Name: Masangkay, Ramon Victor M.

Group Number: 2 Year and Section: 3ChE-A

Date Performed: Dec. 4, 2010 Date Submitted: Feb. 5, 2011 Professor: Sir Agbayani

Experiment No. 2 Partially Miscible Liquids: Determination of Mutual Solubility Abstract A phenol - water solution was used to determine the solubility of two partially miscible liquids. The group calculated the volume of water required to prepare the following mixtures with volume percentage ranging from 5% to 95% sample at 5% increment. The volume percentage was attained by adding distilled water to the previous solution (starting at 95% phenol) to avoid using too much of phenol. The different volume ratios of mixtures prepared were subjected to constant heating and cooling in order to gather the needed temperature necessary for the construction of the mutual solubility curve of Phenol - Water solution. The critical solution temperature was determined at 50% Phenol - 50% Water ratio, 67 C. I. Introduction Oil and water dont mix. Pouring 10 mL of olive oil into 10 mL of water results in two distinct layers, clearly separated by a curved meniscus. Each layer has the same volume and essentially the same composition as the original liquids. Because very little mixing has apparently occurred, the liquids are called immiscible or unmixable. Pouring grain alcohol into water results in a single liquid phase. No meniscus forms between the alcohol and the water, and the two liquids are considered miscible. Nearly any pair of liquids is miscible if only a trace amount of one of the liquids is present. Many liquid mixtures fall between these two extremes. Two liquids are partially miscible if shaking equal volumes of the liquids together results in a meniscus visible between two layers of liquid, but the volumes of the layers are not identical to the volumes of the liquids originally mixed. For example, shaking water with certain organic acids results in two clearly separate layers, but each layer contains water and acid (with one layer mostly water and the other, rich in acid.) Liquids tend to be immiscible when attractions between like molecules are much stronger than attractions between mixed pairs The objectives of this experiment are: (1) To determine the solubility of two partially miscible liquids in each other. (2) To construct the mutual solubility curve for the pair. (3) To determine their critical solution temperature. II. Review of Related Literatures III. Methodology Apparatus and Materials - Sample: Phenol - Distilled Water - Stirring Rod - Hot Plate

- Hard-glass test tube - Thermometer - 1L beaker (2 pcs) - Micropipette

Procedure A. Preliminaries Before the experiment, the group calculated the volume of water required to prepare the following mixtures with volume percentage ranging from 5% to 95% sample at 5% increment. The volume percentage was attained by adding distilled water to the solution, this is done to avoid using too much of phenol. The calculations should be approved before proceeding. B. Experiment Proper After the preparation of a 95% sample - 5% water volume to volume mixture based on 10mL of the solution, the mixtures was heated in a water bath with mild stirring until the cloudiness in it disappears. Its temperature was noted. It was cooled in a second water bath with mild stirring until the cloudiness appears. Once again, the temperature was noted. This process was repeated until a fairly constant reading was observed for a specific volume ratio mentioned in the preliminaries. Constant temperature was recorded. IV. Discussion of Data and Results Answers to Guide Question 1. Based on the plot, is there a maximum and /or minimum critical solution temperature? What is the critical temperature? Compare this with the literature value. -The critical solution temperature obtained was 67 C. comparing it with the literature value of 66.5 C; the obtained critical solution temperature has a .75% error. 2. Are the different temperature readings constant for cooling and heating of the same weight percent phenol-water mixture? If not, explain these differences. 3. Explain why at high sample concentrations the solution solidifies during the cooling process. 4. Suggest a procedure by which the composition of a layer can be determined experimentally. V. Conclusion/Recommendation The critical temperature was found at 50% phenol water mixture, it is 67 C. There are factors that affect the solubility of the mixtures: the nature of solute and solvent, the temperature and the pressure. a) Nature of Solute and Solvent Molecular Size - The larger the molecule or the bigger its molecular weight, the less soluble the substance will be. Polarity - Polar solutes will dissolve polar solvents; Non - polar solute molecules will dissolve non- polar solvents b) Temperature If the solution process absorbs energy, then the solubility will be increased as the temperature is increased. If the solution releases energy, then the solubility will decreased with increasing temperature.

c)

Pressure If solid and liquid, there is no change in solubility if pressure changes, likewise, in gas, as pressure increased, solubility also increases. Also the cloudiness in the mixture is very significant in this experiment for immiscible liquids. Through cloudiness, we can say that the substance is still un-mix due to the presence of stable emulsion, but when a completely clear solution with no trace of cloudiness, we can assume that the substance is already mixed. References Davarnejad, R, K.M Kassim and A Zainal. Mutual solubility study for 94.2:5.8 of ethanol to octane with supercritical carbon dioxide solvent. Journal of the Chinese Institute of Chemical Engineers 39.4 (2008): 343-352. Ayiralam, Subhash C. and Dandina N. Rao. Solubility, miscibility and their relation to interfacial tension in ternary liquid systems. Fluid Phase Equilibria 249.1 (2006): 82-91. http://goldbook.iupac.org/C01402.html January 30,2011