. Khi thp ct lm vic c 10-12h, nng du fuzel s chy vo b
19
lm lnh E1 ri qua bu quan st F. V du fuzel c ly ring theo tng a ,

do b lm lnh c 4 ng rut g lm lnh v trong bu quan st c 4 ng hnh
tr kim tra mu. Nh vy, c th cn c vo xc nh xem nng
du fuzel a no l cc i. Cho nc vo bu quan st F lm du fuzel
nh tng (du c, trng), sau qua b phn gn, lng O1 du nh ni ln
trn, dung dch ru nc nng lng xung di, du ni ln trn c ra
sch bng nc, sau c a vo b phn ly du O2 phn ly ln cui
cng gia du vi nc ru. Hn hp ru nc cho chy vo nc dm
chn. Lng du fuzel thu c thng khong 35lt/dal (quy v cn khan)
trong cn th.
c. Tinh luyn cn th:
T dm chn, sau khi qua chng ct ta thu c cn th. Trong cn th c
cha nhiu tp cht c hi, ng thi nng ru cha t yu cu. V vy,
mun thu c cn etylic thc phm (cn tinh luyn), ta cn phi tinh luyn cn
th. Cn th thng c tinh ch trong cc thit b loi 1 thp lm vic gin
on hoc hai thp lm vic lin tc.
- Thit b tinh ch loi 1 thp lm vic gin on (h 1.13)
20
Ni ct l mt thng hnh tr lm bng thp y phng, np hnh chp c

ng hi gia. Trong ni ct c hai ng rut g lin tc un nng v o
trn. Trn np c ca quan st, ng dn cn th v dn nc. Pha di ni ct
c van tho nc thi, ngoi ra ni ct cn lp ng thu, nhit k v van chn
khng hay van thng ra khng kh. m bo sp sut hi c n nh, trn
ng ng dn hi vo thp c lp b phn iu chnh hi. Thp tinh ch gm
nhiu on bng ng hay bng gang lp vi nhau bi vnh ai, mi on c
nhiu a loi chp hay loi li. Khong cch gia hai a thng t 140230mm, s a trong thp khong 42-52a.
Sau qu trnh tinh luyn, ta s thu c mt s sn phm sau:
+ Phn u l ester-aldehyt nhiu nht, ta gi l cn u.
+ Phn 2 l cn loi III, c c im cha tp cht u nhiu hn cn th ban
u.
+ Phn 3 l cn loi II, c cht lng nh cn th.
+ Phn 4 l cn loi I, cn gi l cn tinh, c nng 95.5%v.
21
+ Phn 5 l cn cui, cha nhiu tp cht cui.

+ Phn 6 l du fuzel, dng tch cht thm v lm dung mi hu c.
- Thit b tinh ch loi 2 thp lm vic lin tc (h 1.14)
Thit b gm 2 thp: thp aldehyt v thp tinh ch.
Nhim v ca thp aldehyt l tch cu t d bay hi hn etanol ra khi
cn th, ch yu l ester v aldehyt. Cn th tch ester aldehyt cn cha
du fuzel phn di ca thp aldehyt lin tc chy vo thp tinh ch; thp
tinh ch cn th c tip tc tch du fuzel v tp cht u ra.
Thp aldehyt gm 2 phn: phn di B l phn bc hi cc tp cht u
c t 15-20 a. Tuy nhin, cng bc hi vi cc tp cht u cn c s bc hi
ca mt phn tp cht gia v cui cng. Phn trn A l phn c c cc tp
cht u c khong 15-20 a. Thp tinh ch cng gm 2 on: on di B l
phn chng, on trn A l phn luyn. phn chng hi, ru etylic, cc tp
cht c bay hi ln, cn du fuzel tp trung my a di. phn tinh
luyn, hi ru nc c c c v ru etylic c tch khi tp cht u.
S lm vic ca thit b
22
Hnh 1.14
Cn th sau khi c pha long vi nc c nng khong 40-50%v

thng cha cao v, lin tc chy vo a trn cng ca phn bc hi thp
aldehyt 1. Hi nc c cho vo trc tip di y thp. Tp cht u tch
khi cn th c c c cc a pha trn cng ca thp aldehyt. Hi tp
cht, sau khi c c c cc a, s tip tc qua thit b ngng t 3, hi
ngng t thnh th lng c hi lu v thp, mt phn cn li ca hi i qua
bnh lm lnh 4, ngng t thnh th lng v hon lu mt phn v thp, phn
khc c qua bnh lm lnh cn u 7 v vo bu quan st cn u 8. Thp
aldehyt lm vic vi t s hi lu rt ln, cn u tch ester-aldehyt s c
chuyn qua thp tinh ch 2 on B. thp tinh ch, mt s tp cht u cn
st li c bc hi tip ln phn tinh luyn Aldehyt, cn du fuzel b gi li
di thp cc a c nng 40-55v. Cc tp cht trung gian d bay hi bc
hi cao hn so vi tp cht cui v thng tp trung cc a c nng 7023
80%v. Ru fuzel l tp cht trung gian c ly ra phn trn ca on chng

B qua thit b lm lnh 13, cn phn di ca on B hi du fuzel bc ln vo
thit b ngng t lm lnh 11 ri qua b phn tch du 12, cn hn hp ru
nc b phn tch du ly chy vo phn chng ca thp tinh ch.
Ru sau khi tch tp cht trung gian v tp cht cui c bc ln
phn tinh luyn ca thp tinh ch. i qua cc a, hi ru dn dn c c c,
qua bnh ngng t 5 v hi lu v thp. Phn hi cha ngng t cn cha mt t
tp cht u s tip tc c lm lnh v ngng t v bnh 6 v hi lu v
thp tinh ch. Mt phn nh khng t yu cu cht lng s c chuyn tip
v thp aldehyt hoc cha ring vo mt thng cha cn u.
Cn etylic tiu chun s c ly ra a th t n a th su tnh
t thp, qua bnh lm lnh 9 v bu quan st 10 vo bn cha cn tinh ch.
H thng thit b tinh ch cn etylic lm vic lin tc thng thu c
cn 97-98% cn tinh ch, 0.4% ester-aldehyt, 0.35% du fuzel v 0.8-1.2%
ru fuzel so vi th tch cn th. u im ln ca h thng ny l tng cao
c nng sut, gim bt s hao tn hi v t hiu sut tinh ch cao. Thng 1
dal cn tinh ch tn khong 25-32 kg hi v chng 10 dal nc.
- Tinh ch cn tuyt i:
Cn etylic sau khi tinh ch thc cht vn l hn hp ru-nc ng ph
(Hn hp ng ph l hn hp gm 2 cht lng tan ln khng th tch ring
c na t cc phng php chng ct thng thng). V vy, vi phng
php chng ct tinh ch p sut thng ta ch t n nng cao nht l
95.57% khi lng. Nu chng ct chn khng p sut 0.0525at th hn hp
ng ph khng hnh thnh v qua chng ct ta c th thu cn tuyt i 100%
khi lng. Tuy nhin, vn to chn khng trong thit b chng ct rt kh
khn, nn vic chng ct khng d dng thu c cn tuyt i t c ng
dng. Phng php ng dng ph bin l dng cht th ba to thnh mt hn
hp ba cu t c im si chung chng ct ly cn tuyt i. Hn hp ba cu
t thng c dng l ru-nc-benzen.
1.2.2.3 Tn tht trong sn xut v hiu sut ru
24
Hiu sut ru thng c tnh theo n v trng lng tinh bt hay

ng ln men c cha trong nguyn liu. Trong sn xut, hiu sut ru
thng c tnh theo dal trn mt tn tinh bt cha trong nguyn liu hoc
hm lng ng ca r ng cng tnh theo tinh bt.
Hiu sut l thuyt l hiu sut ln nht c tnh t phng trnh hosinh hc ca s ln men ru.
C6H12O6 = 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
180.1
92.1
88
y l cch vit n gin nht d tnh ton cho qu trnh ln men. T

phng trnh trn, ta s tnh c 100kg ng hexose (glucose hay fructose)
nhn c 51.14kg cn etylic v 48.86kg CO2. Bit rng trng lng ring ca
cn tuyt i (cn khan) nhit tiu chun l 200C l d = 0.78927.
Nh vy c 100k ng hexose qua ln men theo l thuyt c th nhn
c 64.79lt cn khan (51.14/0.78927) hoc mt tn ng hexose nhn c
64.79 dal cn khan.
Hiu sut ru tnh theo ng i disaccarit (saccarose hay maltose) s
tng ln tng ng vi s tng trng vi s tng trng lng phn t khi thu
phn.
C12H22O11 + H2O =
342.2
2C6H12O6
360.2
Do , hiu sut ru tng ln theo h s 1.0526 ln (360.2/342.2) v c 100kg

ng disaccarit nhn c 68.21lt cn tuyt i (64.79 x 1.0526), hoc mt
tn ng disaccarit nhn c 68.21 dal cn tuyt i.
i vi polysaccarit (tinh bt) h s tng hiu sut ru tnh theo phn
ng thu phn:
(C6H10O5)n + nH2O =
162.1n
nC6H12O6
180.1n
H s tng ca hiu sut ru l 1.11104 (180.1/162.1) v c mt tn tinh bt s

nhn c 71.98 dal cn tuyt i (64.79 x 1.11104). Khi sn xut cn etylic t
r ng sacarose trong r ng thng tnh theo lng tinh bt tng ng.
Phng trnh thu phn tinh bt thnh disaccarit nh sau:
25
2(C6H10O5)n + 3H2O = nC6H12O6

324.2n
342.2n
T phng trnh trn, ta thy mt phn t gam (342.2g) cn hai phn t gam
tinh bt ( 324.2g), do h s chuyn ng saccarose sang tinh bt s l
0.9474 (324.2/342.2), khi tnh ton thng ly trn l 0.95.
V d: mt tn r ng c cha 47.6% ng, chuyn sang tinh bt tng
ng l: 0.476tn x 0.95 = 0.452tn.
Hiu sut ru thc t nh hn so vi hiu sut ru l thuyt, v c tn
tht cc cht ng ln men v tn tht mt s ru to thnh khi ln men. Hiu
sut ru thc t thng dao ng khong t 81.5-93% so vi hiu sut l
thuyt.
Hiu sut ru thc t
1- Hiu sut ln men
2- Hiu sut chng ct
3- Hiu sut thc t
Thng hiu sut ln men khong 86%, hiu sut chng ct khong 98%
v hiu sut thc t l 80-85%.
26
V d: c mt phn xng ru mi ngy dng 100.000lt dch ng vi nng

ng 11%. Sau khi ln men, nng ru trong dm chn l 6.1% khi
lng v khi ct c 6227 lt cn 96%v (~ 95.57% khi lng)
Ta tnh c:
Hiu sut thc t = 86.1 x 98 = 84.38%
27

CN SX Ruou Bia Va NC Giai Khat 1 7305

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Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

Chng 2 CNG NGH SN XUT RU VANG NHO ............ 28

Chng 3 K THUT SN XUT BIA ...................................... 48

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

I. NGUYN LIU DNG SN XUT BIA .................................................49

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

4.3.1 Mc ch ca qu trnh nghin.......................................................................81

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

4.12 Cc phng php nng cao bn cho bia .................................................104

Chng 4 KTHUT SN XUT NC GII KHT ........... 109

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

CNG NGH SN XUT RU ETYLIC

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

Gluxit Cellulo Tro

c bit ch l trong sn c acid HCN rt c, vi hm lng 0.007 0.24%

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

1.1.4 Cc loi ng cc khc

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

Mt khc, trong r ng lun c mt vi sinh vt vi mt rt ln.

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

Tu thuc vo iu kin ban u, cc iu kin khch quan, ch quan

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

Thc hin: Bt v nc c phi trn theo mt t l thch hp ( 1.5:3)

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

1- Phiu ngm nguyn liu; 2- Ca np nguyn liu vo ni nu; 3- Ni nu;

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

B. Phng php Mycomalt

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

nghim thch. c ging mc n nh ngi ta tin hnh cy truyn v bo

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

Qu trnh ny cng gn ging nh sn xut mc trung gian, vi cc cng

Nu s b: t l nc nng/bt; 1.8-2.5L/kg, lng acid tng t nh

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

Quy trnh sn xut etanol t r ng bng phng php mycomalt

khu pha long s b thc hin acid ho v x l tp cht trong mt

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

- Tng cng thong kh cho trong giai on ln men.

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

Dm chn bao gm cc cht d bay hi nh ru etylic, ester, aldehyt, v

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

Bng 1.8 thnh phn b ru

Thnh phn ho hc ca cn th cng ph thuc vo tng nguyn liu: v

b. Cc loi thp chng ct:

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

- Thit b chng ct loi 1 thp (hnh 1.7).

Thp ct gm 2 phn: phn di (B) l thp dm chn, phn trn (A) l

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

S lm vic ca h thng thit b chng ct loi 1 thp

Qu trnh lm vic thit b H 1.8

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

pha di ca thp dm chn B hi nng c vo thp qua b phn

u im ca thit b ny so vi thit b mt thp nng cht kh ca b

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

ru C v c c on c c ru A. Hi ru c c qua thit b ngng

Nng ru cn th khi ly du fuzel l 94-95%v . c c nng

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

lm lnh E1 ri qua bu quan st F. V du fuzel c ly ring theo tng a ,

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

Ni ct l mt thng hnh tr lm bng thp y phng, np hnh chp c

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

+ Phn 5 l cn cui, cha nhiu tp cht cui.

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK