Ban Full NGN Va Ung Dung

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG
CNG HA X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM
KHOA VIN THNG I
c lp - T do - Hnh phc
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N TT NGHIP I HC
H v tn Lp Kha Ngnh
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Bi Quc Nam D2002VT 2002 2006 in t - Vin thng
Tn n: Ni dung n:
Chng I
NGN V NG DNG
: Tng quan v mng NGN
Chng II : Mng truyn ti NGN Chng III : Giao thc nh tuyn OSPF Chng IV : Trin khai ng dng mng NGN ca VNPT
Ngy giao n Ngy np n
: 23/05/2006 : 23/10/2006 Ngy 23 thng 10 nm 2006 Gio vin hng dn
ThS. Dng Vn Thnh
NHN XT CA NGI HNG DN
im :
(Bng ch :
) Ngy thng nm 2006
Gio vin hng dn
ThS. Dng Vn Thnh
NHN XT CA NGI PHN BIN
im :
(Bng ch :
) Ngy thng nm 2006
Gio vin phn bin
n tt nghip i hc
Mc lc
MC LC
DANH MC HNH V.................................................................... .............................i DANH MC BNG BIU............................................................................... ...........iii THUT NG VIT TT................................................................ ............................iv LI NI U...................................................................................................... .........1 CHNG I................................................................................... ................................2 TNG QUAN V MNG NGN......................................................................... ..........2 1.1 S ra i ca mng NGN.................................................... ...............................2 1.2 Khi nim v c im ca NGN.................................................. .....................3 1.2.1 Khi nim............................................................................................................ 3 1.2.2 Cc c im ca NGN......................................................................................3 1.3 Kin trc NGN ..................................................................... .............................4 1.3.1 Kin trc chc nng ca NGN...........................................................................4 1.3.2 Cu trc vt l.....................................................................................................5 1.4 Cc phn t trong mng NGN........................................................ ....................6 1.4.1 Cng phng tin (MG Media Gateway).......................................................7 1.4.2 B iu khin cng phng tin (MGC)............................................................8 1.4.3 Cng bo hiu (SG Signaling Gateway).........................................................9 1.4.4 Server phng tin (MS Media Server)..........................................................9 1.4.5 Server ng dng/server c tnh (AS/FS)..........................................................9 1.5 Cc giao thc bo hiu v iu khin trong mng NGN.............................. .....10 1.6 Mt s gii php NGN.................................................................................... ..12 1.6.1 Gii php mng ca Siemens...........................................................................12 1.6.2 Gii php NGN ca Alcatel..............................................................................14 1.6.3 M hnh v gii php mng ca Nortel............................................................15 1.6.4 M hnh v gii php mng ca Ericsion.........................................................16 CHNG II......................................................................................... .......................18 MNG TRUYN TI NGN......................................................................... ..............18 2.1 B giao thc TCP/IP v IPv6....................................................................... .....18 2.1.1 Lp ng dng ..................................................................................................19 2.1.2. Lp giao vn.....................................................................................................19 2.1.3 Lp lin mng...................................................................................................21 2.1.4 Lp truy cp mng............................................................................................22 2.1.5IPv6........................................................................................................... .........22 . 2.2 Cc giao thc v nh tuyn v thit b kt ni mng.......................................26 2.2.1 C bn v nh tuyn........................................................................................26
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2.2.2 Cc giao thc nh tuyn c bn......................................................................28 2.2.3 Router - Thit b u ni mng.........................................................................33
2.3 Cc cng ngh lp 2 v giao thc MPLS.......................................................... 35 2.3.1 Cc cng ngh lp 2.........................................................................................35 2.3.2 Cng ngh chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS.........................................39 CHNG III................................................................................................... ............45 GIAO THC NH TUYN OSPF....................................................................... .....45 3.1 Gii thiu chung............................................................................ ...................45 3.2 Mt s khi nim s dng trong OSPF.................................................... .........46 3.2.1 Gi Hello..........................................................................................................46 3.2.3 Phn loi mng.................................................................................................47 3.2.4 DR v BDR.......................................................................................................47 3.3 Khun dng gi tin OSPF......................................................................... ........49 3.4 Hng xm OSPF....................................................................................... ........50 3.4.1 Cu trc d liu hng xm...............................................................................50 3.4.2 Cc trng thi hng xm...................................................................................51 3.5 Thit lp kt ni ln cn................................................................................. ...54 3.6 Trn lt ................................................................................. ...........................57 3.6.1 Xc nhn tuyt i v xc nhn r rng...........................................................59 3.6.2 S trnh t, tng kim tra, v tui.....................................................................59 3.7 Phn loi Router OSPF........................................................................... ..........60 3.8 Phn loi LSA ........................................................................................... .......61 3.9 Vng................................................................................................. ................65 3.9.1 Vng c th phn chia......................................................................................66 3.9.2 Vng ct (Stub Area) .......................................................................................67 3.9.3 Vng ct hon ton (Totally Stubby Area).......................................................68 3.10 Phn loi ng................................................................................... ...........68 3.11 Bng nh tuyn.................................................................................... ..........69 3.12 Kh nng ng dng ca OSPF trong mng NGN ca VNPT.......................... 70 CHNG IV.......................................................................................................... .....71 TRIN KHAI NG DNG MNG NGN CA VNPT.............................................71 4.1 Gii php SURPASS ca SIEMENS....................................... .........................71 4.1.1 Chuyn mch th h sau...................................................................................72 4.1.2 Truy nhp th h sau.........................................................................................73 4.1.3 Truyn ti th h sau.........................................................................................73 4.1.4 Mng qun l th h sau...................................................................................73
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4.2 Cu trc cc thit b ca Surpass............................................. .........................74 4.2.1 MGC hiQ9200..................................................................................................74 4.2.2 MG-hiG1000....................................................................................................77 4.3 Thit b ERX1400 ca Juniper...................................................................... ....80 4.4 Tnh hnh trin khai mng NGN ca VNPT.....................................................82 KT LUN..................................................................................... ............................86 TI LIU THAM KHO........................................................... ................................87
Bi Quc Nam, D2002VT
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Danh mc hnh v
DANH MC HNH V
Hnh 1.1: Cu trc phn lp ca mng NGN............................................... ..................4 Hnh 1.2: Cu trc vt l ca NGN........................................................................ .......6 Hnh 1.3: Kin trc tng th ca mng NGN.......................................................... .......6 Hnh 1.4: Cu trc ca MG.................................................................................... ........7 Hnh 1.5: Vai tr ca MGC trong NGN.................................................. .......................8 Hnh 1.7: M hnh NGN ca Siemens................................................. ........................13 Hnh 1.8: M hnh NGN ca Alcatel............................................ ...............................14 Hnh 1.9: Kt hp mng ATM/IP vi mng hin thi........................... .......................15 Hnh 1.10: Cu trc mng th h sau ca Ericsson.................................. ....................16 Hnh 2.1: M hnh OSI v TCP/IP..................................................................... .........18 Hnh 2.2: M hnh phn lp chc nng ca b giao thc TCP/IP........................ ........19 Hnh 2.2: Cc lp a ch IPv4............................................................................. ........23 Hnh 2.3: Cu trc a ch IPv6................................................................................... .23 Hnh 2.4: nh tuyn trong mng s dng RIP..................................................... .......28 Hnh 2.5: Cc khu vc trong mt h thng t tr............................ .............................31 Hnh 2.6: V d m hnh cy ng i ngn nht................................ .......................32 Hnh 2.7: Ngun cu hnh Router........................................................... .....................34 Hnh 2.8: Mng Frame Relay trn phng din truyn dn n nh............................37 Hnh 2.9: Truyn thng qua ATM........................................................... .....................38 Hnh 2.10: Cc kiu node trong mng MPLS....................................... .......................40 Hnh 2.11: Khun dng tiu nhn......................................................................... ...42 Hnh 2.12: FR ti lp lin kt d liu......................................... .................................42 Hnh 2.13: ATM ti lp lin kt d liu............................................... ........................43 Hnh 3.1: Qu trnh trn lt LSA..................................................... ............................48 Hnh 3.2: Qu trnh bu c DR................................................................... .................48 Hnh 3.3: Qu trnh ng gi OSPF..................................................................... ........49 Hnh 3.4: Qu trnh chuyn i trng thi t hy sang hon thin...............................52 Hnh 3.5: V d mt qu trnh ng b c s d liu........................................ ...........57 Hnh 3.6: Qu trnh truyn cc gi cp nht trng thi lin kt........................ ............58 Hnh 3.7: Trn lt gi trong mng qung b....................................... .........................59 Hnh 3.8: Phn b cc Router trong mng........................................... ........................61 Hnh 3.9: Gi qung b trng thi lin kt router................................................. ........62 Hnh 3.10: Gi qung b trng thi lin kt mng........................ ...............................63
i
Bi Quc Nam, D2002VT
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Hnh 3.11: Gi qung b trng thi lin kt bn ngoi mng.......................................64 Hnh 3.13: Hot ng gi qung b trng thi lin kt bn ngoi h thng t tr.........65 Hnh 3.14: Qu trnh phn chia vng ......................................................... .................66 Hnh 3.15: Qu trnh phn chia mng ng trc........................................... .............67 Hnh 3.16: Cu hnh vng 2 l mt vng ct..................................... ..........................67 Hinh 3.17: nh tuyn theo tng loi ng.............................. .................................68 Hnh 4.1: Gii php Surpass ca Siemens.................................................................. ..71 Hnh 4.2: Cc h sn phm SURPASS ca Siemens...................................................72 Hnh 4.3: Cu trc chc nng ca hiQ 9200............................................ ....................75 Hnh 4.4: Giao din bo hiu ca Surpass hiQ 9200.............................................. ......76 Hnh 4.5: M hnh chc nng ca hiG1000............................................. ....................78 Hnh 4.6: V tr ca h thng thit b ERX trong mng NGN......................................81 Hnh 4.7: M hnh NGN ca VNPT............................................... .............................84
Bi Quc Nam, D2002VT
ii
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Danh mc bng biu
DANH MC BNG BIU

Bng 1: So snh 2 giao thc ch/t v ngang hng............................................. .........11 Bng 2: Bng nh tuyn vect khong cch............................................ ...................29 Bng 3: Bng nh tuyn trng thi lin kt ca Router A........................ ...................32 Bng 4: V d v bng nh tuyn vect ng i........................................... ............33 Bng 5: Cc bin c ca hng xm.................................................................. ............52 Bng 6: Cc quyt nh ca hng xm...................................................................... ...54 Bng 7: Phn loi LSA..................................................................... ...........................61
Bi Quc Nam, D2002VT
iii
n tt nghip i hc
Thut ng vit tt
THUT NG VIT TT
Vit tt AG API ASBR ARP AS AS-F AT ATM BICC DR ETSI FS GK GW HTML HTTP ID IETF IN INAP IP ISDN ISP ISUP ITU LAN LDP LSA LSR M2UA MG MGC
Ting Anh Access Gateway Application Programming Interface Autonomous System Boudary Router Address Resolution Protocol Application Server AS-Function Access Tandem Asynchronous Transfer Mode Bearer Independent Call Control Designated Router European Telecommunications Standard Institute Feature Server Gatekeeper Gateway Hyper Text Markup Language HyperText Transfer Protocol Identifier Internet Engineering Task Force Intelligent Network Intelligent Network Application Part Internet Protocol Integrated Services Digital Network Internet Service Provider ISDN User Part International Telecommunications Union Local Area Network Label Distribute Protocol Link State Advertisement Label Switch Router MTP level 2 User Adaptaion Media Gateway Media Gateway Controller
Ting Vit Cng truy nhp Giao din chng trnh ng dng Router bin gii c lp Giao thc phn gii a ch My ch ng dng Chc nng my ch ng dng Tng i truy nhp Phng thc truyn khng ng b Giao thc iu khin cuc gi c lp knh mang Router c c. Vin chun ho vin thng chu u My ch c tnh B gi cng Cng Ngn ng nh du siu vn bn Giao thc truyn ti siu vn bn Nhn dng Nhm k thut Internet Mng thng minh Phn ng dng ca mng thng minh Giao thc Internet Mng s a dch v tch hp Nh cung cp dch v internet Phn ngi dng ISDN Hip hi vin thng quc t Mng cc b Giao thc phn b nhn. Gi qung co trng thi lin kt. Router chuyn mch nhn. Tng thch vi ngi dng mc 2 Cng phng tin Thit b iu khin cng phng
Bi Quc Nam, D2002VT
iv
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Thut ng vit tt
MGC-F MGCP MG-F MPLS MS NAT NBMA NGN OSI OSPF PBX POTS PPP PSTN QoS RAN RARP R-F RFC RFC RIP RIP-2 RLC RTCP RTP SCF SCTP SDH SDP SGCP
SGW
SIP
tin MGC- Function Chc nng MGC Giao thc iu khin cng Media Gateway Controller Protocol phng tin MG-Function Chc nng MG Multi Protocol Lable Switch Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc Media Server My ch phng tin Network Address Translation Bin dch a ch mng Non Broadcast Multiaccess a truy nhp khng qung b Next Generation Network Mng th h sau Open Systems Interconnection M hnh lin kt h thng u ni m Open Shortest Path First Giao thc u tin ng i ngn nht. Private Branchthay i Tng i nhnh ni ht Plain Old Telephone System H thng in thoi truyn thng Point-to-Point Protocol Giao thc im ti im Mng thoi chuyn mch cng Public Switched Telephone Network cng Quality of Service Cht lng dch v Radio Access Network Mng truy nhp v tuyn Reverse Address Resolution Protocol Giao thc phn gii a ch ngc Routing- Function Chc nng nh tuyn Request For Common Cc chun ca IETF Request For Comment Khuyn ngh Routing Information Protocol Giao thc thng tin nh tuyn Routing Information Protocol version Giao thc thng tin nh tuyn 2 phin bn 2 Release Complete Hon thnh gii phng cuc gi Real Time Transport Control Giao thc iu khin truyn ti Protocol thi gian thc Giao thc truyn ti thi gian Real Time Transport Protocol thc Service Control Function Chc nng iu khin dch v Giao thc truyn ti iu khin Stream Control Transport Protocol dng Synchronous Digital Herachea Phn cp s ng b Session Discription Protocol Giao thc m t phin Giao thc iu khin cng n Simple Gateway Control Protocol gin Signalling Gateway Gateway bo hiu Session Intiation Protocol Giao thc khi to phin
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Thut ng vit tt
SIP-T SNMP SPF SS7 SSF STP TCAP TCP TDM TGW UDP VLSM WDM
Session Intiation Protocol for Telephony Simple Network Management Protocol Shortest Path First Signalling System number 7 Service Switching Function Signalling Transfer Point Transaction Capabilities Application Part Transfer Control Protocol Time Division Multiplex Trunk Gateway User Datagram Protocol Variable Length Subnet Mask Wave Division Multiplex
Phn m rng giao thc SIP dnh cho thoi Giao thc qun l mng n gin Thut ton u tin ng i ngn nht. H thng bo hiu s 7 Chc nng chuyn mch dch v im chuyn tip bo hiu Phn ng dng kh nng phin Giao thc iu khin truyn ti Ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian Gateway trung k Giao thc gi tin gni dng Mt n mng con c chiu di thay i Ghp knh phn chia theo bc sng
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vi
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Li ni
LI NI U
Cng vi s pht trin ca t nc, nhng nm gn y, cc ngnh cng nghip u pht trin mnh m v ngnh cng nghip vin thng cng khng l ngoi l. Ngy cng c nhiu cc dch v mi v cht lng dch v cng c yu cu cao hn: Internet nhanh chng c ph bin, nhng i hi v dch v IP (IP VPN...), xu th tch hp IP/ATM/MPLS cho mng thng tin trc... dn n s cn thit phi thay i cng ngh mng. ng trc xu hng , vic pht trin theo cu trc mng th h sau (NGN) vi cc cng ngh ph hp l bc i tt yu ca vin thng th gii v mng vin thng Vit nam. NGN khng phi l mt mng c c s h tng c xy dng hon ton mi m n c hnh thnh v pht trin trn nn tng ca cc mng th h trc kt hp vi k thut chuyn mch gi theo giao thc IP. Vi xu hng chuyn dn sang NGN nh vy, vic tm hiu cc vn v mng NGN tr nn quan trng i vi sinh vin. Nhn thc c iu , n tt nghip Mng NGN v ng dng s gii thiu v tng quan v cng ngh mng NGN, tm hiu cc vn k thut truyn ti trong NGN, giao thc nh tuyn OSPF v tnh hnh trin khai mng ca Tp on bu chnh vin thng Vit Nam. B cc ca n gm chng.
Chng I : Tng quan v mng NGN Chng II : Mng truyn ti NGN
Chng III : Giao thc nh tuyn OSPF

Chng IV : Trin khai ng dng mng NGN ca VNPT
NGN l cng ngh tuy khng cn mi m, song vic tm hiu v cc vn ca cng ngh NGN l cn thit, i hi phi c kin thc su rng, v lu di. Do vy n khng trnh khi nhng sai st. Rt mong nhn c s ph bnh, gp ca cc thy c gio v cc bn. Xin gi li cm n chn thnh ti ThS. Dng Vn Thnh, ngi tn tnh hng dn em trong sut qu trnh lm n ny. Xin chn thnh cm n cc thy c gio trong khoa Vin thng gip em trong thi gian qua. Xin gi li cm n ti gia nh, bn b v ngi thn - nhng ngi gip ng vin ti trong qu trnh hc tp.
Bi Quc Nam, D2002VT
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Chng I: Tng quan v mng
CHNG I TNG QUAN V MNG NGN
1.1 S ra i ca mng NGN

Mng PSTN ca VNPT c xy dng v pht trin kh ton din, cung cp dch v thoi truyn thng cht lng tt ti khch hng. Tuy nhin, sau nhiu nm hot ng, PSTN bc l mt s hn ch hu nh khng th khc phc c. Chuyn mch da trn cng ngh TDM cng nhc trong vic phn b bng thng (Nx64kb/s) v gp nhiu kh khn khi a ra cc dch v mi, nht l khi trin khai mng NGN. Mng PSTN cn s u t ln, gi thnh thit b cao v chi ph vn hnh mng ln. Hn na, mng PSTN c nhiu cp khc nhau (Gateway quc t, Toll, tandem, Host) nn rt phc tp trong vic phi hp h thng bo hiu, ng b v trin khai dch v mi. Trong khi , nhu cu v cc dch v d liu pht trin mnh: Internet ngy cng ph bin, nhng i hi v dch v IP, xu th tch hp IP/ATM/MPLS cho mng ng trc...cng vi s pht trin ca cng ngh thng tin v vin thng th gii dn n s cn thit phi thay i cng ngh mng. Mng mi ra i phi c bng tn rng, hiu sut cao, h tr nhiu loi hnh dch v, n gin v cu trc v qun l, d dng pht trin dch v v nhanh chng cung cp cho khch hng. Nh vy, dp ng cc yu cu t ra, cc nh qun tr mng c 2 s la chn, hoc l xy dng mt c s h tng hon ton mi hoc l xy dng mt mng c kh nng cung cp cc dch v IP bng cch nng cp trn h tng mng PSTN hin c. H tng mng ca th k 20 khng th c thay th ch trong mt sm, mt chiu v v th phng n th hai l s la chn ng n l mng th h sau (NGN Next Generation Network). Do vy, mng NGN c hnh thnh v pht trin. S hi t ca cc mng l yu cu cn thit, mang li nhiu li ch cho nh khai thc dch v. i vi nh hng NGN mang li nhiu tnh nng c th p ng c nhiu yu cu ca khch hng nht l cc dch v bng rng nh:
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Tng thm tnh mm do; Tp trung kh nng iu khin cuc gi thng qua chuyn mch mm (Softswitches); Tit kim bng thng; Cung cp dch v multi-media.
Bi Quc Nam, D2002VT
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1.2 Khi nim v c im ca NGN

1.2.1 Khi nim Cho ti hin nay, mc d cc t chc vin thng quc t v cc nh cung cp thit b vin thng trn th gii u rt quan tm v nghin cu v chin lc pht trin NGN. Song vn cha c mt nh ngha c th no chnh xc cho NGN. Do , nh ngha NGN nu ra y khng th bao hm ht ngha ca mng th h mi nhng l khi nim chung nht khi cp n NGN. Bt ngun t s pht trin ca cng ngh thng tin, cng ngh chuyn mch gi v cng ngh truyn dn bng rng, NGN ra i l mng c c s h tng thng tin da trn cng ngh chuyn mch gi, trin khai dch v mt cch a dng v nhanh chng, p ng s hi t gia thoi v s liu, c nh v di ng. Nh vy, c th xem NGN l s tch hp mng PSTN da trn k thut TDM v mng chuyn mch gi da trn k thut IP/ATM. N c th truyn ti tt c cc dch v vn c ca PSTN, ng thi c th cung cp cho mng IP lu lng d liu ln, nh gim ti cho mng PSTN. Tuy nhin, NGN khng ch n thun l s hi t gia thoi v d liu m cn l s hi t gia truyn dn quang v cng ngh gi, gia mng c nh v di ng. Vn ct li y l lm sao c th tn dng ht li th em n t qu trnh hi t ny. Mt vn quan trng khc l s bng n nhu cu ca ngi s dng cho mt khi lng ln dch v v ng dng phc tp bao gm c a phng tin, phn ln trong s khng c d tnh khi xy dng cc h thng mng truyn thng. 1.2.2 Cc c im ca NGN NGN c bn c im chnh
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Nn tng l h thng m; Dch v thc hin c lp vi mng li; NGN l mng da trn nn chuyn mch gi, s dng cc giao thc thng nht; L mng c dung lng ngy cng tng, c tnh thch ng cao, c dung lng p ng nhu cu.
Trc ht, do p dng c cu m m: Cc khi chc nng ca tng i truyn thng chia thnh cc phn t mng c lp, cc phn t c phn theo chc nng tng ng v pht trin mt cch c lp. Giao din v giao thc gia cc b phn phi da trn cc tiu chun tng ng. Vic phn tch chc nng lm cho mng vin thng truyn thng dn dn i
Bi Quc Nam, D2002VT 3
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theo hng mi, nh kinh doanh c th cn c vo nhu cu dch v t t hp cc phn t khi t chc mng li. Vic tiu chun ha giao thc gia cc phn t c th thc hin lin kt gia cc mng c cu hnh khc nhau. Tip n, vic tch dch v c lp vi mng nhm thc hin mt cch linh hot v c hiu qu vic cung cp dch v. Thu bao c th t b tr v xc nh c trng dch v ca mnh, khng quan tm n mng truyn ti dch v v loi hnh u cui. iu lm cho vic cung cp dch v v ng dng c tnh linh hot cao hn. Th ba, NGN da trn c s mng chuyn mch gi v cc giao thc thng nht. Mng thng tin hin nay, d l mng vin thng, mng my tnh hay mng truyn hnh cp, u khng th ly mt trong cc mng lm nn tng xy dng c s h tng thng tin. Nhng my nm gn y, cng vi s pht trin ca cng ngh IP, ngi ta mi nhn thy r rng l mng vin thng, mng my tnh v mng truyn hnh cp cui cng ri cng tch hp trong mt mng IP thng nht, l xu th ln m ngi ta thng gi l dung hp ba mng. Giao thc IP lm cho cc dch v ly IP lm c s u c th thc hin lin kt cc mng khc nhau; con ngi ln u tin c c giao thc thng nht m ba mng ln u c th chp nhn c; t c s vng chc v mt k thut cho h tng c s thng tin quc gia. Giao thc IP thc t tr thnh giao thc ng dng vn nng v bt u c s dng lm c s cho cc mng a dch v, mc d hin ti vn cn nhiu khuyt im v kh nng h tr lu lng thoi v cung cp cht lng dch v m bo cho s liu. Tuy nhin, chnh tc i mi nhanh chng trong th gii Internet, m n c to iu kin bi s pht trin ca cc tiu chun m s sm khc phc nhng thiu st ny.
1.3 Kin trc NGN

1.3.1 Kin trc chc nng ca NGN T m hnh cu trc NGN v gii php ca cc hng khc nhau trn th trng hin nay, c th a ra m hnh cu trc NGN gm 4 lp chc nng nh sau (xem hnh 1.1):
Lp ng dng
Lp iu khin
L pq l un
Lp truyn thng
Lp truyn dn v truy nhp
Hnh 1.1: Cu trc phn lp ca mng NGN

n tt nghip i hc NGN -
Lp truy nhp v truyn dn; Lp truyn thng; Lp iu khin; Lp qun l.
Lp truyn dn v truy nhp Phn truyn dn: p dng k thut ghp knh phn chia theo mt bc sng DWDM lp vt l nhm m bo cung cp cht lng dch v (QoS) theo yu cu ca ng dng. Phn truy nhp: Hng ti s dng cng ngh quang cho thng tin hu tuyn v CDMA cho thng tin v tuyn. Thng nht s dng cng ngh IP. Lp truyn thng Thit b chnh trong lp truyn thng l cc cng (Gateway) lm nhim v kt ni gia cc phn ca mng v gia cc mng khc nhau. Lp iu khin Lp iu khin c nhim v iu khin kt ni gia cc u cui, vi yu cu tng thch vi tt c cc loi giao thc v bo hiu. Lp iu khin c th c t chc theo kiu module, theo cc b iu khin c lp s thc hin cc chc nng iu khin khc nhau. Thit b chnh trong lp iu khin l Softswitch (chuyn mch mm) lm nhim v bo hiu v iu khin cuc gi. Lp qun l Lp qun l l mt lp tc ng trc tip ln tt c cc lp cn li, lm nhim v gim st cc hot ng ca mng. Lp qun l phi m bo hot ng c trong mi trng m, vi nhiu giao thc, dch v v cc nh khai thc khc nhau. Xt trn gc dch v, NGN cn c thm lp ng dng ngay pha trn lp iu khin, bao gm cc nt (server) cung cp cc dch v khc nhau. Lp ng dng lin kt vi lp iu khin thng qua giao din m API. 1.3.2 Cu trc vt l NGN c hiu l mng th h sau hay mng th h k tip m khng phi l mng hon ton mi, nn khi xy dng v pht trin mng theo xu hng NGN, ngi ta ch n vn kt ni NGN vi mng truyn thng v tn dng cc thit b vin thng hin c trn mng nhm t c hiu qu khai thc ti a. Cc mng c kt ni ti mng li IP thng qua cc cng (hnh 1.2)
n tt nghip i hc NGN
ISP
SS7
Ngi s dng di ng GPRS UMTS
DNS
Server th mc
Server c tnh/ng dng
Cng bo hiu
MGC
Chuyn mch mm
Cng khng dy
PSTN
Ngi s dng in thoi
Mng IP (WDM/SDH/ATM) MPLS, Multicast

Nh kinh doanh Cng truy nhp LAN RSVP, Mobile IP, IP Sec
Cng trung k
Mng khng dy PC
Cng thng tr
xDSL
Truyn hnh k thut s
Tnh cc
Mng qun l
GE, MAN
Ngui s dng thng tr/ nh kinh doanh
Hnh 1.2: Cu trc vt l ca NGN
1.4 Cc phn t trong mng NGN

Xt cu trc tng th cho mng NGN theo MSF:
Cng bo hiu Qun l IP Cng bo hiu
SS7
C7/IP SIGTRAN
SNMP, API
C7/IP SIGTRAN
SS7
MGC
BICC SIGTRAN
MGCP/H.248 MEGACO
MGCP/H.248 MEGACO
PSTN
Cng phng tin
Mng IP (hoc ATM, hoc MPLS)
PSTN
POTS ISDN-BA ISDN-PRA V5.x/TR8/GR3 03 xDSL ATM FR LL/CES
Truy nhp
Hnh 1.3: Kin trc tng th ca mng NGN

n tt nghip i hc NGN
1.4.1 Cng phng tin (MG Media Gateway) MG cung cp phng tin truyn ti thng tin thoi, d liu, fax v video gia mng gi IP v cc mng khc. Trong mng PSTN, d liu thoi c mang trn knh DS0. truyn d liu ny vo mng gi, mu thoi cn c nn li v ng gi. c bit y ngi ta s dng b x l tn hiu s DSP (Digital Signal Processor) thc hin cc chc nng: chuyn i AD (Analog to Digital), nn m thoi/ audio, trit ting di, b khong lng, m ha, ti to tn hiu thoi, truyn cc tn hiu DTMF, MG c cc chc nng sau:
-
Truyn d liu thoi s dng giao thc thi gian thc (RTP Real Time Protocol); Cung cp khe thi gian T1 hay ti nguyn x l tn hiu s (DSP) di s iu khin ca MGC. ng thi qun l ti nguyn DSP cho dch v ny; H tr cc giao thc c nh loop start, ground start, E&M, CAS, QSIG v ISDN qua T1; Qun l ti nguyn v kt ni T1; Cung cp kh nng thay nng cc card T1 hay DSP; C phn mm MG d phng; Cho php kh nng m rng MG v: cng (port), cards, cc nt, m khng lm thay i cc thnh phn khc.
Lung ln (min chuyn mch gi)
Thnh phn cng phng tin
API
API
Hi t mng
HOST CPU
API API
API
API
Hi t DSP
Hi t DSP
API
API
Sp xp DSP
Sp xp DSP
Chuyn i PSTN
Chuyn i PSTN
Lung xung (min PSTN)
Hnh 1.4: Cu trc ca MG

n tt nghip i hc NGN
1.4.2 B iu khin cng phng tin (MGC) MGC l n v chc nng c bn ca chuyn mch mm, v cng thng c gi l tc nhn cuc gi (Call Agent) hay B iu khin cng (Gateway Controller), hay chuyn mch mm. MGC iu khin x l cuc gi, cn MG v SG s thc hin truyn thng. MGC thc hin iu khin MG. Ngoi ra cn giao tip vi h thng OSS v BSS. MGC chnh l chic cu ni gia cc mng c c tnh khc nhau nh PSTN, SS7, mng IP. N chu trch nhim qun l lu lng thoi v d liu qua cc mng khc nhau. Mt MGC kt hp vi MG, SG to thnh cu hnh ti thiu cho chuyn mch mm.
AS/FS MS
MGC
MGC
MGC
SG
MG
SS7
Mng khng IP
PSTN TDM/ATM
Mng IP
Hnh 1.5: Vai tr ca MGC trong NGN Cc chc nng ca MGC

-
iu khin cuc gi, duy tr trng thi ca mi cuc gi trn mt MG; iu khin v h tr hot ng ca MG, SG; Trao i cc bn tin c bn gia 2 MG-F; X l bn tin bo hiu SS7 (khi s dng SIGTRAN); X l cc bn tin lin quan QoS nh RTCP; Thc hin nh tuyn cuc gi (bao gm bng nh tuyn v bin dch); Ghi li cc thng tin chi tit ca cuc gi tnh cc (CDR- Call Detail Record); iu khin qun l bng thng;
Cc giao thc MGC c th s dng

Giao thc thit lp cuc gi: H.323, SIP; Giao thc iu khin MG: MGCP, MEGACO/H.248; Giao thc iu khin SG: SIGTRAN (SS7); Giao thc truyn thng tin: RTP, RCTP.
1.4.3 Cng bo hiu (SG Signaling Gateway) SG thc hin chc nng cu ni gia mng bo hiu SS7 v cc nt c qun l bi chuyn mch mm trong mng IP. SG lm cho chuyn mch mm ging nh mt nt SS7 trong mng bo hiu SS7. SG c cc chc nng sau:
-
Cung cp mt kt ni vt l n mng bo hiu; Truyn thng tin bo hiu gia MGC v SG thng qua mng IP; Thit lp ng truyn dn cho thoi v cc dng d liu khc.
1.4.4 Server phng tin (MS Media Server) MS l thnh phn la chn ca Softswitch, c s dng x l cc thng tin c bit. Mt Media Server phi h tr phn cng vi hiu sut cao nht. Cc chc nng ca MS
-
Chc nng voice-mail c bn ; Hp th fax tch hp hay cc thng bo c th s dng e-mail hay cc bn tin ghi m trc (Pre-recorded Message) ; Kh nng nhn dng ting ni nu c; Kh nng hi ngh truyn hnh (Video conference); Kh nng chuyn i thoi sang vn bn (Speech -to- text).
1.4.5 Server ng dng/server c tnh (AS/FS) Server c tnh l mt server mc ng dng cha mt loi cc dch v ca doanh nghip. Chnh v vy m n cn c gi l Server ng dng thng mi. V hu ht cc Server ny t qun l cc dch v v truyn thng qua mng IP nn chng khng rng buc nhiu vi Softswitch v vic phn chia hay nhm cc thnh phn ng dng. Cc dch v gi tr gia tng c th trc thuc Call Agent, hoc cng c th thc hin mt cc c lp. Nhng ng dng ny giao tip vi Call Agent thng qua cc giao thc nh SIP, H323Chng thng c lp vi phn cng nhng li yu cu truy nhp c s d liu c trng.
n tt nghip i hc NGN
Chc nng ca FS Chc nng c bn ca Feature Server l xc nh tnh hp l v h tr cc thng s dch v thng thng cho h thng a chuyn mch. thy r hn ta xt mt vi v d v dch v c tnh:
-
H thng tnh cc s dng cc b CDR (Call Detail Record bn ghi chi tit cuc gi). Chng trnh CDR c rt nhiu c tnh, chng hn kh nng ng dng tc da trn loi ng truyn, thi im trong ngy Dch v ny cho php khch hng truy cp vo bn tin tnh cc ca h thng qua cuc gi thoi hay truy cp Web yu cu VPN-Dch v ny s thit lp mng ring o cho khch hng vi cc c tnh sau:

Bng thng xc nh (Thng qua mng thu ring tc cao); m bo QoS; Nhiu tnh nng ring theo chun;
K hoch quay s ring;
Bo mt cc m thoi c truyn dn;
1.5 Cc giao thc bo hiu v iu khin trong mng NGN

Kin trc ca NGN l kin trc phn tn v th m cc chc nng bo hiu v x l bo hiu, chuyn mch, iu khin cuc gi,c thc hin bi cc thit b nm phn tn trong cu hnh mng. c th to ra cc kt ni gia cc u cui nhm cung cp dch v, cc thit b ny phi trao i cc thng tin bo hiu v diu khin vi nhau. Cch thc trao i cc thng tin bo hiu v iu khin c quy nh trong cc giao thc bo hiu v iu khin c s dng trong mng. Trong mng NGN c cc giao thc bo hiu v iu khin c bn sau:
-
H.323; SIP; BICC; SIGTRAN; MGCP, MEGACO/H.248.
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n tt nghip i hc NGN
MGCP, H.248, SIP MS H thng m API Tc nhn cuc gi/ MGC MGCP, H.248, SIP Bo hiu SIP/SIP-T, H.323, Q.BICC Tc nhn cuc gi/ MGC MGC
AS
SIGTRAN (M3UA/SCTP)
Bo hiu H.323, MGCP, Megaco, SIP
in thoi hoc u cui IPl (SIP, H.323, MGCP, Megaco) RTP/ RTCP
Phng tin
SIGTRAN M3UA, IUA, V5UA
MGCP Megaco MGCP Megaco
SG
Bo hiu PSTN/IN SS7/BICC ISUP, INAP
Phng tin Hu tuyn AG RTP/ RTCP
MGC
IN SCP
SS7/BICC
IP Network
PSTN/IN
TDM/ATM
Mng truy nhp

V tuyn
Hnh 1.6: Cc giao thc bo hiu v iu khin trong mng NGN Cc giao thc ny c th phn thnh 2 loi: cc giao thc ngang hng (H.323, SIP, BICC) v cc giao thc ch t (MGCP, MEGACO/H.248) nh trong hnh 1.6. S khc nhau c bn gia hai cch tip cn ny l ch kh nng thng minh c phn b nh th no gia cc thit b bin ca mng v cc server. S la chn cch no l ph thuc vo chi ph h thng, trin khai dch v, kh thi. Mt gii php tng th s dng u im ca c hai cch tip cn nn c xem xt. S so snh gia hai cch tip cn ny c trnh by trong bng 1. Bng 1: So snh 2 giao thc ch/t v ngang hng Ch/t
-
Ngang hng
-
Thit b cng n gin. ng dng c t ti cc Server. Ch trin khai dch v ti cc server. Thi gian trin khai dch v trn mng ngn. Ch nng cp cc Server iu khin.
Thit b cng phc tp. Tng tc ngang hng. Trin khai trn tng thit b. Thi gian trin khai trn mng ln. Phi nng cp tt c thit b mng khi trin khai mt dch v mi trn ton b mng.
Khai thc
Trin khai dch v
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n tt nghip i hc NGN
Ch/t
-
Ngang hng
Qun l cc dch v linh hot trn ton mng. Thit b cng c ti u v chi ph dn ti tng chi ph gim. Vng i sn phm ca cc thit b cng di hn.
-
Chi ph
Thit b mng c gi thnh cao lm cho chi ph tng th ln. Theo thi gian, thit b cng c th phi thng xuyn nng cp. SIP. H.323.
V d v cc giao thc
MEGACO/H.248. MGCP.
1.6 Mt s gii php NGN

Cc hng cung cp thit b vin thng gii thiu nhiu m hnh kin trc NGN khc nhau, km theo cc gii php mng v sn phm mi khc nhau do h cung cp. V d: SURPASS ca Siemens, 1000 MM E10 ca Alcatel (hay Alcatel 1000 softswitch), ENGINE ca Ericsson, Vi s tham gia ca nhiu hng v mt s nh khai thc, mng th h mi thu ht s quan tm ca nhiu t chc vin thng nhm hng ti mt m hnh kin trc mng mi trn nn tng cng ngh hin i, u t hiu qu, p ng nhu cu pht trin phong ph a dng cc dch v. Sau y l m hnh v gii php NGN ca mt s hng ni ting. 1.6.1 Gii php mng ca Siemens Gii php NGN ca Siemens da trn kin trc phn tn, xa i khong cch gia mng PSTN v mng s liu. Cc h thng a ra vn da trn kin trc pht trin ca h thng chuyn mch mm ni ting ca Siemens l EWSD. Siemens gii thiu gii php NGN c tn l SURPASS. Phn chnh ca SURPASS l h thng SURPASS hiQ, y c th coi l h thng ch tp trung (Centrallized Sever) cho lp iu khin ca mng vi chc nng nh mt h thng ca ng (Gateway) mnh iu khin cc tnh nng thoi, kt hp kh nng bo hiu mnh kt ni vi nhiu mng khc nhau. Trn h thng ny c khi chuyn i bo hiu bo hiu s 7 ca mng PSTN/ISDN sang giao thc iu khin cng phng tin MGCP. Ty theo chc nng v dung lng, SURPASS hiQ c chia thnh cc loi SURPASS hiQ 10, 20 hay SURPASS hiQ 9100, 9200, 9400.
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n tt nghip i hc NGN
SURPASS hiG l h cc h thng MG t cc mng dch v cp di ln SURPASS hiQ, h thng nm bin mng ng trc, chu s qun l ca SURPASS hiQ. H ny c chc nng:
-
Ca ng qun l truy cp t xa (RAS): Chuyn i s liu t modem hay ISDN thnh s liu IP v ngc li; Ca ng VoIP: Nhn lu lng thoi PSTN, nn, to gi v chuyn ln mng IP v ngc li.
Qun l kt ni Lp iu khin
POTS,ISDN IP,ATM,FR. .. CABLE
Khai bo v qun l dch v
Qun l mng
ISDN
Mng truy nhp a dch v Cng
DN
Truyn dn quang Cc mng hin c nh tuyn/ chuyn mch nh tuyn/ chuyn mch
Hnh 1.7: M hnh NGN ca Siemens SURPASS hiG c phn chia thnh nhiu loi theo chc nng v dung lng t SURPASS hiG 500, 700, 1000 n SURPASS hiG 2000, 5000. Ca ng cho VoATM: Nhn lu lng thoi PSTN, nn, to gi v chuyn thnh cc t bo ATM, chuyn ln mng ATM v ngc li SURPASS hiA l h thng truy nhp a dch v (Multi-Service Acces) nm lp truy nhp ca NGN, phc v cho truy nhp thoi, xDSL v cc dch v s liu trn mt nn mng duy nht. cung cp cc gii php truy nhp, SURPASS hiA c th kt hp vi cc tng i EWSD hin c qua giao din V5.2, cng nh cng vi SURPASS hiQ to nn mng th h mi. SURPASS hiA c phn chia thnh nhiu loi theo cc giao din h tr (h tr thoi, xDSL, truy nhp bng rng, leased-line,
Lp truyn ti
V tuyn
Lp truy nhp
PSTN /
n tt nghip i hc NGN
kt ni Internet trc tip. Kt hp chc nng ca ng trung gian tch hp, gm c VoIP/VoATM) thnh cc loi SURPASS hiA 7100, 7300, 7500. qun l tt c h thng ca SURPASS, Siemens a ra h thng qun l NetManage. H thng qun l ny s dng giao thc qun l mng SNMP v chy trn nn JAVA/CORBA, c giao thc HTTP c th qun l qua WEB. 1.6.2 Gii php NGN ca Alcatel Alcatel a ra m hnh NGN vi cc lp: lp truy nhp v truyn ti, lp trung gian, lp iu khin v lp dch v mng.
Dch v/bo hiu mng hin c Thit b mng Hin c Cc dch v mng c lp
Lp dch v mng Lp iu khin Lp truyn thng Lp truy nhp v truyn ti
Khch hng Truy nhp t xa
Ngi s dng
Hnh 1.8: M hnh NGN ca Alcatel Alcatel gii thiu cc chuyn mch a dch v, a phng tin 1000MME10 v Alcatel 1000 Softswitch cho gii php xy dng NGN. Trong h sn phm 1000MME10 l cc h thng c s xy dng mng vin thng th h mi t mng hin c. Nng lc x l ca h thng rt ln so vi cc h thng E10 trc y, ln ti 8 triu BHCA, tc chuyn mch ATM c th t ti 80Gb/s. c im ln nht ca h thng ny l lun chuyn mt s chc nng lin quan n iu khin cuc gi nh chng trnh kt ni ATM bn c nh, chng trnh x l s liu cho vic lp k hoch nh s, nh tuyn, im iu khin dch v ni ht, qun l kt ni bng thng ln my ch (Server) chy trn UNIX. H thng c th gii quyt nhng vn sau: Gateway trung k: H tr kt ni gia cc mng thoi dng TDM v mng chuyn mch gi. H thng ny gm gateway cho thoi qua ATM v thoi qua IP
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Gateway truy nhp: H thng ny thc hin kt ni n thu bao, tp trung cc loi lu lng POST, ISDN, ADSL,ATM,IP v chuyn n mng chuyn mch gi. H thng cng cung cp cc chc nng xc nhn, cho php kt ni, thng k v cc kt cui bng hp, bng rng. Tng i chuyn mch gi: C chc nng hn hp chuyn mch/nh truyn nm phn li hay bin ca mng chuyn mch gi. Thit b ny truyn ti thng tin gia gateway trung k v gateway truy nhp.
1.6.3 M hnh v gii php mng ca Nortel Nortel gii thiu cc sn phm tng ng vi h sn phm OP Tera Packet v Passport 15000. H sn phm ca OP Tera Packet cho lp iu khin, OP Tera Packet Core cho lp truyn ti ng trc , Passport cho h thng chuyn mch v Access Multi-service. Mc tiu chnh ca Nortel l hon thin mngu li m bo hp nht mng thoi v s liu c th cung cp cc dch v IP, ATM bng cch a ra khi li IP/MPLS bao gm li IP router v chuyn mch MPLS c dung lng ln (19,2 Tb/s) v c giao din quang 2.5Gb/s (c kh nng m rng dn 10Gb/s). H thng chuyn mch Passport trn c s ghp ATM v IP/MPLS c kh nng cung cp a dch v cho thu bao vi dung lng 40 Gb/s v c kh nng m rng ln ti vi Terabit/s. Nortel a ra m hnh kt hp mng ATM/IP vi mng hin ti nh trn hnh 1.9.
Server
Cng thoi gi
Mng ATM Thoi trn ATM/IP
Cng thoi gi
E1, DS3 TDM
E1, DS3 TDM

Chuyn mch TDM
Chuyn mch TDM
Mng bo hiu s 7 PSTN Mng bng hp

TDM
Chuyn mch TDM Chuyn mch TDM
Hnh 1.9: Kt hp mng ATM/IP vi mng hin thi

n tt nghip i hc NGN
H sn phm Passport c gii thiu gm Passport 7000, 15000, 15000-VSS v 15000 BSN c s dng nh phn li ca mng chuyn mch hoc nh loi MG ca lp kt ni trong mng NGN. H thng mng li Passport 15000 c xy dng trn cc chun PNNI, IISP v DPRS, tch hp IP trn ATM cng nh MPLS vi ATM c th cung cp cc dch v mt cch ton din. c bit i vi kh nng MPLS phi hp nh tuyn, u cho cc lu lng d liu cho cc dch v FR, IP v ATM m bo cht lng dch v QoS, ngoi ra c kh nng hp nht iu khin phc v cho ng dng Packet/Optical. 1.6.4 M hnh v gii php mng ca Ericsion Ericsson gii thiu gii php cho mng th h sau c tn l ENGINE. ENGINE to ra mt mng li cung cp nhiu dch v trn c s mt h tng mng duy nht. N bao gm ton b cc sn phm mng a dch v ca Ericsson l mt tp hp cc gii php v sn phm.
My ch ng dng IP
Server H.323 ng dng HLR SCP
Q U N L
My ch PLMN
My ch PSTN/ ISDN
iu khin
Mng ng trc
MG W MG W
Mng truy nhp hu tuyn
MGW
Mng a dch v khc
MG W
PBX/LAN Intranet
MG W
Cc mng in thoi khc
Mng truy nhp v tuyn
Hnh 1.10: Cu trc mng th h sau ca Ericsson Cu trc mng th h sau ENGINE hng ti cc ng dng, cu trc ny da trn cc lin h Client/Server v Gateway/Server. Cc ng dng gm c phn Client
16
Bi Quc Nam, D2002VT
n tt nghip i hc NGN
trn my u cui, cc server trong mng giao tip vi nhau qua cc giao din m v hng ti mng c lp vi dch v .
-
Lp dch v/iu khin bao gm cc server c chc nng iu khin cc cuc gi PSTN/ISDN v s liu, cung cp dch v mng thng minh IN, Multimedia thi gian thc trn c s h thng x l AXE ca Ericsson. Lp truyn ti x l cc thng tin ngi s dng, chuyn mch v nh tuyn lu lng hay cn gi l lp vn chuyn vi phn li chuyn mch chnh l ATM AXD 301 c dung lng t 10 n 160 Gb/s v c kh nng m rng n 2500 Gb/s trong tng lai. ng thi h thng chuyn mch ATM AXD 301 c th c s dng nh mt giao din gia mng li v mng truy nhp khc: mng c nh, mng v tuyn c nh v mng di ng Lp truy nhp m bo kh nng truy nhp ca thu bao t cc mng c nh, v tuyn c nh, di ng v cc mng truy nhp khc. Ericsson gii thiu sn phm ENGINE access ramp gm cc dng sn phm p ng yu cu ca gii php mng cn trin khai (truy nhp bng hp, chuyn mch n, tch hp ATM). i vi cu hnh truy nhp bng hp, vic chuyn mch s do chuyn mch ni ht thc hin. cung cp cc dch v ATM, ENGINE access ramp s phi hp vi mng ATM cng cng.
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n tt nghip i hc
Chng II: Mng truyn ti NGN
CHNG II MNG TRUYN TI NGN

Mt trong cc c tnh chnh ca NGN l tch ring cc dch v vi mng, cho php chng c th pht trin c lp. Do trong cu trc NGN c s phn chia r rng gia cc chc nng ca dch v v cc chc nng truyn ti. Lu lng NGN l tu bin theo nhu cu ca khch hng vi cc dch v c cung cp ngy cng chim bng thng rt ln nh cc dch v a phng tin, TV theo yu cu, Game trc tuyn, hi ngh truyn hnh iu ny i hi mng truyn ti NGN phi m bo tin cy v hiu nng hot ng cao. Chng ny s tm hiu v cc cng ngh truyn ti NGN. u tin, tho lun b giao thc TCP/IP v IPv6 l kin trc nn tng ca mng Internet ngy nay v cng l nn tng ca NGN. Tip n l cc giao thc nh tuyn c bn trong mng IP nh RIP, OSPF, BGP. Cc giao thc ny ng vai tr rt quan trng trong s hnh thnh nn mng NGN. Phn cui cng ca chng, s gii thiu v cc cng ngh lp 2 Cc cng ngh truyn ti lp lin kt d liu, trong tp trung vo cng ngh chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS cng ngh truyn ti ch yu c trong cc gii php hin nay ca NGN.
2.1 B giao thc TCP/IP v IPv6

M h OSI nh
ng dng t r h d in n Ph i n Giao vn M n g Li n k t d l iu Tr u y c P m n g Vt l Giao vn Li n M n g ng dng
M h TCP /IP nh
Hnh 2.1: M hnh OSI v TCP/IP TCP/IP c pht trin trc m hnh OSI. Do , cc tng trong TCP/IP khng tng ng hon ton vi cc tng trong m hnh OSI. Chng giao thc TCP/IP biu din trn hnh 2.1 c chia thnh bn lp: truy cp mng mng (network interface), lin mng (internet), giao vn (transport) v ng dng (application).
n tt nghip i hc
Tng ng dng Ping

SMTP FTP Telnet NNTP etc... NFS RPC DNS TFTP BOOTP etc...
Tng giao vn
TCP
UDP
OSPF
ICMP
IGMP
BGP
RIP
Tng lin mng

ARP
IP
RARP
Tng truy nhp mng
Data link
Media (physical)
Hnh 2.2: M hnh phn lp chc nng ca b giao thc TCP/IP 2.1.1 Lp ng dng Lp ng dng iu khin chi tit tng ng dng c th. N tng ng vi cc lp ng dng, trnh din trong m hnh OSI. Lp ng dng bao gm cc giao thc mc cao, m ha, iu khin hi thoi Cc dch v ng dng nh SMTP, FTP, TFTP Hin nay c hng trm hoc thm ch hng nghn cc giao thc thuc lp ny. Cc chng trnh ng dng giao tip vi cc giao thc lp giao vn truyn v nhn d liu. Chng trnh ng dng truyn d liu dng yu cu n lp vn chuyn x l trc khi chuyn xung lp Internet tm ng i. 2.1.2. Lp giao vn Lp giao vn chu trch nhim chuyn pht ton b thng bo t tin trnh-titin trnh. Ti lp ny c hai giao thc l TCP v UDP. Mi giao thc cung cp mt loi dch v giao vn: hng kt ni v phi kt ni. a. Giao thc TCP Mt giao thc lp giao vn thng c nhiu chc nng. Mt trong s l to mt truyn thng tin trnh-ti-tin trnh. thc hin iu ny, TCP s dng cng. Mt chc nng khc ca giao thc lp giao vn l to mt c ch iu khin lung v iu khin li mc giao vn. TCP s dng giao thc ca s trt thc hin iu khin lung. N s dng gi xc nhn, thi gian ch v truyn li thc hin iu khin li.
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TCP l mt giao thc hng kt ni. N c trch nhim thit lp mt kt ni vi pha nhn, chia lung d liu thnh cc n v c th vn chuyn, nh s chng v sau gi chng ln lt. iu khin lung iu khin lung nh ngha lng d liu m ngun c th gi trc khi nhn mt xc nhn t ch. Trong trng hp c bit, giao thc lp giao vn c th gi mt byte d liu v i xc nhn trc khi gi byte tip theo. Nhng nu lm nh vy, qu trnh gi s din ra rt chm. Nu d liu phi i qua on ng di th ngun s trng thi ri trong khi i xc nhn. Trong trng hp c bit khc, giao thc lp giao vn c th gi tt c d liu n c m khng quan tm ti xc nhn. Lm nh vy s tng tc truyn, nhng c th lm trn ngp trm ch (trm ch khng x l kp). Bn cnh , nu mt phn d liu b mt, b nhn i, sai th t hoc b hng th trm ngun s khng bit. TCP s dng mt gii php cho c hai trng hp c bit ny. N nh ngha mt ca s, t ca s ny ln b m gi v ch gi lng d liu bng kch thc ca s. iu khin li TCP l mt giao thc giao vn tin cy. Ngoi iu khin lung, TCP cn iu khin li. iu khin li gm cc c ch pht hin phn on b hng, b mt, sai th t hoc nhn i. N cng gm c ch sa li sau khi chng c pht hin. Pht hin li trong TCP c thc hin thng qua vic s dng ba cng c n gin: tng kim tra, xc nhn v THI GIAN CH(time-out). Mi phn on c cha mt trng tng kim tra pht hin phn on li. Nu phn on li, n s b my thu b i. TCP s dng phng php xc nhn thng bo s nhn cc gi ti ch m khng hng. Khng c xc nhn ph nh (xc nhn gi hng) trong TCP. Nu mt phn on khng c xc nhn trc khi ht hn th n c xem nh b hng hoc b mt trn ng i. C ch sa li trong TCP cng rt n gin. TCP ngun t mt b nh thi cho mi phn on c gi i. B nh thi c kim tra nh k. Khi n tt, phn on tng ng c xem nh b hng hoc b mt v n s c truyn li. b. Giao thc UDP UDP (User Datagram protocol) l mt giao thc truyn thng phi kt ni v khng tin cy, c dng thay th cho TCP trn mng IP theo yu cu ca ng dng. UDP c trch nhim truyn cc thng bo t tin trnh-ti-tin trnh, nhng khng cung cp cc c ch gim st v qun l.
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UDP cng cung cp c ch gn v qun l cc s cng nh danh duy nht cho cc ng dng chy trn mt trm ca mng. Do t chc nng phc tp nn UDP c xu th hot ng nhanh hn so vi TCP. N thng c dng cho cc ng dng khng i hi tin cy cao trong giao vn. Khun dng ca UDP datagram c cc vng tham s n gin hn nhiu so vi gi tin TCP. 2.1.3 Lp lin mng Lp lin mng trong chng giao thc TCP/IP tng ng vi lp mng trong m hnh OSI. Chc nng chnh ca tng mng l nh a ch lgic v nh tuyn gi ti ch. Giao thc ng ch nht lp lin mng chnh l giao thc lin mng (IP Internet Protocol). Ngoi ra cn c mt s giao thc khc nh giao thc thng ip iu khin Internet (ICMP), giao thc phn gii a ch (ARP) v giao thc phn gii a ch ngc (RARP). Chng ta s ln lt tm hiu cc giao thc ny. Giao thc IP IP l mt giao thc phi kt ni v khng tin cy. N cung cp dch v chuyn gi n lc ti a. N lc ti a y c ngha IP khng cung cp chc nng theo di v kim tra li. N ch c gng chuyn gi ti ch ch khng c s m bo. Nu tin cy l yu t quan trng, IP phi hot ng vi mt giao thc tin cy tng trn, chng hn TCP. IP c thit k cho mng chuyn mch gi. Mi datagram c x l c lp, mi gi c th i ti ch trn mt ng i khc nhau, chng c th n sai th t. Mt s datagram c th b mt, b hng trong khi truyn. IP da vo mt giao thc tng cao hn x l nhng vn ny. Giao thc IP cung cp mt h thng nh a ch c phn cp, c lp vi phn cng v a ra cc dch v cn thit cho vic phn phi d liu trn mt mng nh tuyn phc tp. Mi b thit b mng trn mng TCP/IP c mt a ch IP duy nht. Cc a ch IP trn mng c t chc sao cho c th ch ra c v tr ca host hay mng con ni host c tr - bng cch nhn vo a ch. Giao thc ICMP Nh trnh by trn, IP l giao thc chuyn gi phi kt ni v khng tin cy. N c thit k nhm mc ch s dng c hiu qu ti nguyn mng. IP cung cp dch v chuyn gi n lc ti a. Tuy nhin n c hai khuyt im: thiu iu khin li v thiu cc c ch h tr. Giao thc thng bo iu khin lin mng (ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol) c thit k b p hai khuyt im trn. N c i km vi giao thc IP.
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Giao thc ARP v RARP chuyn pht gi ti mt trm hoc mt router, cn c hai mc nh a ch: lgic v vt l. Do vy, chng ta cn c th nh x gia hai a ch ny. Giao thc phn gii a ch (ARP Address Resolution Protocol) chuyn i a ch lgic thnh a ch vt l. Giao thc phn gii a ch ngc (RARP Reverse Address Resolution Protocol) chuyn i a ch vt l thnh a ch lgic. 2.1.4 Lp truy cp mng Cung cp giao tip vi mng vt l. Thng thng lp ny bao gm cc phn mm iu khin thit b trong h thng vn hnh v cc card giao din mng tng ng trong u cui. Lp ny thc hin nhim v iu khin tt c cc chi tit phn cng hoc thc hin giao tip vt l vi cc phng tin (hoc vi bt k mi trng no c s dng). Cung cp c ch kim sot li d liu phn b trn mng vt l. Lp ny khng nh ngha mt giao thc ring no c, n h tr tt c cc giao thc chun v c quyn. V d: Ethernet, Tocken Ring, FDDI, X.25, wireless, Async, ATM, SNA 2.1.5 IPv6 a. IPv4 Mi a ch IPv4 gm 4 byte (32 bt), nh ngha hai phn: a ch mng (NetID) v a ch trm (HotID). Cc phn ny c chiu di khc nhau tu thuc vo lp a ch. Cc bt u tin trong phn a ch mng xc nh lp ca a ch IP. a ch IPv4 c chia lm 5 lp, k hiu l A, B, C, D v E. Chiu di phn a ch mng v phn a ch trm ca cc lp l khc nhau. Cu trc ca cc lp c ch ra trong hnh 2.2. Lp A 0 a ch mng (7 bit) a ch trm (24 bit)
Lp B
1 0
a ch mng (14 bit)
a ch trm (16 bit)
Lp C
1 1 0
a ch mng (21 bit)
a ch trm (8 bit)
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Lp D
1 1 1 0
a ch multicast (28 bit)
Lp E
1 1 1 1
Cha s dng (28 bit) Hnh 2.2: Cc lp a ch IPv4
Cc bit u tin ca byte u tin ca a ch IP c dng nh danh lp a ch (0 - lp A; 10 - lp B; 110 - lp C; 1110 - Lp D v 1111 - lp E). Giao thc lp lin mng trong b giao thc TCP/IP hin nay l IPv4. IPv4 cung cp truyn thng trm-ti-trm gia cc h thng trn Internet. Cho d IPv4 c thit k tt, nhng n vn c mt s hn ch m tr nn khng ph hp vi s pht trin nhanh ca Internet. b. IPv6 a ch IPv6 di 128 bt v c biu din di dng hexa hai chm. Trong cch biu din ny, 128 bt c chia thnh 8 phn, mi phn di 2 byte. Hai byte c biu din bng 4 s hexa. Do , a ch IPv6 gm 32 s hexa, c 4 s hexa c mt du hai chm phn tch.
128 bit =16 byte =32 s hexa
11111101111101100 .. 1111111111111111
FDEC
BA98
7654
1234
ABCD
13AC
FDEC
FFFF
Hnh 2.3: Cu trc a ch IPv6 Trong IPv6, giao thc IP c thay i iu tit s thay i khng th on trc ca Internet. nh dng v chiu di ca a ch IP c thay i cng vi nh dng gi. Cc giao thc lin quan nh ICMP cng c thay i. Cc giao thc khc lp lin mng nh ARP, RARP v IGMP khng cn. Chc nng ca chng c a vo giao thc ICMP. Cc giao thc nh tuyn, nh RIP v OSPF, cng c cht sa i thch ng nhng thay i ny. IPv6 c mt s u im so vi IPv4:
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Khong a ch ln hn. a ch IPv6 di 128 bt, ngha l gp bn ln chiu di a ch IPv4.

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nh dng tiu tt hn. IPv6 s dng nh dng tiu mi, trong cc ty chn c tch khi phn tiu c s v nu cn, c thm vo gia phn tiu c s v d liu. Do vy, lm n gin v tng tc x l nh tuyn v hu ht cc ty chn u khng cn c router kim tra. Cc ty chn mi. IPv6 c mt s ty chn mi cho php cc chc nng b sung. Cho php m rng. IPv6 c thit k cho php m rng khi c yu cu. H tr cp pht ti nguyn. Trong IPv6, trng loi dch v c b i, nhng mt c ch (c gi l nhn lung) c thm vo cho php ngun yu cu x l gi c bit. C ch ny c th c s dng h tr lu lng video hoc m thanh thi gian thc. Bo mt hn. Ty chn mt m v chng thc trong IPv6 cung cp tnh ton vn v tnh bo mt ca gi.
a. Chin lc chuyn i t IPv4 sang IPv6 Do s lng nt trn Internet l mt con s khng l, nn vic chuyn dch t IPv4 sang IPv6 khng th xy ra t ngt. Phi mt mt khong thi gian ng k cc h thng trn Internet c th chuyn t IPv4 sang IPv6. Vic chuyn dch phi tri chy khng c vn g gia h thng IPv4 v IPv6. Ba chin lc c IETF pht trin s chuyn dch tri chy hn, gm: chng giao thc kp, ng hm v dch tiu . Chng giao thc kp Chin lc ny khuyn ngh rng mi trm trc khi di tr hon ton sang IPv6, phi c mt chng giao thc kp. Ni cch khc, mt trm phi chy IPv4 v IPv6 ng thi cho n khi ton b Internet u s dng IPv6. ng hm ng hm l chin lc c s dng khi hai u cui IPv6 mun truyn thng vi nhau, nhng gi phi i qua mt khu vc s dng IPv4. qua khu vc ny, gi phi c mt a ch IPv4. Gi IPv6 c ng gi trong gi IPv4 khi n i vo khu vc, v c m gi khi n ri khi khu vc. Dng nh gi IPv6 i vo ng hm mt u v l ra u kia. Dch tiu Chin lc dch tiu cn thit khi phn ln Internet chuyn sang IPv6 v ch cn mt phn nh s dng IPv4. My gi mun s dng IPv6, nhng trm nhn khng hiu IPv6. ng hm khng hot ng trong trng hp ny v gi phi
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nh dng IPv4 trm nhn c th hiu c. Trong trng hp ny, nh dng tiu phi c thay i ton b thng qua qu trnh dch tiu . Tiu IPv6 c chuyn i thnh tiu IPv4. b. Cc k thut bin dch K thut bin dch khng trng thi IP/ICMP (SIIT Stateless IP/ICMP Translation) Trong giai on u ca qu trnh chuyn giao IPv4-IPv6, chng ta cn c cc c ch cho s lin lc gia cc node IPv4 v IPv6. Cc node IPv6 c th l cc node c kh nng IPv4 (ngha l cc node c th trin khai IPv4 nhng cha chc c gn a ch IPv4) hoc khng c kh nng . Khi lin lc gia cc node th k thut SIIT c s dng. K thut SIIT l k thut c s dng trong qu trnh bin dch gia IPv4 v IPv6, chng nhm cho vic lin lc gia cc node IPv4 thun nht v cc node IPv6 thun nht. Chng bin dch gia cc header IPv4 v IPv6 bao gm c header ICMP. B bin dch SIIT c ci t v cu hnh trong cc b nh tuyn dual stack. Cc tnh hung c th xy ra trong qu trnh chuyn i gm:
-
Khi thit lp mt mng mi vi ton cc node trin khai IPv6 th khng cn thit lp nh tuyn IPv4 trong mng . Tuy nhin c th c mt vi node IPv6 cn lin lc vi cc node IPv4 trong mng Internet hin ti, khi k thut SIIT c s dng ti bin gii mng. Chng ta cn c mt mng IPv4 v thm vo nhiu node IPv6. Cc node IPv6 c th trin khai c hai stack IPv4 v IPv6 nhng khng th c gn thng ch cho cc node .
NAT-PT K thut chuyn i a ch (Network Address Translation Protocol Translation NAT-PT) l mt k thut rt tt ti bin gii ca mng IPv6 ch c mt ng ra khi n lin kt vi mng IPv4 hay mng kt hp IPv4 v IPv6. NAT-PT cho php cc host thun v cc ng dng IPv6 c th lin lc vi cc host thun v cc ng dng IPv4 v ngc li. NAT-PT s dng mt tp hp a ch IPv4 gn cho cc node IPv6 da trn c ch cp pht ng to thnh phin giao dch qua bin gii IPv4-IPv6. Cc a ch IPv4 c dng trong k thut NAT-PT l a ch ton cu. NAT-PT s nh x a ch IPv4 sang a ch IPv6 v ngc li cung cp mt c ch nh tuyn trong sut i vi cc gi tin lin lc gia chng. C ch ny khng cn i hi phi nng cp cc node u cui v n cung cp mt s nh tuyn trong sut i vi cc node u cui. Chng ta khng nn dng NAT-PT cng vi bt k k thut IPv6 trn IPv4 thng qua ng ng. NAT-PT ch nn s dng trong s chuyn i qua li gia IPv4 thun nht v IPv6 thun nht.
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BIS K thut BIS (Bump-In-the-Stack) l k thut cho php cc ng dng khng c kh nng IPv6 chy trn cc host IPv4 c kh nng lin lc vi cc host IPv6 bng cch thm vo stack IPv4 3 th tc nh gia tng ng dng v tng mng l th tc phn gii tn m rng, nh x a ch v bin dch. tng c bn y l khi ng dng IPv4 cn lin lc vi host IPv6 th a ch IPv6 ca host c nh x sang a ch IPv4 nm ngoi khong a ch ni b cho cc host dual-stack. K thut ny tht s c li trong giai on u ca qu trnh chuyn i IPv4 v IPv6 nhng ni m mt vi ng dng cha thay i sang IPv6. iu ny l c li cho ngi s dng. K thut ny cho php cc ng dng trong mt host c th lin lc vi tt c cc host IPv4 v IPv6. K thut ny ch c th dng cho a ch unicast m khng th dng cho a ch multicast. V mc d n cho php cc host c th lin lc vi cc host IPv4 thng qua cc ng dng IPv4 nhng iu ny khng th p dng cho cc ng dng s dng la chn IPv4 v ta khng th chuyn i mi la chn IPv4 sang IPv6.
2.2 Cc giao thc v nh tuyn v thit b kt ni mng

2.2.1 C bn v nh tuyn nh tuyn l hnh ng di chuyn thng tin trong lin mng, t ngun n ch. N l mt chc nng c thc hin tng mng. Chc nng ny cho php router nh gi cc ng i sn c ti ch. nh gi ng i, nh tuyn s dng cc thng tin tp mng. Cc thng tin ny c th do ngi qun tr thit lp hoc c thu lm thng qua cc giao thc nh tuyn. Qu trnh nh tuyn Khi nh tuyn d liu t ngun n ch, router thng chuyn tip gi t mt lin kt d liu (mng) ny n mt lin kt d liu khc, s dng hai chc nng c bn: Xc nh ng i (path determination) Chuyn mch (switching)
Chc nng xc nh ng i chn ra mt ng i ti u n ch theo mt tiu ch no (chng hn chiu di ng i). tr gip cho qu trnh xc nh ng i, cc gii thut nh tuyn khi to v duy tr bng nh tuyn, bng ny cha thng tin v cc tuyn ti ch. Khi ng i ti u c xc nh, bc nhy tip theo gn vi ng i ny cho router bit phi gi gi i u n c th n ch theo ng i ti u .
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Chc nng chuyn mch cho php router chuyn gi t cng vo ti cng ra tng ng vi ng i ti u chn. Trong qu trnh nh tuyn, phn a ch mng c s dng xc nh ng i, cn phn a ch trm c router cui cng trn ng i (router ni trc tip ti mng ch) s dng chuyn gi ti ng trm ch. nh tuyn tnh v nh tuyn ng Cc tuyn tnh c ngi qun tr cp nht v qun l nhn cng. Trong trng hp tp mng thay i, ngi qun tr phi cp nht li cc tuyn tnh mt cch th cng. nh tuyn ng hot ng khc vi nh tuyn tnh. Sau khi ngi qun tr nhp cc lnh cu hnh khi to nh tuyn ng, thng tin v tuyn s c cp nht t ng mi khi nhn c mt thng tin mi t lin mng. Cc thay i v tp mng c trao i gia cc router. Phn loi giao thc nh tuyn Hu ht cc gii thut nh tuyn u thuc mt trong 3 loi sau: -
Gii thut vect khong cch (distance vector). Gii thut trng thi lin kt (Link State). Gii thut lai.
Vector khong cch c thit k gim ti a s lin lc gia cc Router cng nh lng d liu trong bng nh tuyn. Bn cht ca nh tuyn vector khong cch l mt Router khng cn bit tt c cc ng i n cc phn on mng, n ch cn bit phi truyn mt datagram c gn a ch n mt phn on mng i theo hng no. Khong cch gia cc phn on mng c tnh bng s lng Router m datagram phi i qua khi c truyn t phn on mng ny n phn on mng khc. Router s dng thut ton vector khong cch ti u ho ng i bng cch gim ti a s lng Router m datagram i qua. Tham s khong cch ny chnh l s chng phi qua (bc nhy count). nh tuyn vector khong cch s khng cn ph hp i vi mt mng ln gm rt nhiu Router. Khi mi Router phi duy tr mt mc trong bng nh tuyn cho mi ch, v cc mc ny ch n thun cha cc gi tr vector v bc nhy count. Router cng khng th tit kim nng lc ca mnh khi bit nhiu v cu trc mng. Hn na, ton b bng gi tr khong cch v bc nhy count phi c truyn gia cc Router cho d hu ht cc thng tin ny khng thc s cn thit trao i gia cc Router.
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nh tuyn trng thi lin kt ra i l khc phc c cc nhc im ca nh tuyn vector khong cch. Bn cht ca nh tuyn trng thi lin kt l mi Router xy dng bn trong n mt s cu trc mng. nh k, mi Router cng gi ra mng nhng thng ip trng thi. Nhng thng ip ny lit k nhng Router khc trn mng kt ni trc tip vi Router ang xt v trng thi ca lin kt. Cc Router s dng bn tin trng thi nhn c t cc Router khc xy dng s mng. Khi mt Router chuyn tip d liu, n s chn ng i n ch tt nht da trn nhng iu kin hin ti. Giao thc trng thi lin kt i hi nhiu thi gian x l trn mi Router, nhng gim c s tiu th bng thng bi v mi Router khng cn gi ton b bng nh tuyn ca mnh. Hn na, Router cng d dng theo di li trn mng v bn tin trng thi t mt Router khng thay i khi lan truyn trn mng (ngc li, i vi phng php vector khong cch, gi tr bc nhy count tng ln mi khi thng tin nh tuyn i qua mt Router khc). Gii thut lai kt hp cc kha cnh ca gii thut vect khong cch v trng thi lin kt. Cc phn tip theo trnh by v cc th tc v nhng vn gp phi ca mi loi gii thut v nhng k thut hin c s dng ti thiu ha nhng vn . 2.2.2 Cc giao thc nh tuyn c bn a. Giao thc nh tuyn RIP RIP (Router Information Protocol Giao thc thng tin nh tuyn) l mt giao thc nh tuyn min trong c s dng bn trong h thng t tr. y l mt giao thc rt n gin da trn nh tuyn vect khong cch, s dng gii thut BellmanFord tnh ton bng nh tuyn. Khi c s dng trong nhng mng cng loi nh, RIP l mt giao thc hiu qu v s vn hnh ca n l kh n gin. RIP duy tr tt c bng nh tuyn trong mt mng c cp nht bi truyn nhng bn tin cp nht bng nh tuyn sau mi 30s. Sau mt thit b RIP nhn mt cp nht, n so snh thng tin hin ti ca n vi nhng thng tin c cha trong thng tin cp nht. Bng nh tuyn RIP
R3 R2 R1 N3 N2 N1 N4 R5 R4
N5 N6
Hnh 2.4: nh tuyn trong mng s dng RIP

n tt nghip i hc
Mi router c mt bng nh tuyn trong cha cc mc tng ng cho mi mng ch m router bit. Mc ny gm a ch IP ca mng ch, khong cch ngn nht ti ch (tnh theo s bc nhy) v bc nhy tip theo (router tip theo). Bc nhy tip theo l ni cn gii gi d liu n c th ti c ch cui cng. S bc nhy l s mng m mt gi d liu phi i qua ti c mng ch. Bng 2: Bng nh tuyn vect khong cch Bng ca R2 ch Node sau Hop N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 R1 Trc tip Trc tip R3 R3 R3 2 1 1 2 3 4 ch N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 Bng ca R3 Node sau Hop R2 R2 Trc tip Trc tip R4 R4 3 2 1 1 2 3 ch N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 Bng ca R4 Node sau R3 R3 R3 Trc tip Trc tip R5 Hop 4 3 2 1 1 2
Gii thut cp nht RIP Bng nh tuyn RIP c cp nht khi router nhn c cc thng bo RIP. Di y ch ra gii thut cp nht nh tuyn c RIP s dng. Nhn mt thng bo RIP tr li 1. Cng 1 vo s bc nhy tip theo cho mi ch c qung co 2. Lp li cc bc tip theo cho mi ch c qung co: 2.1 Nu ch khng c trong bng nh tuyn - Thm thng tin c qung co vo bng nh tuyn 2.2 Tri li 2.2.1 Nu bc nhy tip theo ging nhau - Thay th mc trong bng bng mc c qung co 2.2.2 Tri li 2.2.2.1 Nu s bc nhy c qung co nh hn s bc nhy trong bng - Thay th mc trong bng bng mc c qung co 2.2.2.2 Tri li
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3. Kt thc Hn ch ca RIP
Khng lm g c
Gii hn di tuyn ng: Trong RIP, gi c gi tr ln nht c t l 16. Do , RIP khng cho php mt tuyn ng c gi ln hn 15. Tc l, nhng mng c kch thc ln hn 15 bc nhy phi dng thut ton khc. Lu lng cn thit cho vic trao i thng tin nh tuyn ln.
-
Tc hi t kh chm. Khng h tr mt n mng con c di thay i (VLSM): Khi trao i thng tin v cc tuyn ng, RIP khng km theo thng tin g v mt n mng con. Do , mng s dng RIP khng th h tr mt n mng con c di thay i.
Giao thc RIP phin bn 2 (RIP-2) T chc IETF a ra hai phin bn RIP-2 khc phc nhng hn ch ca RIP1. RIP-2 c nhng ci tin sau so vi RIP-1: H tr CIDR v VLSM: RIP-2 h tr siu mng v mt n mng con c chiu di thay i. y l mt trong nhng l do c bn thit k chun mi ny. Ci tin ny lm cho RIP-2 ph hp vi cc cch thc a ch ho phc tp khng c trong RIP-1. H tr chuyn gi a im: y l ci tin RIP c th thc hin kiu chuyn gi a im ch khng n thun ch c kiu qung b nh trc. iu ny lm gim ti cho cc trm khng ch i cc bn tin RIP-2. tng thch vi RIP-1, tu chn ny s c cu hnh cho tng giao din mng. H tr nhn thc: RIP-2 h tr nhn thc cho tt c cc node pht thng tin nh tuyn. iu ny hn ch nhng thay i c nh hng xu i vi bng nh tuyn. H tr RIP-1: RIP-2 tng thch hon ton vi RIP-1.
Nhng hn ch ca RIP-2 RIP-2 c pht trin khc phc nhng hn ch trong RIP-1. Tuy nhin nhng hn ch ca RIP-1 nh gii hn v s bc nhy hay kh nng hi t chm vn cn tn ti trong RIP-2. b. Giao thc nh tuyn OSPF
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Giao thc u tin ng i ngn nht (OSPF Open Shortest Path First) l mt giao thc nh tuyn cng trong khc ang c s dng rt rng ri. Phm vi hot ng ca n cng l mt h thng t tr (AS). Cc router c bit c gi l router bin AS c trch nhim ngn thng tin v cc AS khc vo trong h thng hin ti. nh tuyn hiu qu, OSPF chia h thng t tr thnh nhiu vng nh.
Khu vc 1
Khu vc 2
Router bin khu vc
Khu vc 0 (ng trc) H thng t tr AS
Ti AS khc
Router ng trc Router ng trc Router bin AS
Hnh 2.5: Cc khu vc trong mt h thng t tr Sau y s lit k cc tnh nng to nn thnh cng ca giao thc ny:
-
Cn bng ti gia cc tuyn cng gi: Vic s dng cng lc nhiu tuyn cho php tn dng c hiu qu ti nguyn mng. Phn chia mng mt cch logic: iu ny lm gim bt cc thng tin pht ra trong nhng iu kin bt li. N cng gip kt hp cc thng bo v nh tuyn, hn ch vic pht i nhng thng tin khng cn thit v mng. H tr nhn thc: OSPF h tr nhn thc cho tt c cc node pht thng tin qung co nh tuyn. iu ny hn ch c nguy c thay i bng nh tuyn vi mc ch xu. Thi gian hi t nhanh hn: OSPF cho php truyn cc thng tin v thay i tuyn mt cch tc th. iu gip rt ngn thi gian hi t cn thit cp nht thng tin cu hnh mng. H tr CIDR v VLSM: iu ny cho php nh qun tr mng c th phn phi ngun a ch IP mt cch c hiu qu hn.
OSPF l mt giao thc da theo trng thi lin kt. Ging nh cc giao thc trng thi lin kt khc, mi b nh tuyn OSPF u thc hin thut ton SPF x l cc thng tin cha trong c s d liu trng thi lin kt. Thut ton to ra mt cy ng i ngn nht m t c th cc tuyn ng nn chn dn ti mng ch.
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Bng nh tuyn Mi router s dng cy ng i ngn nht xy dng bng nh tuyn ca mnh. Bng nh tuyn ch ra gi ti mi mng trong khu vc. tm gi ti mng bn ngoi khu vc, cc router s dng cc qung co lin kt tm tt ti mng, lin kt tm tt ti router bin AS v lin kt ngoi.
Router A
5 Router C 1 Router D 2 Router B 3 N1
1 N1
3 3 Router E 2 N5 N3
3 N4
Hnh 2.6: V d m hnh cy ng i ngn nht Bng 3 m t bng nh tuyn ca Router A hnh trn. Bng 3: Bng nh tuyn trng thi lin kt ca Router A Mng N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 c. Giao thc BGP Giao thc cng bin (BGP Border Gateway Protocol) l mt giao thc nh tuyn min ngoi, thc hin nh tuyn gia cc AS. N da trn phng php nh tuyn c tn nh tuyn vect ng i. nh tuyn vect ng i
Gi 5 7 10 11 15
Router tip theo
Thng tin khc
C D B D
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nh tuyn vect ng i khc vi c nh tuyn vect khong cch v nh tuyn trng thi lin kt. Mi mc trong bng nh tuyn cha a ch mng ch, router tip theo, v ng i ti ch. ng i thng c nh ngha l mt danh sch c th t cc AS m gi phi qua ti ch. Bng 4 ch ra mt v d v bng nh tuyn vect ng i. Bng 4: V d v bng nh tuyn vect ng i Mng N01 N02 N03 N04 Router tip theo R01 R05 R06 R12 ng i AS 14, AS23, AS67 AS22, AS67, AS05, AS89 AS67, AS89, AS09, AS34 AS62, AS02, AS09
2.2.3 Router - Thit b u ni mng Chc nng ca router l chuyn tip datagram da trn a ch IP. Mi loi router s dng mt giao thc v thut ton nh tuyn khc nhau xy dng bng nh tuyn. Phn loi router Router li (Core Router) Router li lu tr thng tin y v nhng router li khc. V c bn, bng nh tuyn ca n l s v tr cc h thng t tr kt ni vo mng li. Nhng router li khng x l nhng thng tin chi tit ca cc router bn trong h thng t tr. N c th s dng cc giao thc nh tuyn nh Gateway-toGateway Protocol (GGP) hay gn y nht l giao thc nh tuyn SPREAD. Router ngoi (Exterior Router) Router ngoi khng phi l nhng router li thc hin s trao i thng tin nh tuyn ca n v nhng mng t tr. N duy tr nhng thng tin nh tuyn ca n v nhng mng t tr ln cn nhng khng c mt s v mt mng lin kt hon chnh. Nhng router ngoi thng s dng giao thc nh tuyn EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol). Hin nay, giao thc EGP nguyn bn li thi, nhng nhng giao thc nh tuyn mi c s dng trong cc router ngoi vn thng da trn EGP. Mt phin bn giao thc EGP ang s dng hin l BGP (Border Gateway Protocol). Mt router ngoi cng phi tham gia vo h thng t tr ca n nh mt router ni thng thng. Router ni (Interior Router) - Nhng router nm bn trong h thng t tr cng chia s thng tin nh tuyn c gi l nhng router ni. Nhng router ny s dng mt lp cc giao thc nh tuyn gi l IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol). in hnh cho lp giao thc ny l giao thc RIP v giao thc OSPF. Nhng ngi qun tr mng
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t tr s thit k cu hnh cc router trong mng v la chn giao thc nh tuyn thch hp. Mt iu quan trng cn ch l cc router bn trong mt trong cc mng t tr cng c th c mt cu hnh phn cp. Mt h thng t tr ln c th bao gm nhiu nhm router ni v cc router ngoi chuyn thng tin nh tuyn gia cc nhm ni ny. Cc nh qun l ca h thng t tr ny c ton quyn thit k mt cu hnh router lm vic trn mng ny v tu chn cc giao thc nh tuyn. Cc thnh phn ca Router Phn ny trnh by v cc thnh phn ng vai tr chnh trong tin trnh cu hnh router. Bit c thnh phn no lin quan n tin trnh cu hnh cho php bn hiu tt hn v cch router lu tr v s dng cc lnh cu hnh ca bn. Bit cc bc xy ra trong qu trnh khi to router gip bn xc nh v tr xut hin s c khi bn khi ng router. Nh thy hnh 2.7, bn c th cu hnh mt router t nhiu ngun bn ngoi, bao gm: T u cui iu khin (mt u cui kt ni trc tip vi router thng qua cng console). Thng qua modem s dng cng AUX. T cc u cui o, sau khi router c ci t trn mng. T mt my ch TFTP trn mng.
Hnh 2.7: Ngun cu hnh Router Cc ch lnh
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Cu hnh ca router c thit lp thng qua cc lnh, v cc ch khc nhau cc lnh sn c s khc nhau. Do , d dng cho vic cu hnh router cn bit v phn bit cc ch lnh ca router cng nh tc dng ca tng ch lnh. Router lm vic cc ch lnh sau: Ch thc thi ngi s dng: y l ch tham kho. Ngi s dng ch ny ch c quyn tham kho cu hnh ca router. Mc nh sau khi bt Router s ch ny. Nu khng t mt khu Console th mi ngi dng u c th vo ch ny. Ch thc thi c quyn: Ch ny cho php cu hnh cc tham s hot ng ca router. vo c ch ny, ngi s dng phi nhp mt khu. Ch cu hnh ng dy: Ch ny cho php thit lp cu hnh tham s cho cc ng kt cui. Ch cu hnh ton cc: Ch ny cho php cu hnh cc tham s p dng cho ton b h thng ca router, chng hn nh mt khu, tn Router .v.v. Ch cu hnh giao din: Ch ny cho php cu hnh tham s cho cc giao din LAN v WAN ca router (Ethernet, Serial, ISDN .v.v.). Ch cu hnh router: Ch ny cho php cu hnh giao thc nh tuyn IP nh RIP, OSPF, IGRP, BGP .v.v.
2.3 Cc cng ngh lp 2 v giao thc MPLS

Chng ta va tm hiu b giao thc TCP/IP, cc giao thc nh tuyn. Trong phn ny, s gii thiu v cc cng ngh lp 2 - Lp lin kt d liu (Datalink M hnh OSI, giao din mng M hnh TCP). Chc nng chnh ca lp 2 l m bo truyn d liu qua lp vt l mt cch chnh xc v khng li. Cc cng ngh lp 2 hin nay l Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI (cho mng LAN) v X.25, FrameRelay, ATM, MPLS (cho mng WAN). Sau y chng ta s ln lt tm hiu cc cng ngh ny, trong tp trung vo cng ngh MPLS l cng ngh truyn ti cho mng NGN. 2.3.1 Cc cng ngh lp 2 a. Ethernet Ethernet l gii php kt ni cc u cui c pht trin bi Xerox v DEC, cc chun Ethernet hin nay l: IEEE 802.2, IEEE 802.3 CSMA/CD. Ethernet hot ng lp lin kt d liu khng hon ton tng thch vi cc yu cu trong mng LAN. V th, cc giao thc mng LAN chia lp lin kt d liu thnh 2 lp con cha giao thc iu khin lin kt logic (LLC) v iu khin truy nhp phng tin (MAC).
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Trn cc mng Ethernet, tt c cc u cui chia s mt ng truyn thng chung. Ethernet s dng mt phng thc truy cp gi l a truy nhp cm nhn sng mang vi D tm ng CSMA/CD quyt nh khi no mt u cui c th truyn d liu trn mt ng truy cp. S dng CSMA/CD, tt c u cui quan st mi trng truyn thng v ch n khi tuyn truyn thng sn sng th mi truyn. Nu hai u cui c gng truyn cng mt lc th s xy ra ng . Cc u cui s dng li, ch mt khong thi gian ngu nhin, v th truyn li. b. Token Ring K thut Token Ring s dng mt khi nim hon ton khc vi Ethernet trong quy trnh truy nhp mi trng. Phng thc truy cp ny c gi l chuyn Token. Vi phng thc truy cp chuyn token, cc u cui trn LAN c kt ni vi nhau sao cho d liu c truyn vng quanh mng trong mt vng Ring. Mt s c ch u tin c p dng xc nh nt no s c nhn token, trong qu trnh truyn nu xut hin li th nt ch s khng sao chp khung d liu vo b nh v yu cu truyn li. Cc b nh thi s ngn chn kh nng mt nt no lin tc chim gi token, n s truyn lin tc v khng gii phng token. iu khin token ring thung thng qua mt trm gim st, v c th t ti mt nt bt k trong mch vng, c ch ny hon ton t ng v tho hip gia cc nt trong mch vng. c. FDDI FDDI tng t nh token ring v n cng s dng mt token xc nh mng ri v chng tranh chp. FDDI khc vi Token Ring cch x l token, FDDI s dng mt token nh thi cho php nt chim token truyn trong mt khong thi gian nh trc v sau phi trao quyn iu khin cho nt khc. FDDI s dng cu hnh mng vng kp cho php d liu truyn theo hai hng, nu mt lin kt vng b gy, d liu s chuyn theo ng ngc li hnh thnh nn mt mch vng n. Trong FDDI token c gii phng ngay sau khi truyn d liu, nt pht khng phi i khung d liu i ht mt vng v quay v, iu ny c ngha l nhiu nt c th truyn ng thi trn mng nu nh chng nhn c token. FDDI s dng chc nng qun l mch vng phn tn, mi nt chu trch nhim lin lc vi nt k bn, cc thng tin trng thi c trao i lin tc vi nt k bn, cho php mt nt bt k khi to li vng, cch ly li v phc hi cc li trong mch vng. d. Cng ngh X.25 X.25 ra i vo nhng nm 1970. Mc ch ban u l kt ni cc my ch ln vi cc thit b xa. u im ca X.25 so vi cc gii php mng WAN khc l n c c ch kim tra li tch hp sn. Chn X.25 nu phi s dng ng dy tng t hay cht lng ng dy khng cao.
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X.25 l chun ca ITU-T cho truyn thng qua mng WAN s dng k thut chuyn mch gi qua mng in thoi. Thut ng X.25 cng cn c s dng cho nhng giao thc thuc lp vt l v lp lin kt d liu to ra mng X.25. Theo thit k ban u, X.25 s dng ng dy tng t to nn mt mng chuyn mch gi, mc d mng X.25 cng c th c xy dng trn c s mt mng s. Hin nay, giao thc X.25 l mt b cc qui tc xc nh cch thc thit lp v duy tr kt ni gia cc DTE v DCE trong mng d liu cng cng (PDN public data network). N qui nh cc thit b DTE/DCE v tng i chuyn mch gi (PSE Packet swiching exchange) s truyn d liu nh th no. e. Cng ngh chuyn tip khung Frame Relay Frame Relay hiu qu hn so vi X.25 v ang dn dn thay th chun ny. Khi s dng Frame Relay, ch phi tr ph thu ng dy ti node gn nht trn mng Frame Relay. D liu qua ng dy ca ngi gi v mng Frame Relay s nh tuyn n ti node gn nht vi ni nhn v chuyn d liu xung ng dy ca ngi nhn. Frame Relay nhanh hn so vi X.25. Frame Relay l mt chun cho truyn thng trong mng WAN chuyn mch gi qua cc ng dy s cht lng cao. Mng Frame Relay c cc c trng sau:
Hnh 2.8: Mng Frame Relay trn phng din truyn dn n nh

-
C nhiu im tng t nh khi trin khai mng X.25; C c ch kim tra li nhng khng c c ch khc phc li; Tc truyn d liu c th ln ti 1.54 Mbit/s; Cho php nhiu kch thc gi tin khc nhau;
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C th kt ni nh mt kt ni ng trc ti mng LAN; C th trin khai qua nhiu loi ng kt ni khc nhau (56K, E1,E3); Hot ng ti lp vt l v lp lin kt d liu trong m hnh OSI.
Khi ng k s dng dch v Frame Relay, bn c cam kt v tc truyn d liu CIR (Committed Information Rate). CIR l tc truyn d liu ti a c cam kt bn nhn c trn mt mng Frame Relay. Tuy nhin, khi lu lng trn mng thp, bn c th gi d liu tc nhanh hn CIR. Khi lu lng trn mng cao, u tin s dnh cho nhng khch hng c mc CIR cao. f. Cng ngh ATM ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode Ch truyn khng ng b) l h thng chuyn mch gi tin tin, c th truyn ng thi d liu, m thanh v hnh nh s ho trn c mng LAN v mng WAN. y l mt trong nhng phng php kt ni mng WAN tc ln, tc t t 155 Mbit/s n 622 Mbit/s. Trn thc t, theo l thuyt n c th h tr tc cao hn kh nng hin thi ca cc phng tin truyn dn hin nay. Tuy nhin, tc cao c ngha l chi ph cng cao hn.
Hnh 2.9: Truyn thng qua ATM Cc c trng ca ATM bao gm:
-
S dng gi d liu (cell) nh, c kch thc c nh (53 byte), d x l hn so vi cc gi d liu c kch thc thay i trong X.25 v Frame Relay; Tc truyn d liu cao, theo l thuyt c th t 1,2 Gbit/s;
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Cht lng cao gn nh khng cn n vic kim tra li; C th s dng vi nhiu phng tin truyn dn vt l khc nhau (cp ng trc, cp dy xon, cp si quang); C th truyn ng thi nhiu loi d liu.
2.3.2 Cng ngh chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS a. Gii thiu chung Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc (MPLS) l kt qu ca qu trnh pht trin nhiu gii php chuyn mch IP, c chun ho bi IETF. Tn gi ca n bt ngun t thc t l hon i nhn c s dng nh l k thut chuyn tip nm bn di. S s dng t a giao thc trong tn ca n c ngha l n c th h tr nhiu giao thc lp mng, khng ch ring IP. Ngoi ra cc nh cung cp mng c th cu hnh v chy MPLS trn cc cng ngh lp 2 khc nhau nh PPP, Fram Relay ch khng ch ring ATM. V mt kin trc iu ny l ng, nhng trong thc t MPLS thng tp trung vo vic vn chuyn cc dch v IP trn ATM. MPLS l gii php nhm lin kt nh tuyn lp mng v c ch hon i nhn thnh mt gii php n nht t c cc mc tiu sau:
-
Ci thin hiu nng nh tuyn; Ci thin tnh mm do ca nh tuyn trn cc m hnh xp chng truyn thng; Tng tnh mm do trong qu trnh a vo ng dng v pht trin cc loi hnh dch v mi.
Mng MPLS c kh nng chuyn cc gi tin ti lp 3 bng vic x l tng gi v chuyn tip gi tin ti lp 2 s dng c ch hon i nhn. MPLS da trn m hnh ngang cp, v vy mi mt thit b MPLS chy mt giao thc nh tuyn IP, trao i thng tin nh tuyn vi cc thit b ln cn, v ch duy tr mt khng gian cu hnh mng v mt khng gian a ch. MPLS chia b nh tuyn lm hai phn ring bit: chc nng chuyn gi tin v chc nng iu khin. Phn chc nng chuyn gi tin s dng c ch hon i nhn. K thut hon i nhn v bn cht l vic tm chng k tip ca gi tin trong mt bng chuyn tip nhn, sau thay th gi tr nhn ca gi ri chuyn ra cng ra ca b nh tuyn. Vic ny n gin hn nhiu so vi vic x l gi tin thng thng v do vy tng cng kh nng ca thit b. Cc b nh tuyn s dng thit b ny gi l b nh tuyn chuyn mch nhn (LSR Label Switch Router). Phn chc nng iu khin ca MPLS bao gm cc giao thc nh tuyn lp mng vi nhim v phn phi thng tin nh tuyn gia cc LSR, v th tc gn nhn chuyn thng tin nh tuyn
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thnh bng nh tuyn chuyn mch nhn. MPLS c th hot ng c vi cc giao thc nh tuyn Internet nh OSPF v BGP hay PNNI ca ATM. Khi mt gi tin vo mng MPLS, cc b nh tuyn chuyn mch nhn khng thc hin chuyn tip theo tng gi m thc hin phn loi gi tin vo trong cc lp tng ng chuyn tip FEC. Sau , cc nhn c nh x vo trong cc FEC. Mt giao thc phn b nhn LDP c xc nh v chc nng ca n l n nh v phn b cc rng buc FEC/nhn cho cc b nh tuyn chuyn mch nhn LSR. Khi LDP hon thnh nhim v ca n, mt ng dn chuyn mch nhn LSP c xy dng t li vo ti li ra. Khi cc gi vo mng, LSR li vo kim tra nhiu trng trong tiu gi xc nh xem gi thuc v FEC no. Nu c mt rng buc nhn/FEC th LSR li vo gn nhn cho gi v nh hng n ti giao din u ra tng ng. Sau gi c hon i nhn qua mng cho n khi n n LSR li ra, lc nhn b loi b v gi c x l ti lp 3. Hiu nng t c y l nh vic a qu trnh x l lp 3 ti bin ca mng v ch thc hin 1 ln ti thay cho vic x l ti tng node trung gian nh ca IP. Ti cc node trung gian vic x l ch l tm s ph hp gia nhn trong gi v thc th tng ng trong bng kt ni LSR v sau hon i nhn- qu trnh ny thc hin bng phn cng. Mc d hiu nng v hiu qu l quan trng, song chng khng phi l cc li ch duy nht m MPLS cung cp. i vi nhng nh cung cp cc mng ln, th kh nng thc hin k thut lu lng tin tin m khng phi tr gi v hiu nng ca MPLS c quan tm c bit. b. Cc loi thit b trong mng MPLS Cc thit b tham gia trong mt mng MPLS c th c phn loi thnh cc b nh tuyn bin nhn (LER) v cc b nh tuyn chuyn mch nhn (LSR).
ATM-LSR
IP IP 10
IP 12
IP 15
IP
LSR ingress
ATM-LSR ATM-LSR
LSR egress
Hnh 2.10: Cc kiu node trong mng MPLS LSR l thit b nh tuyn tc cao trong li ca mng MPLS, n tham gia trong vic thit lp cc ng dn chuyn mch nhn (LSP Label Switch Path) bng
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vic s dng giao thc bo hiu nhn thch ng v thc hin chuyn mch lu lng d liu tc cao da trn cc ng dn c thit lp. LER l thit b hot ng ti bin ca mng truy nhp v mng li MPLS. Cc LER h tr a cng c kt ni ti cc mng khng ging nhau (chng hn FR, ATM v Ethernet ). LER ng vai tr quan trng trong vic ch nh v hu b nhn, khi lu lng vo trong hay i ra khi mng MPLS. Sau , ti li vo n thc hin vic chuyn tip lu lng vo mng MPLS sau khi thit lp LSP nh cc giao thc bo hiu nhn v phn b lu lng tr li mng truy nhp ti li ra. Ngoi ra khi MPLS c xp chng trn ATM, cc chuyn mch ATM c iu khin bi mt bng iu khin MPLS, v lc cc chuyn mch ATM c gi l cc ATM-LSR. Tng ng chng ta c 2 loi thit b l ATM-LSR hot ng trong li, v ATM-LSR bin hot ng bin mng hay cn gi l ATM-LER. ATM-LSR l cc chuyn mch ATM c th thc hin chc nng nh LSR. Cc ATM-LSR thc hin chc nng nh tuyn gi IP v gn nhn trong mt bng iu khin v chuyn tip s liu theo c ch chuyn mch t bo ATM trong mt phng chuyn tip. Nh vy cc tng i chuyn mch ATM truyn thng c th nng cp phn mm MPLS thc hin chc nng ca LSR. Cc thit b bin khc vi cc thit b li ch l: ngoi vic phi chuyn tip lu lng n cn phi thc hin vic giao tip vi cc mng khc l ch nh hay loi b nhn. c. Cc ch hot ng ca MPLS MPLS c th hot ng trong 2 ch l: Ch khung Ch t bo
Ch khung Ch khung l thut ng c s dng khi chng ta chuyn tip mt gi vi mt nhn c nh vo gi trc tiu lp 3 (chng hn tiu IP). Trong ch ny mt tiu nhn c b sung vo gia gi tin lp 3 v tiu lp 2. RFC 3031, Kin trc MPLS, nh ngha nhn nh l mt thc th vt l c chiu di c nh, c s dng nhn dng 1 FEC, thng ch c ngha cc b. Ni mt cch n gin, nhn l mt gi tr c b sung cho mt gi, n cho mng bit ni no gi i qua. Nhn c di 20bit, ngha l c 220 gi tr nhn c th. Mt gi c th c nhiu nhn, c mang trong ngn xp nhn. Ti mi chng trong mng, ch cc nhn bn ngoi c kim tra. LSR s dng nhn chuyn tip
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cc gi trong mt phng d liu, cc nhn ny trc c ch nh v phn b trong mt phng iu khin. Khun dng tiu nhn c dng nh hnh 2.11.
Tiu lp lin kt MPLS SHIM Tiu lp mng D liu v tiu cc lp khc
32 bit
Nhn
Exp
BS
TTL
20 bit
3 bit
1 bit
8 bit
Hnh 2.11: Khun dng tiu nhn Ngoi 20 bit gi tr nhn nh bit, 12 bit cn li c ngha nh sau:
-
Exp (Experimental): Cc bit Exp c d tr v mt k thut cho s dng thc t. Chng hn Cisco s dng nhng bit ny gi b ch th QoS thng l mt bn sao trc tip ca cc bit ch th u tin trong gi IP. Khi cc gi MPLS b xp hng, c th s dng cc bit Exp nh cch s dng cc bit ch th u tin IP. BS (Bottom of stack): C th c hn 1 nhn vi 1 gi. Bit ny dng ch th cho nhn cui ngn xp nhn. Nhn y ca ngn xp nhn c gi tr BS bng 1. Cc nhn khc c gi tr bit BS bng 0. TTL (Time To Live): Thng thng cc bit TTL l mt bn sao trc tip ca cc bit TTL trong tiu gi IP. Chng gim gi tr i 1 n v khi gi i qua mi chng trnh lp vng v hn. TTL cng c th c s dng khi cc nh iu hnh mng mun du cu hnh mng nm bn di.
Ch t bo Ch t bo l thut ng c s dng khi chng ta c 1 mng cc chuyn mch ATM hay mng FR s dng MPLS trong mt phng iu khin hon i thng tin VCI/VPI thay cho vic s dng bo hiu ATM hay bo hiu FR.
Gi IP Tiu IP D liu
To nhn
Tiu Shim
Tiu IP
D liu
Cc khung FR
DLCI
D liu
...
DLCI
D liu
Hnh 2.12: FR ti lp lin kt d liu

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n tt nghip i hc
Trong ch t bo, nhn dc m ho trong cc trng VPI/VCI hay DLCI (xem hnh 2.12 v hnh 2.13). Sau khi qu trnh trao i thng tin nhn c thc hin, router li vo phn chia cc gi vo trong cc t bo ATM, dn nhn cho chng v thc hin truyn. Cc ATM LSR trung gian x l cc gi nh mt chuyn mch ATM thng thng chng chuyn tip t bo da trn gi tr VPI/VCI v thng tin cng vo. Cui cng, router li ra tng hp cc t bo tr li thnh gi.
Gi IP Tiu IP D liu
To nhn
Tiu Shim
Tiu IP
D liu
T bo ATM
VPI/VCI
D liu
...
VPI/VCI
D liu
Hnh 2.13: ATM ti lp lin kt d liu Ch t bo cn c gi l ATM c iu khin nhn (LC-ATM). d. nh tuyn trong mng MPLS Trong mng MPLS cc LSP thng c thit lp bng mt trong 3 cch sau: nh tuyn tng chng: Phng php ny l tng ng vi phng php c s dng hin nay trong cc mng IP truyn thng. Cc giao thc nh tuyn truyn thng chng hn nh OSPF, BGP hay PNNI c s dng thm d a ch IP. Trong phng php ny mi LSR la chn mt cch c lp tuyn k tip vi mt FEC cho trc. Mi node MPLS xc nh ni dung ca LIB bng vic tham chiu ti bng nh tuyn IP ca n. Vi mi li vo trong bng nh tuyn, mi node s thng bo 1 rng buc (cha 1 a ch mng v 1 nhn) ti cc node ln cn. nh tuyn hin (ER - Explicit Routing): nh tuyn hin tng t vi nh tuyn ngun. Trong phng php ny khng mt node no c cho php la chn chng k tip. Thay vo mt LSR c la chn trc, thng l LSR li vo hay LSR li ra, s xc nh danh sch cc node m ER-LSP i qua. ng dn c xc nh c th l khng ti u. Dc ng dn cc ti nguyn c th c t trc m bo QoS cho lu lng d liu. nh tuyn cng bc (CR - Constrained Routing): CR tnh c cc tham s chng hn nh cc c tnh tuyn (bng tn, tr, ), s chng v QoS. Cc LSP c thit lp c th l cc CR-LSP, trong cc rng buc c th l cc chng nh tuyn hin hay cc yu cu QoS. Cc chng nh tuyn hin ch ra ng i no c dng. Cc yu cu QoS ch ra cc tuyn v cc c ch xp hng hay lp lch no c s dng cho lung lu lng.
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n tt nghip i hc
Khi s dng CR, c th mt ng i c gi tng cng ln hn nhng chu ti t hn s c la chn. Tuy nhin, trong khi CR gia tng hiu nng mng, th n cng cng b sung thm phc tp trong vic tnh ton nh tuyn v ng dn c la chn phi tho mn cc yu cu QoS ca LSP. CR c th c s dng cng vi MPLS thit lp cc LSP. IETF nh ngha thnh phn CR-LDP lm cho vic thit lp ng i da trn cc rng buc tr nn thun tin hn.
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n tt nghip i hc OSPF
Chng III: Giao thc nh tuyn
CHNG III GIAO THC NH TUYN OSPF
3.1 Gii thiu chung

OSPF c pht trin bi IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force nhm c trch k thut Internet). OSPF l giao thc nh tuyn trng thi lin kt s dng thut ton u tin ng i ngn nht (SPF - Shortest Path First) ca Dijkstra v l mt giao thc m ngha l n hon ton m, khng c tnh c quyn. u im chnh ca OSPF so vi cc giao thc vector khong cch l kh nng p ng nhanh theo s thay i ca h thng mng, hot ng tt trong cc mng c ln v t b nh hng i vi cc thng tin nh tuyn saia. Mt s c im khc ca OSPF l:
- S dng gi lm thng s nh tuyn chn ng i trong mng; - Thc hin cp nht khi c mng c s thay i; - Mi Router s dng s cu trc mng ca ring n chn ng; - H tr nh tuyn lin min khng phn lp (CIDR-Classless Interdomain
Routing) v mt n mng con c chiu di thay i (VLSM - Variable length subnetmask). Hot ng ca OSPF c m t mt cch tng qut nh sau:
1. Cc Router OSPF gi cc gi Hello cho tt c cc giao din chy OSPF.

Nu hai Router chia s mt lin kt d liu, cng chp nhn cc tham s c ch ra trong gi Hello, chng s tr thnh cc hng xm ca nhau.
2. Lin kt ln cn c th coi nh cc lin kt o im - im, c hnh thnh

gia cc hng xm. Vic hnh thnh mt lin kt ln cn ph thuc vo cc yu t nh loi Router trao i cc gi Hello v loi mng s dng cc gi Hello truyn trn .
3. Sau khi cc lin kt ln cn c hnh thnh, mi Router gi cc gi qung

b trng thi lin kt (LSA - Link State Advertisement) qua cc kt ni ln cn. Cc LSA m t tt c cc lin kt ca Router v trng thi ca cc lin kt.
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4. Mi Router nhn mt LSA t mt hng xm, ghi LSA vo c s d liu

trng thi lin kt ca n v gi bn copy ti tt c cc hng xm khc ca n.
5. Bng cch trao i cc LSA trong mt vng, tt c cc Router s xy dng

c s d liu trng thi lin kt ca mnh ging vi cc Router khc.
6. Khi c s d liu hon chnh, mi Router s dng gii thut SPF tnh
ton ng i ngn nht (ng i c gi thp nht) ti tt c cc ch bit. S ny gi l cy SPF. 7. Mi Router xy dng bng nh tuyn t cy SPF ca n.
3.2 Mt s khi nim s dng trong OSPF

3.2.1 Gi Hello Gi Hello thc hin cc chc nng sau:
- Dng khm ph cc hng xm; - Dng qung co cc tham s m hai Router phi chp nhn trc khi
chng tr thnh cc hng xm ca nhau.;
- m bo thng tin hai chiu gia cc hng xm; - Dng bu c DR v BDR trong mng qung b v a truy nhp khng
qung b (NBMA Nonbroadcast Multiacces). Cc Router OSPF gi cc gi Hello nh k ra cc giao din OSPF. Chu k gi c gi l nhn thc v c cu hnh trong c s d liu giao din. Nu mt Router khng nhn c gi Hello t hng xm trong mt khong thi gian gi l chu k ngt router, n s khai bo hng xm ny b hy. Khi mt Router nhn mt gi Hello t mt hng xm, n s kim tra xem cc trng nh danh vng, nhn thc, mt n mng, chu k ngt router v Option trong gi Hello c ph hp vi cc gi tr c cu hnh giao din ang nhn hay khng. Nu khng ph hp, gi s b hu v kt ni ln cn khng c thit lp. Nu tt c ph hp, gi Hello c khai bo l hp l. Nu nh danh router ca Router gc c trong bng hng xm ca giao din nhn, chu k ngt router c thit lp li. Nu khng, n ghi nh danh Router ny vo bng hng xm. Khi mt Router gi mt gi Hello, gi Hello s cha nh danh router ca tt c cc hng xm cn thit trong lin kt m gi truyn i. Nu mt Router nhn c mt gi Hello hp l c cha nh danh router ca n, Router ny s bit rng thng tin hai chiu c thit lp.
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3.2.3 Phn loi mng OSPF nh ngha nm loi mng: 1. Mng im - im. 2. Mng qung b. 3. Mng a truy nhp khng qung b. 4. Mng im a im. 5. Cc lin kt o. Mng im - im: l mng ni hai Router vi nhau. Cc hng xm hp l trong mng im - im lun thit lp kt ni ln cn. a ch ch ca cc gi OSPF trong mng ny lun l a ch lp D 224.0.0.5. Mng qung b: V d nh Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI. L mng c kh nng kt ni nhiu hn hai thit b v cc thit b ny u c th nhn cc gi gi t mt thit b bt k trong mng. Cc Router OSPF trong mng qung b s bu c DR v BDR. Cc gi Hello c pht multicast vi a ch ch l 224.0.0.5. Ngoi ra cc gi xut pht t DR v BDR cng c pht multicast vi a ch ny. Cc Router khc s pht multicast cc gi cp nht v xc nhn trng thi lin kt vi a ch lp D l: 224.0.0.6. Mng a truy nhp khng qung b NBMA: v d nh X25, Frame relay, ATM. L mng c kh nng kt ni nhiu hn hai Router nhng khng c kh nng qung b. Tc l mt gi gi bi mt Router trong mng khng c nhn bi tt c cc Router khc ca mng. Cc Router trong NBMA bu c DR v BDR. Cc gi OSPF c truyn theo kiu unicast. Mng im a im: l trng hp c bit ca NBMA. N c th coi l mt tp hp cc kt ni im - im. Cc Router trong mng khng phi bu c DR v BDR. Cc gi OSPF c truyn theo kiu multicast. Cc lin kt o: l mt cu trc c bit c Router hiu nh l cc mng im - im khng nh s. Cc gi OSPF c pht unicast trn cc lin kt o. 3.2.4 DR v BDR Cc mng a truy nhp tn ti hai vn sau lin quan n qu trnh trn lt LSA nh sau:
1. Thng tin ca mt kt ni ln cn gia cc Router s to ra nhiu LSA

khng cn thit. Nu mt mng a truy nhp c n Router th c th c n(n1)/2 kt ni ln cn (Hnh 3.1). Mi Router s trn lt n-1 LSA cho cc hng
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xm ca n cng vi mt LSA cho mng dn n c n(n-1) + 1 = n2 LSA c to ra trong mng.
Hnh 3.1: Qu trnh trn lt LSA Qu trnh trn lt c th gy xung t. Mt Router gi mt LSA ti tt c cc hng xm ca n. Cc hng xm ny li gi bn copy ca LSA nhn c ti cc hng xm ca mnh dn n to ra nhiu bn copy ca LSA trong mng.
A B C
D C
E D
A (DR)
Hnh 3.2: Qu trnh bu c DR trnh cc vn trn, DR c bu ra trong mng a truy nhp. DR c cc nhim v sau: M t mng a truy nhp v cc Router gn vo mng cho phn cn li ca lin mng. Qun l qu trnh trn lt trong mng a truy nhp.
Mi Router trong mng thit lp kt ni ln cn vi DR (hnh 3.2). Ch c DR gi cc LSA ti phn cn li ca lin mng. Mt Router c th l DR i vi mng ny nhng khng l DR i vi mng khc. Ni cch khc DR ch l mt c tnh ca giao din ca Router, khng phi ton b Router. Nu DR b hng, mt DR mi phi c bu ra. Cc kt ni ln cn mi phi c thit lp, cc Router phi ng b c s d liu ca chng vi DR mi. Trong khi cc qu trnh ny din ra, mng s khng kh dng truyn gi. trnh vn ny, BDR c bu c. Tt c cc Router thit lp kt ni ln cn vi c DR v BDR. DR v BDR cng c th thit lp kt ni ln cn vi nhau. Nu DR hng, BDR s tr thnh DR mi. Ch : u tin c th nh hng n qu trnh bu c DR v BDR nhng khng nh hng n cc DR v BDR c bu c. Nu c mt Router c u tin cao hn cc DR v BDR c kch hot, n cng khng th thay th cc DR v BDR ny.
3.3 Khun dng gi tin OSPF

Tiu IP Gi OSPF
Tiu gi OSPF
D liu gi OSPF
D liu nhn dng gi OSPF
LSA
LSA
LSA
LSA
Tiu LSA
D liu LSA
Hnh 3.3: Qu trnh ng gi OSPF Thng tin cha trong tiu IP ch ra mt trong nm loi gi OSPF. Mi g OSPF gm tiu theo sau l trng d liu tng ng vi loi gi. Trong trng d liu gm mt trng thng tin nhn dng loi gi v trng d liu. Trng d liu trong gi Hello l mt danh sch cc hng xm. Trong gi yu cu trng thi lin kt, trng d liu gm nhiu LSA. Cc LSA ny cng gm hai phn l tiu LSA v d liu LSA. Cc gi m t trng thi lin kt v xc nhn trng thi lin kt cha danh sch cc tiu LSA.
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3.4 Hng xm OSPF

3.4.1 Cu trc d liu hng xm Cc thnh phn ca cu trc d liu hng xm l: nh danh hng xm: l nh danh Router ca hng xm. a ch IP ca hng xm: l a ch IP ca giao din ni ti mng ca hng xm. Khi mt gi OSPF c truyn unicast ti hng xm, a ch ny s l a ch ch. nh danh vng: hai Router tr thnh cc hng xm ca nhau, nh danh vng trong gi Hello nhn c phi ph hp vi nh danh vng ca giao din nhn. Giao din: l giao din gn vo mng cha hng xm. u tin ca hng xm : l u tin Router ca hng xm c ch ra trong gi Hello. Trng thi: l trng thi chc nng ca hng xm s c trnh by phn sau. Chu k thm d: Gi tr ny ch s dng i vi cc hng xm trong mng NBMA. V cc hng xm khng th c t ng khm ph trong mng NBMA nu cc hng xm ny trng thi hy, do vy gi Hello s c gi ti cc hng xm sau mi khong thi gian nht nh. Khong thi gian ny gi l chu k thm d. Thnh phn hng xm: l cc kh nng OSPF tu chn c h tr bi hng xm. Cc tu chn ny c trnh by phn sau. nh thi ngng hot ng: l chu k nh thi hay chu k ngt router. Vic nh thi c thit lp li khi nhn c gi Hello t hng xm. Nu vic nh thi ngng hot ng ht hiu lc m cha nhn c gi Hello, hng xm s c khai bo l hy. Router ch nh: a ch ny cha trong trng DR ca gi Hello. Router ch nh d phng: a ch ny cha trong trng BDR ca gi Hello. Ch/t: Quan h ch-t (c tho thun trong trng thi Exstart) thit lp hng xm no s iu khin vic ng b c s d liu. S th t DD: l s trnh t ca gi m t c s d liu (DD - Database Description) ang c gi ti hng xm. Gi m t c s d liu nhn c cui cng: Cc bt khi u, ch, cc thnh phn v s th t ca gi DD nhn c cui cng c ghi trong c s d liu hng xm. Thng tin ny dng xc nh xem gi DD tip theo c phi l bn sao ca gi trc.
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Bi Quc Nam, D2002VT
Danh sch truyn li trng thi lin kt: l danh sch cc LSA c trn lt trn kt ni ln cn nhng cha c cng nhn. Cc LSA s c truyn li sau khong thi gian RxmtInterval cho n khi chng c cng nhn hoc kt ni ln cn b ph v. Danh sch ng b c s d liu: L danh sch cc LSA c gi ti hng xm trong gi DD trong qu trnh ng b c s d liu. Cc LSA to nn c s d liu trng thi lin kt khi Router chuyn sang trng thi chuyn i. Danh sch yu cu trng thi lin kt: L danh sch cc LSA trong c gi DD ca hng xm mi hn cc LSA trong c s d liu trng thi lin kt. Cc gi yu cu trng thi lin kt c gi ti hng xm yu cu cc bn sao ca cc LSA ny. Khi nhn c cc LSA yu cu trong cc gi cp nht trng thi lin kt, danh sch yu cu trng thi lin kt s c rt dn cho n ht. 3.4.2 Cc trng thi hng xm Mt Router s chuyn hng xm qua mt s trng thi trc khi hng xm c coi l kt ni ln cn hon thin. Cc trng thi bao gm: hy, th, khi to, kt ni 2 chiu, Exstart, xchange, ti v, v hon thin. Hy: l trng thi u tin ca hng xm khi cuc hi thoi (gia Router v hng xm) ch ra rng khng c gi Hello no c gi t hng xm trong chu k ngt router cui cng. Cc gi Hello khng c gi ti hng xm b hy tr trng hp cc hng xm ny thuc mng NBMA. Trong trng hp ny, cc gi Hello c gi theo chu k chu k thm d. Nu hng xm chuyn xung trng thi hy t trng thi cao hn th danh sch truyn li trng thi lin kt, m t c s d liu, v yu cu trng thi lin kt b xo b. Th: Trng thi ny ch ng dng cho cc hng xm trong mng NBMA, y cc hng xm c cu hnh bng tay. Mt Router ( kh nng tr thnh DR) s chuyn mt hng xm sang trng thi th khi giao din ni ti hng xm c kch hot u tin hoc khi Router l DR hoc BDR. Mt Router s gi cc gi ti mt hng xm trng thi th theo chu k gi gi Hello thay v chu k thm d. Khi to: Trng thi ny ch ra rng nhn c gi Hello t hng xm trong chu k ngt router cui cng nhng kt ni hai chiu cha c thit lp. Router s cha nh danh Router ca tt c cc hng xm trng thi ny hoc trng thi cao hn trong trng hng xm ca gi Hello. ExStart: trng thi ny, Router v cc hng xm ca n thit lp quan h ch/t v xc nh s trnh t DD u tin chun b cho vic trao i cc gi DD. hng xm c a ch giao din cao nht s l ch.
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Thay i: Router gi cc gi DD m t ton b c s d liu trng thi lin kt ca n ti cc hng xm ang trng thi thay i. Router cng gi cc gi yu cu trng thi lin kt ti cc hng xm trng thi ny yu cu gi cc LSA mi nht. Kt ni 2 chiu (2-Way): Trng thi ny ch ra rng Router nhn thy nh danh router ca n trong trng hng xm ca gi Hello m hng xm gi ti. iu ny c ngha l kt ni hai chiu c thit lp. Trong mng a truy nhp, hng xm phi trng thi ny hoc cao hn c th c chn l DR hoc BDR. Vic nhn mt gi DD t mt hng xm trng thi khi to s chuyn hng xm ny sang trng thi kt ni 2 chiu.
Hy
1 IE
Th
IE2
Khi to
IE2
IE4
IE4 IE2
DP1
IE 5
Ti v IE2 Exstart IE2 IE8 Thay i IE9 DP1

IE 10
IE 11 IE 7
2-Way IE2
IE
IE12
Hon thin IE2
Hnh 3.4: Qu trnh chuyn i trng thi t hy sang hon thin Ti v: Router s gi cc gi yu cu trng thi lin kt ti cc hng xm trng thi ny yu cu gi cc LSA mi hn c ch ra trng thi thay i nhng cha nhn c. Hon thin: hng xm trng thi ny l lin kt ln cn hon ton v cc kt ni ln cn s xut hin trong cc gi qung b trng thi lin kt router v mng. Bng 5: Cc bin c ca hng xm Bin c vo
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52
IE1
Ch xy ra i vi cc hng xm kt ni vi mng NBMA. IE1 xy ra bi mt trong cc iu kin sau:

1. Giao din ni ti mng NBMA c kch hot u tin, v
hng xm iu kin tham gia bu c DR.

2. Router l DR hoc BDR, v hng xm khng iu kin
tham gia bu c tr thnh DR. IE2 IE3 IE4 IE5 IE6 Mt gi Hello hp l c nhn t hng xm. hng xm khng th lin lc c na. Router nhn nhn thy nh danh router ca n u tin trong gi Gi Hello ca hng xm hoc nhn c gi DD t hng xm. Hng xm khng th thit lp kt ni ln cn. Xy ra bi mt trong cc iu kin sau:
1. Trng thi hng xm chuyn trc tin sang trng thi 2-way.
2. Trng thi giao din thay i. IE7 IE8 IE9 IE10 IE11 IE12 Kt ni ln cn s c hnh thnh vi hng xm ny. Quan h ch t c thit lp v s trnh t DD c trao i. Vic trao i cc gi DD c hon thnh. Cc khon mc cn tn ti trong danh sch yu cu trng thi lin kt. Danh sch yu cu trng thi lin kt rng. Kt ni ln cn s c ph v v c reset li. IE12 xy ra bi mt trong cc iu kin sau: 1. Nhn c gi DD c s trnh t DD khng ng. 2. Nhn c gi DD c trng Option khc vi trng Option ca gi DD cui cng.
3. Nhn c gi DD khc ngoi gi u tin c bit khi to c
lp. 4. Nhn c gi yu cu mt LSA khng c trong c s d liu. IE13 IE14

Nhn c mt gi Hello t hng xm trong nh danh router ca Router nhn khng c trong trng hng xm xy ra khi trng thi
IE15
IE16
giao din thay i. Kt ni ln cn vi hng xm ny s tip tc tn ti hay tip tc hnh thnh. Kt ni ln cn vi hng xm ny s khng tip tc tn ti hay khng tip tc hnh thnh. Bng 6: Cc quyt nh ca hng xm
Quyt nh DP1
ngha Mt kt ni ln cn s c thit lp vi hng xm hay khng? Mt kt ni ln cn s c hnh thnh nu mt trong cc iu kin sau xy ra:
1. Loi mng l im - im. 2. Loi mng l im - a im.
3. Loi mng l lin kt o.

4. Router l DR trong mng ca hng xm. 5. Router l BDR trong mng ca hng xm. 6. hng xm l DR. 7. hng xm l BDR.
DP2
Danh sch yu cu trng thi lin kt i vi hng xm ny c rng khng? Kt ni ln cn vi hng xm c tip tc tn ti hay khng?
DP3
3.5 Thit lp kt ni ln cn
Cc hng xm trong cc mng im - im, im - a im, v lin kt o lun thit lp kt ni ln cn vi nhau tr khi cc tham s trong cc gi Hello ca chng khng ph hp. Trong cc mng qung b v NBMA, DR v BDR s thit lp kt ni ln cn vi tt c cc hng xm cn cc DRother s khng thit lp kt ni ln cn vi cc DRother khc. Qu trnh xy dng kt ni ln cn s dng ba loi gi OSPF sau:
1. Gi m t c s d liu DD. 2. Gi yu cu trng thi lin kt.
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n tt nghip i hc OSPF 3. Gi cp nht trng thi lin kt.
Gi DD c bit quan trng trong qu trnh xy dng kt ni ln cn. Cc gi DD s cha tiu ca cc LSA trong c s d liu trng thi lin kt ca Router gc. Router nhn s nhn cc gi DD v kim tra cc tiu ny quyt nh xem liu n c bn copy mi nht ca LSA trong c s d liu ca n. Ngoi ra gi DD cn cha ba c c s dng qun l qu trnh xy dng kt ni ln cn. Ba c l:
1. Bit khi to (I): I = 1 ch ra rng gi DD u tin gi. 2. Bit khc (M): M = 1 ch ra rng y khng phi gi DD cui cng c gi. 3. Bit ch/t (MS): MS = 1 ch ra rng gi DD c gi t Router l Master.
Khi cuc m phn ch/t bt u trng thi Exstart, c hai hng xm s cng yu cu tr thnh ch bng cch gi mt gi DD rng vi bit MS = 1. hng xm c nh danh router thp hn s l t v truyn tr li gi DD c MS = 0 v s trnh t DD c lp theo s trnh t ca ch. Gi DD ny s l gi DD u tin cha cc bn tm tt LSA. Khi cuc m phn ch/t hon thnh, hng xm s chuyn sang trng thi thay i. trng thi thay i, cc hng xm s tin hnh ng b c s d liu ca chng. Danh sch tm tt c s d liu c ghi cng vi cc tiu ca tt c cc LSA trong c s d liu ca Router. Cc gi DD cha danh sch cc tiu ca cc LSA c gi ti hng xm. Nu mt Router thy rng hng xm ca n c mt LSA khng c trong c s d liu ca n, hoc hng xm c bn copy ca mt LSA ( bit) mi hn, n t LSA ny vo danh sch yu cu trng thi lin kt. Sau n gi gi yu cu trng thi lin kt yu cu bn sao ca LSA ny. Cc gi cp nht trng thi lin kt vn chuyn cc LSA c yu cu. Khi nhn c cc LSA yu cu, Router s xo tiu ca cc LSA nhn c khi danh sch yu cu trng thi lin kt. Tt c cc LSA gi i trong gi cp nht trng thi lin kt phi c xc nhn. Do vy, cc LSA c truyn c ghi vo danh sch truyn li trng thi lin kt. Khi mt LSA c xc nhn, n s c xo khi danh sch ny. LSA c th c xc nhn theo hai cch:
-
Xc nhn r rng: Khi nhn c gi xc nhn trng thi lin kt cha tiu LSA. Xc nhn ngm: Khi nhn c gi cp nht trng thi lin kt cha phin bn LSA ging vi phin bn gi. (C hai LSA u mi hn cc LSA khc).
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Router ch iu khin qu trnh ng b v m bo ch c gi DD c truyn i vo thi im . Khi router t nhn mt gi DD t router ch, n s xc nhn vic ny bng cch gi mt gi DD c cng s trnh t ti router ch. Nu router ch khng nhn c xc nhn ca gi ny trong khong thi gian RxmtInterval, n s gi tip bn sao ca gi n router t. Router t gi cc gi DD ch p li cc gi DD m n nhn t Router ch. Nu gi DD nhn c c s trnh t mi, n s gi gi DD c cng s trnh t vi gi ny. Nu s trnh t ca gi nhn c ging vi gi xc nhn trc , gi xc nhn c truyn li. Khi qu trnh ng b hon tt, mt trong hai s chuyn i trng thi sau s xy ra:
-
Nu vn cn cc mc trong danh sch yu cu trng thi lin kt, Router s chuyn hng xm sang trng thi ti v. Nu danh sch yu cu trng thi l rng, Router s chuyn hng xm sang trng thi hon thin.
Router ch bit rng qu trnh ng b hon tt khi n gi tt c cc gi DD cn thit din t y c s d liu trng thi lin kt ca n ti router t v nhn c gi DD vi bit M = 0. Router t bit rng qu trnh ng b hon tt khi n nhn c gi DD c bit M = 0 v gi mt gi DD xc nhn c bit M = 0. Hnh 3.5 ch ra v d v mt qu trnh ng b c s d liu cng vi s chuyn i trng thi hng xm.
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RT1
RT2
Hy
Hello (DR = 0.0.0.0, Neighbors Seen = 0) Hello (DR = RT2, Neighbors Seen = RT1)
Hu Khi to
Exstart
DD (Seq = x, I = 1, M = 0, MS = 1) DD (Seq = y, I = 1, M = 1, MS = 1) Exstart
Thay i
DD (Seq = y, I = 0, M = 1, MS = 0) DD (Seq = y + 1, I = 0, M = 1, MS = 1) DD (Seq = y + 1, I = 0, M = 1, MS = 0) Thay i
DD (Seq = y + n, I = 0, M = 0, MS = 1) Ti v DD (Seq = y + n, I = 0, M = 0, MS = 0) LS Request LS Update LS Request LS Update Hon thin Hon thin
Hnh 3.5: V d mt qu trnh ng b c s d liu
3.6 Trn lt
Ton b cu hnh mng OSPF c th c m t nh l mt nhm cc Router lin kt vi nhau bi cc kt ni ln cn logic. nh tuyn qua cu hnh logic ny, mi node phi c mt bn nhn dng cu hnh. Bn ny gi l c s d liu cu hnh. C s d liu cu hnh thng c gi l c s d liu trng thi lin kt. N bao gm tt c cc LSA m Router nhn c. S thay i trong cu hnh mng s c din t nh l s thay i trong mt hay nhiu LSA. Trn lt l qu trnh cc gi LSA (mi v c LSA thay i) c gi qua mng m bo c s d liu ca mi node c cp nht v duy tr s ng nht vi cc node khc. Qu trnh trn lt s dng hai loi gi OSPF sau:
-
Gi cp nht trng thi lin kt. Gi xc nhn trng thi lin kt.
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Mi gi cp nht v xc nhn trng thi lin kt c th mang nhiu LSA. Cc LSA c trn lt qua lin mng, nhng cc gi cp nht v xc nhn ch c truyn gia hai node thng qua kt ni ln cn.
Drother (224.0.0.5) DR (224.0.0.6)
Drother (224.0.0.5)
Cp nht
Cp nht
Cp nht
DR (224.0.0.6)
Drother (224.0.0.5)
Cp nht
Drother (224.0.0.5)
Cp nht
BDR (224.0.0.6) Drother (224.0.0.5) (a) Drother (224.0.0.5) (b)
BDR (224.0.0.6)
Hnh 3.6: Qu trnh truyn cc gi cp nht trng thi lin kt Trong mng im - im: Cc gi cp nht c gi ti a ch multicast AllSPFRouters (224.0.0.5). Trong mng im - a im v lin kt o: Cc gi cp nht c truyn Unicast ti a ch giao din ca cc hng xm k cn. Trong mng qung b: Cc DRother ch to kt ni ln cn vi DR v BDR. Do cc gi cp nht c gi ti a ch AllDRoter (224.0.0.6). Sau DR s pht Multicast cc gi cp nht ti tt c cc Router k cn trong mng s dng a ch AllSPFRouter v cc Router nay n lt mnh s gi LSA ra tt c cc giao din khc chy OSPF ca n.
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Cp nht Drother (224.0.0.5) DR (224.0.0.6) Cp nht Drother (224.0.0.5) Cp nht BDR (224.0.0.6) Cp nht Drother (224.0.0.5) (c)
Cp nht
Hnh 3.7: Trn lt gi trong mng qung b 3.6.1 Xc nhn tuyt i v xc nhn r rng Mi LSA c truyn i phi c xc nhn. C hai kiu xc nhn l: Xc nhn tuyt i v xc nhn r rng. Xc nhn tuyt i: Xc nhn tuyt i vic nhn mt LSA bng cch gi mt gi cp nht cha mt LSA ging ht tr li node ngun. Xc nhn tuyt i s dng hiu qu trong trng hp hng xm ang c nh gi cp nht v node gc. Xc nhn r rng: Bng cch gi gi xc nhn trng thi lin kt c cha cc LSA Header nhn dng cc LSA. Khi LSA c gi, mt phin bn ca LSA c lu trong danh sch truyn li trng thi lin kt. LSA c truyn li theo chu k cho n khi nhn c xc nhn hoc khi kt ni ln cn b hu b. Cc gi cp nht trng thi lin kt cha cc LSA truyn li lun pht theo kiu unicast i vi mi kiu mng. 3.6.2 S trnh t, tng kim tra, v tui Mi LSA cha ba gi tr l: s trnh t, tng kim tra, v tui. S trnh t: S dng 32 bit c gi tr t s trnh t u tin (0x80000001) n s trnh t ln nht (0x7fffffff). Khi Router to ra mt LSA, n lp s trnh t ca LSA bng s trnh t u tin. Mi ln Router to ra mt phin bn ca LSA, s trnh t li tng ln mt n v. Nu s trnh t hin ti l s trnh t ln nht v phi c mt phin bn mi ca LSA c to ra th trc tin Router t tui ca LSA c ang tn ti trong c s d liu ca cc hng xm bng MaxAge v trn lt n trn tt c cc kt ni ln cn. Khi tt c cc hng xm k cn bit c tui ca LSA ny l MaxAge th phin bn mi ca LSA ny vi s trnh t l s trnh t u tin c th c trn lt.
Tng kim tra: L mt s nguyn 16 bit c tnh ton da trn thut ton Fletcher. Tng kim tra c tnh ton da trn ton b LSA ngoi tr trng tui (Trng ny thay i khi LSA chuyn t node ti node do phi yu cu tnh li tng kim tra ti mi node). Tng kim tra ca mi LSA cng c tnh li nm pht mt ln khi chng c tr trong c s d liu m bo LSA khng b thay i khi trong c s d liu. Tui: L mt s nguyn 16 bit khng du ch ra tui ca LSA tnh theo giy. Phm vi ca tui l t 0 n 3600 s (gi l tui cc i - MaxAge). Khi Router to ra mt LSA, n lp tui ca LSA bng 0. Mi khi LSA c chuyn tip qua mt Router, tui ca n s tng ln mt s giy. Tui cng c tng ln khi LSA c tr trong c s d liu. Khi LSA t n tui cc i, LSA s c trn lt li sau b xo khi c s d liu. Do vy khi Router cn xo b mt LSA khi tt c c s d liu, n s t tui ca LSA bng tui cc i v trn lt li LSA ny. Ch c Router to ra LSA mi c th lm c iu ny. Khi nhn c nhiu phin bn LSA ging nhau, Router s xc nh LSA mi nht da trn gii thut sau: -
So snh s trnh t: LSA c s trnh t cao hn l LSA mi hn. Nu s trnh t bng nhau, th so snh cc tng kim tra. LSA c tng kim tra cao nht l LSA mi nht. Nu tng kim tra bng nhau th so snh tui. Nu ch c mt LSA c tui l cc i, n c coi l gn mi nht. Ngc li: Nu tui ca LSA khc nhau hn mi nm pht, LSA c tui thp hn c chn. Nu khng c iu kin no nh trn xy ra, hai LSA c coi l ging ht nhau.
3.7 Phn loi Router OSPF

C bn loi Router OSPF l : Router ni, Router bin vng, Router mng ng trc, v Router bin h thng t tr (hnh 3.14). Router ni (Internal Router): l Router m tt c cc giao din ca n thuc v cng mt vng. Cc Router ny c c s d liu trng thi lin kt n. Router bin vng ABR (Area Border Router): Kt ni mt hay nhiu vng ti mng ng trc v hot ng nh mt cng i vi lu lng lin vng. ABR lun c t nht mt giao din thuc v mng ng trc, v phi duy tr c s d liu trng thi lin kt tch bit cho mi vng lin kt vi n. V vy, ABR thng c b nh ln hn v b vi x l mnh hn so vi Router ni. ABR c nhim v thu thp thng tin
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cu hnh ca cc vng gn vi n cho mng ng trc, sau mng ng trc s ph bin li cho cc vng khc. Router mng ng trc: l Router c t nht mt giao din gn vo mng ng trc. Nh vy Router mng ng trc c th l mt ABR hoc mt Router no thuc mng ng trc (vng 0). Router bin h thng t tr ASBR (Autonomous System Boundary Router): hot ng nh l mt cng i vi lu lng ngoi.
BG P
Backbone Router ASBR
Area 0
ABR
P EIG
Area 1
Internal Router
Area 10.5.53.16
Hnh 3.8: Phn b cc Router trong mng
3.8 Phn loi LSA

Bng 7: Phn loi LSA TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 M t Gi qung b trng thi lin kt router Gi qung b trng thi lin kt mng Gi qung trng thi lin kt bn ngoi mng Gi qung b trng thi lin kt bn ngoi ASBR Gi qung b trng thi lin kt bn ngoi AS Gi qung b trng thi lin kt ca hi vin nhm
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TT 7 8 9 10 11 LSA bn ngoi NSSA LSA thuc tnh ngoi
M t
LSA m (lin kt phm vi ni ht) LSA m (phm vi ni vng) LSA m (phm vi AS)
Loi = 1 Loi = 1 Router ID = 192.168.30.10 S link = 3 M t link 1 M t link 2 M t link 3
Router ID = 192.168.30.10 S link = 3 M t link 1 M t link 2 M t link 3
Link 1
Link 2 Loi = 1 Router ID = 192.168.30.10 S link = 3 M t link 1 M t link 2 M t link 3
Hnh 3.9: Gi qung b trng thi lin kt router Gi qung b trng thi lin kt router: c to ra bi mi Router. LSA ny cha danh sch tt c cc lin kt ca Router cng vi trng thi v chi ph (gi) u ra ca mi lin kt. Cc LSA ny ch c trn lt trong vng to ra n. Gi qung b trng thi lin kt mng: c to ra bi DR trong cc mng a truy nhp. Network LSA cha danh sch tt c cc Router gn vi DR v c DR. Cc LSA ny c trn lt trong vng to ra n.
k in L 3
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Type = 2 192.168.17.18 Subnet Mask = 255.255.255.248 Attached Router = 192.168.30.20 Attached Router = 192.168.30.10 Attached Router = 192.168.30.30 DR Router ID = 192.168.30.20
Type = 2 192.168.17.18/29 192.168.17.18 Subnet Mask = 255.255.255.248 Attached Router = 192.168.30.20 Attached Router = 192.168.30.10 Attached Router = 192.168.30.30
nh danh Router = 192.168.30.10
nh danh Router = 192.168.30.30
Hnh 3.10: Gi qung b trng thi lin kt mng Gi qung trng thi lin kt bn ngoi mng: c to ra bi cc ABR. Chng c gi vo vng qung co cho cc ch bn ngoi vng . Thc t, cc LSA ny nh mt phng tin m ABR dng ni cho cc Router bn trong vng bit cc ch bn ngoi m ABR c th tip cn c. ABR cng qung co cc ch bn trong vng gn vi n cho cc Router bn trong mng ng trc bng cc LSA ny. LSA gm gi t ABR ti ch. Mi ch ch c qung co bi mt LSA cho d ABR bit c nhiu ng ti ch . Do vy, nu ABR bit c nhiu ng ti mt ch no trong vng gn vi n, n s to mt gi qung b trng thi lin kt bn ngoi mng c gi thp nht trong cc ng n bit gi vo mng ng trc. Tng t nh vy, nu mt ABR nhn c nhiu Gi qung b trng thi lin kt bn ngoi mng t cc ABR khc thng qua mng ng trc, n s chn LSA c gi thp nht v qung co n vo trong vng (khng phi l mng ng trc) gn vi n. Khi mt Router khc nhn c mt gi qung b trng thi lin kt bn ngoi mng t mt ABR, n khng chy gii thut SPF. ng hn, n cng gi ca tuyn ti ABR v gi cha trong LSA. Tuyn ti ch c qung co bi ABR c lu trong bng nh tuyn cng vi gi c tnh ton. Kiu nh tuyn ny (s dng Router trung gian thay v xc nh ng i y ti ch) gi l nh tuyn theo kiu vector khong cch.
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Nh vy, OSPF l giao thc trng thi lin kt trong mt vng nhng li s dng gii thut vector khong cch nh tuyn lin vng.
Type = 3 192.168.17.16 Mask = 255.255.255.240 Metric = 120
Type = 3 192.16.121.0 Mask = 255.255.255.0 Metric = 120
172.16.121.0/24
192.168.13.16/28
Area 0 Area 192.168.13.0
Hnh 3.11: Gi qung b trng thi lin kt bn ngoi mng Gi qung b trng thi lin kt bn ngoi ASBR: c to ra bi ABR. N ging ht gi qung b trng thi lin kt bn ngoi mng ngoi tr vic n dng qung co cho cc ch n l ASBR..
Type = 4 Router ID = 192.168.30.12 Mask = 0.0.0.0 Metric = 64 ASBR Router ID = 192.168.30.12
Area 0
Hnh 3.12: Gi qung b trng thi lin kt bn ngoi ASBR Gi qung b trng thi lin kt bn ngoi h thng t tr: c to ra bi cc ASBR. Cc LSA ny dng qung co cho cc ch bn ngoi h thng c lp OSPF hoc cc tuyn mc nh bn ngoi vo h thng c lp OSPF. Gi qung b trng thi lin kt bn ngoi h thng t tr l LSA duy nht trong c s d liu khng lin kt vi mt vng no. N c trn lt thng qua h thng c lp OSPF.
Type = 5 10.83.10.0/24 10.83.10.0 Mask = 255.255.255.0 Metric = 10 172.20.57.254 a ch ang ti = 172.20.57.254
ASBR Router ID = 192.168.30.60
H thng t tr OSPF
Hnh 3.13: Hot ng gi qung b trng thi lin kt bn ngoi h thng t tr Gi qung b trng thi lin kt ca hi vin nhm: S dng trong Multicast OSPF (MOSPF). MOSPF nh tuyn cc gi t mt ngun ti nhiu ch hay mt nhm thnh vin chia s a ch multicast lp D. Gi qung b trng thi lin kt bn ngoi NSSA: c to ra bi cc ASBR trong cc not so stubby area (NSSAs). Gi qung b trng thi lin kt bn ngoi NSSA hu nh ging ht vi ngoi tr vic gi qung b trng thi lin kt bn ngoi NSSA c trn lt ch trong NSSA to ra n. LSA thuc tnh ngoi: c xut chy internal BGP (iBGP) hp l truyn ti thng tin BGP qua min OSPF. Tuy nhin, n cha c trin khai. LSA m: gm phn Header tiu chun v trng thng tin. Trng thng tin c th s dng cho OSPF hoc bi cc ng dng khc phn phi thng tin qua min OSPF. LSA ny cng cha c trin khai. Khun dng chi tit ca cc LSA c trnh by phn ph lc.
3.9 Vng
Li ch ca vic s dng vng: OSPF s dng cc vng gim cc nh hng bt li trn. OSPF nh ngha vng l mt nhm logic cc Router v cc lin kt gip phn chia hiu qu mt min OSPF thnh cc min con. Cc Router trong mt vng s khng bit chi tit cu hnh bn ngoi vng ca n. Do vy:
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n tt nghip i hc OSPF -
Mt Router s ch phi chia s c s d liu trng thi lin kt vi cc Router khc trong vng ca n. Vic gim kch thc ca c s d liu s lm gim s va chm trong b nh ca Router. C s d liu nh hn dn n cc LSA phi x l t hn v lm gim s va chm trong CPU ca Router. Cc qu trnh trn lt gi c gii hn trong vng.
nh danh vng: vng c nhn dng bi 32 bit nh danh vng. nh danh vng c th c vit di dng s thp phn hoc s thp phn c ngn cch bi cc du chm (v d nh 0 v 0.0.0.0 l tng ng, hoc 16 v 0.0.0.16; 271 v 0.0.1.15 l tng ng). Mng ng trc: nh danh vng 0 c s dng cho mng ng trc. Mng ng trc l mng chu trch nhim thng bo cc thng tin v cu hnh tng qut ca mi vng cho cc vng khc. 3.9.1 Vng c th phn chia
Area 0 Area 3
Area 3
Area 0
Hnh 3.14: Qu trnh phn chia vng Vng c th phn chia l vng trong mt li lin kt s phn chia vng thnh hai phn tch bit nhau. Nu mt vng (khng phi l mng ng trc) b phn chia, v tt c cc Router hai bn phn chia vn c th nhn thy ABR (hnh 3.15) th s khng c s ph v no xy ra. mng s xem cc vng phn chia nh l hai vng tch bit.
Khi mng ng trc c phn chia, n s to ra cc vng tch bit v to ra hai min OSPF tch bit nhau (hnh 3.15).
Area 2 Area 0 Area 3
Area 0 Area 2 Area 0
Area 3
Hnh 3.15: Qu trnh phn chia mng ng trc 3.9.2 Vng ct (Stub Area) ASBR qung co cho cc ch bn ngoi bng cch trn lt cc LSA ngoi qua h thng c lp OSPF. Cc LSA ny chim t l ln trong c s d liu ca mi Router.
ASBR
Area 2
Area 0
Hnh 3.16: Cu hnh vng 2 l mt vng ct hnh v trn, khng phi mi Router u cn bit tt c cc ch bn ngoi. Cc Router trong vng 2 u phi gi cc gi n ABR bit v ASBR bt k ch bn ngoi l g. V l do ny vng 2 c cu hnh nh mt vng ct.
Vng ct l vng m trong cc gi LSA bn ngoi v LSA s lc khng c trn lt vo. Cc ABR gn vi vng ct s s dng cc LSA s lc mng qung co mt tuyn mc nh vo vng ct. Cc Router bn trong vng s s dng tuyn mc nh nu nh n khng tm thy tuyn no ph hp trong bng nh tuyn. V tuyn mc nh c qung co bi Gi qung b trng thi lin kt bn ngoi mng nn n s khng c qung co ngoi vng. Hot ng ca cc Router trong vng ct c th c ci thin v bo tn c b nh nh gim c kch thc c s d liu ca chng. 3.9.3 Vng ct hon ton (Totally Stubby Area) Vng ct hon ton s dng cc tuyn mc nh nh tuyn cc ch bn ngoi n khng ch h thng c lp m cn n vng. ABR ca vng ct hon ton s ngn chn khng ch cc LSA bn ngoi AS m cn ngn chn tt c cc Summary LSA ngoi tr cc LSA loi 3 dng qung co tuyn mc nh.
3.10 Phn loi ng

C bn loi ng l: ng ni vng, ng lin vng, ng ngoi loi 1, v ng ngoi loi 2.
20 5 B 10 A 30 10 C OSPF External 10.1.2.0 D
Hinh 3.17: nh tuyn theo tng loi ng ng ni vng: l ng ni ti cc ch trong cc vng gn vi Router. ng lin vng: l ng ni ti cc ch trong cc vng khc nhng vn nm trong h thng c lp OSPF. ng lin vng lun i qua t nht mt ABR. ng ngoi loi 1(E1): l ng ti cc ch bn ngoi h thng c lp OSPF. Khi mt tuyn bn ngoi c qung cc vo mt h thng c lp, n phi
c gn mt metric c ngha i vi giao thc nh tuyn ca h thng c lp. Trong OSPF, ASBR chu trch nhim gn gi cho cc tuyn bn ngoi m n qung co. Cc ng ngoi loi 1 c gi bng tng ca gi bn ngoi ny cng vi gi ca ng dn ti ASBR. ng ngoi loi 2 (E2): cng l ng ti cc ch bn ngoi h thng c lp OSPF nhng n khng tnh phn gi ca ng ti ASBR. hnh 3.21, Router A c hai ng ti ch bn ngoi 10.1.2.0. Nu ch c qung co theo kiu ng E1, ng A-B-D c gi l 35 (5+20+10) s c chn so vi ng A-C-D c gi l 50 (30+10+10). Nhng nu ch c qung co theo kiu ng E2, th ng A-C-D c gi l 20 (10+10) s c chn so vi ng A-B-D c gi l 30 (20+10).
3.11 Bng nh tuyn

Gii thut SPF ca Dijkstra c s dng tnh ton cy ng i ngn nht t cc LSA trong c s d liu trng thi lin kt. Gii thut SPF c chy ln th nht xy dng cc cnh ca cy SPF. Gii thut chy ln th hai thm l vo cy. Cc l chnh l cc mng ct gn vi mi Router. OSPF xc nh ng i ngn nht da trn mt o (metric) tu gi l gi gn vi mi giao din. Gi ca mt tuyn l tng cc gi ca tt c cc giao din u ra ti ch. RFC 2328 khng ch r gi tr cho gi. Khi mt Router OSPF kim tra a ch ch ca gi, n s thc hin cc bc sau la chn ng i ngn nht: 1. Chn tuyn ph hp nht vi a ch ch. V d nu c cc thc th nh tuyn ng vi a ch 172.16.64.0/18; 172.16.64.0/24; v 172.16.64.192/27 v a ch ch l 172.16.64.205 th thc th cui cng s c chn. Thc th c chn lun l thc th ph hp di nht (tuyn vi mt n a ch di nht). Nu khng tm c tuyn ph hp, mt bn tin ICMP s c gi v a ch ngun v gi s b hu b.
2. B bt cc thc th chn bng cch loi b cc loi ng dn khng
ph hp. Cc loi ng dn c phn quyn u tin theo th t sau: (1 l mc u tin cao nht, 4 l mc u tin thp nht). 1. ng dn ni vng. 2. ng dn lin vng. 3. ng ngoi loi 1. 4. ng ngoi loi 2.
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Nu c nhiu tuyn c cng gi, cng loi ng dn tn ti trong tp cui cng, OSPF s s dng tt c cc ng dn ny. Lu lng c truyn trn cc ng dn ny theo phng php cn bng ti.
3.12 Kh nng ng dng ca OSPF trong mng NGN ca VNPT

Mng NGN ca VNPT l mt mng IP c ln c cu trc phn lp. Tuy nhin y ta ch quan tm ti lp truyn ti ca mng. Ti lp truyn ti, cc Router M160 c ni vi nhau thc hin vic truyn ti lu lng vi tc rt cao. Cc Router M160 s dng cng ngh chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS v s dng giao thc nh tuyn OSPF. Cng ngh chuyn mch nhn MPLS hot ng da trn giao thc LDP c tc dng nh x cc a ch IP ch thnh cc nhn tng ng cc LSR gn cc nhn ny cho cc gi tin IP khi chng i vo min MPLS. Giao thc LDP li thc hin iu ny da trn bng nh tuyn m giao thc OSPF xy dng. C th ni vi nhng c tnh nh hot ng tt trn cc mng c ln, kh nng hi t nhanh, tit kim bng thng trong qu trnh trao i thng tin nh tuyn... giao thc nh tuyn OSPF ang v s hot ng hiu qu trong mng NGN ca VNPT.
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n tt nghip i hc
Chng IV: Trin khai ng dng mng NGN ca VNPT
CHNG IV TRIN KHAI NG DNG MNG NGN CA VNPT
S pht trin mng NGN ti Vit Nam l mt xu th tt yu, ph hp vi qu trnh pht trin NGN trn th gii. Khng nm ngoi xu hng chung , Vit Nam cng ang c nhng bc pht trin mng NGN ca ring mnh. Hin nay c 6 doanh nghip c php ca B bu chnh, vin thng cho php cung cp cc dch v vin thng l Tp on bu chnh vin thng Vit Nam (VNPT), Cng ty vin thng qun i (Viettel), Cng ty Thng tin vin thng in lc (VP Telecom), Cng ty c phn dch v Bu chnh Vin thng Si Gn (SPT), H Ni Telecom, Cng ty vin thng Hng hi. Trong ngoi tr Cng ty vin thng Hng hi, cc cng ty khc u ang cung cp dch v gi VoIP ng di trong nc v quc t. Phn ny s gii thiu mt cch c th tnh hnh trin khai mng NGN ca Tp on bu chnh vin thng Vit Nam (VNPT).
4.1 Gii php SURPASS ca SIEMENS

Gii php cho mng NGN ca Siemens c gi l Surpass. Cu trc mng Surpass c ch ra trong hnh 4.1.
Cng bo hiu Qun l IP Cng bo hiu
SS7
C7/IP SIGTRAN
SNMP, API
C7/IP SIGTRAN
SS7
MGC
BICC SIGTRAN
MGCP/H.248 MEGACO
MGCP/H.248 MEGACO
PSTN
Cng phng tin
Mng IP (hoc ATM, hoc MPLS)
PSTN
Truy nhp
Hnh 4.1: Gii php Surpass ca Siemens
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Trong , cc thit b c cc chc nng sau:
Hnh 4.2: Cc h sn phm SURPASS ca Siemens Gii php SURPASS ca Siemens bao gm 4 vn :
- Chuyn mch th h sau. - Truy nhp th h sau. - Truyn ti th h sau. - Mng qun l th h sau.
4.1.1 Chuyn mch th h sau Cu trc chuyn mch trong SURPASS da trn m hnh do MSF (Multiservice Switching Forum Din n chuyn mch a dch v) a ra. i vi thoi VoIP ang trin khai ca VNPT th vn cn quan tm nht trong chuyn mch th h sau hin nay l trung k o. Trung k o (VT Virtual Trunking) l khi nim ch ng trung k c thit lp mt cch logic trong softswitch qun l ng trung k tng ng ni vi cng phng tin. Trung k o cho php tch hp cc dng d liu khc nhau trn cng mt mng v cung cp kh nng m rng mng mt cch linh hot.
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S dng trung k o cho php tnh ton cc thng s mng, bao gm: S kt ni ti a, c tnh ca tng thu bao, bng thng cung cp cho tng dch v, cc bo hiu, kh nng x l v QoS ti u theo yu cu. V bo hiu, gii php SURPASS ca Siemens s dng bo hiu SS7. 4.1.2 Truy nhp th h sau SIEMENS a ra gii php SURPASS Next Generation Access bao gm cc thnh phn:
- SURPASS Evolving Voice Access: Cho php kt ni tt c cc loi giao din

ca cc thu bao hin ti ti mng li NGN, h tr cc dch v chuyn mch lp 5 mt cch y thng qua cc giao din m v cc giao din ny c th giao tip vi mng hin ti TDM hay mng IP. Quan trng nht l gii php ny cho php vic tin ln mng th h sau c th thc hin nhanh chng ti bt k thi im no.
- Truy nhp bn rng SURPASS DSL: Cho php s dng truy nhp bng rng
( y l cng ngh DSL).
- Truy nhp a dch v SURPASS: cho php truy nhp tt c cc dch v bng
hp cng nh bng rng trn cng mt platform. SIEMENS cng a ra mt gii php cho qu trnh pht trin qu . Cc mng PSTN, ATM/ IP cng tn ti v mng ATM/ IP cha x l ng dng thoi. Cc sn phm tng ng cho gii php ny l hiA (hiA7100, hiA7300). 4.1.3 Truyn ti th h sau Truyn ti th h sau s dng cng ngh truyn dn quang (SDH, DWDM) v truyn dn viba. 4.1.4 Mng qun l th h sau Gii php mng qun l cho mng th h sau ca SURPASS l Next Generation Network Management. N gip gim thiu li, ti u cu hnh cng nh s hot ng, qun l bo mt cho cc thnh phn to thnh NGN trong SURPASS. Nguyn l ca gii php ny l da trn qun l phn t, qun l min v cc ng dng. Phn qun l mng h tr cc chc nng vn hnh, qun l, bo dng OAM, pht hin v x l li, nh dng cu hnh, tnh cc v qun l hot ng cng nh s bo mt ca mng. H thng qun l mng vin thng TNMS qun l t cc phn t n cc min hot ng s dng cng ngh quang. Cc min hot ng c th l PDH, SDH, DWDM,....
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B tch hp truy nhp qun l truy nhp th h sau, c cu trc m theo m hnh client/ server, c tnh module v linh hot.
4.2 Cu trc cc thit b ca Surpass

H sn phm SURPASS c th chia ra lm nhiu loi khc nhau ty thuc vo chc nng ca chng trong cu trc mng, trong mi h li c chia thnh cc loi khc nhau ty theo dung lng v chc nng. SURPASS c th c chia thnh cc h con: Surpass hiQ: C chc nng l cc my ch, cung cp nn tng h thng dch v m ngoi ra c th c chc nng chuyn mch, iu khin, bo hiu .v.v. Surpass hiG: ng vai tr l cc cng phng tin, c iu khin theo chun ca giao thc iu khin cng phng tin MGCP. c thit k nh gn, kinh t, tin cy cao. H thng chuyn mch mm ca hiG h tr cho mng NGN. Surpass hiS: ng vai tr l cng cho mng bo hiu a giao thc. Surpass hiR: L cc my ch cha ti nguyn qun l mng. Surpass hiX: L cc b truy nhp a dch v. Surpass hiT: L cc h thng truyn dn quang. Trong phn ny ti ch cp ti cu trc ca mt s thit b s dng trong mng NGN ca VNPT. 4.2.1 MGC hiQ9200 a. Cc thnh phn chc nng ca Surpass hiQ 9200 Nh gii thiu ban u hiQ 9200 l h thng ch qun l tp trung cc thit b trong cu trc mng NGN. m bo chc nng iu khin, bo hiu..v..v. hiQ 9200 phi c cu trc ph hp vi tng chc nng ca chng. Cu trc ca hiQ 9200 bao gm 5 phn chnh:
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Server c tnh cuc gi (CFS - Call Feature Server) Mng lin lc bn trong ( ICN - Internal Communcation Network) Phn qun l gi (PM - Packet Manager) Cng bo hiu (SG - Signal Gateway) Tc nhn vn hnh, bo dng, qun l (OAM &P Agent)
CFS: Thc hin iu khin cuc gi n ngi s dng mng. CFS c chc nng x l bo hiu gi, thc hin iu khin gi, dch v thoi, thit lp cuc gi v
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nh tuyn cuc gi. CFS truyn thng cng vi nhiu h thng khc nhau nh SG, OAM&P Agent v PM. ICN: Trong bt k h thng chuyn mch/iu khin no u c nhiu bn tin ph c truyn gia cc h thng ph tr cho nhau. Trong hiQ 9200 khi ny c xy dng tip cn vi b iu khin lin kt d liu tc cao HDLC (Hight - Level Data Link Controller). Phn iu khin ny nm trong phn t chuyn mch ca h thng chuyn mch. PM: Thc hin kt ni cho thoi hoc kt ni a phng tin. Cu lnh ca PM m bo thuc tnh lin mng gia SNC v mng c bn IP bng cch qun l ti nguyn mng MG (nh cng VoIP, Codecs..) thng qua MGCP hoc giao thc MEGACO/H.248. SG: c thit k kt cui ti h thng bo hiu s 7 phn phi trn IP thng qua giao thc truyn ti iu khin dng SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol) hoc trn cng ngh chuyn mch knh TDM. SURPASS hiG c kh nng h tr lin kt tn hiu bng hp (56Kbps, 64 Kbps) tt nh cc tn hiu bng rng (1.5 Mbps hoc 2Mbps).
Call Feature Server
CFS
Internal Communication Network
ICN
Giao din vi hiQ4000

Packet Manager
Agent OAM&P Agent
OAM&P
Signaling Gateway
SG
Giao din vi mng SS7
PC PC U U H.323/SIP/
H.248/MGC P
.. PM .
PC PC U U H.323/SIP/
H.248/MGC P
Giao din vi mng qun l
Giao din vi mng gi
Hnh 4.3: Cu trc chc nng ca hiQ 9200 OAM & P Agent: Surpass hiQ 9200 Softswitchs cung cp giao din OAM & P Agent gi thng tin ti nh cung cp mng nh NetManager, thng tin ny c tp hp ti Surpass hiQ 9200 Softswitch v c x l ti . Thm vo giao din ny c hiQ 9200 Softswitch dng thu nhng cu lnh qun l hiQ 9200 Softswitch nh cp nht d liu hay cu hnh cc khi ca n. b. Chc nng ca Surpass hiQ 9200
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Nh gii thiu v Surpass hiQ 9200, y l h thng ch tp trung iu khin gn nh xuyn sut cc thit b trong mng NGN. Vi cu trc chc nng trnh by phn trc chng ta thy vai tr ca hiQ 9200 l trung tm iu khin ca h thng. Cc chc nng ca hiQ 9220 c th k n l:
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L thit b trung tm thc hin ton b chc nng gim st, iu khin, ghi cc ca tt c cuc gi trong mng NGN Vi giao din m c th m rng v lin kt vi cc thnh phn mng rt d dng H tr cc giao thc chun MGCP, MEGACO/H.248.
Hnh 4.4: Giao din bo hiu ca Surpass hiQ 9200 Chc nng iu khin trung tm: Vi cu trc thnh tng phn, Surpass hiQ 9200 c kh nng thc hin nhiu chc nng ca mng cng mt lc v d nh iu khin PSTN/ISDN v hi t cc dch v thng qua CFS, lin kt gia cc h thng bo hiu (SS7 over IP hay SS7 qua mng chuyn mch knh) thng qua SG, iu khin tt c MG bng cc giao thc iu khin MGCP thng qua MGC, thao tc cc tn hiu iu khin gi trn IP (nh H.323, SIP) thng qua cc PM.
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Giao din m d dng giao tip v m rng: Vi giao din m Surpass hiQ 9200 c kh nng giao tip vi tt c cc thnh phn trong mng, trong quan trng nht l giao din bo hiu v iu khin, ngoi ra cc giao din vi mng qun l v mng d liu gi cng rt quan trng trong vic qun l mng ca cc nh khai thc mng. H tr cc giao thc chun MGCP, MEGACO/H.248: Vi cc giao din h tr ny cung cp cho hiQ 9200 kh nng lin kt bo hiu tc cao, gim st qun l bo hiu nhm ti u ha ti nguyn mng.. Hnh v di y m t chi tit cc giao thc bo hiu trong cu trc mng NGN ca Siemens. 4.2.2 MG-hiG1000 a. Cu trc thit b SURPASS hiG1000 Thit b cng hiG1000 l h sn phm ca SURPASS. hiG l phn t nm mng bin c tin cy cao nm gia mng TDM v mng IP. hiG1000 ng vai tr nh mt cng cho VoIP. Surpass hiG1000 c kh nng m rng v s dng cu trc d phng p ng tin cy cao. Surpass hiG c cu trc module c chia thnh cc khi chc nng nh sau:
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Card tch hp modem (MoPC - Modem Pool Card) Tp trung gi (Phub Packet Hub) Chuyn mch Ethernet loi A(ESA) Card SDH tch hp (ISDH)
MoPC: Thc hin vic x l tn hiu s dng cho VoIP v l giao tip mng gia TDM, cc Card Phub v ESA. Cc b x l tn hiu s trong MoPC thc hin vic x l tn hiu nh trit ting vng, nhn dng ting ni, vv Phub: m bo chc nng giao tip vi hiQ 9200 v Netmanager. Trong hiG 1000 cc card Phub v ESA c th c s dng trong cu hnh d phng to thnh hai cp lm vic song song. Trong trng hp cp Phub/ESA hot ng b hng, th cp d phng s chuyn sang ch lm vic mt cch t ng ESA: Thc hin chc nng kt ni hiG vi mng ng trc IP. Nhm mc ch d phng, trong hiG 1000 thng trang b 2 card ESA. Mi card ESA c ni ti tt c MoPC qua giao tip Ethernet 100Base T. Nhng card Phub ch kt ni c vi mt ESA. ESA thc hin cc chc nng nh tp hp cc lu lng s liu (ngha l lu lng VoIP t MoPC gi n qua cc giao din Ethernet 100Base T, c gp thnh mt lin kt Ethernet Gigabit hoc dng ba lin kt Ethernet 100Base T a n mng s liu), phn b v tp hp thng tin qun l v iu khin cuc gi
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ISDH: L giao tip dng cho SDH ca hiG 1000. N cung cp kt ni n mng PSTN qua STM-1, v phn b cc lung E1 ti cc MoPC qua cc kt ni bn trong. ISDH s dng cu hnh d phng, ngoi ra cn c mt cu hnh ty chn khc khng p dng s phng dng cho cc ng dng nh hn.Trong cu trc d phng, ISDH h tr giao thc chuyn mch t bo v t ng (APS) khi c s c trn lung SDH b. Chc nng ca Surpass hiG 1000 Cc chc nng ca hiG 1000 c th chia lm 3 nhm chnh: Chc nng truyn dn Chc nng cung cp cht lng dch v Chc nng mng
Hnh 4.5: M hnh chc nng ca hiG1000 Chc nng truyn dn i vic truyn dn thoi, fax, modem v d liu ISDN qua IP, hiG cung cp cc chc nng: M ha/Gii m: hiG1000 h tr cc cch m ha v gii m G.711 (Lut A/), G.723.1, G.297 A v B. Cc tc m G.711 h tr l 56 v 64 Kbps, ring i vi cc dch v thoi s dng giao thc thi gian thc (RTP) th ch s dng tc l 64Kbps. Trit ting vng: hiG 1000 h tr trit ting vng theo khuyn ngh G.168 ca ITU. Chc nng trit ting vng c th c cung cp cho tng cng ca hiG 1000 ty theo tng cuc gi.. hiG 1000 xc nh c thc hin trit ting vng hay khng khi
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trong qu trnh thit lp cuc gi.Chc nng ny khng h tr cho vic truyn tn hiu modem v truyn d liu ISDN. Trit khong lng v chn nhiu gi: Trong qu trnh truyn tn hiu thoi, hiG 1000 nhn dng v nn cc khong lng. Bng cch ny c th gim lu lng ti trong mng IP.Vi c ch chn nhiu gi ngi s dng khng bit c khng c thng tin truyn i trong sut khong lng.Nhiu gi c to ra nh cc bn tin cng u vo v thng bo vi cng u ra lai b nhiu ny (Nhiu gi c pht ra vi mt mc nht nh ). Truyn dn thoi, fax, modem v d liu ISDN qua IP: Surpass hiG 1000 h tr vic truyn thoi, fax, d liu qua vic nhn dng m.Khi hiG 1000 nhn dng c cc m fax hay modem s gi tn hiu ti hiQ 9200 qua giao thc MGCP, hiQ 9200 s gi tn hiu iu khin cho hiG 1000 thc hin cc chc nng truyn dn nh m t trn. Truyn tn hiu m tn kp: Vic truyn DTMF c thc hin theo hai cch ty thuc vo cu hnh tng loi CODEC m m c th truyn trong bng hay ngoi bng Chc nng cung cp cht lng dch v Cht lng dch v l phn rt quan trng trong mng VoIP. Do mng IP khng c thit k h tr cho cc ng dng thi gian thc nn phi thc hin cc bin php c bit m bo cht lng dch v ca cc cuc gi. Cc nhn t nh hng ti cht lng cuc gi l: Tr (do qu trnh m ha, gii m, truyn dn trong mng) Mt gi Jitter
Tr u cui ti u cui: hiG 1000 ch gy nhiu theo mt chiu m khng xem xt ti mng PSTN hay IP ng trc. V vy m iu quan trng l mng IP gia cc gateway c thit k to ra tr c th chp nhn c. gim nhiu trong mng VoIP, hiG 1000 c th thit lp cc bit kiu dch v ToS (Type of Service) ca cc gi VoIP vi mt gi tr bt k c nh khai thc n nh. Vic s dng cc nh gi ny trong VoIP c th c s dng cc router bin thc hin quyn u tin cho gi tin IP so vi d liu gi tin IP thng thng. Mt gi d liu: Trong trng hp mt gi, hiG 1000 b li cc gi mt bng cch m phng cc gi mt mt cch cng chnh xc cng tt.Vi chc nng ny, thu bao ch bit c s mt gi khi c nhiu gi lin tip b mt. S th t (SN -
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Sequence Number) trong tiu ca giao thc RTP c s dng nhn bit vic mt gi v cc gi khng nm trong chui gi Jitter: Cc gi c pht qua mng IP n ti bn thu vi thi gian khc nhau bi cc gi c th c truyn qua cc tuyn khc nhau hay do ti trng mng thay i. S thay i s ln n ca cc gi tin dc gi l s thay i tr hay Jitter. Trong hiG 1000 c nhiu phng php khc nhau c thc hin b tr thay i ny. Phng php n gin nht l thm mt thi gian tr nht nh trong b m Jitter ca b thu. Mt phng php khc l Surpass hiG 1000 c th iu chnh ng kch c ca b m Jitter theo yu cu ca mng. Chc nng mng hiG 1000 cung cp thm cc tnh nng cho php tch hp mt cch d dng v tin cy vo mng TDM hin nay. hiG 1000 c iu khin bi 2 hiQ 9200: Trong mt s trng hp t xy ra nht l chuyn mch mm hiQ 9200 khng th iu khin hiG 1000 c (v d trong trng hp nng cp phn mm) mi hiG 1000 c iu khin bi 2 hiQ 9200 theo kiu phn ti, ngha l mi hiQ 9200 s iu khin mt na s cng ca hiG 1000, nh vy khi mt hiQ 9200 khng hot ng mt na s cng ca hiG 1000 vn hot ng i s iu khin ca hiQ 9200 cn li. Bo hiu quay v (Back haud): Bo hiu s 7 c th truyn bo hiu kt hp trn cng kt ni E1 nh tn hiu thoi, kt hp hay gn kt hp qua mng SS7. Trong mng NGN iu khin cuc gi c tch ra khi phn iu khin thng tin. iu ny c ngha l bo hiu SS7 c x l trong hiQ 9200, thit b ny sau s gi cc lnh n hiG1000. Trong kiu kt hp, bo hiu l mt khe thi gian ca mt lung kt ni E1 ti hiG 1000. Nhng cc cng phng tin khng c chc nng iu khin cuc gi, do tn hiu iu khin phi chuyn n hiQ 9200 qua mng IP. Sau hiQ 9200 kt cui bo hiu SS7 v thc hin chc nng iu khin cuc gi, iu ny cho php mt kt ni d dng n PSTN ngay c khi khng c mng bo hiu SS7 iu khin qu ti: Hin tng qu ti xy ra khi cc yu cu ca hiQ 9200 i vi hiG 1000 vt qu kh nng x l ca n. Bn trong hiG 1000 ng dng mt c ch iu khin qu ti bn trong m bo s n nh khi xy ra qu ti. iu khin qu ti bao gm qu trnh thng bo tnh trng qu ti v bin php gim qu ti. Khi tnh trng qu ti c thng bo th mt s phn trm ca tt c cc yu cu mi v cuc gi s b t chi.
4.3 Thit b ERX1400 ca Juniper

Thit b ERX 700/1400 l thit b chuyn mch v nh tuyn trong mng NGN ca gii php Siemens. H thng ERX c xy dng trn module x l nh tuyn
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chuyn mch hiu nng cao vi trng chuyn mch tc 10.40 Gb/s. Cc module ng dy v vo ra c x l trn cu hnh phn tn. Phn mm h thng h tr y cc giao thc nh tuyn BGP-4, IS-IS, RIP v OSPF. Cc chc nng iu khin chnh sch cho IP v ATM c tch hp y vi cc kiu ng gi khc nhau. Ngoi ra h thng cn cho php kt ni vi cc u cui IP v truy nhp my ch t xa bng thng rng nhm kin to cc dch v mi trong IP v h tr VPN.
Hnh 4.6: V tr ca h thng thit b ERX trong mng NGN H thng ERX 700 v 1400 l cc thit b chuyn mch nh tuyn vng bin mng, ti u cc kt cui ng tc cao v cc kt ni logic IP. Nn tng h thng cho php cc nh cung cp dch v trin khai nhanh cc ng dng vi tc truy nhp cao, h tr m hnh phn bit dch v v nng cao hiu nng cho ngi s dng bng cc phng php qun l cht lng dch v. L thit b bin mng, h thng ERX h tr rt nhiu giao thc cho cc vng truy nhp khc nhau ch yu da trn cc giao thc ca IP.
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Giao thc nh tuyn : BGP-4, OSPF, RIP2; Giao thc kt ni im - im PPP qua FR v ATM; H tr cc kiu kt ni qua cp ng v cp quang; H tr MPLS (RSVP, CR-LDP); Cc giao thc a im (DVMRP, IGMP, PIM, MBGP); H tr mng ring o VPN;
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Cc b nh tuyn o; Qun l theo chnh sch; Cc c tnh truy nhpt xa bng rng :PPP, PAP, CHAP, RADIUS, DHCP; Qun tr v chn on mng;
4.4 Tnh hnh trin khai mng NGN ca VNPT

a. Hin trng mng NGN ca Tng cng ty bu chnh vin thng Vit Nam Sau gn 3 nm nh hng v la chn, n thng 12/2003, VNPT (Cng ty Vin thng Lin tnh VTN) lp t xong giai on 1 mng NGN, s dng gii php SURPASS ca Siemens, i vo vn hnh thnh cng. y l mng c h tng thng tin duy nht da trn cng ngh chuyn mch gi c VNPT la chn thay th cho mng chuyn mch knh truyn thng. Vi u th cu trc phn lp theo chc nng v s dng rng ri cc giao din API kin to dch v m khng ph thuc nhiu vo cc nh cung cp thit b v khai thc mng, cng ngh NGN p ng c yu cu kinh doanh trong tnh hnh mi l dch v a dng, gi thnh thp, u t hiu qu v to c ngun doanh thu mi. y l mng s dng cng ngh chuyn gi vi c tnh linh hot, ng dng nhng tin b ca cng ngh thng tin v cng ngh truyn dn quang bng thng rng nn tch hp c dch v thoi v dch v truyn s liu. nng cao hn na nng lc ca mng li, VNPT quyt nh u t xy dng tip pha 2, v n ngy 15/08/2004 hon thnh v a vo s dng. Mng c 4 lp l: lp truy nhp, lp truyn ti, lp iu khin v lp ng dng. Lp truy nhp: c trin khai gm mt Media Gateway kt ni vi mng PSTN phc v cho dch v VoIP v b BRAS kt ni trc tip vi thit b DSLAM-HUB vi kh nng chuyn mch 10Gb/s, s dng cng ngh xDSL, c th h tr cc kt ni ADSL, SHDSL. Vi h tng mng xDSL ny, VNPT cung cp cc dch v truy nhp Internet bng rng Mega VNN ti nhiu tnh/thnh ph trn c nc. c tnh n cui nm 2005, c nc c khong 180.000 cng xDSL. Lp truyn ti: gm 3 nt trc quc gia t ti H Ni, TP. H Ch Minh v Nng v 11 nt vng t ti cc tnh/thnh ph trng im khc vi bng thng cc tuyn trc v vng l (STM-1) 155Mb/s da trn truyn dn SDH. Hin ti bng thng tuyn trc nng cp ln STM-16 (2.5 Gb/s) da trn Ring 20Gb/s/WDM mi trin khai. Ba Router li M160 Juniper t ti H Ni, HCM, Nng c kh nng chuyn mch l 160Gb/s.
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Lp iu khin: gm hai Softswitch HiQ9200 t H Ni v H Ch Minh. H thng Softswitch bao gm cc chc nng v iu khin h thng mng, cung cp cc giao din m d dng cho vic pht trin cc ng dng dch v, h tr nhiu loi giao thc iu khin khc nhau nh MGCP, H.323, Megaco/H.248, SIP, ... H thng cc Server ng dng (tu theo tng loi hnh dch v Server ng dng c th t tp trung hoc phn tn). Bn cnh h thng qun l mng tp trung v h thng tnh cc tp trung gp phn quan trng trong qun l, vn hnh v iu hnh mng. Lp dch v/ng dng: VNPT cung cp mt lot cc dch v nh: dch v th tr trc 1719, dch v 1800, 1900, v nhiu dch v gia tng khc. b. Mt s kh khn ca VNPT khi pht trin mng NGN Kh khn trc tin m mt nh cung cp dch v truyn thng nh VNPT gp phi trong qu trnh trin khai mng NGN l vic mng ca h ch tp trung cung cp dch v thu knh ring hay thoi. V vy, vic tch hp nhng b phn ca mng li ny trong mng NGN gp nhiu kh khn. Ngoi ra, nhng nh khai thc mi khi xy dng NGN ngay t u c th tit kim c chi ph, ng thi c th n ch trc VNPT. Bn cnh , mng NGN s lm thay i cch thc t chc con ngi v m hnh kinh doanh. iu ny bt buc VNPT phi chuyn i m hnh kinh doanh ph hp vi tnh nng ca mng NGN. c. Hng pht trin m rng mng NGN ca VNPT
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Hnh 4.7: M hnh NGN ca VNPT M rng mng NGN 61 tnh v thnh ph, tng cng nng lc mng trc, cc ng truyn ni router li vi nhau, router li vi router vng s c tng ti STM-4 v STM-16, tng cng nng lc cc h thng lp iu khin, cc dch v lp ng dng v c bit l m rng h tng xDSL cho tt c cc tnh cn li vi phm vi vn ti mi huyn th. Thc hin th nghim v thay th cc tng i lp 5 bi cc Gateway ca NGN. Cung cp nhiu dch v hn nh IP Centrex, hi ngh Web ... Ngoi ra, trong chin lc hnh thnh tp on vi cc Tng cng ty vng, VNPT s trin khai cc mng NGN ni ht ti cc th ln nh H Ni v TP. H Ch Minh. Mng NGN ni ht khng ch kt ni lin mng vi NGN ton quc m cn khai thc chung h tng IP/MPLS vi mng Metro Internet cng s c xy dng ng thi.
d. i vi cc nh cung cp dch v vin thng khc Hin nay Cng ty Thng tin Vin thng in lc EVN Telecom cng ang tin hnh xy dng mng NGN theo gii php SURPASS ca Siemens. Trong giai on
n tt nghip i hc
mt VPTelecom s lp t 14 PoP ti cc tnh v thnh ph, sau khi hon thnh pha 2 c 25 PoP. V m hnh mng tng t VNPT, cng c kh nng cung cp mi dch v m VNPT c th cung cp. i vi cc cng ty khc nh Viettel, SPT cng ang c cc nh hng xy dng mng NGN ca h. iu ny lm cho s cnh tranh th trng vin thng Vit Nam ngy cng si ng, cung cp cho khc hng nhiu cc dch v mi vi gi c hp l. Xu hng pht trin tt c cc dch v vin thng trn nn mng NGN l mc tiu m cc nh khai thc ang theo ui. Vi nhng u th vt tri nh chi ph u t mng NGN thp hn nhiu so vi mng tng i chuyn mch knh, ng thi khi trin khai mng chuyn mch mm s to c hi cnh tranh v mt cung cp a dch v so vi mng PSTN, mng d liu truyn thng... Theo d on ca nhiu chuyn gia, cng vi s thu hp ca th trng tng i in t dung lng ln l s bng n ca th trng softswitch. i vi th trng Vit Nam, cc nh cung cp dch vin thng ang tng bc xy dng, hon thin h tng mng v cung cp cc dch v cho khch hng. Trong giai on u a s lu lng ca mng NGN l kt ni vi mng PSTN thng qua cc Media Gateway, nhng trong thi gian sp ti NGN s c rt nhiu cc thu bao s dng cc dch v thoi, truy nhp Internet bng rng thng qua cc Access Gateway, dch v mng ring o VPN dnh cho cc doanh nghip... pht trin mnh.
Bi Quc Nam, D2002VT
85
n tt nghip i hc lun
Kt
KT LUN
Mng th h sau NGN ang c nghin cu, chun ho bi cc t chc vin thng ln trn th gii nhm p ng nhu cu cng tng v tnh m, s tng thch v linh hot cung cp a dch v, a phng tin vi cc tnh nng ngy cng m rng. Ti Vit Nam, mng vin thng ang ngy cng pht trin p ng cc nhu cu mi trong nn kinh t hi nhp th gii v vic chuyn hon ton sang cng ngh mng NGN l vic lm bc thit nhm p ng cc nhu cu ny. Qu trnh xy dng v pht trin mng NGN phi c tin hnh tng bc, c tnh n s tng thch v phi hp vi nn tng mng hin ti. Trn c s phn tch n tin hnh c cc ni dung sau:
Gii thiu tng quan v mng NGN v m hnh ca mt s t chc vin
thng ln;
Tm tt nhng vn c bn nht v cc cng ngh truyn ti trong mng
NGN hin nay; M t giao thc nh tuyn OSPF mt giao thc ang c s dng hiu qu trong Router M160 ca mng NGN ti Vit Nam;
Tnh hnh trin khai mng NGN ca VNPT.
Trn c s cc kt qu t c ca n, c th nhn thy cn mt s vn cn c nghin cu tip nh: Ban u mng NGN m VNPT trin khai n thun ch l h thng VoIP. Nhng vi yu cu tch hp a dch v, a phng tin vo trong mng s ny sinh mt s kh khn, thch thc. V vy, cn phi nghin cu su hn v cc thch thc ny v hng gii quyt ca nh cung cp, khai thc mng. Gii quyt c cc vn ny s c rt ngha trong vic thc hin nhng bc tip theo ca qu trnh i ln xy dng mng NGN t mng PSTN hin ti, ng thi cung cp c nhiu dch v mi vi cht lng v tin cy ln hn.
Bi Quc Nam, D2002VT
86
n tt nghip i hc
Ti liu tham kho
TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Neill Wilkinson, Next Generetion Network Services, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, England, 2002. [2] The International Engineering Consortium, Next Generation Networks, Web ProForum Tutorials: http://www.iec.org. [3] Jeff Doyle, Routing TCP/IP volume I, Cisco Press. [4] SURPASS Solution and Product Introduction, Siemens AG, 2003. [5] Mng vin thng th h sau, TS Nguyn Qu Minh Hin, Vin khoa hc k thut bu in.
[6] Sameer Padhye. Next Generation Network "Complementing The Internet For Converged Service", Cisco System, 2003. [7] Siemens AG, SN2050EU01SN_0012, 2003. [8] ti: Phng n nng cp mng ng trc quc gia tin ti cu trc mng th h sau ca tng cng ty - V Vn San. [9] ti: Nghin cu ng dng kin trc NGN trong pht trin mng li a dch v, M s: 31-03-KHKT-RD, Cng ty Vin thng Qun i.
[10] VNPT training session, VietNam 6th,8th September 2004. [11] Cng ngh truyn ti trong mng NGN G/v Nguyn Minh Phng. [12] Nguyn Xun Khnh, TCP/IP cn bn. [13] Tnh hnh pht trin mng NGN ti Vit Nam, 30/06/2006. [14] Cc ti liu v NGN Vit Nam do VTN cung cp. [15] http://www.siemens.com/surpass [16] http://www.vnpt.com.vn [17] http://www.vtn.com.vn
Bi Quc Nam, D2002VT
87

Ban Full NGN Va Ung Dung

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HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

CNG HA X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM

KHOA VIN THNG I

Bi Quc Nam D2002VT 2002 2006 in t - Vin thng

: Tng quan v mng NGN

Ngy giao n Ngy np n

: 23/05/2006 : 23/10/2006 Ngy 23 thng 10 nm 2006 Gio vin hng dn

ThS. Dng Vn Thnh

NHN XT CA NGI HNG DN

) Ngy thng nm 2006

Gio vin hng dn

ThS. Dng Vn Thnh

NHN XT CA NGI PHN BIN

) Ngy thng nm 2006

Gio vin phn bin

2.2.2 Cc giao thc nh tuyn c bn......................................................................28 2.2.3 Router - Thit b u ni mng.........................................................................33

Bi Quc Nam, D2002VT

Bi Quc Nam, D2002VT

Bi Quc Nam, D2002VT

Bi Quc Nam, D2002VT

Danh mc bng biu

DANH MC BNG BIU

Bi Quc Nam, D2002VT

Bi Quc Nam, D2002VT

Bi Quc Nam, D2002VT

Bi Quc Nam, D2002VT

Chng III : Giao thc nh tuyn OSPF

Bi Quc Nam, D2002VT

Chng I: Tng quan v mng

CHNG I TNG QUAN V MNG NGN

1.1 S ra i ca mng NGN

Bi Quc Nam, D2002VT

Chng I: Tng quan v mng

1.2 Khi nim v c im ca NGN

Chng I: Tng quan v mng

1.3 Kin trc NGN

Lp truyn dn v truy nhp

Hnh 1.1: Cu trc phn lp ca mng NGN

Chng I: Tng quan v mng

Lp truy nhp v truyn dn; Lp truyn thng; Lp iu khin; Lp qun l.

Chng I: Tng quan v mng

Ngi s dng di ng GPRS UMTS

Server c tnh/ng dng

Ngi s dng in thoi

Mng IP (WDM/SDH/ATM) MPLS, Multicast

Truyn hnh k thut s

Hnh 1.2: Cu trc vt l ca NGN

1.4 Cc phn t trong mng NGN

Mng IP (hoc ATM, hoc MPLS)

POTS ISDN-BA ISDN-PRA V5.x/TR8/GR3 03 xDSL ATM FR LL/CES

POTS ISDN-BA ISDN-PRA V5.x/TR8/GR3 03 xDSL ATM FR LL/CES

Hnh 1.3: Kin trc tng th ca mng NGN

Chng I: Tng quan v mng

Thnh phn cng phng tin

Lung xung (min PSTN)

Hnh 1.4: Cu trc ca MG

Chng I: Tng quan v mng

Hnh 1.5: Vai tr ca MGC trong NGN Cc chc nng ca MGC

Cc giao thc MGC c th s dng

Chng I: Tng quan v mng

Chng I: Tng quan v mng

K hoch quay s ring;

Bo mt cc m thoi c truyn dn;