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The function of an impression material is to make a ve copy, which records the dimensions of the oral tissue and their relationships. The impression must be accurate so that the model, cast, or die will be accurate.
Impression trays
Trays need to be rigid enough to support impression material. For impression material to be retained in tray, tray maybe perforated, and adhesive spray can be used to enhance retention.
Study model a physical model of the oral tissue for study. Used in diagnosis and treatment planning. Cast a model requiring very exact replication of size and shape Die replica of a single tooth (cut from a cast)
Setting mechanism
Cooling to mouth temperature
Hydrocolloids
The colloid state represents a highly dispersed phase of fine particles within another phase, some where between solution and a suspension. The colloid can exist as a viscous liquid known as a sol or a solid known as gel. If the particles are suspended in water, the suspension is called a hydrocolloid (hydrosol, hydrogel Hydrocolloids come in two forms:
Reversible agar Irreversible alginate
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Composition of Agar
Material Agar (seaweed extract) Potassium sulfate Borax Alkyl benzoate water Percentage purpose 12-15% 1% 0.2% 0.1% 85% Colloidal particles as basis of the gel Ensures set of gypsum materials Strengthens gel Antifungal agent Dispersing medium for the colloidal suspension
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Properties
Flows well Accurate reproduction , however, the impression need to be poured immediately or stored in 100% humidity. Distortion is more likely to occur if impression not poured within an hour.
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Tear strength is not high. If compressed it might rebound if compression is not too sever otherwise deformation occurs. Material suffers from loss or gain of water: Syneresis: a process by which the gel contracts and some of the liquid is squeezed out, forming an exudate on the surface. Evaporation: loss of water which causes the material to shrink, and impression is distorted. Imbibition: uptake of water, this will swell and distort the impression.
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Clinical application
Agar is supplied in two viscosities, thick and thin (depending on the amount of agar).
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Alginate
Inexpensive Easy to manipulate Requires no special equipment Reasonably accurate Diagnostic cast (study model) Preliminary impression for complete denture Partial denture framework Custom trays for fluoride or bleaching
Common uses:
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Impression making
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An alginate impression
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Elastomers
Often called rubber materials since they have properties similar to rubber. Clinical uses:
Bridges Implants Partial dentures complete dentures Indirect esthetic restorations
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Polymerization reaction
Involves formation of long-chain polymers and cross-linking of chains General properties:
Not as sensitive to water as hydrocolloids Have a certain amount of rebound, the highest is for addition silicon and polyethers, medium for condensation silicon and poorest for Polysulfides Not wet well by water (hydrophobic) possible solution: surfactants
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Polysulfides
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Setting reaction
Mercaptan + lead dioxide polysulfide+H2O
The reaction is sensitive to temperature and moisture so increase in any will accelerate the setting. Also sensitive to correct mixing ratio
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Uses
Crown and bridge impressions Partial and complete denture impressions Clinical considerations when used Used with custom trays Allow 2mm thickness Use tray adhesive Dry field
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Silicon rubber
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Condensation silicon
Addition silicon
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Condensation silicon
Developed as alternative to Polysulfides Has more desirable qualities in comparison:
Easy mix Better taste and odorless Shorter setting time (5-7 minutes)
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Setting rxn
Condensation reaction that produces ethyl alcohol as by product. The alcohol evaporates which causes dimensional instability. The material continues to contract with time, so needs to be poured within minutes.
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Setting rxn
Polymerization rxn of chain lengthening and cross-linking with reactive vinyl groups, producing a stable silicon rubber. No ethyl-alcohol by product Some addition silicons produce hydrogen as by product, manufacturers incorporated palladium powder that absorbs hydrogen setting time: 3-7 minutes
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Clinical use
Crown and bridge work Bite registration
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Polyethers
Also used for crown and bridge work since they are very accurate and also more hydrophilic than other silicons
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Composition:
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Properties
Stiff, difficult to remove from undercuts Short working and setting times Setting time 3-5 minutes Sensitive to moisture and temperature More hydrophilic (must not be stored in water or disinfectant) accurate
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Properties
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ZNO eugenol
Secondary impression for complete dentures, or wash impression (mucostatic impression) 2 tube paste system, different colors Zinc oxide (80%) and fillers, eugenol (15%) with oils, resin, fillers. In addition to chemical accelerator (zinc acetate) Dispensed in 2 equal lengths and mixed to Initial set:3-6 minutes, final set:10 minutes To accelerate the setting?
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Properties
Brittle, so not suitable for areas with undercut Flows readily Accurate Eugenol can be irritant (burning sensation) Once set, dimensionally stable
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Impression wax
Clinical uses:
Preliminary impression for edentulous patients Bite registration Baseplate wax used to be used for provisional crown and bridge work Melted to correct voids in gypsum casts
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Disinfection of impressions
The disinfectant should be compatible with the impression materials. After taking the impression, it should be rinsed with water, excess water shaken off, and disinfectant sprayed (2 disadvantages?) or impression immersed in disinfectant Protective gloves should be worn Rinse after disinfection is complete
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Disinfecting casts
Maybe necessary if impression was not properly disinfected, or if immersion of impression adversely affects the impression Casts should be set and stored for 24 hours before disinfection. Solution used: Na hypochlorite, iodophors.
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Sterilizing trays
Trays should be properly sterilized before use Disposable trays are recommended if appropriate Sterilization can be achieved by heated steam, dry heat, chemical vapors
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Reference: dental materials, clinical applications for dental assistants and dental hygienists
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