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Periodic tests are necessary to determine the essential qualities of foundry sand. The properties changes by contamination from foreign materials, by washing action in tempering, by gradual change and distribution of grain size and by continual subjection to high temperature. Test may be either chemical or mechanical in nature. Various tests are designed to determine the properties of moulding sand and these are described in the following appendices.
standard condition. Permeability of moulding sand depends on several factors including shape of sand grains, fineness, degree of packing, moisture content and amount of binder present. Hence coarse grained sands are more permeable than finer ones. To determine permeability the AFS Standard sand specimen of 5.08 cm (2 inches) diameter and 5.08 cm in height is prepared by ramming the required quantity of sand in a smooth surface tube with three blows of standard rammer. This sand specimen is placed in the mercury cup of the permeability meter. The air drum is raised to take 2000 cm 3 of air in to the air drum which will be indicated by the graduation on it. The whole air is then allowed to escape through the sand specimen with a pressure of about 10 g/cm3 and the time is recorded. The permeability number of the sand sample can be calculated from the following equation: P = V h/ / A t p Where P = AFS standard permeability number V = Volume of air in cm3 = 2000 cm3 h = Height of specimen in cm = 5.08 cm (or, 2 inches) A = Cross sectional area of specimen in cm2 = 20.268 cm2 p = Air pressure in g/cm2 = 10 g/cm2 t = Time in minutes The above equation may be simplified as P =3007.2/ t where, t = time in seconds.