TRNG I HC LT KHOA NNG LM

BI GING TM TT (Dnh cho sinh vin ngnh Nng hc v Cng ngh sau thu hoch)

HC PHN

K THUT NH KNH

Ngi bin son:PHM NGC TUN

THNG 06/2008

MC LC
BI 1 PHN LOI NH CHE PH ............................................................................ 3 1.1. Cu trc nh knh:.................................................................................................... 3 1.2. Cu trc nh c mi che:.......................................................................................... 8 Bi 2: ............................................................................................................................ 10 XY DNG NH CHE PH ..................................................................................... 10 2.1. V tr nh knh v nh mi che:.............................................................................. 10 2.2. Lp t b khung nh knh cng nh cc loi nh che ph khc: ......................... 14 2.3. Cc dng mi lp: .................................................................................................. 23 2.4. Cc dng lung, mng, chu trng cy s dng trong nh knh:........................... 29 2.5. Cc loi gi th trng cy trong nh knh: ............................................................. 34 2.5.1 Yu cu chung ca gi th trng......................................................................... 34 3.5.2 Thnh phn ca gi th: ....................................................................................... 35 2.6. Cc h thng iu khin thng dng trong nh knh:.......................................... 45 Bi 3:............................................................................................................................. 46 MI TRNG NH CHE PH ................................................................................. 46 3.1. Cc yu t mi trng trong nh che ph: ............................................................ 46 3.2. Cc h thng iu khin v cch iu khin mi trng trong nh che ph:........ 47 3.2.5 H thng ti: ..................................................................................................... 54 Bi 4 .............................................................................................................................. 56 BO DNG NH CHE PH................................................................................... 56 4.1. S cn thit ca vic bo dng nh che ph:....................................................... 56 4.2. Cc nguyn nhn gy h hng nh knh:............................................................... 56 4.3. Cc bin php khc phc v bo dng nh knh nh che ph: ......................... 56 Thut ng chuyn mn ................................................................................................. 58 TI LIU THAM KHO ............................................................................................ 59

BI 1 PHN LOI NH CHE PH

1.1. Cu trc nh knh: Cu trc nh che ph l tng th cc b phn cu thnh nh che ph. V cu trc c bn ca mt nh che ph gm 4 phn: - Phn nn mng: y l b phn lin kt gia nh che ph vi mt t. B phn ny thng c lm bng cc loi vt liu khc nhau nh: gch, b tng. Phn nn mng c th xy ton b ng vin xung quanh nh, xy cch khong, hoc cng c th ch xy nn mng gi cho cc tr chnh ca khu nh. - Sn nh, mt sn: c lm bng cc vt liu khc nhau. Thng thng, i vi nh che ph hoa, vt liu sn nh thng lm bng t, ct y cng chnh l vt liu ch yu ca gi th, lung trng. Trong nh che ph trng hoa, cc li i c th lm bng b tng hoc gch lt ng. Tuy nhin, yu cu ca vt liu sn nh l kh nng thot nc. Nh vy, xt v kh nng ny, nu vt liu lt sn l b tng th yu cu phi xem xt n h thng tiu nc. i vi nn t th kh nng tiu nc thng tt hn b tng. Sn nh thng c xy theo hng nging v mt pha m bo kh nng tiu nc trong nh che ph. Sn nh c th xy ton b nh che ph hoc c th chia theo , theo cc li i xung quanh cc lung trng. - Phn mi che: lm bng cc vt liu trong (knh, mng nha trong, knh nha,...) cho php nh sng xuyn qua. - Phn sn nh: l b khung chnh ca nh che ph, c th lm bng cc vt liu khc nhau nh: st, cc loi hp kim, khung nhm, v cng c th lm bng g, tre, .. Phn khung sn nh c th c to thnh bi cc vt liu hnh ng c ni vi nhau. di cng nh din tch nh che ph c lp t theo thit k vi cc hnh dng khc nhau nh: vung, hnh ch nht, hnh a gic,... Mi mt khung nh che ph theo thit k u ni n cc ch tiu sau: chiu di nh che ph, chiu rng nh che ph, chiu cao mng nc, s nhp, bc nhp, chiu di nh tnh theo nhp, chiu rng nh tnh theo mng nc, din tch phn hnh lang, din tch phn ng nh che ph, tng din tch nh che ph, chiu di ca ra vo, s lng, cu trc v ln cc ca thng gi,.. Phn ny gm c cc chi tit theo sau: Ridge: l nh nc ca nh che ph. Vertilator: l thng gi l nhng b phn c th di chuyn c ca nh che ph cho l nhng b phn c th di chuyn c ca nh che ph cho php lu thng gi mt cch t nhin. Chng c th c lp mt bn vch, trn mi hoc c th lp trc tip trn nh (nc nh). Eaves: mi hin Purlin: (n tay) l b phn lp trn mi, dc theo chiu di ca nh knh v mi u purlin c lp bulong gn vi mi khung gin ko. Sill: ngng ca Chords: giy cn
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Strut: thanh chng Rafter: rui Sidewall: vch bn Sidepost (Anchor support posts): tr bn, l cu trc chng ch yu ca nh knh,tr bn c xy cn i dc theo nh knh v c xy pha trn chn b tng. Curtain wall: vch chn Ground level: mt t Footer: chn (mng)

Hnh 1.1 Tng th ca mt nh mi che Plastic ni tip hin i.

Hnh 1.2: S cu trc b khung mt bn ca mt Nh knh.

Hnh 1.3: Cu trc ca mt nh knh n gin C 3 loi cu trc chnh ca nh knh: 1.1.1. Nh knh c mt vch dnh lin vi mt cng trnh khc (attached greenhouse): y l kiu nh knh n gin nht. Mt s kiu thuc loi nh knh ny c s dng sn xut cy trng mang tnh thng mi v ng thi cng c th c s dng trng by cy trng trong cc quy hng bn l, cho cc khu vn trung tm, vn phng lm vic, v c th trng by trong nh. im thun li ch yu ca loi nh knh ny l gim c chi ph xy dng, v qu trnh xy dng tng i n gin. Tuy nhin, do chng c xy dng p st vi cng trnh, c th b cng trnh che chn trong hng chiu sng, nn thng thiu nh sng. ng thi cng rt kh iu khin s thng thong v nhit nh trng. C ba kiu nh c bn thuc loi ny: Nh knh p tng: Kiu ny c xy dng da vo mt cng trnh hin ti. nh ca mi nh knh c gn mt bn ca cng trnh v mi nghing ra xa khi cng trnh. hn ch mc che bng ca khu cng trnh th loi nh knh ny nn c xy dng theo hng Nam ca cng trnh.

Hnh 1.4: Nh che ph kiu p tng

 Nh knh hai mi p tng - Kiu nh ny gm 2 mi vi nhng thanh rui c chiu di bng nhau v bc tng cui cng c p st vi mt cng trnh. Loi nh knh kiu ny c ng dng ph bin hn loi p vch. Bi v chng c th thy c nhiu ni v ni chung, chi ph xy dng v chi ph si m cho nh trng cao hn loi p vch. Nh knh nh di ng c thit sn y l loi nh knh c lm sn, c th tm c nhng nh knh kiu ny vi nhng mu kch thc ph hp vi nhng khung ca s c kch thc chun. Kiu nh loi ny thng c kch thc nh, ch s dng trng by hoa cc gia nh, khng ph hp vi kinh doanh mang tnh cht qui m. ng thi loi ny rt kh iu khin cc iu kin nui trng. 1.1.2. Nh knh c lp: Nhng nh knh sn xut qui m thng mi thng l nhng cu trc c lp c hai mi. y l loi nh knh c cu trc phc tp hn c cn i khng gian c tn dng tt cho nhng li i thun tin v nhng dy nhn ging. V c nhiu u im hn, loi ny c th iu khin c yu t ngoi cnh nh nh sng, nhit , thng thong. Nh cc loi nh knh hnh ch A (ph bin nht) c dng nh knh c mi khng i xng thng thch hp cho cc vng xy dng nhng khu vc c a hnh i dc. C loi nh knh c mi hnh vm chp (quoset) hoc hnh chp. Loi nh knh c lp c nhiu u im nh: - Mi trng d iu khin - Vic thng thong gi d dng hn - Vic tu b, bo tr d dng hn so vi loi nh knh c vch ta. Tm li c 8 loi nh knh: 1. Even-span: nh c mi i xng ch A 2. Uneven-span: loi nh c mi khng i xng 3. Lean-to: loi nh knh ta vch 4. Quonset: dng vm chp 5. Gothic arch: dng chp 6. Curvilinear: dng hnh cong 7. Curved eave: dng hnh cong c mi hin. 8. Dome: dng vm

Hnh 1.5: Nh che ph kiu mi i xng ch A:

Hnh 1.6: Nh che ph kiu vm 1.1.3. Nh knh lin tc (connected greenhouse). L loi nh knh ph bin hn c, mt s cc phn nh knh n thng c gn st bn nhau, gim c chi ph lp knh bn trong cc bc tng k bn. S sp xp cc lung trong nh knh thng khc nhau. Mt s s lp t cho nhn ging vn hnh tt khng gn cc bng mt cch c nh, s sp t chng khc nhau ty theo loi trang thit b nh cc xe nng, xe b in ... c dng mang nhng ngn t v cy trong v ngoi nh nhn ging. Loi nh knh ny phc v cho hnh thc sn xut trn qui m rng ln v chuyn nghip. Gia cc nh knh c gn vi nhau bng cc mng xi (gutter). Mi nh knh c cu trc ch A, cu trc mt mi nghing, hoc cu trc vm v c xy dng ni lin nhau.

Hnh 1.7: Nh che ph ni tip 1.2. Cu trc nh c mi che: Thc cht cu trc nh c mi che cng nh cu trc nh knh. Tuy nhin, n gin hn cu trc nh knh. V c bn th cu trc nh c mi che cng gm 4 phn: nn mng, sn nh, khung sn v phn mi che. Nhng vt liu lm mi khng phi l knh, m s dng cc loi vt liu trong khc nh polyethylene, v mt s loi cht liu nylon tng hp khc,... y l nhng vt liu tng i r tin, chi ph xy dng thp hn so vi cc loi nh che ph bng knh, do loi nh che ph v cc cc nh che ph ci tin c s dng rng ri qui m nh h gia nh.

Hnh 1.8: Dng nh knh c lp, dng hnh bn cu.

Hnh 1.9: Dng nh knh ta vch.

Hnh 1.10: Dng nh knh ch A ni nip.

Bi 2: XY DNG NH CHE PH
2.1. V tr nh knh v nh mi che: Sau khi nghin cu mt cch t m v kiu dng ca cc loi nh knh, chng ta phi xc nh v tr lp t nh knh. Nhng nhn t cn quan tm khi kim tra xc nh v tr xy dng nh knh. N bao gm: 2.1.1 t ai v kh hu: Xem xt cn thn t ai v kh hu l mt yu t rt quan trng trong vic chn v tr nh knh thng mi nu mun n tn ti mt cch tit kim v phng din cnh tranh vi cc nc thch hp hn. Mt ngi lm vn khng chuyn nghip trong nh knh mc d anh ta c th khng chn nhng vn lm vic t nht bit c cc nguyn tc ca kh hu v tm quuan trng ca n. iu kin kh hu l mt yu t rt quan trng trong vic chn la v tr xy dng nh knh. Do bc ny phi ht sc cn thn, bi v mi loi cy trng thch hp vi mt iu kin kh hu nht nh. Mc d thit k cc h thng iu khin iu kin tiu kh hu bn trong nh knh, nhng s thay i ln ca iu kin kh hu bn ngoi v s chnh lch qu ln ca iu kin kh hu gia bn trong v bn ngoi nh knh nh hng rt ln n cc h thng iu khin cng nh cy trng bn trong nh knh. Kh nng v nh sng, nhit , m, sng mui, tc gi, l nhng yu t kh hu cn c xem xt k cn c xc nh v tr xy dng nh knh cho tng i tng cy trng c th theo k hoch c d tnh. 2.1.2. m Cc khu vc gn vi nhng khu vc c lng nc ln v cc khu vc ma to c m cao; v vy, nhng khu vc trng cy qu dy lm cho tc thot hi nc qua l cy qu nhanh. m cao ca khng kh khng ch nh hng n sinh trng ca cy m cn gy bnh cho cy. Nhiu ngi lm vn xy dng nh knh v mong mun n c hnh dng ging nh cc nh knh khc. iu ny hon ton khng ng. Chn la v xem xt mt cch cn thn iu kin thi tit xc nh v tr xy dng l v cng quan trng v khng th coi thng, vn quan trng nht cn quan tm l cng chiu sng. 2.1.3. nh sng tt Khi xem xt mt ci nh c th hnh dung c thit k nh th no xung quanh nh knh l rt thng thng cho vic thit k mt nh vi y tin nghi v lai b nh knh nhng v tr khng tha ng. Tuy nhin, iu ny nhiu ngi cho rng s sp nhp nh knh nh mt nt c trng trong nh c v yu t thm m v thc t. N to ra mt s ph thuc thch hp cho ni v cng l cch tit km cho vic lm vn trong nh knh v si m gn lin vi h thng ca gia nh. Tuy nhin, vic xem xt ny khng nh hng n tm quan trng c bn ca s sp xp cu trc ti ni n s tip nhn nh sng tt, mc d r rng nu nh knh c s dng ch yu tiu khin v s tiu khin ny mong mun trnh c tng

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nhit n mc khng th chp nhn c vo bui tra v chu s nh hng mt tri bui chiu. nh sng l rt cn thit cho nhiu cng vic trng trt, c bit cho vic nhn ging v to iu kin cho s sinh trng ca nhng cy a sng trong nhng thng ma ng. V vy, y l s la chn c bn v tr cho nh knh nu mun l l tng nu cn thit v phng din tip nhn nh sng, c bit trong nhng thng ma ng. Mt v tr nm pha c nhiu nh sng ca ngy t thng ba n thng mi c th l s m m tht s cho phn ln ma ng khi nh sng l thp.

Hnh 2.1: Kh nng che sng ca hng ro 2 ma khc nhau. 2.1.4. Yu t gi V tr xy dng nh knh c cn thit phi che chn hay khng? Cu hi v nh sng v vic che chn c quan h cht ch vi nhau. Mt nh knh c th c xy dng trong mt vn cnh gn lin vi nhng hng cy cao hoc cc hng ro v tham gia tt vo iu kin nh sng yu. mt vi khu vc khng th trng trt c kt qu tt m khng trng cy che chn Trong nhiu khu vn, ch che chn gi trn thc t khng cn thit v ton b din tch chung khng cn n vn ny. Khng c s hng dn ca t nhin tt hn l to dng cho cy vng k cn, thm ch tt hn so vi li khuyn ca nhng ngi lm vn trong vng, mc d iu ny c th khng phi quan tm. Gi c th ng nhiu mnh khe khng th tnh trc bng cch thi ngi nh hoc i ni hoc to ra cc khu vc no ng mnh m ln pha trnh gi ca cc bc tng v qut. B tr ai chn gi: Cung cp ch che thng c quan tm hn c i vi ton b vn hn l c bit i vi nh knh. Cc quy lut ging nhau c s dng cho c hai. Cc tm che chn cng ngy nay hu nh khng c quan tm. Chng hu nh khng lm ngng gi. Chng ta cn lm lch hng gi ln trn, sau a xung vi mt tc yu hn, i khi to ra s no ng ng k ngay pha sau tm chn.Tt c cc dn chng ca cc nghin cu mi nht cho thy r l mi trng c
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dng tm chn gi 50% l l tng cho vic lm chm tc gi, trnh c s lch hng v s no lon. Cc tm chn ny c hiu lc khong cch gp 10 n 12 ln chiu cao ca tm chn, iu ny c ngha l trong gii hn thc t, nu hng ro chn cao 2,4m s c hiu lc trong khong 24 30m tr li. Vng c kh nng che ti a l khu vc t 5 n 6 ln chiu cao ca hng ro tc l khong 12 15m trong trng hp hng ro cao 2,4m, khong cch khng c che chn cn c quan tm. Mt hng ro cao vi nhiu cy dng cao, v phng din khc, s to nn mt s bo v tt cho mt vng rng ln nhng c th s l vn che chn rt gi to vo ma h.

Hnh 2.2: M hnh chn gi cho mt nh knh n gin 2.1.5. Hng xy dng Xc nh hng xy dng nh knh cng l mt yu t cn thit lin quan n kh nng nhn nh sng v gi. Thng thng xy dng nh theo hng theo hng Nam-Bc l tt nht m bo kh nng nhn nh sng ca nh knh. Tuy nhin cng c nhng nh knh c xy dng khng theo hng Nam-Bc, lc ny th cc lung trng trong nh knh cng nn c xy dng cho ph hp vi hng nhn nh sng lm sao c s phn b nh sng ng u cho cc lung cy trong sut thi gian chiu sng. 2.1.6. Ch nc: Cng nh kh nng cung cp nc ca khu vc xy dng nh knh cng c quan tm. Chng c ngha ht sc quan trng i vi hiu qu cng nh s tn ti ca nh knh c lu di. S dng ngun nc sch l cn thit cho hot ng ca nh knh. Nhng iu kin thun li khc nh in, nhin liu, cht t,... cng nn c xem xt. 2.1.7. Kh nng thot nc ca t: cng rt quan trng trong vic xc nh v tr thit lp nh knh. V tr xy dng nh knh nn t v tr tng i bng phng vi s thot nc trn v di b mt. Xy nh knh trn nhng vng t cng bng phng th nhn cng cng nh cc vt liu khc s di chuyn mt cc d dng hn. 2.1.8. Cc iu kin khc: Cc iu kin v t ai, tng t v r cy cng cn phi xem xt mt cch cn thn.

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Nhm gim bt cc chi ph u t v thun tin cho th trng mang li hiu qu kinh t cao, ngi ta cn quan tm n khong cch ca v tr thit lp nh knh so vi ng giao thng, th trng tiu th, v ngun nguyn nhin liu lin quan,.. Th trng (ni tiu th cc sn phm nng nghip): trc khi u t vo vic kinh doanh bng nh knh, nn xc nh r th trng tiu th, cng nh sc mua v gi c u ra ca sn phm. Gn ng giao thng: tin cho cng vic chuyn ch phn bn, nhn hng v giao cc sn phm th nn xy dng nh knh gn ng chnh. Hu ht cc sn phm t nh knh u c vn chuyn bng xe ch hng hoc xe ti mt s c s hot ng vi quy m ln. Nu hot ng kinh doanh ca nh knh nh mt i l bn l, th phi lp t gn cc v tr cng cng d thu ht c khch hng. Nhng vng quy hoch (Zoning Regulation): trong nhiu vng dn c, khng cho php xy dng nh knh. V vy chng ta cn kim tra li cc khu vc quy hoch i vi mt s vng t bit trc khi mua hoc chuyn nhng t ai phc v cho xy dng nh knh. Nhn cng: phi nh hng c lng nhn cng c th cung cp, trong phn chia thnh ngun nhn cng c kinh nghim v nhn cng cha c kinh nghim. y l yu t quyt nh n tin cng nh hiu qu hot ng ca doanh nghip. Kh nng m rng quy m: nh knh hot ng cn c k hoch m rng quy m trong sau ny. C th lc u ch l mt nh knh c lp, nhng cng phi c k hoch m rng quy m, xy thm thnh nh knh lin tip. Nh vy, y cng l yu t quan trng trong nh hng v pht trin kinh doanh nh knh.

Hnh 2.3: Kh hu

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Hnh 2.4: Hng xy dng

Hnh 2.5: ng i v hng phn x ca nh sng i vi cc loi cu trc hnh dng nh knh khc nhau 2.2. Lp t b khung nh knh cng nh cc loi nh che ph khc: 2.2.1. inh v v lp t b khung nh knh: sau khi xc nh v tr xy dng nh knh, tin hnh nh v v lp t b khung nh knh. Khung nh knh c th c thit k theo cc hnh dng khc nhau: hnh vung, hnh ch nht, hnh lc gic,... Khung sn nh knh hay nh che ph c th c ch to t cc ngun vt liu khc nhau. Cc vt liu c th l st, nhm, g, tre,... trong , khung nhm l loi vt liu c nhiu u im v c s dng nhiu nht. Hin nay, i vi cc doanh nghip sn xut cy ging cng nh cc sn phm rau qu mc qui m cao ngi ta thng s dng loi nh knh c khung sn nhm. Mt s loi nh knh c ch to theo kiu lp sn v c lp t ti ch bng cc ghp ni bulng, vng m, ai c, khng c kt cu phi hn. Trc khi xy dng nh knh, cn phi c mt bng (nn mng) to nn sc chng ca b khung nh. Vic xy dng nn mng c th c tin hnh, nhng thng

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thng cc chn c xy bng b tng. Nn mng c xy dng di ng dy nh v gii hn din tch v c t ti v tr khong gia theo nh v tr ca tr bn. H thng ng nc v ng dy in nn c b tr v lp t trc khi xy dng nn mng nh knh. Lp t cc ng ng ca h thng in nc, xy dng nn mng b tng mt cch bng phng, vung vn cn i hp l l ht sc quan trng ph hp vi b khung sn nh sau ny. Mt s nh knh cn xy dng c nhng bc tng bn (sidewalls) hoc nhng vch che. Vch che c xy dng gia chn v thanh tr bn. Chiu cao ca vch che bn di chn ny khong chng vi chc centimet (cm) v ph khp chu vi ca nh knh. Thng dng bng nhng khi g, gch, than x, hoc c th dng b tng xy thnh vch che chn. Da theo bn v thit k chun b sn, nh du v tr dng nh knh trn mt t, thng ngi ta dng nhng cc nh du c kch thc chnh xc 2,5 x 2,5cm v c chiu di ti thiu l 30cm. ng nh cc u tin vo mt im c khong cch nht nh so vi mt ng thng c nh no nh hng ro, ng i hay mt to nh, v s dng cun thc o bng kim loi xc nh chiu di ca nh knh, sau dng mt cc khc nh du v tr ny, ch s dng cch o t tm n tm cho mi cc. Nh kim tra xem hng cc c nm trn cng mt ng thng vi hng ro hay to nh hay khng, ng thi m bo rng chng theo ng hng nh ban u. Ch rng y l chiu di ca nh knh, l hng ca cc lung cy, do chng phi ph hp vi hng ng Ty hay Nam - Bc theo thit k. S khng khc bit my nu b sai lch mt vi t hng ny qua hng khc so vi thit k nh, tuy nhin, i vi kiu lung ng ty, s tt hn nu b lch v hng bc, cn vi kiu thit k bc nam, b lch v hng ng s tt hn. Vi mt nh knh hnh vung thch hp, tt hn l nn p dng kiu lung chy t ng sang ty cn bng s truyn nh sng vo ma ng v xun. Ti nhng ni xy dng nh knh nhng khng p ng cc yu cu v hng, khng th chn c hng xy tt nht m nh knh phi dng theo c hng ng - Ty ln Nam Bc. Nh vy duy tr lng nh sng phn b u cho cc lung cy vo ban ngy v th chng ta phi c nhng cc b tr cng nh cch sp xp cc lung cy cho ph hp. Tip theo chng ta nn xc nh khong cch hai cc mt cch chnh xc, ng chng chc chn vo t. Vi mt nh knh theo kch thc trung bnh vi chiu di t 2,5 3,2m, cn mt bng di, phng, khng b vnh v mt ng ni v o phng. i vi nh knh di hn th nn s dng cc cc trung gian, kim tra xem thng hng gia cc cc nh v bng cc si dy nh c cng gia hai cc. Mc d vy chng ta cng cn kim tra li ln cui bng phng cc cc tr bng ng ni v (ng thng bng dng bt nc). Cc nh knh nh hn thng c dng mt mc ngang bng c nh, kiu ln vi mt mng xi c th hi nghing v mt pha, theo nh li khuyn ca ca nh sn xut, s to iu kin thun li cho s lu chuyn nuc trong mng. Vi loi nh knh thng mi, c bit l dng nh knh c nhiu gian, th cn phi lp mt mng xi nc m bo cho qu trnh thot nc mt cch nhanh chng theo mng xi v khng chy ngc li qua lp knh khi tri ma.
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Sau , ng nh mt chic inh vo tm ca mi cc, phi cn thn dng thc th ph hp o rng ca nh knh mt cch cn thn ch khng nn phng on. C th s dng loi thc tam gic c to t 3 ming g thng c chiu di 0,9m, 1,2m, v 1,5m (y l loi thc chuyn dng c 1 gc vung v 2 gc nhn). Kim tra li xem chnh xc ca cc gc c to thnh trn thc ny bng ke. Thc tam gic ny nn c t ngay vo ch ng inh mt gc cc v mt cnh nn c bng gch dc theo si dy cng gia hai chn cc. Sau khi cnh kia ca gc vung, t mt si dy dc theo v buc cht vi cc t pha ngoi xc nh rng ca nh knh. Tip tc o dc theo dy v thm cc xc nh chiu rng. Lp li qu trnh ti cc gc cn li, v kim tra 2 cc theo chiu dc, ng thi kim tra xem cc ng cho c bng nhau hay khng. Cng cn thit nn iu chnh s qua mi th n khp vi nhauBy gi th nng cc cc gc ln v ng inh vo tm ca chng. Cui cng t mt si dy bn v cng vo mi cc gc phc ho ra hnh dng/ung nt ca cn nh bng cch s dng cc mu g, hoc dng thm cc, cch pha ngoi nh knh 0,6 0,9m cng vic c th tin hnh trn nn mng ca nh knh m khng c tr ngi bi vic di chuyn cc cc gc v cc dy ra pha ngoi theo yu cu.(Xem hnh 2.6)

Hnh 2.6: nh dng nn mng nh knh (din tch nh knh) 2.2.2. Nn mng: y l mt cng vic rt quan trng c lin quan n rt nhiu yu t, b phn ca nh knh sau ny. Xy dng nn mng nh knh ph thuc vo tng kiu nh tng cu trc nh knh. Vi mt s lai c th ca kiu nh knh Dutch light, ch cn t cc khi trn mt t bng, mc d y khng phi l mt cch thch hp i vi nh knh c s dng lu di, thiu tnh bn vng hay vic ngn s di chuyn ca cc dng nc m trong t xung quanh. y l cch thc t c chp nhn v s dng bi tnh tit kim v kinh t ca n, hoc khi i im dng nh knh ch l a im tm thi. Yu cn ca mt nn mng l tng l phi gi cho nh knh hon ton thng bng v vng chc ngay c khi c gi bo. Yu t ng gi nht, nu c, s ph thuc vo nhiu nhn t, v c bit l ph thuc vo kch thc thc t ca nh knh c dng. Nn nghin cu tht k s dng hoc sch hng dn c th p dng vi nh knh. Cc khi ny c th t (hng) km vi nh knh; hoc thay vo bn c th xy nn mng bng gch hoc b tng c nh cc. i vi nhng nh knh khng chuyn cu trc na gch dy 11 25cm s ph hp, v n thng chnh xc vi rng ca bt k khi nn no. Trong trng hp ny, sau khi xc nh chnh xc ng gia y nh knh, o mt rnh rng 10 23cm v su 18 20cm, hoc su
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hn nu t mi c san bng tip xc vi phn t cha b xi. iu ny khng phi lc no cng thc hin c. Trn 3 phn gch vn, 2 phn ct th, 1 phn xi mng ri tri mt lp dy 8 10cm v nn lp ny cho cht bng cch s dng mt bn phng, nng, s dng mt niv (ng thng bng dng bt nc) mt trn kim tra phng thng xuyn. Trong trng hp cn thit phi xy ton b nn mng bng gch c dy 23cm, nh trong trng hp i im dng dc, hay i vi nhng nh knh ln, rnh nn rng 30 35cm v su 12 15cm, mc d trong nhiu trng hp nn 1/2 gch s vng chc nu c gia c thm bng cc cc chng. Trong mt s trng hp nh knh c th t trc tip ln nn mng m khng cn cc khi nn, trong trng hp ny s cn c bu lng lng vo nn mng ti v tr thch hp, hoc thay vo c th s dng ci chem (bn ging). Lun lun i nn mng kh cng li ri mi bt u xy dng. Trong tt c cc trng hp nn t dy tr li ng v tr c v gi chng cng khi cn c th kim tra xem chng c tun theo kch thc nh nh hay khng. Trc khi xy cc tng i din, nn kim tra li rng v chiu di, bi v gch c khuynh hng khng thng hng, c bit nu chng c xy bi nhng ngi th n khng c kinh nghim. Vic nghin ngm cc quyn catolo v nh knh ch gip chng ta thy mt bc tng pha ngoi hon chnh m khng c quy nh v cc ca, vic ny s dn n nhng bc lng tng tr khi c mt on dc thch hp. Khi t cc khi nn, nn cha v tr ca ngang bng vi mt t, mt s sp xp hp l hn, min l c mt bc ngn bng b tng Nhng iu trn c v khng quan trng, nhng theo thi gian chng s to nn s khc bit rt ln trong vic qun l nh knh. Li khuyn l v tr gn ca nn cao mt cht trnh nuc ma chy vo nh knh, vn ny c th xy ra nu nh nh knh xy trn nn t dc. Ngay c i vi vic xy dng mt bc tung thp th k thut xy cng khc nhau, nhng vic trn ct v xi mng theo t l 3:1, kim tra dy v bng phng ca mi vin gch hay cc khi b tng tht k th ngay c ngi th xy khng chuyn nht cng c th thc hin c. Ch rng nu s dng gch c mt trang tr th mt trang tr nn quay ra ngoi, nu khng th chng s nhanh chng b mt mu.

Hnh 2.7: Xy nn mng nh knh bng b tng

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Hin nay, mt s loi nh knh khng xy dng phn mng bao quanh ton b nh knh m ch xy dng chn cho cc tr nh knh. Loi mng kiu ny tng i n gin, t tn km nhng cng kin c khng km cc kiu nn mng khc.

Hnh 2.8: Xy dng chn tr.

2.2.3 Qu trnh xy dng i vi mt vi loi nh knh yu cu chn tng thp khong 75cm th phi xy chn tng cn thn, nu khng th c th s pht sinh vn sau ny. Rt t khi nh knh dng sn c d kin cho ph hp chn tng s xy. Nhng ngi t lm thng s dng phng php xy chn tng nh knh theo thit k thng thng c nhng tm kim loi trn nh tng chng ng vin nh. gim bt chi ph xy dng nh knh, ngi ta mua li vt liu khung qua s dng, tuy nhin phi cn thn tho ht phn g, qut mt lp sn trc khi bt u xy dng, c bit l phn cn st li ca thanh vin c phi c tho b ht. Nn s dng nhng chic inh c m km, bi v inh bng thp s d dng b g.

Hnh 2.9: Lp rp b khung nh knh dng ng (tube) C rt t trc trc trong vic dng mt nh knh c rp sn, c bit nu c thi gian nghin cu qua s dng nh c cung cp t nh sn xut. Mt s quyn sch hng dn rt chi tit, mi phn c nh du v minh ha bng s r rng vi nhng con s chi tt ca tng b phn. i vi cu trc bng hp kim th
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thng dng cc ct chng v mt mt trn t, ri sau xy mt ct chng, tip tc vi mt mt ri ti mt kia trc khi dng mt ct chng khc,.. Mi nh v h thng thng gi nn cha lm sau cng.

Hnh 2.10: Lp cc ct chng vo tr chnh.

Hnh 2.11: Lp t cc thanh rui v ct chng vo tr chnh.

Hnh 2.12: Lp t b khung nh knh, nh mi che.

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Hnh 2.13: Mng thot nc (xi) c lp bn hng nh knh.

Hnh 2.14: B khung nh knh hon thnh.

Ton b b phn lp knh ca nh knh bng g c lm sn c dng theo mt th t tng t, nhng vn cn s gip bi v cc b phn ny thng nng. Nu lm nh knh bng g trn chn tng t xy, th nn dng khung chnh trc khi t ng vin nh. Khi lp knh, cho d tin trnh khc nhau, ngi ta thng lm phn mi nh trc,. tip n l chn ct chng, cha cc vch gn sau cng trnh trng hp khi gp gi to chng s thi xuyn qua b khung. Mt im rt quan trng khi lm bt c loi nh knh no l ch ni lng cc l thng hi vo ban m, c bit nu chng c lp knh, nu khng th chng c th gy ra nhiu h hng. Nhn mnh s cn thit ca vic c nh nh knh mt cch an ton khng l tha, hy cho xi mng cng li truc khi dng ton b kin trc ng gi. Ch nn lp knh khi thi tit kh, bi v c bt mt tt v bng mt tt u khng th bt kn knh nu nh chn song lp knh b t, mt khc, lm vic vi knh lc cn t l rt nguy him. Vi nh knh bng hp kim, tt c nhng ch ni mng nc hay cc phn chnh khc nn c hn kn bng mt tt hoc nhng vt liu thch hp khc. ch no c mng nc, bm a nc t mi nh xung nn c lp t n ch thot nc hay thm nc ph hp, v khi nh knh c xy dng trn a
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hnh dc c th cn phi xy dng mt con mng dc theo nh knh bn pha cao hn ngn nc r vo nh knh.

Hnh 2.15: Nh plastic ni tip

Hnh 2.16: Nh knh c lp khung kim loi.

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Hnh 2.17: Dng nh knh c lp khung g c kch thc nh (thng trang tr)

Hnh 2.18: Nh knh ta vch bng khung g (trang tr)

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Hnh 2.19: Dng nh plastic khung kim nhm 2 mi khng i xng. 2.3. Cc dng mi lp: 2.3.1. Nh knh (cc vt liu che ph ca loi nh knh ny hon ton c lm bng knh): Vt liu knh cha 70% dioxide silicate (SiO2). Knh c bn cao, thi gian s dng c th ko di 25 nm. Knh trong c kh nng cho nh sng xuyn n 90%. Ngoi ra ngi ta cng s dng loi knh m lm vt liu che ph cho nh knh. Trong vic xy dng nh knh, khung g hoc kim loi c dng ln v gn ln nhng thanh trt g hoc kim loi vi nhng knh gn cht trn . Nhng loi khung sn nh knh bng nhm lm sn cng c cc nh sn xut a chung, v hin nay loi nh knh ny c s dng tng i rng ri. Chu u n mt s ni M, ngi ta cn s dng loi knh m lm mi lp cho nh knh em li nh sng khuych tn, ng nht. Nh mt thc t ni chung, nh knh c sn bn ngoi bng mt lp vi trng mng hoc sn nc trng khi bt u thi tit m p ca ma xun. iu ny gip phn chiu phn ln nng lng bc x ca mt tri, nh ngn nga c s gia tng nhit ln cao trong nh knh. Tuy nhin, lp vi trng ph bn ngoi qu dy c th lm gim cng nh sng xung mc thp khng mong mun. Nhn chung th chi ph xy dng nh knh thng cao hn cc loi nh che ph khc, tuy nhin, i vi s lp t c nh v s dng trn qui m rng ln vi thi gian kinh doanh tng i di th cc kiu nh lp knh ny tr nn u vit hn cc loi nh ph bng nha gi thp nh c m t trong phn sau.

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2.3.2. Nh knh ph bng nha: Nhng khung nh c ph vi cc loi tm nha khc nhau th ph bin i vi nhng cu trc vn nh nh cng nh i vi nhng khu lp t thng mi ln. Mt vi loi vt liu nha sn c, kh nh v khng t cho php xy dng nh knh vi gi thp hn nhiu so vi vic dng knh. Thng thng cc loi nh che ph bng nha ch c xy dng mt cch tm thi hoc cc nh sn xut nh, tr khi xy dng c nh hn bng nhng tm ph gi cao nh nhng tm bng si thy tinh. Nh knh ph bng nha th kn hn nh lm bng knh, do lm gia tng m v s ng nc trn cy c bit vo ma ng. Tuy nhin, vn ny c th c gii quyt bng vic duy tr s thong kh mt cch thch hp bng cch s dng cc h thng iu khin khng kh t ng. Cc loi vt liu thng s dng i vi kiu nh che ph ny nh: polyethylene, nha vinyl, mt s loi vt liu nha tng hp khc, 2.3.2.1 Polyethylene: y l cht liu r nht nhng c thi gian s dng ngn nht. Loi vt liu ny thng hay b hng vo ma h v phi c thay th mt nm mt ln hoc hn; thng thay vo ma thu s dng trong sut ma ng. Polyethylene c kh nng cn tia cc tm lu hn nhng c phn t hn. dy c khuyn co l 0,1 0,15mm. cch ly tt hn v gim chi ph si m vo ma ng, c th s dng loi polyethylene 2 lp. Hai lp ny cch nhau bi mt lp kh c thi cng phng lm ko di tui th ca polyethylene nh hn ch tc hi ca gi v lm gim m v hn ch nc ng bn trong nh che ph. Nh che ph ph bng mt lp polyethylene s mt nhit vo ban m hoc vo ma ng nhiu hn so vi nh c lm bng knh v polyethylene cho php chuyn nng lng nhit t t v cy vo nh che ph d hn nhiu so vi nh knh. Knh ngn hu ht cc bc x hng ngoi trong khi polyethylene th khng cn c tia hng ngoi. Polyethylene c kch thc rng ln n 1,2m. Do , khi lp rp cc vng c gi mnh ngi ta thng s dng li dy hoc vi cho mng polyethylene. i vi vng c kt hp chn nui cc loi gia sc, gia cm th nn lp li thp xung quanh khi rch tm nha.

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Hnh 2.20: Mi nh che ph bng plastic dng vm 2.3.2.2. P.E gn sng (Woven polyethyelene) thng dng cho nhng nh che ph c mi xp c. Vt liu ny c cht U.V, nga c hi nc ng mt trong plastic, loi ny c th cho nh sng xuyn qua n 80%. bn t 5 nm. 2.3.2.3. Polyvinyl Fluozide (PVF) loi vt liu ny c bn trn 10 nm. C kh nng anhsangs xuyn qua rt tt, v c cht chng tia U.V. Loi ny c cht lng tt nh knh. 2.3.2.4. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) c bn di hn P.E. Tuy nhin y l mt loi vt liu c tnh tnh in, ht in. Do , thng hp thu cc ht bi nh lm bn vt liu v lm gim kh nng cho nh sng xuyn qua. y l loi vt liu c kh nng hp thu I.R v gi c nhit vo ban m. 2.3.2.5. Ethylene-Vinyl Acerate Copolymers (EVA) l loi vt liu rt cht, bn v t tin nn ngi ta thng t s dng. 2.3.2.6. Polymethyl Methacrylate (Acrylic) l loi vt liu rt tt. Chu ng c vi thi tit, nh hn knh, nh sng vn xuyn qua tt. Loi ny cng gn nh knh, nhng nhc im ln nht ca n l sau thi gian s dng lu di chng d ho vng m v lm cn tr nh sng. 2.3.2.7. Risid sheet plastic (tm nha cng) L loi mng m c, trng, dai, hn hp ca polyethylene v nha vinyl cng c th dng c. Mng ny c th cn bc x mt tri tt hn v vn mm do hn nhit thp vo ma ng so vi polyethylene. Di nhng loi mng nh th nhit t dao ng hn di nha trong cho nn n tt cho cc cy trng trong nh knh vo ma ng. Vic dng hai mnh nhm kp gia tm ph polyethylene cho n c gi chc vo khung em li kt qu l tit kim ng k thi gian v sc lao ng trong cng vic hng nm. 2.3.3. Nh knh ph bng si thy tinh Loi vt liu ny l cc tm pano cng gp np hoc phng bng cc tm si thy tinh gn vo tm nha c s dng rng ri cho vic xy dng nh knh. Si thy tinh th chc, bn, nh v d dng vi a dng v rng, di v dy. Ch nn
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dng vt liu trong, dy 1mm tr ln v nng 1,0 1,5kg/m2 c bit dng cho vic lm nh knh. S dn truyn nh sng ca vt liu ny c xu hng gim dn theo thi gian. Si thy tinh l t nht trong cc loi vt liu m t y. Ngoi ra, trong mt vi trng hp ngi ta cn s dng tn che lp phn mi. Tuy nhin loi ny thng t c s dng. Bi hn ch ca chng v vn iu tit nh sng v nhit bn trong nh knh.

Hnh 2.21: Nh plastic dng vm lin tip.

Hnh 2.22: Nh che ph plastic dng vm lin tip.

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Hnh 2.23: B khung nh plastic lin tip:

Hnh 2.24: B khung nh plastic lin tip

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Hnh 2.25: B khung nh plastic lin tip:

Hnh 2.26: Dng nh plastic vm h khung kim loi.

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Hnh 2.27 : Dng nh che ph c khung tre 2.4. Cc dng lung, mng, chu trng cy s dng trong nh knh: Trong nh knh ngi ta thng trng cy trn lung, chu hoc cc loi gi trng khc: 2.4.1. Mng trng: i vi cc nh knh trng rau, hoa ngi ta thng trang b thm cc mng gi th. Loi mng trng ny c sn xut mt cch chuyn dng, v c trang b cho ph hp vi cc loi cy trng khc nhau. Gi th cha trong cc mng ny c th l t, cc hn hp trn hoc cng c th l cc hn hp gi th nhn to khng cha t. Chng hn, i vi cy c chua, ngi ta cng trng trn cc mng gi th khng cha t m cha mt loi gi th c bit chuyn dng cho cy c chua, t 4 mng trn mi nhp nh knh. Cc mng gi th ny t trn mt mng thot nc ngoi, dng thot v thu hi lng nc ti d trong qu trnh chm sc. u im ca phng php ny l n gin, d vn hnh, mang li: o Nng sut cy trng cao o m bo s dng ti a din tch nh knh o To iu kin gi sch mi trng ti a o Cy sch bnh o Chi ph thp o H thng thot thu hi nc thi hon chnh

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Mng trng c l thot nc

Mng cha nc thi

kp

Hnh 2.28: Cu trc ca mng gi th trng c chua. 2.4.2. Lung trng: Cy trng trong nh knh cng c th c trng trn lung. Cc lung trng ny cng c chun b tng t nh cc lung cy trng ngoi ng rung. C cc dng lung trng khc nhau, v vic la chn kiu lung trng cng ph thuc vo i tng cng nh iu kin mi trng v kh nng iu tit cc iu kin ca nh knh.

Hnh 2.29 : Lung trng cy 2.4.3. Chu trng cy: 2.4.3.1. Khay nng trng cy: V c bn y l nhng khay bng g, nha hoc kim loi nng vi nhng l thot nc di y. Chng c tc dng gieo ht hoc to r cho cnh gim v chng cho php di chuyn cy con y mt cch d dng khi cn. Nn dng cc
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loi g bn nh tng, bch hoc g lm loi chu nng. Cc loi chu nha v m km c nhiu kch thc khc nhau. C 2 loi c th xp lng vo nhau v th ch cn ni bo qun tng i nh. Trong xu hng c gii ha, nhng flat ln c vi chc cm c lm thnh nh nhng tm pa-let c th di chuyn c bng xe nng sau khi trng cy hoc cnh gim c r.

Hnh 2.30: Khay nha m cy.

Hnh 2.31: Loi gi trng cy theo . 2.4.3.2. Chu t st Nhng chu hoa bng t st quen thuc lu nay vn c dng trng cy con d thm, d mt nc v nng. Chng d b v dng hnh trn ca chng khng c kinh t v ch . Sau khi s dng lin tc, s tch ly mui gy c gia tng nn cn phi ngm trong nc trc khi dng li. Tuy nhin, chng c th c tit trng bng hi, c th dng li v l mt loi chu ph bin.

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2.4.3.3. Chu nha Chu nha trn v vung c nhiu tin li; chng c th dng li, nh v t chim din tich ct gi, bo qun v chng c th xp chng ln nhau v khng thm. Tuy nhin, mt s loi d v v cn di chuyn cn thn mc d cc loi khc lm bng polyethylene th mm do v kh chc. Cc chu vung cng c lm thnh nhng ti 8 hoc 12 ci d vn chuyn hn. Cc chu nha (v chu nng) khng th tit trng bng hi c nhng mt s nhng tc nhn gy bnh cho cy thng thng c th c loi b bng cch ngm nc nng 70o C trong 3 pht m khng lm hng nha.

Hnh 2.32: Cc dng chu nha trng cy trong nh knh. 2.4.3.4. Chu bng si Than bn, g v c b sung phn bn c p thnh nhng dng chu khc nhau: hnh trn hoc vung, vi kch thc t 5 10cm. Chng kh v s gi c lu di. Nhng chu ny c th b vi khun lm cho thi ra v c b sung vo t, cung cp thm cho cy trong qu trnh trng. Chu than bn c cng dng tt nht trng cy trong mt thi gian ngn v sau t vo mt chu ln hn hoc a ra vn. Chu than bn trng trong mt thi gian di s hng v m khng thay i v c th b v vn khi di chuyn. Trong khi , nu khng gi m cho chu th r s khng bm vo thnh chu v s pht trin theo hnh xon c. Nhng chu c kch thc ln c lm bng si c trn nha ng c th dng cho vic trng cy ging. Nhng chu ny c th c s dng trng trc tip v chng cng hy trong t.

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2.4.3.5. Cc khi than bn hoc si Cc khi nguyn liu rn (c khi c l sn) tr nn ph bin nh mt mi trng gieo ht hoc mi trng to r cho cnh gim, c bit cho nhng loi hoa nh cc v trng nguyn. Phn bn thng c b sung trc tip vo nguyn liu trng. Mt loi c lm bng than bn nn cht v s n ra khi thm nc, v nh gim cnh hay gieo ht. V c bn nhng khi ny tr thnh mt phn ca trng cy v t vo trong t cng vi cy. Nhng khi ny khng ch thay th chu m cn l hn hp dng nhn ging. 2.4.3.6. Giy p parafin v cc chu styrofoam Khi nhng loi ny c c l thot nc, chng lm thnh nhng chu tm thi cho vic trng v cy chuyn cy con. Loi gi trng cy ny tng i r v nh, v cn khng gian bo qun nh. 2.4.3.7. Chu bng giy n ph nha ng V phng din thng mi nhng loi ny c mt s c v l nhng chu trng cy tm thi thch hp. Chng r, chc, nh v d xp chng ln nhau. Chu c th c lm bng giy xy dng c x l nha ng, un cc mnh giy ng kch c thnh nhng ci ca hnh vung, y m bng cch t chng vo nhng ngn gi l st trng c th m c trn mt t. 2.4.3.8. Chu kim loi Hng trm hng ngn cy m c trng v bn mi nm trong nhng hp kim loi vi cc kch c khc nhau. Thng nhng hp ny c tn dng t cc nh my hp, nh hng ln v l bnh m. Nhng hp ny cng c th dng chun b cho trng cy. C loi c un ln sng v lm nh dn xp chng ln nhau v c c l thot nc. Chng c trng men lm chm s g st. Cc my trng cy c pht trin tn dng nhng hp ny, vi my ny mt ngy c th trng c trn 10.000 cnh gim hoc cy con mt cch nhanh chng. Cy trng c di chuyn mt cch d dng bng nhng hp c lm nh dn bng cch ln ngc v tin ren. Cc hp kim loi khng c lm nh dn phi c ct bt mt mt bng ko ct hp hoc ko ct tn c th di chuyn cy. nhng vng c nhit ma h cao, s dng nhng hp sng mu (trng hoc nhm) c th thc y s pht trin r bng cch trnh s ph hy nhit cho r m thng gp cc hp mu ti s hp thu nhit ng k nu phi ngoi nng. Ngoi ra, nhit ca t trong cc hp kim loi c chiu hng cao hn trong cc hp nha. 2.4.3.9. Cc ti polyethylene Cc ti polyethylene nh c cc l c c di thot nc c th c y cc vt liu gi th xp to r nh trn chu vi vermiculite v c t trn gi nhn ging vi ming ti m. Mi mt cnh gim ca cc loi cy d ra r nh cc c gim vo mi ti. Nhng ti ny sau c th c t di mn che v chm sc cho n khi cnh gim ra r, cng cp th c chuyn vo ti trng hoc trng trn cc lung sn xut.

33

Hnh 2.33: m cy trong ti polyethelene. 2.5. Cc loi gi th trng cy trong nh knh: C nhiu loi nguyn liu s dng lm gi th trng cy, chng bao gm nhng loi nguyn liu sau: 2.5.1 Yu cu chung ca gi th trng Vic la chn gi th trng l mt trong nhng vn quan trng nht lin quan n hiu qu ca sn xut. Mi trng khng ch nh hng n cc bin php k thut chm sc cy trong nh che ph, m cn nh hng n chi ph vn chuyn v s hi lng ca khch hng sau khi mua bn. Mi trng sinh trng p ng nhng chc nng quan trng chung trong s sinh trng v pht trin ca cy trng nh: - S thng thong v kh nng gi m: gi th trng phi m bo c m thch hp cho s pht trin ca cy, v ng thi c kh nng duy tr c khng kh khuch tn trn b mt cho s hot ng v pht trin ca r cy. Nu khng c s lu thng trao i khng kh cho r cy th s sinh trng ca cy s b chm li v do , s lm chm tr thi v thu hoch v khng p ng nhu cu theo thi im ca th trng. - Kh nng gi phn: gi th l mi trng cung cp dinh dng cho cy trng. pH ca gi th trng cn c m bo trong sut qu trnh sinh trng ca cy m bo cho cy ht c dinh dng. Thng thng cc loi cy trong nh che ph yu cu pH khong 5,5 6,5. y cng l pH cn thit c th gi li dinh dng trong gi th v phn gii chm cung cp dn cho cy. - Gi cy trng ng vng: gi th trng cy cn phi c rn gi cho cy ng vng trn gi th. Nhng loi gi th nh c th khng to cho cy th ng vng trn gi th.

34

- Gi th c th ti s dng v c gi tr s dng: nhng gi th m sau mi v trng c th tn dng ring l hoc kt hp vi mt vi loi vt liu khc trng cy cho v sau. 3.5.2 Thnh phn ca gi th: Hin nay mt s loi gi th hn hp c trn t cc thnh phn, trong c mt thnh phn ch yu l t. t c trn vi cc vt liu khc to thnh mt gi th tng hp thch hp vi yu cu ca tng loi cy. Mi trng khng t l cc loi gi th c lm t cc vt liu hu c v v c, c th lm t xc b ca ng thc vt nh x da, tru hun, dn si, kt hp vi mt s loi phn hay bt c xay t xc b ng vt nh bt c, v c hn, Sau y l c im gi th t v mt s loi gi th khng t ph bin: 2.5.2.1 t: t bao gm l mt hn hp c 3 pha, pha rn, lng v kh. cy pht trin thch hp nhng vt liu ny phi c t l thch hp. Pha rn ca t gm c dng v c v hu c. Phn v c bao gm phn cn tn d li ca m sau khi phn hy do cc qu trnh bin i ha l ca thi tit. Cc thnh phn v c nh vy khc nhau v kch thc t ht si cho n cc ht keo kh nh ca t st, kt cu ca t c xc nh bng t l tng i ca cc ht c kch thc khc nhau. Cc ht th to c tc dng chnh nh mt khung cho cc phn cn li ca t, trong khi phn t st keo ca t c vai tr nh ni d tr - cht dinh dng m cy c th hp thu c. Phn hu c ca t bao gm c sinh vt sng v cht. Cn trng, giun, nm, vi khun v r cy thng cu thnh dng cht hu c sng, trong khi nhng phn cn li ca ng vt v cy cc giai on phn hy khc nhau to thnh nguyn liu hu c cht. Phn cn li sau khi mc ra (c gi l t mn) rt keo, gip gi nc v cht dinh dng cho cy. Phn lng ca t, dung dch t, c hnh thnh t nc c cha cc khong cht ha tan vi lng khc nhau cng nh O2 v CO2. Cc nhn t khong, nc v c th mt t CO2 c cy hp thu t dung dch t. Phn kh ca t quan trng i vi s pht trin ca cy trng. Trong t b nc v thot nc km, nc thay th kh trong t m n gip cung cp oxy cho cy cng nh vi sinh vt hiu kh chng tn ti. Kt cu ca t da vo t l tng i ca ct (ht c ng knh 2-0,005mm), ph sa (ht c ng knh 0,05-0,002mm) v t st (ht c ng knh <0.002mm). Cc lp kt cu c bn l ct, ct mn, mn ct, mn ph sa, mn t st v t st. Mt loi mn ct in hnh gm 75% ct, 14% ph sa v 11% t st. Trong khi , mn t st c th c 34% ct, 39% ph sa v 27% t st. Trong khi kt cu t cho thy cc ht t ring r, th cu trc t cho thy s sp xp ca nhng ht ny trong mt khi t nguyn. Nhng ht t ring r ny c gi vi nhau trong tng th cc kch thc v hnh dng khc nhau. Vic duy tr cu trc t dng vn v ht thch hp l rt quan trng. V d, dng t st khng xp khi n qu t c th lm thay i cu trc t n ni cc cc t rn chc c th vn cn trong nhiu nm.

35

2.5.2.2 Ct Ct bao gm nhng ht nh ng knh khong 0,05 - 2,0mm c hnh thnh do s tc ng ca thi tit ca cc loi khc nhau, thnh phn khong ca n ph thuc vo loi . Ct thch anh thng c s dng cho mc ch nhn ging bao gm ch yu l phc silica. Loi c s dng trong vic trt va l loi thng thng thch hp nht cho vic to r cho cnh gim. Ct l thnh phn nng nht trong tt c cc mi trng to r c s dng. Nn phun khi hoc x l nhit trc khi s dng v n c th cha ht c v cc loi nm c hi. Ct hu nh khng cha cc cht dinh dng khong v khng c kh nng lm m. N c s dng hu ht dng hn hp vi cc vt liu hu c. 2.5.2.3 Than bn (Peat) Than bn bao gm nhng phn cn li ca cy mc di nc, m ly, t ly hoc ngp ng c bo qun di nc trong mt giai on phn hy c bit. Thnh phn ca cc lp trm tch than bn khc nhau rt khc nhau ty thuc vo loi cy ban u, giai on phn hy, thnh phn khong v acid. C 3 loi than bn: than bn ru, lau lch v t nhiu mn. Than bn ru (thng c ni n nh ru than bn trong thng mi) t b phn hy nht, c 3 loi v bt ngun t ru nc, hoc cc loi ru khc. N khc nhau v mu sc t nu nht n nu ti. N c kh nng gi m cao (gp 10 ln trng lng kh ca n), acid cao (pH 3,8 4,5) V cha mt lng nh N (khong 1%) nhng t hoc khng c P hoc K. Loi than bn ny n t Canada hoc chu u nhng mt s c sn xut cc bang pha Bc. Than bn lau lch bao gm cc phn cn li ca c, lau, lch v cc loi cy ngp nc khc. Loi than bn ny khc nhau ng k v thnh phn v mu sc, t mu nu n en. pH t 4,5 7,0. Than bn nhiu mn tnh trng phn hy rt lu n ni cc phn cn li ca cy nguyn thy khng th xc nh c v c th c ngun gc t ru nc hoc than bn ca cy lau lch. N c mu nu ti n en vi kh nng gi m thp nhng c 2,0 3,5% N . Khi than bn ru c s dng vo hn hp, cn phi b nh v lm t trc khi cho vo hn hp. Tip tc thm cc nguyn liu hu c th nh than bn ru hoc ru nc hn hp t trng trong nh knh c th lm gim kh nng lm m. Nc s khng thm mt cch d dng v nhiu phn t t s vn cn kh ngay c sau khi ti nc. Khng c cch no tt trong vic ngn nga tnh trng ny, mc d cng dng lp i lp li ca cc tc nhn lm m thng mi c th thc y s thm nc.

36

Hnh 2.34: Than bn va khai thc cha qua cng on x l v ch bin thnh cht trng 2.5.2.4 Ru nc Ru nc thng mi l phn b non hoc phn sng b mt nc ca cc cy sng m ly c tnh acid thuc ging Sphagnum nh S. papillosum, S. capillaceum v S. palustre. N v trng mt cch tng i, nh v c kh nng gi nc cao, n c th hp thu nc gp 10 20 ln trng lng ca n. M l v thn cy ru nc gm phn ln cc nhm t bo gi nc. Nguyn liu ny thng c ct nh bng tay hoc bng my trc khi c s dng lm mi trng nhn ging. N cha t cht khong cho nn trong qu trnh pht trin ca cy cn phi b sung thm cht dinh dng. Ru nc c pH khong 3,5. N cha cht khng nm c hiu hoc cht c kh nng hn ch s ng nc ca cy con trng trong .

Hnh 2.35: Ru nc

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2.5.2.5 Cht khong bn cy (vermiculite) y l cht khong mica m c th gin n ng k khi b t nng. Nhng lp trm tch ln M c tm thy Montana v Bc Carolina. V mt ha hc, n l mt magnesium-aluminum-iron silicate khan. Khi gin n, n rt nh (9 14kg/m3), trung ha trong phn ng vi c tnh m tt v khng tan trong nc; n c th hp thu mt lng nc 15lt/m3. Vermiculite c kh nng trao i cation tng i cao v v th c th gi li cht dinh dng v sau gii phng ra. N cha Mg v K cung cp cho hu ht cc cy. Trong qung vermiculite th, cc phn t bao gm rt nhiu lp tch ring rt mng m gia chng c mt lng nc cc nh c gi li. Khi t vo l nhit gn 837oC, nc chuyn thnh hi lm tch ri cc lp, to thnh nhng ht nh ging nh bt bin, d thm. t nng nhit ny th n tr nn v trng hon ton. Vermiculite dng trng cy c chia lm 4 kch c: s 1 c ng knh cc ht t 5 8mm; s 2, loi thng c dng trong trng cy, t 2 3mmm; s 3 t 1 2mm; s 4, c cng dng lm mi trng gieo ht nht, t 0,75 1mm. Vermiculite n khng nn n mnh hoc va p khi n t v nh th s lm ph hy cu trc d thm nc mong mun ca n.

Vermiculite cha vermiculite gin n

Cc ht vermiculiet gin n Hnh 2.36: Cc dng Vermiculite

Mt ht

2.5.2.6 trn chu (perlite) Nguyn liu silica trng xm ny c ngun gc t ni la, c o t cc dng dung nham. Qung th c nghin nh v sng lc, sau t nng trong l khong 760oC, nhit ny lng nc nh trong cc phn t chuyn thnh hi, lm gin cc phn t thnh cc ht nh ging bt bin rt nh, nng ch (7 10kg/m3). Nhit cao trong qu trnh ny to ra mt sn phm v trng. Mt ht c ng knh 3 6mm thng c dng trng cy. trn chu c th gi c mt lng nc gp 3 4 ln trng lng ca n. V c bn n c th trung ha pH 6,0 8,0 nhng khng c kh nng lm m; khng ging vermiculite, n khng c kh nng trao i cation v khng c cha cht dinh dng khong. N c tc dng nht trong vic lm tng s thng kh trong hn hp.

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Hnh 2.37: Cc ht perlite

Hnh 2.38: Sn phm gi th trng cy - peatmos, vermiculite v perlite 2.5.2.7 Phn trn (compost)

Hnh 2.40: Compost qua Hnh 2.39: Hn hp compost trn x l perlite Trong lm vn, hn hp phn trn c tc dng nh mt nguyn liu t nhiu mn c kh nng gi m v c gi tr gii hn nh mt cht dinh dng cho cy trng. N c th c trn vi t c thm cht hu c. C ct nh, l v rc trong vn c cht ng v phn hy, tt nht l trong mt ci thng 1.2m x 1.8m vi cc mt c lm nh vt ging to s thong kh tt. Nn thm nc lin tc trong ma kh; s phn hy s c y nhanh nu ti mt t phn m ln tng m nguyn liu c thm vo. Khi nguyn liu nn c o 5 10 ngy mt ln m bo cho s phn hy c hon ton. Tt nht nn lm nhiu thng mt thng cho nguyn liu mi, mt thng nguyn liu ang c phn hy v mt thng cho
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phn phn hy hon ton sn sng dng. Phn ny c th cha ht c v giun trn cng nh cc cn trng c hi v cc mm bnh, v vy tt nht l nn kh trng trc khi dng. 2.5.2.8 V cy ct nh, mn ca, v bo g, v tru, x da... Nhng nguyn liu ny bao gm cy g , cy tuyt tng cy linh sam hoc cy thng c th c s dng trong hn hp t phc v cho nhiu mc ch ging nhau nh than bn ru ngoi tr tc phn hy ca chng chm hn. Nguyn liu c s dng rng ri l mn ca ca cy g c nitrate ha. Nit c thm vo mt lng cho yu cu ca s phn hy mn ca, cng thm mt lng d cho cy s dng. Tc phn hy khc nhau ty thuc vo loi g. V gi r nn n c s dng rng ri nh mt cht b sung cho t mc du mt s loi c bit khi cn ti c th cha cc nguyn liu gy c cho cy. Cng c nhng loi gi th sn xut ti Vit Nam gi r v d tm l v tru t, tro tru, than vn, thn cy dng x xay nh, dn mt hoc x da,.. V tru c th trn vi cc loi gi th khc nh t mn, than bn,v.vcng rt thun li cho vic gim cnh.

Hnh 2.41: V ngo

Hnh 2.42: V x da ct nh

Hnh 2.43: V tru l

Hnh 2.44: Bt x da x

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Hnh 2.45: V da cht nh

Hnh 2.46: Than vn

Hnh 2.47: Cy d ng x xay nh 2.5.2.9 Cc hn hp t lm gi th trng chu:

Hnh 2.48: Dn mt

Trong qu trnh nhn ging, cy con hoc cnh gim thnh thong c trng trc tip trong vn nhng thng chng c bt u trong mt hn hp t trong mt s loi bnh. V nhng nguyn nhn khc nhau, ring t nhiu mn khng thch hp cho mc ch ny. Chng thng nng v thong kh km, hoc c chiu hng tr nn dnh sau khi ti nc. Khi kh chng c th teo li hnh thnh mt b mt cng v d gy. t s bong ra khi cc mt bnh khi kh v sau nc c thm vo s chy xung theo cc mt bn trong ca bnh v ra ngoi qua cc l thot nc m khng ngm vo t. cung cp hn hp trng cy c kt cu tt hn, ngi ta thng thm ct v mt s cht hu c nh than bn, ru, mn ca hoc v cy ct nh. Khi chun b nhng hn hp ny, nn sng t lm cho n ng nht v loi b cc ht ln. Nu nguyn liu qu kh, nn lm m chng mt t. iu ny c p dng c bit i vi than bn m nu trn kh th n s hp thu nc rt chm. Tuy nhin, khng nn t t v dnh. Khi trn, nhng thnh phn khc nhau c th c cho vo ng theo tng lp v trn bng mt ci xng. Mt ci my trn xi mng chy bng nng lng, my xn t hoc thng trn c s dng trong qu trnh sn xut qui m ln. Vic chun b hn hp t tt nht nn tin hnh ti thiu mt ngy trc khi s dng. Trong khong 24 gi, m c xu hng tr nn cn bng trong ton hn hp. Hn hp t ch nn c lm m mt t khi s dng n khng v vn ra; ni cch khc, ch nn lm t n lm thnh mt qu bng khi vo n trong tay. Mt s phn kh nh vi ti v superphosphate c th c thm vo khi trn.

41

Cc hn hp trng cy trong chu c in (truyn thng) c s dng trc y l: o Dng cho trng cnh gim v cy con: 1 hoc 2 phn ct 1 phn t nhiu mn 1 phn than bn ru (hoc v cy ct nh hoc mc l) o Dng cho trng cy ging trong bnh: 1 phn ct 2 phn t nhiu mn 1 phn than bn ru (hoc v cy ct nh hoc mc l) Tuy nhin, cc tnh cht ha l ca hn hp khc nhau t m ny n m khc nhiu n ni c nhiu vn pht sinh trong qu trnh chm sc v nui trng. Sau khi bt u cy mi bng to r cho cnh gim hoc gieo ht, nhiu nh sn xut thng mi cy ging trng nhiu cy n mt knh thc c th bn c trong mt ci chu vi mt hn hp t ct c thay i. Nhng hn hp ny khc nhiu so vi ngnh cng nghip ny, nhng thng chng gm ct mn trn vi cc nguyn liu nh than bn ru, mn ca ca g hoc v cy linh sam ct nh vi nhng t l khc nhau. Nhng hn hp ny cn phi b sung thm phn v bn lin tc cho cy cho n khi cy mc c nh. Nhiu cng thc phi hp t trng nhn to c pht trin v s dng cho cc vn m thng mi. V d, mt hn hp c s dng thnh cng cho cc cy con vn m, cnh gim v cy trng lung gm cc thnh phn v cy linh sam ct nh, than bn mc vn m, trn chu v ct c phi hp vi mt t l cn bng. Hn hp ny c b sung thm thch cao, superphosphate, vi dolomite v b tt. Thnh phn khong nit cung cp cho cy c b sung di dng nc ti. 2.5.2.10. Hn hp t trng U.C. Cc nhm hn hp ny c pht trin u tin bi cc nh nghin cu bnh hc cy trng v nhng ngi khc trng i hc California, Los Angeles cung cp loi mi trng nui trng c th c pha ch sn vi s lng ln cho ngi m cy thng mi v cho chng trnh nhn ging v nui trng cy sch bnh. V hn hp U.C. c bn l cc nguyn liu ng nht, c sn v khng cn phi pha ch trc cho nn chng c th d dng c nhn ln. Cc thnh phn c bn gm (a) mt loi ct mn tr, (b) ru than bn c ct nh c trn vi nhau theo nhng t l khc nhau v (c) cc hn hp phn bn nh c m t di. Ct gm cc ht trn, d b gi thi, ng nht v kch thc v tng i nh (ng knh 0,5 0,05mm), v th c kh nng gi m kh cao. Loi ct ny khng c xu hng kt cht vi nhau cho d cc ht nh bi v chng c hnh dng trn v ng nht. Hn na, s vng mt ca cc ht t st keo dnh trong ct c xu hng ngn s kt li v co li. D nhin, ct bi bin c nng mui cao s khng thch hp cho

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hn hp t trng mc d cc loi ct thch hp c th thnh thong c tm thy ch cch b bin khng xa lm. Mc ch chnh ca than bn ru trong hn hp t ny l lm tng kh nng gi m v cht dinh dng ca n. Trong mt hn hp c cc phn ct v than bn ru cn bng th kh nng gi m ti a khong 48%. Cc loi phn c bn c khuyn co cho thm vo mt hn hp U.C. c 50% ct mn v 50% than bn ru nh sau: 1. Nu hn hp c bo qun trong mt thi gian khng hn nh trc khi s dng. Hn hp ny c ngun cung cp nit iu n nhng cy trng cn nhu cu b sung thm cc nguyn t dinh dng. i vi mi m3 hn hp cn b sung thm cc thnh phn sau: 150g Nitrate kali 4kg vi dolomite 150g Sulfate Kali 1,3kg vi carbonate canxi 1,3 kg Superphosphate 2. Nu hn hp c dng trong vng mt tun sau khi chun b. Hn hp ny cung cp nit dng c cng nh l mt ngun d tr nit iu n. i vi mi m3 hn hp th thm: - 1,3 kg bt xay th mng v sng hoc mu - 1,3 kg superphosphate n (13% nit) - 150 g nitrate kali - 4 kg vi dolomite - 150 g sulfate kali - 1,3 kg vi carbonate canxi Nit hu c b mt i nu hn hp c bo qun trong mt thi gian trc khi s dng, v nhiu dng hu c nh vy s b ph v trong qu trnh bo qun, gii phng nc ha tan nit nng cao c th lm cho cy b thng. Cc dng khc ca nit hu c nh bt xay th ht bng (7% nit) hoc xc c (6 10% nit) c th thay th cho bt xay mng v sng hoc mu m cng cung cp mt lng nit tng ng. Khi s dng hn hp U.C., ct mn, than bn ru ct nh v phn phi c trn u vi nhau. Than bn ru nn c lm m trc khi trn. Nu hn hp c lm tt, than bn ru s khng b tch ra v ni ln trn khi hn hp c bo ha vi nc. Nhng s pha trn khc nhau ca ct v than bn c s dng; 75% ct v 25% than bn ru th thch hp cho cy trng lung v cy ging trng trong chu; 50% ct v 50% than bn th thch hp cho cy trng trong chu. Hn hp ny, gm c phn, c th c tit trng mt cch an ton bng hi hoc ha cht m khng c nh hng c hi n cy trng nh thng xy ra khi cc loi t hoc hn hp khc c tit trng.
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2.5.2.11. Hn hp t John Innes C 2 loi hn hp c bn, mt cho gieo ht v mt cho trng cy trong chu, c pht trin cch y nhiu nm C quan nghin cu hoa qu John Innes Anh. Phn trn ca John Innes gieo ht 2 phn t nhiu mn (v th tch) 1 phn than bn ru (v th tch) 1 phn ct sch (v th tch) i vi mi 1m3 hn hp ny trn thm Phn trn ca John Innes trng cy 7 phn t nhiu mn (v th tch) 3 phn than bn ru (v th tch) 2 phn ct sch (v th tch) i vi mi 1m3 hn hp ny trn thm

1,3 kg superphosphate v 0.7kg vi 3 kg hn hp c bn John Innes* v nghin 0,7kg vi nghin * Hn hp John Innes c bn gm 2 phn v khi lng bt xay mng v sng, 2 phn v khi lng vi superphosphate (18% acid phosphoric) 1 phn v khi lng sulfate kali (48% b tt) t nhiu mn c s dng trong hn hp John Innes nn c tch ra t than bn ng c t st, t chua, thot nc tt v ct thnh nhng mt ct 22 x 30cm, dy 10 12cm. Hn hp ny c cht thnh ng vo cui ma xun vi nhng lp dy khong 22cm, mi lp c rc mt lp phn c rm dy 5cm v nu c yu cu th thm cc lp vi, sulfate kali v superphosphate. Cc lp c lm m tt trong qu trnh cht ng cho n khi hnh thnh mt ng cao 2m v rng 2 3m. ng ny phi c che ma. S phn hy din ra trong khong 6 thng. Khi c th s dng c, ng c ct xuyn t trn xung di gim thiu s khc nhau. Trc khi s dng t nhiu mn, nn cho n qua mt ci sng 1cm hoc mt ci my nghin. Ct c mong mun nht cho hn hp ny l loi m trong c 60 70% ht c kch thc 0,3 0,15cm. Trc khi lm hn hp phn trn, ring t nhiu mn nn c tit trng bng hi. Trong khi n cn c xem xt th t ly di c l mt thnh phn mong mun ca hn hp John Innes, cc nghin cu cho thy t tch t t b ha, phi trn th cng tt. 2.5.2.12. Hn hp "than bn - " Cornell Nhng hn hp ny u tin c s dng cho vic gieo ht v trng trong chu nhng cy trng lung vo ma xun v cy mt nm, dng cc thnh phn nh, ng nht v sn c v c tnh cht ha l thch hp cho s pht trin ca cy. Kt qu tuyt vi t c vi nhng hn hp ny v cc hn hp pha ch sn c bn. Cc hn hp loi ny c s thun li quan trng l khng cn kh tp nhim trc khi s dng. Hn hp than bn loi A (dng cho 0,75 m3) Than bn ru nc Canada hoc c ct nh 400lit Vermiculite loi trng cy (s 2 hoc 4) 400lit
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 vi nghin nh (tt nht l dolomite) 2.25 kg Superphosphate (20%), tt nht l dng bt 0.45 kg Phn 5105 (NPK) 5kg Hn hp than bn loi B (tng t nh loi A, ngoi tr trn chu dng trng cy c thay cho vermiculite) Hn hp than bn loi C (dng gieo ht) Than bn ru nc Canada hoc c ct nh 35 lit Vermiculite loi trng cy s 4 (tinh) 35 lit Ammonium nitrate 1 oz (4 phn mung canh) Superphosphate (20%), dng bt 40 gam vi nghin nh, dolomite 210 gam + Nu 5.5 kg phn 5-10-5 c dng, n s cung cp cht dinh dng cho cy trong vng 5 hoc 6 tun trong qu trnh pht trin. Nu lng phn thm vo t hn 5.5 kg th nn c k hoch ti thm phn. Nguyn liu nn c trn u, c bit ch cn lm t than bn ru trong khi trn. Thm tc nhn lm t khng c ion nh Aqua-Gro (30g/ 25 lit nc) khi lm t lc u s gip cho vic lm t than bn ru. 2.6. Cc h thng iu khin thng dng trong nh knh: Trong phn ny, chng ti ch nu ln mt cch khi qut v cc h thng iu khin thng dng trong nh knh. Cc h thng iu khin trong nh knh bao gm cc h thng iu khin ch nh sng, nhit , m , h thng iu khin ch gi trong nh knh. Cc h thng iu tit ny s h tr cho nhau trong qu trnh hot ng, v thng thng chng s c lp t ph hp vi cc h thng ph bn trong cu trc nh knh.

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Bi 3: MI TRNG NH CHE PH
3.1. Cc yu t mi trng trong nh che ph: iu kin mi trng trong nh che ph bao gm cc yu t chnh nh nhit , m, nh sng, v thng thong. Ngoi ra cy trng cn chu nh hng ca cc tnh cht ca gi th v cc t chc hu c khc. 3.1.1. Nhit : y l mt yu t rt quan trng i vi s pht trin ca cy trng. Do h thng nh knh tng i cch ly vi mi trng xung quanh, nn nhit trong nh knh c th khc so vi iu kin bn ngoi. Nhit trong nh knh thng cao hn nhit bn ngoi. 3.1.2. m : L mt yu t quan trng th hai sau nhit . N bao gm m khng kh v m gi th trng. m trong nh knh thng cao hn mi trng bn ngoi, l iu kin tt cho s pht sinh xm nhim ca cc vi sinh vt, c bit l nm, vi khun. Do cn iu khin m trong nh knh cho thch hp vi tng loi cy trng m vn hn ch s pht sinh ca nm bnh. 3.1.3. nh sng: y l yu t rt quan trng cho qu trnh quang hp ca cy trng, l yu t lin quan n nng sut sn xut ca cy trng cng nh hiu qu sn xut ca cc nh u t. nh sng l yu t c lin qua trc tip vi nhit ca nh knh. Trong nhng ngy nng gt, nu nh knh khng c h thng thng kh tt s d gy nn hiu ng nh knh. Lc ny do ngun nng lng chiu vo nh knh ln, cy trng khng c kh nng hp th ht lng bc x ny v cc bc x phn x tr li bng ngun nng lng c bc sng di cy trng khng s dng. Ngun nng lng ny s t nng tr li i vi bu kh quyn bn trong nh knh v gy nn hiu ng nh knh. 3.1.4. Tc gi: Tc gi cng nh thng thong ca nh knh l yu t m bo cho s lu thng khng kh iu ho gia cc lung cy trng trong nh knh cng nh gia nh knh vi mi trng xung quanh. 3.1.5. Ch nc: Ch nc ca cc h thng ti nc trong nh knh c lin quan rt ln n m t v m khng kh, v c nhit ca mi trng Ngoi ra cy trng cn chu nh hng ca cc yu t v mt tnh cht l, ho, c hc ca t, dinh dng v s xm nhim ca cc vi sinh vt cng nh cn trng gy bnh. Ch nc trong nh knh c th c cung cp v iu chnh bng cc h thng ti, h thng cp v thot nc c lp t trong nh knh.
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3.2. Cc h thng iu khin v cch iu khin mi trng trong nh che ph: Mi loi cy trng i hi vi nhng iu kin khc nhau, do cn thay i cc yu t mi trng cho ph hp vi tng loi cy cng nh tng loi nh knh khc nhau. iu khin mi trng trong nh knh cn phi c s h tr ca cc h thng nh: h thng thng gi, h thng iu ho nhit, h hng phun sng, hi nc,.. v mt s yu t iu khin lin quan n vt liu xy dng nh knh. 3.2.1. iu khin nhit : y l vn ng quan tm nht i vi nhiu nh lm vn, v nng lng mt tri pht ra gia ma xun v ma thu l rt thng xuyn v vt qu nhu cu cn chiu sng hng ngy ca cy. Nh vy cn thit phi c s trao i kh mt cch thng xuyn gi cho nhit khng kh mt mc ph hp cho s sinh trng ca cy trng. Khi tng nng lng mt tri c bc sng ngn m cy trng trong nh knh nhn c, ch khong 3/4 lng bc x l cy hp thu v 1/4 phn x tr li trong nh knh di dng nh sng khuych tn c bc sng di hn. V cc vt th khc trong nh knh lm phn chiu nng lng mt tri, ch hp thu mt phn nh, nn chnh l nguyn nhn lm gia tng nhit trn b mt l v xung quanh cc vng trong nh knh. ci thin hn ch s gia tng nhit, bng cch lm gim lng nhit sinh ra nh qu trnh thot hi nc, to ra trong qu trnh trao i kh. Tng lng din tch l ca bt k loi cy no trong nh knh cng cn phi xem xt, v chng c nh hng ln n t l nh sng hp thu v nh sng tn x trong nh knh v thay i qu trnh trao i kh din ra trong nh knh. Trong cng mt nh knh, nu tng din tch l cng cao (ch tnh din tch l c kh nng quang hp) th tc nng ln ca khng kh bn trong nh knh cng gim. Chnh v vy, vic b tr cy trng v cc lung cy trng trong nh knh cng cn phi c tnh ton mt cch thch hp. V khng kh, lc nng ln, th mt t dy c hn, v nng ln, v th cn phi c s thng thong nhng v tr cao nht dc theo cc lung cy. Khng kh lnh cng c i vo thng qua l thot tng t nh vy bng my thng gi phc tp, vi iu kin l c khng kh thot ra ngoi c sc y cho s thay i kh ny. Nu vy khng kh lnh cho php i vo cc l thng hi bn di s thc y cho c qu trnh lu thng ny.

Hnh 3.1: ng lu thng khng kh trong nh knh Nhit ngy trong nh knh thng cao hn ban m. nc ngoi, vic iu ho nhit (ma ng) thng chim chi ph cao sau cng lao ng. Thng thng, tu theo yu cu nhit ca tng loi cy trng, tuy nhin nhn chung trong
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nh knh nhit thng c duy tr khong 18-25oC l thch hp cho hu ht cc loi cy (ban ngy), v v m thp hn 5-6oC l tt. 3.2.1.1. Kch thc v cch b tr cc thot kh (ventilator): Thng thng cc thot kh ngi ta thng b tr pha trn mi nh knh. S lng cng nh kch thc ca s thng gi ny ph thuc vo din tch kt cu kiu nh knh v s lng, cng sut ca cc h thng qut gi bn trong nh knh. i vi nh knh kiu ch A, ngi ta b tr cc ca s thng gi pha trn mi ch A, v cng c th b tr pha hng ca nh che ph hay nh knh. Tuy nhin, nn b tr cc ca thng gi pha trn cao trnh c cn trng v cng khng nn b tr ti ni nh sng mt tri c th trc tip i vo trong nh knh, v nh th s lm cho lng nh sng chiu vo nh knh khng ng u c th nh hng n qu trnh quang hp cy trng v kh nng iu ho ca cc h thng iu ho nhit, iu ho khng kh trong nh knh. Hin nay ngi ta cn s dng loi ca thot kh t ng b tr lp t trong nh knh. Mt vi loi nh che ph, nh knh ngi ta lp t h cao thp 2 na mi vm nh knh cha li khong trng pha trn nc mi nh knh, y cng c xem nh l mt h thng ca thot kh ca nh knh. Loi ca thng gi ny thng thy loi nh knh kiu ch A c lp hoc lin hp v loi nh vm h. Vic thit k cho nh knh cc thot kh trn mi mt cch hp l l iu rt quan trng. i vi nhng nh knh c kch thc rng trn 6m, th thng thch hp vi loi thng lin tip trn c hai bn ca mi che. i vi nhng nh knh c kch thc nh hn c cu trc khng in hnh (cc dng nh mi che nh dng cu trc tp) th dng thng gi lin tip khng cn thch hp na, lc ny ngi ta thng thit k cc gi xen k (Alternate ridge Ventilators). Trong trng hp ny, th gi s thi vo mt bn v chuyn ra ngoi thng qua cc gi mi i din. Cn ch rng m bo thng thong mt cch tt nht th tng din tch cc gi phi t nht bng 1/5 n 1/6 din tch sn nh.

Hnh 3.2. : Cch b tr gi lin tip v gi xen k.

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Hnh 3.3: Cc kiu gi chnh thng dng 3.2.1.2. Qut gi v cch iu khin nhit bng h thng qut gi: Cn thit c mt phng tin em li s lu thng kh v s trao i kh trong tt c cc nh knh gip kim sot nhit v m. Hu ht l s dng my thng gi trn nc nh, mt s trng hp cng s dng my thng gi bn hng. Cc b phn kim sot hot ng mt cch t ng v chu nhit lun sn sng m v ng my thng gi khi c s thay i nhit c ngy v m. S thong kh bt buc thng c s dng trong nhng lp t trn phm vi ln. S dng my thng kh t m v h thng lm mt hi nc c kim sot bng b iu nhit t ng. Quy lut chung l khi nhit ban m xung 15,5oC th b iu nhit lm nng c bt ln. nhit khong 22oC th b iu nhit ca my thng gi c m v 24oC th b iu nhit ca my lm lnh bng hi nc bt u khi ng my qut gi. mt vi h thng nh knh, nh che ph ni tip, h thng thng gi thng c lp t cui chuyn tip ca tng gian v hi m c y bi h thng qut thi nhm phn phi iu tit nhit i khp nh knh. 3.2.2. H nhit trong nh knh nh che ph: Vo nhng ngy nng gt, nhit khng kh trong nh knh thng thng tng ln cao so vi bn ngoi, do nhit tng cao, vic di chuyn trao i ca khng kh
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trong nh knh tr nn hn ch v chm chp. Nhit nng nhng ngy nng gt c th ln n 17.000kJ/m2/ngy. Do cn h nhit ca mi trng trong nh knh cho ph hp vi cy trng. - Nh knh c th c lm mt mt cch my mc vo ma h vi gi thp bng vic s dng nhng b phn lm lnh bng hi nc. H thng m v qut , trong mt tm m t bng mt s cht liu nh v bo g dng bao gm mt phn ln nm mt mt (hoc phn cui) ca nh knh v nhng ci qut ht ln mt kia, l mt trong nhng phng php lm lnh tt nht cho nhng nh knh ln. - lm lnh nhit trong nh knh, ngi ta thng lm tng lu thng lng khng kh bng cch kt hp cc h thng qut gi, h thng ti phun sng v cc thng thong ca nh knh. Nh vy, c 2 phng php h nhit cho nh knh: lm m khng kh v thng thong gi. 3.2.2.1 Lm m khng kh Lm m khng kh trong nh knh bng cch lm gim lng nhit do nh sng mt tri t nng. Dng h thng ti nc mn, phun sng (4000-8000kPa) c iu khin bng ng h hn gi lm m, gim nhit trong nh knh. Hi bc t ht nc mn, sng s lm mt khng kh, ngoi ra h thng ny cn lm tng m tng i ca khng kh v rt c ch cho cy con mi trng, cy gieo ht, cy m nhn ging,...Tuy nhin s dng h thng ny cn ch hin tng nc ng nhiu trn b mt l cy. 3.2.2.2 Thng gi trong nh knh y l phng php lm mt nh knh bng cch lm tng tc trao i kh vi mi trng bn ngoi, lm di chuyn khng kh bn ngoi vo trong nh knh. C 3 cch thng gi cho nh knh: o Thng gi bng mi v bn hng nh (convective cooling by anh/or side verticalation) Khng kh c ht vo nh v to nn s lu thng khng kh v lm mt nh knh. Ngi ta cn to cho mi thng gi c th di ng c th iu chnh hng gi tt nht thi vo nh (vi loi ny ngi ta dng motour ko mi, m v ng) o Thng gi bng qut ht v ca s t ng: Loi ny thng c s dng i vi nh vm hoc nh khng c nc h. Gi c lu thng bng mt qut gi ln c t mt bn vch, nm pha cui nh knh. Nhim v ca qut l ht gi t bn ngoi vo nh. Qut c t v tr cch mt t chng 0,5-1,5m ty thuc vo loi cy trng. Thng thng dng qut c cng sut ln, ng knh cnh qut t 0,6 - 1,4 m, tc chm nhng c kh nng lm di chuyn lng khng kh (m3) ln.

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Ca t ng c gn lin vi qut (v d qut thng gi t nh). Thng thng, s trao i khng kh thng qua qut v ca s t ng c cng xut ln (2,5m3/m2 sn nh/pht). Trong trng hp cn, c th t 2 qut hoc nhiu hn. Khi khong cch thit k qut gi l 8m (qut x qut) to ra s di chuyn ng u khng kh trong nh knh. Thng thng qut gi c thit k cui nh, ht khng kh dc theo nh v lm thong lung trng. di ht khng kh ca qut t 65m tr li. Do nu khong cch ln hn 65m th s lm cho khng kh bn trong nh knh khng u, c ngha l c vng nng c vng mt. i vi mt s cy trng c nhu cu nhit thp hn trong ma h, ngi ta cn thit k mt h thng lm bc hi kh lnh v c t u nh knh, v tr c ca s thng gi. o Thng gi bng h thng qut p gi (fan-jet system) H thng ny gm mt qut thi gi, v mt h thng ng thng hi bng PE, v mt ca s thng gi. Cng sut qut tng ng vi 0.4-0.6m3/m2 sn nh/pht. Gi bn ngoi c ht bi qut, qua ca s t ng (c h thng t iu khin nhit v m ). Sau khng kh c y i dc theo ng ng v thot qua cc l c c sn trn ng. u cui ca ng ny c bt kn. Qut gi thng thng hot ng 24h/ngy v cng thng t cui nh knh lm thng thong khng kh trong nh v trong cc lung cy. i lc i vi nh knh nh ngi ta cn to ra mt s di chuyn khng kh cng mnh cng tt bng cch s dng nhng qut ht gi. 3.2.3. iu khin h thng lm nng: Vo ma ng khi nhit thp, hoc khi nhit khng kh lu thng trong nh knh gim xung mt cch t ngt d gy nh hng n sinh trng v pht trin ca cy trng. Chnh v th trong nhiu trng hp chng ta cn phi iu tit si m khng kh trong nh knh. Hin nay i vi loi nh knh c kch thc nh, ngi ta s dng ph bin loi my sy Jemp si m nh knh.

51

Hnh 3.4: My sy in Jemp Nh knh c in c si m bng hi nc hoc nc nng t cc bnh un nc cho qua cc ng ng (mt s c ra c s dng tng b mt ta nhit) c t ni thch hp trong nh knh. Tuy nhin, nhng b phn si m c qut y mnh s tun hon kh. Nu b phn si m chy bng du hoc gas th bt buc phi m l thng ra bn ngoi v cc sn phm t chy gy c cho cy trng. Nhit trong ng c th ln ti 110-120oC. Khng kh nng thng bc ln cao, do m ng ng nc nng c thng t pha di mt t. Chi ph s dng nc nng r tin hn s dng hi nng.

Hnh 3.5: Hai h thng t nng bng du.

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Hnh 3.7: ng ng to nhit c b ra. nhng nh knh rng, c th lp t h thng ng thot kh lm nng cho nh knh. Kh nng thi vo nhng ng polyethylen c ng knh rt ln 30 60cm c treo trn cao v chy dc theo chiu di ca nh knh. Nhng l nh trn thn ng c ng knh khong 5 7cm cho php kh nng thot ra lm cho c phng u m ln. Nhng ng tng t c th c dng cho thong kh vo ma h m khng cn my mc v nhng l trn nh. Hnh 3.6: H thng t si m

Hnh 3.8: H thng si m bng nhit

Hnh 3.9: S lun chuyn ca nhit pht ra t h thng si m

3.2.4 Lun lu khng kh trong nh knh: (air circulation) Lun lu khng kh trong nh knh l rt quan trng v cn thit i vi cy trng: iu ho nhit , m , (k c lng O2 v CO2 cho cy trng) Thng thng ngi ta dng qut gi (HAF: Horizontal Air Flow) c ng knh t 30-45cm, cng sut ch khong 25-50 /gi. Cc loi qut ny c th to s vn chuyn khng kh t 10-12m/pht. Qut ny c thit k to s vn chuyn khng kh theo chiu dc ca nh knh.
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Nhn chung, vic lun lu khng kh trong nh knh c chc nng nh sau: - To ra s ng u v m khp nh knh. - To m tng i u (RH%) - Phn b u kh CO2 trong nh knh. - Gim thiu mt s bnh trn l nh phn trng, thi nhn, mc sng,... - Tng kh nng bi tit ca cy trng (H2O), lm tng kh nng quang hp, gip cy trng hp ph nhiu hn H2O v dinh dng t r. - Tng kh nng trao i kh cho cy trng. C 3 phng php lm lun lu gi trong nh knh: Vertical delivery fans: (qut theo chiu ng) Qut gi c treo trn trn ca nh knh, v chng s gip di chuyn khng kh m xung cy trng. Phng php ny khng to s ng u, khng hiu qu lm nn thng ch s dng i vi cc nh knh c din tch rt nh. H thng ng qut thng gi (Fan tube system) Gi, khng kh s c lun lu trong ng nha c c l, v khng kh c thot ra qua cc l nh ny. H thng ng nha s dng trong trng hp ny c nhiu kch c khc nhau, thng thng c ng knh t 40 70cm. Cc l thot kh c ng knh khong 5 8cm c c thnh hng hai bn ng vi khong cch gia cc l t 0,5 1,0m. Lun lu khng kh theo chiu ngang (Horizontal Air Flow). y l phng php hiu qu hn, khng kh c phn b u hn v t tn km hn so vi phng php qut dc. Qut c t i ngc chiu, v b tr theo hng to ra mt lung gi xoy theo chiu ngang. 3.2.5 H thng ti: H thng ti y ca mt nh knh s gm c nhng phn sau: H thng lc, h thng bm, h thng ti nh git cho nh knh, h thng lm mt cho nh knh, h thng ng chnh, ng nhnh v ph kin. Ngoi ra cn c bn cha nc, h thng ti phn, h thng ng h tr chy quanh b tr trong nh knh. V h thng ti ny cn c mt phng iu khin ch ti. Trong , h thng bm s c t trong nh iu khin ti v bao gm: Mt khung gi bo v bng thp, mt bm cho h thng trn phn bn, mt bm cho h thng lm mt nh knh v mt my bm cho h thng ti nh git. 3.2.6 H thng chiu sng trong nh knh: m bo cung cp y nh sng cho cy trng trong nh knh vo ma ma, ngi ta thng lp t h thng n in trong nh knh. Thng th h thng ny c th iu khin bng rle t ngt (loi t ngt c hn gi).

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Hnh 3.10: B tr h thng chiu sng

Hnh 3.11: H thng n chiu sng

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Bi 4 BO DNG NH CHE PH
4.1. S cn thit ca vic bo dng nh che ph: Cc loi nh che ph, sau mt thi gian s dng thng gp phi nhng trc trc no . Cc nh che ph, nh knh thng c xy dng ngoi tri. Do chng phi tri chu s bin i t ngt ca cc iu kin kh hu nng ma gi bo,.. Mt khc, tt c cc h thng iu ho mi trng trong nh knh sau mt thi gian hot ng c th gp phi nhng hng hc. Do vy, ko di tui th nh knh nh che ph, th nht thit phi c nhng phng php bo dng thch hp. 4.2. Cc nguyn nhn gy h hng nh knh: 4.2.1. H hng do cc yu t thi tit: y l yu t ch yu gy h hng cho nh knh nh che ph. Nh knh c xy dng ngoi tri, nn kh hu thi tit l yu t u tin tc ng mnh nht gy h hng cc b phn ca nh knh. 4.2.2. H hng do s ph hoi ca cc vi sinh vt. Trong qu trnh s dng do cc iu kin kh hu kt hp vi bi bn bm trn knh thch hp cho s pht sinh v pht trin ca cc vi sinh vt nh m ch yu l cc loi nm mc. Chng bm trn knh v lm cho tm knh m dn i theo thi gian. Chnh v vy lm gim kh nng nhn nh sng ca nh knh. Cc b phn khc ca nh knh cng c th b gy hi bi cc loi nm, to. m cao trong mi trng nh che ph chnh l iu kin thun li cho s pht sinh v gy hi ca cc loi vi sinh vt ny. Chng pht trin hu ht trn tt c cc b phn bn trong cng nh bn ngoi nh che ph. Chng c th gy hi lm mc nt cc b phn bng g hoc lm tng qu trnh oxy ha cc vt liu bng kim loi. Chnh v vy y l mt trong nhng tc nhn gy hi quan trng i vi nh che ph nh knh. 4.2.3. H hng do cn trng v cc sinh vt khc cn ph: loi ny ch yu i vi nh che plastic. 4.2.4. H hng cc h thng iu tit mi trng: Do s dng khng hp l hoc do bt cn trong qu trnh iu khin gy nn nhng tn tht h hi cc linh kin ca h thng. Mt khc, cc h thng iu khin trong nh che ph sau mt thi gian s dng c th gp phi nhng tr ngi. 4.3. Cc bin php khc phc v bo dng nh knh nh che ph: Mt trong nhng bin php nhm tng tui th ca nh knh l s dng sn. Quy trnh sn nh knh cng nh cc loi sn/vi v mc sn thng xuyn cng c cp n. Yu cu hin nay l xy dng mt nh knh khng cn hoc cn rt t s bo tr bi v khng c g rc ri hn vic lin tc phi lo lng n vic bo tr nh knh. Bi bn bm vo to thnh mt lp bn dnh v theo thi gian mt lp bi s hnh thnh trn knh, hn ch s truyn nh sng mt cch ng k. Ru v to pht trin trn b mt knh v trn nhng thanh lp knh. C lc v to cng vn c th
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pht trin di bar-cap nu m t ti mc thch hp, m thng th chuyn ny d xy ra. S pht trin ca ru v to, c bit l ru rt c hi, chng c th s lm cho cc mi gn gia cc thanh b khung v phn knh. Trong trng hp ny chng ta c th tin hnh vic lau ra knh bng cc nc ra knh ph hp hoc cc tinh th axit oxalic ho tan trong nc, 100g trong 1lt xt ln v ra sch, phng php th 2 ny c bit cn thit i vi nh knh bng kim loi. Axit oxalic cng s thiu hy mt t l kh ln ru, phn cn li s b ra tri bi vi phun nc mnh. Ru v to cng pht trin bn trong nh knh, tt hn ht l nn tin hnh vic dn sch chng khi nh knh khng c cy trng. Nn mc bo h v i m chng thm trong sut qu trnh dn dp nh knh. Axit crezola hay cc loi dung dch ra knh thng dng khc rt c hiu qu cho vic lm sch bn trong nh knh bi v chng c kh nng lm sch ru v to rt hiu qu. Ru v to ch knh ph nhau nn c dn sch bng mt mu kim loi v vi nc. Mt trong nhng vic ph ng quan tm vi bt k loi nh knh no l s sch s ca knh, c bit l trong nhng khu cng nghip, nhng khu vc nhiu bi bn. Chn tng nn c ch sch mi nm vi mt bn ch bng st; nu cn thit th qut vi trng hoc dng sn nh tng. i vi nh che ph, sau mt thi gian s dng, th nylon mt kh nng cho nh sng, do cn thit phi thay mi. Cc h thng s dng trong nh knh phi thng xuyn c kim tra v lau chi.

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Thut ng chuyn mn Ridge: l nh nc ca nh che ph. Vertilator: l thng gi Eaves: mi hin Purlin: (n tay) l b phn lp trn mi, dc theo chiu di ca nh knh Sill: ngng ca Chords: giy cn Strut: thanh chng Rafter: rui Sidewall: vch bn Sidepost (Anchor support posts): tr bn, l cu trc chng ch yu ca nh knh. Curtain wall: vch chn Ground level: mt t Footer: chn (mng) Even-span: nh c mi i xng ch A Uneven-span: loi nh c mi khng i xng Lean-to: loi nh knh ta vch Quonset: dng vm chp Gothic arch: dng chp Curvilinear: dng hnh cong Curved eave: dng hnh cong c mi hin. Dome: dng vm

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TI LIU THAM KHO - K thut lm vn, 2000. Hong c Phng, NXB Nng nghip. - Floriculture principle and speceies, Nohn M. Dole anh Harold F. Wilkins. Prentice Hall Inc. 1999. - Practical Horticulture .4th ed. 1999. Laura Williams Rice, et al; Prentice Hall PTR. 408pp. 0130206105. - Greenhouse Management a guide to structure enviromental control, materials handling, crop programming and business analysis. Langhans, R. W. 1980. Halcyon Press of Ithaca. New York. - Bridwell, Ferrell M., Landscape Plants, Delmar Publishers, Inc., Albany, NY, 1994.

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