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I.

T VN
Trong tnh hnh hin nay, khi m mc cnh tranh cng ln th vn cht lng
cng phi c quan tm v ch trng. Ca cao l cy trng v ang mang li thu nhp
rt ln cho b con nng dn mt s vng Ty Nguyn, Nam Trung B v ng Bng
Sng Cu Long, nhng theo mt s thng tin gn y cho thy cht lng ht ca cao Vit
Nam ang gp phi mt s tr ngi ln nh mc ln men cha cao, axit cn thp
cho d n c du hiu ci thin dn v cht lng. Xut pht t thc t hin nay v da
trn cc nghin cu trc chng ti tin hnh th nghim b sung enzyme vo trong
qu trnh ln men ht ca cao, vi mong mun s iu khin c qu trnh ln men theo
ng hng, ci thin c cht lng sn phm v mang li hiu qu kinh t.
II. NI DUNG V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU
1. i tng v vt liu nghin cu
- S dng ch phm enzyme invertase.
- S dng qu ca cao chn k thut, khi lng t 0,5 1 kg thuc dng
forastero v trinitario, hi t vn kinh doanh ca Cty EAKMAT.

2. Ni dung
- Nghin cu liu lng enzyme invertase thch hp cho ln men ht ca cao.
- Nghin cu thi im b sung invertase thch hp cho ln men ht ca cao.
3. Phng php nghin cu
- Th nghim 1: Nghin cu liu lng enzyme invertase thch hp cho ln men,
s dng 3 cng thc vi mi cng thc l 25kg ht ti v tin hnh 2 ln nhc.
CT1 liu lng enzyme 40ppm, CT2 liu lng enzyme 60ppm, CT3 liu
lng enzyme 80ppm v C1 i chng (tt c u ln men 6 ngy vi 2 ln
o).
- Th nghim 2: Nghin cu thi im b sung invertase thch hp cho ln men,
s dng 3 cng thc vi mi cng thc l 25kg ht ti v tin hnh 2 ln nhc.
CT4 b sung enzyme ngay t u (0 gi), CT5 b sung enzyme sau 24 gi
ln men, CT6 b sung enzyme sau 48 gii ln men v C2 i chng (tt c
u ln men 6 ngy vi 2 ln o).
- Ch tiu theo di: Nhit ln men, hm lng nht, hm lng v, im s
ln men (CTS), pH, TA, th nm. s liu thc nghim c x l theo phn
mm thng k Excel v Sas.
- a im thc hin: Phng th nghim sinh ha v cng ngh sinh hc Vin
KHKT NLN Ty Nguyn.

III.
KT QU NGHIN CU
1. Kt qu xc nh liu lng enzyme invertase thch hp cho ln men ca cao
Bng 3.1 Nhit khi ht trong qu trnh ln men ht ca cao
CT

Ngy 0

Ngy 1

Ngy 2

Ngy 3

Ngy 4

Ngy 5

Ngy 6

trn gia di trn gia di trn gia di trn gia di trn gia di trn gia di trn gia di

CT1 25.5 27.0 26.4 28.1 26.9 26.0 33.4 30.2 27.6 39.5 34.9 28.7 42.1 39.1 35.3 41.9 40.1 37.7 43.8 44.5 42.3
CT2 25.5 27.0 26.4 28.1 27.0 26.1 33.2 29.9 27.4 38.2 35.7 31.5 39.3 36.3 32.9 41.6 41.2 39.4 42.8 43.1 41.9
CT3 25.5 27.0 26.4 26.8 26.3 25.7 31.9 29.0 27.0 39.3 34.8 30.1 39.2 35.3 32.2 38.5 35.5 34.3 43.8 43.9 40.8
C1 25.5 27.0 26.4 28.0 26.5 25.5 35.2 31.8 28.1 39.4 35.4 31.6 40.5 36.1 31.6 42.1 41.9 40.0 42.5 41.9 39.4
MT

26.8

24.6

23.4

24.1

22.8

21.3

21.4

Bng 3.2 Tc thot dch nht (hm lng cm nhy) trong khi ln men

%
30.00
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00

28.05
CT1

10.62
9.13
8.25
6.29

CT2
CT3
C1

Ngy 0 Ngy 1 Ngy 2 Ngy 3 Ngy 4 Ngy 5 Ngy 6

Bng 3.3 Hm lng v v CTS sau khi ln men


Cng thc
CT1
CT2
CT3
C1

Hm lng v %
15,33
15,87
14,70
16,23

CTS (cut test score)


839,17a
892,50a
872,50a
872,50a

* Ghi ch : Cc s trn cng mt ct i theo sau bi cc ch ci ging nhau th khng khc nhau c ngha thng k, p > 0,05 ;
LSD0,05 = 50,85 theo trc nghim Sas)

Qua kt qu th nghim 1 cho thy, mc nh hng ca iu kin mi trng


n qu trnh ln men ht ca cao l rt ln, trong qu trnh ln men do nhit mi trng
rt thp v n tc ng cn tr qu trnh ln men, lm cho cc phn ng sinh ha xy ra
khng mnh, nht l phn ng chuyn ha ru thnh axit din ra yu nn nhit khi
ht ln men khng tng cao (bng 3.1), hu nh nhit khng c s chnh lch ln cc
CT v nhit cao nht ch khong 43,9oC khi bc sang ngy th 6 ca qu trnh ln
men.
Tuy nhin, cng trong iu kin ny th hm lng nht thot ra cng tng i
cao, kt thc qu trnh ln men th hm lng nht cn li khong 6,29% (CT3) n
10,62% (C1) so vi lng nht ban u l 28,05% v c xu hng hm lng cn li
thp dn theo chiu tng ca liu lng enzyme (bng 3.2). Nguyn nhn l do khi b sung
enzyme invertase th n xc tc phn hy ng khng kh (Saccharose) thnh cc
ng kh ( Glucose + Fructose) phn t nh hn, do n d phn hy v
chuyn ha hn so vi ln men khng b sung invertase. iu c ngha rt quan trng

trong vic nh gi cht lng ca cao thnh phm cng nh nh gi mc ln men ca


ht ca cao, bi khi dch nht thot ra cng nhiu th hm lng v cn li sau khi ln men
cng thp, trn bng 3.3 cho thy hm lng v CT3 (14,7%) thp nht v cao nht l
C1 (16,23%).
Kt qu xc nh im s ln men (CTS) bng 3.3 khng thy s khc nhau gia
cc CT. Nguyn nhn, l do nhit khi ht trong khi ln men khng cao v khng c s
chnh lch ln nn cc phn ng ha sinh bn trong ht (oxy ha anthocyanin thnh
quinonic v anthocyanin di chuyn ra ngoi) din ra yu v khng c khc bit nhiu.
Bng 3.4 Kt qu kim tra pH TA
Cng thc
CT1
CT2
CT3
C1
LSD0,01

pH
4,90a
5,09a
4,98a
4,97a
0,30

TA (ml NaOH 0,1 N/g)


1,32a
1,23ab
0,91b
1,24ab
0,34

* Ghi ch : Cc s trn cng mt ct i theo sau bi cc ch ci ging nhau th khng khc nhau c ngha thng k p < 0.05, theo
trc nghim Sas

Bng 3.5 Kt qu th nm hng v ca cao


Cng thc
CT1
CT2
CT3
C1
LSD0,01

Hng ca cao
3,13a
4,38a
3,63a
4,25a
2,08

V chua
2,75a
2,88a
2,88a
3,13a
0,72

V ng
3,25a
2,88a
3,38a
2,75a
1,74

V cht
2,88a
2,63a
2,88a
3,13a
0,94

Hng tri cy
1,38b
2,38a
1,50ab
1,63ab
0,94

* Ghi ch : Cc s trn cng mt ct i theo sau bi cc ch ci ging nhau th khng khc nhau c ngha thng k, p < 0,05 theo
trc nghim Sas)

Cht lng cui cng ca ht ca cao ln men c nh gi thng qua pH TA


v th nm, y l mt trong hai ch tiu quan trong nht thng c cc nh thu mua,
ch bin trn th gii kim tra nh gi cht lng ht ca cao. Kt qu xc nh pH
cho thy CT2 cao nht 5,09, v tip n l CT3 4,98, C1 4,97 v thp nht l CT1 4,9
nhng khi x l thng k th khc bit ny khng c ngha. Trong khi c s khc nhau
c ngha gia cc CT khi kim tra TA (xem bng 3.4), CT1 c TA cao nht 1,32 v
thp nht l CT3 0,91, trong khi CT3 v C1 khng c s khc bit.
Kt qu th nm trn bng 3.5 khng thy c s khc nhau gia cc CT v hng
ca cao, v chua, v ng, v cht, ring v hng tri cy th c s khc bit c ngha gia
cc mu th nghim v cho im cao nht l CT2 2,38, thp nht l CT1 1,38, cn gia
CT3 v C1 khng khc nhau.
Nh vy, qua kt qu thu c TN1, cho d iu kin mi trng cha l tng
ln men nhng chng ti xc nh c liu lng enzyme thch hp nht b
sung vo qu trnh ln men ht ca cao vi quy m nh l 60ppm (CT2). Vi kt qu ny,
chng ti c c s tin hnh nghin cu cc th nghim tip theo.
2. Kt qu xc nh thi im b sung invertase thch hp cho ln men ca cao

Bng 3.6 Nhit khi ht trong qu trnh ln men ht ca cao


Ngy 0

CT

Ngy 1

Ngy 2

tr n g ia d i tr n g i a d i tr n g i a d i trn

Ngy 3

Ngy 4

Ng y 5

g i a d i trn g i a d i tr n

Ngy 6

g i a d i tr n

g i a d i

CT 4 24.6 24.5 24.4 25.4 25.0 24.2 28.2 26.8 25.4 35.8 32.3 29.3 36.4 32.2 29.2 37.2 35.0 32.7 42.7 42.6 39.3
CT 5 24.6 24.5 24.4 27.2 26.4 25.3 33.5 31.0 27.9 38.0 33.5 28.9 39.8 34.7 30.2 42.9 40.3 36.3 43.1 44.1 42.2
CT 6 24.6 24.5 24.4 26.1 25.1 24.4 29.5 28.0 26.1 38.9 32.8 29.0 40.3 37.9 34.0 43.8 40.3 37.6 41.6 42.3 41.0
C2 24.6 24.5 24.4 26.1 25.1 24.3 29.9 27.4 25.4 37.3 31.9 27.8 38.6 34.4 30.8 41.6 40.5 35.8 43.0 42.7 41.2
MT

26.4

22.2

22.2

22.1

20.8

19.4

20.6

Bng 3.7 Tc thot dch nht (hm lng cm nhy) trong khi ln men

%
30.00
25.00

27.81

20.00

CT4
15.58
13.82
13.77
12.24

15.00
10.00

15.47
13.99
12.26
10.01

5.00

CT5
8.09
7.72
6.27
5.84

CT6
C2

0.00
ngy 0

ngy 1

ngy 2

ngy 3

ngy 4

ngy 5

ngy 6

Ti khu vc daklak vo nhng ngy cui thng 11 u thng 12 ca cao cho thu
hoch tng i nhiu, nhng ngy ny thi tit thng rt mt v ko theo nhng cn
ma nh nn nhit y trung bnh khong 21,9oC, khng thun li cho qu trnh ln
men theo chiu hng c li. Do , trong sut qu trnh ln men nhit khi ht cc th
2, th 3 v th 4 c xem l thi im chuyn ha ru thnh axit acetic mnh nht
tng nhit, nhng chnh nhit mi trng qu thp nn nhit khi ht trong giai on
ny rt thp, cao nht ch t 40,3oC (bng 3.6) v c s chnh lch ng k v nhit
gia cc lp trn, gia v di trong cng mt khi ht, cng xung di th nhit cng
gim v khi n ngy 6 th nhit mi tng ln c khong 43 oC tng i thp, d
bo cho kt qu ht ca cao sau khi ln men cht lng khng cao.
Bng 3.7 cho thy khng c s khc nhau ln gia cc mu CT v C2, chng t
khng c s nh hng ca thi im b sung enzyme n tc thot dch nht ca khi
ht trong qu trnh ln men, thm ch y mu C2 c hm lng nht cn li cn thp
hn so vi cc CT khc.
Bng 3.8 Hm lng v - im s ln men (CTS)
Cng thc
CT4
CT5
CT6
C2
LSD0,01

Hm lng v %
13,07b
15,29a
15,25a
14,24ab
1,51

CTS
766ab
745b
776a
747b
28,24

* Ghi ch : Cc s trn cng mt ct i theo sau bi cc ch ci ging nhau th khng khc nhau c ngha thng k, p < 0,01 theo
trc nghim Sas)

Hm lng v ht sau khi ln men cao hay thp phn nh phn no mc phn
hy thnh phn lp cm nhy ca ht trong khi ln men din ra cao hay thp, hay ni cch
khc l phn nh cc phn ng sinh ha din ra bn ngoi v ht mc mnh hay yu.
Bng 3.8 ch ra gia cc CT v C2 khc nhau c ngha v hm lng v, CT4 hm
lng v thp nht (13,07%), tip n l C2 (14,24%), gia CT5 v CT6 khng c s
khc bit. Mt khc, v im s ln men (CTS) ca cc CT v C2 khng cao, bi iu
kin mi trng ln men cha thch hp nn cc phn ng sinh ha bn trong ht din ra
khng mnh v cao nht l CT3 (776), k n l CT1 (766), gia CT2 v C2 khng khc
nhau.
Bng 3.9 Kt qu xc nh pH TA sau khi ln men
Cng thc
CT4
CT5
CT6
C2
LSD0,01

pH
4,71a
4,63a
4,94a
4,77a
0,32

TA (ml NaOH 0,1N/g)


1,81ab
1,85ab
1,71b
2,12a
0,41

* Ghi ch : Cc s trn cng mt ct i theo sau bi cc ch ci ging nhau th khng khc nhau c ngha thng k, p < 0,05 theo
trc nghim Sas)

Bng 3.10 Kt qu th nm hng v ca cao sau khi ln men


Cng thc
CT4
CT5
CT6
C2
LSD0,01

Hng ca cao
3,00
2,75
3,38
3,75
1,90

V chua
4,13
4,00
4,00
4,00
1,18

V ng
3,88
3,75
3,63
3,50
1,96

V cht
3,38
3,63
3,88
3,75
1,44

Hng tri cy
1,88
1,50
1,88
2,00
1,57

Cng t cc kt qu thu c trn cho thy phn no cht lng ln men


khng cao v khi tin hnh kim tra pH th cho kt qu rt thp v khng c s khc
nhau gia cc CT nhng TA li c s khc bit c ngha, C2 c TA cao nht 2,12 v
thp nht l CT6, cn CT4 v CT5 khng thy khc nhau (bng 3.9), chng t khi b sung
enzyme invertase vo trong khi ln men th lng axit cn li trong ht ca cao thnh phm
thp hn so vi ln men bnh thng trong cng mt iu kin. Tuy s khc bit ny l
cha ln c th phn bit c r rng thng qua th nm, nn kt qu th nm
bng 3.10 cho thy gia cc CT v C2 khc nhau khng c ngha thng k.
Nh vy, bc u chng ti cng tm thi xc nh c thi im b sung
enzyme invertase thch hp nht vo trong qu trnh ln men ca cao l sau 48 gii ln men
(CT6).
Kt lun:
- Liu lng enzyme invertase thch hp nht b sung vo trong ln men ca cao
vi quy m va v nh l 60ppm.
- Thi im b sung enzyme invertase thch hp nht l sau 48 gi ln men.
- Khi s dng enzyme invertase vo trong ln men ca cao lm cho lng axit cn
li thp hn so vi ln men bnh thng.

Cht lng th nm cha thy s ci thin ng k khi s dng enzyme


invertase so vi mu i chng.
ngh:
- Tip tc tin hnh theo di th nghim cc ln nhc tip theo.
- Th nghim tin hnh vi khi lng ht ca cao ln men ln hn v s dng
nhiu khong liu lng enzyme hn, a ra c kt qu chnh xc nht.
- Tin hnh kt hp thm vi mt s cc th nghim v s ln o, thi gian ln
men, v kt hp vi cc loi enzyme khc.
- Cn tm hiu thm c ch tc ng ca mt s loi vi sinh vt cng nh cc loi
enzyme c sn trong ni ti ca khi ht cc giai on ln men khc nhau.

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