2.1.3 Cc tiu chun cn lu i vi PVC: - Gi tr K: gi tr K phn nh nht ca dung dch PVC, do phn nh khi lng phn t ca n.

n. Khi la chn PVC gi tr K l tiu chun cn phi xt n u tin v tnh cht sn phm v gia cng ph thuc nhiu vo K, v vy cn la chn cn thn. VD: i vi sn phm thng thng nh tole, ng, ng nc dng PVC c K=65-68. i vi mng bn cng, khp ni dng PVC c K=57-62. - Khi lng ring th tch (g/cm3): phn nh mc nn cht ca PVC dng bt, n quan trng khi n v nu i lng ny cng ln th nng sut my theo khi lng cng cao. Tuy nhin khng th nng i lng ny cao qu mc c v s nm ngoi kh nng thit k cu my (mi my n trc vt c thit k cho mt loi nha nht nh). - hp ph v tc hp ph du DOP: i vi nhng sn phm c hm lng DOP cao, PVC phi c kh nng hp ph DOP tt to ra hn hp bt kh c tnh chy tt. Nu tc hp ph DOP v hp ph thp th bt sau khi trn khng c kh, thm ch DOP khng thm c vo nha, nh vy cht lng trn khng t yu cu, nng sut trn gim xung khi phi ko di thi gian trn. So snh v hp th DOP th PVC-S c hp th tt hn PVC-E nhiu. - Hm lng mt c: l nhng ht trong lm tm trong sn phm. Mt c c th gy ra do bi ln vo, do cng thc dng cht bi trn khng hp l nn nha nng chy khng u, hoc do PVC c nhng phn t c khi lng ln qu mc th cng c th to ra mt c.

- Hm lng cht d bay hi: cht d bay hi, m c th gy bt cho sn phm, v vy hm lng cht d bay hi phi nh hn 0.3%.

2.2 Cc cht ph gia

2.2.1 Cht ho do nhit thng PVC rt cng, khi cn mm do ngi ta thng trn thm cht ho do. Khi a cht ho do vo PVC, cc phn t ho do len li vo trong PVC, lm yu lin kt gia cc mch v lm cc mch b cch ly nn mch mm hn v cui cng to ra PVC mm. Theo hiu qu ho do cc cht ho do c phn thnh hai loi: - Cht ho do chnh: c tng hp cao vi PVC v v vy c th s dng mt mnh. VD: DOP l mt cht ho do chnh in hnh. - Cht ho do ph: v mt l do no ngi ta khng dng mt mnh. C th l do chng c tng hp gii hn vi PVC, c gi thnh cao nn ch dng khi cn t c mt vi tnh cht c bit no . VD: dng thm DOA tng kh nng chu lnh cu sn phm, dng BBP tng kh nng nha ho, parafin clo ho gim gi thnh sn phm. Cc yu t la chn cht ho do: - Hiu qu ho do v tng hp vi PVC: to ra mt mm do no cn dng mt lng ho do nht nh. Nu lng dng t th dng cht ha do c hiu qu ha do mnh v ngc li. - Cc tnh cht gia cng nh: bay hi phi thp nhit gia cng, kh nng nh hng n thi gian nha ho cu hn hp (VD: BBP gy nha ho nhanh), hay c nh hng n tnh n nh nhit cu PVC hay khng (du Epoxy lm tng tnh n nh nhit, cn paraffin clo ho c tc dng ngc li).

- Cc tnh cht s dng ca sn phm: nh chu lnh, tnh khng chy, kh nng b trch ly bi cc dung dch ho cht v nc, tnh c hi, di hnh VD: nu sn phm thng xuyn tip xc vi nc phi dng cht ho do kh b ly tch bi nc. - Gi thnh: tt nhin cng thp cng tt. Tuy nhin loi ho do r tin th cht lng cng thp. Ni chung hy dng DOP lm cht ha do chnh v n c tnh nng tt gi thnh thch hp. Ch khi cn cc tnh cht c bit khc ngi ta mi cn trn thm cc cht ho do khc. Sau y l vi loi ho do thng dng: DOP: Dioctyl phthalate; DOA: Dioctyl Adipate; DINP: Diisononyl phthalate BBP: Butyl Benzyl Phthalate; EBSO: Du u nnh epoxy ho. Trong PVC cng ngi ta ch dng mt lng nh ho do v cht ha do lm cho gia cng d dng hn nhng nu dng nhiu th tnh cht c l s gim mnh v nhit bin dng nhit h thp xung, sn phm d b bin dng nhit khi s dng. 2.2.2 Cht bi trn cho PVC 2.2.2.1 Cng dng ca cht bi trn

- Ngn chn PVC khng dnh vo b mt kim loi (nu b dnh PVC s b chy, v vy cng c th quan nim cht bi trn l mt dng cht n nh). Tc dng bi trn ny gi l tc dng bi trn ngoi. - Gim tc dng ni sinh ra khi gia cng, to ra nht v tnh chy thch hp (lu l PVC cng c nht rt cao, nu tng nhit gim nht th gn im phn hy cu PVC, PVC d b phn hy, gy chy nn phi dng cht bi trn). Tc dng bi trn ny gi l tc dng bi trn ni. 2.2.2.2 Phn loi Theo bn cht ho hc c cc loi sau: - Hydro carbon - Cc x phng kim loi - Acid bo - Ester - Alcohol : Parafin, polyethylene wax : Cd-St, Ca-St, Pb-St, Zn-St : acid stearic (a-St) : Butyl stearate, glycerin Stearate : Polyol, Polyglycol

2.2.2.3 C ch tc dng ca cht bi trn ni, ngoi - Cht bi trn ngoi c tng hp km vi PVC nn to ra mt lp mng cht bi trn gia b mt kim loi v nha. Do ngn chn c PVC bm vo b mt kim loai. VD: polyethylene wa, acid stearic - Cht bi trn ni c tng hp tt vi PVC nn nm xen vo cc phn t nha PVC, nn gim c nht cu PVC nng chy. Theo c ch trn cng c th xem DOP l mt cht bi trn ni nn PVC mm t khi phi dng cht bi trn ni.

Trong thc t nhiu cht bi trn va c tc dng bi trn ngoi, va c tc dng bi trn ni. Ngoi ra tc dng bi trn ni hay ngoi cn ph thuc vo hm lng thp nhng khi tng hm lng th c tc dng bi trn ngoi l ch yu. 2.2.2.4 Cc u nhc im ca cht bi trn ni v ngoi Cc u nhc im ca cht bi trn ni - Tng tc ca nha nng chy, gim nhit gia cng. - Gim trng phng trong cng ngh n. - Hn ch xut hin cc vt ng hn do nha b tch dng khi chy trong u khun. - t nh hng n bm dnh ca mc in, sn ln sn phm. - To trong sn phm tt. - t nh hng n kh nng to vt trng khi b gp sn phm. - Gim nhit bin dng nhit (sn phm b bin dng nhit nhit thp hn). - i khi lm gim bn va p ca sn phm. - C th gy plate-out (hin tng cc ph gia khng tng hp v tri ra b mt thit b gia cng: trc cn, trc vt, ming u khun). - Cn dng hm lng cao mi c tc dng hiu qu. Cc u nhc im ca cht bi trn ngoi - Ngn chn PVC khng b dnh vo b mt kim loi. - Sn phm d xut hin ng hn.

- D gy tch lp khi sn phm gm c nhiu lp PVC ghp li. - Lm gim bm dnh ca mc in v sn ln sn phm. - Tng hin tng to trng khi gp sn phm. - Lm chm thi gian nha ho. 2.2.3 Cht n nh 2.2.3.1 nh ngha Cht n nh l cht : - Ngn chn s phn hy cu PVC bng phn ng ho hc. - Bng tc dng bi trn, gim ma st hay ngn chn s dnh vo b mt kim loi (cht n nh c tc dng ny cn gi l cht bi trn). 2.2.3.2 C ch n nh - Hp th HCl pht sinh: 2HCl + 3PbO.PbSO4.H2O PbCl2 + 2PbO.PbSO4.H2O + H2O - Hp th gc t do: R + R2Sn(RCOO)2 R-R + RSn(RCOO)2 (n nh thic) - Ngn chn s hnh thnh lin kt i: CTv - Chng oxy ho; - Hp th tia UV n nh nh sang.

2.2.3.3 Phn loi cht n nh Gm c cc loi sau: - Cht nh ch - Cht n nh x phng kim loi - Cht n nh thic - Cht n nh ph (n nh cha photphour, epoxy, cht hp th tia uv, cht chng oxy ho). a) Cht n nh ch V d mt s loi sau: - Tibasic ch sunpht (TS): 3PbO.PbSO4.2H2O. - Dibasic ch stearat (DS): 2PbO.Pb(C17H35COO)2 (c tc dng bi trn). u im ca cht n nh ch: - C tnh n nh nhit mnh. - C tnh cch in tt. - Vng nhit gia cng rng. - Chu thi tit tt. - Gi thnh va phi. Nhc im ca cht n nh ch: - Nu khng x l b mt th phn tn km. - Khng to ra mu ti sng v sn phm b c.

- c hi. - B nhim mu (ho en) khi tip xc vi lu hunh (to ra PbS c mu en). b) Cht n nh x phng kim loi V d:
-

Cadmium Stearate Barium Stearate Calcium Stearate Km Stearate

Cd(C17H35COO)2 Ba(C17H35COO)2 Ca(C17H35COO)2 Zn(C17H35COO)2

Cc x phng trn l nhng hp cht ho hc gm c nguyn t kim loi v gc acid bo, gc ny c nhiu loi nhng ch yu l gc Stearate. Cc x phng kim loi l cht n nh khng dng mt mnh m dng kt hp vi nhau, v d Ca/Cd/Zn; Ca/Zn; Ba/Zn; nhiu loi c tc dng bi trn. nhiu loi c to ra sn phm c trong cao. Th t v trong v tnh bi trn nh sau: - V trong: - V tnh bi trn: Cd>Ba>Ca>Zn>Pb. Pb>Zn>Cd>Mg>Ca>Ba.

Mt hn hp gm c Ba/Cd/Zn hay dng l BC-103, Coinex-1282, CB-120 v nhiu loi tng ng khc. u v nhc im ca cht n nh hn hp kim loi: - Tnh n nh nhit tt (nhng yu hn cht n nh ch). - t gy mi nh cht n nh thic hu c. - Gy plateout b mt thit b.

- C tnh cht bi trn. - Gi thnh va phi. c) Cht n nh thic hu c Gm cc loi: - Dialkyl Tin maleate - Dialkyl Tin Carboxylate - Dialkyl Tin Mercaptie (c cha lu hunh) u im ca cht n nh thic: - n nh nhit tt. - To ra sn phm c trong cao. - Tan tt trong PVC. - Khng b bin mu khi tip xc vi lu hunh. Nhc im: - Khng c tnh bi trn. - t tin. - Mi kh chu, mt vi dng c hi. d) Cc cht tr n nh Gm c cc loi:

- n nh Epoxy (v d du u nnh epoxy ho): loi ny khi dng kt hp vi n nh thic hay cc loi x phng kim loi th hiu qu n nh nhit c tng cao. - Cht n nh cha photphour (v d Tri phenyl phosphate) cng c tc dng nh cht n dnh epoxy. - Cht chng oxy ho: Bis phenol amine - Cht hp th UV: benzophenol, benzotrianol (v d Tinuvin 320) Cc cht tr n nh khng dng mt mnh m kt hp vi cht n nh chnh. 2.2.4 Cht n Mc ch chnh ca vic dng cht n l lm gim gi thnh sn phm. C nhiu loi cht n c th dng cho PVC. Cht n CaCO3 thng s dng c th phn loi theo: - Theo t trng th tch: CaCO3 loi nng v loi nh. - Theo c tnh b mt: loi c x l b mt v khng x l b mt. Mc ch chnh ca vic x l b mt l ci thin kh nng phn tn ca CaCO3 vo nha, do tnh cht ca sn phm khng b suy gim nhiu, nn c th dng vi hm lng cao. V d CaCO3 c x l b mt l loi NCC-410 (Formosa), TC 1015; loi khng l b mt l NS-400 (Formosa), MS6 Vc s dng cht n gy ra cc u nhc im sau: - Gim gi thnh sn phm. - Tng c cho sn phm.

- Tng tnh n nh nhit v CaCO3 c tnh baz trung ho HCl sinh ra. - Tng cng cho sn phm (v d dng n sn xut gch nha) - To cho hn hp nha nht cao nn kh gia cng, my nng ti hn. - Gim bn c l ca sn phm nh gim bn x - Cn dng nhiu DOP hn v CaCO3 hp th mt phn DOP. - Tng kh nng mi mn thit b (trc vt, xilanh, trc cn). - Gim bng sn phm. la chn cht n cn cn c vo cc yu t sau: - C ht: ht cng mn th c l sn phm cng tt, tuy nhin gi thnh cht n s tng. - Kh nng phn tn: cht n phi d phn tn vo PVC, nu kh phn tn th lng dng phi c gii hn v n s nh hng n tnh cht gia cng sn phm. - Khi lng ring trn n v th tch: s nh hng n th tch ca my, n i lng ny ca c hn hp PVC-CaCO3. Dng CaCO3 loi nh s lm gim nng sut my. - Tp cht: khng c ln tp cht gy nh hng n ngoi quan v c tnh sn phm. - Gi thnh: ph hp. - hp th DOP: cng thp cng tt. Loi c x l b mt thng c hp th du thp.

Hm lng n ti u ph thuc vo loi cht n c chn, vo tnh cht c l v ngoi quan sn phm, vo tnh cht gia cng trn my. V d: - Nu cht n thuc loi d phn tn th c th a vo hm lng cao hn loi n kh ph tn. - Nu cht n hp th du DOP nhiu th vi cng thc mm, kh c th a hm lng n ln cao, v n s hp th nhiu DOP trong khi PVC khng hp th ng k. - Cc sn phm gch nha dng vi hm lng n cao v cng sn phm cao, co rt thp v gi thnh h. 2.2.5 Cht mu Cc yu cu v cht mu cho PVC l: - Khng gy bi, d cn o. - Kh nng phn tn mu tt. - Khng b di hnh. - Chu c nhit cao khi gia cng. - Chu c thi tit. - Khng c hi (ty tng sn phm). Cht mu thng c 2 loi: - Pigment: l loi mu khng ho tan trong dung mi, nha m ch phn tn vo di dng cc ht mu vi kch thc rt nh. Nu ta ha tan pigment vo trong dung mi th n rt kh tan (v d mu trng TiO2) hoc i khi ta c cm gic ha tan nhng nu mt thi gian n li b tch ra (b lng).

- Phm mu: loi ny ho tan trong dung mi v nha. Loi ny t s dng v thng c chu nhit km, do tnh ha tan cao nn hay xy ra hin tng di hnh. Tuy nhin chng c mu sc p. Cc tnh cht cn ch ca cc cht mu: - Sc mu: ta thy mu nhiu loai nh mu xanh, , tm trong tng loi mu cn c nhiu loi khc nhau v sc nh vng cam, vng chanh, cam, tm, tm xanh, tm - Cng mu: phn nh mnh yu ca mu. Mu cng yu th cng dng vi hm lng cao v ngc li. - ti sang: cng mt sc mu nhng c loi cho ta cm gic ti, m, c loi cho ta cm gic ti sang rc r. - chu nhit: phn nh nhit phn hy ca mu. - bn nh sng: Phn nh kh nng bn mu khi chu tc dng ca tia UV. - Mc di hnh: phn nh mu d hay kh b tri ra b mt. - Kh nng phn tn trong nha. - Cc nh hng n tnh cht c l ca sn phm. Trong thc t thng gp cc mu sau: - Mu dng bt ch gm cc mu c bn nh mu , xanh, xanh l gi thnh thp nhng kh phn tn, kh cn, gy bi, c hi. - Mu dng bt l hn hp cc mu c bn: mu ny c s dng khi khch hang khng c kinh nghim pha mu, mun s dng n gin. Nh sn xut pha trn sn v ch cn hng dn hm lng s dng.

- Mu dng ht mn hay dng bnh: phn tn sn vi nha nn c phn tn tt, khng gy bi, d cn o, gi thnh cao hn mu bt. - Mu dng paste: thng l mu phn tn trong cht ho do. Loi ny hay dng cho PVC, c gi thnh thp hn loi phn tn trong nha. - PVC compound pha sn trong nc, khi gia cng khng cn pha na, v d PVC compound lm ng nc. Tt nhin s gp kh khn khi cn mu khc. Theo bn cht ho hc c th phn mu thnh hai dng: - Mu v c: thng l cc oxyt kim loi nh Fe2O3, TiO2, Cadimiums, Pb&MoCr2O3, Ultramarine, Mn Violet, Co Violet, Fe blue c cc c im sau: + Mu c. + Cung yu. + Kch thc ht ln. + Thng d phn tn. + Khng ha tan v khng b di hnh. + Chu nhit v nh sng. + Chu ho cht cao. - Mu hu c: thng c tng hp t cc dn xut ca du m nh MonoAzo, Diazo, Quinacridone, Perylene, Phthalocyamine, Benzimidazolene c tnh cht ngc li vi mu v c. Cc dng mu c bit c th l:

- Cc loi mu nh: c sc trng hay nhiu sc khc. V d cc loi n Pearl (TiO2 ph mica), nh kim loi Al sc bc, nh hp kim ng sc vng - Mu hunh quang: l loi mu to ra ti sng cao do mu ny c kh nng hp th tia UV (c bc sng trong vng khng nhn thy c) v pht ra nng lng trong vng nh sng kh kin. 2.2.6 Cht tr gia cng cho PVC Cht tr gia cng l mt loi nha khi thm vo PVC th to ra cc kt qu sau: - Ci thin s nha ho, nh th cc tnh cht c l ca hn hp PVC mi c pht trin y sau khi gia cng v trong cng thc c th a vo hm lng n cao hn. C th to ra cc sn phm c hnh dng phc tp khi n profile. - Tnh n nh ca qu trnh sn xut c nng cao, v vy nng sut s tng. - Cc s c b mt sn phm v s c do nng sut khng n nh gim i hoc khng cn xut hin. - Tng c chiu rng sn phm khi cn. - S phn b cc t bo xp ng u hn, t bo xp nh hn i vi sn phm PVC xp. - Kh nng chu nhit, chu thi tit, bn mu c xu hng c ci thin. - Nu sn phm cn nh hnh nhit th khi dng cht tr gia cng cng on nh hnh nhit c thc hin d dng hn.

- Thng khi s dng cht tr gia cng th nht ca hn hp tng ln v my c xu hng ti nng hn. Tuy nhin cn ch l nu do nha ho khng hon ton th my cn ti nng hn l khi c cht tr gia cng. iu ny thy r khi cng thc c hm lng n cao.