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PH LC
LI CM N..............................................................................................................3 LI M U..............................................................................................................4 CHNG I.................................................................................................................6 TNG QUAN V MNG CM BIN KHNG DY WSN.................................6 (Wireless Sensor Network).........................................................................................6
Gii thiu mng WSN:..................................................................................................6 Cc thit b WSN:......................................................................................................... 8 B x l nhng nng lng thp:..............................................................................8 B nh / Lu tr:.......................................................................................................8 B thu pht v tuyn:...............................................................................................9 Cc sensor (Cm bin):.............................................................................................9 H thng nh v a l GPS (Geo Positioning System):..............................................9 Ngun nng lng:...................................................................................................9 c trng v cu hnh mng cm bin:........................................................................9 ng dng ca mng cm bin:..................................................................................11 Mt s chun mng cm bin :.................................................................................12

CHNG II..............................................................................................................13 CHC NNG LP LIN KT D LIU TRONG MNG WSN CC GIAO THC V TH TC TRUY NHP MI TRNG..........................................13
Chc nng lp lin kt d liu:...................................................................................13 c im ca th tc MAC:.......................................................................................15 Cc th tc MAC truyn thng:..................................................................................19 ALOHA v CSMA:.....................................................................................................19 Node n v node hin:............................................................................................23 MACA (MACA hay CSMA/CA):...................................................................................24 IEEE 802.11 MAC :.................................................................................................. 25 K thut thm d:...................................................................................................28

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CHNG III............................................................................................................30 HIU QU NNG LNG TRONG CC GIAO THC MAC V LP LCH NG KHNG NG B CHO MNG CM NHN KHNG DY WSN V PHN TH NGHIM..............................................................................................30
Vn tit kim nng lng cho mng cm nhn khng dy:...................................30 Nguyn nhn ca vic lng ph nng lng:...............................................................31 Cc yu t tc ng lm gim thiu tiu th nng lng..........................................31 Truy nhp mi trng quan tm n nng lng vi vic bohiu (Power aware medium-access with signalling - PAMAS):...................................................................33 Lp lch ng:.............................................................................................................. 34 Cc k thut lp lch ng khng ng b:...................................................................36 V tuyn nh thc th cp(Secondary wake-up radio)..........................................37 K thut lng nghe vi nng lng thp v vic kim tra tn hiu dn u preamble (Low-power listening/preamble sampling):...........................................37 WiseMAC:............................................................................................................... 38 Ni truyn/ni nhn bt u chu k tip nhn (Transmitter / receiver initiated cycle receptions _TICER / RICER):............................................................................40 Phn mm nhng:......................................................................................................42 Phn thc nghim:.....................................................................................................43 Cc th vin trong chng trnh:............................................................................43 Cc thit b s dng :..............................................................................................45 3.8.3 Tm hiu phn mm tempbroadcast ............................................................47 Tempbroadcast l mt phn mm o nhit mi trng.........................47 Kt qu:.................................................................................................................. 48 Tin hnh thc nghim:..........................................................................................48 S gii thut cho k thut thm d trong giao thc MAC:......................................49 S gii thut cho node master:..........................................................................50 S gii thut cho node slave:.............................................................................51 KT QU.................................................................................................................... 52

KT LUN................................................................................................................53 TI LIU THAM KHO........................................................................................54

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LI CM N
Li u tin cho php em gi li cm n su sc ti ton th cc thy c gio trong khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin - i hc Dn Lp Hi Phng, nhng ngi ht mnh truyn t cho chng em nhng kin thc qu bu v b ch trong sut 4 nm hc va qua. Em cng xin by t lng bit n chn thnh nht ti thy PGS.TS. Vng o Vy - trng i hc Cng Ngh, i hc Quc Gia H ni, ngi lun tn tnh hng dn, trc tip truyn th cho em nhng kin thc, nhng tng khoa hc mi m v nhng kinh nghim ht sc qu bu trong sut qu trnh lm n ny. Em cng xin cm n n nhng ngi thn v ton th bn b gip , ng gp kin v ng vin em trong sut qu trnh lm n.

Hi Phng, thng 07 nm 2009. Sinh vin: Trn Th Tnh

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LI M U
Trong thi i khoa hc v cng ngh bng n theo tng ngy, nhu cu s dng cc h thng vin thng ngy cng cao. V vy, i hi cc k thut thu thp, x l v truyn d liu phi chnh xc v nhanh chng. p ng c nhu cu th cn phi pht trin mt h thng truyn thng khng dy kt hp vi s a dng ho cc loi hnh dch v. V khi ngh n mng khng dy th ngi ta ngh ngay n cc thit b di ng, PDA, hay laptop, Cc thit b ny c gi thnh cao, theo mt mc ch cho trc v da trn c s h tng c sn. Bn cnh , cc nhu cu trong cc lnh vc nh: qun s (kch hot thit b, iu khin t ng cc thit b robot, ),y t (nh v, theo di tnh trng sc kho bnh nhn, bo ng khn cp mt cch t ng,), mi trng (gim st l lt, thin tai,) v mt s lnh vc khc v i sng (nh thng minh, iu khin t ng trnh n tc giao thng,) cng cn s dng cc h thng vin thng. gii quyt c nhu cu , ngi ta pht trin h thng mng cm bin khng dy (Wireless Sensor Network _ WSN). Mng WSN to ra mi trng giao tip gia cc thit b thng minh hay gia cc thit b thng minh vi con ngi hoc cc h thng vin thng khc. Mt lnh vc ni bt ca mng cm nhn khng dy (WSN)l s kt hp vic cm nhn,tinh ton v truyn thng vo mt thit b nh.Thng qua mng li(mesh networking protocols),nhng thit b ny to ra mt s kt ni rng ln trong th gii vt l. Mng WSN to ra mi trng giao tip gia cc thit b thng minh hay gia cc thit b thng minh vi con ngi hoc cc h thng vin thng khc .Trong khi kh nng ca tng thit bl rt nh,s kt hp hng trm thit b nh vy yu cu l phi c cng ngh mi. Sc mnh ca WSN nm ch kh nng trin khai mt s lng ln cc thit b nh c th t thit lp cu hnh h thng.S dng nhng thit b ny theo di

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thi gian thc, gim st iu kin mi trng, theo di cu trc hoc tnh trng thit b. Ngoi nhng u im m WSN mang li th cn c nhng khuyt im v kh nng hot ng mng. C th hiu n gin mng WSN l mng lin kt cc node bng sng v tuyn, trong cc node mng thng l cc thit b n gin, gn nh, r tin, c s lng ln v phn b kh rng. Lu lng d liu lu thng trong WSN l thp v khng lin tc, thng thng thi gian 1 node mng trng thi ngh ln hn trng thi hot ng rt nhiu, do vy cn c gii php tit kim nng lng ti a. Hn na, cc node mng cn phi hot ng trong mi trng khc nghit, c b tr ngu nhin nn c th di chuyn lm thay i cu hnh mng, v th i hi cc node mng phi c kh nng t ng cu hnh v thch nghi. Kh khn cui cng l vn bo mt v an ninh do kh nng hot ng t ng ca cc node mng. Lun vn gm :Phn M u,3 chng ni dung,phn kt lun,ti liu tham kho n ny tp trung vo cc th tc iu khin thm nhp mi trng ca mng WSN v c chia lm 3 chng ni dung:

Chng 1: Tng quan v mng cm bin khng dy WSN, cc ng dng ca n trong i sng v mt s chun ca mng cm nhn khng dy WSN.

Chng 2: Gii thiu v chc nng ca lp lin kt d liu trong mng cm bin khng dy v mt s th tc iu khin truy nhp mi trng.

Chng 3:Vn tic kim nng lng trong mng cm nhn khng dy WSN.Lp lch ng khng ng b cho truyn thng trong mng WSN.Sau tm hiu v th nghim phn mm Tempbroadcast.T a ra c s gii thut v thc nghim ca k thut thm d l mt trong s cc th tc truy nhp mi trng.

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Vi kin thc hn hp, thi gian nghin cu khng di, ti liu tham kho c cha nhiu, do vy n khng trnh khi nhng sai st. Mong qu thy c cng cc bn chia s, gp n c hon thin.

CHNG I TNG QUAN V MNG CM BIN KHNG DY WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) Gii thiu mng WSN:
WSN (Wireless Sensor Network), ting Vit gi l mng cm bin khng dy Mng cm bin khng dy l mt trong nhng cng ngh thng tin mi pht trin nhanh chng nht, vi nhiu ng dng trong nhiu lnh vc: iu khin qu trnh cng nghip, bo mt v gim st, cm bin mi trng, kim tra sc khe

Hnh 1.1: Biu tng ca mng WSN

Mng cm bin khng dy WSN l mng lin kt cc node vi nhau nh sng v tuyn. Trong , mi node mng bao gm y cc chc nng cm nhn, thu thp, x l v truyn d liu. Cc node mng thng l cc thit b n gin, nh gn, gi thnh thp v c s lng ln c phn b mt cch khng c h thng trn phm vi rng, s dng ngun nng lng (pin) hn ch, thi gian hot ng lu di.
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Cc mng v tuyn khc bao gm mng t bo (cellular), mng WLAN_ Wireless Local Area Network (802.11 a v b), v mng phm vi nh (Bluetooth). Cc gi chuyn t mng ny qua mng khc h tr internet khng dy, nhng ting ni vn l ng dng u th hn trong mng t bo. Mng t bo vi ch n l ti nhng ngi s dng c tnh di ng cao. Tc d liu cho tnh di ng ti mc ny b gii hn do dch tn Doppler. Mt khc, WLAN c tc d liu cao. Bluetooth c ch n l ti nh. Tc d liu mong mun c di v tuyn (radio) thp hn v ngn hn nhiu, tnh di ng cng thp. WSN khc vi cc mng trn. N c 1 s lng ln cc node. Khong cch gia cc node ln cn l ngn hn so vi cc mng trn. Do WSN hon ton ch l cc node, chi ph cho mi node l t. Mc tiu th nng lng thp hn nhiu bi v vic thay th pin ca mi node thm ch 1 thng 1 ln s rt vt v. Tc d liu v tnh di ng trong WSN cng thp hn. Hn na, trong d liu ca sensor vn d tha. Cc nh nghin cu Berkeley pht trin cc thit b mng cm bin khng dy, gi l cc ht bi motes, n c s dng cng khai, sn sng thng mi ha, cng vi TinyOS mt h iu hnh kt ni nhng c th d dng s dng thit b ny. Hnh di minh ha 1 thit b moteca Berkeley. S tin ch ca cc thit b ny l: chng nh mt chng trnh d s dng, hot ng y , vi gi tng i r, cho cc th nghim v trin khai thc t mang li mt vai tr y trong cuc cch mng vng ca mng cm bin khng dy.

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Hnh 1.2: 1 thit b mote ca Berkeley

Cc thit b WSN:
Cc thit b chnh to ra mng cm bin khng dy:

Hnh 1.3: S mng cm bin khng dy c bn

B x l nhng nng lng thp:

Cc nhim v ca my tnh trn thit b WSN bao gm: qu trnh x l thng tin cm bin cc b cng nh thng tin truyn bi cc cm bin khc.Hin nay ch yu do s km hm kinh t, cc b x l gn vo thit b thng b hn ch trong phm vi nng lng . Yu cu mt x l l gi thnh r,tch hp oc d dng vi cc cm bin,tiu th in nng thp.B vi x l c chc nng thu thp thng tin, x l d liu truyn nhn gia cc nt mng

B nh / Lu tr:
Lu tr di dng RAM (Random Access Memory) v ROM (Read-only memory) c b nh chng trnh (cc lnh thc hin bi b x l) v b nh d liu (lu cc kt qu o cha qua x l v x l bi sensor; cc thng tin cc b khc).Cht lng b nh v lu tr trn board ca thit b WSN thng b gii hn ng k bi l do kinh t v d nhin vn ny s c ci tin theo thi gian.

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B thu pht v tuyn:

HDLHP

Thit b WSN: tc thp, v tuyn khng dy di ngn (10100kbps, <100m). Trong thi im hin nay n b gii hn v dung lng,v s c ci thin 1 cch tinh t vo thi gian ti v cc mt: ci thin gi thnh, hiu qu ph, trit ting n, fadinh, v xuyn nhiu. Trong WSN th truyn v tuyn l mt qu trnh s dng nng lng mnh nht, do v tuyn cn phi kt hp hiu qu nng lng gia cc ch ng v ch hot ng

Cc sensor (Cm bin):

Do gii hn bng thng v ngun, cc thit b WSN ch h tr b cm bin tc d liu thp. B cm bin chnh l thit b thu thp thng tin d liu. Ty theo mi ng dng m c 1 loi sensor ring: cm bin nhit , nh sng, m, p sut, gia tc k, t k, m thanh hay thm ch l hnh nh c phn gii thp.

H thng nh v a l GPS (Geo Positioning System):

Trong nhiu ng dng ca WSN, quan trng nht l ng dng cho cc php o sensor nh du v tr. Cch n gin nht khoanh vng v tr l tin cu hnh cho sensor v tr trin khai; tuy nhin n ch mang tnh kh thi trong mt s iu kin trin khai nht nh.

Ngun nng lng:

S dng ngun nng lng c th trin khai hot ng ca thit b WSN nh ngun pin.Trong nhng ng dng tp hp d liu (data-gathering) c bn, c mt node c xem nh node sink, tt c d liu t cc node sensor ngun n n l trc tip.i vi mng ci t nng lng truyn thp hn hay trin khai trn din rng th s dng cu trc hnh cy a hop. Trong trng hp ny, mt vi node c xem nh node ngun, v nh tuyn cho cc ngun khc.

c trng v cu hnh mng cm bin:

Mt node trong mng WSN thng thng bao gn 2 phn:

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phn cm bin (sensor) hoc iu khin

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phn giao tip v tuyn (Radio frequency transceiver)

Do s lng node trong WSN l ln v khng cn cc hot ng bo tr, nn yu cu thng thng i vi 1 node mng l gi thnh thp (10 - 50 usd) v kch thc nh gn ( din tch b mt vi n vi chc cm2). Do gii hn v ngun nng lng cung cp (pin,) gi thnh v yu cu hot ng trong mt thi gian di, nn vn tiu th nng lng l tiu ch thit k quan trng nht trong mng cm bin: *Lp vt l (physical layer): tng i n gin, gn nh do rng buc v kch thc v kh nng tnh ton ca node. K thut iu ch tn hiu s: O-QPSK, FSK ci thin hiu sut b khuch i cng sut. Cc k thut m ha sa sai phc tp nh Turbo Codes, m LDPC (Low-density parity-check code) khng c s dng, k thut tri ph c s dng ci thin t s tn hiu trn nhiu (SNR_signal noise rate) thit b thu v gim nh hng fading ca knh truyn. *Lp MAC (Media Access Control): k thut a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA_Time Division Multiple Access) hoc a truy nhp cm nhn sng mang trnh xung t (CSMA/CA_ Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance) hiu chnh vi mc ch l gim mc nng lng tiu th. *Lp nh tuyn (routing layer): giao thc nh tuyn quan tm n nng lng power aware, nh tuyn a l (geography routing), WSN thng c trin khai trn mt phm vi rng, s lng node mng ln v c phn b mt cch tng i ngu nhin, cc node mng c th di chuyn lm thay i s mng do vy WSN i hi 1 cu trc mng linh ng (ad- hoc, mesh, star,) v cc node mng c kh nng t iu chnh , t cu hnh.Trong 1 s ng dng WSN thng dng (gim st, cm bin, mi trng,) a ch ID ca cc node chnh l v tr a l v giao thc nh tuyn da vo v tr a l ny gi l giao thc nh tuyn a l (Geography routing protocol _GRT). i vi mng c s lng ln cc node, s mng khng n nh th GRT gip n gin ha gii thut tm ng, gim d liu bng nh tuyn (routing table) lu tr ti cc node. GRT ph hp vi cc WSN c

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nh, tuy nhin i vi cc node di ng (a ch ID node thay i) giao thc nh tuyn tr nn phc tp v khng n nh. Cu hnh cho mng WSN cng tng t nh WLAN nhng phc tp hn WLAN v s lng cc node cng nh phm vi hot ng l kh ln. Cc dng cu hnh trong mng WSN cn phi p ng c cc hm kt ni ca tng dng m bo mng hot ng. Do gii hn kh nng tnh ton ca tng node mng cng nh tit kim nng lng, WSN thng s dng cc phng php tnh ton v x l tn hiu phi tp trung (gim ti cho node gn ht nng lng) hoc gi d liu cn tnh ton cho cc trm c s (c kh nng x l tn hiu mnh v t rng buc v tiu th nng lng).

ng dng ca mng cm bin:

WSN c ng dng u tin trong cc lnh vc qun s. Cng vi s pht trin ca ngnh cng nghip iu khin t ng, robotic, thit b thng minh, mi trng, y t ... WSN ngy cng c s dng nhiu trong hot ng cng nhip v dn dng.

Mt s ng dng c bn ca WSN:
Cm bin mi trng: dn dng: h thng iu ha nhit , chiu sng, qun s: pht hin mn, cht c, dch chuyn qun ch, cng nghip: h thng chiu sng, m, phng chy, chng r r,

iu khin: qun s: kch hot thit b, v kh qun s, cng nghip: iu khin t ng cc thit b, robot,

Theo di, gim st, nh v: qun s: nh v, theo di s dch chuyn thit b, qun i,

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Mi trng: gim st l lt, bo, gi, ma, pht hin nhim, cht thi

HDLHP

Y t: nh v, theo di bnh nhn, h thng bo ng khn cp, H thng giao thng thng minh: giao tip gia bin bo v phng tin giao thng, h thng iu tit lu thng cng cng, h thng bo hiu tai nn, kt xe, h thng nh v phng, tr gip iu khin t ng phng tin giao thng,

Gia nh: nh thng minh: h thng cm bin, giao tip v iu khin WSN to ra mi trng giao tip gia cc thit b thng minh, gia cc thit

cc thit b thng minh, b thng minh v con ngi, gia cc thit b thng minh v cc h thng vin thng khc (h thng thng tin di ng, internet,)

Mt s chun mng cm bin :

Do phm vi ng dng cua WSN rt rng ln, tnh cht, c trng ca mng ph thuc vo ng dng trin khai c th. Do vy, cc cng ty, cc phng th nghim vn thng pht trin, trin khai giao thc ring (MAC, Routing, synchronisation) ph hp cho tng ng dng c th da trn cc thit b phn cng (transceiver chip) trn th trng. Mt s chun WSN c bit n: ALOHA system (U. of Hawaii) PRNET system (U.S. Defense) WINS (U. of California) PicoRadio (U. of California) MicroAMPS (M.I.T) MANET (Mobile ad-hoc Network) Zigbee: da trn physical layer v MAC layer ca chun WPAN 802.15.4

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CHNG II CHC NNG LP LIN KT D LIU TRONG MNG WSN CC GIAO THC V TH TC TRUY NHP MI TRNG Chc nng lp lin kt d liu:
Lp lin kt d liu h tr 1 tp cc chc nng.Chng v mi quan h ca chng c ch ra trong m hnh bn di. Mi khi h thng con trong m hnh biu din 1 chc nng h tr v cc mi tn ch th s ph thuc trc tip gia cc h thng con. V d: khi Truyn d liu da trn khi MAC bit c khi no truyn v knh g c s dng.

MAC

iu khin li

Truyn d liu

a ch cc b

nh v tr

X l d liu

Danh sch node ln cn

Tnh di ng

Php o lin kt

iu khin ngun

Hnh 2.1: Cu trc lp lin kt d liu Bt u t trn xung, t tri sang phi, m t tm tt mi khi nh sau:

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Khi MAC: truy nhp vic iu khin. N ch r thi gian 1 node c th truyn v knh g s dng cho vic truyn. Khi iu khin li: m ho hay gii m d liu da trn 1 s d li c th hay m sa li. Khi Truyn d liu: truyn d liu n lp vt l. Khi a ch cc b: tr li cho vic n nh 1 a ch duy nht n 1 node. Khi nh v tr: tnh ton hoc xc nh v tr ca 1 node da trn v tr ca chnh n (hoc v tr m n gi s), cc v tr ca cc node ln cn (c gi s), cc khong cch gia cc node ln cn v chnh node . Khi X l d liu: x l d liu t lp vt l Khi Danh sch node ln cn: to ra v cha danh sch node ln cn. Danh sch node ln cn (neighbor) c thng tin v mi neighbor sau: nh v tr, a ch cc b, php o lin kt. Khi Tnh di ng: h tr cc node di ng Khi Php o lin kt: cung cp 1 php o (metric) cho mi lin kt (link). Lp mng s dng metric tnh ton xc sut ca vic xc nh ng truyn. Khi cng lu gi trng thi knh (khi MAC cn), v o cng tn hiu nhn RSSI _Received Signal Strength Indicate (khi nh v tr cn) Khi iu khin ngun: ch r mc nng lng truyn. Cc khi c m t trn lm vic vi nhau thc hin cc nhim v

trong lp lin kt d liu. M hnh di y ch ra cch lm th no cc lp khc s dng lp lin kt d liu ny. Nhng con ngi trong m hnh di y biu din s lin kt, giao tip vi lp lin kt d liu. V d: lp mng s s dng lp lin kt d liu truyn d liu n lp vt l v nhn d liu t n. N cng tm kim danh sch ca cc node ln cn trong lp lin kt d liu bit thng tin c th ca node .

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Hnh 2.2: M hnh mc h thng lp lin kt d liu MAC l mt chc nng quan trng c h tr trong lp lin kt d liu.

c im ca th tc MAC:
Th tc (giao thc) l tp hp cc qui tc, qui c chung cho 2 hoc nhiu thit b c th truyn thng vi nhau. Vic trao i thng tin, cho d l n gin cng phi tun theo nhng qui tc nht nh. Do vic truyn thng tin trn mng cng cn phi c nhng qui c v nhiu mt, t khun dng (c php, ng ngha) ca d liu cho ti cc th tc gi, nhn d liu, kim sot hiu qu v cht lng truyn tin, x l cc li v s c. Yu cu v x l v trao i thng tin ca ngi s dng cng cao th cc qui tc cng nhiu v phc tp hn. Tp tt c cc qui tc, qui c c gi l th tc hay giao thc (protocol) mng. Cc mng c th s dng cc giao thc khc nhau ty la chn ca nh thit k v yu cu ca ngi s dng. Mt c im ch yu ca truyn thng v tuyn (wireless) l cung cp mt mi trng chia s sn c. Tt c cc th tc iu khin truy nhp mi trng (MAC_ Media Access Control) cho mng wireless l qun l vic s dng giao din (interface) v tuyn m bo tn dng hiu qu vic chia s bng thng. Cc th tc MAC thit k cho mng WSN c thm mt mc tiu ca vic qun l s hot ng radio bo tn nng lng. V th, trong khi cc th tc MAC truyn thng

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HDLHP

phi cn bng v thng lng, tr, v cc mi quan tm khc, th cc th tc MAC trong mng WSN t vic s dng hiu qu nng lng l mi quan tm chnh. Th tc iu khin thm nhp mi trng trong WSN cng c phn ging vi WLAN tuy nhin do yu cu v tit kim nng lng ti a ca cc node, WSN a ra cc gii php gii quyt vic tit kim nng lng bng cc ch lp lch thc, ng cho mi qu trnh truyn v nhn d liu ca mi node. Qun l nng lng l 1 vn thch thc trong cc giao thc truyn thng mong mun trong mng WSN. Vic lng ph nng lng xy ra ch yu do xung t (2 node truyn xen vo ti cng thi im), nghe lm (overhearing - 1 node nhn 1 gi m ch n khng phi l n), tng chi ph gi tin iu khin (control packet overhead) v lng nghe khi mi trng ri (idle listening) (sng v tuyn ca 1 node l hot ng thm ch khi khng c d liu truyn hoc nhn). Nhng vn ny c mt trong tt c cc mng mi trng chia s v ni chung c cc k thut MAC khc phc. Mc tiu chnh ca th tc lp MAC l phn pht cho cc knh v tuyn c chia s trong s cc node sensor ging nhau v m bo rng khng c 2 node truyn xen vo ti cng thi im. Bi v tim nng ca n cho vic trnh lng ph nng lng khng cn thit, MAC trong WSN tr thnh lnh vc nghin cu rng.

Cc thuc tnh quan trng ca th tc MAC l: Trnh xung t: nhim v c bn l iu khin truy nhp mi trng Hiu sut nng lng: quan trng nht Tnh m rng v tnh thch nghi: thay i kch thc mng, mt node v topo mng. S lng cc node thay i theo thi gian tr (latency) Bnh ng (fairness) Thng lng Vic s dng bng thng

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HDLHP

Cc th tc MAC c th chia thnh cc loi khc nhau da trn cc nguyn tc khc nhau. Mt vi th tc c tp trung vi trm gc hoc ch nhm lm iu khin truy nhp; vi th tc th c phn phi, vi th tc khc th s dng 1 knh n l, vi th tc khc th s dng nhiu knh, vi th tc khc na th s dng cc kiu khc nhau ca truy cp ngu nhin, vi th tc khc th s dng vic dnh ring l lp chng trnh. Cc th tc cng c ti u cho nhng iu khc nh: nng lng, tr, thng lng, s bnh ng, cht lng v dch v (QoS), hoc h tr cho nhiu dch v khc. Th tc MAC trong WSN c th c phn thnh 2 loi: th tc cnh tranh c bn (contention-based) th tc cnh tranh t do (contention-free) Mt ch chung cho tt c cc th tc ny l t mt ch ng ca radio vi nng lng thp theo chu k hoc vo bt c lc no c th thc hin c khi 1 node khng nhn hoc khng truyn.
a)

Th tc cnh tranh c bn (contention-based):

Cc th tc contention-based nh: Aloha, CSMA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access), MACA (Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance), IEEE802.11, PAMAS (Power Aware Medium Access with Signaling), S-MAC (Sensor MAC),Trong s quan trng l: IEEE 802.11, PAMAS v S-MAC. Cc k thut Aloha v CSMA: l khng c xc nh trc nn d gy MACA: cc bn tin iu khin RTS/CTS (Request To Send/ Clear To IEEE 802.11: mc d c s dng rng ri v tnh n gin ca n v

ra xung t v nng lng b hn ch. Send) gii quyt c vn node n, hin tnh cht mnh (robustness) chng li vn node n, khng phi l 1 giao thc hiu qu nng lng, v vy n khng dng vo vic trnh vn nghe lm (overhearing) v lng nghe khi mi trng rnh (idle listening).

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HDLHP

PAMAS: c th dng trnh vn nghe lm (overhearing) S-MAC: 1 ci tin ca PAMAS, gim lng ph t idle listening bng

cch lm cho cc node tt i cc radio ca chng khi rnh ri. Tuy nhin, khong thi gian ng l nh nhau cho mi node, gy bt li cho cc node c t nng lng. Vic lm cho cc node cng ng t th cng c th tng hiu sut. Th tc cnh tranh t do (contention-free):

b)

Th tc ny s dng k thut FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access), TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access), CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access),

Th tc s dng FDMA hoc CDMA trnh xuyn nhiu gia cc link lin

k. Hn ch ca th tc ny l bng thng s dng thp v 1 node ch c th ni chuyn vi 1 node ln cn ti 1 knh tn s. CDMA rt phc tp v khng th thc hin c vi ti nguyn gii hn ca cc node mng sensor. FDMA khng c hiu qu cho cc bn tin theo chu k trong cc h thng thi gian thc. TDMA truyn thng c thc hin da trn 1 bng m xc nh bn tin c truy nhp n mng ti mi thi im bit trc. Lch TDMA l xc nh trc v rt c hiu qu. Trong tng lai, lch ny c th c ti u cho mi node gm cc bn tin m n gi hoc nhn. Tuy nhin vic thc hin cn nhiu b nh. Th tc ny thun li hn th tc contention-based l: khng c xung t, hoc tng chi ph gi iu khin . Tuy nhin, cc th tc TDMA khng c s m rng tt nh cc th tc contention-based. Th tc khc c a ra bi Woo v Culler s dng 1 k thut iu khin tc thch hp da trn CSMA. Th tc ny c gng t 1 v tr bng thng tt tt c cc node phn no tit kim c nng lng hn ti mi node trong 1 mng a bc (multi-hop).

Piconet l 1 th tc khc ging nh S-MAC c thit k cho cc mng v

tuyn ad-hoc nng lng thp, t cc node vo chu k ng cho vic bo tn nng

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HDLHP

lng. Cho s ng b, piconet lm cho 1 node pht broadcast a ch ca n trc khi n bt u lng nghe. Hn ch ca th tc ny l nu 1 node mun ni chuyn vi node ln cn, n phi i cho n khi n c a ch ca node ln cn . ti ny trng tm ch l cc th tc MAC contention-based. Cc th tc MAC contention-based c mt thun li hn th tc MAC contention-free tc d liu thp, c tnh tr thp hn v thch nghi tt hn vi cc bin i ca lu lng.

Cc th tc MAC truyn thng:

ALOHA v CSMA:
- ALOHA: truyn bt c khi no d liu sn sng gi. - CSMA:Carrier Sense Multiple Access (a truy nhp cm nhn sng mang) a) Aloha: thun li chnh ca m hnh truy nhp ngu nhin Aloha l n n gin. Cc node c th truyn d liu ca chng bt chp s hot ng ca cc node khc. Nu bn tin nhn thnh cng th node gc gi 1 ACK (acknowledgment) qua 1 knh (feedback). Nu node khng nhn c 1 ACK th node truyn li bn tin sau khi i mt thi gian ngu nhin. tr ch yu c xc nh bi xc sut m gi tin khng nhn c (bi v xuyn nhiu t qu trnh truyn khc c gi l 1 s xung t) v gi tr trung bnh ca thi gian i ngu nhin trc khi qu trnh truyn li. Nguyn l Aloha:

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HDLHP

Hnh 2.3: m t qu trnh node x l trong mng truy cp ngu nhin Aloha Cc dng n gin nht ca truy nhp mi trng l Aloha khng chia khe (unslotted Aloha) v Aloha c chia khe (slotted Aloha).

Aloha khng chia khe (unslotted Aloha) mi node hot ng c lp nhau

v thng l truyn 1 gi bt c khi no n c gi ti, nu xung t xy ra, th gi s phi truyn li sau 1 chu k ch ngu nhin.

Hnh 2.4: Aloha khng chia khe Hn ch quan trng y l gi tin gi nhn hay cha. gii quyt vn ny, trong m hnh Aloha khng chia khe , khi 1 node kt thc vic truyn, n mong ch 1 ACK trong 1 lng thi gian hn ch. Mt khc, n truyn li d liu mt cch d dng. M hnh ny lm vic tt trong cc mng nh ni m ti khng cao. Nhng trong mng ln, i hi nhiu ti, ni m nhiu node c th mun truyn ti cng thi im, th m hnh ny khng dng c. Do dn ti s pht trin ca Aloha c chia khe.

Aloha c chia khe th lm vic theo cch tng t, nhng ch cho php

truyn trong nhng khe ng b ring. Mt khe bng thi gian truyn 1 frame. Cc node ch bt u truyn cc frame ti im bt u ca cc khe. Cc node c

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HDLHP

ng b mi node bit khi no cc khe bt u. Nu 2 hoc nhiu hn cc frame xung t trong 1 khe, th tt c cc node d tm xung t trc im cui ca khe.

Hnh 2.5: Slotted Aloha Trong giao thc ny, s xung t c th xy ra c gim. V v th, n thc hin tt hn Unslotted Aloha. Cc xung t ch c th xy ra vi cc node sn sng ni ti cng thi im. y l 1 s gim ng k. b) CSMA. Th tc MAC c in khc l th tc iu khin truy nhp mi trng cm nhn sng mang Trong CSMA, mt node mun truyn th trc ht phi lng nghe knh xem lc no n rnh (trng). Nu knh rnh, th node thc hin qu trnh truyn. Nu knh bn, th node ch 1 chu k back-off ngu nhin v th li. CSMA vi s pht hin xung t l 1 k thut c bn c s dng trong chun IEEE 802.3/Ethernet. Tuy nhin vn cha gii quyt c vn n node n v node hin.

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HDLHP

Mun truyn

Rnh?
c

khng

Truyn

Hnh 2.6: Giao thc CSMA Giao thc CSMA khng xc nh r vic d xung t hoc x l xung t. V vy, xung t c th v s xy ra r rng. y l giao thc khng tt cho cc mng ln, nhiu load. V vy, chng ta cn ci tin qua CSMA, iu ny dn n s pht trin ca CSMA/CD.

Hnh 2.7: giao thc CSMA/CD Trong mng Ethernet, CSMA c s dng vi ch CSMA/CD (a truy nhp cm nhn sng mang d xung t): ch ny hot ng nh CSMA thng nhng trong qu trnh truyn, node ng thi lng nghe, nhn li cc d liu gi i xem c xung t khng. Nu pht hin xung t, node s truyn 1 tn hiu nghn

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HDLHP

(Jam) cc node khc nhn ra v dng vic gi gi trong 1 thi gian back-off ngu nhin trc khi c gi li, tc l c kh nng d xung t nhng vn khng trnh c xung t. CSMA/CD vn khng gii quyt c vn node n node hin. V d: c 3 node A,B,C ang truyn thng vi nhau s dng 1 giao thc khng dy. B c th truyn thng vi c A v C, nhng A v C khc di v v vy khng th truyn thng trc tip vi nhau. By gi gi s c A v C mun truyn thng ng thi vi B. C hai s cm nhn sng mang l ri (idle) v v th s bt u qu trnh truyn, ngay c nu c 1 xung t, th c A v C cng khng cm nhn c. B s nhn 2 gi ti cng thi im v c th khng hiu nhau. gii quyt vn ny, mt phin bn tt hn c gi l CSMA/CA c pht trin,c bit cho cc ng dng khng dy

Node n v node hin:

CSMA thng khng c kh nng trnh xung t v khng hiu qu trong mng wireless v 2 vn duy nht l : vn node n v vn node hin. - Node n: y node A ang truyn n node B. Node C nm ngoi di v tuyn ca A, cng cm nhn knh truyn ri v bt u truyn gi n node B. Trong trng hp ny, CSMA khng trnh c xung t v A v C l khng lin h vi nhau (tc l A v C l n vi nhau). - Node hin: y, trong khi node B ang truyn ti node A, node C c mt gi d liu nh gi cho node D. Bi v node C nm trong di ca B, n cm nhn knh truyn b bn v khng th thc hin truyn d liu cho D c. Tuy nhin, trong l thuyt, v D nm ngoi di ca B v A nm ngoi di ca C, nn 2 vic truyn ny s khng xung t ln nhau. S hon truyn ca C l nguyn nhn lng ph bng thng.

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HDLHP

Hnh 2.8: Cc vn vi CSMA c bn trong mi trng wireless: (a) node n; (b) node hin Kt lun. Cc vn ny l song song nhau trong mt cm nhn .Trong vn node n, cc gi d liu xung t, bi v cc node ang gi khng bit cc nt khc cng ang gi d liu Trong khi , vn node hin th lng ph c hi gi gi d liu do s nhm ln ca qu trnh truyn ang bn hay ri.

MACA (MACA hay CSMA/CA):

MACA: Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (Th tc a truy cp cm nhn sng mang trnh xung t) - Giao thc MACA s dng 2 bn tin iu khin c th gii quyt c cc vn node n v node hin. Cc bn tin iu khin l: yu cu gi (RTS_request to send) v tn hiu bo sn sng truyn (CTS_clear to send). - Bn cht ca vn ny: l khi 1 node mun gi d liu, n pht ra gi RTS n ni n mun gi d liu n. Nu bn nhn cho php nhn gi d liu, n s pht ra gi CTS. Khi bn gi nhn c gi CTS th n bt u truyn d liu. Khi 1 node gn n nghe thy c 1 gi RTS gi n 1 node khc, n t chn s truyn ca mnh trong mt thi gian, ch n khi c tn hiu tr li CTS. Nu n nhn c CTS, th node c th bt u truyn d liu ca mnh. Nu 1 CTS c nhn, bt chp c hay khng c RTS c nghe trc , th node t chn vic truyn ca n trong khong thi gian va kt thc qu trnh truyn d liu tng ng. 1 qu trnh truyn d liu thnh cng (t A n B) bao gm chui frame: - frame Request to Send t A n B

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- frame Clear To Send t B n A - frame on DATA t A n B - frame ACK t B n A

HDLHP

Hnh 2.9: Qu trnh truyn nhn gia 2 node A v B

IEEE 802.11 MAC :

Chun IEEE 802.11 l mt h thng th tc cnh tranh c bn s dng giao thc truy nhp mi trng MACA lm gim xung t. Thit b 802.11 c th c hot ng trong ch Infrastructure (mng n hop kt ni vi cc im truy nhp) hay trong ch ad hoc (mng a hop). IEEE 802.11 MAC cng s dng ACK thng bo c 1 frame c nhn thnh cng. Nu ni gi khng tm thy frame ACK do frame d liu gc hoc ACK khng nhn nguyn vn, frame b truyn li. iu ny r rng ACK khc phc c vn xuyn nhiu v cc vn lin quan n v tuyn khc.

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HDLHP

Hnh 2.10: Cc lp con ca MAC trong chun IEEE 802.11

Khung d liu MAC trong 802.11:

Frame control Duration Adress1 Adress2 ID Adress3 Sequence Adress4 Data FCS control

- Frame control (2 byte): cha mt s trng nh, mi trng c mt chc nng ring nh: Phin bn giao thc, loi khung, qun l nng lng, iu khin d liu, 2 bit DS ch th ngha ca trng i ch, - Duration/ID (2 byte): da vo loi frame, cha gi tr chu k thi gian (ms) m mi trng b chim gi, yu cu truyn frame hoc mt nhn dng kt hp (ADI_association identity) cho trm m truyn frame. - Address 1-4 (6 byte/trng): theo th t l a ch MAC ca node ch cui cng, node frame khi u, ni nhn trung gian ca frame, ni truyn frame. - Sequence Control (2 byte): Chc nng sp xp trt t cc gi b o ln. - Data (0-2312 byte): cha thng tin truyn i cho cc frame d liu. - FCS: s kim tra d vng (CRC_cyclic redundancy check) cha 32 bit.

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HDLHP

Khung MAC c th c lu truyn gia cc trm hoc gia cc trm v im truy cp hoc gia cc im truy cp ph thuc vo gi tr ca 2 bit DS trong trng iu khin khung.

N cng gm 2 k thut, l :
DCF: chc nng phi hp phn phi (distributed coordination function) PCF: chc nng phi hp im (point coordination function)

K thut DCF : l giao thc CSMA/CA vi ACKs. Ni gi mun truyn d liu trc ht s kim tra mi trng c bn hay khng. Nu ng truyn ang bn, trm phi hon vic truyn li cho n khi ng truyn ri.

Hnh 2.11: Mi quan h nh thi IEEE 802.11 DCF Cc ni gi xc nh trng thi ca ng truyn da trn 2 c ch: - Kim tra lp vt l xem c sng mang hay khng. - S dng chc nng cm nhn sng mang o l NAV (network allocation vector).

Cc trm c th kim tra lp vt l v thy rng ng truyn ri.

Nhng trong mt s trng hp, ng truyn c th c t ch

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HDLHP

trc bi mt trm khc thng qua NAV. NAV l mt b nh thi (timer) c cp nht bi cc frame d liu truyn trong ng truyn.

Hnh 2.12: MACA v NAV

K thut PCF: l mt im truy nhp ch yu xc nh to truy nhp mi

trng bng cch thm d (polling) cc node khc cho chu trnh d liu. c bit n c ch trong cc ng dng thi gian thc. V n c th c s dng bo m cho cc trng hp tr xu nht.

K thut thm d:
Mt k thut khc vi CSMA cho truy cp knh v tuyn l thm d (polling). Trong k thut thm d, cc node mng ch c th truyn trn knh sau khi node master cho php nhn. Bn tin ti cc node lave c iu khin bi node master bng cch pht tng gi thm d n tt c cc node slave. Mi node slave s tr li ln lt cho cu hi ny nu chng mun truyn. 1 node mun truyn ch c th truyn khi node master cho php. Bng cch ny, node ch iu khin vic truy nhp trn knh. u im hn CSMA: - Thi gian truy cp knh c th bit trc v khng b tr ngu nhin nh k thut CSMA. y l 1 thun li quan trng cho cc ng dng yu cu tr truyn tin thp v cc ng dng d b nh hng bi s bin ng trong nhng ln bn tin

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HDLHP

n, nh cc ng dng a truyn thng (multimedia) (v d: truyn hnh r nt cao_high-definition television)

-

Bi v truy cp knh c iu khin bi 1 node master, nn chnh sch thm

d ca node master c th c iu chnh d dng cung cp cc mc khc nhau ca vic truy nhp knh n mi node slave. Bng cch ny, cc node c nhu cu cht lng v dch v (QoS) cho ng dng m n phc v; cc node vi thng lng d liu cao hoc cc yu cu tr bn tin thp th c th c thm d nhiu hn cc node khc. Thm vo , ngi iu khin c th iu khin node master, nn truy cp knh cng c th c m bo hp l. - Vn node n, vn c CSMA, cng c trnh. Nhc im:
-

Node master cha ti v v n phi lin tc truyn v nhn, nn rt tn nng

lng. Cc node slave cng phi tip nhn cc gi thm d, c nhn lin tc t node master, v thnh thong tr li n node master khi a ch l ca chng v nu chng c bn tin gi. - Trong mt mng WSN ln (t vi trm n vi ngn node) th k thut ny kh s dng v kch thc mng tng th s lng cc node mng thm d theo thi gian cng tng. - K thut thm d thng yu cu 1 mng n hop. Tt c cc node phi nm trong di ca node ch c th truy nhp n knh. Tuy nhin, k thut ny c th thc hin c trong mng a hop nu c th m rng di ca 1 node bt k nhng phi da vo dung lng knh v thng lng d liu chung trong mng WSN trnh xung t knh.(do 1 s node nm trong di ca node khc). Chng 2 ni v chc nng, c im v cc giao thc,th tc truy nhp mi trng trong lp lin kt d liu. Mt ch xuyn sut cho tt c cc th tc MAC l t ch ng vi nng lng radio thp gia cc chu k hoc bt c khi no c th khi mt node khng truyn cng khng nhn. V th trong chng sau s trnh by v vn lm th no tit kim nng lng hiu qu.
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HDLHP

CHNG III HIU QU NNG LNG TRONG CC GIAO THC MAC V LP LCH NG KHNG NG B CHO MNG CM NHN KHNG DY WSN V PHN TH NGHIM
Hiu qu nng lng thu c trong cc giao thc MAC bng vic tt sng v tuyn chuyn sang ch ngh bt c khi no c th tit kim mc tiu th nng lng.

Vn tit kim nng lng cho mng cm nhn khng dy:

Mng khng dy c nhiu ng dng trong thc tin, n mang li cho con ngi nhng thng tin quan trng trong nhiu lnh vc m t cn n cc hot ng trc tip ca con ngi. Nhng kt qu t c l do kh nng hot ng c lp

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HDLHP

ca tng nt mng. hot ng c lp hon ton, mi nt mng lun lun i km vi mt ngun nng lng nui chng. V vic tit kim ngun nng lng ny ko di thi gian hot ng ca nt mng l v cng cn thit. Yu cu ny lm xut hin mt hng mi cho nghin cu ca con ngi l: tit kim tiu th nng lng cho nt mng khng dy. y l mt hng ln c tm quan trng v ang c thc hin thng qua nhng nghin cu, th nghim,.... Mc tiu quan trng nht ca cc nghin cu ny l tm ra c tt c nhng yu t c th tc ng gim thiu tiu th nng lng. V thng qua cc yu t s thc hin tc ng tit kim nng lng.Vy ta phi c ch hot ng v ch ng , ch ngt in sao cho tit kim nng lng n mc thp nht c th.

Nguyn nhn ca vic lng ph nng lng:

- Khi mt node nhn nhiu hn 1 gi ti cng thi im, cc gi ny c gi l collided packet thm ch khi chng xy ra ng thi tng phn (khng hon chnh). Tt c cc gi nguyn nhn l do xung t th phi loi b v yu cu truyn li cc gi ny. V vy, lm tng mc tiu th nng lng. - Vic nghe lm (Overhearing): ngha l 1 node nhn c cc gi m ch n khng phi l n m l cc node khc. - Ph tn gi iu khin(Control packet overhead): vic gi v nhn cc gi iu khin s lm tiu th nng lng qu nhiu, tr cc gi d liu c ch c th c truyn - 1 trong nhng nguyn nhn chnh ca vic lng ph nng lng l idle listening: ngha l lng nghe 1 knh rnh c th nhn lu lng m khng gi i - Nguyn nhn cui cng l overemitting: l do s truyn ca 1 bn tin khi node ch l khng sn sng (ready) V cc nhn t trn nn 1 giao thc MAC c thit k hp l ngn chn cc lng ph nng lng .

Cc yu t tc ng lm gim thiu tiu th nng lng.

Qu trnh tiu th nng lng.
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HDLHP

- Ta cn tm hiu qu trnh tiu hao nng lng trong mi nt. Vi mi nt, ta cn nghin cu 2 ch nng lng c bn. + Ch hot ng. + Ch ngh. - Qu trnh tiu th nng lng ca nt mng ti cc trng thi: + Ch ng: Phn ln thi gian nt mng ng. Dng in tiu th mc ti thiu: Mch ngt c lp. Phn cng s dng nng lng thp ( RAM ghi nh thng tin). + Khi thc dy: Thng tin tiu chuyn t ch ng sang ch hot ng. B vi iu khin v sng v tuyn hot ng tr li. + Ch hot ng: Ti b vi iu khin: Qu trnh x l nhanh, hot ng mc nng lng thp v n trnh cc dao ng t bn ngoi. Vi sng v tuyn: C tc d liu cao. Tuy nhin, qu trnh tiu hao nng lng li khc nhau tu theo m hnh mng, khong cch , mt nt, tn s lm vic,..thc t s dng. Vn quan trng t ra l lm th no nt mng c th gim cng dng cn s dng mi ch ng thi n c th tr v 1 trong 3 ch 1 cch linh hot trnh s lng ph, tng thi gian s dng ngun. Mt s giao thc chn ng, qun l cng sut v trao i s liu c thit k cho WSN vi yu cu quan trng nht l tit kim c nng lng. Mc d cc ng dng ca mng WSN l rt ln nhng nhng mng ny c mt s hn ch nh gii hn v ngun cng sut, kh nng tnh ton v rng bng thng. Mt trong nhng mc tiu thit k chnh ca WSN l ko di thi gian sng ca mng v trnh suy gim kt ni nh cc k thut qun l nng lng. Nhng yu t tc ng gim thiu tiu th nng lng. C nhiu yu t c th tc ng gim thiu tiu th nng lng nh: Ch qun l in nng, Khong cch gia nt truyn v nt nhn trong mng, Mt cc nt, Tn sut lm vic ca mi nt, Cng sut truyn, Tc truyn,..

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HDLHP

- ch qun l in nng: Cn phi c ch qun l in nng hp l: Tc ta cn ti u ho in nng ca ngun bng cch s dng cc thit b hot ng vi in p thp v gim cng ca cc thnh phn khi chng ang trong tnh trng khng hot ng. -Khong cch gia cc nt truyn v nt nhn trong mng: Khi cc nt t cch nhau 1 khong cch ngn, thi gian truyn s nhanh hn, nng lng tiu dng s nh hn so vi cc nt mng cch xa nhau -Mt cc nt mng (hay s lng nt mng): + Vi mt mng c 2 nt mng th 2 nt s thay nhau truyn d liu, thi gian ch s rt nh. Mt truyn s rt dy -> tiu hao nhiu nng lng. + Khi mng c vi chc ti vi trm nt th vn t ra l:thi gian ca nt mng truyn d liu i tng ln do phi i cc nt khc.Do vy, thi gian ngh ca mi nt s nhiu ln v nng lng tiu hao lc ny li t i.Vi mng c nhiu nt s xy ra hin tng nghn mng, nng lng trong trng hp ny l khng nh. -Tn sut lm vic ca mi nt mng: -Cng sut truyn d liu ca nt mng:

Truy nhp mi trng quan tm n nng lng vi vic bohiu (Power aware medium-access with signalling - PAMAS):
-

mlPAMAS l mt k thut m rng ca MACA v ci thin c hiu sut

nng lng t MACA. - Gim c vn nghe lm bng cch t cc node vo trong ch ng, nhng khng gim c vn lng nghe khi mi trng ri. S dng 2 knh v tuyn: mt knh d liu v mt knh iu khin ring. Knh iu khin bao gm bo hiu RTS/CTS v tn hiu bn. Khi node nhn bt u nhn d liu th n s gi tn hiu bn n knh iu khin

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HDLHP

Hnh 3.1: K thut PAMAS - Trong PAMAS cc node chuyn sang ch ng khi chng khng nhn hoc khng truyn d liu thnh cng. c bit, chng cng chuyn sang ch ng khi chng tnh c bit c s truyn ca node ln cn n node khc hoc nu n pht hin thng qua biu hin ca knh bo hiu iu khin RTS/CTS rng c 1 node ln cn ang nhn. - Khong thi gian ca ch ng c thit lp theo chiu di ca qu trnh truyn ang xy ra, c ch th bi knh iu khin.
-

Nu qu trnh truyn c bt u trong khi mt node vn ch ng, vo

lc node thc dy, gi tn hiu thm d xc nh khong thi gian qu trnh truyn xy ra v bao lu n c th quay tr li ch ng. - Trong PAMAS, mt node s ch quay tr li ch ng khi n c ngn chn t qu trnh truyn/ nhn, v vy, vic thc hin tr/thng lng ca mng l khng gy bt li. Tuy nhin vn cn lng ph nng lng ng k trong ch nhn idle (vd: trong iu kin khi 1 node khng c gi tin gi v khng c s hot ng no trn knh) v lng ph khi phi s dng n 2 knh lm vic ng thi ngha l s dng 2 h thng v tuyn.

Lp lch ng:
Cc k thut tit kim nng lng tn ti lp MAC ch yu bao gm cc k thut lp lch ng. Nguyn tc c bn ng sau tt c cc k thut lp lch ng l qu nhiu nng lng b lng ph do phi lng nghe trn knh truyn v tuyn trong khi khng c th g nhn. Cc ch lp lch ng s dng ch lm vic ca 1 radio gia cc trng thi nng lng m v tt ca n gim hiu qu ca vic lng

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HDLHP

nghe knh rnh ny. Chng c s dng thc dy 1 radio bt c khi no n i truyn hoc nhn gi v ng nu khc. Cc k thut lp lch ng c th chia thnh 2 loi: Lp lch ng ng b Lp lch ng khng ng b Cc k thut lp lch ng ng b da trn s ng b xung clock gia cc node trong mng. Cc ni gi v ni nhn bit v nhau khi no chng nn hot ng v ch gi d liu n mt ni khc trong khong thi gian ca chng. Nu ngoi thi gian th chng i ng.

Hnh 3.2: Lp lch ng ng b Mt khc, cc k thut lp lch ng khng ng b khng da vo bt k xung clock ng b no gia cc node. Cc node c th gi v nhn cc gi ty (bt c khi no chng thch). Hnh di ch ra cch m 2 node ang hot ng, lp lch ng khng ng b c th truyn thng vi nhau.

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HDLHP

Hnh 3.3: Lp lch ng khng ng b - Cc node thc dy v i ng nh k theo cng cch m chng lm vic trong ch lp lch ng ng b. V khng c ng b ha thi gian, tuy nhin, phi c mt cch m bo rng cc node nhn thc dy nghe cc qu trnh truyn n t cc node khc. Thng thng cc byte dn u (preamble) c gi bi 1 gi tin ng b

im bt u ca lung d liu n gia ni truyn v ni nhn. Vi ch lp lch ng khng ng b, 1 s lng ln cc byte dn u thm vo c gi cho mi gi m bo rng ni nhn c th ng b n ti 1 s thi im. Trong trng hp xu nht, mt gi bt u truyn khi ni nhn gi i ng, v

cc byte dn u s phi c gi trong khong thi gian bng khong thi gian ng ca ni nhn. Mi ln ni nhn thc dy, n ng b cc byte dn u ny v vn cn cho n khi n nhn gi.

Cc k thut lp lch ng khng ng b:

Trong k thut ny, cc node thng gi sng v tuyn trng thi ng nh l mc nh, v ch thc dy trong 1 thi gian ngn kim tra lu lng gi/nhn cc thng ip, bn tin:

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HDLHP

V tuyn nh thc th cp(Secondary wake-up radio)

Mt nt mng khi khng c hot ng truyn hoc nhn gi tin cn c t vo ch ng tit kim nng lng. lm iu ny, gii php th nht l trang b mt phn cng trn mi nt mng, phn cng ny c 2 loi sng v tuyn. Loi sng v tuyn th nht c nng lng cao dng trao i d liu, t trong ch ng mc nh. Loi sng v tuyn th hai (hay th cp) dng cho vic nh thc, loi ny khng cn nng lng cao v hot ng lin tc (c thao tc truyn v nhn). Nu v tuyn nh thc nhn c v tuyn nh thc t nt khc, n phn ng bng cch nh thc v tuyn th nht dy nhn d liu. Qu trnh ny bo m v tuyn th nht ch hot ng khi truyn hoc nhn d liu.

K thut lng nghe vi nng lng thp v vic kim tra tn hiu dn u preamble (Low-power listening/preamble sampling):
Trong k thut ny, cp n vn kim tra preamble(ly mu u khung) v k thut lng nghe vi nng lng thp (low-power listening). - Cc ni nhn thc dy cm nhn knh theo chu k. Nu khng c hot ng no c tm thy, chng s tr li ch ng. - Nu mt node mun truyn, n s gi tn hiu preamble(tn hiu u khung) truyn gi n ni nhn. Khi d c tn hiu preamble, node nhn s chuyn sang ch hot ng nhn. Kch thc ca preamble ban u c t ng bng chu k kim tra. - Nu 1 node tm thy ng truyn bn sau khi n thc dy v kim tra ng truyn, n tip tc lng nghe cho n khi n nhn 1 gi d liu hoc ng truyn tr li trng thi ri. ( l do s truyn ca 1 bn tin khi node ch l khng sn sng). Hn na, chiu di ca preamble v gi d liu lm tng overemitting, v khng c quan h bt tay no c thit lp vi ni nhn mun nhn.

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HDLHP

Hnh 3.4:K thut lng nghe vi nng lng thp/vic kim tra tn hiu preamble Tn hiu thc thay v c kh nng c gi qua mt giao thc ca gi tin mc cao hn, th mt phng php hiu qu hn l thc hin trc tip trong lp vt l, nh vy tn hiu thc c th khng di hn mt xung RF. Cc node ch tm thy sau khi kim tra nng lng radio trn knh xc nh tn hiu c mt hay khng. Ch : ch ny c kh nng thc dy tt c cc ni nhn c th trong mt vng ln cn ca ni truyn xc nh, thng tin phn u (header) c th c dng a chng tr v trng thi ng nu truyn thng khng dnh cho chng.

WiseMAC:
K thut trn c mt nhc im l: preamble di lm cho d liu ca bn truyn cn gi i l di l nguyn nhn lm gim thng lng v lng ph nng lng cho c bn nhn v bn gi.

Hnh 3.5: Khi nim WiseMAC

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HDLHP

Giao thc WiseMAC c xy dng trn c s kim tra tn hiu preamble khc phc nhc im . * WiseMAC a ra phng php d tm t ng chiu di ca preamble. Bng vic s dng cc ni dung thm vo ca cc gi ACK, mi node bit c nhng ln thc dy kim tra nh k ca cc node ln cn n, v s dng nhng thng tin ny gi tn hiu preamble ngn nh thc vo ng thi im. Tham s khc nh hng n vic chn chiu di preamble l lch xung ng h gia ngun v ch. Khong thi gian preamble c xc nh bi lch xung ng h t khi ng b cui cng. Gi Tw: l chu k ni nhn kim tra : l lch xung ng h gia ngun v ch L: l khong thi gian gia cc ln truyn. Nh vy khong thi gian ca preamble Tp cn l:

* Cc gi tin trong WiseMAC cng cha mt bit more (bit d), ni truyn s dng n bo hiu cho ni nhn bit nu n mun gi trng thi thc trong khong thi gian ngn nhn thm cc gi tin dnh cho n. Giao thc WiseMAC vi vic kim tra preamble gim idle listening u: Cc kt qu iu chnh di preamble t ng ca WiseMAC thc hin tt di cc iu kin lu lng khc nhau. Thm vo , lch xung clock c bt tay trong giao thc s lm gim yu cu ng b thi gian bn ngoi Nhc: hn ch ch yu ca WiseMAC l cc kt qu lp lch ng-nghe (sleep-listen) trong nhng ln ng v thc dy l khc nhau cho mi neighbor ca 1 node. y l 1 vn quan trng cho truyn thng loi broadcast, v gi broadcast s c m cho cc neighbor trong ch ng v c phn pht nhiu ln khi mi

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HDLHP

neighbor thc dy. Tuy nhin, vic truyn d tha ny s cho kt qu tr cao hn v tiu th nng lng cao hn. Vn node n hin cng c hnh thnh theo m hnh WiseMAC. Vn ny cng l kt qu ca xung t khi 1 node bt u truyn preamble n 1 node m ang sn sng nhn s truyn ca node khc, ni gi preamble l khng c bn trong di.

Ni truyn/ni nhn bt u chu k tip nhn (Transmitter / receiver initiated cycle receptions _TICER / RICER):
K thut TICER/RICER tng t nh k thut low-power listening / preamble sampling.
Trong

k thut TICER, khi 1 node sensor khng c gi d liu truyn, n

thc dy kim tra knh vi 1 chu k T v tr li trng thi ng sau 1 khong thi gian thc dy Ton nh hnh a. Ngay khi 1 node c gi d liu truyn hoc c pht t cc lp trn xung ca ngn xp giao thc hoc c truyn bi cc node khc n thc dy v kim tra knh trong khong thi gian Ton. Nu n khng nghe bt k qu trnh truyn ang xy ra no trn knh, n bt u truyn cc tn hiu RTS n ni nhn, v ch tn hiu tr li trong khong thi gian T1 sau mi qu trnh truyn RTS. Theo lch thc dy u n ca node nhn th vo lc thc dy, ngay lp tc nhn c tn hiu RTS , lc n tr li vi tn hiu CTS n node truyn. Sau khi nhn tn hiu CTS, node truyn truyn gi d liu. Qu trnh kt thc vi 1 tn hiu ACK c truyn t node nhn n node truyn sau khi nhn ng gi d liu. Cc quy tc nn c xem xt khi thit k giao thc TICER:
1.

V Ton cng lu dn n tn nng lng nhiu, do tit kim nng

lng th Ton nn t. V vy thi gian cn nhn 1 RTS phi l nh nht. Tng t T1 c t n 1 thi gian ti thiu cn nhn CTS. 2. ti thiu nng lng truyn, cc gi iu khin RTS, CTS v ACK (vi chiu di b) phi ngn c th. Chng bao gm cc a ch MAC cc b ca node truyn v node nhn, v nhn c 1 preamble.

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3.

HDLHP

Tn s ca RTS truyn i nn thp tit kim nng lng truyn. Tuy

nhin chu k khng c lu hn Ton, v node nhn c th thc dy v i ng gia 2 RTS do c th nh ni hn gp nhau .V vy, chu k c t hi ngn hn Ton.. Nh vy khc bit ch yu vi vic kim tra tn hiu preamble l:trong TICER ni gi s truyn mt chui tn hiu khng lin tc thay v mt preamble n di, v i 1 tn hiu r rng t ni nhn trc khi truyn i.
Cn

trong k thut RICER, minh ha hnh b, tng t nh TICER , 1 node

sensor khng c gi d liu truyn, thc dy vi chu k T. Sau n c x l bng vic truyn 1 tn hiu nhc thc dy ngn vi chiu di T b bo rng n thc, v ch 1 tn hiu tr li trong khong thi gian Ton. Nu khng c tr li node li i ng. Node truyn c d liu truyn, n thc dy v kim tra knh, ch 1 tn hiu nhc thc dy t node nhn. Vo lc nhn, n bt u truyn gi d liu. Qu trnh kt thc vi 1 tn hiu ACK c truyn t node nhn n node truyn sau khi nhn ng gi d liu. Cc quy tc thit k ca RICER tng t nh TICER:
1.

Ton ch c t di cho node nhn nhn ra 1 gi d liu c truyn n n. Chiu di tn hiu nhc thc dy Tb c t ti thiu.

2.

Hnh 3.6: K thut TICER/RICER

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Phn mm nhng:

HDLHP

Phn mm nhng ang c nhng bc t ph mi, to ra nhng cuc cch mng trit trong tng lai nhm phc v nhu cu ngy cng cao ca con ngi. C s cho s pht trin ny l nhng bc tin mnh m trong cng ngh phn cng. Mt phn mm nhng phi kt hp cht ch vi mi trng ca n bao gm phn cng v cc h thng lin quan. N c nhng rng buc v tc x l, dung lng b nh v mc tiu th in nng. im mu cht ca cc phn mm nhng ngy nay l vic la chn cc phng php thc thi ca mt chc nng ging nh mt thnh phn phn cng nhng theo mt cch ring. V vy m khng th b i cc tnh nng cng ca phn mm nh cc phn mm truyn thng khc. Mt phn mm nhng ngy nay c pht trin theo cch sau: - Lin kt phn mm nhng t di ln trn, t cc lp tru tng n cc chc nng h thng. - Lin kt phn mm nhng vi cc nn lp trnh c - cc nn h tr n cung cp cc phng tin cn thit nh gi xem cc rng buc a ra c tha mn hay khng. lm c nh vy th thc cht cn phi pht trin cc k thut hnh thc mc tru tng c nhng nh gi sm cng vi cc nhm cng c v phng php ng n. Mt khc cng cn phi xem xt phn mm nhng v kin trc phn cng ca n trong mt tng th cn i. Do phi tha mn nhiu yu t khc nhau v phn cng, mi trng, gi thnh, hiu nng nn tn ti nhiu thch thc trong pht trin phn mm nhng ngy nay nh: Cn c kh nng ti s dng cao, c th ng thit k phn cng, phn mm, xy dng m hnh cc thuc tnh phi chc nng, chuyn i cc phn mm thnh cc dch v thng qua cc thnh phn phn mm, kin trc h thng v kin trc phn mm, nh gi v kim nh mc h thng, xy dng cc h thng c kh nng t hp c nh cc thnh phn phn mm c th ti s dng.

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HDLHP

vit phn mm nhng cho cc h vi x l, chng ta c th s dng cc ngn ng khc nhau nh C/C++ hoc Assembler. Tu theo tiu ch xy dng h thng m la chn ngn ng thch hp. T cng chn chng trnh dch thch hp. Ngy nay, do nhu cu pht trin h thng nhanh, bo tr d dng nn ngn ng c la chn thng l ngn ng cp cao nh C/C++. Mt s bc c bn xy dng phn mm ng dng: Trc ht cn tm hiu bi ton, phn tch chi tit a ra hng i, tm hiu cc yu cu ca bi ton nhm thit k lu thut ton, da vo phn thit k vit chng trnh ng dng sau a vo kim th xc nh hiu qu m chng trnh t c.

Phn thc nghim:

Chng trnh thc nghim l phn mm nhng vit cho CC1010 c vit bng ngn ng C, s dng cc th vin cho CC1010 do hng Chipcon cung cp, chng trnh bin dch Keil uVision 2.0. Chng trnh dch Keil uVision 2.0 do hng Keil Elektronik GmbH xy dng l mt mi trng pht trin tch hp (IDE) dng xy dng cc chng trnh cho cc h VK tng thch 8051 ca Intel. y l b chng trnh dch cho php ngi vit chng trnh son tho chng trnh, dch chng trnh v g li trn cng mt mi trng. Chng trnh dch h tr cho c ngn ng C v Assembly.

Cc th vin trong chng trnh:

M hnh ca mt phn mm nhng vit cho CC1010 nh sau: Chng trnh ng dng Th vin tin ch Chipcon (Chipcon utility library-CUL) Th vin phn cng (Hardware abstraction library HAL) Cc file nh ngha phn cng (Hardware definition file - HDF)

Th vin C chun

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HDLHP

Th vin tin ch Chipcon - Chipcon Utility Library (CUL) Bn cnh module HAL CC1010IDE cng cung cp mt th vin cho truyn thng RF t trong th vin tin ch(CUL). Th vin ny thng dng cho cc ng dng RF in hnh, v cung cp mt giao thc RF y . Th vin CUL h tr cc chc nng sau: - Truyn nhn khng dy - Tnh ton M d vng (CRC) - X l Thi gian thc (Realtime Clock) C hai th vin HAL v CUL u h tr Truyn nhn khng dy v x l thi gian thc. Tuy nhin, cc hm th vin CUL lm vic mc cao hn, ngi vit chng trnh cng d dng v tin li hn, nhng b li cng km mm do hn so vi s dng cc hm th vin HAL. Do vy, i vi nhng ng dng i hi s phc tp th thng dng th vin HAL. Th vin phn cng - Hardware Abstraction Library (HAL) h tr vic pht trin chng trnh nhanh chng v d dng, Chipcon cung cp th vin cc macro v cc hm truy cp phn cng C1010 d dng. Nhng th vin ny nm trong Th Vin Phn Cng (HAL) v thi hnh mt giao tip phn cng tru tng i vi chng trnh ngi dng. Nh chng trnh ngi dng c th truy cp ngoi vi ca vi iu khin, thng qua cc li gi hm/macro, m khng cn hiu chi tit v phn cng. Th vin HAL h tr cc chc nng sau: -

Truyn nhn khng dy o cng RSSI Truyn nhn RS232 Lm vic vi ADC X l thi gian thc M ho DES Thit lp cc b nh thi Lm vic vi cc cng
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HDLHP

Cc file nh ngha phn cng - Hardware Definition Files (HDF) Cc file nh ngha phn cng nh ngha a ch cc thanh ghi, nh x vect

ngt v cc hng s phn cng khc. Chng cng thng dng cc macro cho CC1010EB, v cc nh ngha h tr hp ng v ngn ng C.

Cc thit b s dng :
1.COMPUTER: 2 CC1010: Chip CC1010 l mt vi mch thu pht siu cao tn (UHF Ultra Hight Frequency) c tch hp vi iu khin 8051 vi b nh 32K Flash. Khi thu pht RF (Radio Frequency) c th c lp trnh hot ng vi di tn 300 1000MHz. CC1010 thng c dng thit k cc ng dng khng dy t tiu th nng lng. CC1010 cn n rt t cc thnh phn ph tr khc tr thnh mt nt mng ca mng cm nhn khng dy s dng CC1010. c im c bn ca CC1010. - Gi tr tn s c lp trnh l 300 1000 MHz. - Li l vi iu khin 8051. - B nh Flash 32 KB.
-

3 knh ADC 10 bit

- Ngun cung cp 2.7 - 3.6 V - Tiu th dng thp (9.1 mA trong ch thu). - Cng sut pht c th lp trnh c (c th ln ti +10dBm) - Tc thu pht d liu ln ti 76.8 kbit/s. - Ph thuc rt t vo cc thnh phn bn ngoi. 3.Cc nt mng cm nhn v b np chng trnh:

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HDLHP

Hnh 3.7 B np chong trnh_ 1 node gn my tnh

Hnh 3.8 Cc nt mng ang np chng trnh

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HDLHP

Hnh 3.8 gm cho 1 node truyn (nt cm nhn nhit ) v 2 node nhn (1 node gn my tnh v 1 node gn LCD):

Hnh 3.9 Cc nt mng :1 nt c s (master)2 nt cm nhn (slave)

3.8.3 Tm hiu phn mm tempbroadcast

Tempbroadcast l mt phn mm o nhit mi trng. Thit b gm c: mt node c s kt ni CC1010EB vi CC1010EM, mt node mng CC1010EM c gn b cm bin nhit . Nhit c node mng o v gi qung b vo vng khng gian v tuyn (RF) ri gi v node c s. Nhit node mng gi ti node gc s c lu vo bng nhit , ng thi hin th trn my tnh cng node ID, v tn ca node. My tnh c kt ni vi khi CC1010EB qua cp ni RS232.

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HDLHP

Hnh 3.10: S th nghim o nhit mi trng Kt qu: Thng tin nhit mi trng c cm bin cm nhn v chuyn thnh gi tr nhit ri gi v trm gc. Tiu th nng lng ca node mng khi truyn d liu xp x 20mA. Vic tng h s i ln s lm cho tiu th nng lng ca node mng gim ng k.

Hnh 3.11: Kt qu o c

Tin hnh thc nghim: a. Mt s th nghim c tin hnh u tin:

-

Khi cho mt node truyn v mt node nhn (gn vo my tnh): nu tr = delay (30000) th nhn gi nu tr cng gim xung th c gi nhn c c gi mt

Khi cho1node truyn v 2 node nhn (1 node gn my tnh v 1 node gn LCD):

lc u: 1 node nhn c gi ny, 1 node nhn c gi kia

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HDLHP

lc sau: node gn vi my tnh th nhn s gi, cn node gn LCD nhn ngt qung nhng v sau cng nhn tt - Khi cho 2 node truyn v 1 node nhn (gn vo my tnh): lc u: node nhn nhn tun t 2 node truyn n, nhng sau node nhn ch nhn c node no truyn n trc. - Khi cho 2 node truyn v 2 node nhn: lc u: node gn vi my tnh nhn tun t 2 node truyn n, node gn LCD ch nhn c 1 node lc sau: node gn my tnh nhn node truyn ny v node gn LCD nhn node truyn kia. y ch l mt giao thc truyn gi n gin, n khng tun theo 1 giao thc no c th.
b.

Phn thc nghim ca chng trnh chy:

Da trn phn mm tempbroadcast, nghin cu phn lp trnh cho k thut thm d. Ta c s gii thut cho k thut thm d nh di y: S gii thut cho k thut thm d trong giao thc MAC:

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HDLHP

S gii thut cho node master:

Khi to

J=1
S

J<10 J+1 Add=1 S

Add<max

Ngh 30s

Tr

Hi

Add+1

Nhn Tru yn Nhn d OK? liu Tru XL yn d liu

S

Hnh 3.12: S gii thut ca node master

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S gii thut cho node slave:

HDLHP

Khi to

Nhn thm d

RXI.status! =SPP-RXFinished
S

Kim tra Add,type

Tr

Truyn d liu Truyn d liu

Hnh 3.13: S gii thut ca node slave

Tm

li :Trong k thut thm d ny, khi khng hot ng th node master s ng

tit kim nng lng. Ch khi node master ng ht 30s thi thc dy gi khung thm d n node slave tip tc hot ng. Nh vy, k thut ny cng lm gim nng lng tiu th.

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KT QU

HDLHP

Hnh 3.14: Kt qu thu c hin th trn LCD

Hnh 3.15: Kt qu thu c hin th trn PC

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HDLHP

KT LUN
Trong hon cnh t nc ta hin nay th vn WSN cn phi nghin cu v pht trin. n a ra kin trc tng qut WSN l:cc thit b (B x l nhng nng lng thp,B nh / Lu tr,B thu pht v tuyn,Cc sensor (Cm bin),H thng nh v a l GPS, Ngun nng lng).H thng phi c kh nng mm do thch hp vi cc yu cu ca ng dng. Cc dng ng dng ch yu ca WSN l: thu thp d liu mi trng, an ninh, theo di i tng.Mi dng ng dng c s khc nhau cn bn v truyn thng v cc giao thc cn c h tr bi kin trc phn cng. Yu cu quan trng ca mt nt mng l c kch thc b, tiu th nng lng thp nht c th v c tch hp truyn nhn khng dy, t chn loi vi iu khin CC1010 do hng Chipcon ch to c tch hp cao, truyn nhn RF, tiu th nng lng thp lm nt mng v xy dng h thng thc nghim. n cng gii thiu tng quan tng lin kt d liu v cc th tc truy nhp mi trng trong mng WSN. Do gii hn v ngun nng lng cung cp, gi thnh v yu cu hot ng trong mt thi gian di nn vn nng lng l tiu ch thit k quan trng nht trong mng cm nhn khng dy WSN. tit kim c nng lng sng v tuyn th giao thc MAC c thit k ph hp bng cch lp ch ng mt cch hiu qu khi khng truyn hoc khng nhn. Hng pht trin ca ti: do thi gian c hn nn em ch mi a c gii thut m cha c phn lp trnh cho k thut thm d hiu qu. Nn nu c thi gian nghin cu, em s c gng hon thin phn lp trnh k thut thm d sau lp trnh 1 k thut khc trong s cc k thut ca MAC. T so snh 2 k thut v hiu qu nng lng, hiu qu truyn nhn gi tin v hiu sut ca ng truyn.

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HDLHP

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Bhaskar Krishnamachari, Networking Wireless Sensors Cambridge

University Press 2005 [2] Lizhi Charlie Zhong, Jan Rabaey, Chunlong Guo, Rahul Shah, Data Link Layer Design For Wireless Sensor Networks. [3] Edgar H. Callaway, Jr., Wireless Sensor Networks: Architectures and Protocols [4] Wei Ye, MAC Layer Design for Wireless Sensor Networks [5] Ilker Demirkol, Cem Ersoy, and Fatih Alagz, MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks: a Survey [6] Kevin Klues, Power Management in Wireless Networks [7] Javier Bonny, Investigating MAC Power Consumption in Wireless Sensor Networ

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