Investigating Gas Temperature Measurement in High-Temperature, Pulsating Flows

Researchers: Stacey Bagg Carolyn Brennan Joshua Inouye

Motivation:

the big picture perspective

Knowledge of engine exhaust gas temperatures is important in the:

Thermocouples used in the measurement of exhaust gas temperatures suffer from errors due to:
Thermal capacitance Radiation effects Conduction effects

Design of exhaust manifolds Prediction of catalytic converter performance Prediction of under-hood thermal loading

Objective
To experimentally verify the accuracy of a theoretical computer model used to predict the response of thermocouples to high-temperature, pulsating flows.

Specific Project Goals

Understand the computer model Set up an apparatus to create a hightemperature pulsating flow Experimentally measure gas velocity, wall temperature, and gas temperature to be used as the input parameters necessary for the computer model Measure the response of different diameter thermocouples

Understanding the Computer Model

qconv qcond qrad

Gas temperature assumed to be constant Varying velocities affect convective heat transfer to thermocouple

qconv = hA(Ts T )
4 qrad = A(Ts4 Tsurr )

qcond = kAcw

T x dE T = cV dt t

Computer Model Continued

Varying TC Diameter with Varying Velocity 990 989 988 987 Temperature (K) 986 985 984 983 982 981 980 1.9 red= 0.125 mm green= 0.1875 mm blue= 0.3125 mm black dashed = velocity (15 Hz) wall temp = 700 K gas temp = 1000 K

1.91

1.92

1.93

1.94

1.95 1.96 Time (s)

1.97

1.98

1.99

Setting Up The Apparatus 1:

What we already had

Test Section

Cam Shaft

Compressed Air Heating Elements Insulation

Poppet Valve

Motor

Schematic of the Apparatus

Setting Up The Apparatus 2:

What we needed to build

Unistrut Stand Test Section

PVC (Steady Velocity With Pitot Tube) Acrylic (Transient Velocity With HWA) Steel (Wall and Gas Temperatures)

Motor Connection

Setting Up The Apparatus 3:

What we needed to fix

Heating section
Original Leaked

Motor
Original Wasnt Powerful Enough

Measuring the Input Parameters 1:

Velocity Measurements in PVC with Pitot Probe

Velocity Profiles Along PVC Pipe

25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 Position (in) 0.8 1 1.2

Velocity (m/s)

Velocity (36") Velocity (24") Velocity (18") Velocity (6") Velocity (15")

Measuring the Input Parameters 2:

Velocity Measurements in Acrylic with HWA
Average Velocity v. Cam Position
35 30

Average Velocity (m/s)

25 33.33Hz 20 15 10 5 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 25Hz 16.66Hz 8.33Hz 3.91Hz

Cam Position

Velocity Measurement Graphs

Velocity Measurement Graphs Cont.

Measuring the Input Parameters 3:

Wall & Gas Temperature Measurements
Diagram of Inner Wall Thermocouple Orientation Thermocouple @ 45s

4 inside and 4 outside wall thermocouples 1 gas temperature thermocouple

Measuring Thermocouple Response

Future Research Safety First
Measure responses of gas thermocouples with different diameters Compare experimental results to theoretical computer model

Conclusions
Computer Model
Needed to be manipulated for air instead of exhaust gasses Used to understand how thermocouples would theoretically react to high-temperature, pulsating flows
Smaller diameter thermocouples responded quicker Delayed reaction due to thermal capacitance and heat losses Sinusoidal Velocity measurement input
Although ideal, very small thermocouples are not practical

Adjusted for variable transient velocities

Set up an apparatus to create a high- temperature pulsating flow

Safety issues Apparatus reaches at least 200C, but designed for 600C Apparatus still leaks, although much less. TBD if this is a problem Everything else works fine

Conclusions Continued
Experimentally measure gas velocity, wall temperature, and gas temperature to be used as the input parameters necessary for the computer model

Future

Velocity profile uniform at 18 from beginning of test section (measurements taken here) Velocity readings from HWA contained noise, TBD if this can be attenuated Wall temperatures will be less than gas temperature (At gas temperature of 200C, Wall temperature was 185-190C) Address safety issues Measure gas and wall temperatures Analyze reactions of different sized thermocouples

Acknowledgements
Alex Alkidas Laila Guessous Brian Sangeorzan Noel Balzan James Quinlan Forrest Wright Jan Gatowski Dan Polivina

Brought To You By:

Staceys Character Building Camp Carolyns Power of Positive Thinking Joshs Strong Arm of Knowledge

Velocity (m/s) 10 15 20 25 0
0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84

Additional Reference Slides

3.9 Hz 20 psi Velocity

Cam Angle (deg)

96 10 8 12 0 13 2 14 4 15 6 16 8 18 0 19 2 20 4 21 6 22 8 24 0 25 2 26 4 27 6 28 8 30 0 31 2 32 4 33 6 34 8 36 0

Motor Frequency = 8.33 Hz

4.5

3.5

Average HWA Voltage (V)

2.5 With Air Flow Without Air Flow 2

1.5

0.5

0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 Cam Position